and two years to complete. - programs that last a year or less generally award a diploma or certificate of completion. those that last two years usually award an associate ' s degree. - shorter certificate or diploma programs are often designed only to teach students the basics of one of the three main areas of hvac / r : ( 1 ) residential heating and air conditioning, ( 2 ) light commercial heating and air conditioning, or ( 3 ) commercial refrigeration. - most well - respected hvac training schools offer programs that are accredited by at least one of the following agencies : hvac excellence, the national center for construction education and research ( nccer ), or the partnership for air - conditioning, heating, and refrigeration accreditation ( pahra ). - taking the right courses in high school can help you better prepare for hvac school. these include subjects such as mechanical drawing, basic electronics, math, computer science, and applied physics and chemistry. it can also be beneficial to gain some basic knowledge of electrical and plumbing work. - hvac schools are designed to give you a head start in the acquisition of your skills, but it will likely take a few years of working experience as an assistant hvac technician after you graduate before anyone will begin to think of you as proficient. another popular and advantageous way to receive formal training is through an apprenticeship. here is what you should know about hvac apprenticeships : - in general, apprenticeship opportunities pop up only periodically depending on the needs of employers, both unionized and non - unionized. - apprenticeships are often a pathway to national certification in the hvac industry, and they can even allow you to earn college credits. - in order to reap all of the benefits of a formal hvac apprenticeship, you ' ll want to find an apprenticeship program that is registered with the office of apprenticeship, which is part of the u. s. department of labor ' s employment and training administration. - most apprenticeships allow you to earn a wage while you learn. and, if you are part of a registered apprenticeship program, your paycheck is guaranteed to increase over time. unionized apprenticeships offer the additional advantages of working under the protection of a union contract and, usually, receiving insurance and pension benefits. - apprenticeships usually last four to five years, and they include both classroom instruction and hands - on training on the job. after completing a five - year registered apprenticeship, you can become a journeyman in the hvac field. - the organizations with the most hvac


last four to five years, and they include both classroom instruction and hands - on training on the job. after completing a five - year registered apprenticeship, you can become a journeyman in the hvac field. - the organizations with the most hvac apprenticeship opportunities include, in no particular order : ( 1 ) air - conditioning contractors of america ( acca ), ( 2 ) mechanical contractors of america ( mcaa ), ( 3 ) plumbing - heating - cooling contractors ( phcc ), ( 4 ) sheet metal workers ' international association ( smwia ), ( 5 ) associated builders and contractors ( abc ), and ( 6 ) united association of journeymen and apprentices of the plumbing and pipe fitting industry of the united states and canada ( ua ). - apprenticeship openings are often highly competitive. plus, you must meet the minimum requirements of whatever apprenticeship program you are applying for. organizations that offer or coordinate apprenticeships in hvac often look for candidates that have at least a high school diploma ( or equivalent ), good math and reading skills, above - average manual dexterity and hand - eye coordination, strong mechanical aptitude, patience, dependability, the ability to get along well with other people, and a desire to do whatever it takes to learn the trade. as part of the application process, you may also be required to take aptitude tests and attend multiple interviews. - completing an hvac program at a technical college or trade school can sometimes give you a leg up on the competition when applying for a registered apprenticeship. regardless of how you get your hvac training, there are a number of other things to keep in mind about the hvac trade and finding work in it. consider the following points : - many employers look for hvac professionals with at least two to five years of on - the - job experience. schooling alone, while beneficial, is often not enough — particularly for openings at larger companies. - in order to break into the trade and get the experience you need, you might have to spend a few years working for a smaller hvac company at a lower wage than you might be expecting. the more you are willing to swallow your pride and do whatever is necessary to gain experience, the more opportunities you will have at the beginning of your career. - in many regions, you are more likely to land your first hvac job during a peak season ( summer or winter ) since that is when demand for hvac workers increases. - employers want workers who will stick around for the long haul. that ' s why many


, you are more likely to land your first hvac job during a peak season ( summer or winter ) since that is when demand for hvac workers increases. - employers want workers who will stick around for the long haul. that ' s why many of them prefer to hire people who ' ve completed a formal hvac program. completing an hvac education is a sign that you aren ' t just looking for a temporary job but, rather, have put your heart into making hvac your career. - as you seek to gain experience early in your career, it ' s best to go for variety, if possible, in the type of hvac work you do. some people in the trade get " stuck " in just one particular area ( such as installation ) and find it difficult later on if they wish to move into a different hvac specialty that they might enjoy better. - it pays to be assertive and proactive, especially when it comes to increasing your hvac knowledge. you ' ll have better job security and advancement opportunities if you can become the " go - to " person for technical information and troubleshooting know - how about the equipment your employer sells and services. as you begin your career, it is essential to ask a lot of questions, pay close attention, and study, study, study. and, as you continue your career, the need to learn never stops. there will always be more to know. - like in any other trade, the better you are at your job, the more quickly you can climb the hvac career ladder. - it is impossible to learn everything you need to know in two years or less. so, although trade school can give you a great head start on the fundamentals, you should expect to begin your hvac career in a " helper " or apprentice role as you continue to learn. it generally takes at least five years of on - the - job experience before you ' re ready to work on your own. - since demand for hvac technicians can sometimes be prone to seasonal fluctuations, it is important to learn how to manage your money in a way that allows you to ride out any downtimes comfortably. - long - term success as an hvac technician hinges a great deal upon your reputation. so it ' s important to develop a courteous and respectful attitude early on, to never cut corners, and to let the quality of work you perform speak for itself. - persistence and enthusiasm are the biggest keys to landing your first job in hvac. employers look for people who


develop a courteous and respectful attitude early on, to never cut corners, and to let the quality of work you perform speak for itself. - persistence and enthusiasm are the biggest keys to landing your first job in hvac. employers look for people who are willing to commit to hard work. you can improve your chances of finding employment by always acting polite and professional, following up repeatedly with the people in charge of hiring, and demonstrating to them that you ' re not an arrogant " know - it - all " but are, instead, humble and ready to learn and take on all of the challenges inherent to hvac work. how do you get hvac certification? when asking, " how do you get hvac certification? " it is essential to understand that some certifications are required while most others are voluntary. even voluntary certifications, however, can help you advance in your hvac career since most employers like to see official acknowledgment of your competencies. but knowing how to obtain hvac certification is just one aspect of this issue. you also need to understand what it all means. here are the most important things to remember : - regardless of which area of hvac / r you choose to work in, you will be required to obtain at least one type of certification from the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ). section 608 of the clean air act of 1990 requires anyone who services equipment that uses specific refrigerants to take a test to prove that they know how to properly handle, recycle, and dispose of materials that can damage the ozone layer. - epa section 608 certification is broken down into four types depending on the kind of equipment you will be working with : ( 1 ) type i for small appliances, ( 2 ) type ii for very high - pressure appliances, ( 3 ) type iii for low - pressure appliances, and ( 4 ) universal for all types of hvac / r equipment. - hvac students enrolled in formal training are often required to take the epa section 608 universal certification test as part of their program. - although not required by the epa, r - 410a certification covers an especially dangerous type of refrigerant in greater detail than what is found in the epa section 608 test. r - 410a refrigerant is used at a much higher vapor pressure than other refrigerants and, therefore, requires different tools, equipment, and safety standards. r - 410a is increasingly replacing some of the older ozone - damaging refri


410a refrigerant is used at a much higher vapor pressure than other refrigerants and, therefore, requires different tools, equipment, and safety standards. r - 410a is increasingly replacing some of the older ozone - damaging refrigerants that are being phased out. - other types of professional hvac certifications are designed to verify the real - world skills and working knowledge of hvac and hvac / r technicians who ' ve had at least a year or two of on - the - job experience. certification is offered by independent organizations in many different specialty areas such as residential and commercial air conditioning, heat pump service and installation, gas heat, electric heat, oil furnaces, hydronics, air distribution, and commercial refrigeration. - the two most recognized providers of professional - level certifications in the american hvac / r industry are ( 1 ) hvac excellence and ( 2 ) north american technician excellence ( nate ). obtaining certification from these organizations involves meeting any necessary prerequisites and then passing written exams. you can also obtain your epa section 608 certification through such providers. - a certificate of completion ( or diploma ) from a formal hvac training school is not the same thing as professional - level certification from organizations like hvac excellence or nate. how long do hvac classes take? formal hvac programs at technical colleges and trade schools vary in length. a lot depends on the type of credential you ' re after and how in - depth you want your schooling to be. so, how long do hvac classes take? hvac programs that award certificates or diplomas typically last one year or less. some take as little as about 18 weeks to complete. with these shorter programs, you often must choose to study just one of three specific areas : ( 1 ) light commercial air conditioning and heating, ( 2 ) residential air conditioning and heating, or ( 3 ) commercial refrigeration. associate degree programs in hvac / r technology, on the other hand, are designed to last two years and are often more comprehensive. how much does hvac school cost? the cost of hvac schooling varies significantly depending on where you go to school and whether you choose to pursue a certificate or associate degree. so, how much does hvac school cost? basic program costs, including tuition, can range from as little as $ 2, 000 or less to as much as $ 35, 000 or more. the more expensive programs sometimes have a wider range of hvac equipment and tools in


, depending on the program you choose, you might have to take one or more of the three different tests that are available as part of the ice. the different testing areas are : ( 1 ) residential air conditioning and heating, ( 2 ) light commercial air conditioning and heating, and ( 3 ) commercial refrigeration. as an hvac technician, will i need to be licensed? the answer depends on where you intend to work. licensing requirements for hvac technicians vary greatly depending on the state or locality they work in and whether they intend to be their own boss. and some states don ' t have any legal requirements. in the ones that do, however, a state exam often must be passed. plus, some states require you to have completed the equivalent of an apprenticeship program or two to five years of on - the - job hvac experience before you can apply for a license to legally work on your own. the content of state licensing exams also varies significantly. in some states, for example, emphasis might be placed on having an extensive knowledge of electrical codes, but, in other states, the focus might be more on hvac - specific knowledge. just remember : although your state might not require you to obtain an official license in order to perform hvac work, the federal government will still require you to be certified in the proper handling of refrigerants. the epa section 608 certification exam is a written test and is administered by a variety of organizations that have been approved by the u. s. environmental protection agency, including unions, building groups, trade schools, and contractor associations. how promising is the hvac job outlook? the hvac job outlook is expected to be excellent for the foreseeable future. in america, employment of hvac technicians is projected to increase by 28 percent between 2008 and 2018, which is much faster than average. * * the growing demand for hvac and hvac / r technicians can be attributed to a number of factors. as the nation ' s population grows, so does the number of buildings ( residential, commercial, and industrial ) that need to be fitted with climate - control systems. and the increasing complexity of new hvac systems means an increasing possibility of their malfunction and need for servicing, which then requires skilled technicians. in addition, the growing focus on reducing energy consumption and improving indoor air quality means that more hvac technicians are needed for analyzing the efficiency of existing systems and replacing old polluting ones with new, more efficient models. although experienced hvac technicians can expect excellent job


, the growing focus on reducing energy consumption and improving indoor air quality means that more hvac technicians are needed for analyzing the efficiency of existing systems and replacing old polluting ones with new, more efficient models. although experienced hvac technicians can expect excellent job prospects, the odds of new techs landing employment are best for those who have had training through a formal apprenticeship program, through an accredited program from an hvac school, or both. you can also increase your chances of landing a good job by becoming an expert at increasing energy efficiency and gaining a solid understanding of complex computer - controlled hvac systems such as those found in modern high - rises. what kind of advancement opportunities exist in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ( hvac ) industry? the hvac industry is incredibly diverse. most hvac technicians begin their careers in the residential and light commercial sectors of the field. advancement usually comes in the form of higher wages or supervisory positions. but, with advanced knowledge, a lot of experience, and the right mindset, new opportunities can arise for entering other areas of the industry, which offer new challenges. commercial refrigeration, for instance, is an area of high demand that requires workers with a lot of patience and specialized skills. with the right training and education, hvac / r technicians can also specialize in areas such as solar - powered or geothermal heating and cooling, retrofitting, system testing and balancing, efficiency evaluations, or building operations with advanced computer controls. in addition, some technicians move into teaching, hvac sales and marketing, or managing their own contracting businesses. it is even possible to earn a bachelor ' s degree in hvac engineering technology. such a degree could allow you to become an hvac engineer or hvac technologist and design new systems and controls for the manufacturing, commercial, institutional, or industrial sectors. how do i get started? one of the best ways to discover whether hvac might be a good field for you is to talk with a few experienced hvac technicians. see if you can schedule a time to ride along with them on some service or installation calls. or, if you ' re ready to get moving now, then check out our list of hvac schools. you could soon have the repeated, satisfying experience of standing back and admiring a job well done.


zones : 3 to 8 mature height : 75 feet mature spread : 40 feet this is an outstanding tree for fall color. the yellow leaves glow against the black bark. cherry - like, dark brown - red, non - peeling bark with dark glossy green leaves. this tree has a narrow, upright habit. it is native to the eastern united states. the bark and leaves of the sweet birch are sweet and aromatic, and the stems taste and smell like wintergreen. also known as the black birch or cherry birch. when choosing a location, keep in mind that the sweet birch has a fast growth rate. it grows up to 75 feet in height and 40 feet in spread. it can be planted in zones 3 to 8. this birch will need additional water during dry periods. an acid, moist soil is preferred. how to start these seeds : scarification : soak in water, let stand in water for 24 hours stratification : cold stratify for 30 days germination : requires light for germination, surface sow and keep moist other : natural fall sowing in mulched beds seed count per packet : this packet contains 80 hand - sorted, high - quality seeds. if refrigerated upon receipt, these seeds can be stored for up to a year before you decide to use them.


as the fukushima world disaster continues to unfold, we have learned that the strontium levels are 240 times over the legal limit near the plant, which has become an uninhabitable land area. the nuclear waste advisor to the japanese government recently explained that roughly 966 square kilometers ( km ), or 600 square miles, around fukushima are now uninhabitable due to the unfolding disaster. this massive dead zone area is equivalent in size to 17 manhattan islands placed next to one another. unfortunately, the latest readings taken approximately 20 miles out to sea from the site showed radioisotope levels from all the radioactive particles were ten times higher than those measured in the baltic and black seas after the massive chernobyl disaster. " given that the fukushima plant is on the ocean, and with leaks and runoff directly to the ocean, the impacts on the ocean will exceed those of chernobyl, which was hundreds of miles from any sea, " said ken buessler, senior scientist in marine chemistry at the woods hole oceanographic institution in massachusetts, several months back. it has also been revealed that reactors 1, 2, and 3 have all experienced " melt - throughs. " this means the radiation materials have burnt through and gone directly into the ground and water. this is considered to be the worst possible scenario in a disaster of this nature. " dangerous levels of radioactive iodine and cesium have already contaminated the sea, the soil, groundwater, and the air, " said reporter mark willacy of the australian broadcast corporation in a recent lateline interview. " this week plutonium was detected for the first time outside the stricken plant, and strontium - 90, known as a ‘ seeker ’, because it can cause bone cancer and leukemia, has now been found as far away as 60 kilometers ( 37 + miles ) from the facility. " various atomic experts now agree that the unfolding situation is truly " as serious as it gets in a nuclear disaster. " fukushima presently has 20 nuclear cores exposed, and it has 20 times the potential of chernobyl to be released. this is without a doubt the worst nuclear disaster the world has ever seen. " we are discovering hot particles everywhere in japan, " said arnold gundersen, a former industry senior vice president with 39 years of nuclear engineering experience. the average number of infant deaths caused by the fukushima radiation exposure multiple meltdown was 37 deaths in 4 weeks ( an average of 9. 25 per week ), ending march 19th ( prior


industry senior vice president with 39 years of nuclear engineering experience. the average number of infant deaths caused by the fukushima radiation exposure multiple meltdown was 37 deaths in 4 weeks ( an average of 9. 25 per week ), ending march 19th ( prior to the disaster ) and after 10 weeks, ending may 28th ( post disaster ), the number of deaths was 125 ( an average of 12. 60 per week ). this is a 35 % increase of perinatal mortality in infants under a year old, in 8 cities in the northwest ( boise, seattle, portland, santa cruz, sacramento, san francisco, san jose, and berkeley ). according to joseph mangano, epidemiologist and executive director of radiation & public health project, the perinatal mortality rate in philadelphia rose 48 % 10 weeks after the meltdown. the bad news, of course, is that this is an ongoing disaster, and the governments, for whatever unexplained reasons, don ’ t seem interested in sealing it off. even though this ongoing radiation exposure and disaster is not being noted in the newspapers, and one cannot see it, smell it or detect it easily, it is still there and getting worse. evidence of the ongoing danger of u. s. nuclear plants is the report by the associated press citing 48 out of 65 of the facilities reported leaking tritium, a radioactive form of hydrogen. in other words, 75 % of u. s. nuclear plants are leaking. it is confirmatory to hear that the u. s. commission blames many of the leaks on corroded buried piping. the significance of the leaking is that in 37 of the 48 sites, there was found to be contamination of the ground water that exceeded the federal drinking water standard. the good news is that no public water supplies are known to be contaminated, but it was found in private wells in illinois and minnesota. in new jersey, tritium was found in a discharge canal feeding barnegat bay. this is not a recent phenomenon. in 2007 cesium - 137 was found, along with tritium, at the fort calhoun plant near omaha, nebraska, and strontium - 90 was found near new york city and the indian point nuclear site. all this just supports how important it is not only protect yourself against all forms of radiation with our supplement program, but also to attempt to create some reforms to protect the american public. the threat that nuclear power poses to our nation is alarming, as our government recklessly moves to re - license old


protect yourself against all forms of radiation with our supplement program, but also to attempt to create some reforms to protect the american public. the threat that nuclear power poses to our nation is alarming, as our government recklessly moves to re - license old reactors and use tax dollars to help finance new plants. even more frightening is the lack of evacuation plans for more than 111 million americans who live within 50 miles of a reactor. unfortunately, the u. s. government isn ’ t learning the critical lessons from these nuclear energy disasters. incredibly, our nation ’ s evacuation plans only include areas within 10 miles of reactors — despite clear evidence from chernobyl and fukushima that serious radiation impacts extend much further. and our emergency medical capacities fall short of what ’ s needed to meet a major nuclear catastrophe. these dangerously inadequate emergency response plans put major u. s. urban areas at risk — including new york city, chicago, boston, los angeles, and washington d. c. the significance of this censored news further supports the unsustainability and dangers of nuclear plants in the u. s. compounded by lax federal regulation. this is a dangerous situation that unfortunately is just waiting to happen. i suggest for the protection of our family, children, and the u. s. population that we exert every possible effort to follow the german example of making a commitment to dismantle all nuclear reactors by 2020 and certainly not to build new ones. that is the least we can do to put common sense and values of human safety above the interests of economic investment and profit of the nuclear industry. this dangerous nonsense is only going to be stopped if enough people complain. i urge you to support all the anti - nuclear groups nationally and locally, such as environmental defense fund, greenpeace, friends of the earth, physicians ’ committee for responsible medicine, etc. your active support on local and national levels can help to : - end loan guarantees for new reactors and implement a nationwide moratorium on new reactor licensing and design certification ; - suspend operations at reactors similar to those at fukushima — as well as those on geological fault lines — and reject renewed licensing for existing reactors until all of the lessons of the current crisis are fully understood ; and - deal with the dangerous radioactive waste by upgrading spent fuel pools and hardening onsite fuel storage for all operating reactors. blessings to your health and radiant wellbeing, gabriel cousens, m. d.


now a team of university of washington and battelle scientists have identified metabolites in urine that could potentially predict young children at risk of developing autism. the varying degrees and manifestations of this developmental brain condition are collectively called autistic spectrum disorder. asd is characterized by impaired social interactions, difficulty in communicating, and repetitive behaviors. many other symptoms also can be present, including anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, sleep disorders, and gastrointestinal problems. currently, diagnosing a child with asd requires a thorough evaluation by a team of health professionals from a wide range of specialties. early intervention often can reduce or prevent the more severe symptoms and disabilities associated with asd. autism specialists and many other people look forward to a day when a test for a biological marker might detect autism risk in young children. to this end, seattle researchers evaluated porphyrins in the urine of children to determine if the levels of these metabolites could predict asd. the research team included james woods, professor of environmental and occupational health sciences at the uw school of public health, and nicholas heyer and diana echeverria, senior scientists at battelle centers for public health research and evaluation while porphyrins are found in everyone ’ s urine, the research team observed that certain kinds of these metabolic byproducts are much higher in the urine of some children with autism, compared with typically developing, non - autisitic children of the same age. additionally, when children with autism were randomly compared with typically developing children or children with other developmental disorders, the porphyrin biomarkers correctly identified more than thirty percent of autistic children without incorrectly identifying a single non - autistic child. the ability to detect porphyrins in a urine sample opens new clinical possibilities. simple urine tests, if they prove effective, could become a rapid, low - cost, widely available way to screen young children for this type of autism risk. “ the significance of this biomarker is not only that it may facilitate earlier detection of autism risk, ” said woods, “ but also that it might help identify those asd children whose symptoms are specifically associated with altered porphyrin metabolism. ” he added, “ when validated in a larger study, this biomarker could help to identify a specific subset of asd kids and improve the search for more focused treatment options for these children. ” the findings were published in this month ’ s edition of autism research to coincide with autism awareness month. the paper can


inflammation is a necessary component of the immune system ’ s fight against infections and the repair of damaged tissues — but problems can arise if the fire won ’ t subside. asthma, cancer, diabetes, alzheimer ’ s disease, and even depression have been linked to a constant activation of the inflammatory response. it ’ s not an easy condition to treat, either, because its causes include obesity, stress, and pollution, among others. as a result, wendy demark - wahnefried, ph. d., the webb endowed chair of nutrition sciences, and many other uab researchers are investigating ways to control inflammation on an individual basis. they ’ re not the only ones searching for a solution. several high - profile celebrities have been touting “ anti - inflammatory ” diets as a cure. these diets call for eating lots of fruits and vegetables, decreasing consumption of processed carbohydrates, replacing fats and proteins containing omega - 6 with their omega - 3 counterparts such as fish, and using olive oil instead of other oils. logic and loss it ’ s logical : if inflammation causes certain diseases, then eating foods that combat inflammation should prevent those diseases. but according to demark - wahnefried, these popular “ anti - inflammatory ” diets are missing one critical factor : weight control. “ we know adipose tissue ( body fat ) has a great deal to do with inflammation, ” she says. “ it produces all kinds of cytokines and adipokines, which are signaling molecules that can drive inflammation. ” “ it ’ s all spin, ” says demark - wahnefried. “ what they seem to be preaching is pretty much mainstream. they ’ ve just repackaged it. ” the bright side is that changes in eating habits can lead to weight loss, producing health benefits. even a 7 percent reduction in body weight substantially diminishes the risk of diseases like diabetes and cancer, demark - wahnefried says. this doesn ’ t necessarily depend on the diet used, though. she points out that even the atkins diet — the antithesis of an “ anti - inflammatory ” diet — can lead to some clinical health benefits if it results in weight loss. as for antioxidant supplements, studies suggest that there is no shortcut. just adding an antioxidant supplement or two will not overcome all the inflammatory effects of the traditional southern biscuits - and - gravy diet, for example. in fact, when it comes to research on isolated supplements,


is no shortcut. just adding an antioxidant supplement or two will not overcome all the inflammatory effects of the traditional southern biscuits - and - gravy diet, for example. in fact, when it comes to research on isolated supplements, “ we ’ ve really bombed out at being able to predict what the benefit will be, ” says demark - wahnefried. “ the more you separate the antioxidants from the whole food, the more danger you have of not having the right isoform or the appropriate mix. you lose a lot of the benefit of the whole food when you have that reductionist mentality. ” so, to reduce chronic inflammation, demark - wahnefried recommends losing the extra pounds to reduce adipose stores, then following up with an overall healthier diet. she suggests consuming more fruits and vegetables and replacing unhealthy proteins with those rich in omega - 3 fatty acids, such as fish. sounds a lot like an “ anti - inflammatory ” diet, right? “ it ’ s all spin, ” she says. “ what they seem to be preaching is pretty much mainstream. they ’ ve just repackaged it. ” a primer on produce fresh fruits and vegetables are best for nutritional value — “ as long as they ’ re fresh, ” demark - wahnefried notes. she explains that many fruits and vegetables sold in grocery stores are picked before their nutrients are at peak capacity, and more nutrients are lost during the long transit. in other words, buy local if possible. canned fruits and vegetables can provide some nutrients, too, but the heat of the canning process can destroy some, which are known as heat - labile nutrients. “ a lot of b vitamins go up in smoke, and vitamin c and anything that is water - soluble is diminished, ” demark - wahnefried says. heat - labile nutrients are also lost in dried fruits, but the soluble fiber ( especially good for cholesterol levels ) and many nutrients like magnesium and iron are maintained. one caveat : dried fruit tastes good, so you ’ re likely to eat more. “ it ’ s a substantial calorie load, ” she warns. as for cooking, “ there ’ s a certain wisdom to eating things raw ; you don ’ t destroy the nutrients that are heat - labile, ” demark - wahnefried explains. “ but by the same token, there are some substances in food that, when you cook them, actually have


1 october 2009 a picnic basket linked to agatha christie, soil samples collected before the channel tunnel was built and a radioactive rock used in a nobel prize - winning experiment feature in a provocative new exhibition at ucl. disposal?, which opens on monday 19 october 2009, invites you to comment on the most challenging question faced by museums today : what should we collect and hold on to and what should we get rid of? the exhibition includes objects which would not normally be on display, such as a crusher which can apply the weight of 150 hippos, a collection of plastic dinosaurs and slides containing microscopic fossils. among these are five objects earmarked for disposal that the public can vote on. this is one of several ways in which people can contribute their views on the collections : on what they think is important, what should be collected and what they feel would be better off elsewhere. featured pieces will include : - a picnic basket belonging to agatha christie ’ s husband ’ s second wife barbara parker. the husband, max mallowan, was a famous archaeologist. parker donated the hamper and its contents to ucl. the contents included minoan pottery, a key, a doorknob, beads and a copy of the times. - soil samples collected before the building of the channel tunnel. archaeologists take such samples to see if a site contains archaeological material. these samples were stored at ucl soon after they were taken, but have never been analysed. - a radioactive mineral sample which emits alpha particles, but which is historically important. william ramsay ( 1852 – 1916 ), a former head of ucl chemistry, used it to discover helium in one of a series of nobel prize - winning experiments. the exhibition will also host two events : - ‘ fight at the museum : rescue my object! ’ on tuesday 20 october, 6. 30pm – 9pm, will see experts battle to convince an audience to save their favourite object housed in different collections at ucl. - ‘ treasured? hunt ’ on wednesday 28 october, 6pm – 9pm, will invite people to seek out intriguing objects and specimens in store and decide for themselves just how treasured objects should be. disposing of objects by museums is controversial, conjuring up emotive images of collections thrown into skips or valuable artworks lost to the nation through private sales. with ever - decreasing resources and ever - expanding collections, museums are under serious pressure. collections are fast becoming unsustainable – ethical but tough decision - making is essential to museums


into skips or valuable artworks lost to the nation through private sales. with ever - decreasing resources and ever - expanding collections, museums are under serious pressure. collections are fast becoming unsustainable – ethical but tough decision - making is essential to museums ’ survival. in a research - led university such as ucl, collections have to keep pace with cutting - edge innovations and new discoveries. while active collecting always goes on, responsible and regular disposal is essential for collections to stay manageable. subhadra das, ucl collections reviewer, says : “ ucl museums & collections hold thousands of fascinating and historically important objects which are used for teaching and research. like all museums, they also contain objects whose roles and use are unclear or problematic. some objects may no longer be useful, some are too big or have become damaged and some should never have been collected. in the past such things have sometimes been disposed of thoughtlessly – by putting them in the skip. this exhibition is about thoughtful disposal. ” the exhibition runs from monday 19 october to saturday 31 october 2009, is open to the public and is free of charge. opening hours are monday - friday 10am - 7pm, saturday 10am - 6pm. the exhibition is in the chadwick building, ucl, gower street, london wc1e 6bt. media contact : jenny gimpel image : a hippopotamus skull


a simple, inexpensive method for preventing type 2 diabetes that relies on calling people and educating them on the sort of lifestyle changes they could make to avoid developing the disease has proven effective in a study conducted by researchers at the university of california, san francisco ( ucsf ) and the city of berkeley department of public health. the study involved 230 people in poor, urban neighborhoods in the san francisco bay area cities of richmond, oakland and berkeley. contacted by phone about once a month, half of them received specific dietary guidance and other lifestyle counseling. after six months, those who had received the counseling had on average lost more weight, were consuming less fat, were eating more fruits and vegetables and showed more improvements in lowering in their blood triglycerides, a key risk measure for type 2 diabetes. described this week in the american journal of public health, the new intervention is specifically designed for urban, poor, and predominantly minority communities. it addresses the need for diabetes prevention interventions in these communities and highlights a simple fact that doctors at ucsf and elsewhere have been repeating for years — that type 2 diabetes is preventable in the first place. “ diabetes is not something you are necessarily going to get just because it runs in your family, ” said alka kanaya, md, an associate professor of medicine at ucsf and one of two senior authors on the study. “ it is very preventable, and lifestyle changes can really impact the onset of diabetes. ” “ you can do something about it, ” said anita stewart, phd, a professor at the ucsf institute for health & aging and the center for aging in diverse communities who is the other senior author on the paper. how lifestyle changes can prevent diabetes diabetes is a chronic and complex disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood that arise due to problems with the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. it is usually caused by an inability to produce insulin ( type 1 ) or an inability to respond correctly to insulin ( type 2 ). a major health concern in the united states, diabetes of all types affect an estimated 8. 3 percent of the u. s. population — some 25. 8 million americans — and cost u. s. taxpayers more than $ 200 billion annually. in california alone, an estimated 4 million people ( one out of every seven adults ) have type 2 diabetes and millions more are at risk of developing it. these numbers are poised to explode in the next half century if more is not done to prevent diabetes. previous studies have shown that counseling and other lifestyle interventions are effective


every seven adults ) have type 2 diabetes and millions more are at risk of developing it. these numbers are poised to explode in the next half century if more is not done to prevent diabetes. previous studies have shown that counseling and other lifestyle interventions are effective at preventing type 2 diabetes, but those interventions have generally been designed for clinical settings and include separate sessions with numerous health professionals. this makes them expensive and difficult to scale to large urban populations where diabetes interventions are needed the most. many of this country ’ s urban poor face thin health insurance coverage, low literacy, and low income, and a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. these disparities were apparent in the ucsf study. about half of the study population was composed of immigrants, and nearly a quarter had no health insurance. almost a third said they faced financial hardship, and 22 percent had less than a high - school education. by focusing on a phone - based solution delivered by the public health department staff, the ucsf researchers designed their new intervention specifically as a low - cost community - based approach that would be relevant to poor, minority and low - literacy populations. similar telephone interventions have been used to reach out broadly to populations in san francisco and in other cities to spread lifestyle messages related to hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol and other issues. “ this adds to our public health toolkit of ways to do outreach and prevent diabetes, ” said kanaya. the article, “ the live well, be well study : a community - based, translational lifestyle program to lower diabetes risk factors in ethnic minority and lower – socioeconomic status adults ” by alka m. kanaya, jasmine santoyo - olsson, steven gregorich, melanie grossman, tanya moore and anita l. stewart appears in the june 14, 2012 issue of the american journal of public health. this work was funded by the national institutes of health through a translational research grant from the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( dk067896 - 01a2 ) and by the resource centers for minority aging research program of the national institute on aging ( p30 - ag15272 ). ucsf is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate - level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care.


conference underscores young people ’ s leadership in hiv prevention 27 august 2010 the role of young people in improving the state of the world took centre stage at this week ’ s world youth conference in leon, mexico. over five days, delegates from 112 countries — including 25 000 youth and representatives from government, civil society and the united nations — shared ideas on young people ’ s involvement in achieving the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). with an estimated 40 % of new hiv infections occurring among people aged 15 - 24, a youth - centered approach to the aids response will be critical to meet mdg 6 — halting and reversing the spread of hiv — and to ensure efforts are sustained in the long term. in a video message to young delegates, unaids executive director michel sidibe said that young people had the power to shape a future with zero new infections, zero discrimination and zero aids - related deaths. “ each of you is a driving force for change and development in your own countries, ” he said. “ together you are an incredible movement that is shaping the future of the world. ” of the 33. 4 million people living with hiv worldwide, some 5 million are young people. an estimated 2500 young people become newly infected with hiv each day. the epidemic has taken a particularly devastating toll on the lives of young women, who account for 66 % of infections among youth worldwide. empowering young people to protect themselves from hiv represents one of unaids ’ ten priority areas, with the overall goal of a 30 % reduction in new hiv infections by 2015. at a joint workshop on hiv and young people, unaids and unfpa introduced a new “ business case ” outlining successes to date in the hiv response among youth and areas for improvement. through the workshop, young delegates were invited to offer their perspectives on the relevance and application of the business case at the national level. evidence - based information and hiv services, including sexual and reproductive health, were highlighted as critical to reducing infection among young people. many participants voiced concern over reaching young people with effective hiv prevention messages. “ as we are still young and exploring, we may get into risky behaviors, ” said rodriguez gastelum, a youth participant from mexico who attended the workshop. “ correct information on hiv is the first step — that will protect us. ” less than 40 % of young men and women have access to accurate knowledge about hiv transmission — far short of the 95 % target set in the ungass declaration of commitment for the year 2010. in developing countries, excluding


that will protect us. ” less than 40 % of young men and women have access to accurate knowledge about hiv transmission — far short of the 95 % target set in the ungass declaration of commitment for the year 2010. in developing countries, excluding china, only 30 % of young men and 19 % of young women benefit from comprehensive information on hiv. despite challenges, there are signs of progress. a new study from unaids has reported a more than 25 % drop in hiv prevalence among young people in 15 countries heavily affected by the aids epidemic. “ simply put, young people are leading a prevention revolution all over the globe, ” said dr. cesar nunez, director of the unaids regional support team for latin america, in a health - focused session at the conference. “ the empowerment of young people has led to changes in sexual behavior. young people are choosing to have sex later, with fewer partners, and they are using condoms. ” earlier this month, the un launched the international year of youth, an initiative designed to increase youth participation in global development issues and enhance inter - cultural dialogue and understanding across generations. at a launch event in new york city, un secretary - general ban ki - moon urged young people across the world to look beyond the borders of their own countries : “ engage with the world. become a global citizen, ” he said. “ we are the leaders of today. you are the leaders of tomorrow. ”


3. " we think the cane could pose a hazard to other students. we ’ d like your child to leave it at the door or in the locker. " why is this statement problematic? the proper use of the long, white cane will not cause a hazard but can actually prevent hazardous situations from occurring. the cane identifies a child as having a visual impairment so that others can respond appropriately. like vision, the cane provides preview of what is out in front and enables the child to detect objects, identify drop offs and other changes in elevation, and walk confidently at a normal speed. furthermore, the cane helps the child develop spatial concepts and environmental awareness. the child must be taught to take personal responsibility for the cane and use it appropriately for safe and independent travel. possible responses for parents / advocates - “ according to ellie ’ s formal orientation and mobility evaluation the cane is a necessary tool for her safe and independent travel. in fact, she is building life - long skills that will enable her to negotiate a variety of environments independently. ” - “ jan needs her cane in the same way that a student in a wheelchair needs wheels or a student with myopia needs eyeglasses. she uses it for safe and independent mobility. not allowing her to use her cane in the halls and classroom will compromise not only her safety but also her understanding of the environment. in addition, her iep cannot be considered implemented if she is not allowed to use her cane. ” - “ jack ’ s cane is a respectable and necessary tool that enables him to move about safely, independently, and age appropriately. for example, it would be very demeaning and inconvenient if jack had to wait for someone to ‘ take ’ him to the bathroom. jack has been trained in the proper use of his cane and should be expected to use it properly. the o & m specialist * would be glad to discuss any concerns you have. * orientation and mobility specialist read the law collabortive effort between the national center on severe and sensory disabilities and the national organization of parents of blind children copyright © 2008 national center on severe and sensory disabilities copyright © 2006 national center on low - incidence disabilities permission to use for educational purposes granted.


want to stay on top of all the space news? follow @ universetoday on twitter sidereal time is the time is takes for celestial bodies to ascend and descend in the night sky. we know that celestial bodies are in reality, fixed in their positions. the reason for their dramatic movement in the night is because of the rotation of the earth. this is the same reason why the sun and the moon seem to rise and set. for the longest time, this motion caused many philosophers and astronomers to assume that the earth was the center of the universe. fortunately later astronomers like copernicus were able to discern the true movements of the earth, moon, and sun helping to explain their movements. the time that it takes for a star, planet or other fixed celestial body to ascend and descend in the night sky is also called sidereal period. coincidentally this time corresponds to the time it takes for the earth to rotate one revolution which is just under 24 hours. sidereal time is not like solar time which is measured by the movement of the sun. or the lunar cycles which take about 28 days. it is the relative angle of a celestial object to the prime meridian of the vernal equinox of the earth. if these terms are confusing, here is what they mean. in cartography, the earth is bisected by two major lines of longitude and latitude. these lines are the 0 degree points on the globe. the 0 degree point for the latitude is the equator the point where the earth is perfectly bisected. it cut through south america and africa. the 0 degree point for the longitude is the prime meridian. it exact location is greenwich, uk. the equinoxes are essentially the times of the year when the sun rise and sets at the exact same point of the horizon at the equator. this means that these are the only times the solar day is equally divided into 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night. the hour angle for a celestial object relative to this meridian is what we call sidereal time. this angle changes with the rotation of the earth creating a pattern of ascension and descent for celestial bodies in the earth ’ s sky. with the knowledge of sidereal time astronomers can predict the positions of stars. the values for the sidereal time of celestial objects is compile in a table or start chart called an ephemeris. with this guide to sidereal time astronomers can find a celestial object regardless of the change in their position over the year. there are also some great resources on the


tell me about the international dark - sky association — how did it start, what ' s the mission? ida ’ s mission is to preserve and protect the nighttime environment and our heritage of dark skies through environmentally responsible outdoor lighting. ida was founded in 1988 by a professional astronomer working at the kitt peak observatory in tucson, arizona and an amateur astronomer who noticed that the increasing sky glow over tucson was interfering with nighttime observations. their message is simple, clear, and effective, and their efforts were fundamental in getting light pollution recognized around the world as an unwelcome and detrimental environmental condition. what are some of the effects of light pollution on animals? on humans? tell me about some of the science that supports this. there are four main types of light pollution : sky glow ( that strange orange dome over urban areas ), glare ( overly bright, unshielded points of light ), light trespass ( unwanted light intruding onto private property ), and clutter ( groupings of light sources ). animals and even plants are affected by sky glow and light trespass due to their extreme photosensitivity. because seasonal temperatures can vary from year to year, many species rely on light cues to tell them when to shed leaves, mate, and reproduce. when outdoor lighting artificially prolongs the day, the instinctive rhythms of many species are affected. many species behave unnaturally in the presence of artificial light — for example, light at night decreases a firefly ’ s ability to be seen, thereby hindering its ability to attract a mate. sea turtles and migratory birds use starlight to orient themselves, so light pollution has devastated their internal navigation systems. some birds will crash into tall buildings, or fixate on a light source, circling around it until they are exhausted and unable to fly. glare from unshielded light sources presents the largest problem to humans. effects of glare from poor outdoor lighting are a primary reason that the american medical association unanimously adopted resolution 516 to support light pollution and glare reduction efforts last june. depending on the severity, glare can cause discomfort or temporary night blindness. on the roadway, glares can interfere with visibility, presenting a hazard to both drivers and pedestrians. the problem gets worse as people age and gradually lose their ability to adjust to changing light levels. exposure to excessive light at night has been found to alter the circadian rhythm, interfere with sleep patterns, and suppress the sleep hormone melatonin. the amount of light needed to affect sleep patterns is not known, but sleeping in total


light levels. exposure to excessive light at night has been found to alter the circadian rhythm, interfere with sleep patterns, and suppress the sleep hormone melatonin. the amount of light needed to affect sleep patterns is not known, but sleeping in total darkness is recommended by both the cdc and the nih as a way to promote a regular circadian rhythm. what is international dark - sky association doing to combat light pollution? how are you measuring the effectiveness of these campaigns? as an environmental educational 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit, ida has enacted dynamic programs in the areas of technology, conservation, and public awareness. ida ’ s fixture seal of approval program directly attacks sky glow by establishing “ dark sky - friendly ” criteria for outdoor light fixtures. currently in the spotlight is our international dark sky places ( idsplaces ) program, a conservation curriculum established to protect urban and rural starscapes. the ids communities and dark sky developments of distinction designations recognize outstanding dark sky preservation efforts in municipalities and planned communities. all designated idsplaces have met stringent lighting requirements through retrofits and legislation and have undertaken outreach efforts to educate the public about the importance of natural night. many designees are successfully incorporating astronomy and stargazing into their local attractions, hosting festivals or sky watching events known as “ star parties. ” in house, ida collects, creates, and distributes information relating to light pollution, much of which is available for free on the ida website. we also participate in industry meetings and technology expos, and actively collaborate with non - profit interest groups. do you see differences regionally? how bad is the east coast in terms of light pollution? several new england states have taken great strides to protect their skies. the east coast has more light on the whole simply because it is more densely populated, not because the lighting is necessarily worse. we don ’ t see a huge difference regionally so much as from city to city. rural and urban areas across the world have enacted dark sky ordinances or are undertaking retrofits in public lighting ( usually as part of an energy saving endeavor ) and their lighting is much more thoughtful, more aesthetically pleasing, and more efficient than cities or townships that have not. what can you tell me about any legislation concerning light pollution, particularly on the east coast? in new york? ida ’ s newly opened public policy office in washington, dc is creating a lot of opportunities for collaboration with other non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) and some significant inroads with energy agencies and


, particularly on the east coast? in new york? ida ’ s newly opened public policy office in washington, dc is creating a lot of opportunities for collaboration with other non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) and some significant inroads with energy agencies and congressional leaders, but any national action is a long way off. many of these accomplishments have been spurred by leo smith, ida ’ s regional director for new england sections. connecticut is the furthest along in terms of addressing light pollution, with three state laws, one state building code requirement, and one requirement from the utility regulators to present a new streetlight rate for streetlights that are programmed to turn off at midnight are on the books. the new hampshire law, signed in july, also requires utility regulators to adopt a rate for streetlights that are turned off at midnight, as well as requiring shielded streetlights. maine and rhode island both require shielded streetlights. new york isn ’ t quite there yet, though night lighting has been addressed in several regions, namely the municipalities of tully, east hampton, southampton, tuxedo park, riverhead, and brookhaven. ida conducts third - party certification of light fixtures — how successful has this program been, how many certified fixtures are currently on the market and how receptive has the industry been to change? ida has reached out to the lighting industry since its inception. good quality light at night is necessary for safety, security, and recreation, but outdoor light is the main cause of light pollution. some members of the lighting community have been very apt to address this, and have worked to create products that minimize light pollution by directing light to the ground, where it is needed, instead of to the sky, where it becomes a wasteful nuisance. ida is fortunate to have support from these companies, because they provide the technology to make our mission effective. the fixture seal of approval program was started in 2005 to recognize lighting manufacturers who integrated the concept of full shielding into their fixture design and to encourage market expansion of dark sky - friendly products. any approved fixture must be fully shielded to emit no light above a 90 degree angle. this program has been wildly successful for both ida and the lighting manufacturers who join. the ida seal is gaining worldwide recognition and becoming a selling point for manufacturers and vendors alike, and the market for dark sky - friendly products is expanding as companies strive to design sleek, stylish, and efficient fixtures. over 100 manufacturers have joined the fsa program to date, featuring approximately 300 fixture models. what can consumers do to combat light


the market for dark sky - friendly products is expanding as companies strive to design sleek, stylish, and efficient fixtures. over 100 manufacturers have joined the fsa program to date, featuring approximately 300 fixture models. what can consumers do to combat light pollution? and then, what can architects, builders, planners do to combat light pollution? shield your light sources, especially floodlights. a “ par shield ” that clips on to the fixture makes a huge difference in directing light where you want it to go. if you install dark sky - friendly fixtures outside your home or business, you ’ ve already made a difference. look for the ida fixture seal of approval or purchase a fully - shielded or full - cutoff product. those who want to learn more or work toward creating an ordinance can join a local ida section ( information at darksky. org ) or contact a local astronomy club. architects and builders interested in sustainability can achieve leed credit 8, which specifically addresses outdoor lighting. again, purchasing and installing fully shielded fixtures in any new development is all it takes. the market now contains so many qualified fixtures that there is virtually no difference in price. light sent into the sky costs the u. s. approximately $ 2. 2 billion every year. as energy efficiency becomes imperative, city planners must consider improvements in public lighting as a long term way to reduce energy and conserve public funds. most streets can dramatically lessen their lighting without compromising driver response time or pedestrian safety. in your view, what ' s the most compelling reason for consumers to swap their traditional outdoor lighting to a dark sky fixture, and how are you getting that message out? the dark skies movement will resonate with anyone who recognizes the profound effect light has on a space, indoor or outdoor. seriously, what other small change can you make that affects wildlife, energy, and the ambiance of your entire neighborhood? in addition to the personal benefits you receive in terms of reduced energy use and a more pleasant personal space, a shift to dark sky - friendly lighting shows an awareness of the environment at large and a respect for the place you live. the dark sky message usually sells itself, once people become aware of it. ida ’ s wonderful volunteers do a phenomenal job in spreading enthusiasm for the cause. their interest in creating a sustainable, beautiful nighttime environment and their dedication to action is what drives the success this campaign. thanks to the hard work of ida volunteers worldwide, cities in the americas, europe, asia, and even australia are seeing the darkness. for more information about the


such was the condition in kansas at the opening of the presidential year of 1856, and it became one of the leading issues of the campaign. the whole country was aroused over reports from kansas, and it was impossible that such a question remain long out of the halls of congress, notwithstanding the claim of douglas that his famous bill would remove the slavery question from national politics. in may, 1856, senator sumner made a powerful speech on " the crime against kansas. " the speech was a fearful arraignment of the slave power. but the speaker went out of his way to abuse certain senators whom he did not like, especially senator butler of south carolina, who was then absent from the city, and who had made no special personal attack on sumner. charles sumner, with all his learning, was a narrow - minded man. he was opinionated, egotistical, and incapable of giving credit to another for an honest difference of opinion. but he was sincerely honest and courageous. ¹ his espousal of the cause of the slave when that cause was very unpopular rose from the innermost depths of his soul. his furious attack on butler was occasioned by the indignation expressed by the latter at the audacity of the topeka convention in applying for statehood. but sumner suffered severely for his extravagance. two days after making this speech, as he sat at his desk writing, after the senate had adjourned, he was assaulted with a cane by preston brooks, a member of the house and a relative of senator butler. brooks rained blows on sumner ' s head with great ferocity. sumner sat so near his desk that he had no chance to defend himself ; but at length he rose, wrenching the desk from its fastenings. brooks then grappled with him and continued his blows until sumner fell bleeding and unconscious to the floor. so great were the injuries of the massachusetts senator that he did not fully recover for four years ; and indeed, never after this assault was he the powerful, robust athlete that he had been before. no incident in many years revealed more vividly the vast gulf between the north and the south than did the different manner of their receiving the news of this assault on sumner² throughout the north the deed was denounced as a cowardly outrage, unworthy of any but a bully and a thug. at the south, where sumner was hated above all men, the verdict was that he received only the punishment he deserved. brooks was hailed as a champion and a hero, and was presented with


, unworthy of any but a bully and a thug. at the south, where sumner was hated above all men, the verdict was that he received only the punishment he deserved. brooks was hailed as a champion and a hero, and was presented with many canes. he resigned his seat in the house because of a majority vote - - not the necessary two thirds - - for his expulsion ; but he was immediately reelected by his district. ³ meantime matters were growing worse on the plains of kansas. on the day that intervened between the closing of sumner ' s speech and the assault by brooks the town of lawrence was sacked by a mob. the house of representatives sent a committee of three to kansas to investigate matters and report. this committee, composed of william a. howard of michigan, john sherman of ohio, and mordecai oliver of missouri, after examining several hundred witnesses, reported in july. howard and sherman reported favorably to the free - state party, but agreed that the election of reeder to congress, as that of whitfield, was illegal. oliver made a minority report favoring the southern view. with the attack on lawrence the civil war in kansas may be said to have begun. soon after this occurred the massacre of pottawatomie, the leader of which was john brown. brown had come from the east to join his sons, who had been among the early settlers of kansas. he was an ascetic and a fanatic. he had come to kansas to make it a free state at any hazard. he regarded slavery with a mortal hatred, and while his courage was unlimited and his intentions upright, his soul was too utterly narrow to see a thing in its true light. he believed that the only way to free the slaves was to kill the slaveholders. " without the shedding of blood, there is no remission of sins, " said john brown. a few free - state men, one of whom was a neighbor of brown, had been killed by the opposite party, and brown determined that an equal number of them should suffer death to expiate the crime. he organized a night raid - - his sons and a few others - - and started on his bloody errand. they called at one farmhouse after another and slew the men in cold blood. he did not inquire if they were guilty of not guilty ; enough if they belonged to the opposite party. one man was dragged from the presence of a sick wife. her pleadings that he be spared were not heeded. he


blood. he did not inquire if they were guilty of not guilty ; enough if they belonged to the opposite party. one man was dragged from the presence of a sick wife. her pleadings that he be spared were not heeded. he was murdered in cold blood in the road before his house. before the end of that bloody night raid brown ' s party had put six or seven men to death - - for no crime except that they belonged to the opposite party and had made threats - - an offense of which brown ' s party were equally guilty. when the news of this ghastly work was flashed over the country, the people in general refused to believe it ; and to the credit of the free - state people in kansas, they repudiated it as wholly unwarranted. ¹while he was uttering this speech, in which he attacked senator douglas also without mercy, the latter said to a friend : " do you hear that man? he may be a fool, but i tell you that he has pluck. " poore ' s " reminiscences, " vol. i, p. 461. ²rhodes, vol. ii, p. 143 ³brooks died the following january, and butler in may of the same year.


a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a modem self - test in which data from the keyboard or an internal test pattern is sent to the modem ' s transmitter, turned into analog form, looped back to the receiver, and converted back into digital form. a variety of signals and wavelengths that can be transmitted over communications lines such as the sound of a voice over the phone line. the mode used by your modem when answering an incoming call from an originating modem. the transmit / receive frequencies are the reverse of the originating modem, which is in originate mode. a computer program designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks. examples include word processing and spreadsheet applications. automatic repeat request. a function that allows your modem to detect flawed data and request that it be retransmitted. see mnp and v. 42. american standard code for information interchange. a code used to represent letters, numbers, and special characters such as $,!, and /. data transmission in which the length of time between transmitted characters may vary. because characters may not be transmitted at set intervals, start / stop bits are used to mark the beginning and end of each character. sets the modem to pick up the phone line when it detects a certain number of rings. see s - register s0 in the technical reference section of this guide. a process where your modem dials a call for you. the dialing process is initiated by sending an atdt ( dial tone ) or atdp ( dial pulse ) command followed by the telephone number. auto - dial is used to dial voice numbers. see basic data command dn in the technical reference section of this guide. a term used to measure the speed of an analog transmission from one point to another. although not technically accurate, baud rate is commonly used to mean bit rate. a 0 or 1, reflecting the use of the binary numbering system. used because the computer recognizes either of two states, off or on. shortened form of binary digit is bit. also referred to as transmission rate. the number of binary digits, or bits, transmitted per second ( bps ). communications channels using analog modems are established at set bit rates, commonly 2400, 4800, 9600, 14, 400, 28, 800, 33, 600, and higher. bits per second ( bps ) the bits ( binary digits ) per second rate. thousands


are established at set bit rates, commonly 2400, 4800, 9600, 14, 400, 28, 800, 33, 600, and higher. bits per second ( bps ) the bits ( binary digits ) per second rate. thousands of bits per second are expressed as kilobits per second ( kbps ). a temporary memory area used as storage during input and output operations. an example is the modem ' s command buffer. a group of binary digits stored and operated upon as a unit. most often the term refers to 8 - bit units or characters. one kilobyte ( kb ) is equal to 1, 024 bytes or characters ; 640 kb is equal to 655, 360 bytes or characters. the basic signal altered or modulated by the modem in order to carry information. a representation, coded in binary digits, of a letter, number, or other symbol. characters per second ( cps ) a data transfer rate generally estimated from the bit rate and the character length. for example, at 2400 bps, 8 - bit characters with start / stop bits ( for a total of ten bits per character ) will be transmitted at a rate of approximately 240 characters per second ( cps ). some protocols, such as error - control protocols, employ advanced techniques such as longer transmission frames and data compression to increase cps. class 1 and 2. 0 international standards used by fax application programs and faxmodems for sending and receiving faxes. cyclic redundancy checking ( crc ) an error - detection technique consisting of a test performed on each block or frame of data by both sending and receiving modems. the sending modem inserts the results of its tests in each data block in the form of a crc code. the receiving modem compares its results with the received crc code and responds with either a positive or negative acknowledgment. the transmission or sharing of data between computers via an electronic medium. data compression table a table containing values assigned for each character during a call under mnp5 data compression. default values in the table are continually altered and built during each call : the longer the table, the more efficient throughput gained. mode used by a modem when sending and receiving data files. data communications ( or circuit - terminating ) equipment, such as dial - up modems that establish and control the data link via the telephone network. any setting assumed, at startup or reset, by the computer ' s software and attached devices.


files. data communications ( or circuit - terminating ) equipment, such as dial - up modems that establish and control the data link via the telephone network. any setting assumed, at startup or reset, by the computer ' s software and attached devices. the computer or software will use these settings until changed by the user or other software. a test that checks the modem ' s rs - 232 interface and the cable that connects the terminal or computer and the modem. the modem receives data ( in the form of digital signals ) from the computer or terminal and immediately returns the data to the screen for verification. discrete, uniform signals. in this guide, the term refers to the binary digits 0 and 1. data terminal ( or terminating ) equipment. a computer that generates or is the final destination of data. indicates a communications channel capable of carrying signals in both directions. see half - duplex, full - duplex. electronic industries association ( eia ) group which defines electronic standards in the u. s. various techniques that check the reliability of characters ( parity ) or blocks of data. v. 42 and mnp error - control protocols use error detection ( crc ) and retransmission of flawed frames ( arq ). a method for transmitting the image on a page from one point to another. commonly referred to as fax. the mode used by a modem to send and receive data in facsimile format. see definitions for v. 17, v. 27 ter, v. 29. a mechanism that compensates for differences in the flow of data into and out of a modem or other device. see extended data commands & hn, & in, & rn in the technical reference section of this guide. a data communications term for a block of data with header and trailer information attached. the added information usually includes a frame number, block size data, error - check codes, and start / end indicators. signals can flow in both directions at the same time over one line. in microcomputer communications, this may refer to the suppression of the online local echo. signals can flow in both directions, but only one way at a time. in microcomputer communications, may refer to activation of the online local echo, which causes the modem to send a copy of the transmitted data to the screen of the sending computer. hertz, a frequency measurement unit used internationally to indicate cycles per second. an electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world. internet service


next higher speed. the mode used by your modem when initiating an outgoing call to a destination modem. the transmit / receive frequencies are the reverse of the called modem, which is in answer mode. a simple error - detection method that checks the validity of a transmitted character. character checking has been surpassed by more reliable and efficient forms of error checking, including v. 42 and mnp 2 - 4 protocols. either the same type of parity must be used by two communicating computers, or both may omit parity. a system of rules and procedures governing communications between two or more devices. protocols vary, but communicating devices must follow the same protocol in order to exchange data. the format of the data, readiness to receive or send, error detection and error correction are some of the operations that may be defined in protocols. random access memory. memory that is available for use when the modem is turned on, but that clears of all information when the power is turned off. the modem ' s ram holds the current operational settings, a flow control buffer, and a command buffer. remote digital loopback a test that checks the phone link and a remote modem ' s transmitter and receiver. a copy of the data received by the remote system, returned to the sending system, and displayed on the screen. remote echoing is a function of the remote system. read only memory. permanent memory, not user - programmable. the consecutive flow of data in a single channel. compare to parallel transmissions where data flows simultaneously in multiple channels. the signaling bits attached to a character before and after the character is transmitted during asynchronous transmission. a device whose keyboard and display are used for sending and receiving data over a communications link. differs from a microcomputer or a mainframe in that it has little or no internal processing capabilities. software mode that allows direct communication with the modem. also known as command mode. the amount of actual user data transmitted per second without the overhead of protocol information such as start / stop bits or frame headers and trailers. compare with characters per second. the itu - t standard specification that covers the initial handshaking process. an itu - t standard for making facsimile connections at 14, 400 bps, 12, 000 bps, 9, 600 bps, and 7, 200 bps. an itu - t standard for modems operating in asynchronous mode at speeds up to 300 bps, full - duplex, on public switched telephone


bps, 9, 600 bps, and 7, 200 bps. an itu - t standard for modems operating in asynchronous mode at speeds up to 300 bps, full - duplex, on public switched telephone networks. an itu - t standard for modem communications at 1, 200 bps, compatible with the bell 212a standard observed in the u. s. and canada. an itu - t standard for modem communications at 2, 400 bps. the standard includes an automatic link negotiation fallback to 1, 200 bps and compatibility with bell 212a / v. 22 modems. an itu - t standard for facsimile operations that specifies modulation at 4, 800 bps, with fallback to 2, 400 bps. an itu - t standard for facsimile operations that specifies modulation at 9, 600 bps, with fallback to 7, 200 bps. an itu - t standard for modem communications at 9, 600 bps and 4, 800 bps. v. 32 modems fall back to 4, 800 bps when line quality is impaired. an itu - t standard that extends the v. 32 connection range : 4, 800, 7, 200, 9, 600, 12, 000, and 14, 400 bps. v. 32 bis modems fall back to the next lower speed when line quality is impaired, fall back further as necessary, and also fall forward ( switch backup ) when line conditions improve ( see online fall back / fall forward ). an itu - t standard that currently allows data rates as high as 28, 800 bps. an enhancement to v. 34 that enables data transfer rates as high as 33, 600 bps. an itu - t standard for modem communications that defines a two - stage process of detection and negotiation for lapm error control. an extension of itu - t v. 42 that defines a specific data compression scheme for use during v. 42 connections. an itu - t standard for modem data compression. it provides for a 6 : 1 compression ratio. the itu - t standard for 56 kbps modem communications. this technology uses the digital telephone network to increase the bit rate of the receive channel by eliminating the analog to digital conversion commonly found in modem connections. v. 90 connections require a modem with v. 90 or x2 technology calling a digitally connected internet service provider or corporate host site compatible with v. 90


of the receive channel by eliminating the analog to digital conversion commonly found in modem connections. v. 90 connections require a modem with v. 90 or x2 technology calling a digitally connected internet service provider or corporate host site compatible with v. 90 or x2 technology. the itu - t standard for advanced 56 kbps modem communications. this technology offers three new features to enhance the v. 90 standard. the first feature is v. pcm - upstream, which allows a modem ' s upstream communication to reach speeds of 48, 000 bps. the second feature provides quicker connection times by allowing the modem to remember the line conditions of a v. 92 supported service provider. the third feature is the modem on hold technology, which allows your internet connection to be suspended when there is an inbound telephone call, then return to the connection when the call is completed without losing the connection. the v. 92 technology can only be utilized if a v. 92 modem is dialing into an internet service provider that supports and provides a digital v. 92 signal. world wide web ( www ) a part of the internet designed to allow easier navigation of the network through the use of graphical user interfaces and hypertext links between different addresses. usrobotics ' s trademark for its proprietary technology that uses the digital telephone network to increase the bit rate of the receive channel by eliminating the analog - to - digital conversion commonly found in modem connections. x2 connections require a modem with x2 technology calling a digitally connected internet service provider or corporate host site compatible with x2 technology. standard ascii control characters used to tell an intelligent device to stop / resume transmitting data.


outcome thinking with socrates purpose : to provide an easy - to - remember summary of the key criteria and questions to help you develop a really “ well - formed outcome ”. using this model will significantly increase personal achievement over time and can also increase the immediate effectiveness of all your activities, for example, in meetings, negotiations and personal coaching sessions. | s | | specify your goal | | what is the specific goal you really want to achieve? is it stated in positive language? if “ moving away from ” the present state, what do you want instead of the problem? | o | | own it | | is it within your control to make happen? if not, what can you bring within control? | c | | check your evidence for having achieved it | | step into it – ‘ as if ’ it is already achieved. allow it to become fully associated in your mind : what are you seeing? what are you hearing? what are you feeling? what are you thinking? | r | | remember how you ’ ve achieved this particular goal | | looking back, how have you done this? what skills and resources have you used? | a | | add in your higher level ‘ interests ’ | | what does achieving this do for you? | what does it mean to you? what else is important to you about this? | t | | test against the needs of others most closely affected | | how does your achievement ‘ dovetail ’ with the needs of others affected by it? | is this acceptable to you? what do they need at the same time? | e | | ecology and other effects | | looking at the bigger systems that may be affected : | what is the impact of this achievement? what are the further consequences? what other ripples can you identify? | s | | step out and start | | looking back, what were your first steps? dissociate – is the image truly compelling? test commitment ( a score out of 10 ) 10 = committed 8 - 9 ask what has to be true to make it 10? 7 or less? – check for any hidden positive by - products of the present state and incorporate them. or, change the goal!


this story is from the category embodiment date posted : 17 / 11 / 2011 if you tell yourself that someone who ' s being mean is just having a bad day - - it ' s not about you - - you may actually be able to stave off bad feelings, according to a new study which will be published in an upcoming issue of psychological science, a journal of the association for psychological science. having someone angry at you isn ' t pleasant. a strategy commonly suggested in cognitive - behavioral psychotherapy is to find another way to look at the angry person. for example, you might tell yourself that they ' ve probably just lost their dog or gotten a cancer diagnosis and are taking it out on you. stanford researchers jens blechert, gal sheppes, carolina di tella, hants williams, and james j. gross wanted to study the efficiency and the speed of the process of reappraising emotions. " you can see this as a kind of race between the emotional information and the reappraisal information in the brain : emotional processing proceeds from the back to the front of the brain, and the reappraisal is generated in the front of the brain and proceeds toward the back of the brain where it modifies emotional processing, " blechert says. blechert and his colleagues came up with two experiments to study this process. participants were shown several series of faces and tested on their reactions. for example, in one set, they were told to consider that the people they ' d seen had had a bad day, but it ' s nothing to do you with you. " so we trained the participants a little bit, not to take this emotion personally, but directed at someone else, " blechert says. they found that, once people had adjusted their attitude toward someone, they weren ' t disturbed by that person ' s angry face the next time it appeared. on the other hand, when participants were told to just feel the emotions brought on by an angry face, they continued to be upset by that face. in a second study, the researchers recorded electrical brain activity from the scalp and found that reappraising wiped out the signals of the negative emotions people felt when they just looked at the faces. psychologists used to think that people had to feel the negative emotion, and then get rid of it ; this research suggests that, if people are prepared, it ' s actually a much faster and deeper process. " if you ' re trained with reappraisal, and


african americans in the bluegrass whether you are spending a day, a week or longer in the bluegrass region, you and your family will learn fascinating information about african americans. gleanings from your travels will become answers to questions that you might not ever have thought to ask. history in the heart of downtown the public square at the center of downtown was platted in 1780 as the site of the courthouse for the newly established town of lexington. the square has always been, and still is, a place where significant events and community activities have occurred. archive records tell of a fight between a school teacher and a wildcat, controversial slave auctions, military drills, civil war skirmishes, riots, hangings, speeches and fires that destroyed previous courthouses. this history has been inclusive of african americans both enslaved and free. by 1789, an area of the square had been designated as a marketplace and named after the market in london, england - cheapside ( old english ceapan means to buy ). william tucker ( 1787 - 1837 ), a free african american, was one of the merchants who advertised the sale of household items and spices from his stall. farmers and others, during their monthly visits to transact legal business, bought, sold and swapped livestock and agricultural products. the sale activity, known as court day, ended in 1921. historian j. winston coleman, jr. documented two dozen dealers in lexington who bought and sold the enslaved between 1833 and 1865. this commercial enterprise established lexington as one of the largest slave markets in the south. the cheapside auction block stood near main street in the general vicinity of the monument for j. c. breckinridge. the historical marker giving an account of the sale of african americans stands in the northeast courtyard on short street. it was placed on the former site of the whipping post, erected by order of town trustees in 1806. the impressive romanesque design courthouse, the fourth built on site, was erected between 1898 and 1900. the tandy and byrd construction company, owned by african americans henry tandy and albert byrd, laid the brick under the stone facade. in 2003 the building became the lexington history center ; it closed in 2012 for renovation. | blue note : a number of nationally known individuals started their lives in kentucky. vertner tandy ( 1885 - 1949 ), son of constructor henry tandy, became the first licensed architect in new york and a founding member of the alpha phi alpha fraternal organization. he designed the new york mansion of madam c. j. walker, the


1885 - 1949 ), son of constructor henry tandy, became the first licensed architect in new york and a founding member of the alpha phi alpha fraternal organization. he designed the new york mansion of madam c. j. walker, the hair care product millionaire and berea hall dormitory on the campus of lincoln institute, simpsonville. | in 2009, cheapside once again became an open - air market when area farmers and merchants began selling fresh produce and food products every saturday from april through november. the pavilion also serves as performance space for musicians during “ thursday night live ” and shelters those who attend local festivals, events and celebrations. walk around the square to read the wayside markers and stroll our downtown streets to view other points of interest. historical highway markers are located throughout lexington. those highlighting african american history include : doctors ' offices at 118 n. broadway ; historic pleasant green baptist church at 540 maxwell street ; lyman t. johnson who integrated the university of kentucky on administration drive ; polk / dalton infirmary at 148 deweese street ; african cemetery no. 2 at 419 east seventh street ; the colored orphan home at 644 georgetown street ; the agricultural and mechanical fair of colored people at georgetown street past nandino drive ; and maddoxtown community on huffman mill road. main street baptist church will be placing a marker at their church in 2013 celebrating 150 years at their west main street location. | blue note : the aviation museum at bluegrass airport off man - o - war boulevard and u. s. hwy 60 has an exhibit about the tuskegee airmen of kentucky as well as other aviation history. 4316 hanger drive, behind the airport. ( 859 ) 231 - 1219. | equine industry superstars plan a visit to the kentucky horse park by traveling down hwy 922, newtown pike, to iron works pike. on the way, you ’ ll pass the coldstream research farm on the left. it was once the thoroughbred breeding farm mcgrathiana, owned by h. p. mcgrath. on this farm worked oliver lewis, the african american jockey who won the inaugural kentucky derby in 1875. the winning thoroughbred was aristides, trained by renowned african american ansel williamson. williamson was inducted into the national museum of racing and hall of fame in 1998. outlining a portion of the original boundary of the farm is a rock wall fence. a sign designates that it was crafted by african american masons who had replaced the scottish and irish immigrant stone masons of the 1840s and 1850s. admission


1998. outlining a portion of the original boundary of the farm is a rock wall fence. a sign designates that it was crafted by african american masons who had replaced the scottish and irish immigrant stone masons of the 1840s and 1850s. admission to the kentucky horse park includes both the international museum of the horse and the american saddle horse museum. african americans were the national sports superstars during the early development of the thoroughbred racing and saddlebred horse industries. there are memorials to isaac murphy, the first african american jockey to win three kentucky derbies, and the famous thoroughbred, man - o - war and his groom, will harbut. " the buffalo soldiers of the western frontier " is a permanent exhibit housed in the international museum of the horse. pick up a dvd produced by the american saddlebred association entitled " out of the shadows ", the story of african american trainers and owners. ( 859 ) 233 - 4303. | blue note : the rock fences seen as you travel the roadways are of limestone that was uncovered in fields being cultivated for agriculture as well as quarried. most were dry laid - without the use of mortar. the lexington fayette urban county government has ordinances in place that encourage the preservation and restoration of area stone fences. the nonprofit dry stone conservancy has taken on the task of preserving and restoring the stone fences by conducting workshops to train new masons in old techniques. look for signs that designate the dates, styles and builders of these fences. | african americans played an important role in the development of the racing industry. stop by the lexington public library downtown and you ’ ll see a mural highlighting a number of influential early african american jockeys, and the world ’ s largest ceiling clock as well! ( 859 ) 231 - 5501. the stories of slaves and soldiers another day ' s tour can take you just outside lexington to waveland, site of a restored historic mansion and slave quarters. head south on nicholasville road, then turn right onto waveland museum lane. the stone building where the enslaved were housed and worked has been preserved and furnished with period artifacts. the guides tell you the history of enslaved on the property in conjunction with the story of the bryan family, relatives of daniel boone, who lived in the mansion house. ( 859 ) 272 - 3611. leaving waveland, turn right onto hwy 27 again and travel south past nicholasville, taking the 27 bypass. signs let you know you are approaching camp nelson, established in 1863 as a supply


house. ( 859 ) 272 - 3611. leaving waveland, turn right onto hwy 27 again and travel south past nicholasville, taking the 27 bypass. signs let you know you are approaching camp nelson, established in 1863 as a supply camp for the union army during the civil war. it became the third largest recruitment and training center for african americans who formed the regiments known as the united states colored troops. kentucky recruiters enlisted 23, 700 african americans, primarily among those who were enslaved. some 10, 000 began their training at camp nelson. the camp originally encompassed 4, 000 acres and held 300 buildings which were dismantled following the war. the house that was used as headquarters was saved and has been restored. guided tours are available. a self guided tour of the grounds will lead you to the camp ' s earthen fortifications which are being restored. a number of artifacts which have been unearthed can be viewed in the interpretive center, a replica of a barracks. camp nelson heritage park was added to the national parks underground railroad network to freedom in 2007. the third weekend in september, the park celebrates camp nelson days. the site comes alive with re - enactors of the 12th heavy regiment of the usct and other military units. lectures and demonstrations ( firing of the cannon, cavalry charges, open fire cooking ) help you experience some of what camp life was like for the soldiers as well as the families who escaped slavery and became free. adjacent to the heritage park is the national military cemetery. in an original section, the grave sites of african american soldiers can be found. check the list of those who are interred to see if you might have relatives who were veterans. just beyond the park are several kentucky highway markers that tell the history as it relates to the formation of the hall community and the ariel school established following the closing of the camp. ( 859 ) 881 - 5716. | blue note : the town of nicholasville is the birthplace of morgan and marvin smith, the twin brothers whose photography captured images of harlem, new york between 1935 and 1952. | cousins of influence lexington and richmond are the locations of homes of two influential men who were cousins. ashland, the henry clay estate is located at 120 sycamore drive, just off richmond road. at its zenith, the estate encompassed over 600 acres which were developed, cultivated and harvested by 50 enslaved at one time by mr. clay ' s telling. the farming operations also included active livestock breeding of horses, sheep and cattle. an interpretive history of the work performed


the estate encompassed over 600 acres which were developed, cultivated and harvested by 50 enslaved at one time by mr. clay ' s telling. the farming operations also included active livestock breeding of horses, sheep and cattle. an interpretive history of the work performed by the enslaved in the management of the farm and household is presented. there are archival panels along with a sketch of charles dupuy, a member of the family responsible for the personal care of the clay household. the dupuy family traveled to washington, d. c. when henry clay was appointed secretary of state in 1825 and lived in the decatur house, the clay ’ s official residence. the story of charlotte dupuy ' s lawsuit filed in 1829, petitioning for her freedom as well as that of her two children, is truly fascinating. charlotte did not win the suit, but henry clay did finally emancipate her and her two children, charles and mary ann, in the 1840s. there are archive photos of the t. h. hummons ' family and other african americans who were employed in the household from the 1900s to 1964. ( 859 ) 266 - 8581. from the henry clay estate, turn right onto richmond road and take i - 75 south to richmond, exit 95, to discover white hall state historic site, the home of henry clay ' s cousin. the road leads to the home of cassius marcellus clay - not the boxer - but the man who served as ambassador to russia during abraham lincoln ' s presidency. cassius became an ardent emancipationist, having freed 50 of those enslaved to him in 1844. he printed the true american, a newspaper in 1845 promoting the emancipation of the enslaved. white hall, a 44 room italianate mansion, makes an impressive appearance as you approach the entrance. | blue note : cassius m. clay supported the founding of berea college in 1855, donating both land and money. founder john g. fee promoted the idea of a school where students from the appalachian region could be educated regardless of race and income. julia britton, grandmother of benjamin hooks, director of the naacp, john h. jackson, first president of kentucky state university and carter g. woodson, founder of black history week, were graduates. the college is located in berea, ky, just south of richmond. you can spend a full day in the town enjoying the food, crafts and history. | at the right rear of the house is a stone building that was used as housing and workspace for the enslaved. several of