slow process of selection for the sake of protection? i cannot think so ; and still less with the slight differences between the sexes of those birds which build concealed nests. on the other hand, the differences in colour between the sexes, whether great or small, may to a large extent be explained on the principle of the successive variations, acquired by the males through sexual selection, having been from the first more or less limited in their transmission to the females. that the degree of limitation should differ in different species of the same group will not surprise any one who has studied the laws of inheritance, for they are so complex that they appear to us in our ignorance to be capricious in their action. * * see remarks to this effect in variation of animals and plants under domestication, vol. ii., chap. xii. as far as i can discover there are few large groups of birds in which all the species have both sexes alike and brilliantly coloured, but i hear from mr. sclater, that this appears to be the case with the musophagae or plantain - eaters. nor do i believe that any large group exists in which the sexes of all the species are widely dissimilar in colour : mr. wallace informs me that the chatterers of s. america ( cotingidae ) offer one of the best instances ; but with some of the species, in which the male has a splendid red breast, the female exhibits some red on her breast ; and the females of other species shew traces of the green and other colours of the males. nevertheless we have a near approach to close sexual similarity or dissimilarity throughout several groups : and this, from what has just been said of the fluctuating nature of inheritance, is a somewhat surprising circumstance. but that the same laws should largely prevail with allied animals is not surprising. the domestic fowl has produced a great number of breeds and sub - breeds, and in these the sexes generally differ in plumage ; so that it has been noticed as an unusual circumstance when in certain sub - breeds they resemble each other. on the other hand, the domestic pigeon has likewise produced a vast number of distinct breeds and sub - breeds, and in these, with rare exceptions, the two sexes are identically alike. therefore if other species of gallus and columba were domesticated and varied, it would not be rash to predict that similar rules of sexual similarity and dissimilarity, depending on the form of transmission, would


are identically alike. therefore if other species of gallus and columba were domesticated and varied, it would not be rash to predict that similar rules of sexual similarity and dissimilarity, depending on the form of transmission, would hold good in both cases. in like manner the same form of transmission has generally prevailed under nature throughout the same groups, although marked exceptions to this rule occur. thus within the same family or even genus, the sexes may be identically alike, or very different in colour. instances have already been given in the same genus, as with sparrows, flycatchers, thrushes and grouse. in the family of pheasants the sexes of almost all the species are wonderfully dissimilar, but are quite alike in the eared pheasant or crossoptilon auritum. in two species of chloephaga, a genus of geese, the male cannot be distinguished from the females, except by size ; whilst in two others, the sexes are so unlike that they might easily be mistaken for distinct species. * * the ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 122. the laws of inheritance can alone account for the following cases, in which the female acquires, late in life, certain characters proper to the male, and ultimately comes to resemble him more or less completely. here protection can hardly have come into play. mr. blyth informs me that the females of oriolus melanocephalus and of some allied species, when sufficiently mature to breed, differ considerably in plumage from the adult males ; but after the second or third moults they differ only in their beaks having a slight greenish tinge. in the dwarf bitterns ( ardetta ), according to the same authority, " the male acquires his final livery at the first moult, the female not before the third or fourth moult ; in the meanwhile she presents an intermediate garb, which is ultimately exchanged for the same livery as that of the male. " so again the female falco peregrinus acquires her blue plumage more slowly than the male. mr. swinhoe states that with one of the drongo shrikes ( dicrurus macrocercus ) the male, whilst almost a nestling, moults his soft brown plumage and becomes of a uniform glossy greenish - black ; but the female retains for a long time the white striae and spots on the axillary feathers ; and does not


male, whilst almost a nestling, moults his soft brown plumage and becomes of a uniform glossy greenish - black ; but the female retains for a long time the white striae and spots on the axillary feathers ; and does not completely assume the uniform black colour of the male for three years. the same excellent observer remarks that in the spring of the second year the female spoon - bill ( platalea ) of china resembles the male of the first year, and that apparently it is not until the third spring that she acquires the same adult plumage as that possessed by the male at a much earlier age. the female bombycilla carolinensis differs very little from the male, but the appendages, which like beads of red sealing - wax ornament the wing - feathers, * are not developed in her so early in life as in the male. in the male of an indian parrakeet ( paloeornis javanicus ) the upper mandible is coral - red from his earliest youth, but in the female, as mr. blyth has observed with caged and wild birds, it is at first black and does not become red until the bird is at least a year old, at which age the sexes resemble each other in all respects. both sexes of the wild turkey are ultimately furnished with a tuft of bristles on the breast, but in two - year - old birds the tuft is about four inches long in the male and hardly apparent in the female ; when, however, the latter has reached her fourth year, it is from four to five inches in length. * ( 2 ) * when the male courts the female, these ornaments are vibrated, and " are shewn off to great advantage, " on the outstretched wings : a. leith adams, field and forest rambles, 1873, p. 153. * ( 2 ) on ardetta, translation of cuvier ' s regne animal, by mr. blyth, footnote, p. 159. on the peregrine falcon, mr. blyth, in charlesworth ' s mag. of nat. hist., vol. i., 1837, p. 304. on dicrurus, ibis, 1863, p. 44. on the platalea, ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 366. on the bombycilla, audubon ' s ornitholog. biography, vol. i., p. 229


44. on the platalea, ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 366. on the bombycilla, audubon ' s ornitholog. biography, vol. i., p. 229. on the palaeornis, see, also, jerdon, birds of india, vol. i., p. 263. on the wild turkey, audubon, ibid., vol. i., p. 15 ; but i hear from judge caton that in illinois the female very rarely acquires a tuft. analogous cases with the females of petrcocssyphus are given by mr. r. sharpe, proeedings of the zoological society, 1872, p. 496. these cases must not be confounded with those where diseased or old females abnormally assume masculine characters, nor with those where fertile females, whilst young, acquire the characters of the male, through variation or some unknown cause. * but all these cases have so much in common that they depend, according to the hypothesis of pangenesis, on gemmules derived from each part of the male being present, though latent, in the female ; their development following on some slight change in the elective affinities of her constituent tissues. * of these latter cases mr. blyth has recorded ( translation of cuvier ' s regne animal, p. 158 ) various instances with lanius, ruticilla, linaria, and anas. audubon has also recorded a similar case ( ornitholog. biography, vol. v., p. 519 ) with pyranga aestiva. a few words must be added on changes of plumage in relation to the season of the year. from reasons formerly assigned there can be little doubt that the elegant plumes, long pendant feathers, crests, & c., of egrets, herons, and many other birds, which are developed and retained only during the summer, serve for ornamental and nuptial purposes, though common to both sexes. the female is thus rendered more conspicuous during the period of incubation than during the winter ; but such birds as herons and egrets would be able to defend themselves. as, however, plumes would probably be inconvenient and certainly of no use during the winter, it is possible that the habit of moulting twice in the year may have been gradually acquired through natural selection for the sake of casting


. as, however, plumes would probably be inconvenient and certainly of no use during the winter, it is possible that the habit of moulting twice in the year may have been gradually acquired through natural selection for the sake of casting off inconvenient ornaments during the winter. but this view cannot be extended to the many waders, whose summer and winter plumages differ very little in colour. with defenceless species, in which both sexes, or the males alone, become extremely conspicuous during the breeding - season, - or when the males acquire at this season such long wing or tail - feathers as to impede their flight, as with cosmetornis and vidua, - it certainly at first appears highly probable that the second moult has been gained for the special purpose of throwing off these ornaments. we must, however, remember that many birds, such as some of the birds of paradise, the argus pheasant and peacock, do not cast their plumes during the winter ; and it can hardly be maintained that the constitution of these birds, at least of the gallinaceae, renders a double moult impossible, for the ptarmigan moults thrice in the year. * hence it must be considered as doubtful whether the many species which moult their ornamental plumes or lose their bright colours during the winter, have acquired this habit on account of the inconvenience or danger which they would otherwise have suffered. * see gould ' s birds of great britain. i conclude, therefore, that the habit of moulting twice in the year was in most or all cases first acquired for some distinct purpose, perhaps for gaining a warmer winter covering ; and that variations in the plumage occurring during the summer were accumulated through sexual selection, and transmitted to the offspring at the same season of the year ; that such variations were inherited either by both sexes or by the males alone, according to the form of inheritance which prevailed. this appears more probable than that the species in all cases originally tended to retain their ornamental plumage during the winter, but were saved from this through natural selection, resulting from the inconvenience or danger thus caused. i have endeavoured in this chapter to shew that the arguments are not trustworthy in favour of the view that weapons, bright colours, and various ornaments, are now confined to the males owing to the conversion, by natural selection, of the equal transmission of characters to both sexes, into transmission to the male sex alone. it is also doubtful whether the


color = " # ffffff " size = " 2 " > back to regional news digest saturday, september 19, 1998 last modified at 3 : 24 a. m. on saturday, september 19, 1998 state gets more rain, except in plains albuquerque ( ap ) - slightly higher averages of rain in new mexico this summer masked big differences in precipitation levels statewide, the national weather service said. the state ' s june - through - august average was 5 percent wetter than normal. but while summer rains fell on the western and northern parts of the state, the eastern plains were dry, said charlie liles, head of the weather service ' s albuquerque office. liles said you could draw a line south from clayton and las vegas, n. m., through cloudcroft to see the demarkation : it mostly was dry to the southeast and wet in the northwest. part of weather systems that steered rain away from texas did the same to eastern new mexico. " the dry east and southeast plains shows the westward expansion of the texas drought that has taken place the past three to four months, " liles said. ce clovisn got 61 percent less rain this summer, he said. monsoons caused an unusually wet july across the rest of the state but then stopped in august, said dave gutzler, a climate researcher at the university of new mexico. jal, in the southeast, was the driest spot for the three - month period, with just 1. 43 inches of rain, 72 percent below normal. the wettest spot was black lake near angel fire, with 14. 53 inches, liles said. albuquerque was two percent below normal with 3. 42 inches, while socorro was nearly 50 percent above normal with 5. 6 inches. santa fe had 33 percent more rain at 7. 15 inches, while las cruces was 47 percent below normal at 2. 37 inches.


use of biomedical engineering and music for k - 12 math / science education the study proposes the use of biomedical engineering ( bme ) ph. d. track graduate students to assist middle and high school teachers to teach math / science skills, by providing additional tools and training to optimize their use. the emphasis is on the use of disciplinary knowledge to enhance how people learn with the aid of computer technology ; showing the students the importance of this knowledge to solve real world problems. three school districts have committed to participate in a cross - disciplinary education program ( shelby county, shades mountain independent, and the alabama school of fine arts ). students from uab ’ s biomedical engineering ( bme ) and the alabama school of fine arts ( asfa ) departments will develop, implement, and evaluate the four interventions used to enhance math / science skills. - music education - math / science kits and six - week projects - science fair project development - a technology of fine arts class when the cost - effectiveness of each intervention has been determined, decisions whether to expand the intervention, within each school system will be made. information about successful programs would be made available, on the internet or other media, to interested groups. trained personnel from this project would serve as facilitators for these groups. - investigators : a. eberhardt, r. thompson, m. froning, d. kilpadi


the list is the origin of culture. it ' s part of the history of art and literature. what does culture want? to make infinity comprehensible. it also wants to create order — not always, but often. and how, as a human being, does one face infinity? how does one attempt to grasp the incomprehensible? through lists, through catalogs, through collections in museums and through encyclopedias and dictionaries. there is an allure to enumerating how many women don giovanni slept with : it was 2, 063, at least according to mozart ' s librettist, lorenzo da ponte. we also have completely practical lists — the shopping list, the will, the menu — that are also cultural achievements in their own right. … at first, we think that a list is primitive and typical of very early cultures, which had no exact concept of the universe and were therefore limited to listing the characteristics they could name. but, in cultural history, the list has prevailed over and over again. it is by no means merely an expression of primitive cultures. a very clear image of the universe existed in the middle ages, and there were lists. a new worldview based on astronomy predominated in the renaissance and the baroque era. and there were lists. and the list is certainly prevalent in the postmodern age. it has an irresistible magic. … we like lists because we don ' t want to die. here is much more. make sure you read the quotation under the photo ; i don ' t want to reproduce it on a family blog. i wonder if this interview was translated from some other language, given the difference between " lists " and " enumeration. " here is an important mr post : jeffrey lonsdale writes. i thank cardiff garcia for the pointer.


see also the dr. math faq : order of operations browse high school basic algebra stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : solving simple linear equations. positive / negative integer rules. completing the square. direct and indirect variation. inequalities and negative numbers. - normalization [ 08 / 01 / 2001 ] how do i figure out : 90 + 70 + 88 + 94 + x / 5 = 85? - the nth root of n [ 11 / 28 / 2000 ] is the nth root of n ( a whole number other than 1 ) ever a rational - number of equations needed in a simultaneous linear system [ 10 / 29 / 2003 ] could you tell me why we need the same number of equations as variables in order to get a unique solution to a system of simultaneous linear equations? - number * sum of remaining four numbers [ 04 / 03 / 2003 ] find 5 numbers such that when each number is multiplied by the sum of the remaining 4 numbers, the following values will result : 152, 245, 297, 320, 360. - objects in a pyramid [ 7 / 8 / 1996 ] objects are stacked in a triangular pyramid... how many objects are in the nth layer from the top? - old test questions answered [ 1 / 23 / 1995 ] i am studying for my midterm, and i ' ve come across two questions that i got wrong and don ' t understand why.... - one variable equations with decimals [ 02 / 11 / 1997 ] how do you solve 8. 25x + 3 = 17. 5 + x? - open sentence, statement [ 09 / 18 / 2001 ] what is an open sentence? - operator precedence [ 08 / 13 / 2003 ] since the following statement is true : ( 1 + 1 ) * * ( 5 - 2 ) is 8, why is the following statement true and not false : 2 * * 1 + 1 is 3 and not 4, and 3 * 1 * * 3 is 3 and not 27... '? - ordering exponents and variables [ 04 / 08 / 2000 ] is there a rule for putting terms in descending order if the variables have the same exponent? what about negative exponents and descending - ordering products, powers, and parameters of trigonometric functions [ 10 / 31 / 2010 ] a student wants to know how to unambiguously interpret strings of trigonometric functions, multiplication, and exponentiation. doctor peterson digs


- ordering products, powers, and parameters of trigonometric functions [ 10 / 31 / 2010 ] a student wants to know how to unambiguously interpret strings of trigonometric functions, multiplication, and exponentiation. doctor peterson digs into a history book - - as well as another math doctor ' s conversation - - to illuminate the vagaries of the - order in linear expressions [ 11 / 20 / 2001 ] can you give me a convincing argument as to why, in an equation such as y = 13 - 7x, where y is a function of x, it should be written as y = - 7x + 13? - order of operations [ 05 / 19 / 1999 ] given a, b, x, and y, find ax / by. - order of operations with percentages [ 04 / 05 / 2001 ] why does the order of operations exclude percentage, square roots, etc.? - other ways to get the quadratic formula [ 02 / 19 / 2010 ] doctor jacques shares two ways to derive [ - b + / - sqrt ( b ^ 2 - 4ac ) ] / 2a without explicitly completing the square. - pairs of odd integers [ 09 / 24 / 1997 ] find all pairs of odd integers a and b that satisfy the equation : a + 128b = 3ab. - parabola with horizontal or vertical axis [ 05 / 03 / 2001 ] how can i find the focus and directrix of a parabola whose axis is either horizontal or vertical, like 2x ^ 2 = - y? - parabolic golf shot equations [ 01 / 24 / 2002 ] does the ball reach the green? - parallel and perpendicular lines [ 01 / 14 / 1999 ] how do you tell without graphing whether the graphs of these equations are parallel, perpendicular, or neither? - parallel lines [ 12 / 31 / 1998 ] what are some ways of proving lines parallel - geometrically and - parametric form for equation of a line [ 6 / 30 / 1996 ] how can you convert an equation such as y = - 3x / 4 + 7 / 2 to parametric - parity [ 8 / 2 / 1996 ] how do i determine if the given function is odd, even or neither? what ' s the symmetry of the graph? - partial fractions [ 01 / 29 / 1998 ] how do i express 3 / 1 - ( x ^ 3 ) in partial fractions? - pascal ' s triangle pattern [ 04 / 22 / 1999 ] what pattern does multiplying each entry


- partial fractions [ 01 / 29 / 1998 ] how do i express 3 / 1 - ( x ^ 3 ) in partial fractions? - pascal ' s triangle pattern [ 04 / 22 / 1999 ] what pattern does multiplying each entry by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... in order, and adding the products yield? - perfect square : solving two equations [ 6 / 14 / 1996 ] x ^ 2 + 5 is a perfect square, and x ^ 2 - 5 is a perfect square. - perimeter equals area in a triangle [ 4 / 2 / 1996 ] when will the area and perimeter of a right triangle be numerically - picture frame, triangle measurements [ 5 / 20 / 1996 ] my teacher gave us ten questions to answer and i could do all except two : 1 ) a framed rectangular picture is 35cm long and 25cm wide... 2 ) the base of a triangle is 9cm more than the perpendicular height... - plus or minus sign [ 03 / 08 / 2002 ] what does this equation mean : y = + - k? the - sign is directly under the - point equidistant from 3 other points [ 04 / 11 / 1999 ] how do you find a point that is equidistant from three other points? - point on a line [ 03 / 23 / 2001 ] can you please tell me a formula to find if a point exists on a line? both are in x, y form. - polynomial brain - twisters [ 12 / 4 / 1995 ] i ' m stumped on some similar polynomial problems... - polynomial degrees and definition of a field [ 03 / 02 / 1998 ] the degree of polynomials added together, and definition of a field. - polynomial factoring rules [ 04 / 02 / 1997 ] how do i apply the polynomial factoring rules to t ^ 21 + 1 and 25y ^ 2 - 144 = - polynomial problem [ 3 / 11 / 1995 ] a remainder of 9 results when the polynomial p ( x ) is divided by x - 2, a remainder of - 3 when p ( x ) is divided by x + 2, and a remainder of 3 when divided by x - 1. find the remainder when p ( x ) is divided by ( x - 2 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x - - population and percentage [ 03 / 07 / 1999 ] given population data, find the number of women in two different years. - positive unit fractions [ 10 / 02 / 2002 ] find five


- 2 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x - - population and percentage [ 03 / 07 / 1999 ] given population data, find the number of women in two different years. - positive unit fractions [ 10 / 02 / 2002 ] find five different positive unit fractions whose sum is 1. ( a unit fraction is a fraction whose numerator is 1. all denominators must also be natural numbers. ) - precedence of unary operators [ 09 / 01 / 99 ] the pemdas rule for order of operations ignores unary operators. can you explain the proper precedence for them, and give an example showing how not knowing the rule can cause an incorrect result? - preparing for an algebra test [ 11 / 1 / 1995 ] a 9th grade math student asks for help preparing for final exams. what is the difference between the terms : solve and simplify? how do you find the gradient in a graph? - prize money [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] if first prize wins $ 1, 000 out of $ 6, 000 and twentieth prize wins $ 100, how much money do second through nineteenth place win? is this a - probability of a function having complex roots [ 05 / 11 / 2000 ] what is the probability that the function f ( x ) = x ^ 2 + px + q = 0 will have complex roots when p and q lie between 0 and 1?... when p and q lie between 0 and 5?... when p and q are greater than 0?


hydrocele operation : aka hydroceles, hydrocele sac, swollen testicle, hydrocelectomy what is it? hydrocele operations or hydrocele surgery is to release fluid that forms in a sac within the scrotum. typically hydroceles develop when the testicle passes into the scrotum but the passage through which this occur fails to close properly. fluid can accumulate in this passage from the abdomen, and then enters the scrotum causing it to swell. this can cause one or both sides of the scrotum to swell and the testicle itself to swell or become damage and inflamed. fluid can also block the tube where sperm typically flow from. hydroceles are more common in newborn boys but are not exclusive to newborn boys. to diagnose a hydrocele typically a doctor will look for swelling in the scrotum caused primarily by fluid build up or will look for something solid like a fluid - filled sac in the scrotum. typically fluid is removed from the hydrocele sac during a procedure called a hydrocelectomy. for the most part this is a straightforward and uncomplicated procedure that may produce a moderate amount of soreness for a few days following the procedure. the long - term benefits far outweigh any short - term soreness. many times the patient is a young patient under the age of 10 or in many cases a newborn baby that is born with a hydrocele defect. usually a surgery takes placed under general anesthesia. a surgeon will make a small incision in the scrotum that will allow fluid to be drained from the scrotum and then seal the passage from the scrotum to the abdomen. usually the incision is then closed with stitches that will dissolve on their own so they do not have to be removed later. alternatives to surgery there are no known alternatives to this surgery currently. before the operation prior to the operation the doctor will confirm a fluid filled sac exists by placing a light to the scrotum which will light up the testicles, veins in the scrotum and the fluid filled sac which will appear clear to the light. a doctor will also perform a comprehensive medical history and check any medications the patient is currently taking. patients are advised not to eat or drink anything up to 12 hours before the procedure because it is performed under general anesthesia. after the operation - at home once the operation is complete the patient will recover usually for a few hours in a day bed. the procedure is usually


to eat or drink anything up to 12 hours before the procedure because it is performed under general anesthesia. after the operation - at home once the operation is complete the patient will recover usually for a few hours in a day bed. the procedure is usually performed on an outpatient basis meaning the patient can usually go home on the same day. most of the time it is best to wear looser fitting close that will prevent irritation and discomfort on leaving. there are some risks associated with this procedure as there are with any procedure including a small risk of infection. other risks including the risk of bleeding during or after the procedure, and a risk of a blood clot forming in the area of the procedure. the doctor may accidentally damage the scrotum or the tissues surrounding this area too. anytime a patient undergoes general anesthesia there are risks associated with this too including a risk of pneumonia following surgery. the nurse or doctor will encourage the patient to take deep breaths to clear the lungs following surgery. many people especially younger children undergoing this operation may report feeling nauseous or dizzy following the procedure, a side effect largely associated with the general anesthesia. these complications are usually temporary however and resolve within a couple of days of treatment. a hydrocele procedure is generally performed to relieve fluid build up around the testicle or within the scrotum. this procedure is relatively simple with few complications. the primary risks include a risk of infection and risk of rupture or nicks to nearby tissues or structures. if you work with a competent health professional you reduce your odds of complications. because these surgeries are often performed on younger individuals it pays to ask someone if they have experience working on youths or pediatric patients. you may need to pay a small amount extra to work with someone that specializes in pediatrics or even geriatrics if you are over 50 or 60 and have a fluid - filled sac in the scrotum that you require surgery for. regardless of where you go or who you see make sure they practice safe hygiene practices to ensure your safety and wellness. estimated costs for hydrocele operation the cost of surgery varies widely and may depend partly on the patient ’ s age and overall health and wellness. patients that do not require extensive health accommodations or hospital stays are likely to have to pay the least in adjunctive healthcare therapy. that said you should always be prepared to foot the bill for extra expenses including any complications that may rise from treatment. health insurance may offset some of these costs. keep in mind there may be separate fees associated with anesthesia.


welcome to medlibrary. org. for best results, we recommend beginning with the navigation links at the top of the page, which can guide you through our collection of over 14, 000 medication labels and package inserts. for additional information on other topics which are not covered by our database of medications, just enter your topic in the search box below : chromatography [ | krəʊmə | tɒgrəfi ] ( from greek χρωμα chroma " color " and γραφειν graphein " to write " ) is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. the mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase. the various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. the separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. subtle differences in a compound ' s partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation. chromatography may be preparative or analytical. the purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for more advanced use ( and is thus a form of purification ). analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. the two are not mutually exclusive. chromatography, literally " color writing ", was first employed by russian - italian scientist mikhail tsvet in 1900. he continued to work with chromatography in the first decade of the 20th century, primarily for the separation of plant pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenes, and xanthophylls. since these components have different colors ( green, orange, and yellow, respectively ) they gave the technique its name. new types of chromatography developed during the 1930s and 1940s made the technique useful for many separation processes. chromatography technique developed substantially as a result of the work of archer john porter martin and richard laurence millington synge during the 1940s and 1950s. they established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several chromatographic methods : paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. researchers found that the main principles


development of several chromatographic methods : paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. researchers found that the main principles of tsvet ' s chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below. advances are continually improving the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of increasingly similar molecules. chromatography terms - the analyte is the substance to be separated during chromatography. - analytical chromatography is used to determine the existence and possibly also the concentration of analyte ( s ) in a sample. - a bonded phase is a stationary phase that is covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wall of the column tubing. - a chromatogram is the visual output of the chromatograph. in the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. - plotted on the x - axis is the retention time and plotted on the y - axis a signal ( for example obtained by a spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer or a variety of other detectors ) corresponding to the response created by the analytes exiting the system. in the case of an optimal system the signal is proportional to the concentration of the specific analyte separated. - a chromatograph is equipment that enables a sophisticated separation e. g. gas chromatographic or liquid chromatographic separation. - chromatography is a physical method of separation that distributes components to separate between two phases, one stationary ( stationary phase ), while the other ( the mobile phase ) moves in a definite direction. - the eluate is the mobile phase leaving the column. - the eluent is the solvent that carries the analyte. - an eluotropic series is a list of solvents ranked according to their eluting power. - an immobilized phase is a stationary phase that is immobilized on the support particles, or on the inner wall of the column tubing. - the mobile phase is the phase that moves in a definite direction. it may be a liquid ( lc and capillary electrochromatography ( cec ) ), a gas ( gc ), or a supercritical fluid ( supercritical - fluid chromatography,


a definite direction. it may be a liquid ( lc and capillary electrochromatography ( cec ) ), a gas ( gc ), or a supercritical fluid ( supercritical - fluid chromatography, sfc ). the mobile phase consists of the sample being separated / analyzed and the solvent that moves the sample through the column. in the case of hplc the mobile phase consists of a non - polar solvent ( s ) such as hexane in normal phase or polar solvents in reverse phase chromotagraphy and the sample being separated. the mobile phase moves through the chromatography column ( the stationary phase ) where the sample interacts with the stationary phase and is separated. - preparative chromatography is used to purify sufficient quantities of a substance for further use, rather than analysis. - the retention time is the characteristic time it takes for a particular analyte to pass through the system ( from the column inlet to the detector ) under set conditions. see also : kovats ' retention index - the sample is the matter analyzed in chromatography. it may consist of a single component or it may be a mixture of components. when the sample is treated in the course of an analysis, the phase or the phases containing the analytes of interest is / are referred to as the sample whereas everything out of interest separated from the sample before or in the course of the analysis is referred to as waste. - the solute refers to the sample components in partition chromatography. - the solvent refers to any substance capable of solubilizing another substance, and especially the liquid mobile phase in liquid chromatography. - the stationary phase is the substance fixed in place for the chromatography procedure. examples include the silica layer in thin layer chromatography chromatography is based on the concept of partition coefficient. any solute partitions between two immiscible solvents. when we make one solvent immobile ( by adsorption on a solid support matrix ) and another mobile it results in most common applications of chromatography. if matrix support is polar ( e. g. paper, silica etc. ) it is forward phase chromatography, and if it is non polar ( c - 18 ) it is reverse phase. techniques by chromatographic bed shape column chromatography column chromatography is a separation technique in which the stationary bed is within a tube.


mixture travel different distances according to how strongly they interact with the stationary phase as compared to the mobile phase. the specific retention factor ( rf ) of each chemical can be used to aid in the identification of an unknown substance. paper chromatography paper chromatography is a technique that involves placing a small dot or line of sample solution onto a strip of chromatography paper. the paper is placed in a jar containing a shallow layer of solvent and sealed. as the solvent rises through the paper, it meets the sample mixture, which starts to travel up the paper with the solvent. this paper is made of cellulose, a polar substance, and the compounds within the mixture travel farther if they are non - polar. more polar substances bond with the cellulose paper more quickly, and therefore do not travel as far. thin layer chromatography thin layer chromatography ( tlc ) is a widely employed laboratory technique and is similar to paper chromatography. however, instead of using a stationary phase of paper, it involves a stationary phase of a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, alumina, or cellulose on a flat, inert substrate. compared to paper, it has the advantage of faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different adsorbents. for even better resolution and to allow for quantification, high - performance tlc can be used. displacement chromatography the basic principle of displacement chromatography is : a molecule with a high affinity for the chromatography matrix ( the displacer ) competes effectively for binding sites, and thus displace all molecules with lesser affinities. there are distinct differences between displacement and elution chromatography. in elution mode, substances typically emerge from a column in narrow, gaussian peaks. wide separation of peaks, preferably to baseline, is desired for maximum purification. the speed at which any component of a mixture travels down the column in elution mode depends on many factors. but for two substances to travel at different speeds, and thereby be resolved, there must be substantial differences in some interaction between the biomolecules and the chromatography matrix. operating parameters are adjusted to maximize the effect of this difference. in many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative


maximize the effect of this difference. in many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative scale, are operational complexity, due to gradient solvent pumping, and low throughput, due to low column loadings. displacement chromatography has advantages over elution chromatography in that components are resolved into consecutive zones of pure substances rather than “ peaks ”. because the process takes advantage of the nonlinearity of the isotherms, a larger column feed can be separated on a given column with the purified components recovered at significantly higher concentrations. techniques by physical state of mobile phase gas chromatography gas chromatography ( gc ), also sometimes known as gas - liquid chromatography, ( glc ), is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. gas chromatography is always carried out in a column, which is typically " packed " or " capillary " ( see below ). gas chromatography is based on a partition equilibrium of analyte between a solid stationary phase ( often a liquid silicone - based material ) and a mobile gas ( most often helium ). the stationary phase is adhered to the inside of a small - diameter glass tube ( a capillary column ) or a solid matrix inside a larger metal tube ( a packed column ). it is widely used in analytical chemistry ; though the high temperatures used in gc make it unsuitable for high molecular weight biopolymers or proteins ( heat denatures them ), frequently encountered in biochemistry, it is well suited for use in the petrochemical, environmental monitoring and remediation, and industrial chemical fields. it is also used extensively in chemistry research. liquid chromatography liquid chromatography ( lc ) is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. liquid chromatography can be carried out either in a column or a plane. present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ). in hplc the sample is forced by a liquid at high pressure ( the mobile phase ) through a column that is packed with a stationary phase composed of irregularly or spherically shaped particles, a porous monolithic layer, or a porous membrane. hplc is historically divided into two


a liquid at high pressure ( the mobile phase ) through a column that is packed with a stationary phase composed of irregularly or spherically shaped particles, a porous monolithic layer, or a porous membrane. hplc is historically divided into two different sub - classes based on the polarity of the mobile and stationary phases. methods in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase ( e. g., toluene as the mobile phase, silica as the stationary phase ) are termed normal phase liquid chromatography ( nplc ) and the opposite ( e. g., water - methanol mixture as the mobile phase and c18 = octadecylsilyl as the stationary phase ) is termed reversed phase liquid chromatography ( rplc ). ironically the " normal phase " has fewer applications and rplc is therefore used considerably more. specific techniques under this broad heading are listed below. affinity chromatography affinity chromatography is based on selective non - covalent interaction between an analyte and specific molecules. it is very specific, but not very robust. it is often used in biochemistry in the purification of proteins bound to tags. these fusion proteins are labeled with compounds such as his - tags, biotin or antigens, which bind to the stationary phase specifically. after purification, some of these tags are usually removed and the pure protein is obtained. affinity chromatography often utilizes a biomolecule ' s affinity for a metal ( zn, cu, fe, etc. ). columns are often manually prepared. traditional affinity columns are used as a preparative step to flush out unwanted biomolecules. however, hplc techniques exist that do utilize affinity chromatogaphy properties. immobilized metal affinity chromatography ( imac ) is useful to separate aforementioned molecules based on the relative affinity for the metal ( i. e. dionex imac ). often these columns can be loaded with different metals to create a column with a targeted affinity. supercritical fluid chromatography supercritical fluid chromatography is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. techniques by separation mechanism ion exchange chromatography ion exchange chromatography ( usually referred to as ion chromatography ) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges. it is usually performed in columns but can also be useful in


exchange chromatography ion exchange chromatography ( usually referred to as ion chromatography ) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges. it is usually performed in columns but can also be useful in planar mode. ion exchange chromatography uses a charged stationary phase to separate charged compounds including anions, cations, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. in conventional methods the stationary phase is an ion exchange resin that carries charged functional groups that interact with oppositely charged groups of the compound to retain. ion exchange chromatography is commonly used to purify proteins using fplc. size - exclusion chromatography size - exclusion chromatography ( sec ) is also known as gel permeation chromatography ( gpc ) or gel filtration chromatography and separates molecules according to their size ( or more accurately according to their hydrodynamic diameter or hydrodynamic volume ). smaller molecules are able to enter the pores of the media and, therefore, molecules are trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase. the average residence time in the pores depends upon the effective size of the analyte molecules. however, molecules that are larger than the average pore size of the packing are excluded and thus suffer essentially no retention ; such species are the first to be eluted. it is generally a low - resolution chromatography technique and thus it is often reserved for the final, " polishing " step of a purification. it is also useful for determining the tertiary structure and quaternary structure of purified proteins, especially since it can be carried out under native solution conditions. expanded bed adsorption ( eba ) chromatographic separation expanded bed adsorption ( eba ) chromatographic separation captures a target protein from a crude feed stream when it passes through a chromatography column system containing adsorbent beads. with this technique the crude feedstock can be treated directly in the chromatographic column, avoiding the traditional clarification and pre - treatment steps. eba chromatographic separation is highly scalable, from laboratory - based 1 cm diameter columns to large production columns up to 2 meter in diameter. these columns can typically handle feed stock throughput of more than 1, 000, 000 liter per day with a production capacity of 1000 mt protein per year. special techniques reversed - phase chromatography reversed - phase chromatography ( r


. these columns can typically handle feed stock throughput of more than 1, 000, 000 liter per day with a production capacity of 1000 mt protein per year. special techniques reversed - phase chromatography reversed - phase chromatography ( rpc ) is any liquid chromatography procedure in which the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase. it is so named because in normal - phase liquid chromatography, the mobile phase is significantly less polar than the stationary phase. hydrophobic molecules in the mobile phase tend to adsorb to the relatively hydrophobic stationary phase. hydrophilic molecules in the mobile phase will tend to elute first. two - dimensional chromatography in some cases, the chemistry within a given column can be insufficient to separate some analytes. it is possible to direct a series of unresolved peaks onto a second column with different physico - chemical ( chemical classification ) properties. since the mechanism of retention on this new solid support is different from the first dimensional separation, it can be possible to separate compounds that are indistinguishable by one - dimensional chromatography. the sample is spotted at one corner of a square plate, developed, air - dried, then rotated by 90° and usually redeveloped in a second solvent system. simulated moving - bed chromatography pyrolysis gas chromatography pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis in which the sample is heated to decomposition to produce smaller molecules that are separated by gas chromatography and detected using mass spectrometry. pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum. the sample is put into direct contact with a platinum wire, or placed in a quartz sample tube, and rapidly heated to 600 – 1000 °c. depending on the application even higher temperatures are used. three different heating techniques are used in actual pyrolyzers : isothermal furnace, inductive heating ( curie point filament ), and resistive heating using platinum filaments. large molecules cleave at their weakest points and produce smaller, more volatile fragments. these fragments can be separated by gas chromatography. pyrolysis gc chromatograms are typically complex because a wide range of different decomposition products is formed. the data can either be used as fingerprint to prove material identity or the gc / ms data is used to identify individual


pyrolysis gc chromatograms are typically complex because a wide range of different decomposition products is formed. the data can either be used as fingerprint to prove material identity or the gc / ms data is used to identify individual fragments to obtain structural information. to increase the volatility of polar fragments, various methylating reagents can be added to a sample before pyrolysis. besides the usage of dedicated pyrolyzers, pyrolysis gc of solid and liquid samples can be performed directly inside programmable temperature vaporizer ( ptv ) injectors that provide quick heating ( up to 30 °c / s ) and high maximum temperatures of 600 – 650 °c. this is sufficient for some pyrolysis applications. the main advantage is that no dedicated instrument has to be purchased and pyrolysis can be performed as part of routine gc analysis. in this case quartz gc inlet liners have to be used. quantitative data can be acquired, and good results of derivatization inside the ptv injector are published as well. fast protein liquid chromatography fast protein liquid chromatography ( fplc ) is a term applied to several chromatography techniques which are used to purify proteins. many of these techniques are identical to those carried out under high performance liquid chromatography, however use of fplc techniques are typically for preparing large scale batches of a purified product. countercurrent chromatography countercurrent chromatography ( ccc ) is a type of liquid - liquid chromatography, where both the stationary and mobile phases are liquids. the operating principle of ccc equipment requires a column consisting of an open tube coiled around a bobbin. the bobbin is rotated in a double - axis gyratory motion ( a cardioid ), which causes a variable gravity ( g ) field to act on the column during each rotation. this motion causes the column to see one partitioning step per revolution and components of the sample separate in the column due to their partitioning coefficient between the two immiscible liquid phases used. there are many types of ccc available today. these include hsccc ( high speed ccc ) and hpccc ( high performance ccc ). hpccc is the latest and best performing version of the instrumentation available currently. chiral chromatography chiral chromatography involves the separation of stereoisomers.


ccc ) and hpccc ( high performance ccc ). hpccc is the latest and best performing version of the instrumentation available currently. chiral chromatography chiral chromatography involves the separation of stereoisomers. in the case of enantiomers, these have no chemical or physical differences apart from being three - dimensional mirror images. conventional chromatography or other separation processes are incapable of separating them. to enable chiral separations to take place, either the mobile phase or the stationary phase must themselves be made chiral, giving differing affinities between the analytes. chiral chromatography hplc columns ( with a chiral stationary phase ) in both normal and reversed phase are commercially available. see also - iupac nomenclature for chromatography iupac recommendations 1993, pure & appl. chem., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 819 – 872, 1993. - still, w. c. ; kahn, m. ; mitra, a. j. org. chem. 1978, 43 ( 14 ), 2923 – 2925. doi : 10. 1021 / jo00408a041 - laurence m. harwood, christopher j. moody ( 13 june 1989 ). experimental organic chemistry : principles and practice ( illustrated ed. ). wileyblackwell. pp. 180 – 185. isbn 978 - 0 - 632 - 02017 - 1 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - christian b. anfinsen, john tileston edsall, frederic middlebrook richards advances in protein chemistry. science 1976, 6 - 7. - displacement chromatography 101. sachem, inc. austin, tx 78737 - pascal bailon, george k. ehrlich, wen - jian fung and wolfgang berthold, an overview of affinity chromatography, humana press, 2000. isbn 978 - 0 - 89603 - 694 - 9 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ], isbn 978 - 1 - 60327 - 261 - 2 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - iupac nomenclature for chromatography - chromedia on line database and community for chromatography practitioners ( paid subscription required ) - library 4 science : chrom - ed series - overlapping peaks program – learning by simulations - chromatography videos – mit ocw – digital lab techniques manual - chromato


other proposed treatments it is one of the cardinal principles of natural medicine that treatment should aim not only to treat illness but also to enhance wellness. according to this ideal, a proper course of treatment should improve your sense of general well - being, enhance your immunity to illness, raise your physical stamina, and increase mental alertness, as well as resolve the specific condition you took it for. unfortunately, while there can be little doubt that this is a laudable goal, it is easier to laud it than to achieve it. conventional medicine tends to focus on treating diseases rather than increasing wellness, not as a matter of philosophical principle, but because it is easier to accomplish. probably the strongest force affecting wellness is genetics. beyond that, common sense steps endorsed by all physicians include increasing exercise, reducing stress, improving diet, getting enough sleep, and living a life of moderation without bad habits, such as smoking or overeating. beyond this, however, it is difficult to make strong affirmations, and the optimum forms of diet and exercise and other aspects of lifestyle remain unclear. in fact, they may always remain unclear, as it is impossible to perform double - blind, placebo - controlled studies on most lifestyle habits. ( for information on why such studies are irreplaceable see " why does this database depend on double - blind studies? " ) principal proposed natural treatments in order to function at our best, we need good nutrition. however, the modern diet often fails to provide people with sufficient amounts of all the necessary nutrients. for this reason, use of a multivitamin / multimineral supplement might be expected to enhance overall health and well - being, and preliminary double - blind trials generally support this view. for more information, see the article on general nutritional support. the herb panax ginseng has an ancient reputation as a healthful “ tonic. ” according to a more modern concept developed in the former ussr, ginseng functions as an “ adaptogen. ” this term is defined as follows : an adaptogen helps the body adapt to stresses of various kinds, whether heat, cold, exertion, trauma, sleep deprivation, toxic exposure, radiation, infection, or psychologic stress. in addition, an adaptogen causes no side effects, is effective in treating a wide variety of illnesses, and helps return an organism toward balance no matter what may have gone wrong. from a modern scientific perspective, it is not truly clear that such things as adaptogens actually exist. however, there is some


binge eating disorder " signs and symptoms " to date, there has been some degree of confusion as to what exactly the term " binge eating " really means. although the professional community still has yet to define [ or quantify ] what constitutes a binge - eating episode, it ' s reasonable to assume the signs and symptoms listed below are a good barometer of what is characteristic binge eating. in many respects, binge eating disorder [ bed ] is similar to bulimia without the compensatory behaviors. in addition, the term compulsive overeating may be " interchangeable " with bed - although some compulsive overeaters have a pattern of eating constantly [ " grazing " ] rather than experiencing episodes of binge eating per se. signs and symptoms binge eating / compulsive overeating [ coe ] - preoccupation with food. - rapid consumption of food in significant excess of nutritional need - sneaking or hoarding food - even immediately after meals. - feeling ashamed or fearful when confronted about the problem. - excessive concern about weight and body shape. - sense of " losing control " during binge episode. - feeling lonely, depressed, worried, self preoccupied - spending a great deal of time alone / social isolation - alternating between binge eating and " dieting " treating bed at milestones as with many other eating disorders, the characteristics of a binge eating disorder appear to mimic [ inherent among ] other dependencies or addictions - whether to a substance or set of behaviors. in fact, the most recent committee of the american psychiatric association " officially " included bed as a bona fide disorder [ disease ]. the link below lists the criteria for " dependency " and requires only three of the several criteria " fit " for a diagnosis of dependency [ aka addiction ] to be considered. the program offered at milestones is comprised of two primary components, making the treatment experience unique in comparison to other programs. the first is the setting - utilizing apartment - style residences affording residential participants an opportunity to experience treatment in a " real world " environment. participants grocery shop with our dietitian within the community, learn to prepare their own meals per the prescribed [ meal ] food / meal plan they have formulated with the dietitian, attend a full schedule of groups and individual therapies at our clinical campus [ near the residential complex ], attend local community support groups in the evenings, and visit with our physicians and clinical staff regularly throughout their stay. in effect, the experience


, attend a full schedule of groups and individual therapies at our clinical campus [ near the residential complex ], attend local community support groups in the evenings, and visit with our physicians and clinical staff regularly throughout their stay. in effect, the experience is one of providing a supportive and structured setting without the restrictive elements of a " hospital " or institutional facility. a key element in providing the support necessary to begin recovery is remaining in the company of other participants during the initial phase of the treatment. this provides both a form of supervision and a deterrent from the behavior often associated with binge eating : namely eating in isolation or alone. secondly, milestones approaches treatment from a more " holistic " perspective. doing so is best described by the acronym " serf " - spirituality, exercise, rest, and food plan. spirituality need not equate with any religious or spiritual beliefs imposed on or by anyone. in fact, spirituality at milestones simply is left up to the individual to cultivate with his or her own working definition. for most, it is a belief in a " higher power " and still for others it may be a return to some of their original religious beliefs. for everyone, it is an individual journey. exercise is individualized and represents collaboration between the resident and clinical team. it is meant to be in the service of restoring and maintaining a healthy body rather than an " intensive " means of controlling body weight. rest is simply about finding the correct balance in recovery between work and play and narrowing the gap between an " all or none ", " feast or famine " approach to daily living. the food plan suggested by milestones is a blend of structured eating and a combination of healthy, whole foods that are bought and prepared by participants with the guidance and supervision of our dietitian and ancillary staff. in brief participants select their own preferences within the guidelines of their individual food plans. the guidelines require participants to abstain from " junk foods " and eliminate most highly processed [ sugar and flour laden ] food products as well as weigh and measure portions per their food plan while in residence. it is important to mention most participants who seek treatment for most eating disorders may have a tendency to focus on " trading in the binging and / or " purging " to become better at restricting or " losing weight " and as such, it is important to understand the predisposition to replace one form of an eating disorder for another. acknowledging this is helpful to maintaining the prescribed treatment plan both during and after the residential treatment experience.


a reference resource life before the presidency herbert clark hoover was born on august 10, 1874. for the first nine years of his life, he lived in the small town of west branch, iowa, the place of his birth. his quaker father, jessie clark hoover, a blacksmith and farm equipment salesman, suffered a heart attack and died when herbert was six years old. three years later, the boy ' s mother, huldah minthorn hoover, developed pneumonia and also passed away, orphaning herbert, his older brother theodore, and little sister mary. passed around among relatives for a few years, hoover ended up with his uncle, dr. john minthorn, who lived in oregon. the young hoover was shy, sensitive, introverted, and somewhat suspicious, characteristics that developed, at least in part, in reaction to the loss of his parents at such a young age. he attended friends pacific academy in newberg, oregon, earning average to failing grades in all subjects except math. determined, nevertheless, to go to the newly established stanford university in palo alto, california, hoover studied hard and barely passed the university ' s entrance exam. he went on to major in geology and participated in a host of extracurricular activities, serving as class treasurer of the junior and senior student bodies and managing the school baseball and football teams. to pay his tuition, hoover worked as a clerk in the registration office and showed considerable entrepreneurial skill by starting a student laundry service. career and monetary success during the summers, hoover worked as a student assistant on geological survey teams in arkansas, california, and nevada. after his graduation in 1895, he looked hard to find work as a surveyor but ended up laboring seventy hours a week at a gold mine near nevada city, california, pushing ore carts. luck came his way with an office job in san francisco, putting him in touch with a firm in need of an engineer to inspect and evaluate mines for potential purchase. hoover then moved to australia in 1897 and china in 1899, where he worked as a mining engineer until 1902. a string of similar jobs took him all over the world and helped hoover become a giant in his field. he opened his own mining consulting business in 1908 ; by 1914, hoover was financially secure, earning his wealth from high - salaried positions, his ownership of profitable burmese silver mines, and royalties from writing the leading textbook on mining engineering. his wife, lou henry hoover, traveled with him everywhere he went. herbert and lou met in college, where she was the sole female geology major at


, his ownership of profitable burmese silver mines, and royalties from writing the leading textbook on mining engineering. his wife, lou henry hoover, traveled with him everywhere he went. herbert and lou met in college, where she was the sole female geology major at stanford. he proposed to her by cable from australia as he prepared to move to china ; she accepted by return wire and they married in 1899. the couple was in china during the boxer rebellion of 1900, a time when lou helped nurse wounded western diplomats and soldiers while herbert assisted in the fighting to defend tianjin, a city near the uprising. by the time the couple returned home to america in 1917, lou had learned to shoot a gun and had mastered eight languages. over the course of his career as a mining engineer and businessman, hoover ' s intellect and understanding of the world matured considerably. hoover was raised a quaker and although he rarely went to meeting as an adult, he internalized that faith ' s belief in the power of the individual, the importance of freedom, and the value of " conscientious work " and charity. hoover also applied the ethos of engineering to the world in general, believing that scientific expertise, when employed thoughtfully and properly, led to human progress. hoover worked comfortably in a capitalist economy but believed in labor ' s right to organize and hoped that cooperation ( between labor and management and among competitors ) might come to characterize economic relations. during these years, hoover repeatedly made known to friends his desire for public service. politically, hoover identified with the progressive wing of the republican party, supporting theodore roosevelt ' s third - party bid in 1912. world war i brought hoover to prominence in american politics and thrust him into the international spotlight. in london when the war broke out, he was asked by the u. s. consul to organize the evacuation of 120, 000 americans trapped in europe. germany ' s devastating invasion of belgium led hoover to pool his money with several wealthy friends to organize the committee for the relief of belgium. working without direct government support, hoover raised millions of dollars for food and medicine to help desperate belgians. in 1917, after the united states entered the war, president woodrow wilson asked hoover to run the u. s. food administration. hoover performed quite admirably, guiding the effort to conserve resources and supplies needed for the war and to feed america ' s european allies. hoover even became a household name during the war ; nearly all americans knew that the verb " to hooverize " meant the rationing of household materials. after the armistice treaty


resources and supplies needed for the war and to feed america ' s european allies. hoover even became a household name during the war ; nearly all americans knew that the verb " to hooverize " meant the rationing of household materials. after the armistice treaty was signed in november 1918, officially ending world war i, wilson appointed hoover to head the european relief and rehabilitation administration. in this capacity, hoover channeled 34 million tons of american food, clothing, and supplies to war - torn europe, aiding people in twenty nations. his service during world war i made hoover one of the few republicans trusted by wilson. because of hoover ' s knowledge of world affairs, wilson relied him at the versailles peace conference and as director of the president ' s supreme economic council in 1918. the following year, hoover founded the hoover library on war, revolution, and peace at stanford university as an archive for the records of world war i. this privately endowed organization later became the hoover institution, devoted to the study of peace and war. no isolationist, hoover supported american participation in the league of nations. he believed, though, that wilson ' s stubborn idealism led congress to reject american participation in the league. secretary of commerce in 1920, hoover emerged as a contender for the republican presidential nomination. his run was blocked, however, by fellow a californian, senator hiram johnson, who objected to hoover ' s support for the league. republican warren harding won the white house in 1920 and appointed hoover as his secretary of commerce, a position that hoover retained under harding ' s successor, president calvin coolidge. under hoover ' s leadership, the department of commerce became as influential and important a government agency as the departments of state and treasury. hoover encouraged research into measures designed to counteract harmful business cycles. he supported government regulation of new industries like aviation and radio. he brought together more than one hundred different industries and convinced them to adopt standardized tools, hardware, building materials, and automobile parts. finally, he aggressively pursued international trade opportunities for american business. to win these reforms, hoover strengthened existing agencies in the commerce department, like the bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, or simply established new ones, like the bureau of standards, for the standardization project. he also formed commissions that brought together government officials, experts, and leaders of the relevant economic sectors to work towards reform. the initiatives hoover supported as commerce secretary — and the ways in which he pursued them — reveal his thinking about contemporary life in the united states and about the federal government ' s role in american society. hoover hoped to


relevant economic sectors to work towards reform. the initiatives hoover supported as commerce secretary — and the ways in which he pursued them — reveal his thinking about contemporary life in the united states and about the federal government ' s role in american society. hoover hoped to create a more organized economy that would regularize the business cycle, eliminating damaging ebbs and flows and generating higher rates of economic growth. he believed that eradicating waste and improving efficiency would achieve some of these results — thus, his support for standardization and for statistical research into the workings of the economy. he also believed that the american economy would be healthier if business leaders worked together, and with government officials and experts from the social sciences, in a form of private - sector economic planning. this stance led him to support trade associations — industry - wide cooperative groups wherein information on prices, markets, and products could be exchanged among competitors — which hoover saw as a middle way between competition and monopoly. he insisted, though, that participation in these associations remain voluntary and that the government merely promote and encourage, rather than require, their establishment. hoover hoped that these innovations would strengthen what he saw as the central component of the american experience : individualism. in 1922, hoover published a small book, entitled american individualism, that examined the western intellectual tradition ' s major social philosophies, including individualism, socialism, communism, capitalism, and autocracy. hoover concluded that individualism was the superior principle around which to organize society. he rejected the laissez - faire capitalism of the right and the socialism and communism of the left because he believed that these ideologies hindered rather than helped the individual. instead, hoover sought a " balance of perspective " between right and left that theoretically would create and maintain opportunities for americans to succeed. through enterprises like those he championed as commerce secretary, hoover believed the federal government could facilitate the creation of political, social, and economic conditions in which individual americans could flourish. hoover ' s positions and thinking placed him solidly in the progressive camp of the republican party. as secretary of commerce, hoover emerged as a potential running - mate for coolidge in the 1924 presidential election, though that effort fell short. hoover ' s reputation with the american people reached its peak in 1927, when he took charge of relief efforts following disastrous floods along the mississippi river. the episode displayed hoover at his best : as a humanitarian and leader with the ability to solve problems. when coolidge announced in 1927 that he would not seek reelection, hoover became the leading candidate for the


december 4 is a very special day for the mining industry. this is the feast day of barbara, patron saint for miners and blasters, and globally for all the professions that relate to fire ( firemen, fireworks specialists, etc. ) from her tragic story, which appeared later to be a legend, " the belief became widespread that barbara could control lightning and other manifestations of flame and fire. (... ) miners later developed the use of gunpowder for disintegrating rock, involving manifestations similar to thunder claps and lightning flashes. this led to their need for special protection against accidents from the use of explosives (... ) " ( source : the legend of saint barbara, patron saint of mines in infomine. com ) saint barbara remains a vivid part of mining traditions and heritage. in europe, a statue of saint barbara always stands at the entrance of a tunnel construction site. a lot of mining countries still honor saint barbara, from latin america to asia. many extraction sites have been named after saint barbara ( compania minera santa barbara s. a. in chile, complejo minero santa barbara in mexico, barbara experimental coal mine in poland, st barbara ' s southern cross in australia, etc. ), thereby keeping alive the reputation of saint barbara as our patron saint.


if it wasn ’ t for earthquakes, humans wouldn ’ t have innovated architecture they wouldn ’ t have looked into new ways of building homes, but the problem is that we got good at it – good to the points our homes won ’ t be destroyed frequently enough aka they won ’ t evolute frequently. if you look around you, there is very few free space - and in those spots you find big centers being eradicated everyday – safe and resistant enough – specially to earthquakes – what on earth will take down those inefficient dumb primitive beton monsters and make room for better buildings in the future? so the problem behind this is the ever expanding gap between technology and architecture : our homes will always be behind technology / progress – they will be always less optimal. i can only imagine how better the earth will be if our houses were “ smart ” or modern enough – it is not science fiction – the way we build stuff is very retarded to say the least when it comes to the material used, energy saving, what a home can “ do ” and it is just not possible “ business wise ” to say : ok, let us destroy and rebuild. before, nature took care of this, slowly and “ less painfully ” as little earthquakes happened, our primitive cities got “ devastated ”, we rebuilt them in a better way but the costs were small. we kept gradually improving till our cities became resistant to medium / high earthquakes. we reached this point of the graph where things slow down, become stable – it is cool not to have the tragedy and misery of earthquakes, but on the other hand there is the hidden and expensive cost of stability and non - progress. it is invisible and super slow but as devastating in its effect as that 2 minutes tragedy called earthquake our homes are costing the earth dearly and suffocating it – we need earthquakes to give engineers another better large - scale chance / try. before i start sounding too embarrassingly enthusiastic about earthquakes and destruction, here is a link on list of earthquakes – it has - main lists of earthquakes - historical earthquakes ( before 1901 ) - list of 20th century earthquakes ( 1901 – 2000 ) - list of 21st century earthquakes ( 2001 – present ) - lists of earthquakes by country - largest earthquakes by magnitude - deadliest earthquakes on record enjoy the read! read more


deep - space communication improved with electromagnetic radiation antenna - robert c. dye - technology transfer - ( 505 ) 667 - 3404 electromagnetic radiation antenna has potential for deep - space communication - directed energy - long - range communications - medicine ( oncology ) - radar imaging applications are countermeasure - resistant - communications can be spatially - encrypted - 4 - dimensional volumes of energy can be aimed at a single space - time point for directed energy applications - nonspherical decay of the cusp enables low - power communications and propagation over great distances los alamos national laboratory ( lanl ) researchers have developed the lightslinger, a completely new type of antenna that produces tightly - focused packets of electromagnetic radiation fundamentally different from the emissions of conventional transmitters. the device has potential applications in radar, directed - energy ( non - kinetic kill ), secure communications, ultra - long - range communications ( e. g., deep - space ), medicine ( oncology ) and astrophysics. the lightslinger functions by producing a moving polarization pattern in a ring of alumina. by careful timing of voltages applied to electrodes that surround the alumina, the polarization pattern can be made to move superluminally, i. e., faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. nobel laureate vitaly ginzberg showed both that such superluminal polarization patterns do not violate the principles of special relativity and that they emit electromagnetic radiation. once a source travels faster than the waves that it emits, it can make contributions at multiple retarded times to a signal received instantaneously at a distance. this effect is already well known in acoustics ; when a supersonic airplane accelerates through the speed of sound, a violent “ sonic boom ” is heard many miles away, even if the airplane itself is rather quiet. the lightslinger enables the same thing to be done with electromagnetic radiation ; i. e., a relatively low - power source can make an “ electromagnetic boom ”, an intense concentration of radiowaves at a great distance. the “ electromagnetic boom ” is due to temporal focusing, that is, focusing in the time domain. because of this effect, part of the emitted radiation possesses an intensity that decays with distance r as 1 / r rather than as the conventional inverse square law, 1 / r2. these nonspherically - decaying wavepackets represent a game - changing technology in the applications of electromagnetic radiation. development stage : working prototype patent status : patent pending


this insightful research by respected israeli scholar nurit peled - elhanan will confirm what palestinian researchers have always known : israel ' s prevailing culture of racism, fundamentalism, support for war crimes, and apartheid against palestinians is mainly a product of an educational system that indoctrinates jewish - israeli students with militant colonial values and extreme racism that turn them into " monsters " once in uniform. guardian : academic claims israeli school textbooks contain bias " nurit peled - elhanan of hebrew university says textbooks depict palestinians as ' terrorists, refugees and primitive farmers " " peled - elhanan, a professor of language and education at the hebrew university of jerusalem, has studied the content of israeli school books for the past five years, and her account, palestine in israeli school books : ideology and propaganda in education, is to be published in the uk this month. she describes what she found as racism – but, more than that, a racism that prepares young israelis for their compulsory military service. " people don ' t really know what their children are reading in textbooks, " she said. " one question that bothers many people is how do you explain the cruel behaviour of israeli soldiers towards palestinians, an indifference to human suffering, the inflicting of suffering. people ask how can these nice jewish boys and girls become monsters once they put on a uniform. i think the major reason for that is education. so i wanted to see how school books represent palestinians. " in " hundreds and hundreds " of books, she claims she did not find one photograph that depicted an arab as a " normal person ". the most important finding in the books she studied – all authorised by the ministry of education – concerned the historical narrative of events in 1948, the year in which israel fought a war to establish itself as an independent state, and hundreds of thousands of palestinians fled the ensuing conflict. the killing of palestinians is depicted as something that was necessary for the survival of the nascent jewish state, she claims. " those who see this as an aberration of zionism seem to lack sufficient understanding of what zionism really is and the central role it plays as a patently racist ideology in justifying ethnic cleansing and racist domination over palestinians. one should not wonder then why, at the height of the israeli massacre in gaza 2008 - 09, a tel aviv university poll ( reported in the jerusalem post, jan. ' 09 ) of jewish - israeli opinion showed a shocking 94 % support for the assault, despite full knowledge of the enormous suffering this israeli aggression had


massacre in gaza 2008 - 09, a tel aviv university poll ( reported in the jerusalem post, jan. ' 09 ) of jewish - israeli opinion showed a shocking 94 % support for the assault, despite full knowledge of the enormous suffering this israeli aggression had inflicted upon the 1. 5 million palestinians incarcerated in the gaza " prison camp " and of the massive destruction of their civilian infrastructure. as in every other colonial system, only sustained and effective pressure from within as well as from without can put an end to this downward spiral of criminality, impunity and unspoken racism. more bds is needed to end israeli occupation, colonialism and apartheid. other than the obvious benefits to indigenous palestinians, suffering more than six decades of this three - tiered system of israeli oppression, an end to this system of oppression may well transform most israelis from colonial " monsters " into normal humans. ( ed note : nurit peled - elhanan is author of palestine in israeli school books : ideology and propaganda in education. international publisher i. b. tauris description : " she analyzes the presentation of images, maps, layouts and use of language in history, geography and civic studies textbooks, and reveals how the books might be seen to marginalize palestinians, legitimize israeli military action and reinforce jewish - israeli territorial identity. this book provides a fresh scholarly contribution to the israeli - palestinian debate, and will be relevant to the fields of middle east studies and politics more widely. " )


historical aerial photographs prior to the trial, jan schlichtmann, the plaintiffs attorney, hired a consulting firm to acquire and analyze historic aerial photographs of the riley 15 - acre property to estimate the times when the various drums, barrels, and debris piles first appeared. the consultants took this analysis and compared it to the 1985 field mapping of the debris piles, drums, and tanks on the 15 - acre property by john drobinski, a geologist hired by schlichtmann. drobinski ' s field map can be downloaded from the trial documents collection and excerpts of his deposition can be downloaded from the trial testimony collection. what are aerial photographs and how are they used? aerial photographs like the ones shown below routinely are taken by the u. s. department of agriculture and u. s. geological survey to make topographic maps, record temporal changes in crop patterns, map geology and mineral resources, and evaluate floodplains. a specialized aircraft with sophisticated cameras is used to take photographs using black & white or color infrared film. the aircraft flies along flight lines that overlap slightly while the camera takes photographs at time intervals that allow the images to overlap. because of the overlap is from two different positions in the sky, the overlapping portions of adjacent images can be viewed in 3 - d. a stereoscope is needed to see the images in 3 - d, which produces a static visual image that is similar to looking at a 3 - d movie using red and blue glasses. thus, tree tops and buildings appear to be higher than surrounding ground, whereas stream channels and wetlands appear to be lower. aerial photographs of the woburn wells g and h area the collection below is a subset of those compiled by maura metheny for her dissertation research at ohio state university. four sets of photographs ( may 1954, may 1969, april 1981, and march 1986 ) are suitable for 3 - d viewing. to do this, print the images on high - quality paper or photographic paper and view them under a stereoscope. an inexpensive plastic ' pocket ' stereoscope works well. the sequence of images below document changes in land use, construction of municipal wells g and h and other structures, changes in the wetland, and the appearance of drums and underground storage tanks along the access road between salem street and olympia avenue on the west side of the river. detailed information about the dates, resolution, scales, and ordering numbers of the sets of aerial photographs shown below is available in this excel file ( excel 19kb jan22 07 ). - may 13, 1954 photographs : 2414


of the river. detailed information about the dates, resolution, scales, and ordering numbers of the sets of aerial photographs shown below is available in this excel file ( excel 19kb jan22 07 ). - may 13, 1954 photographs : 2414, 2415, 2416, 2417 northern image full resolution ( 28. 5mb mar14 07 ) north - central image full resolution ( 29. 3mb mar14 07 ) south - central image full resolution ( 28. 3mb mar14 07 ) southern image full resolution ( 28. 5mb mar14 07 ) - april 29, 1963 photographs : 278, 279 western image full resolution ( 288kb mar15 07 ) eastern image full resolution ( 208kb mar15 07 ) - april 6, 1965 photograph : 233 full resolution ( 269kb mar15 07 ) - may 1, 1969 photographs : 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687 south image full resolution ( 288kb mar15 07 ) south - central image full resolution ( 284kb mar15 07 ) north - central image full resolution ( 281kb mar15 07 ) north image full resolution ( 273kb mar15 07 ) - july 3, 1971 photograph : 126 full resolution ( 377kb mar15 07 ) - april 23, 1978 photographs : 104 north and south north images full resolution ( 73kb mar15 07 ) south image full resolution ( 77kb mar15 07 ) - april 13, 1981 photographs : 19 - 5, 19 - 6, 19 - 7 south image full resolution ( 205kb mar15 07 ) middle image full resolution ( 196kb mar15 07 ) north image full resolution ( 196kb mar15 07 )


two teachers at norview high school in norfolk, va were recently put on administrative leave by the school after a parent complained about a video that she saw in government class. the video informed its audience on how to assert their constitutional rights during various encounters with police, such as during a car or house search. it was accompanied by a one page handout about a person ’ s rights when stopped and arrested by the police. when the girl came home after school that day, she told her mother “ you won ’ t believe what we are learning in government. they are teaching us how to hide our drugs. ” the woman promptly called the school to complain about what was taught to her daughter, and the teachers were subsequently suspended. there are two things that are rather irksome about these series of events. first, why are parents are so ready to jump to conclusions and act on those assumptions? it ’ s a little hard to believe that teachers would be lecturing their students on the best way to hide drugs from the police. if the girl ’ s mother had just inquired as to what was actually taught that day, it would have been clear that this was government class as usual, just an exercise in educating youth on the constitution. second, and more importantly, why are schools eager to appease parents at the drop of a hat? these are institutions filled with education professionals : teachers know what their students should learn and what the appropriate materials for teaching them are. a school ’ s administration should trust that the teacher is making reasonable choices as to how a child is taught and with what. in response to a parent ’ s complaint, they should first research the allegations. the administration at norview high school, for instance, could have a gotten a copy of the leaflet given to students. they also could have watched the video to see if anything inappropriate was shown. instead, the school acquiesced to the demands of one uninformed parent. sometimes, mother doesn ’ t know what ’ s best. that ’ s why we have schools and teachers. unfortunately, this is not a new problem. schools all over the country have bowed down to raging parents over something they don ’ t think is appropriate for their child. it ’ s a distressing thought that a parent ’ s misunderstanding about a certain book or a particular lesson in school can translate into a child ’ s incomplete education. learning about an individual ’ s constitutional rights enhances one ’ s education and can even make for a better citizen. school administrators need to have more confidence in themselves


jim lake and maria rivera, at the university of california - los angeles ( ucla ), report their finding in the sept. 9 issue of the journal nature. scientists refer to both bacteria and archaea as " prokaryotes " - - a cell type that has no distinct nucleus to contain the genetic material, dna, and few other specialized components. more - complex cells, known as " eukaryotes, " contain a well - defined nucleus as well as compartmentalized " organelles " that carry out metabolism and transport molecules throughout the cell. yeast cells are some of the most - primitive eukaryotes, whereas the highly specialized cells of human beings and other mammals are among the most complex. " a major unsolved question in biology has been where eukaryotes came from, where we came from, " lake said. " the answer is that we have two parents, and we now know who those parents were. " further, he added, the results provide a new picture of evolutionary pathways. " at least 2 billion years ago, ancestors of these two diverse prokaryotic groups fused their genomes to form the first eukaryote, and in the processes two different branches of the tree of life were fused to form the ring of life, " lake said. the work is part of an effort supported by the national science foundation - - the federal agency that supports research and education across all disciplines of science and engineering - - to re - examine historical schemes for classifying earth ' s living creatures, a process that was once based on easily observable traits. microbes, plants or animals wer contact : leslie fink national science foundation


sudden death syndrome - - an umbrella term for a range of heart conditions that can lead to cardiac arrest - - is notorious for striking those who seem most fit. that is because the condition, thought to be largely hereditary, is often triggered by overexertion. tragically for some, the first symptom can be cardiac arrest. it ' s possible, though costly, to screen for sds. in fact, after soccer prodigy john marshall died of a sudden heart attack at age 16 in 1994, the day before he was set to join everton, testing became compulsory for professional athletes in several countries. good thing, especially for those who don ' t have the means that professional athletes do, that a doctor at tel aviv university may have just made testing for the condition far simpler and more affordable. " there is such a significant overlap between what ' s normal and abnormal on an ecg [ electrocardiogram ] that we need additional screening parameters, " dr. sami viskin, a cardiologist at the sackler faculty of medicine, said yesterday in a university press release. " this test, when done on people with strong symptoms, can really give... doctors a yardstick to compare those at risk for sudden death syndrome to those who would otherwise go on to live a healthy life. " named after the doctor, the viskin test is easy on the patient, who simply undergoes a baseline ecg while resting in the supine position, and is then asked to stand quickly and remain still during continuous ecg recording. … read more


the test team views the use of a pulley as an intermediate step only, and has planned to shift to a reliance on windlasses like those that apparently were used to hoist sails on egyptian ships. " the whole approach has been to downgrade the technology, " gharib said. " we first wanted to show that a kite could raise a huge weight at all. now that we ' re raising larger and larger stones, we ' re also preparing to replace the steel scaffolding with wooden poles and the steel pulleys with wooden pulleys like the ones they may have used on egyptian ships. " for gharib, the idea of accomplishing heavy tasks with limited manpower is appealing from an engineer ' s standpoint because it makes more logistical sense. " you can imagine how hard it is to coordinate the activities of hundreds if not thousands of laborers to accomplish an intricate task, " said gharib. " it ' s one thing to send thousands of soldiers to attack another army on a battlefield. but an engineering project requires everything to be put precisely into place. " i prefer to think of the technology as simple, with relatively few people involved, " he explained. gharib and graff came up with a way of building a simple structure around the obelisk, with a pulley system mounted in front of the stone. that way, the base of the obelisk would drag on the ground for a few feet as the kite lifted the stone, and the stone would be quite stable once it was pulled upright into a vertical position. if the obelisk were raised with the base as a pivot, the stone would tend to swing past the vertical position and fall the other way. the top of the obelisk is tied with ropes threaded through the pulleys and attached to the kite. the operation is guided by a couple of workers using ropes attached to the pulleys. no one has found any evidence that the ancient egyptians moved stones or any other objects with kites and pulleys. but clemmons has found some tantalizing hints that the project is on the right track. on a building frieze in a cairo museum, there is a wing pattern in bas - relief that does not resemble any living bird. directly below are several men standing near vertical objects that could be ropes. gharib ' s interest in the project is mainly to demonstrate that the technique may be viable. " we ' re not egyptologists, " he said. " we ' re


facilitator ' s guide for the beloved community a film by pamela calvert / plain speech at the fenceline of canada ' s " chemical valley, " girls are being born at twice the rate of boys. how do you stay in the home you love when the price you pay may be your children ' s future? planning a screening topics and issues relevant to the beloved community as you plan your screening, you might consider speakers, panelists, or discussion leaders who have expertise in one or more of the following - children ' s health - community organizing - corporate social responsibility - endocrine disruptors - environmental justice - green chemistry - human rights - native culture, history & land rights - precautionary principle - reproductive health - toxic exposure & health impacts - workplace health and safety as you plan your event a screening of the beloved community can be used to spark interest in any of the topics listed above, as well as to inspire individual and community action. using the checklist below will help ensure a high quality and high impact event. set realistic goals. will you host a single screening or use the film to spur ongoing efforts? will you steer a panel or discussion toward a specific topic or let the participants pursue whatever issues they choose? be sure to include your event partners in the decision making process. being clear about your goals will make it much easier to structure the event, target publicity, and evaluate results. structure your event to match your goals. do you need an outside facilitator? if your goal is to share information beyond what is included in the film, are there local experts on the topic who should be present? how many participants do you want? ( large groups are appropriate for information exchange. small groups allow for more intensive dialogue and action plans. ) arrange to involve all stakeholders. it is especially important that people be allowed to speak for themselves. we encourage you to seek out ' unlikely alliances ' and push your own comfort zone, going out of your way to invite representatives of all the constituencies with a potential stake in building a healthy and sustainable community. once the group is assembled, make sure that all participants have a chance to be heard and are treated with respect. choose an accessible venue. if you are bringing together different constituencies, is your venue ' neutral territory '? is it in a part of town that is reachable by various kinds of transportation? does the physical configuration of the room allow for the kind of discussion you hope to have? can everyone easily see the screen and hear the film? is the room comfortable?


it in a part of town that is reachable by various kinds of transportation? does the physical configuration of the room allow for the kind of discussion you hope to have? can everyone easily see the screen and hear the film? is the room comfortable? leave time for feelings. when the lights come up, people may have a strong emotional response to the film. this is where people make the empathetic connections that make all the following work possible, so it ' s important to encourage that personal response before moving on to questions of strategy. the conversation will naturally flow into " what do we do now? " leave time to plan for action. if you want your screening to have lasting impact, it is important to leave time to plan action. people will be looking for something that is immediate, concrete, and local. planning next steps can help people leave the room feeling energized and optimistic, even when the discussion has been difficult. it ' s also important to be prepared to facilitate networking. provide a sign - in sheet at the door so people can share contact information like email addresses. let participants know exactly how that information will ( and won ' t ) be shared. let participants know whether or not press will be present. facilitating a discussion of the beloved community people who feel safe, encouraged, respected and challenged are likely to share openly and thoughtfully. as a facilitator you can encourage that kind of participation. here ' s how : view the film before your event. this will both give yourself time to reflect so you aren ' t dealing with raw emotions at the same time that you are trying to facilitate a discussion, as well as letting you check the dvd and equipment to make sure there are no technical glitches. you may want to refer to the discussion guide to get you started. you don ' t need to be an expert on globalization or environmental justice to lead an event, but knowing the basics can help you keep a discussion on track and gently correct misstatements of fact. prior to your event, take time to check the background information and suggested resources in the film guide handout. be clear about your role. being a facilitator is not the same as being a teacher. a teacher ' s job is to convey specific information. in contrast, a facilitator remains neutral, helping move the discussion along without imposing her or his views on the dialogue. know who might be present. it isn ' t always possible to know exactly who might attend a screening, but if you know what kinds of