who aims at the centre of a target, which we will call its 11f, and we will suppose the marks that the bullets make to be painted red, for the sake of distinction. the system of lateral deviations of these red marks from the centre m will be approximately normal, whose q [ probable error ] we will call c. [ this is the distribution of the first relative. ] then another man takes aim, not at the centre of the target, but at one or other of the red marks, selecting these at random. we will suppose his shots to be painted green. the lateral distance of any green shot from the red mark at which it was aimed will have a probable error, that we will call b. now if the lateral distance of a particular green mark from m is given [ a ], what is the most probable distance from m of the red mark at which it was aimed? it is + b2 a *. " ( 2 ) what is the probable error of this determination? in other words, if estimates have been made for a great many distances founded upon the formula in ( 1 ), they would be correct on the average, though erroneous in particular cases. the errors thus made would form a normal system whose q [ probable error ] it is desired to determine. its value is, / b2 l2 1. " * unfortunately galton has the value v o + b21 which is very liable to confuse the reader. t in more modern notation, this may be looked upon as the variability of the array of the second relative = c2 ( 1 -? - ' i ) ; therefore r =. / c2 / ( c2 + b 2 ). hence the regression of first relative on second relative = rc / jc2 + b2 x a = ~ + b2 x a. again the variance of the difference in character between the two relatives = c2 + ( c2 + b2 ) - 2c1 / c2 + b2 r = b2, or b has for physical meaning the probable error of the distribution of the difference in character between the two relatives.


| page ( 1 ) of 1 - 03 / 02 / 13 | | email article | | print page | the power is in the pixels : power generation game added to thinking skills club ( march 02, 2013 ) toronto, on ( prweb ) march 02, 2013 a steam kettle whistles. the steam activates an electric current causing a beaker of water to heat up and drip onto a turbine, which activates a new current and completes the circuit. not the usual way to get energy from point a to point b, but a creative and compelling way to get to the next level in an online game called electric box. the game, hosted by candystand. com, was recently added to the thinking skills club, an after school club where in grades 3 through 8 play computer games that help kids develop a variety of cognitive skills. thinking skills club founder mitch moldofsky says the game was chosen because it employs logic, the concept of cause and effect, planning and making mistakes in order to win. " making mistakes is very important in learning, " says moldofsky, an educator and cognitive science graduate from the university of toronto, " i do it all the time. " moldofsky believes the game encourages the development of executive function skills in the frontal lobes of the brain, based on another executive function training method, tools of the mind. " what they ' ve found with tools of the mind is that simply modifying activities during the school day to include things like self - reflection, evaluation, planning and trial and error can radically shape a student ' s approach to activities outside the classroom as well, such as behavior, " says moldofsky. " games like these encompass all of these skills. " unlike other brain training games on the web, which moldofsky claims are often repetitive and boring, the games on the thinking skills club are " fun - tested, " since they are culled from gaming sites. " these games are already being played by the kids in this age group, without the coercion of parents or teachers. they ' re intrinsically rewarding, " he says. there are five other types of games on the thinking skills club aside from executive function, including attention and memory, even social skills. " there ' s some good new research out there about the effects of prosocial games, " says moldofsky, " and they ' re not too hard to find if you know where to look. " read the full story at http : / / www. prweb. com /


about the effects of prosocial games, " says moldofsky, " and they ' re not too hard to find if you know where to look. " read the full story at http : / / www. prweb. com / releases / 2013 / 3 / prweb10486757. htm. related keywords : education, adult education, further education, religious education, computing and information technology, satellite technology, wireless technology, science and technology, technology ( general ), identification technology, agricultural research and technology, plastic art, internet, entertainment award, entertainment ( general ), arts ( general ), arts, culture and entertainment, arts, culture and entertainment, entertainment ( general ), entertainment award, computer crime, commonwealth games, winter goodwill games, summer asian games, winter asian games, panamerican games, african games, mediterranean games, southeast asiatic games, panpacific games, southpacific games, panarabic games, summer goodwill games, world games, paralympic games, government aid, government debt, government contract, education, adult education, further education, religious education, government health care, government, national government, government departments, non government organizations ( ngo ), family, family planning, market research, research and development, medical research, science and technology, applied science, material science, human science, natural science, philosophical science, research, science ( general ), animal science, micro science,, weather science, agricultural research and technology


it ’ s a fact. men are better than women … at sweating. yep, we do it more frequently and more effectively. congrats guys. researchers at osaka international university in japan measured the perspiration rates of men and women while they biked for an hour under controlled conditions. the researchers had 37 subjects cycle for an hour at increasing intensities — active subjects had participated in endurance sports for more than six years, while inactive subjects had, for the most part, not performed regular physical activity in the previous three years. the scientists measured the subjects ’ temperature, sweat rate and activated sweat glands for a number of sites on the body, including the forehead and thigh. the information was used to calculate sweat gland output and measure performance. the study revealed that physically fit men sweat more than anyone else. in general, men sweat more than women, and that has its advantages. sweating is how our body cools off. so, by sweating more than women, men are able to exercise for a longer time. ‘ ” it appears that women are at a disadvantage when they need to sweat a lot during exercise, ” said yoshimitsu inoue, the study ’ s coordinator. “ especially in hot conditions. ” previous physical training increased sweating in both men and women, but the increase was greater with men. as the workouts got more intense, the difference in sweating between the sexes increased. interestingly enough, fit women sweat more than unfit men, but by an insignificant margin. the researchers believe that testosterone could explain why men sweat better than women. prior research has shown a link between the male sex - hormone testosterone, physical training and an increase in sweat rate. although they did not measure the hormone among their subjects, the researchers suggest the hormone may play a role in their results. so guys, the next time you enter into a women ’ s marathon, just make sure it ’ s really hot out. you ’ ll sweat more, and you ’ ll be a lock to win.


a. j. nestebatteries at a station on a philadelphia commuter line capture excess current when trains brake and store the power for use when a train accelerates. a giant battery bank installed by the side of the southeast pennsylvania transit authority ’ s subway tracks a little over a month ago is saving about nine megawatt - hours of power a week, its manufacturer says, which is more electricity than the typical apartment - dweller uses in a year. the battery system, which i wrote about last year, is allowing the trains to run a bit like prius hybrids. when they slow down at a station, their motors turn into generators, converting torque into current. before the battery bank was installed, some of that current was returned to the third rail ; but if the voltage got too high, it was shunted instead into a giant electric heater under the train, which simply dissipated the energy as heat. now the battery captures excess current, about 3. 5 to 4 kilowatt - hours per train that stops, and puts it back on the line when a train is accelerating. sometimes it does this for several trains at once. the battery bank is also receiving signals every four seconds from the regional grid operator and either absorbing energy or giving it back to the grid to help balance supply and demand. until very recently, the solar industry was mainly concerned with getting a toehold in the production of electricity at a utility - level scale. now a new jersey company is looking for its niche in a different field — how to handle a system that is saturated with solar energy, sometimes enough to destabilize the electric grid. the company, petra solar, has a highly visible product : it is under contract to supply 200, 000 panels that public service electric & gas will attached to utility poles around new jersey. around 75, 000 are already up. about six feet wide and four feet high, the panels make 200 watts when in full sun, and newer models will make 225 watts, the company says. on a mild day, one could almost meet the needs of an entire house in the daytime ; on a hot day, four or five would run a window air conditioner. on the top side of the panel, the side angled toward the sun, is the obvious attention - getter, the polycrystalline solar cell. what is different is the electronics bolted to the bottom, which are meant to prevent a solar power overdose. they could turn out to be crucial, according to company executives.


vedic art : indian miniature painting, part 14 by : sun staff ahmadnagar, c. 1595 dec 26, 2011 canada ( sun ) a serial presentation of india ' s artistic legacy in paintings, sculpture and temple architecture. the deccani schools 16th to 18th centuries like the group of bikaner paintings featured in yesterday ' s segment, of govinda fluting with his cows, there are many beautiful vaisnava themes to be found among the deccan miniatures. today we take a brief look at paintings from the ahmednagar school, a sub - category of the deccan school. in the ahmednagar miniatures, vaisnava themes are overshadowed by the persian influence, no doubt because the earliest examples of this school are no longer in existence. ahmednagar, maharashtra, situated about 250 km. due east of mumbai, was an islamic kingdom during the sixteenth century. during the late iron age it was part of the territory of the sattavahanas and during the 1st millennium a. d. it was ruled by the yadavas, until it fell to the muslim intruders. ragamala, ahmednagar, 17th c. nearly all the early examples of ahmednagar painting are in the persian style, an influence seen not only in themes, but also in the richly brilliant colors, high horizons, golden skies and landscapes, and gilt scripts framing the wide borders of manuscript illustrations. this style is equally evident in ahmednagar school ragamala illustrations of the period. in the ragamala illustration of vasanta raga above, the painting is bordered along with top with the raga verse in devanagari script vas ( anta ). not shown is an additional caption above that, in arabic characters, which mislabels the painting as hindola raga and vasant ragini. the raga depicted is actually the vasanta, and it was no doubt the introduction of the swing ( hindola ) that led to the confusion of titles. the sanskrit verses for this raga describe how vasanta ( the male personification of spring, or kamadeva ) is sprayed with holi colors by young maids in a mango grove, on a kashmiri mountain. praised by strings of bees, he disports himself on a swing. like a blue lotus ( dark complexioned ) and dressed in a tawny garment, he holds in his fingers the shoots of the fresh mango. in the painting, the young male spring wears a four - pointed coat, a fashionable style worn during the


- current issue sign in to access the harper ’ s archive alert : usernames and passwords from the old harpers. org will no longer work. to create a new password and add or verify your email address, please sign in to customer care and select email / password information. ( to learn about the change, please read our faq. ) from “ what democracy? the case for abolishing the united states senate, ” by richard n. rosenfeld in the may 2004 harper ’ s. americans believe in the idea of democracy. we fight wars in its name and daily pledge allegiance to its principles. curiously, the fervor with which we profess our faith in democracy is matched only by the contempt with which we regard our politics and politicians. how interesting that we should so dislike the process that we claim to revere. perhaps, however, our unhappiness with politics points to something significant ; perhaps americans dislike the daily reality of their political system precisely because it falls short of being a proper democracy. indeed, in the last presidential election, we saw a man take office who did not win the popular vote. money above all else shapes our political debate and determines its outcome, and in the realm of public policy, even when an overwhelming democratic majority expresses its preference ( as for national health insurance ), deadlocks, vetoes, filibusters, and “ special interests ” stand in the way. no wonder so few people vote in national elections ; we have become a nation of spectators, not citizens. the united states of america is not, strictly speaking, a democracy ; indeed, the u. s. constitution was deliberately designed to prevent the unfettered expression of the people ’ s will. yet the founders were not, as some imagine, of one mind concerning the proper shape of the new american union, and their disputes are instructive. the political dysfunction that some imagine to be a product of recent cultural decadence has been with us from the beginning. in fact, the document that was meant to prevent democracy in america has bequeathed the american people a politics of minority rule in which our leaders must necessarily pursue their unpopular aims by means of increasingly desperate stratagems of deceit and persuasion. yet hope remains, for if americans have little real experience of democracy, they remain a nation convinced that the best form of government is by and for the people. growing numbers of americans suspect that all is not right with the american way. citizens, faced with the prospect of sacrificing the well -


of democracy, they remain a nation convinced that the best form of government is by and for the people. growing numbers of americans suspect that all is not right with the american way. citizens, faced with the prospect of sacrificing the well - being of their children and grandchildren on the altar of supply - side economics, the prospect of giving up new schools and hospitals so that the colony in iraq might have zip codes and modern garbage trucks, have begun to ask hard questions. politics, properly understood as the deliberate exercise of citizenship by a free people, appears to be enjoying a renaissance, but the hard point must be made nonetheless that tinkering with campaign - finance reform is unlikely to be sufficient to the task. true reform becomes possible only if americans are willing to return to the root of our political experiment and try again. and if democracy is our aim, the first object of our constitutional revision must be the united states senate. “ we now have probably the most powerful upper house of any legislature, ” ritchie said. “ combine that with the inequality, and it creates some peculiar situations. ” not all small states are g. o. p. strongholds. ( hello, vermont, delaware and rhode island. ) and it ’ s true that obama won the 2008 nomination thanks in part to racking up caucus victories in states such as idaho and wyoming. but since obama took office, senators from the wide - open spaces have asserted themselves against him over and over. conrad opposed his plan to cut subsidies for wealthy farmers. chuck grassley ( r - iowa ) pushed to focus transportation funding in the stimulus bill on rural areas and last week blocked the lifting of sugar tariffs to protect the ethanol industry. – “ the gangs of d. c. : in the senate, small states wield outsize power. is this what the founders had in mind? ” by alec macgillis, the washington post ezra klein with harper ’ s editor luke mitchell on the leonard lopate show today ; insurance and citizenship ; the leading cause of catastrophic injury in young women : cheerleading ; a review of why this world : a biography of clarice lispector by “ new books ” author benjamin moser according to plant pathologists, this killer round of blight began with a widespread infiltration of the disease in tomato starter plants. large retailers like home depot, kmart, lowe ’ s and wal - mart bought starter plants from industrial breeding operations in the south and distributed them throughout the northeast. ( fungal spores, which can travel up to 40 miles,


in tomato starter plants. large retailers like home depot, kmart, lowe ’ s and wal - mart bought starter plants from industrial breeding operations in the south and distributed them throughout the northeast. ( fungal spores, which can travel up to 40 miles, may also have been dispersed in transit. ) once those infected starter plants arrived at the stores, they were purchased and planted, transferring their pathogens like tiny trojan horses into backyard and community gardens. perhaps this is why the northeast was hit so viciously : instead of being spread through large farms, the blight sneaked through lots of little gardens, enabling it to escape the attention of the people who track plant diseases. it ’ s important to note, too, that this year there have been many more hosts than in the past as more and more americans have taken to gardening … the explosion of home gardeners — the very people most conscious of buying local food and opting out of the conventional food chain — has paradoxically set the stage for the worst local tomato harvest in memory. – “ you say tomato, i say agricultural disaster, ” dan barber, the new york times suggestions for flavours range from gooey decimal system to sh - sh - sh - sherbet. woodworth writes on facebook that the logic behind the scheme is that “ libraries are awesome, ben & jerry ’ s ice - cream is tasty, therefore a library - themed ben & jerry ’ s ice - cream would be tasty awesome. ” gooey decimal system could combine dark fudge alphabet letters with caramel swirls in hazelnut ice - cream, he suggests, while dusty stacks could be a layered ice - cream with speckles of cocoa in every layer. li - berry pie could mix lime sherbet with raspberry sauce and pie - crust pieces, and overdue fine as fudge chunk could drop fudge brownies and white chocolate coins into milk chocolate ice - cream swirled with caramel. the fine details of sh - sh - sh - sherbet aren ’ t pinned down quite yet – it could be key lime, or possibly a vanilla / chocolate combination – “ book fans develop a taste for library - themed ice - cream, ” alison flood, the guardian lucas mann on hope and change in a minor - league - baseball city minimum number of baboons forced to smoke crack in a 1989 study testing the efficacy of cigarettes as a drug delivery device : a reduction in distrust toward atheists was documented among pious canadians who are reminded of the vancouver police. a missouri cinema apologized for


the parathyroid glands are four pea - sized glands. they are located next to the thyroid gland in the neck. the glands secrete the parathyroid hormone ( pth ). pth helps to regulate the level of calcium in the blood. in hypoparathyroidism there is not enough pth secreted. this causes very low levels of calcium in the blood. low blood calcium is known as hypocalcemia. several factors are known to cause hypoparathyroidism, including : the following factors increase your chance of developing hypoparathyroidism : many patients with hypoparathyroidism will have not symptoms. if symptoms do develop, they may include : your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. you may be referred to specialist. endocrinologists focus on hormone disorders. your doctor may need to test your bodily fluids. this can be done with : your doctor may need pictures of your body structures. this can be done with : talk with your doctor about the best plan for you. treatment options include the following : calcium and vitamin d will usually be taken indefinitely. they are often taken by mouth. calcium may be given by injection. this is done when immediate symptom relief is needed. national organization for rare disorders, inc. thyroid foundation of canada definition of hypoparathyroidism and related disorders. the hypoparathyroidism association website. available at : https : / / www. hypopara. org / about - hpth / definition. html. accessed january 2, 2013. hypoparathyroidism. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed. updated march 7, 2012. accessed january 2, 2013. hypoparathyroidism. national organization for rare disorders website. available at : http : / / www. raredis.... accessed january 2, 2013. marx sj. hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid disorders. n engl j med. 2000 ; 343 : 1863. moffett jm, suliburk j. parathyroid autotransplantation. endocr pract. 2011 mar - apr ; 17 suppl 1 : 83 - 89. testini m, gurrado a, lissidini g, nacchiero m. hypoparath


an osteochondroma is the most common type of benign bone tumor. it arises from cartilage tissue in children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 20, usually appearing on the long bones ( arms and legs ) and less often on the pelvic bones and wing bones ( scapulae ). an osteochondroma ordinarily stops growing when a person reaches full height. most tissue in the body can grow beyond normal limits and form a mass, also known as a tumor. tumors come in two forms : benign and malignant. the malignancies which are referred to as cancer, rarely stop growing. the benign tumors reach a certain size and then stop. bones can host at least ten different benign tumors, some of which turn into cancers. less than 1 % of osteochondromas turn into a bone cancer called chondrosarcoma, usually in later years. the cause of osteochondroma remains unknown. a hereditary form of the disease is presumably related to one or more gene mutations ( see below ). the following factors increase your chance of developing osteochondroma. if you have any of these risk factors, tell your doctor : if you experience any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to osteochondroma. these symptoms may be caused by other, more serious health conditions. if you experience any one of them, see your physician. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. you will very likely be referred to an orthopedic surgeon for further diagnosis and treatment. tests may include the following : treatment options include the following : if the lump is not uncomfortable or likely to cause a fracture or other problem, and there is no evidence that it is malignant, it can be left alone. your doctor may want to retest periodically. if the lump is large, uncomfortable, in a dangerous location, or suspected of being cancerous, surgical removal is the treatment of choice. this involves a general or regional anesthetic and a few days in the hospital. if the bone is weakened by the surgery, the surgeon may need to rebuild it, and the recovery time may be extended to weeks or months. since remnants of the tumor may remain after surgery, your doctor may want to retest you every few years to make sure it doesn ’ t start to grow again. department of orthopaedic surgery, johns hopkins university canadian orthopaedic association childhood


- born ca. 1721 - revolutionary leader - cousin of thomas jefferson - attorney general of virginia colony - chaired first and second continental congress - died 1775 first to be called “ father of country ” peyton randolph was on the black list of patriots the british proposed to arrest and hang after he presided over the continental congress in 1775. upon his return to williamsburg, the volunteer company of militia of the city offered him its protection in an address that concluded : " may heaven grant you long to live the father of your country – and the friend to freedom and humanity! " if his friend george washington succeeded him as america ’ s patriarch, randolph nevertheless did as much as any virginian to bring the new nation into the world. he presided over every important virginia assembly in the years leading to the revolution, was among the first of the colony ' s great men to oppose the stamp act, chaired the first meeting of the delegates of 13 colonies at philadelphia in 1774, and chaired the second in 1775. randolph was born 54 years before the second continental congress – probably in williamsburg in 1721 – the second son of sir john and lady susannah randolph. his first name was his maternal grandmother ' s maiden name, just as his older brother beverley ' s was their mother ' s. the surname randolph identified him as a scion of 18th - century virginia ' s most powerful clan. when peyton randolph was three or four years old, the family moved into the imposing wooden home on market square now known as the peyton randolph house. his father, among virginia ' s most distinguished attorneys, speaker of the house of burgesses, and a wealthy man, died when peyton was 16, leaving the house and other property for him in trust with his mother. the will also gave peyton his father ' s extensive library in the hope he would " betake himself to the study of law. " by then, he had a brother john and a sister mary. study of law attentive to his father ' s wishes, peyton randolph attended the college of william & mary, then learned the law in london ' s inns of court. he entered the middle temple on october 13, 1739, and took a place at the bar february 10, 1743. returning to williamsburg, he was appointed the colony ' s attorney general by governor william gooch on may 7, 1744. his father had filled the office before him, and his brother would assume the role after. at the age of 24, randolph was eligible for his inheritance. on march 8, 1746, he married betty harrison, and on july 21


7, 1744. his father had filled the office before him, and his brother would assume the role after. at the age of 24, randolph was eligible for his inheritance. on march 8, 1746, he married betty harrison, and on july 21 ( more than two years after his return from london ), he qualified himself for the private practice of law in york county. his cousin thomas jefferson may have shed some light on the delay in a character sketch he wrote of randolph years later. " he was indeed a most excellent man, " jefferson said, but " heavy and inert in body, he was rather too indolent and careless for business. " he was, as well, occupied with myriad public duties. in 1747, he became a vestryman of bruton parish church, and in 1748, he became williamsburg ' s representative in the house of burgesses, and in 1749, a justice of the peace. randolph returned to the house in 1752 as the burgess for the college of william & mary and on december 15, 1753, the house hired him as its special agent for some “ ticklish business ” in london. soon after he arrived in virginia in 1751, governor robert dinwiddie had begun to exercise a right no governor before him had tried : the imposition of a fee for certifying land patents. for his signature, dinwiddie demanded a pistole, a spanish coin worth about 20 shillings. regarding the fee as an unauthorized tax, virginians objected, though to no avail. peyton randolph was dispatched to england as the house ' s agent, with directions to go over the governor ' s head. but as attorney general, it was his duty to represent the interests of the crown, of which dinwiddie was the principal representative in virginia. randolph was attacking the right of the governor he was appointed to defend! the governor refused to give peyton randolph permission to leave the colony, but he left anyway. in london, he had to answer for his action, and he was ousted from the attorney general ' s office. dinwiddie had already named george wythe as acting attorney general in randolph ' s place. nevertheless, the london officials pointedly suggested that dinwiddie reconsider his fee and said that they would have no objection to peyton randolph ' s reinstatement if he apologized. so he did, and subsequently resumed office soon after his return to williamsburg. french and indian war reelected burgess for the college of william & mary in 1755, he involved himself the next year in


to peyton randolph ' s reinstatement if he apologized. so he did, and subsequently resumed office soon after his return to williamsburg. french and indian war reelected burgess for the college of william & mary in 1755, he involved himself the next year in a somewhat ludicrous, though harmless, attempt to promote morale during the french and indian war. with other prominent men, he formed the associators, a group to raise and pay bounties for private troops to join the regular force at winchester. george washington, in charge of the fort there, wasn ' t sure what he would do with the untrained men if they arrived. not enough came, however, to cause any inconvenience. in 1757, randolph joined the college ' s board, and he served as a rector for one year. he was reelected burgess for williamsburg in 1761, and thus entered the phase of his life that thrust him into a leadership role in the revolution. word of parliament ' s intended stamp act brought virginians and their burgesses into conflict with the crown itself in 1764. peyton randolph was appointed chairman of a committee to draft protests to the king, the house of lords, and the house of commons maintaining the colony ' s exclusive right of self - taxation. disagreement with patrick henry this responsibility put peyton randolph at odds with patrick henry, the virginian most noted for opposition to the tax. at the end of the legislative session in 1765, henry, a freshman, introduced seven resolutions against the act. peyton randolph, george wythe, and others thought that henry ' s resolutions added nothing to the colony ' s case and that their consideration was improper until the colony had a reply to its earlier protests. in the final days of the session, after many opponents had left the city, patrick henry introduced his measures and made the famous speech in which he said “ caesar had his brutus, charles the first had his cromwell, and george the third... ” prompting cries of treason from the remaining burgesses present. peyton randolph, though not yet speaker, was presiding. when speaker john robinson resumed the chair the following day ( may 30 ), henry carried five of his resolves by a single ballot. a tie would have allowed robinson to cast the deciding " nay. " jefferson, standing at the chamber door, said peyton randolph emerged saying, " by god, i would have given one hundred guineas for a single vote. " patrick henry left town, and the next day his fifth ( and most radical ) resolution was expunged by the


the chamber door, said peyton randolph emerged saying, " by god, i would have given one hundred guineas for a single vote. " patrick henry left town, and the next day his fifth ( and most radical ) resolution was expunged by the burgesses who remained. nevertheless, it was reprinted with the others in newspapers across the colonies as if it stood. speaker of the house of burgesses peyton randolph was elected speaker on november 6, 1766, succeeding the deceased robinson and defeating richard henry lee. peyton ' s brother john succeeded him as attorney general the following june. by now the brothers had begun to disagree politically ; john ' s conservatism would take him to england in 1775 while peyton joined the rebellion. leads rebel meeting at raleigh tavern another set of patrick henry ' s resolves, against the townshend duties, came before the house in may 1769. this time peyton randolph approved their passage, but governor botetourt did not. he dissolved the assembly. the " former representatives of the people, " as they called themselves, met the next day at the raleigh tavern with speaker peyton randolph in the chair. they adopted a compact drafted by george mason and introduced by george washington against the importation of british goods. speaker randolph was the first to sign. when the new legislature met in the winter, the governor was pleased to announce the repeal of all of the townshend duties, except the small one on tea. legislative attention turned to other, calmer affairs. the next summer peyton randolph became chairman of the building committee for the public hospital. closing of boston harbor troubles virginia burgesses tempers flared again in 1773, when great britain proposed to transport a band of rhode island smugglers to england for trial. the implications for virginia were troublesome, and the burgesses appointed a standing committee of correspondence and inquiry with speaker peyton randolph as chairman. the following may brought word of the closing of the port of boston in retaliation for its tea party. on may 24, 1774, robert carter nicholas introduced a resolution drafted by thomas jefferson that read : " this house, being deeply impressed with apprehension of the great dangers, to be derived to british america, from the hostile invasion of the city of boston, in our sister colony of massachusetts bay, whose commerce and harbour are, on the first day of june next, to be stopped by an armed force, deem it highly necessary that the said first day of june be set apart, by the members of this house, as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, devoutly to implore


june next, to be stopped by an armed force, deem it highly necessary that the said first day of june be set apart, by the members of this house, as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, devoutly to implore the divine interposition for averting the heavy calamity which threatens destruction to our civil rights, and the evils of civil war ; to give us one heart and one mind to firmly oppose, by all just and proper means, every injury to american rights ; and that the minds of his majesty and his parliament, may be inspired from above with wisdom, moderation, and justice, to remove from the loyal people of america, all cause of danger, from a continued pursuit of measure, pregnant with their ruin. " the resolution was adopted. house of burgesses dissolved governor dunmore summoned the house on may 26, 1774 and told peyton randolph : " mr. speaker and gentlemen of the house of burgesses, i have in my hand a paper published by order of your house, conceived in such terms as reflect highly upon his majesty and the parliament of great britain, which makes it necessary for me to dissolve you ; and you are accordingly dissolved. " continental congress proposed on may 27, 1774, a group of 89 burgesses gathered again at the raleigh tavern to form another “ non - importation association, ” and the following day the committee of correspondence proposed a continental congress. twenty - five burgesses met at peyton randolph ' s house on may 30 and scheduled a state convention to be held on august 1 to consider a proposal from boston for a ban on exports to england. peyton randolph led the community to bruton parish church on june 1 to pray for boston, and soon he was organizing a williamsburg drive to send provisions and cash for its relief. the first virginia convention approved the export ban and elected as delegates to the congress peyton randolph, richard henry lee, george washington, patrick henry, richard bland, benjamin harrison, and edmund pendleton. signs will before departure for the first continental congress before he left williamsburg on august 18, 1774, peyton randolph wrote his will, leaving his property to the use of his wife for life. they had no children. the property was to be auctioned after her death and the proceeds divided among randolph ' s heirs. unanimously elected chairman of continental congress when congress convened in philadelphia on september 5, thomas lynch of south carolina nominated peyton randolph to be chairman. he was elected by unanimous vote. delegate silas deane wrote his wife, " designed by nature for the business


. unanimously elected chairman of continental congress when congress convened in philadelphia on september 5, thomas lynch of south carolina nominated peyton randolph to be chairman. he was elected by unanimous vote. delegate silas deane wrote his wife, " designed by nature for the business, of an affable, open and majestic deportment, large in size, though not out of proportion, he commands respect and esteem by his very aspect, independent of the high character he sustains. " 500 merchants sign trade ban against england in october 1774, peyton randolph returned to williamsburg to preside at an impending meeting of the house. repeatedly postponed, it did not meet until the following june. nonetheless, on november 9 peyton randolph accepted a copy of the continental association banning trade with england signed by nearly 500 merchants gathered in williamsburg. disperses angry crowd gathered at courthouse in williamsburg peyton randolph was in the chair again at the second virginia convention in richmond on march 23 when patrick henry rose and made his " liberty or death " speech in favor of the formation of a statewide militia. in reaction, governor dunmore removed the gunpowder from williamsburg ' s magazine on april 21. alerted to the theft, a mob gathered at the courthouse. peyton randolph was one of the leaders who persuaded the crowd to disperse and averted violence. british put randolph on rebel execution list peyton randolph led the virginia delegation to the second continental congress in may 1775, and he again took the chair. general thomas gage, commander of british forces in america, had been issued blank warrants for the execution of rebel leaders and a list of names with which to fill them. peyton randolph ' s name was on the list. he returned to williamsburg under guard, and the town bells pealed to announce his safe arrival. the militia escorted him to his house and pledged to guarantee his safety. the third virginia convention reelected its speaker to congress in july 1775, and randolph left for philadelphia in late august or early september. by this time, john hancock had succeeded him to its chair. died before independence about 8 p. m. on sunday, october 23, peyton randolph began to choke, a side of his face contorted, and he died of an " apoplectic stroke. " he was buried that tuesday at christ ' s church in philadelphia. his nephew, edmund randolph, brought his remains to williamsburg in 1776, and he was interred in the family crypt in the chapel at the college of william and mary on november 26. peyton randolph ' s estate was auctioned on february 19, 1783, following the death of his widow


what does the term " flawed democracy " actually mean? why are some of the world ' s successful democracies like france, israel and india rated " flawed democracies " by the economist intelligence unit? first off the wikipedia page that you cite to is based on the economist intelligence unit ' s democracy index ( " eiudi " ) which is not an academic source. the methodology used to assemble the report is not known, but that doesn ' t mean that it is not useful. with that in mind from the eiudi 2011 report : the eiudi report uses five criteria to measure a country ' s democracy : the countries that you are interested in scored as follows for these five categories : france : france scores relatively low on " functioning of government, " " political participation, " and " political culture. " israel : israel scores pretty bad on " civil liberties, " and sort of mediocre on everything else. india : india scores bad on both " political participation, " and " political culture. " so these countries have good governments, but there are certain issues typically related to the political culture that bring their overall score down and make them flawed democracies according to the index. | show 2 more comments | democracy, in this index in particular, mostly refers to participation in the governments system of elections. not electioneering, laws or even policies that could inherently discriminate. it is a weak index and is only useful for investors looking for a predictable government to trade with, or to entrench a western cultural world view. its virtually guaranteed that foreign exchange controls and this index are highly correlated. besides the methodology of collecting information being scientifically unsound, this is not an indicator of human rights, discrimination in the public space, respect for international law or even outright racist laws and policies. these can all be violated " democratically ". but then again, this is the economist, which has proven repeatedly to present a highly neo - liberal bias in it ' s political commentary ( white - male - westerners will likely disagree ). not a good index, not representative of the reality of the world. civil rights : the most important thing in a democracy is human and civil rights, as well as the rule of the law ( ie not arbitrary decisions ). with the indefinite detention act voted in the usa, plus guantanamo, non respect for international laws, drones strikes, the enforced role of the military in the civilian sector, police brutality... and so much more, the usa is way down in the rank


the indefinite detention act voted in the usa, plus guantanamo, non respect for international laws, drones strikes, the enforced role of the military in the civilian sector, police brutality... and so much more, the usa is way down in the rank of democracies. political culture : this is set upside down, a ridiculous way of evaluation. france gives exposure to all presidential as well as house representatives candidates : equal time to speak on tv, equal exposure in all aspects during the weeks before the elections. and that ' s how you can promote knowledge and awareness, which is culture. it is not at all this way in america. on the contrary, the us people are stuck with their two political parties system that represents the rich and powerful elite only, those capable of paying to be heard and known by the public. " culture " in the us is only available on given topics, the point of views of the rich and interests of big business only. this only promotes ignorance. actually, the usa is not democracy, it ' s plutocracy. it does not deserve a high rank. it has one of the lowest and most backwards political culture and system in the western world, belonging to the beginning of the 20th century, no longer to the 21rst. corruption should be a major criterion to include in the index. there, france ranks very low. so does the usa. freedom of press is an aspect, but the actual representation of a greater diversity of points of views from all sides should be the criterion to include in the index. that ' s the means and obstructions to freedom of expression. it is huge in the usa with over 85 % of all news coming out of 5 corporations linked to the cia, defense conglomerate and corporate interests in general. and much more.


a reading for cultural anthropology by walter trobisch ( adapted from readings in missionary anthropology ii, edited by william smalley. used under the educational " fair use " provision of the 1976 u. s. copyright acts. ) " jesus took the man aside, away from the crowd... and said to him ' be opened. ' with that his ears were opened, and at the same time the impediment was removed. " ( mark 7 : 33 - 35 ) what we need is a message tailored for each individual. in a concrete situation, general principles alone are not enough. let us therefore take three people aside - - away from the crowd. let us try to help them and take responsibility for them as a congregation. all three of them are real persons. they come from three different african countries, thousands of miles apart, but i shall not tell you from which countries and i have changed their names. they have given me permission to use their cases as an example, so i am not breaking their confidence. joseph is a 26 - year - old teacher at a mission school. i never met him, but we corresponded for almost three years. he wrote me after he had read my book i loved a girl : three years ago i married a 15 year - old person. i have ten years of schooling, my wife only six. god blessed us one year ago with a baby. i purposely did not choose a. girl with a higher level of education, for i intended to educate my wife in order that she become exactly as i wanted her to be in her work and cleanliness, in her whole life. but she does not satisfy me any more with her obedience. she does not do what i command her to do. if i insist, we quarrel. i ask you for a solution to save this young marriage. in order to help joseph we have to understand his way of thinking. for him, marriage is an alliance with an inferior being. for him, a woman is primarily a garden. man is then primarily the bearer of the seed of life. such is their mutual destiny. their destiny decides their function. their function defines their relationship. according to this conception the woman can never be as important as the man, any more than the soil can be as important as the seed. by her very nature, she is secondary, auxiliary. this is the root of all discrimination between man and woman that has shaped the history of mankind, not only in africa, but also in asia and - - until recently - - in europe


seed. by her very nature, she is secondary, auxiliary. this is the root of all discrimination between man and woman that has shaped the history of mankind, not only in africa, but also in asia and - - until recently - - in europe and america. this conception of marriage is not only based on a wrong and inaccurate biology. it is also not in accordance with the new testament which conceives of husband and wife as equal partners before god. my task was to change joseph ' s image of marriage. here is my answer : joseph, you have not married a wife. you have married a daughter. you were looking for a maid, obedient to your commandments. she was 15 when you married her. now she is 18. in these three years she has developed from a girl to a young woman. in addition she has become a mother. this has changed her personality completely. she wants to be treated as a person. she wants to become your partner... it strikes me that your quarreling started after god gave you a baby. how long is the period of lactation in your tribe? could it be that your quarreling has a deeper reason? it is not god ' s will for a married couple to abstain from physical union for such a long time. joseph ' s answer came quickly : you are exactly right... it is true that we abstain from sex relations for two years after the birth of a child... this habit is incorporated in us. otherwise we are afraid of losing the baby, especially if the mother breast - feeds it and if it is a boy... my father - in - law pointed this out to me when our child was born. the practice of abstaining from sex relations during the period of lactation presupposes a polygamous society. according to the biological conception of marriage, a man can have several gardens to be planted one after the other. a garden can have one proprietor only, joseph wants to be a christian. he has been taught by his church that polygamy is sin. but he has been left with this negative message. he has not received any positive advice on how to live with one wife as a partner, nor has he been told how to space his children. it is interesting that joseph did not confide his problem to his pastor. evidently he did not expect any help from the pastor. still, joseph looks for a counselor. he may find that counselor in a questionable friend, maybe one that is not


. it is interesting that joseph did not confide his problem to his pastor. evidently he did not expect any help from the pastor. still, joseph looks for a counselor. he may find that counselor in a questionable friend, maybe one that is not even a christian, and he may be advised to do things which are poison for his marriage. the method our couple uses for spacing their children - - complete abstention - - will lead to an estrangement and husband and wife will slowly drift apart. let us imagine that joseph would have tried to solve his problem by taking a second wife. it is evident that refusing him communion as punishment for this action would have been the most inadequate answer to his problem on how to space his children. what is needed in africa are not church disciplinarians, but marriage counselors. in this case had joseph not gone ahead and simply taken a second wife, but confided his intention to his pastor, explaining his motive, would his pastor have been able to help? would the pastor have received enough training in this respect at the seminary? when a christian takes a second wife, it is mostly due to the fact that his congregation has not carried responsibility for him. it is unkind and merciless if missionaries condemn polygamy as sin, but keep silent to africans about methods of conception control which they themselves use. it is even more so because a missionary usually has powdered milk at his disposal while an african villager does not. let us imagine another possibility. maybe joseph did not take a second wife, but secretly had sexual relations with an unknown girl, or even the wife of another man. in other words, he had committed adultery. now, since he wants to be a christian, his conscience hurts him. what could he have done? would he have found someone in your congregation to whom he could have gone, confessed his sin and received the absolution? if he had come to you, whether you are a pastor or not, would you have known what to do? what is needed in africa are not ex - communicators but confessors who are keep the secret of confession absolute. what kind of training do our pastors receive in this respect? here is the heart of the congregational responsibility for the individual. the offer of private confession is probably the most helpful contribution the lutheran church could make to the african churches as a whole. martin luther said : " no one knows what private confession can do for him, except he who has struggled much with the devil.


the offer of private confession is probably the most helpful contribution the lutheran church could make to the african churches as a whole. martin luther said : " no one knows what private confession can do for him, except he who has struggled much with the devil. yes the devil would have slain me long ago, if the confession would not have sustained me. " it is also possible that joseph would not have dared to confess, but maybe you would have heard anyway about his sin. then it would have been your duty to go to him. responsibility for the individual means to take the initiative. just as god has taken the initiative in jesus christ and has spoken to us without our inviting him, so we have to take the initiative and talk to our brother, even if he does not ask us. this is " church discipline " according to the new testament. " go ye therefore... " not to put him out of the church but to win him back to jesus christ ( matthew 18 : 15 ; 2 thessalonians 3 : 15 ; 2 timothy 2 : 25 ). church discipline means to go and to win, not to wait and to judge. there is not time to report the case of joseph in full. the relationship between him and his wife improved after i informed him about other methods of conception control. later on a new problem arrived. the family moved from the village to town. while living in the village joseph ' s wife had fed her family from that which she had grown in her own garden. but in town she did not have a garden. she had to go shopping. joseph had to give her money, which had rarely happened before. here is joseph ' s letter : tell me how to make up a family budget and how to convince a woman - - however idiotic she may be - - to keep it. most of the time my wife buys things which we don ' t need and then they spoil. i made up a detailed monthly budget according to joseph ' s income and included as one item, " pocket money for each one of you. " joseph wrote : my wife was very happy about it. after we had divided up the money, she was frank enough to tell me also the criticisms which she had in her heart about my spending habits. she was overwhelmed by joy to see the item, " pocket money for each one of you. " this was, after almost three years of correspondence, the first time that joseph had reported to me a reaction of his wife. the fact that he had shared my letter with her,


see the item, " pocket money for each one of you. " this was, after almost three years of correspondence, the first time that joseph had reported to me a reaction of his wife. the fact that he had shared my letter with her, that he even listened to her reproaches, but above all the fact that he gave her spending money, shows that his marriage had grown from a patriarchal pattern where the husband - father dominates his wife, into a marriage of partnership. a garden cannot rejoice and talk. one cannot listen to a garden. joseph ' s wife had changed from a garden to a person. she had become a wife. formerly, the course of life was channeled. the individual made very few decisions on his own. the road was marked by customs and traditions. this had changed now. the individual has to make up his mind about many things which formerly were decided by the family and the group. but - - as the case of joseph and his wife shows - - the individual is not trained to make these decisions. counseling therefore becomes indispensable. it belongs to the responsibility of the congregation. it is the service which the christian church must give in a situation of social change. the work of the counselor can be compared best of all with " swimming. " the time is past when a counselor could stand on a solid hilltop and give prefabricated rules and commandments to the counselee. the counselor has to descend from the hilltop and go into the water. counselor and counselee have to swim together. with this picture of " swimming " in mind, the fact of uncertainty is expressed. at the outset the counselor may be more in need of advice than his counselee. but he swims together with him, trying to make. out beforehand the whirlpools and the rapids, the islands and the riverbanks. for a limited time, while exploring the situation for clarification and solutions, the counselor becomes the partner of his counselee. god is in this situation and the counselor has to find his will together with the counselee. only what the latter is able and willing to accept and put into practice will help him. the development of joseph ' s marriage during the time of our correspondence proves that marriage guidance by letter can be fruitful. it may even be easier to confide the most intimate problems to a complete stranger. because of the long distances and the lack of trained counselors, marriage guidance by mail has great promise in africa, all the more because


letter can be fruitful. it may even be easier to confide the most intimate problems to a complete stranger. because of the long distances and the lack of trained counselors, marriage guidance by mail has great promise in africa, all the more because a personal letter there is highly treasured. it gives the receiver the experience of " being taken aside, away from the crowd, " to have his impediment removed. marriage guidance is not only a counseling task. it is also a missionary opportunity. since marriage is part of practical christian living, the christian marriage counselor has the possibility of proclaiming the gospel to non - christians along with the advice he gives. marriage has become the problem of life today. people of all confessions, religions, classes and races are interested in it. every heathen, muslim or communist will listen to those who have something useful to say about marriage. as christians, i believe we do have something useful to say. but, do we say it? or is the church in possession of a treasure of knowledge and wisdom and is keeping it locked up instead of handing it out? elsie is a high school student and the daughter of a " minister of religion " as she calls it. i know her too only by letter. she wrote to me and asked : " how can i meet a christian boy? " i advised her to attend church. there she could meet boys. here is her answer : the old people in our churches don ' t want boys to meet girls, not even to talk to them in their presence. always the sunday service begins by speaking against boys and girls. this has turned away most of the boys and girls from attending church. the other day the pastor said : " if any boy has written to you a letter, return it to him and tell him never to write to you any letter. " i answered, but for a long time did not hear from elsie. later i learned that her school principal had confiscated my letter. i was not on the list of men with whom she was allowed to correspond. so my letter went to her parents, who lived in a small village hundreds of miles away from her school. it took three months before the permission came and my letter was handed over to elsie. finally she wrote again : i have met a boy who is not of my tribe. he is a keen christian and a student in a secondary school. it appears to me as if he would make a good husband according to the direction in your book i loved a girl. i went home and talked


boy who is not of my tribe. he is a keen christian and a student in a secondary school. it appears to me as if he would make a good husband according to the direction in your book i loved a girl. i went home and talked to my parents about him. they said they would not allow me to marry from any other tribe apart from mine. they claim that men from my boyfriend ' s tribe are going about with other women, even if they are married. i have tried to tell them that not all men from that tribe are bad, but they insist on my marrying someone from my own tribe. since we are told that we should honor our parents, i cannot do something which is against their will. to make it worse : i do not live at home. i know very few boys from my own tribe. seeing that this boy is interested in me, should i disregard my parents ' advice? in my answer i advised elsie to take her boyfriend home once and present him to her parents so that they could meet him as a person. if she is certain about god ' s will for her marriage, she should obey god more than men. elsie ' s answer : my parents have become impossible. they cannot approve the choice i have made. they say they have heard rumors that the man i have chosen was misbehaving at college. but ever since i met him, he has never showed me any nonsense. i have decided to remain single for the whole of my life, unless i can marry him. marriage between two christians must be based on mutual trust and confidence. confidence demands free choice. free choice demands opportunities where young people can meet in a healthy atmosphere without suspicion. it belongs to the responsibility of the congregation to provide such opportunities. many marriage problems in africa have their root in the fact that the couple never had time and opportunity to really meet and get acquainted before marriage. many african boys and girls have a list with names of a limited number of persons with whom they correspond. in a society where the meeting of the sexes is still difficult, also for outward reasons, we have to recognize that letter - writing as a means to establish contacts, can be a good one. instead of intercepting mail, schools should rather teach criteria of how to evaluate a letter and give helpful instructions for answering. elsie ' s case reflects two areas of conflict. there is the conflict between the younger and older generation. dealing with parents, uncles and grandparents is probably the thorniest problem of a marriage counselor in africa. it has been overlooked that


instructions for answering. elsie ' s case reflects two areas of conflict. there is the conflict between the younger and older generation. dealing with parents, uncles and grandparents is probably the thorniest problem of a marriage counselor in africa. it has been overlooked that, in a fast - changing society, the education of the older generation is also a responsibility of the congregation. the church may have to speak out on the rules of exogamy ( the tradition forcing a young man to find a bride outside a defined group of relatives ) or endogamy ( reversely, the rule that a bride can only be found within a close core of relatives. ) once a young african wrote me that he had 11, 000 girls ( " sisters " ) in his tribe which he could not marry. unfortunately, he had fallen in love with one of them. there is also the conflict between individual freedom and the obligation to tradition and family. elsie has new possibilities of choice, unknown to her parents. she is caught between ( 1 ) making use of this freedom and ( 2 ) submission to rules originating from customs no longer relevant to her situation. like joseph, she is in need of personal counseling in her new freedom. her decision to renounce this freedom and the wish of her heart, even against the advice of her counselors, poses lots of questions : - if you had been her counselor, what would you have advised her to do? - assuming that god called elsie to stay single, would it be possible for her to put this ' decision into practice? - does our church have a message for single girls? - what would be the responsibility of her congregation for her? - is the decision against individual freedom and for submission to tradition always god ' s will? - where are the limitations of the fourth commandment? - what is behind the attitude of her parents? ( her father is a pastor! ) - how far here is also the " biological " conception of marriage at work? - will they be pleased by her " obedience " or rather be shocked that their " garden " shall never be planted? - what could be done to help her parents to better understand their daughter? elsie ' s case is an encouraging one. she has character. she proves that one of the oncoming generation of african girls is able to make up her mind by herself instead of being pushed around and dominated. she is on her way to mature womanhood. africa ' s future will depend upon this growth. there will be no free nations, unless there are free couples. there will be


make up her mind by herself instead of being pushed around and dominated. she is on her way to mature womanhood. africa ' s future will depend upon this growth. there will be no free nations, unless there are free couples. there will be no free couples unless the wife grows into true partnership with her husband. it is the responsibility of the congregation to help toward such growth. it is the solution for joseph ' s case as much as for elsie ' s and even for our next case. on one trip, i worshipped in an african church where nobody knew me. after the service i talked to two boys. " how many brothers and sisters do you have? " i asked the first one. " are they all from the same stomach? " " yes, my father is a christian. " " how about you? " i addressed the other boy. he hesitated. in his mind he was adding up. i know immediately that he came from a polygamous family. " we are nine, " he finally said. " is your father a christian? " no, " was the typical answer, " he is a polygamist. " " are you baptized? " " yes, and my brothers and sister too, " he added proudly. " and their mothers? " " they are all three baptized, but only the first wife takes communion. " " take me to your father. " the boy led me to a compound with many individual houses. it breathed cleanliness, order and wealth. each wife had her own house and her own kitchen. the father - - a middle - aged, good - looking man, tall, fat and impressive - - received me without embarrassment and with apparent joy. omodo, as we shall call him, was well - educated, wide awake and intelligent, with a sharp wit and a rare sense of humor. from the outset, he made no apologies for being a polygamist. he was proud of it. here ' s the essential content of our conversation which lasted for several hours. " welcome to the hut of a poor sinner! " the words were accompanied by good - hearted laughter. " it looks like a rich sinner, " i retorted. " the saints come very seldom to this place, " he said, " they don ' t want to be contaminated with sin. " " but they are not afraid to receive your wives and children. i just met them in church. " " i know. i give everyone a coin for the collection plate. i guess i


they don ' t want to be contaminated with sin. " " but they are not afraid to receive your wives and children. i just met them in church. " " i know. i give everyone a coin for the collection plate. i guess i finance half of the church ' s budget. they are glad to take my money, but they don ' t want me. " i sat in thoughtful silence. after a while he continued, " i feel sorry for the pastor. by refusing to accept the polygamous men in town as church members, he has made his flock poor. they shall always be dependent upon subsidies from america. he has created a church of women whom he tells every sunday that polygamy is wrong. " " wasn ' t your first wife heart - broken when you took a second one? " omodo looked at me almost with pity. " it was her happiest day, " he said finally. " tell me how it happened. " " well, one day after she had come home from the garden and had fetched wood and water, she was preparing the evening meal, while i sat in front of my house and watched her. suddenly she turned to me and mocked me. she called me a ` poor man, ' because i had only one wife. she pointed to our neighbor ' s wife who could care for her children while the other wife prepared the food. " " poor man, " omodo repeated. " i can take much, but not that. i had to admit that she was right. she needed help. she had already picked out a second wife for me and they get along fine. " i glanced around the courtyard and saw a beautiful young woman, about 19 or 20, come out of one of the huts. " it was a sacrifice for me, " omodo commented. " her father demanded a very high bride price. " " do you mean that the wife, who caused you to become a polygamist is the only one of your family who receives communion? " " yes, she told the missionary how hard it was for her to share her love for me with another woman. according to the church, my wives are considered sinless because each of them has only one husband. i, the father, am the only sinner in our family. since the lord ' s supper is not given to sinners, i am excluded from it. do you understand that, pastor? " i was entirely confused. " and you see, " omod


, am the only sinner in our family. since the lord ' s supper is not given to sinners, i am excluded from it. do you understand that, pastor? " i was entirely confused. " and you see, " omodo continued, " they are all praying for me that i might be saved from sin, but they don ' t agree from which sin i must be saved. " " what do you mean? " " well, the pastor prays that i may not continue to commit the sin of polygamy. my wives pray that i may not commit the sin of divorce. i wonder whose prayers are heard first. " " so your wives are afraid that you become a christian? " " they are afraid that i become a church member. let ' s put it that way. for me there is a difference. you see, they can only have intimate relations with me as long as i do not belong to the church. in the moment i would become a church member, their marriage relations with me would become sinful. " " wouldn ' t you like to become a church member? " " pastor, don ' t lead me into temptation! how can i become a church member if it means disobeying christ? christ forbade divorce, but not polygamy. the church forbids polygamy but demands divorce. how can i become a church member if i want to be a christian? for me there is only one way : be a christian without the church. " " have you ever talked to your pastor about that? " " he does not dare to talk to me, because he knows as well as i do that some of his elders have a second wife secretly. the only difference between them and me is that i am honest and they are hypocrites. " " did a missionary ever talk to you? " " yes, once. i told him that with the high divorce rate in europe, they have only a successive form of polygamy while we have a simultaneous polygamy. that did it. he never came back. " i was speechless. omodo accompanied me back to the village. he evidently enjoyed being seen with a pastor. " but tell me, why did you take a third wife? " i asked him. " i did not take her. i inherited her from my later brother, including her children. actually my older brother would have been next in line. but he is an elder. he is not allowed to sin by giving security to


i asked him. " i did not take her. i inherited her from my later brother, including her children. actually my older brother would have been next in line. but he is an elder. he is not allowed to sin by giving security to a widow. " i looked in his eyes. " do you want to become a christian? " " i am a christian. " omodo said without smiling. what does it mean to take responsibility as a congregation for omodo? i am sorry that i was not able to see omodo again. our conversation contains in a nutshell the main attitudes of polygamists toward the church. it is always healthy to see ourselves with the eyes of an outsider. i asked myself : what would i have done if i were the pastor in omodo ' s town? let me share with you my thoughts and then ask for your criticism. they are based on many experiences in dealing with other polygamist families. maybe you have better ideas than i have. please, help me to help omodo. the trouble with omodo is that, unlike joseph or elsie, he did not ask for help. but that does not mean that he is not in need of help. the fact that he did almost all the talking and hardly gave me a chance, proves his inner insecurity. his sarcasm showed me that deep down in his heart he was afraid of me. in order to take this fear away, i accepted defeat. you will have noticed that i was a defeated person when i left him. if you want to win someone over, nothing better can happen to you than defeat. in the eyes of the world the cross of jesus christ was a defeat. yet, god saved the world by this defeat. in talking with people we must remember this truth. we can easily win an argument, but lose a person. our task is not to defend, but to witness. humble acceptance of defeat is often the most convincing testimony we can give for our humble lord. it is the one thing which the other one does not expect. counseling is not preaching at a short distance. it is ninety percent listening. when i have a conversation like this i ask myself first of all, where is the other one right? i think omodo is right in his criticism of contradictory church policies, which sometimes deny our own doctrines. we have made the church the laughing - stock of a potentially polygamous society. we have often acted according to the statement, " there are three things


like that of omodo ' s, we might find the key to deal with many others. so, what would i have done? first of all, i would have gone back to visit him again. church discipline, as the new testament understands it, starts with me, not with the other one. if possible, i would have taken my wife along. i would have asked her to tell omodo what she would think of me if i let her work all day in the garden, get wood and water, care for the children and prepare the food while i sit idly in the shade all day under the eaves of my hut and watch her work. i think she would have told him that he does not have three wives, but actually he has no wife at all. he is married to three female slaves. consequently, he is not a real husband ; he ' s just a married male. only a real husband makes a wife a real wife. in the meantime i would have talked to omodo ' s first wife and told her precisely the same, that only a real wife makes a husband a real husband. i would have challenged her because she had not demanded enough from her husband. she had behaved like an overburdened slave trying to solve her problem by getting a second slave. instead, she should have asked her husband to help her. she should have behaved like a partner and expected partnership. she probably would have thought i was joking and not have understood at all. so i would have explained and we would have talked, visit after visit, week after week. then finally i would have asked her why she ridiculed her husband. i am sure there was something deeper behind it, a concrete humiliation for which she took revenge, a hidden hatred. at the same time, i would have continued to talk to omodo - - not telling him anything which i had learned from his wife, but listening to his side of the story. i am sure i would have heard precisely the opposite of what his wife had said. i would have tried to make him understand his wife and to make his wife understand her husband. then, maybe after months, i would have started to see them both together at the same time, possibly again accompanied by my wife. the best way to teach marriage of partnership is by example. one day we were discussing this in our " marriage class, " a one - year course i taught at cameroon christian college. the students were telling me that african women are just not yet mature enough


best way to teach marriage of partnership is by example. one day we were discussing this in our " marriage class, " a one - year course i taught at cameroon christian college. the students were telling me that african women are just not yet mature enough to be treated as equal partners. while we were discussing this, rain was pouring down. we watched through the window of the classroom the wife of the headmaster of our primary schools, who jumped from her bicycle and sought refuge under the roof of the school building. after a little while a car drove up. out stepped her husband. he handed her the car keys, and off she drove with the car, while he followed her on the bicycle getting soaked in the rain. this settled the argument. it is up to the husband to make his wife a partner. then, one day i would have attacked the case of the second wife. i can imagine her story. she probably was given into marriage with omodo for a high bride price at a very young age. i would have tried to find out how she felt about her situation. young and attractive as she was, i cannot imagine that she was so terribly excited by old fat omodo. it is very likely that she had a young lover alongside. i have found that women in polygamous marriages often live in adultery, because their husbands, staying usually with one wife for a week at a time, are not able to satisfy them. solving the problem of the second wife would involve talks with her father and " fathers " and also with the young man she really loves. it would have been a hard battle, but i do not think a hopeless one. it is a question of faith. i would trust jesus that he can do a miracle. i would ask some christians in the congregation who understand the power of prayer to pray when i talk to the father. every father wants to have a happy daughter. i would try to convince him to pay the bride price back to omodo ( or at least a part of it ). the first time i would have suggested to omodo to let his second wife go, he probably would have thrown me out the front door. so i would have entered again through the back door. i would have tried to tire him out by an unceasing barrage of love. it is very important that by now a very deep personal contact and friendship is established between omodo and me, a " partnership in swimming. " in this partnership jesus christ becomes a reality between us even when his name


permanent adultery " as a missionary once tried to tell me. adultery is never permanent. it is a momentary relationship in secrecy with no responsibility involved. polygamy, on the other hand, is a public state, often based on a legally valid contract. it involves life - long responsibility and obligations. if polygamy is marriage, separation is divorce. if we compare marriage with a living organism, husband and wife can be compared with the two essential organs, the head and the heart. in all higher - developed organisms one head corresponds to one heart. only primitive organisms are just a plurality of cells, as for example the alga volvox globator. parts of that organism are relatively independent from the whole. a tapeworm can be cut apart and the parts are still able to live. one could compare polygamy with a primitive organism, which has not yet reached the state in which one head corresponds to one heart. still, a tapeworm is one organism as much as polygamy is marriage. our dilemma is that we want monogamy and we do not want divorce. yet, in a polygamous situation we cannot have one without the other. there are situations in life where we have the choice between two sins and where the next step can only be taken in counting on the forgiveness of our crucified savior. it is in such situations where luther gave the advice in all evangelical freedom, " sin bravely! " being guided by the love for your neighbor and by what is most helpful to that neighbor. for me, there is no doubt that in omodo ' s case the most helpful solution for his second wife would be to marry the man she loves. the case of omodo ' s third wife, whom he had inherited from his late brother, is probably the most difficult one. in 0modo ' s case it was especially difficult, because she was blind. i would have gathered the elders of the church and explored possibilities with them on how to support her through congregational help in case she wanted to live independently. the way a congregation treats their widows is the best test of their willingness and ability to carry responsibility for the individual. one question is still open : when would i have baptized omodo? i do not know. one cannot answer this question theoretically. i hope you understand that what i have just described is not the work of an afternoon, but of months, maybe years. under the condition that this work is done, the moment chosen for baptism is not of decisive importance. there


this question theoretically. i hope you understand that what i have just described is not the work of an afternoon, but of months, maybe years. under the condition that this work is done, the moment chosen for baptism is not of decisive importance. there are no chronological laws in the process of salvation. i would not have baptized omodo before he had an experience of private confession and absolution. but then, someplace along the way, i would have done it, asking god for guidance together with the congregation for the right moment. we should get away from considering church discipline as a matter of sin and righteousness, but rather put it on the basis of faith and unbelief. faith is not a nothing and the use of the sacraments is not a nothing. in case it would have taken years to find a solution for omodo ' s wives, i would have expected such a solution as fruit of his baptism and not as a condition for it. in the meantime, while working and praying for a solution, omodo would have to " sin bravely, " sensing his polygamous state more and more as a burden. as his brother in christ, together with the congregation, i could only act then according to galatians 6 : 2 which says : " bear one another ' s burden and fulfill the law of christ. " if we followed that course of action, would then the walls break and the church be flooded by polygamy? i do not believe so. for economic reasons, polygamy is on the retreat anyway in africa. the current generation of africans longs for a monogamous marriage of partnership. we overestimate ourselves if we always think we have to keep shoring up the walls so they won ' t break. the statement " god is a god of order " is not in the bible. first corinthians 14 : 33 reads, " god is not a god of disorder, but of peace. " counseling the individual is putting congregational responsibility into practice. in the process of counseling, the unacceptable person is taken aside, away from the crowd, and unconditionally accepted. to help the individual in the name of the god of peace, we need both the rules and the exceptions. the counselor has to give himself into life with its many different situations and happenings and " swim " with his counselee. god is with them in the water. howard culbertson, southern nazarene university, 6729 nw 39th, bethany, ok 73008


if you are in reasonably good health, preferably over age 18, and have the necessary time and energy, you can run a marathon. things you ’ ll need : - establish a solid fitness base. from a recommended 15 to 20 miles a week, gradually build to a peak mileage range of 30 to 40 miles. - minimize the stress on your body by doing other sports, such as swimming or biking, especially after a long or hard run. - practice the hard / easy principle. intersperse stress and rest by taking days off to recover and adapt to marathon training. - increase gradually. up your training mileage by no more than 10 percent a week. - run at least three long runs, from 18 to 20 miles. - stick with 20 miles. most experts say there is no reason to go beyond this amount in training, and the risk of injury increases with longer runs. - consider speed work. faster running isn ’ t necessary for first - timers, but it can be useful. make sure to consult an expert, such as a coach. - practice racing. use shorter events to practice pacing and drinking, and to test running gear. tips & warnings - find a friend or training group. consider a training partner and / or a group to help get you through the long runs. - practice mentally as well as physically. the marathon can take enormous concentration. visualize yourself successfully running it in training. - remember to stretch. this is important to maintain flexibility and prevent injuries. stretching before training is a bonus, but it ’ s especially important after running. - study the distance. read books and articles, and talk to experienced marathoners. - if you have any condition that would impair or limit your ability to engage in physical activity, please consult a physician before attempting this activity. this information is not intended as a substitue for professional medical advice or treatment. how to train for your first marathon,


the use of brainstorming in increasing student ’ s motivation in speaking ability in al - muhibbin junior high school grade viii by : iin nurkhasanah - i. introduction 1. 1 background of the study english is one of the most important subjects learned in almost all school in every country including indonesia. the reason why it is important is that because english become an international language. people use english around the world. it is studied seriously because the language is becoming second language in almost all countries. people consciously take many courses and education of english because of an important of the language. many sectors in our daily life need english as the prerequisites. all job application will not be fulfilled without capability of english. people certainly realize and concern about the importance of english since mostly the widespread of the issue had english to become important object to be searched and mastered. english is widely used in mass media and oral communication as means of exchanging information, including science and technology reasons. harmer ( 2000 : 1 ) stated that english has become a lingua franca. it means that english is a means for people who have different language to communicate orally or written form. they use english to enable them to communicate and transfer information. this paper highlights ( 1 ) the use of brainstorming, ( 2 ) students ’ motivation and ( 3 ) speaking ability 1. 2 problem of the study - what technique use in improving student ’ s speaking skill? - how the use of brainstorming in correct procedure so that students are interesting to engaged with. 1. 3 objective of the study - to know what technique use to improve students ’ speaking skill. - to know how to apply brainstorming in the class correctly. 1. 4 significance of the study this research is intended to offer an alternative technique in enhancing students ’ speaking comprehension achievement since a good teacher of english is required to train the students by applying good strategies. the use of brainstorming can make the student feel convenient and confident to speak because the topic is already discussed or they have known before. based on the background of the study above, the hypotheses will be formulated the null hypothesis ( ho ) and alternative hypothesis ( ha ) as follows. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h1 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h0 : there is no significant improvement in average score


who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h1 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h0 : there is no significant improvement in average score in speaking between students who are taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h2 : there is a significant improvement in average score in speaking between students who are taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h0 : there is no significant improvement in average score in speaking between students ’ who are already taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h3 : there is a significant improvement in average score in speaking between students ’ who are already taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students ’ after taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h4 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students ’ after being taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students ’ after being taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h5 : there is a significant difference in average score in speaking between students ’ after being taught speaking using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are being taught speaking using brainstorming and conventional technique. h6 : there is a significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are being taught speaking using brainstorming and conventional technique. h0 : there is no interaction effect of using brainstorming technique and conventional technique towards students ’ speaking achievements. h7 : there is no interaction effect of using brainstorming technique and conventional technique towards students ’ speaking achievements. 1. 6 the criteria for testing hypothesis in this study, the hypothesis that has been formulated before, the writer used the critical value of t - table at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. if the value of t - obtained is higher than value of t - table, the alternative hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be accepted and the null hypothesis will be rejected. and if the value of t - table is higher than value of t - obtained, they null hypothesis will be accepted and the alternative hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be rejected. in variance analysis, at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. - ii. literature review the use of brainstorming brainstorming is a


hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be rejected. in variance analysis, at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. - ii. literature review the use of brainstorming brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a problem. in 1953 the method was popularized by alex faickney osborn in a book called applied imagination. osborn proposed that groups could double their creative output with brainstorming. oxford defined that brainstorming is a way of making a group of people all think about something at the same time, often in order to solve a problem or to create good ideas. brainstorming is the name given to a situation when a group of people meet to generate new ideas around a specific area of interest. using rules which remove inhibitions, people are able to think more freely and move into new areas of thought and so create numerous new ideas and solutions. the participants shout out ideas as they occur to them and then build on the ideas raised by others. all the ideas are noted down and are not criticized. only when the brainstorming session is over are the ideas evaluated. the other meaning of brainstorming is to brainstorm is to use a set of specific rules and techniques which encourage and spark off new ideas which would never have happened under normal circumstances. so there you have it : brainstorming will help you come up with new ideas. and not only will you come up with new ideas but you will do so with surprisingly little effort. brainstorming makes the generation of new ideas easy and is a tried - and - tested process. exactly what you apply brainstorming techniques to depends on what you want to achieve. you can apply them to develop new products, services and processes in your job, or you can apply them to develop your personal life. there are two models of brainstorming - traditional brainstorming the normal view of brainstorming is where a group of people sit in a room and shout out ideas as they occur to them. they are told to lose their inhibitions and that no ideas will be judged so that people are free to shout out any ideas at all without feeling uncomfortable. people should build on the ideas called out by other participants. the purpose of this is to gain as many ideas as possible for later analysis. out of the many ideas suggested there will be some of great value. because of the free - thinking environment, the session will help promote radical new ideas which break free from


the purpose of this is to gain as many ideas as possible for later analysis. out of the many ideas suggested there will be some of great value. because of the free - thinking environment, the session will help promote radical new ideas which break free from normal ways of thinking. - advanced brainstorming the model we propose is an extension of the traditional brainstorming scenario and makes the whole process easier and more effective. advanced brainstorming builds on the current methods of brainstorming to produce more original ideas in a more efficient way. specialized techniques, better processes and better awareness, combined with new technologies make traditional brainstorming a less frustrating process. most of the problems associated with traditional brainstorming disappear as a more effective process is used. keep on reading for more details of how you can do advanced brainstorming for great profit to you and your organization. advanced brainstorming uses : - new processes and new training to reduce inhibitions - creative and lateral thinking techniques - new materials for stimulation and recording ideas motivation in learning english motivation is the driving force which help causes us to achieve goals. motivation is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic. according to various theories, motivation may be rooted in a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less - apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. there are many things instructors can do to prevent glazed - over eyes or nodding heads in a classroom. faculty can help maintain and increase student motivation by - establishing challenging, but not impossible goals for students. offering intellectual tasks that are a “ reach ” can spur learners to higher levels of success. - helping students set their own goals for learning that are ambitious, but realistic and achievable. research shows that, if given a choice, people will choose a challenging, though not daunting task over one that is too hard – or too easy. while it ’ s often helpful to offer an easy question first in a discussion or on an exam, it ’ s counterproductive to make everything too easy. - being clear, specific, and concrete in explaining course material and in giving examples. - organizing student learning ; for example, consciously building new material on facts or concepts that students already know. - offering positive, consistent, and timely feedback – which doesn ’ t have to mean grades. a brief comment – if sincere – may


examples. - organizing student learning ; for example, consciously building new material on facts or concepts that students already know. - offering positive, consistent, and timely feedback – which doesn ’ t have to mean grades. a brief comment – if sincere – may suffice. engaging students in a variety of teaching activities, such as role - playing, problem - solving, or any kind of student interaction, especially if these activities can relate the course to students ’ interests and skills. the key here is activity, as passivity can be an impediment to feeling motivated. speaking means to be able to use language ( oxford, 1986 : 6 ). according to finnociaro and brumfit ( 1983 : 1440 ) in nurkhasanah speaking is one of the important language skills that have to be mastered by language learners. they consider that speaking skill is a complex skill, which involves the knowledge of sound, vocabulary and cultural sub - system of english language. it means that the knowledge from pronunciation, structure, vocabulary and cultural system of english system are important and much needed for communicating to society. according to yorkey, speaking skill is a skill and like other skill, it must be practiced continuously. the teacher role is becoming important for students later. there are many keys to support speaking skill by listening cassette, watching tv, watching film, practicing with foreigners, practicing with partners. dobson is quoted by fita krisnawati in her thesis. speaking is an ability when students can judge how accurate their selling and how they use the sentences they have learned and it merely different when it is conveyed to writing skill, they usually produce rather mistakes but in free speaking, they have tendency to make mistakes that they wouldn ’ t make in writing 2. speaking is easy, but conveys the speaking in to meaning is not easy. by having some experts ’ statement and some guidance, the writer believes that speaking will easier when someone else opens a certain topic or do the brainstorming. brainstorming can motivate student to speak because the way of brainstorming work is interesting. it can be compared to students who have no any topic to be talked, they will keep silent because they don ’ t know what should be talked, the feel afraid to speak, the afraid of making mistakes etc. the use of brainstorming is a good idea to convey students in speaking english everyday. nurkhasanah, iin. the effectiveness of teaching speaking through debate activity of efac course in intermediate level. 2007 richard c york


november 9, 2012 a couple of cups of coffee may help our brains process some words faster, a small experiment suggests. but we only get the message faster if the words are emotionally positive. the study included 66 healthy young men. they were told to consume no caffeine, nicotine or alcohol in the 12 hours before the experiment. the men were randomly divided into 2 groups. one group took a tablet containing 200 milligrams of coffee, about the amount in 2 to 3 cups of coffee. each person in the other group received a placebo ( fake ) pill. half an hour later, the men were given tests that involved being shown a series of real and invented words. they had to press buttons to indicate whether a word was real or not. men who took the caffeine pills did this faster and more accurately for words with a positive emotional connotation. they did not perform better than men who got the placebo pills for recognizing neutral or negative words. the journal plos one published the study online. healthday news wrote about it november 8. by howard lewine, m. d. harvard medical school what is the doctor ' s reaction? you often hear people say things like " don ' t talk to me. i haven ' t had my coffee yet. " researchers from germany offer us new insight into why we might feel that way. the study comes from the department of psychology at ruhr university. in general, people recognize and process the meaning of words faster if the words have a positive emotional slant. what these researchers found is that caffeine speeds up that link even more. but caffeine did not speed up how quickly people recognize and process emotionally neutral or negative words. low doses of caffeine tend to put you in a more positive mood. caffeine also generally helps you do mental tasks faster and with fewer errors. now we can add the faster processing of positively charged emotional content. these are good explanations for why you want that first cup of coffee before talking to anyone. how caffeine affects the brain is not completely understood. but here is how most experts explain it. caffeine gets absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. it enters the blood stream and is distributed throughout the body, including the brain. once it reaches the brain, caffeine probably has multiple targets. but the main one seems to be adenosine receptors. adenosine is a chemical that dampens brain activity. this counters the action of another brain chemical, dopamine.