{"text": "no. 24 ; updated march 2011 click here to download and print a pdf version of this document. parents are usually the first to recognize that their child has a problem with emotions or behavior. still, the decision to seek professional help can be difficult and painful for a parent. the first step is to gently try to talk to the child. an honest open talk about feelings can often help. parents may choose to consult with the child ' s physicians, teachers, members of the clergy, or other adults who know the child well. these steps may resolve the problems for the child and family. following are a few signs which may indicate that a child and adolescent psychiatric evaluation will be useful. - marked fall in school performance - poor grades in school despite trying very hard - severe worry or anxiety, as shown by regular refusal to go to school, go to sleep or take part in activities that are normal for the child ' s age - frequent physical complaints - hyperactivity ; fidgeting ; constant movement beyond regular playing with or without difficulty paying attention - persistent nightmares - persistent disobedience or aggression ( longer than 6 months ) and provocative opposition to authority figures - frequent, unexplainable temper tantrums - threatens to harm or kill oneself - marked decline in school performance - inability to cope with problems and daily activities - marked changes in sleeping and / or eating habits - extreme difficulties in concentrating that get in the way at school or at home - sexual acting out - depression shown by sustained, prolonged negative mood and attitude, often accompanied by poor appetite, difficulty sleeping or thoughts of death - severe mood swings - strong worries or anxieties that get in the way of daily life, such as at school or socializing - repeated use of alcohol and / or drugs - intense fear of becoming obese with no relationship to actual body weight, excessive dieting, throwing up or using laxatives to loose weight - persistent nightmares - threats of self - harm or harm to others - self - injury or self destructive behavior - frequent outbursts of anger, aggression - repeated threats to run away - aggressive or non - aggressive consistent violation of rights of others ; opposition to authority, truancy, thefts, or vandalism - strange thoughts, beliefs, feelings, or unusual behaviors see other facts for families : # 25 where to seek help for your child # 52 comprehensive psychiatric evaluation # 57 normal adolescent development, middle school, and early high school years # 58 normal adolescent development, late high school year and beyond # 00 definition of a child and adolescent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4769823461888727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:673b1bf6-2c30-40ae-992b-c387d00a836a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.920291"}
{"text": "making the case for action this fact sheet ( pdf ) and slide deck provide essential state - specific information that addresses the economic imperative, the equity imperative, and the expectations imperative of the college - and career - ready agenda. these resources can be used on their own or serve as the foundation for a personalized presentation or fact sheet ( word ), which can be customized with state - specific details and examples. the powerpoint, in particular, was developed with various users in mind and offers a wide range of case - making data that can be drawn from to support your own advocacy efforts. advancing the agenda as states continue their efforts to promote college and career readiness, achieve regularly surveys the states to identify their progress in adopting critical college - and career - ready policies. below is a summary of idaho ' s progress to date : see closing the expectations gap for more information state accountability systems focus the efforts of teachers, students, parents, administrators and policymakers to ensure that students and schools meet the established goals, including the goal of ensuring all students graduate ready for college and careers. idaho has yet to begin to use any of the key college - and career - ready indicators in their accountability system. | annual school - level public reporting | | statewide performance goals | | school - level incentives | | accountability formula | | earning a college - and career - ready diploma | | scoring college - ready on a high school assessment | | earning college credit while in high school | | requiring remedial courses in college | for an explanation of the indicators, their uses and achieve \u2019 s minimum criteria for college - and career - ready accountability, see here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46919419757360015, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b2c1a91-4f52-464d-ad69-49c1cbadaba8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.925297"}
{"text": "a land whose rich cultural heritage is discovered not only from within the walls of numerous museums, galleries and churches, many of which today, as zero category monuments are included in a part of the unesco world heritage list, but also in that magical place on the mediterranean, where even the shortest stroll becomes a journey down a staircase thousands of years old, which takes one through a history that is at the same time turbulent, exciting and glorious. with as many as seven cultural phenomena - the festivity of saint blaise, lace - making in lepoglava, hvar and pag, the bell ringers from the kastav region, the hvar procession za krizem, ( \u2018 following the cross \u2019 ), two - part singing in the istrian scale, in istria and hrvatsko primorje, the spring procession of \u2018 ljelje \u2019 and traditional manufacture of wooden toys in the hrvatsko zagorje region, croatia is among the countries with the most protected intangible cultural heritage elements, recorded on the unesco list. the famous scientist nikola tesla ( 1856 - 1943 ), inventor of alternating current. was born in smiljan, croatia, died in new york, usa. dog breed dalmatian originates from these areas? in a small franciscan monastery in zaostrog, there is a painting from 1724 which for the first time depicts a dalmatian dog \u2026 slavoljub eduard penkala in 1906, a croat slavoljub eduard penkala for the first time applied for a patent for a ballpoint ( penkala ) and a holder for a fountain pen. from time immemorial, the tie has been a part of the croatian national costume, which was preserved by the croats to the more recent times, who moved to central europe in the 16th century. it was later taken over by the croatian soldiers who were fighting in europe, and a part of their uniform was assumed by the french in the 17th century. under the leadership of the french \u201e god of sun \" louis xiv there was a horsemen unit, the so - called royal cravate, who wore mostly red collar ribbons. the custom of wearing ribbons from the croats dates back to this time, which was later expanded around europe and the world, and today is inevitably the most important detail in men ' s fashion, and also an original croatian souvenir. the word \u00ab kravata \u00bb ( tie ) originates from the word \u00ab kroate \u00bb... the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5211394044048225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a69aabbc-f529-4d67-843a-a5c3cb4e8fe0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.937866"}
{"text": "world, and today is inevitably the most important detail in men ' s fashion, and also an original croatian souvenir. the word \u00ab kravata \u00bb ( tie ) originates from the word \u00ab kroate \u00bb... the world traveler and explorer marco polo was born in 1254, most probably on the island of korcula. even today, there are people living on the island with the same last name.. island of vrnik is situated in the archipelago of the peljesac canal in front of the east coast of korcula island, widely known for its stone - pit of quality lime - stone ( marble ) from which aia sofia ( istanbul ) and the while house ( washington ) were partly built as were some palaces - town halls in dubrovnik, stockholm, venice, vienna. visit to the fertile plains of baranja where the grapes have been cultivated for centuries, is not complete if you do not taste the \" golden drops \" of baranja ' s vineyards. according to the old manuscripts, vine was a usual drink at the royal court of maria teresa, and the ancient romans, delighted with its bouquet and with the sun rises and sunsets of that region, called it the \" golden hill \"... there is a ulysses ' cave on the island of mljet. it was named after a story which says that a famous adventurer stranded on the nearby cliff ogiron, where he met the nymph calypso with whom he fell in love, and spent unforgettable moments in her company... red - white coat of arms recognizable all over the world, and related only to croats - characteristic cube - shaped red - white coat of arms which is believed to originate from the persian original homeland of croats ( red signifies south and white signifies north ). that is where the name for two croatias derives from, i. e. white in north and red in south. when the croats have selected ferdinand habsburg to be their king in cetine in 1527, they confirmed that choice with some seals, and one of them was croatian coat of arms, but with 64 fields, i. e. the complete chess - board. that is where the popular term \u201e sahovnica \" derives from, and sah ( chess ) in persian means the ruler - tsar. did you know that there is a world rarity in the archeological museum in zagreb? of course, we are talking about the zagreb mummy. nesi - hensu, the wife of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44874290926262295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a69aabbc-f529-4d67-843a-a5c3cb4e8fe0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.938794"}
{"text": "sah ( chess ) in persian means the ruler - tsar. did you know that there is a world rarity in the archeological museum in zagreb? of course, we are talking about the zagreb mummy. nesi - hensu, the wife of aher - hensu, \u201e the divine tailor \" from thebes, is the name of a mummified woman who was wrapped in cut ribbons of zagreb linen book which represents the longest preserved text in etruscan language and the only preserved sample of linen book in the entire ancient world. top seven world getaways the american magazine \" in style \" has included croatia on its list of seven top world destinations ( \" top seven world getaways \" ). the article authors recommend a visit to croatia for its very rich historical - cultural heritage, natural beauties and clean sea. in addition to croatia, the list of top seven places includes kenya, south africa, london, greek island santorini and three american destinations - aspen, napa valley and nantucket. every day, for over hundred and ten years, the cannon fires from the top of tower lotrscak exactly at noon in memory of an event from zagreb history. according to the legend, exactly at noon, the gric canon fired a discharge from lotrscak to the turkish camp located across sava and blew out a rooster ( or a turkey ) which the cook was taking to pasha on a platter. after this event, the turks scattered and did not attack zagreb...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48302260110997486, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a69aabbc-f529-4d67-843a-a5c3cb4e8fe0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.939659"}
{"text": "adopt many methods to determine whether the unborn baby is a boy or a girl. the chinese pregnancy calendar is an often used method to know about the gender of the new life in the mothers womb. is an ancient way for predicting the gender of the unborn baby it is also known as a chinese conception chart, or the chinese conception calendar. it is believed that this ancient method is highly accurate, although no clinical studies verify these chart is an ancient chinese secret a chinese scientist developed this calendar, 700 years ago. according to a legend, the chinese is capable of predicting the baby gender based on two variables : the baby month of conception and the mothers age. chart was kept in a royal tomb, near the city of peking in china in ancient times. now this original chinese chart is on display at the beijing institute of science. many people, especially the chinese, believe that the original chinese pregnancy calendar is almost 100 % according to studies, the chinese pregnancy calendar has been found to be 97 % effective in predicting a baby gender. this accuracy is credited to the use of chinese lunar calendar pregnancy calendar is dependent on the lunar calendar. it is based on the month a baby is conceived and not the birth month. the second factor is the mothers age at the time of conception, adding 9 months to her age to adjust the lunar calendar. conceived month from january to december is listed on the top row of the chinese chart, and the left column of age during the conception. you need to follow the steps given below to get the most accurate result from the chinese pregnancy by the boy approaches more often, than pregnancy an girl. on statistical given beside young and sound parents more often birth boys, but beside of parents of more senior age on the contrary. 1. note down your age at the time of conception. 2. add 9 months to the age to adjust to the lunar calendar. 3. also note down the month when the baby was conceived. 4. now simply search for the conceived month across the top portion of the chart and the age on the left side of the chart. 5. lastly, follow these two coordinates to the spot where they intersect, and that will show you either a box containing b boy, or g comparison to the chinese pregnancy calendar, the ultrasound during the 7th or 8th month of is a more reliable method to know the gender of the child. in fact an ultrasound is use to monitor the week by week development right from conception till child birth. it is a boy or a girl, what does it matter? what matters is that you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45004792483863326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7082439-68e9-45b6-a427-4600dceaf5e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.943076"}
{"text": "a more reliable method to know the gender of the child. in fact an ultrasound is use to monitor the week by week development right from conception till child birth. it is a boy or a girl, what does it matter? what matters is that you have fun guessing the gender of your unborn baby using the chinese pregnancy all along use a journal to record your development week by week. more radio frequency to conceive aihe male sex is connected with that spermatozoidum, carrying male y - chromosome, several more movable, than carrying x - chromosome, and has more chances earlier to reach ovules. but healled spermatozoidum with x - chromosome more viable and can more long to survive in wombs of pipe, and wait a period of one of the ways of planning of conceiving boy or girl is based on such abilities an spermatozoidum. in the first place it is necessary exactly to define a date of ovulations. so, if beside you menstruations regular, the day of ovulations constant and possible produce an uncomplicated calculation. if you want conceive boy or girl, you must adjust last sexual contact before a data of ovulations. if you to planned conceive of boy or girl study has shown that method efficient in 80 % events aproximately. used and other ways of planning conceive boy or girl, based on calculations \" biological rhythms \", astrological forecasts and etc. but from medical standpoints these methods not motivated. a sex of aihe during pregnancy. by means of the ultrasound during of pregnancy possible to define a sex of future child. this better and easier to realize at late terms of pregnancy, after 22 - 26 weeks. then results will more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49405690310583444, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7082439-68e9-45b6-a427-4600dceaf5e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.945577"}
{"text": "average life span in the wild : 12 years size : 21 in ( 50 cm ) weight : 14. 4 oz ( 408 g ) did you know? chameleons don ' t change colors to match their surroundings. each species displays distinct color patterns to indicate specific reactions or emotions. the meller ' s chameleon is the largest of the chameleons not native to madagascar. their stout bodies can grow to be up to two feet ( two - thirds of a meter ) long and weigh more than a pound ( one - half kilogram ). meller ' s distinguish themselves from their universally bizarre - looking cousins with a single small horn protruding from the front of their snouts. this and their size earn them the common name \" giant one - horned chameleon. \" they are fairly common in the savanna of east africa, including malawi, northern mozambique, and tanzania. almost one - half of the world \u2019 s chameleons live on the island of madagascar. as with all chameleons, meller ' s will change colors in response to stress and to communicate with other chameleons. their normal appearance is deep green with yellow stripes and random black spots. females are slightly smaller, but are otherwise indistinguishable from males. they subsist on insects and small birds, using their camouflage and a lightning - fast, catapulting tongue, which can be up to 20 inches ( 50 centimeters ) long, to ambush prey. exotic pet enthusiasts often attempt to keep meller ' s chameleons as pets. however, they are highly susceptible to even the slightest level of stress and are very difficult to care for in captivity. in the wild, they can live as long as 12 years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38514314449309267, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c71b6db-6728-48b5-96b5-05fbc0b5bb4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.947499"}
{"text": "nuclear energy in france nuclear energy is the cornerstone of french energy policy. in the \u2018 70s france chose to develop nuclear as its base load electricity source as a response to the oil crisis and assure its energy independence. nuclear electricity production : france currently counts 58 commercial nuclear reactors in operation responsible for producing 80 % of french domestic electricity. as a comparison, the 104 us reactors produces 20 % of us electricity. despite scarce natural resources, france has reached an energy independence of 50 % thanks to its strategic choice for nuclear energy. environment : as well as providing safe and reliable energy, nuclear helps to reduce french greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding the release of 31 billions tones of carbon dioxide ( contrary to coal or gas generation ) and making france the less carbon emitting country within the oecd. as a leader in nuclear energy, france has developed clean technology for radioactive waste disposal. reprocessing currently allows france to recover valuable elements from spent fuels and permit a significant reduction of high level waste and lead to safer and optimized containment, for final radioactive waste disposition. french nuclear power plants produces only 10 g / year / inhabitant of highly radioactive waste. international cooperation and research : france is one of the forerunner in nuclear research and participates in numerous international cooperation programs alongside the united states such as the development of the next generation of nuclear power plants ( gen iv ) and the international thermonuclear experimental reactor ( iter ) that will be built in cadarache, south of france. the french atomic energy commission ( cea ) the french atomic energy commission is a public body established in october 1945 by general de gaulle. it constitutes a power of expertise and proposition for the authorities. a leader in research, development and innovation, the cea is involved in three main fields : it develops and acquires the technological building blocks necessary to the development of the nuclear reactors of the future ( contribution to generation iv and gnep research ), it contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emission with its research on hydrogen, fuel cells, biomass, energy storage \u2026, it supports the nuclear utilities in france by optimizing the nuclear power plants of the french nuclear fleet and by optimizing the fuel cycle, it offers safe and economically viable technical solutions for managing nuclear waste, it conducts fundamental research in climate and environmental sciences, high energy physics, astrophysics, fusion, nanosciences \u2026 information and health technologies : it tackles micro and nano - technologies for telecommunication and nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and medical imaging, it researches programs on biotechnology, molecular labelling, bio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42627724259421373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5c220a7-7276-4cf2-9208-33679d478b1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.952765"}
{"text": ", high energy physics, astrophysics, fusion, nanosciences \u2026 information and health technologies : it tackles micro and nano - technologies for telecommunication and nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and medical imaging, it researches programs on biotechnology, molecular labelling, biomolecular engineering and structural biology, it shares its knowledge and know - how through education and training through the national institute for nuclear sciences and technologies ( instn ), it manages over 300 priority patents and is active in the creation of clusters. defense and national security : it conceives, builds, maintains then dismantles the nuclear warhead of the french deterrence force, it helps to fight against nuclear, biological and chemical weapons ( nrbc program ). the missions of the cea are similar to the department of energy in the united states. the cea has a network of counselor or representatives in french embassies around the world ( see joint map ). the french nuclear safety authority ( asn ) created in 2006, from the former dsin ( directorate for the safety of nuclear facilities ), the french nuclear safety authority is an independent administrative authority which is tasked with regulating nuclear safety and radiation protection in order to protect workers, patients, the public and the environment from the risks involved in nuclear activities. it also contributes to informing the public. like the nuclear regulatory commission in the united states, it carries out inspections and may pronounce sanctions, up to and including suspension of operation of an installation. french institute for radioprotection and nuclear safety ( irsn ) created in 2001 by merging the protection and nuclear safety institute ( ipsn ) and the ionizing radiations protection office ( opri ), the institute for radioprotection and nuclear safety is a public establishment of an industrial and commercial nature placed under the joint authority of the ministries of the environment, health, industry, research and defense. it is the expert in safety research and specialized assessments into nuclear and radiological risk serving public authorities whose work is complementary to the asn. its scope of activities includes : environment and response, human radiological protection, research on the prevention of major accidents, power reactor safety, fuel cycle facility safety, research installation safety, waste management safety ; nuclear defense expertise. national radioactive waste management agency ( andra ) created in 1991, the french national agency for radioactive waste management is a public industrial and commercial organization that operates independently of waste producers. it is responsible for the long - term management of radioactive waste produced in france under the supervision of the french ministries for energy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5179968152181899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5c220a7-7276-4cf2-9208-33679d478b1f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.953851"}
{"text": "in 1991, the french national agency for radioactive waste management is a public industrial and commercial organization that operates independently of waste producers. it is responsible for the long - term management of radioactive waste produced in france under the supervision of the french ministries for energy, research and the environment. it can be compared to a certain extent to the office for nuclear waste of the department of energy in the united states. andra also pursues industrial, research, and information activities as it designs and implements disposal solutions suited to each category of radioactive waste : the collection, conditioning, disposal of radioactive waste from small producers ( hospitals, research centers, industry ), specification of waste packages for disposal, disposal in suited sites, monitoring of closed disposal facilities, research programs for long - lived and high level activity waste, especially through the operation of an underground research laboratory in a deep clay formation \u2026 general directorate for energy and climate ( dgec ) the general directorate for energy and climate represents the government and is part of the office of the department for ecology and sustainable development. it defines the french nuclear policy. the dgec takes care of the energy supply, the security of supply, oil refining and logistics, nuclear industry, and coal and mines. consequently, its activities include : the design and implement energy and raw material supply policy, to ensure opening of electricity and gas markets, track key energy and raw material sectors, to oversee enterprises and public institutions in energy sector, to ensure compliance with rules and regulations governing energy sector, to participate in european and international energy projects and working groups, to provide economic, environmental, and fiscal expertise on energy matters. the rise of nuclear power generation in france.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45261668218297824, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5c220a7-7276-4cf2-9208-33679d478b1f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.954566"}
{"text": "mexican america - introduction \" mexican america \" is a sampling of objects from the collections of the national museum of american history. the stories behind these objects reflect the history of the mexican presence in the united states. they illustrate a fundamentally american story about the centuries - old encounter between distinct ( yet sometimes overlapping ) communities that have coexisted but also clashed over land, culture, and livelihood. who, where, and what is mexico? over time, the definitions and boundaries of mexico have changed. the aztec empire and the area where nahautl was spoken \u2014 today the region surrounding modern mexico city \u2014 was known as mexico. for 300 years, the spanish colonizers renamed it new spain. when mexico was reborn in 1821 as a sovereign nation, its borders stretched from california to guatemala. it was a huge and ancient land of ethnically, linguistically, and economically diverse regions that struggled for national unity. texas, ( then part of the mexican state of coahuila y tejas ) was a frontier region far from the dense cities and fertile valleys of central mexico, a place where immigrants were recruited from the united states. the immigrants in turn declared the mexican territory an independent republic in 1836 ( later a u. s. state ), making the state the first cauldron of mexican american culture. by 1853, the government of mexico, the weaker neighbor of an expansionist united states, had lost what are today the states of california, nevada, utah, arizona, new mexico, texas, and parts of colorado and wyoming. in spite of the imposition of a new border, the historical and living presence of spaniards, mexicans, indigenous peoples, and their mixed descendants remained a defining force in the creation of the american west. \u201c la america mexicana \u201d es una muestra conformada por objetos provenientes de las distintas colecciones del museo nacional de historia americana. estos objetos reflejan la historia de la presencia mexicana en los estados unidos e ilustran una cronica fundamentalmente americana acerca del encuentro centenario entre comunidades diferentes que han coexistido, pero que tambien se han enfrentado, en la pugna por la tierra, la cultura y el sustento. \u00bf quien, donde y que es mexico? con el transcurso del tiempo, las definiciones y los limites de mexico han ido cam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45952905869091465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff577d1a-83b8-467c-af1c-4c0aa2ead4fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.962870"}
{"text": "por la tierra, la cultura y el sustento. \u00bf quien, donde y que es mexico? con el transcurso del tiempo, las definiciones y los limites de mexico han ido cambiando. se conocia como mexico al imperio azteca y toda el area donde se hablaba nahuatl \u2014 actualmente la region circundante a la ciudad de mexico. durante 300 anos los colonizadores espanoles se refirieron a ella como nueva espana. cuando en 1821 mexico resurgio como una nacion soberana, sus fronteras se extendian desde california a guatemala. en ese entonces era un antiguo e inmenso territorio conformado por regiones etnica, linguistica y economicamente diversas que luchaban por adquirir unidad nacional. texas ( en ese entonces parte de los estados mexicanos de coahuila y tejas ) era una region fronteriza lejos de las densas urbes y de los fertiles valles de mexico central, donde se reclutaban inmigrantes de los estados unidos. en el ano 1836 este territorio mexicano se declaro como republica independiente ( y mas tarde, estado de ee. uu. ), convirtiendose en el primer calderon de la cultura mexicoamericana. hacia 1853, el gobierno de mexico, el vecino debil de un estados unidos en expansion, habia perdido el territorio de los actuales estados de california, nevada, utah, arizona, nuevo mexico, texas y partes de colorado y wyoming. a pesar de la imposicion de un nuevo limite fronterizo, la presencia historica y ocupacional de los espanoles, mexicanos y pueblos indigenas, junto a sus descendientes mestizos, constituiria a lo largo del tiempo una influencia determinante para el desarrollo del oeste americano. \" mexican america - introduction \" showing 1 items. - this print depicts american forces attacking the fortress palace of chapultepec on sept. 13th, 1847. general winfield scott, in the lower left on a white horse,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44442692194599515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff577d1a-83b8-467c-af1c-4c0aa2ead4fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.963671"}
{"text": "position in the foreground. james walker was living in mexico city at the outbreak of the mexican war and joined the american forces as an interpreter. he was attached to general worth ' s staff and was present at the battles of contreras, churubusco, and chapultepec. the original painting ' s owner, captain roberts was assigned general winfield scott to assist walker with recreating the details of the battle of chapultepec. when the painting was complete, roberts purchased the painting. by 1848, james walker had returned to new york and had a studio in new york city in the same neighborhood as the print ' s distributor nathaniel currier as well as the lithographer ' s napoleon sarony and henry b. major. - this popular lithograph was one of several published to visually document the war while engaging the imagination of the public. created prior to photography, these prints were meant to inform the public, while generally eliminating the portrayal of the more gory details. historians have been able to use at least some prints of the mexican war for study and to corroborate with the traditional literary forms of documentation. as an eyewitness, walker could claim accuracy of detail within the narrative in his painting. the battle is presented in the grand, historic, heroic style with the brutality of war not portrayed. the print depiction is quite large for a chromo of the period. in creating the chromolithographic interpretation of the painting, sarony & major used at least four large stones to produce the print \" in colours, \" making the most of their use of color. they also defined each figure with precision by outlining each in black. this print was considered by expert / collector harry t. peters as one of the finest ever produced by sarony & major. - currently not on view - date made - associated date - currier, nathaniel - scott, winfield - sarony & major - walker, james - id number - catalog number - accession number - data source - national museum of american history, kenneth e. behring center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44027365974795896, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff577d1a-83b8-467c-af1c-4c0aa2ead4fb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.965611"}
{"text": "- action research ( 6 posts ) - artist cpd ( 11 posts ) - barriers to participation ( 2 posts ) - change management ( 8 posts ) - co - construction ( 3 posts ) - community cohesion ( 12 posts ) - creative curriculum development ( 13 posts ) - creative teaching and learning ( 28 posts ) - cross - curricular working ( 21 posts ) - developing school ethos ( 6 posts ) - disability awareness ( 4 posts ) - diversity ( 3 posts ) - exchanges and trips ( 4 posts ) - experiential learning ( 6 posts ) - extracurricular work ( 3 posts ) - learning outcomes for artists ( 23 posts ) - learning outcomes for teachers ( 27 posts ) - learning outcomes for young people ( 37 posts ) - learning styles ( 13 posts ) - mentoring ( 2 posts ) - outdoor learning environment ( 1 post ) - parent engagement ( 4 posts ) - participation and engagement ( 29 posts ) - partnerships ( 37 posts ) - role of the practitioner ( 32 posts ) - school networks ( 2 posts ) - teacher cpd ( 17 posts ) - whole school working ( 13 posts ) - young people in decision making role ( 9 posts ) - youth leadership ( 5 posts ) - youth voice ( 16 posts ) select from the categories above, and scroll over the thumbnails to view information about each resource. you can download many of the resources as pdfs, view film or listen to audio. a new direction schools forum : effective partnership workingthis resource summarises key ideas from schools and arts & cultural organisations from a series of discussions around six different \u2026 a personal journey through preferred learning stylesan essay written by a creative practitioner who undertook action research into students ' preferred learning styles and creativity. artists and teachers partnershipsan essay exploring partnerships between creative practitioners and teachers from an early years setting and a secondary school. arts beyond the classrooma film documenting the experiences of the pupils and parents in the arts beyond the classroom project. beneath the hooda pack including a poignant film portrait of students at a pru, poetry cards and a resource guide for similar \u2026 building partnershipsan essay describing three effective partnership projects delivered in two primary schools and one fe college. co - construction of learninga case study exploring examples of creative projects which supported young people to guide school change through ' co - construction '. connecting countries : london to vancouvera film of a group of secondary school students who journey to vancouver for the 2010 winter paralympic games. creative interventions in the english facultyan essay providing an arts organisation ' s perspective of creative teaching strategies within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.513190242252151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69d15397-ebe5-4147-830d-84d945741e63>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.969242"}
{"text": "- construction '. connecting countries : london to vancouvera film of a group of secondary school students who journey to vancouver for the 2010 winter paralympic games. creative interventions in the english facultyan essay providing an arts organisation ' s perspective of creative teaching strategies within an east london school ' s english curriculum. creative teaching and learninga case study discussing the ways creative programmes have supported the development of creative teaching and learning. creativity and changean essay exploring structural and institutional change through creative programmes in three primaries and one special school. cross - curricular creative projectsan essay describing cross - curricular approaches in 3 primary schools and 1 secondary school in east london. developing a learning strategy for artsadmina paper detailing the development of an arts organisation ' s education programme in partnership with artists and local schools. engaging parents creatively in the foundation stagea paper presenting two examples that aimed to increase parental engagement and community involvement in the pupils ' work. forensic science murder mysterya film documenting a cross - curricular drama project with secondary school students inspired by a tv crime series. grove park special school takes over the borough of brenta film made by students with a range of physical and learning disabilities who investigate their local area. imaginationa film charting an 18 month whole school cross - curricular project culminating in a community carnival. imagine nationa short film of a poem and set of accompanying activities for literacy lessons exploring creativity and imagination. institutional changea paper exploring two different approaches to whole school change in a special school and a secondary school. ipc media schools design programmean essay describing the ipc media schools design programme, a graphic design work - related learning programme initiated in 2005. learning about learning : preferred learning styles and creativitya publication exploring education approaches to preferred learning styles. essays and a toolkit of lesson activities are included. london to beijing - a dance traveloguea film about dance students from a further education college who visit a dance school in beijing, china. making things happen - herea project case study and two films. a group of primary schools imagine something extraordinary for their community. olympics literacy resourcea set of classroom resources for all year groups for creating poetry around the theme of the olympics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5155283113770179, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69d15397-ebe5-4147-830d-84d945741e63>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.970321"}
{"text": "white - throated magpie - jays ( calocitta formosa ) are beautiful big jays that travel the north pacific slopes in small flocks. their songs and calls are quite varied - this is one of the typical calls, recorded on the road to monteverde ( costa rica ). douglas von gausig ( recordist ; copyright holder ), naturesongs. com this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike 3. 0 unported license. to cite this page : myers, p., r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2013. the animal diversity web ( online ). accessed at http : / / animaldiversity. org. disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45199522012501137, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5ac96fc-a147-40c0-a0ba-bc1fa8515745>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.973144"}
{"text": "octodon degus is generally considered endemic to west central chile, where it inhabits the lower slopes of the andes. although some have argued that its range may extend north into peru, this is not well supported. it is common in the international pet trade, however, and is often used in laboratory studies outside of its native range. ( contreras, et al., 1987 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) octodon degus inhabits a mediterranean - type semi - arid shrubland ecosystem called \" matorral \", which is found on the western slopes of the andes between 28 and 35 degrees south latitude. further north the climate becomes too arid to support this plant community, and further south it is too wet. degus appear to be limited to elevations below 1200 meters, both by the distribution of their habitat and by their intolerance of low oxygen partial pressure. degus are well able to inhabit lands influenced by cattle grazing, and are agricultural pests in some areas. ( contreras, et al., 1987 ; fulk, 1976 ) octodon degus superficially resembles a gerbil, but is much larger. degus typically weigh between 170 and 300 g, and measure between 325 and 440 mm in length, including the tail. the fur is yellow - brown on the back and head, and the underparts and feet are cream colored. there is a pale band around the eye and, in some individuals, the neck. the tail is moderately long and conspicuously tufted. the ears are large and darkly pigmented. the fifth digit is reduced, and on the forefeet it has a nail instead of a claw. the cheekteeth are hypsodont and their biting surfaces resemble a figure of eight. sexes are difficult to distinguish, but males tend to be about 10 % larger than females. pups are born furred and able to see, and begin exploring within hours of birth. octodon degus can be distinguished from the two other members of the genus octodon by slight differences in dental morphology. it is also smaller than its relatives and its tail is said to be more noticeably tufted. ( fulk, 1976 ; lee, 2004 ) during the annual breeding season, male - male aggression temporarily increases. males exclude other males from their burrow and monopolize the females ( usually 2 to 4 ) who live there. dustbathing and urine marking may be used in the defense of territory by both sexes, but these behaviors particularly increase in the male during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46976894105162736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2653877c-a97a-4524-a9e3-91af93f1f619>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.987750"}
{"text": "exclude other males from their burrow and monopolize the females ( usually 2 to 4 ) who live there. dustbathing and urine marking may be used in the defense of territory by both sexes, but these behaviors particularly increase in the male during the breeding season. courting males often engage in mutual grooming with females, and frequently perform a courtship ritual which involves wagging of the tail and trembling of the body. the male then raises a hind leg and sprays urine onto the female. this may serve to familiarize her with his scent and perhaps make her more receptive to his advances in the future. receptive females may sometimes enurinate males in a similar fashion. related female degus may nurse each other ' s young. ( ebensperger and caiozzi, 2002 ; fulk, 1976 ; kleiman, 1974 ; soto - gamboa, 2005 ) in the wild degus tend to breed once per year. the breeding season usually begins in late may ( autumn in chile ), and the young are conceived in late winter to early spring ( september to october ). in wet years, degus may produce second litters. it has been suggested that degus may be induced ovulators, but this has not been established for certain. there is also some evidence that male reproductive organs may be sensitive to changes in photoperiod. the gestation period is 90 days, and litter size is typically 4 - 6 pups. the young are precocial. they are born with fur and teeth ; their eyes are open and they are able to move about the nest on their own. pups are weaned at 4 to 5 weeks, and become sexually mature between 12 and 16 weeks of age. degus do not reach adult size until about 6 months of age, however, and they generally live in same - sex social groups until they are about 9 months old and their first breeding season occurs. it has been reported that pups raised in isolation in the laboratory experience severe neural and behavioral abnormalities. ( ebensperger and hurtado, 2005 ; lee, 2004 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) before conception can occur, the male degu must invest considerable energy in the defense of his territory and harem from other males. the female subsequently expends considerable energy in gestation and lactation. the pregnancy is relatively long for a rodent, and the young are born well developed. after birth, both parents protect and provision the pups. degus nest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4728123593618183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2653877c-a97a-4524-a9e3-91af93f1f619>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.988794"}
{"text": "males. the female subsequently expends considerable energy in gestation and lactation. the pregnancy is relatively long for a rodent, and the young are born well developed. after birth, both parents protect and provision the pups. degus nest communally, and groups of related females nurse one another ' s young. in the laboratory, the female remains close to the pups until two weeks after birth, and males have been observed to huddle with the young during this period without instances of infanticide. in the wild, male degus may spend as much time feeding and huddling with the young as females do. pups begin to eat solid food at about two weeks of age, and venture out of the burrow at three weeks. upon weaning at four to six weeks, the pups are able to live independently of the parents and form same - sex social groups until their first breeding season. ( ebensperger and hurtado, 2005 ; fulk, 1976 ; lee, 2004 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) in laboratory conditions, degus typically live five to eight years. degus are social and tend to live in groups of one to two males and two to five related females. females participate in rearing on another ' s young. groups maintain territories throughout much of the year. degus are semi - fossorial, digging extensive communal burrow systems. these burrows are often shared by bennett ' s chinchilla rat ( abrocoma bennettii ). degus feed exclusively above ground, however, and have been observed climbing into the low branches of shrubs while foraging. dustbathing is an important social behavior among degus. groups repeatedly mark favorite wallows with urine and anal gland secretions. this may help the group identify each other by scent as well as delineating territorial boundaries. degus are mainly diurnal, and are most active during the morning and evening. ( ebensperger, et al., 2004 ; fulk, 1976 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) fulk ( 1976 ) estimated that social groups of degus occupy home areas of roughly 200 square meters, and that their density is about 75 degus per hectare. this may be an underestimate, however, due to the trapping methods used. ( fulk, 1976 ) degus have well - developed sight, smell, and hearing. they are highly vocal and use various calls to communicate with one another, including alarm calls, mating calls, and communication between parents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4874224859128622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2653877c-a97a-4524-a9e3-91af93f1f619>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.989840"}
{"text": "to the trapping methods used. ( fulk, 1976 ) degus have well - developed sight, smell, and hearing. they are highly vocal and use various calls to communicate with one another, including alarm calls, mating calls, and communication between parents and young. vision is very important in avoidance of predators and in foraging. it has been shown that degus are able to see ultraviolet wavelengths, and that their urine reflects in the uv range when fresh. it has therefore been suggested that degus ' urine scent marks are also visual cues. these scent marks are also used as dust wallows, allowing members of a social group to identify each other by scent. ( chavez, et al., 2003 ; fulk, 1976 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) degus are generalist herbivores. they feed on the leaves, bark, and seeds of shrubs and forbs. among their favorite foods are the bark of cestrum palqui and mimosa cavenia, leaves and bark of proustia cuneifolia, atriplex repunda, and acacia caven, annuals such as erodium cicutarum when in season, green grasses, and thistle seeds. degus choose food items that reduce fiber and increase nitrogen and moisture in the diet, and thus prefer young leaves and avoid woodier shrubs. degus rely on microbial fermentation in their enlarged cecum ( they are \" hindgut fermenters \" ) to digest their food. they reingest a large percentage of their feces, usually during the night. this allows them to maximize their digestion. degus store food in the winter, and it has been reported that they occasionally eat meat in old age. ( gutierrez and bozinovic, 1998 ; kenagy, et al., 1999 ; veloso and kenagy, 2005 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) octodon degus is subject to predation by larger mammals such as culpeo foxes ( lycalopex culpaeus ), and from the air by raptors such as barn owls ( tyto alba ), short - eared owls ( asio flammeus ), and black - chested buzzard eagles ( geranoaetus melanoleucus ). degus use vigilance and cover to avoid predators. their pelage is also counter - shaded and matches the soil color, which reduces visibility to predators. degus live socially and use alarm calls to warn others", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47868524119539013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2653877c-a97a-4524-a9e3-91af93f1f619>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.990767"}
{"text": "melanoleucus ). degus use vigilance and cover to avoid predators. their pelage is also counter - shaded and matches the soil color, which reduces visibility to predators. degus live socially and use alarm calls to warn others of danger. when a predator is spotted, they take cover in shrubby areas and may retreat to the communal burrow. ( ebensperger and wallem, 2002 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) octodon degus affects the plant community in its habitat by selective browsing. degus behaviorally reduce the fiber content of their diet, preferrentially eating shrubs such as adesmia bedwellii, baccharis paniculata, and chenopodium petioare, which are less fibrous and less thorny than others. these species have been shown to increase their foliage area upon exclusion of degus. as degus are very common, they are themselves an important food source for their predators. ( gutierrez and bozinovic, 1998 ) degus often live in association with bennett ' s chinchilla rats ( abrocoma bennettii ). the two species are known to share burrow systems and have even been observed in the same chamber within a burrow. this is believed to be a mutualistic relationship, but it is not well understood. ( fulk, 1976 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) degus are frequently kept as pets, and are used extensively in laboratory research. because they are largely diurnal, they are useful in research on circadian rhythms, and their intolerance of sugars makes them ideal models for diabetes research. ( lee, 2004 ) degus are significant agricultural pests in some areas. they take advantage of cultivated prickly pear cactus, wheat, vineyards, and orchards as abundant food sources, and can do considerable damage. they are also known to host three species of parasites that can infect humans. ( fulk, 1976 ) tanya dewey ( editor ), animal diversity web. mary hejna ( author ), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers ( editor, instructor ), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor. living in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america. uses sound to communicate living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4515784038193855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2653877c-a97a-4524-a9e3-91af93f1f619>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.991673"}
{"text": "south america. uses sound to communicate living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. found in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a mediterranean climate. vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves. may be maintained by periodic fire. in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate helpers provide assistance in raising young that are not their own an animal that mainly eats the dung of other animals active at dawn and dusk having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect. animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. an animal that mainly eats leaves. referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing. an animal that mainly eats seeds an animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets. having more than one female as a mate at one time specialized for leaping or bounding locomotion ; jumps or hops. communicates by producing scents from special gland ( s ) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called \" hoarding \" uses touch to communicate that region of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5282501084016242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2653877c-a97a-4524-a9e3-91af93f1f619>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.992596"}
{"text": "combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called \" hoarding \" uses touch to communicate that region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ). living on the ground. defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement uses sight to communicate reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. young are relatively well - developed when born chavez, a., f. bozinovic, l. peichl, a. palacios. 2003. retinal spectral sensitivity, fur coloration, and urine reflectance in the genus octodon ( rodentia ) : implications for visual ecology. investigative opthalmology & visual science, 44 / 5 : 2290 - 2296. contreras, l., j. torres - mura, j. yanez. 1987. biogeography of octodontid rodents : an eco - evolutionary hypothesis. fieldiana : zoology, new series, 39 : 401 - 411. ebensperger, l., f. bozinovic. 2000. energetics and burrowing behaviour in the semifossorial degu octadon degus ( rodentia : octodontidae ). journal of zoology, 252 : 179 - 186. ebensperger, l., a. caiozzi. 2002. male degus, octodon degus, modify their dustbathing behavior in response to social familiarity of previous dustbathing marks. revista chilena de historia natural, 75 : 157 - 163. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. on the relationship between herbaceous cover and vigilance activity of degus ( octodon degus ). ethology, 111 / 6 : 593 - 608. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. seasonal changes in the time budget of degus, octadon degus.. behaviour, 142 : 91 - 112. ebensperger, l.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5231677607714039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2653877c-a97a-4524-a9e3-91af93f1f619>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.993795"}
{"text": "608. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. seasonal changes in the time budget of degus, octadon degus.. behaviour, 142 : 91 - 112. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado, m. soto - gamboa, e. lacey, a. chang. 2004. communal nesting and kinship in degus ( octodon degus ). naturwissenschaften, 91 : 391 - 395. ebensperger, l., p. wallem. 2002. grouping increases the ability of the social rodent, octodon degus, to detect predators when using exposed microhabitats. oikos, 98 : 491 - 497. fulk, g. 1976. notes on the activity, reproduction, and social behavior of octodon degus. journal of mammalogy, 57 / 3 : 495 - 505. gutierrez, j., f. bozinovic. 1998. diet selection in captivity by a generalist herbivorous rodent ( octodon degus ) from the chilean coastal desert. journal of arid environments, 39 : 601 - 607. kenagy, g., r. nespolo, r. vasquez, f. bozinovic. 2002. daily and seasonal limits of time and temperature to activity of degus. revista chilena de historia natural, 75 : 567 - 581. kenagy, g., c. veloso, f. bozinovic. 1999. daily rhythms of food intake and feces reingestion in the degu, an herbivorous chilean rodent : optimizing digestion through coprophagy. physiological and biochemical zoology, 72 / 1 : 78 - 86. kleiman, d. 1974. patterns of behaviour in hystricomorph rodents. symposium of the zoological society ( london ), 34 : 171 - 209. lee, t. 2004. octodon degus : a diurnal, social, and long - lived rodent. ilar journal, 45 / 1 : 14 - 24. soto - gamboa, m., m. villalon, f. bozinovic. 2005. social cues and hormone levels in male octadon degus ( rodentia ) : a field test of the challange hypothesis. hormones and behavior, 47 / 3 : 311 - 318. soto - gamboa, m. 2005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4828138532268757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2653877c-a97a-4524-a9e3-91af93f1f619>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.995359"}
{"text": "details of glycemic index ( gi ) the gi scale the glycemic index uses a scale from 1 to 100, which indicates the rate at which 50 grams of carbohydrate in a particular food is absorbed into the bloodstream as blood - sugar. the main reference food ( rated 100 ) is glucose. gi rating categories the glycemic index divides carbohydrate foods into three categories : gi food testing is ongoing not all foods have been given a gi value, although most food - types are covered. however, due to the way gi is measured using volunteer subjects, results can vary, so gi values for some specific foods are not yet uniformly established. gi - diabetes and weight control although the glycemic index was first designed to assist diabetes patients manage their blood - sugar levels, dietitians and weight experts now use it as a tool to help treat obesity, food cravings and appetite swings, and improve eating habits. both the type and quantity of carbohydrate in our food influence the rise in blood glucose. but the glycemic index only rates a standard 50 gram serving size of digestible carbohydrate in a particular food, which may not be appropriate for all foods. for example, foods whose serving size contains only a small amount of carbohydrate may in practice be better for blood sugar control than foods whose normal serving size contains a large amount of carbs. therefore, to provide a more meaningful gi - rating system, researchers at harvard university invented the term glycemic load, which applies the glycemic index to normal food serving sizes. obesity, overweight and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4842360202504997, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17b26358-fba0-4434-86b5-ce1458abe71f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.996949"}
{"text": "discover the cosmos! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2010 august 12 explanation : each august, as planet earth swings through dust trailing along the orbit of periodic comet swift - tuttle, skygazers can enjoy the perseid meteor shower. the shower should build to its peak now, best seen from later tonight after moonset, until dawn tomorrow morning when earth moves through the denser part of the wide dust trail. but shower meteors have been spotted for many days, like this bright perseid streaking through skies near lake balaton, hungary on august 8. in the foreground is the region ' s church of st. andrew ruin, with bright jupiter dominating the sky to its right. two galaxies lie in the background of the wide - angle, 3 frame panorama ; our own milky way ' s luminous arc, and the faint smudge of the more distant andromeda galaxy just above the ruin ' s leftmost wall. if you watch for perseid meteors tonight, be sure and check out the early evening sky show too, featuring bright planets and a young crescent moon near the western horizon after sunset. authors & editors : jerry bonnell ( umcp ) nasa official : phillip newman specific rights apply. a service of : asd at nasa / gsfc & michigan tech. u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4541368749264233, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37377bba-5d22-4f0b-91a9-cd45df72de7c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:57.998220"}
{"text": "1. why is extremism an issue in prisons? extremist groups often pose special security risks in prisons. they may encourage the overthrow of the government, and prison officials can be targeted as agents of \" illegal \" government authority. further, their literature often encourages ethnic hatred, promoting a violent and racially charged prison atmosphere. since the 1980s, white supremacist organizations have spread throughout the american prison system, beginning with the growth of aryan brotherhood. 1 aryan nations, although not permitting inmates to become members, has engaged in \" prison outreach \" since 1979. in 1987, it began publishing a \" prison outreach newsletter \" called the way to facilitate recruitment. aryan nations also disseminates its literature and letters to inmates. the world church of the creator and some identity church groups engage in similar outreach activity, as do other racist groups, such as nation of islam. the situation is further complicated by the fact that nonideological criminal prison gangs are often organized based on race, which increases racial polarization. imprisoned extremists also pose a security threat by continuing their activities while incarcerated. they recruit inmates, and teach other inmates extremist tactics. some imprisoned extremists also have attempted to continue to influence adherents outside of prison by, for instance, publishing newsletters from the prison to maintain their outside following. prison officials have responded in various ways, reflecting the fact that each state has its own prison system ( as do cities, counties and the federal government ), and that prisons have varying populations. at times, prison officials have tried to limit access to extremist literature, and these responses have occasionally given rise to litigation because they potentially impinge upon inmates ' first amendment rights. the questions are especially complicated when the censored material comes from a group that claims to be religious. 1 aryan brotherhood, at one time associated with aryan nations, began as a virulent racist and anti - semitic prison gang, and has since developed into a crime gang associated with extortion, drug operations and prison violence. 2. do inmates have the same first amendment rights as everybody else? the united states supreme court has said that \" prison walls do not form a barrier separating prison inmates from the protections of the constitution. \" nevertheless, inmates ' first amendment rights are less extensive than other citizens ' and their rights can be limited due to security or other penological concerns. because of the particular challenges administrators face running prisons, the supreme court has acknowledged there is a compelling government interest which warrants limiting prisoners ' rights. courts have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4904740915334778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b29297a-7223-4dae-a9fc-a294677b62b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.006125"}
{"text": "than other citizens ' and their rights can be limited due to security or other penological concerns. because of the particular challenges administrators face running prisons, the supreme court has acknowledged there is a compelling government interest which warrants limiting prisoners ' rights. courts have been deferential to prison officials ' assessments of security threats, and sensitive to their related regulatory decisions, even if such decisions impact inmates ' first amendment rights. a prison regulation that impinges on an inmate ' s constitutional rights will be upheld in court if that regulation is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives. this means that, generally, prison officials can ban extremist materials from prisons because of concerns that the distribution of such material will undermine prison security. extremist books, leaflets, and magazines have been forbidden to prisoners on this basis. such material has not been allowed through the mail and has not been kept in the prison library. however, prisons have less discretion to limit inmates ' religious practices than other first amendment rights due to a new federal law. because of the religious land use and institutionalized persons act ( rluipa ), prison officials ' discretion in limiting access to extremist material may depend in part on whether such material is related to an inmate ' s religious exercise. therefore, prison regulations that affect religious exercise, including access to religious literature, will be reviewed carefully if challenged in court. 3. what legal standard is used to determine the constitutionality of prison regulations? the supreme court announced the standard under which it would review the constitutionality of prison regulations in turner v. safley, a case involving a challenge to a complete prohibition on inmate marriage. as noted earlier, a prison regulation is constitutional if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives. under this standard, courts have upheld regulations based on the consideration of certain factors : - is there a valid, rational connection between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it? - are there alternative means of exercising the assert - ed right that remain open to inmates? - how great a negative impact will accommodating the inmates ' rights have on guards, other inmates, a nd on the allocation of prison resources? courts will consider the existence of obvious and easy alternatives to a challenged regulation as evidence of a regulation ' s arbitrariness. 4. is the same legal standard used to determine the constitutionality of prison regulations that implicate an inmate ' s right to free exercise of religion? no, the same standard is not applicable to determining the constitutionality of prison regulations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5137350844083612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b29297a-7223-4dae-a9fc-a294677b62b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.007072"}
{"text": "of review of such decisions. courts have tended to find prison regulations that ban all literature from particular groups unconstitutional. however, the determination of the constitutionality of a given regulation or the implementation of the regulation has tended to be very fact - specific. courts look not only at the regulation at issue but also consider the nature of the prison ( high, medium, or low security ) and the particular administrative challenges faced by the prison ( such as crowding and quantity of incoming mail ) in determining reasonableness, or the practical existence of less restrictive alternative measures. 6. can prison officials apply the same restrictions to outgoing prison material? the supreme court does not allow content regulation with respect to outgoing mail from inmates. while outgoing mail can be searched for contraband, 2 content regulation of outgoing mail is also more restricted because it implicates the first amendment rights of non - prisoner addressees. 3 in addition, outgoing material does not pose a threat to internal prison security ; therefore content limitations have been considered less urgent. however, regulations can limit the content of outgoing mail categorically. for example, escape plans, threats, running a business, and blackmail are categories that have been disallowed. therefore, correspondence from prisoners to extremist groups cannot be banned outright because of its content. however, inmates can be prevented from distributing a newsletter from prison when doing so constitutes running a business. 2 special rules exist with respect to attorney - client correspondence or mail that implicates an inmate ' s right to access the courts that are beyond the scope of this discussion. 3 however, prison officials can forbid all correspondence between incarcerated individuals. 7. can extremist \" missionaries \" be prevented from visiting prisons? prison officials can ban categories of prison visitors, such as former inmates or visitors who have previously broken visiting rules. an extremist \" missionary \" can be barred from a prison because of generally applicable rules. in addition, prisons can create procedures for requesting visiting ministers, and impose conditions on the selection of the ministers, such as sponsorship by an outside religious organization. prison officials can also exclude prison \" missionaries \" if they are advocating violence or otherwise fomenting prison unrest by encouraging racial tension. however, under rluipa, the prison would have to show that any restrictions on visiting clergy are the least restrictive means of achieving its end. prison officials do not have a responsibility to hire a minister for each religious denomination represented in the prison population. however, if visiting ministers of one denomination are compensated, visiting ministers of other denominations must be equally compensated. security", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5259657665523496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b29297a-7223-4dae-a9fc-a294677b62b3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.009063"}
{"text": "restrictive means of achieving its end. prison officials do not have a responsibility to hire a minister for each religious denomination represented in the prison population. however, if visiting ministers of one denomination are compensated, visiting ministers of other denominations must be equally compensated. security limitations can be placed on inmate - led prayer or services, but again, under rluipa, the prison would have to show that any restrictions on such gatherings is the least restrictive means of achieving its end. for example, it is more likely that the prison could limit the frequency of such meetings, the number of attendees and require supervision than that such gatherings could be banned outright. 8. under what circumstances must prisons accommodate prisoners ' religious dietary requirements? accommodating religiously based dietary rules has become an issue when dealing with extremists because incidents have raised concern that extremists \" adopt \" religious practices that are not based on sincere beliefs in order to obtain special privileges, such as specialized diets. generally, if an inmate ' s request for a special diet is because of a sincerely held belief and religious in nature, the inmate has a constitutionally protected interest. under rluipa, a request for a special religious diet can only be refused based on a compelling prison interest and if it is the least restrictive means possible for the prison protecting that interest. prisons may offer more limited food selection to prisoners with religious dietary limitations, such as providing only cold kosher meals rather than hot food. in the past, when determining whether a prison was required to provided a special diet for a prisoner, courts have considered whether the dietary restrictions were central to the prisoner ' s religious observance. under rluipa, such a determination would probably not be relevant. the threshold question in evaluating the prison ' s obligation to accommodate a request would still be whether the inmate ' s dietary request arose out of sincerely held beliefs that were religious in nature.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5395902156246359, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b29297a-7223-4dae-a9fc-a294677b62b3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.009772"}
{"text": "wikipedia sobre fisica de particulas rapidinho. me falaram que a definicao de fisica de particulas da wikipedia era muito ruim. e de fato, era assim : particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary particle | elementary subatomic constituents of matter and radiation, and their interactions. the field is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under ambient conditions on earth. they can only be created artificially during high energy collisions with other particles in particle accelerators. particle physics has evolved out of its parent field of nuclear physics and is typically still taught in close association with it. scientific research in this area has produced a long list of particles. mas hein? particulas que so podem ser criadas em aceleradores? fisica de particulas e ensinada junto com fisica nuclear? a pesquisa produz particulas ( essa e otima! )? em que mundo essa pessoa vive? reescrevi : particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles, which are the constituents of what is usually referred as matter or radiation. in our current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics. most of the interest in this area is in fundamental fields, those that cannot be described as a bound state of other fields. the set of fundamental fields and their dynamics are summarized in a model called the standard model and, therefore, particle physics is largely the study of the standard model particle content and its possible extensions. eu acho que ficou bem melhor. vamos ver em quanto tempo algum editor esquentado da wikipedia vai demorar para reverter. atualmente esta um saco participar da wikipedia por causa dessas pessoas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6868882540843042, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7f0a003-07f1-4148-a77c-6e0cb215fc0e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.012649"}
{"text": "- published : 19 mar 2013 - views : 42 - author : t. a. b possibly testing on weans, that worries me http : / / www. bbc. co. uk / news / world - us - canada - 21849808. a vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. a vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease - causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. the agent stimulates the body ' s immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and \" remember \" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. vaccines can be prophylactic ( example : to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by any natural or \" wild \" pathogen ), or therapeutic ( e. g. vaccines against cancer are also being investigated ; see cancer vaccine ). the term vaccine derives from edward jenner ' s 1796 use of cow pox ( latin variola vaccinia, adapted from the latin vaccin - us, from vacca, cow ), to inoculate humans, providing them protection against smallpox. vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease. sometimes, this is because the host ' s immune system simply does not respond adequately or at all. this may be due to a lowered immunity in general ( diabetes, steroid use, hiv infection, age ) or because the host ' s immune system does not have a b cell capable of generating antibodies to that antigen. even if the host develops antibodies, the human immune system is not perfect and in any case the immune system might still not be able to defeat the infection immediately. in this case, the infection will be less severe and heal faster. adjuvants are typically used to boost immune response. most often aluminium adjuvants are used, but adjuvants like squalene are also used in some vaccines and more vaccines with squalene and phosphate adjuvants are being tested. larger doses are used in some cases for older people ( 50 \u2013 75 years and up ), whose immune response to a given vaccine is not as strong. the efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on a number of factors : when a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against, the disease is likely to be milder than without vaccination. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5599542358286245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049ed48d-f01e-4fc9-846b-2e2c5e6c254d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.029560"}
{"text": "is not as strong. the efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on a number of factors : when a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against, the disease is likely to be milder than without vaccination. the following are important considerations in the effectiveness of a vaccination program : in 1958 there were 763, 094 cases of measles and 552 deaths in the united states. with the help of new vaccines, the number of cases dropped to fewer than 150 per year ( median of 56 ). in early 2008, there were 64 suspected cases of measles. 54 out of 64 infections were associated with importation from another country, although only 13 % were actually acquired outside of the united states ; 63 of these 64 individuals either had never been vaccinated against measles, or were uncertain whether they had been vaccinated. vaccines are dead or inactivated organisms or purified products derived from them. there are several types of vaccines in use. these represent different strategies used to try to reduce risk of illness, while retaining the ability to induce a beneficial immune response. some vaccines contain killed, but previously virulent, micro - organisms that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat, radioactivity or antibiotics. examples are the influenza vaccine, cholera vaccine, bubonic plague vaccine, polio vaccine, hepatitis a vaccine, and rabies vaccine. some vaccines contain live, attenuated microorganisms. many of these are live viruses that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties, or which use closely related but less dangerous organisms to produce a broad immune response. although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. they typically provoke more durable immunological responses and are the preferred type for healthy adults. examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps and the bacterial disease typhoid. the live mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine developed by calmette and guerin is not made of a contagious strain, but contains a virulently modified strain called \" bcg \" used to elicit an immune response to the vaccine. the live attenuated vaccine containing strain yersinia pestis ev is used for plague immunization. attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages. they have the capacity of transient growth so they give prolonged protection, and no booster dose is required. but they may get reverted to the virulent form and cause the disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4959097970356321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049ed48d-f01e-4fc9-846b-2e2c5e6c254d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.030536"}
{"text": "immunization. attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages. they have the capacity of transient growth so they give prolonged protection, and no booster dose is required. but they may get reverted to the virulent form and cause the disease. toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro - organism. examples of toxoid - based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria. toxoid vaccines are known for their efficacy. not all toxoids are for micro - organisms ; for example, crotalus atrox toxoid is used to vaccinate dogs against rattlesnake bites. protein subunit \u2013 rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated micro - organism to an immune system ( which would constitute a \" whole - agent \" vaccine ), a fragment of it can create an immune response. examples include the subunit vaccine against hepatitis b virus that is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus ( previously extracted from the blood serum of chronically infected patients, but now produced by recombination of the viral genes into yeast ), the virus - like particle ( vlp ) vaccine against human papillomavirus ( hpv ) that is composed of the viral major capsid protein, and the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of the influenza virus. subunit vaccine is being used for plague immunization. conjugate \u2013 certain bacteria have polysaccharide outer coats that are poorly immunogenic. by linking these outer coats to proteins ( e. g. toxins ), the immune system can be led to recognize the polysaccharide as if it were a protein antigen. this approach is used in the haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. a number of innovative vaccines are also in development and in use : while most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from micro - organisms, synthetic vaccines are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates or antigens. vaccines may be monovalent ( also called univalent ) or multivalent ( also called polyvalent ). a monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism. a multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms. in certain cases a monovalent vaccine may be preferable for rapidly developing a strong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5604506843463821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049ed48d-f01e-4fc9-846b-2e2c5e6c254d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.031439"}
{"text": ". in order to provide best protection, children are recommended to receive vaccinations as soon as their immune systems are sufficiently developed to respond to particular vaccines, with additional \" booster \" shots often required to achieve \" full immunity \". this has led to the development of complex vaccination schedules. in the united states, the advisory committee on immunization practices, which recommends schedule additions for the centers for disease control and prevention, recommends routine vaccination of children against : hepatitis a, hepatitis b, polio, mumps, measles, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hib, chickenpox, rotavirus, influenza, meningococcal disease and pneumonia. the large number of vaccines and boosters recommended ( up to 24 injections by age two ) has led to problems with achieving full compliance. in order to combat declining compliance rates, various notification systems have been instituted and a number of combination injections are now marketed ( e. g., pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and mmrv vaccine ), which provide protection against multiple diseases. besides recommendations for infant vaccinations and boosters, many specific vaccines are recommended at other ages or for repeated injections throughout life \u2014 most commonly for measles, tetanus, influenza, and pneumonia. pregnant women are often screened for continued resistance to rubella. the human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended in the u. s. ( as of 2011 ) and uk ( as of 2009 ). vaccine recommendations for the elderly concentrate on pneumonia and influenza, which are more deadly to that group. in 2006, a vaccine was introduced against shingles, a disease caused by the chickenpox virus, which usually affects the elderly. sometime during the 1770s edward jenner heard a milkmaid boast that she would never have the often - fatal or disfiguring disease smallpox, because she had already had cowpox, which has a very mild effect in humans. in 1796, jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, inoculated an 8 - year - old boy with it, and six weeks later variolated the boy ' s arm with smallpox, afterwards observing that the boy did not catch smallpox. further experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of the procedure on an infant. since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in england, was banned in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49145989595123585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049ed48d-f01e-4fc9-846b-2e2c5e6c254d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.033378"}
{"text": "that the boy did not catch smallpox. further experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of the procedure on an infant. since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in england, was banned in 1840. louis pasteur generalized jenner ' s idea by developing what he called a rabies vaccine, and in the nineteenth century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige, and compulsory vaccination laws were passed. the twentieth century saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella. major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s. maurice hilleman was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century. as vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted. however, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including malaria and hiv. | | the neutrality of this section is disputed. please see the discussion on the talk page. please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. ( october 2011 ) | | | this article is missing information about scientific rebuttal to the attacks. this concern has been noted on the talk page where whether or not to include such information may be discussed. ( october 2011 ) | opposition to vaccination, from a wide array of vaccine critics, has existed since the earliest vaccination campaigns. although the benefits of preventing suffering and death from serious infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare adverse effects following immunization, disputes have arisen over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccination. some vaccination critics say that vaccines are ineffective against disease or that vaccine safety studies are inadequate. some religious groups do not allow vaccination, and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty. in response, concern has been raised that spreading unfounded information about the medical risks of vaccines increases rates of life - threatening infections, not only in the children whose parents refused vaccinations, but also in other children, perhaps too young for vaccines, who could contract infections from unvaccinated carriers ( see herd immunity ). one challenge in vaccine development is economic : many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including hiv, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases, because there is little revenue potential. even in more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5066640519337344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049ed48d-f01e-4fc9-846b-2e2c5e6c254d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.034353"}
{"text": "is economic : many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including hiv, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases, because there is little revenue potential. even in more affluent countries, financial returns are usually minimal and the financial and other risks are great. most vaccine development to date has relied on \" push \" funding by government, universities and non - profit organizations. many vaccines have been highly cost effective and beneficial for public health. the number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades. [ when? ] this increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines administered to children before entry into schools may be due to government mandates and support, rather than economic incentive. the filing of patents on vaccine development processes can also be viewed as an obstacle to the development of new vaccines. because of the weak protection offered through a patent on the final product, the protection of the innovation regarding vaccines is often made through the patent of processes used on the development of new vaccines as well as the protection of secrecy. vaccine production has several stages. first, the antigen itself is generated. viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken eggs ( e. g., for influenza ), or on continuous cell lines such as cultured human cells ( e. g., for hepatitis a ). bacteria are grown in bioreactors ( e. g., haemophilus influenzae type b ). alternatively, a recombinant protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, bacteria, or cell cultures. after the antigen is generated, it is isolated from the cells used to generate it. a virus may need to be inactivated, possibly with no further purification required. recombinant proteins need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography. finally, the vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, stabilizers, and preservatives as needed. the adjuvant enhances the immune response of the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials. combination vaccines are harder to develop and produce, because of potential incompatibilities and interactions among the antigens and other ingredients involved. vaccine production techniques are evolving. cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination. recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccine is expected to grow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5110293415530353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049ed48d-f01e-4fc9-846b-2e2c5e6c254d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.035329"}
{"text": "evolving. cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination. recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccine is expected to grow in popularity for the production of bacterial vaccines that use toxoids. combination vaccines are expected to reduce the quantities of antigens they contain, and thereby decrease undesirable interactions, by using pathogen - associated molecular patterns. in 2010, india produced 60 percent of world ' s vaccine worth about $ 900 million. many vaccines need preservatives to prevent serious adverse effects such as staphylococcus infection that, in one 1928 incident, killed 12 of 21 children inoculated with a diphtheria vaccine that lacked a preservative. several preservatives are available, including thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, and formaldehyde. thiomersal is more effective against bacteria, has better shelf life, and improves vaccine stability, potency, and safety, but in the u. s., the european union, and a few other affluent countries, it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines, as a precautionary measure due to its mercury content. although controversial claims have been made that thiomersal contributes to autism, no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims. there are several new delivery systems in development [ when? ] that will hopefully make vaccines more efficient to deliver. possible methods include liposomes and iscom ( immune stimulating complex ). the latest developments [ when? ] in vaccine delivery technologies have resulted in oral vaccines. a polio vaccine was developed and tested by volunteer vaccinations with no formal training ; the results were positive in that the ease of the vaccines increased. with an oral vaccine, there is no risk of blood contamination. oral vaccines are likely to be solid which have proven to be more stable and less likely to freeze ; this stability reduces the need for a \" cold chain \" : the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration, which, in turn, may decrease costs of vaccines. a microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses \" pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin \". a nanopatch is a needle free vaccine delivery system which is under development. a stamp - sized patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5461668511406754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049ed48d-f01e-4fc9-846b-2e2c5e6c254d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.036331"}
{"text": "uses \" pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin \". a nanopatch is a needle free vaccine delivery system which is under development. a stamp - sized patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20, 000 microscopic projections per square inch. when worn on the skin, it will deliver vaccine directly to the skin, which has a higher concentration of immune cells than that in the muscles, where needles and syringes deliver. it thus increases the effectiveness of the vaccination using a lower amount of vaccine used in traditional syringe delivery system. the use of plasmids has been validated in preclinical studies as a protective vaccine strategy for cancer and infectious diseases. however, in human studies this approach has failed to provide clinically relevant benefit. the overall efficacy of plasmid dna immunization depends on increasing the plasmid ' s immunogenicity while also correcting for factors involved in the specific activation of immune effector cells. vaccinations of animals are used both to prevent their contracting diseases and to prevent transmission of disease to humans. both animals kept as pets and animals raised as livestock are routinely vaccinated. in some instances, wild populations may be vaccinated. this is sometimes accomplished with vaccine - laced food spread in a disease - prone area and has been used to attempt to control rabies in raccoons. where rabies occurs, rabies vaccination of dogs may be required by law. other canine vaccines include canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus - 2, leptospirosis, bordatella, canine parainfluenza virus, and lyme disease among others. vaccine development has several trends : principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor - made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. for example, the experimental vaccine cyt006 - angqb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure. factors that have impact on the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses. | modern vaccine and adjuvant production and characterization, genetic engineering & biotechnology news | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5299677334015532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049ed48d-f01e-4fc9-846b-2e2c5e6c254d>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.037276"}
{"text": ", genetic engineering & biotechnology news | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well as e - mail newsletters. we do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. for example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details ( name, e - mail address, mailing address, etc. ). we may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. such third parties may be provided with access to personally identifiable information needed to perform their functions, but may not use such information for any other purpose. in addition, we may disclose any information, including personally identifiable information, we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal proceeding or governmental request. we do not want you to receive unwanted e - mail from us. we try to make it easy to opt - out of any service you have asked to receive. if you sign - up to our e - mail newsletters we do not sell, exchange or give your e - mail address to a third party. e - mail addresses are collected via the wn. com web site. users have to physically opt - in to receive the wn. com newsletter and a verification e - mail is sent. wn. com is clearly and conspicuously named at the point ofcollection. if you no longer wish to receive our newsletter and promotional communications, you may opt - out of receiving them by following the instructions included in each newsletter or communication or by e - mailing us at michaelw ( at ) wn. com the security of your personal information is important to us. we follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during registration and once we receive it. no method of transmission over the internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100 percent secure, however. therefore, though we strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect your personal information, we cannot guarantee its absolute security. if we decide to change our e - mail practices, we will post those changes to this privacy statement, the homepage, and other places we think appropriate so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it, and under what circumstances, if any, we disclose it. if we make material", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5282350051400828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:049ed48d-f01e-4fc9-846b-2e2c5e6c254d>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.039813"}
{"text": "wars have given us the jeep, the computer and even the microwave. will the war in iraq give us the tiger? military scientists at edgewood chemical biological center at aberdeen proving ground hope so. the machine - its full name is the tactical garbage to energy refinery - combines a chute, an engine, chemical tanks and other components, giving it the appearance of a lunar rover. it ' s designed to turn food and waste into fuel. if it works, it could save scores of american and iraqi lives. among the biggest threats that soldiers face in the war in iraq are the roadside bombs that have killed or maimed thousands since the u. s. - led invasion in 2003. because some military bases lack a landfill, transporting garbage to dumps miles away in the desert has become a potentially fatal routine for u. s. troops and military contractors. the tiger would attempt to solve two problems at once : it would sharply reduce those trash hauls and provide the military with an alternative source of fuel. it is the latest in a long line of wartime innovations, from can openers to desert boots. the conflict in iraq has produced innovations such as \" warlocks, \" which jam electronic signals from cell phones, garage door openers and other electronic devices that insurgents use to detonate roadside bombs, according to inventors digest. \" in wartime, you ' re not worried about making a profit necessarily. you ' re worried about getting the latest technology on the street, \" said peter kindsvatter, a military historian at aberdeen proving ground, who added that money is spent more freely for research when a nation is at war. \" basically, you find yourself in a technology race with your enemy. \" the tiger, now being tested in baghdad, would not be the first device to turn garbage into energy - a large incinerator near baltimore ' s downtown stadiums does it. but it would be among the first to attempt to do it on a small scale. its creators say it could one day become widely used in civilian life, following the lead of other wartime innovations. during world war ii, contractors developed the jeep to meet the military ' s desire for a light, all - purpose vehicle that could transport supplies. the development of radar technology to spot nazi planes led to the microwave, according to historians. the world war ii era also gave birth to the first electronic digital computer, the electronic numerical integrator and computer, or eniac. funded by the defense department, the machine was built to compute ballistics tables that soldiers used to mechanically aim large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48548057520973203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:749f4f2e-01bf-42ab-ac03-1dfa84af34dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.049898"}
{"text": "the world war ii era also gave birth to the first electronic digital computer, the electronic numerical integrator and computer, or eniac. funded by the defense department, the machine was built to compute ballistics tables that soldiers used to mechanically aim large guns. for years it was located at aberdeen proving ground. this decade, the pentagon determined that garbage on military bases poses a serious logistical problem. \" when you ' re over in a combat area and people are shooting at you, you still have to deal with your trash, \" said john spiller, project officer with the army ' s rapid equipping force, which is funding the tiger project. \" how would you feel if somebody was shooting at you every other time you pushed it down the curb? \" he and other army officials said they could not recall any specific attacks against troops or contractors heading to dumpsites. for years, large incinerators have burned trash to generate power. baltimore refuse energy systems co., the waste - to - energy plant near the stadiums, consumes up to 2, 250 tons of refuse a day while producing steam and electricity. the process is so expensive that it has only made sense to do it on a large scale, scientists say. the military has spent almost $ 3 million on two tiger prototypes, each weighing nearly 5 tons and small enough to fit into a 20 - to 40 - foot wide container. the project is being developed by scientists from the edgewood, va. - based defense life sciences llc and indiana ' s purdue university. the biggest challenge was getting the parts to work together, said donald kennedy, an edgewood spokesman. because the tiger is a hybrid consisting of a gasifier, bioreactor and generator, much of it is built with off - the - shelf items, including a grinder. another big challenge : expectations. \" when we would initially talk to people about the tiger system, a large percentage would refuse to believe it could actually work, \" kennedy wrote in an e - mail. \" alternatively, a similar percentage would be so intrigued by the idea that they would demand to know when they could buy one for their neighborhood. \" the tiger works like this : a shredder rips up waste and soaks it in water. a bioreactor metabolizes the sludge into ethanol. a pelletizer compresses undigested waste into pellets that are fed into a gasification unit, which produces composite gas. the ethanol, composite gas and a 10 - percent diesel drip are injected into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46803652536384877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:749f4f2e-01bf-42ab-ac03-1dfa84af34dc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.051286"}
{"text": "the sludge into ethanol. a pelletizer compresses undigested waste into pellets that are fed into a gasification unit, which produces composite gas. the ethanol, composite gas and a 10 - percent diesel drip are injected into a diesel generator to produce electricity, according to scientists. it takes about six hours for the tiger to power up. when it works, the device can power a 60 - kilowatt generator. the prototypes are being tested at camp victory in baghdad initial runs proved successful. the prototypes have been used to power an office trailer. at their peak, they could power two to three trailers. in recent weeks, the scientists suffered a setback : the above - 100 degree temperatures caused a chiller device to overheat and shut off occasionally. a new chiller from edgewood just arrived at the site, kennedy said. after the 90 - day testing phase that ends aug. 10, the army will decide whether to fund the project further. its developers envision the device being used to respond to crises such as hurricane katrina, when there is no lack of garbage but a great need for electricity. spiller, of the army ' s rapid equipping force, said he is optimistic. \" the mere fact we wrote a check means we think it ' s got a high chance of success, \" spiller said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.504096632014182, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:749f4f2e-01bf-42ab-ac03-1dfa84af34dc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.052288"}
{"text": "then and now, there is ample proof that americans do take supreme court nominations seriously. with good reason. sooner or later, the nation ' s most vexing disagreements over our most vital issues wind up before the supreme court. none quite penetrates to the core of our democratic being more than those involving first amendment rights and values. each term, the nine justices must grapple with profound questions involving freedom of speech, freedom of thought and freedom to participate in political discourse : just how free is freedom of speech? what is the role of religion in public life? does national security trump the public ' s right to know? during the court ' s last three terms, the first amendment has not fared well. the high court has accepted for review far fewer free - expression - related cases than usual and it has been unusually stingy in recognizing first amendment claims. in only two of the 15 decisions rendered in free - expression cases did the court sustain those claims. how the first amendment will fare in the future depends on how chief justice john roberts differs from his predecessor, william rehnquist, and how miers, if confirmed, differs from o ' connor. during his 33 years on the court as an associate justice and chief justice, rehnquist consistently voted against free - speech and free - press claims. o ' connor, however, played a pivotal role during her time as justice, frequently casting the decisive fifth vote in religion cases and occasionally in expression cases. the justices over the next 12 months will hear arguments, review briefs and render opinions in several cases that have direct bearing on whether we have full or constricted freedoms when we wish to play a role in the crucial political, cultural or religious issues that confront us. in five cases, the court will once more take up the question of whether state laws regulating campaign contributions and expenditures pose an unconstitutional threat to political expression : is money speech? the issues of compelled speech and government funding of speech are raised in another case. a coalition of university law schools which object to the military ' s ban against acknowledged homosexuals contends that requiring them to allow military recruiters on campus violates their rights. another case tests the limits of the free exercise of religion. the justices will decide whether the federal government can prohibit a small group of followers of a brazilian religious sect in new mexico from importing a banned substance, a hallucinogenic tea, for use in its ceremonies. in a case involving anti - abortion protests appearing before the court for the third time since 1986, the justices ' ruling could affect protest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4469353579981299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b2b1d71-d1b0-4968-9420-c92bddd3e0ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.056447"}
{"text": "sect in new mexico from importing a banned substance, a hallucinogenic tea, for use in its ceremonies. in a case involving anti - abortion protests appearing before the court for the third time since 1986, the justices ' ruling could affect protest and picketing rights and practices. and a los angeles deputy district attorney wants the court to declare that his free - speech rights were violated when he was disciplined for informing a defense attorney about ethical problems in a pending case. the confirmation process for miers should be complete by the end of the year. at present, chances seem good that she will be confirmed. since 1789, the senate has rejected only 34 of 155 nominations to the supreme court. not much is known about roberts ' views on these issues ; even less about miers '. first amendment advocates, of course, hope they set the new court on a new course as far as free expression is concerned. in that regard, justice brandeis set a great example as a first amendment champion during his 23 years on the supreme court. \" those who won our independence, \" he wrote in 1927, \" believed liberty to be the secret of happiness and courage to be the secret of liberty. they believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth. \" the cause of liberty would be better served if this court ' s future rulings transcend individual temperament and ideology to embrace the freedom for speech and the tolerance for belief that define a vital democracy. editor ' s note : paul k. mcmasters is first amendment ombudsman at the first amendment center, 1101 wilson blvd., arlington, va. 22209. web : www. firstamendmentcenter. org. e - mail : email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4270992036205384, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b2b1d71-d1b0-4968-9420-c92bddd3e0ae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.057279"}
{"text": "the vaunted protection that intellectually active adults get from alzheimer \u2019 s disease has a dark downside, a study released wednesday has found. once dementia symptoms become evident and alzheimer \u2019 s disease is diagnosed in such patients, their mental decline can come with frightening speed. that finding, published in the journal neurology, comes from a study of 1, 157 chicago - based seniors who were followed for an average of just over 11 years. six years after gauging the extent to which the study participants engaged in activities that challenged their mental capacities, researchers from rush university medical center alzheimer \u2019 s disease center made periodic assessments of the study participants \u2019 cognitive health and traced the trajectories of their brain health. all told, 148 of the participants were diagnosed with alzheimer \u2019 s disease during the follow - up period, and 395 were found to have mild cognitive impairment \u2014 intellectual problems that are less severe than alzheimer \u2019 s disease, but which often precede such a diagnosis. while all participants \u2019 mental function showed yearly declines, the steepest downward trajectories belonged to those who had been diagnosed with alzheimer \u2019 s disease, but who had reported high levels of mental engagement at the outset of the study. fellow alzheimer \u2019 s sufferers who had not sought out much intellectual stimulation at the study \u2019 s outset showed a more gradual decline in their function. \u201c in effect, the results of this study suggest that the benefit of delaying the initial appearance of cognitive impairment [ in alzheimer \u2019 s disease ] comes at the cost of more rapid dementia progression, \u201d the author wrote. the findings support a common observation of those who treat intellectually minded patients who go on to be diagnosed with alzheimer \u2019 s disease \u2014 that once diagnosed, their decline is rapid. it also underscores a growing body of evidence that the bright and mentally - active may not beat alzheimer \u2019 s disease, but can hold off its ravages for months or years longer than those who are not so engaged. dr. john m. ringman, a ucla neurologist and assistant director of the mary s. easton center for alzheimer \u2019 s disease research, said he sees regular evidence of the phenomenonen in his clinical work, as well as in brain - imaging scans that can detect the physical signs of alzheimer \u2019 s disease while a patient is still alive : patients with a history of intensive mental engagement seem to develop a \u201c cognitive reserve, \u201d said dr. ringman. that mental strength frequently allows them to function almost normally, he said, even as the amyloid plaques and neuro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4712596167057377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d156165-181a-4195-a926-d51850c7b599>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.061841"}
{"text": "belgian physicist francois englert, left, speaks with british physicist \u2026 ( fabrice coffrini / afp / getty \u2026 ) for physicists, it was a moment like landing on the moon or the discovery of dna. the focus was the higgs boson, a subatomic particle that exists for a mere fraction of a second. long theorized but never glimpsed, the so - called god particle is thought to be key to understanding the existence of all mass in the universe. the revelation wednesday that it - - or some version of it - - had almost certainly been detected amid more than hundreds of trillions of high - speed collisions in a 17 - mile track near geneva prompted a group of normally reserved scientists to erupt with joy. for the record los angeles times friday, july 06, 2012 home edition main news part a page 4 news desk 1 inches ; 48 words type of material : correction large hadron collider : in some copies of the july 5 edition, an article in section a about the machine used by physicists at the european organization for nuclear research to search for the higgs boson referred to the $ 5 - billion large hadron collider. the correct amount is $ 10 billion. peter higgs, one of the scientists who first hypothesized the existence of the particle, reportedly shed tears as the data were presented in a jampacked and applause - heavy seminar at cern, the european organization for nuclear research. \" it ' s a gigantic triumph for physics, \" said frank wilczek, an mit physicist and nobel laureate. \" it ' s a tremendous demonstration of a community dedicated to understanding nature. \" the achievement, nearly 50 years in the making, confirms physicists ' understanding of how mass - - the stuff that makes stars, planets and even people - - arose in the universe, they said. it also points the way toward a new path of scientific inquiry into the mass - generating mechanism that was never before possible, said ucla physicist robert cousins, a member of one of the two research teams that has been chasing the higgs boson at cern. \" i compare it to turning the corner and walking around a building - - there ' s a whole new set of things you can look at, \" he said. \" it is a beginning, not an end. \" leaders of the two teams reported independent results that suggested the existence of a previously unseen subatomic particle with a mass of about 125 to 126 billion electron volts. both groups got", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6252719490679229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb237ffb-9cc0-4077-99d5-56c6fce1ca5f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.065848"}
{"text": "he said. \" it is a beginning, not an end. \" leaders of the two teams reported independent results that suggested the existence of a previously unseen subatomic particle with a mass of about 125 to 126 billion electron volts. both groups got results at a \" five sigma \" level of confidence - - the statistical requirement for declaring a scientific \" discovery. \" \" the chance that either of the two experiments had seen a fluke is less than three parts in 10 million, \" said uc san diego physicist vivek sharma, a former leader of one of the higgs research groups. \" there is no doubt that we have found something. \" but he and others stopped just shy of saying that this new particle was indeed the long - sought higgs boson. \" all we can tell right now is that it quacks like a duck and it walks like a duck, \" sharma said. in this case, quacking was enough for most. \" if it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it ' s probably at least a bird, \" said wilczek, who stayed up past 3 a. m. to watch the seminar live over the web while vacationing in new hampshire. certainly cern leaders in geneva, even as they referred to their discovery simply as \" a new particle, \" didn ' t bother hiding their excitement. the original plan had been to present the latest results on the higgs search at the international conference on high energy physics, a big scientific meeting that began wednesday in melbourne. but as it dawned on cern scientists that they were on the verge of \" a big announcement, \" cousins said, officials decided to honor tradition and instead present the results on cern ' s turf. the small number of scientists who theorized the existence of the higgs boson in the 1960s - - including higgs of the university of edinburgh - - were invited to fly to geneva. for the non - vip set, lines to get into the auditorium began forming late tuesday. many spent the night in sleeping bags. all the hubbub was due to the fact that the discovery of the higgs boson is the last piece of the puzzle needed to complete the so - called standard model of particle physics - - the big picture that describes the subatomic particles that make up everything in the universe, and the forces that work between them. over the course of the 20th century, as physicists learned more about the standard model, they struggled to answer one very basic question : why does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5738616108302553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb237ffb-9cc0-4077-99d5-56c6fce1ca5f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.066801"}
{"text": "discrimination against citizens because of their sexual orientation or their youth is just as unfair as discrimination based on race, religion or gender. access to housing, hotels, theaters and restaurants should be equal to all, as a matter of plain fairness. the palm beach county commission recognized this truth in passing an ordinance protecting homosexuals, unmarried couples and young people from discrimination in renting or buying housing and in public accommodations. the ordinance also bans discrimination based on race, religion, gender, ethnic origin or disability, but it was the protection of gays that generated opposition and demands for a countywide referendum on the issue. no other florida county protects homosexuals against housing discrimination. in the 1970s, dade county passed a similar ordinance but it was repealed in a voter referendum after a bitter fight. a broward county effort to revise the human rights law to protect homosexuals is more complicated. the broward law was adopted through the florida legislature, so a revision must get legislative approval and be ratified in a public referendum. palm beach county ` s ordinance passed 4 - 1 ; commissioner ron howard dissented. the other four commissioners demonstrated courage by refusing to buckle under to opponents or to pass the buck to the public in a referendum. commissioners were elected to make tough decisions ; this time they did. the ordinance provides exceptions : a landlord who lives on his property of four or fewer housing units and rents the rest won ` t have to comply. nor will a seasonal resident who rents his home to someone else part of the year and lives in it himself the rest of the time. also exempt are religious organizations that own housing units. those sensible exceptions leave the vast majority of housing covered under the new ordinance. violators will face fines of up to $ 50, 000, but it may be difficult to prove a violation. early decisive action against violators by law enforcers, prosecutors and judges could make a clear statement that the county means business and won ` t tolerate further discrimination in housing and public accommodations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4322753090074923, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a92c65-e194-4b3c-ae6e-d4a7b6b1631d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.068802"}
{"text": "\" helplessness \" and \" confusion \" are words that easily come to mind when the issue of sick building syndrome is mentioned. it is a problem that does not have a regulatory solution, and is bound with engineering, medicine and emotions that will challenge the best of school administrators. a careful management style and knowledgeable use of technologies in medicine, toxicology and property maintenance are a school administrator ' s best allies in preparing to deal with or prevent this new generation of health and safety challenges. defining sick building syndrome there is no regulatory definition for sick building syndrome. although it often relates to indoor - air - quality problems, it simply means that the environment of a building is inspiring complaints of discomfort and / or disease. fundamentally, the causes of sick buildings relate to architecture and engineering patterns institutionalized in school construction following world war ii. schools of glass, rock and wood, with high ceilings, cross - ventilation via a transom over the door, and windows and radiators that could be adjusted by teachers no longer were built. these schools were being replaced with new, factory - like buildings featuring a temperamental, eccentric system of master controls for indoor environment. buildings were constructed with no regard to the environment around them or to people within the property. today, allowing for the ambiguity in defining sick buildings, somewhere between 1 - in - 5 and 1 - in - 15 school facilities are in a situation where discomfort and disease can be attributed to operations of the building. health symptoms in a sick building are highly variable, but generally split into three categories : - radical reaction - - a number of people clearly and suddenly ill. this usually involves limited air exchange combined with a \" smoking gun, \" which can include a new chemical cleaner, misbatched chlorine in a pool area, a weather inversion preventing a kiln from venting properly or a failure of a mechanical air - exchange system. - unhealthy atmosphere - - many people experiencing ongoing subtle illness or discomfort. the most common symptoms involve the dehydration of sensitive tissue, including sore eyes, throat or nasal membranes ; a feeling of lethargy ; a higher incidence of upper - respiratory infection ; asthmatic reactions ; low - grade headaches ; and a continuum of muscle pain and general discomfort among building occupants. much of this relates to oxygen deprivation typically caused by oxygen being displaced by other compounds, and occasionally by infestation of microbes as a result of excessive moisture remaining within the property. - hypersensitive reaction or multiple chemical sensitivity reaction - - one or two individuals extremely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5611331524065333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f673350f-8b06-4580-b54b-a3217aacfede>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.073186"}
{"text": "oxygen deprivation typically caused by oxygen being displaced by other compounds, and occasionally by infestation of microbes as a result of excessive moisture remaining within the property. - hypersensitive reaction or multiple chemical sensitivity reaction - - one or two individuals extremely ill. this can result if even tiny exposures occur to anyone that has a highly sensitive reaction to certain chemicals. typically, these complaints should be viewed as warnings that some low - level toxin is in the area. although sick building syndrome usually relates to the general nature of the building itself, there are some specifics that account for most indoor - air problems : * combustibles ; any possible introduction of carbon monoxide. * moisture as it may relate to mold ( look for growths on drywall ). * moisture as it may relate to airborne infectious agents ( standing water and consequent growths ). * volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), usually cleaning agents or building materials, which may give off unpleasant, sometimes toxic gases. * formaldehydes in new carpet, pressed wood or other building products. * any new or newly exposed particleboard. * applied poisons ( pesticides, insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides ). a proactive approach administrators are dealing with a generation of post - world war ii properties prone to indoor - air - quality problems, particularly buildings constructed or remodeled during the 1970s energy crisis. a school district should take several steps before a problem strikes. first, initiate patterns for preventing air - quality problems. second, establish baseline information that will profile the building to facilitate an efficient, inexpensive and confidence - inspiring response. building occupants and the community need to see a clear and confident administrative approach should a problem arise in the future. the proactive investigation of the building should involve a limited amount of basic testing, particularly a professional review of the microbial matrix within the building - - the number of colony - forming units or what kinds of microbes presently are nesting in the building. understanding what is living in the ambient air can help administrators understand if there is a problem or, more importantly, can help to quickly isolate the exact nature of a problem. similarly, administrators should consider hiring an outside contractor to review how air - handling and mechanical - engineering systems are managed. a knowledgeable person should walk the area and observe the mechanical systems to see how the filtering system, the air - dispersion system and the air - dilution patterns of the building are operating. finally, a reliable epidemiological profile of comparative absenteeism should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5151996664455407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f673350f-8b06-4580-b54b-a3217aacfede>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.074135"}
{"text": "ethiopian kids hack zoom tablets in five months. the one laptop per child ( olpc ) project recently tried a new approach to distributing computers to developing countries, by leaving boxes of tablets in remote ethiopian villages with no instructions. the motorola zoom tablets had a custom english language os, a solar charger, and tracking software to monitor how they were used. to the surprise of the organization, not only could the kids who started using the tablets easily figure out how to switch on and use them, but they also learnt to hack into the os and enable features - amazing especially seeing as most of the kids had never seen a printed word before, let alone in english. \u201c we left the boxes in the village. closed. taped shut. no instruction, no human being. i thought, the kids will play with the boxes! within four minutes, one kid not only opened the box, but found the on / off switch. he \u2019 d never seen an on / off switch. he powered it up. within five days, they were using 47 apps per child per day. within two weeks, they were singing abc songs [ in english ] in the village. and within five months, they had hacked android. some idiot in our organization or in the media lab had disabled the camera! and they figured out it had a camera, and they hacked android. \u201d olpc used the experiment to see whether kids can teach themselves to read and write english. research shows that 100, 000, 000 kids worldwide don \u2019 t even make to to first grade, often because there are no schools or teachers available. for the cost of a tablet, that could all change. previous olpc studies have also shown that the kids will also teach their parents to read and write as well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4862868853960879, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9dc0e204-f56c-43cf-b426-74e04dd58130>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.075936"}
{"text": "the independent jane for all the love, romance and scandal in jane austen \u2019 s books, what they are really about is freedom and independence. independence of thought and the freedom to choose. elizabeth \u2019 s refusal of mr. collins offer of marriage showed an independence seldom seen in heroines of the day. her refusal of mr. darcy while triggered by anger showed a level of independence that left him shocked and stunned. the freedom she exhibited in finally accepting him in direct defiance of lady catherine and knowing her father would disapprove was unusual even for austen. in her last book anne elliot is persuaded to refuse captain wentworth at lady russel \u2019 s insistence. although jane played by the rules of the day, all of her writing is infused with how she wanted life to be. she \u2018 screams \u2019 her outrage at the limitations for women in emma. when accosted by mrs. elton, jane fairfax says, \u201c excuse me, ma \u2019 am, but this is by no means my intention ; i make no inquiry myself, and should be sorry to have any made by my friends. when i am quite determined as to the time, i am not at all afraid of being long unemployed. there are places in town, offices, where inquiry would soon produce something \u2014 offices for the sale, not quite of human flesh, but of human intellect. \u201d \u201c oh! my dear, human flesh! you quite shock me ; if you mean a fling at the slave - trade, i assure you mr. suckling was always rather a friend to the abolition. \u201d \u201c i did not mean, i was not thinking of the slave - trade, \u201d replied jane ; \u201c governess - trade, i assure you, was all that i had in view ; widely different certainly, as to the guilt of those who carry it on ; but as to the greater misery of the victims, i do not know where it lies. \u201d that same sentiment is emphasized in emma \u2019 s shock when mrs. weston tells her of frank churchill \u2019 s secret engagement to jane. \u201c good god! \u201d cried emma, \u201c jane actually on the point of going as governess! what could he mean by such horrible indelicacy? to suffer her to engage herself \u2014 to suffer her even to think of such a measure! \u201d i find it interesting that at the moment of austen \u2019 s birth or there about, john adams left his farm in massachusetts for the continental congress in philadelphia. doesn \u2019 t sound particularly interesting, i know but consider this. john adams left his home in mid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4090720274105482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d8a309d-25c5-405d-a08a-c11239f0d717>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.080171"}
{"text": "find it interesting that at the moment of austen \u2019 s birth or there about, john adams left his farm in massachusetts for the continental congress in philadelphia. doesn \u2019 t sound particularly interesting, i know but consider this. john adams left his home in mid - december 1775 to attend an unprecedented meeting of colonial representatives to consider severing ties with their mother country and her monarch ; a decision that culminated in a document unlike any ever written. in the mother country, one day in that same cold december a baby girl was born at steventon rectory. her cry was heard by only the people in the house but the years to come would see her pen create works unlike any the world had ever seen. comparing austen \u2019 s words with thomas jefferson \u2019 s may seem a trivialization but i believe that austen \u2019 s impact on the world is no less important than jefferson \u2019 s. the effect of jane \u2019 s writing maybe more subtle than that of the virginian but it is no less influential. jefferson \u2019 s words instigated and promoted a revolution, a war of independence. jane \u2019 s words had no such excessive consequence. still in her own quiet, genteel yet powerful way she declared and promoted the same principles of freedom and self - regulated independence as our american forefathers. in all her novels jane advocates independence of person and thought, the rights of all and acceptance of responsibility for those rights. jane may not have incited military action as jefferson did but even as an avowed royalist, i doubt not that jane austen firmly believed in his declaration of the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47825734124213615, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d8a309d-25c5-405d-a08a-c11239f0d717>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.080778"}
{"text": "\" got nothing but blue skies \" it is september 19, 1783. the place, lyons, france. preparations are being made for a journey. a journey that will eventually take man from his secure environment of terra firma, and place him in a hostile environment called the atmosphere. the vehicle to be used is a hot air balloon. the brainchild behind this trek is a wealthy paper maker named joseph montgolfier. there has been much speculation over just how montgolfier made the discovery of the hot air balloon. the most commonly - believed story is that his wife was standing too close to a fire and that the smoke caused her skirt to be inflated and lifted above her knees. this caused montgolfier to wonder - if this smoke, and its magical lifting powers, could be captured in a very large container, it might rise and lift a passenger along with it. so, montgolfier went about building the first hot air balloon. in 1783, not much was known about the atmosphere and its effects on human beings. upon examination of the occupants for any ill effects caused by this lofty height, it was discovered that the duck had a broken wing. could this have been an effect of exposure to altitude? actually, several observers noted that as the balloon left the ground, the sheep had an anxiety attack and kicked the duck. montgolfier reasoned that it would be safe for humans to ascend to altitude. so on november 21, 1783, jean francois pilatre de rozier ( a surgeon ) became the first aeronaut and flight surgeon. over 200 years have passed since that first flight. technology has allowed us to ascend through the atmosphere and into space, but the hazards of high altitude flight ( hypoxia, altitude - induced decompression sickness, and trapped gases ) will always be present. that is because humans are best suited to live in what is known as the \" physiological efficient zone \". this zone extends from sea level to 12, 000 feet. when humans are exposed to altitudes above this zone, they are subjected to physiological hazards beyond their natural ability to adapt. one thing to keep in mind is that everything that occupies space and exerts weight is considered to be matter. all matter is made up of atoms and molecules in varying densities. these particles within the matter are kinetic and in constant motion. the slower the motion of the particles, the more dense the matter becomes. also, as the particles are pushed closer together, the matter also becomes more dense. the best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47077928944584363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac6a19cf-dd31-4352-bb69-1c00f45050a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.085902"}
{"text": "varying densities. these particles within the matter are kinetic and in constant motion. the slower the motion of the particles, the more dense the matter becomes. also, as the particles are pushed closer together, the matter also becomes more dense. the best way to slow down kinetic molecules is to cool the matter. the best way to get them to move closer together is to add pressure to the matter. inversely, when you remove the pressure or heat any material, the molecules within the material moves faster and further apart, thus making the material less dense. the least dense form of matter is, of course, gas. if a gas is cooled and compressed, at some point it will become a liquid. if that liquid is then cooled further, then at some point it will become a solid. also, when you take the pressure off any gas or liquid, that material will grow less dense and expand. this is essentially what happens to the gaseous molecules of our atmosphere. our atmosphere contains approximately 79 % nitrogen and 21 % oxygen, a constant ratio until you reach an altitude of about 270, 000 feet. so the question that always comes up is ; \" if i have 21 % oxygen at sea level and 21 % at 40, 000 feet, why do i succumb to the effects of hypoxia within 20 seconds at that altitude? \" the answer is, atmospheric pressure! if you could picture all the gaseous nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere, they would stack up from the surface of the earth to the fringe of space. all these molecules stacking on top each other create a great deal of weight, or pressure. at sea level, one square - inch of any surface has about 15 pounds of air sitting on top of it. at 18, 000 feet, that same square inch has only 7. 5 pounds per square - inch ( psi ) exerted on it. what has caused this atmospheric pressure drop? the answer is simple : there is more air stacked up at sea level than above 18, 000 feet, and therefore, more weight. as you recall, when molecules are subjected to this pressure, they are going to move closer together. this will make the air more dense with oxygen and nitrogen molecules. for example, if at sea level you take in a breath of air that has an atmospheric pressure of 15 psi, then that air may contain 500 billion molecules of oxygen ( this a fictitious number to be used only as an example ) ; if you go to 18, 000 feet and take the same breath where atmospheric pressure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5543223302441906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac6a19cf-dd31-4352-bb69-1c00f45050a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.086805"}
{"text": "air that has an atmospheric pressure of 15 psi, then that air may contain 500 billion molecules of oxygen ( this a fictitious number to be used only as an example ) ; if you go to 18, 000 feet and take the same breath where atmospheric pressure is 7. 5 psi, then you will pull in only 250 billion molecules of oxygen. but, you require 500 billion per breath to function normally, and you ' re getting only half of what you need. that ' s hypoxia! not only do gaseous molecules in the atmosphere expand with reduced total pressure, gases in the human body are also subject to the same expansion. there are several areas in the body - ears, sinuses, lungs, gastro - intestinal tract, and teeth - where these gases can expand and cause a variety of problems. as long as the gas can expand and escape, there will be no problem. but if the gas becomes trapped, then pain will be the usual result. as we have discussed earlier, the air we breathe contains about 79 % nitrogen. nitrogen is inhaled into the lungs and distributed and stored throughout the body. according to gas laws, gases of higher pressure always exert force towards areas of low pressure. when you inhale nitrogen, it will be stored at a pressure of about 12 psi ( 79 % nitrogen ) of 15 psi ( total atmospheric pressure ), equal to about 12 psi ). when you ascend to altitude and the pressure around your body begins to drop, this creates a pressure gradient ( higher nitrogen in the body than outside the body ) and the nitrogen will try to equalize and escape outside the body. sometimes this nitrogen can leave so quickly and in such quantify that it may form a bubble. if this bubble forms at a body joint, the pain it causes is know as \" the bends. \" these are just a few of the problems that can occur when the human body is exposed to high altitude conditions. these problems will always be there for aviation. but through education and knowledge of the mechanisms that cause these problems, we can take steps toward protection and prevention so that your blue skies won ' t give you a case of the blues. by j. r. brown | savstop online magazine contact us return home | grab this headline animator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4834954753339897, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac6a19cf-dd31-4352-bb69-1c00f45050a7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.087655"}
{"text": "nursing a critically ill state back to health | indranill basu ray highlights the core problems that afflict bengal ' s health sector and suggests a few ways to improve the situation | despite many technological and other achievements that have propelled india from being a developing nation to one of the top economies of the world, one field that india continues to lag behind in is health. this is why stories of babies dying in large numbers haunt newspaper headlines. india is behind bangladesh and sri lanka in life expectancy at birth or under - five mortality level. india accounts for about 17 per cent of the world population, but it contribute to a fifth of the world ' s share of diseases. a third of all diarrhoeal diseases in the world occurs in india. the country has the second largest number of hiv / aids cases after south africa. it is home to one - fifth of the world ' s population afflicted with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. a common excuse that i often hear is that we have limited resources to tackle the huge and burgeoning health problems. but even the richest country on earth, the united states of america, has failed to provide appropriate health services to a large section of the populace. the problem in india is quite different. apart from being a poor nation with limited resources, it also has a sizeable population in need of basic health services. furthermore, the lack of appropriate sanitary measures and education ensures an ever increasing presence of communicable disease that have been controlled and even eradicated in the developed nations. india ' s list of woes does not stop here. lack of foresight on the part of successive governments and selective and fragmented strategies to counter daily problems without a definite public health goal have been the mainstay of india ' s health policies. resource allocation to this sector is influenced by the prevailing fiscal situation as well as by the priorities of the reigning government. unfortunately, in bengal \u2014 a state that faces a dismal fiscal situation \u2014 the government ' s priorities have been skewed as a result of political necessities. although we have a new government at the helm, it is important to realize that gross changes at the practical level cannot be initiated without having a team with experience and knowledge define a well - thought - out strategy. it is also essential to have a government that is willing to fulfil the financial needs necessary for the strategy to work. it is difficult, if not impossible, to paint a picture of the present state of public health in west bengal and to suggest measures to rec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4556388548361832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a51737a0-6a1a-4721-a739-791f50bfecba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.098472"}
{"text": "essential to have a government that is willing to fulfil the financial needs necessary for the strategy to work. it is difficult, if not impossible, to paint a picture of the present state of public health in west bengal and to suggest measures to rectify the same in a short article like this. my intention is to highlight the core problems plaguing the system and to suggest solutions based on accepted principles of public health and healthcare management. the steps that need to be taken are as follows : reducing disease burden, including infectious diseases as well as non - communicable epidemics like diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease ; restructuring the existing primary healthcare system to make it more accountable ; creating a skilled and professional workforce which is quality driven ; financial planning to bring more investment to the health sector. reducing disease burden is the cornerstone of any good health policy. the factors that help reduce communicable diseases are clean drinking water, improved sanitation and an effective vaccination programme. a paradigm shift, from the prevalent curative approach to a preventive approach, including health promotion by inculcating behavioural changes, is imperative to reduce disease burden. west bengal is one of four states that urgently needs high investment in safe drinking water and toilet facilities. it is estimated that rs 18, 000 crore is required to provide effective drinking water and sanitation facilities for the entire country. kerala, maharashtra, west bengal and odisha would account for more than 60 per cent of the total outlay. similarly, a huge investment is required to provide nutritional supplements to malnourished children and pregnant and lactating mothers living below the poverty line. according to a report by the national commission on macroeconomics and health, west bengal would need to harness an additional resource requirement of rupees ( in crore ) 1, 286, 2, 459, 4, 693, 13, 811 and 8, 485 in sectors such as health, water and sanitation, nutrition, primary schooling and roads. it has been projected that in the next five years west bengal will spend a large portion of its revenues on wages and salaries, interest payments and pensions, leaving very little for discretionary expenditure in the field of health. it is imperative that the present government rethink and strategize in collaboration with the centre to ensure the appropriate funding necessary to make the state healthy. restructuring the present healthcare delivery system is also equally important. most primary healthcare centres are old, dilapidated buildings with few or no facilities. some do not even have basic resources like healthcare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4571096241334386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a51737a0-6a1a-4721-a739-791f50bfecba>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.099409"}
{"text": "with the centre to ensure the appropriate funding necessary to make the state healthy. restructuring the present healthcare delivery system is also equally important. most primary healthcare centres are old, dilapidated buildings with few or no facilities. some do not even have basic resources like healthcare workers or pharmacists. what is required is a radical overhaul of the existing system. there are differences in health systems of different countries. a state - run health system, such as the one in canada, suffers from delayed medical care. a privately - run health system like the one in the us provides only limited health services to its poor. india ' s healthcare should carve out the best of both systems. private healthcare is thriving in india. it is uncontrolled and aimed at profit - making. government - run hospitals are poorly managed, providing few or no facilities to those living below the poverty line. different models have been suggested to take care of this disparity. while private investment will always be geared towards profit - making, it is mandatory to rein in these bodies under well - defined rules. large private hospitals in the us are non - profit bodies, which have to follow stringent rules in patient care. at the other end of the spectrum is the national health service in britain in which small, medium and even a few large hospitals are making way for a more competent and accountable government - controlled health system with fewer hospitals. human resource management is very important in running an effective health system. one of the biggest lacunae of government health service is its poor human - resource management. many physicians are not paid appropriate salaries or are posted in places that are not of their choice. political intervention and favouritism play a big role in posting physicians. consequently, dedicated physicians who want to serve the public or work in the academic setting found in government hospitals are forced to remain in private hospitals. to boost morale and efficacy, discipline needs to be instituted in the system and a transparent posting policy adopted. the doctor - population ratio needs to be improved by filling up vacancies in the west bengal health service. it is important to free postings from the grip of bureaucrats to ensure the registration of quality candidates. physicians failing to report to duty or indulging in indiscipline must be punished. doctors who do sign up need to provide relevant and quality medical care. this can only be done if some form of recertification of doctors is made mandatory once every 10 years. physicians ' salaries in the state health service must be made on a par with those of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4434343883903658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a51737a0-6a1a-4721-a739-791f50bfecba>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.100335"}
{"text": "up need to provide relevant and quality medical care. this can only be done if some form of recertification of doctors is made mandatory once every 10 years. physicians ' salaries in the state health service must be made on a par with those of the central government to make sure that it remains a lucrative option. senior physicians providing exemplary public service must be rewarded for the same. a commonly - held notion is that most physicians run after the lucrative salaries that are offered in private hospitals. hence it is difficult to retain them in the government sector. this, however, is true of a minority. the majority of physicians are willing to work in a healthy, progressive and academic environment if there are appropriate non - financial incentives. let us take the example of christian medical college, vellore. most of the faculty there are paid salaries that are much lower than those of the private sector. however, physicians are provided with other facilities such as good housing, free schools, free - to - highly - subsidized college education and, most importantly, a progressive and research oriented work environment. west bengal lags behind many other states when it comes to medical education. there is an urgent need to increase the number of medical colleges in the state. private investment for the same should be welcomed but appropriate laws must be instituted so that huge capitation fees are not charged for seats. furthermore, selection should be made through competitive examinations. a certain percentage of seats can be reserved for the economically weaker sections. students passing out of such medical colleges must be given postings in rural hospitals. this has been true on paper for many decades now, but the rule has been poorly implemented even in government - run medical colleges. innovative schemes ought to be thought of to involve the cash - rich private sector to service the medical needs of the state. private institutions using government money or land must be asked to provide free service to 20 per cent of their capacity. appropriate punitive measures \u2014 such as temporarily withholding or cancelling licences \u2014 can be taken when a private institution fails to honour this commitment. institutions willing to set up large hospitals, particularly around calcutta, must be helped through the provision of low - cost land. but in return, promises to set up satellite hospitals in far - flung district headquarters have to be met. the biggest challenge to the rejuvenation of the healthcare system is the garnering of funds. west bengal is financially broke, thanks to the misrule of the communists. unlike most other communist rulers, our home - grown variants failed to provide basic sanitation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4770183584826683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a51737a0-6a1a-4721-a739-791f50bfecba>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.101245"}
{"text": "challenge to the rejuvenation of the healthcare system is the garnering of funds. west bengal is financially broke, thanks to the misrule of the communists. unlike most other communist rulers, our home - grown variants failed to provide basic sanitation, good roads, a working healthcare system and appropriate nutritional supplements to women and children. the lack of social services resulted in poor health and in increased mortality among the vulnerable sections of society. government efforts to improve basic health services must fund programmes that provide sanitation, nutritional supplements, and daily meals for school - going children. substantial investments in these sectors can reduce mortality in children. it is popular to blame doctors for not being able to save severely ill, malnourished children. but things won ' t change unless determined steps are taken to root out the problems, such as poor funds, minimal resources and an incompetent workforce, that affect the west bengal health service. in the next five years, in collaboration with the centre and the non - government organizations involved in public health, the state government must chalk out a definitive strategy to improve the supply of clean drinking water, provide better sanitation and one full meal to school - going children and arrange for nutritional supplements to pregnant women. private investment should be wooed in the health sector to set up hospitals in large metropolitan areas as well as in small district towns. while government land is needed at an appropriate price to help investors build hospitals, steps must be taken to bring about the inclusion of the deprived sections in their service plans. strong regulatory bodies that can monitor private hospitals and nursing homes must be instituted. many of the profiteering health institutions do not provide basic facilities, lack trained nurses and paramedical staff, and some are even run by quacks without medical degrees. it is of utmost importance that a regulatory body conducts surprise checks on these institutions, registers complaints and takes remedial steps. many ngos have been able to set up large projects benefiting thousands of people. they have also succeeded in bringing foreign aid to tackle malaria and hiv. the state government should help these ngos achieve their goals while exercising control to prevent financial irregularities. their services ought to be applauded and single - window processing of applications instituted to help them tackle bureaucratic delays. health is a service industry and not a lucrative business. unfortunately, in bengal, most large hospitals are owned by corporates. only a few are owned or run by doctors. there is thus a sustained effort to make profit. poor consumer protection makes the man on the street vulnerable to substandard service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47038025435144315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a51737a0-6a1a-4721-a739-791f50bfecba>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.102211"}
{"text": "the convention adjourned from july 26th to august 6th to allow the committee of detail \u2013 composed of john rutledge of south carolina, edmund randolph of virginia, nathaniel gorham of massachusetts, oliver ellsworth of connecticut, and james wilson of pennsylvania \u2013 to prepare a rough draft of a constitution, based on the series of resolutions the delegates had debated, amended, and debated again. when the convention re - convened, the committee of detail presented its report, made up of twenty - three articles. the convention spent the remainder of august reviewing and further revising these articles. we the people of \u2026 delegates quickly agreed to accept the committee of detail \u2019 s preamble and articles i and ii, affirming the new government would be called the unites states of america and consist of legislative, executive, and judicial branches. this agreement masked the critical issue that the convention had debated throughout \u2013 was this to be a union of states or of people? the committee of detail \u2019 s constitution began, \u201c we the people of the states ( emphasis added ) of new hampshire, massachusetts, rhode - island and providence plantations, connecticut, new - york, new - jersey, pennsylvania, delaware, maryland, virginia, north - carolina, south - carolina, and georgia, do ordain, declare, and establish the following constitution for the government of ourselves and our posterity. \u201d the convention would not end with that language in the preamble. representation : who, what, and how many? discussion of the committee of detail report continued to include the structure and powers of the legislative branch. some of the key questions included : who can elect representatives? how many representatives will there be? what will be their qualifications? delegates debated whether to allow non - land owners to the right to vote for house members, or reserve the franchise to property owners. gouverneur morris wanted to restrict voting to those with property, considering them more educated and better able to choose wise leaders. \u201c the ignorant and dependant, \u201d morris stated, \u201c can be \u2026 little trusted with the public interest. \u201d colonel mason countered arguments of this kind, saying all citizens should have equal voting rights and privileges. doctor franklin sided with colonel mason believing that restricting the right to vote to land owners would cause contention among the people. in the end morris \u2019 s proposal to restrict the franchise to property owners was defeated soundly ( 7 - 1 - 1 ). just as the convention rejected a plan to restrict voting to property owners, they also rejected a proposal to restrict elective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43488515043044934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea2a4a62-5765-4ec7-ba52-1a99029763a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.107703"}
{"text": ". in the end morris \u2019 s proposal to restrict the franchise to property owners was defeated soundly ( 7 - 1 - 1 ). just as the convention rejected a plan to restrict voting to property owners, they also rejected a proposal to restrict elective office to property owners. south carolina \u2019 s charles pinckney moved that \u201c the president of the u. s., the judges, and members of the legislature should be required to swear that they were respectively possessed of a cleared unencumbered estate \u201d \u2013 in an amount to be agreed upon by members of the convention. this proposal went nowhere. benjamin franklin expressed his \u201c dislike of every thing that tended to debase the spirit of the common people, \u201d and observed that \u201c some of the greatest rogues he was ever acquainted with, were the richest rogues. \u201d madison reports that pinckney \u2019 s motion \u201c was rejected by so general a no, that the states were not called. \u201d the convention did have a sentiment in favor of strong citizenship requirements for legislators. the committee of detail \u2019 s report required members of the house be u. s. citizens for three years prior to election, and members of the senate for four years. some, including george mason and morris, agreed that a lengthy citizenship requirement would protect the legislature from foreign intrigue. others, including madison and franklin, pointed to the number of foreign friends who had helped the states during the war for independence. delegates sided with mason and morris, agreeing to requirements that members of the house be citizens for seven years and members of the senate for nine years prior to election. on the question of how many representatives would make up the national legislature, article iv of the committee of detail report stated that the house of representatives would initially consist of sixty - five members, and that in the future, members of the house would be added \u201c at the rate of one for every forty thousand. \u201d madison, expecting the union to grow rapidly, thought that rate would quickly lead the house to grow too large. others thought that time would make this issue irrelevant. mr. nathaniel gorham from massachusetts asked, \u201c can it be supposed that this vast country including the western territory will 150 years hence remain one nation? mr. oliver ellsworth observed that \u201c if the government should continue so long, alterations may be made in the constitution \u201d through the amendment process. delegates agreed to add the language \u201c not exceeding \u201d to the one representative for 40, 000 citizen ratio, making that a ceiling and not a floor. controversy over this provision would re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4737788645368097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea2a4a62-5765-4ec7-ba52-1a99029763a0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.108761"}
{"text": ", alterations may be made in the constitution \u201d through the amendment process. delegates agreed to add the language \u201c not exceeding \u201d to the one representative for 40, 000 citizen ratio, making that a ceiling and not a floor. controversy over this provision would re - emerge before the end of the convention, however. the specter of slavery likewise, controversy would emerge about slavery. consideration of the apportionment of representatives raised the question of whether slaves would be included within that ratio. morris rose on august 8 and gave a withering criticism of the institution. moving to specify that this ratio would include only \u201c free \u201d inhabitants, morris called slavery \u201c a nefarious institution, \u201d and \u201c the curse of heaven \u201d. comparing free with slave states, morris noted, on the one hand, \u201c a rich and noble cultivation [ which ] marks the prosperity and happiness of the people, \u201d and on the other \u201c the misery and poverty which overspread the barren wastes of virginia, maryland, and the other states having slaves. \u201d morris \u2019 s motion was defeated 10 - 1, but the issue of how slavery would be addressed by the new union was by no means resolved. for more detailed information on the constitutional convention, please visit prof. gordon lloyd \u2019 s web companion to the philadelphia convention. posted in countdown to the constitution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5022864906664805, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea2a4a62-5765-4ec7-ba52-1a99029763a0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.110461"}
{"text": "in 2006, two scientists announced that they had cooked an egg by placing it in between two cell phones. it has been thrououghly disproven and analyzed since the surface of the claim, but it is still an excellent opportunity to use the scientific thinking principles on! # 1 : ruling out rival hypotheses this principle isn ' t the most relevant because the experiment doesn ' t exactly prove any hypotheses. but it can still apply to the attempt to cook an egg between two cell phones because there could be other effects causing that outcome. # 2 : correlation vs. causation there are so many other reasons that the egg could ' ve cooked! maybe it was really hot out? or the cell phone egg set up was within a microwave? not the most probable of all possible causations, but it proves the point. there could be many other ways this egg could ' ve cooked ( or in actuality, the fact that it didn ' t cook at all ) that we need to examine or at least acknowledge that they could be there. this claim is very out there so it has a really good chance of being able to be falsified. as we will see in # 4, after replicating the incident one can find almost instantly that it is in fact a hoax. as many people did, reproducing the egg cooking experiement will prove that it is in fact a hoax. every reproduction that was prodcued failed to yield the same results as the first, which made everything make sense when the site ' s webmaster that published the article stepped forward to say it was in fact completely fake. # 5 : extraordinary claims the claim that you can cook an egg with two cell phones is pretty extraordinary yet there is no extraordinary evidence to back it up! in fact, it is just too extraordinary to be real. # 6 : occam ' s razor in my mind, the simpliest explaination would be that it simply is not true. the end. i ' m not going to lie, if this claim was true i would be thrilled. in addition to being in awe of the power of technology, it would make cooking meals for myself in my dorm room a whole lot easier! unfortunately though, this is a hoax. with the help of the six principles of scientific thinking, i will never fall for this or any other raw food cooking claim ever again!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5784124835423601, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87230adf-bb1f-4b4b-9c4e-ebaed1589758>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.115789"}
{"text": "how to win at science fairs ( dec, 1960 ) how to win at science fairs by ronald benrey you can win at a science fair as long as one thing interests you more than winning does. this is your project itself. it is going to be judged on scientific thought, creative ability, and presentation. you will really have to know the field your project is concerned with. this takes effort. since you lack the means of a professional laboratory, you will have to do much with little. this takes trial and error and just plain work. your presentation must be attractive and clear. this means good workmanship, which takes time and care. you are going to have to show some originality. after all, there is no use doing what everybody else is doing : be different. for this, you have to have the other three under control. by the way, the \u201c laymen \u201d who see your exhibit will ask all kinds of questions. have good answers at your fingertips. the judges won \u2019 t be laymen, and any double - talk will scream to them that you don \u2019 t know your subject. it may also make them suspect that the best parts of your project are not your work. this would be unjust, perhaps, but deadly. now, whether your entry covers a large table top or can just be tucked under your arm, it is going to be a big job. it can \u2019 t be left for a \u201c crash program \u201d in the last few weeks before the fair. it is going to eat up big portions of your time, energy, and spending money for the next several months. all this demands your interest. but it isn \u2019 t simply a matter of \u201c fun. \u201d licking this challenge may be a turning point in your life. with or without a scholarship prize, your career may begin with it. as a reader of electronics illustrated your project will probably deal with electronics or applied physics rather than with biological or earth sciences. select your topic carefully from a broad subject that really interests you. a massive effort in the direction of a passing fancy will result in a mediocre project at best. take a limited subtopic that you think worth investigating and that you feel able to handle. to ease financial strain, plan now to build your project over a long period of time, say six months, on a pay - as - you - build basis. once you have a rough idea of your project \u2019 s general form, don \u2019 t dash into construction. visit technical libraries and learn all you can about current professional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5023817342576999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ad66c1d-7e72-4ed4-889b-c4b7f1b988a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.121074"}
{"text": "of time, say six months, on a pay - as - you - build basis. once you have a rough idea of your project \u2019 s general form, don \u2019 t dash into construction. visit technical libraries and learn all you can about current professional work in the field, and its technical jargon. this will give you much important information and helpful hints, and when you finally face the judges, you will know your subject. here is a prickly question. it is up to you to be realistic and honest with yourself when you choose a topic. your science teachers and advisers will certainly be helpful, but the final decision must be yours. in other words, if you have never handled a soldering iron before, don \u2019 t take on a project requiring elaborate electronic instrumentation. if you have enough time you can work up to a complex project by building a few simpler devices, like many described in ei. this is another reason for starting now. \u2013 why not get your feet wet by assembling some test equipment from kits? you will certainly need a multimeter anyway, for any project, and it will be something you can use \u201c forever. \u201d another touchy subject : discussion of this often scares off good potential science fairers. nobody requires or expects a science fair project to produce a radical new scientific discovery. however, this does not imply that an entrant can \u2019 t find a new angle on an old problem. merely duplicating a project described in a magazine shows the judges only one thing : the builder can follow directions. the main benefit of entering a science fair is the challenge of thinking a real problem out, all the way through. your project can be for \u201c demonstration \u201d rather than \u201c research, \u201d but make sure you come up with fresh, clear, meaningful ways to present your material. stay away from last year \u2019 s winning project : it was good last year. avoid \u201c staples \u201d ( like tesla coils ) unless they are only part of a \u2018 wider original project. your project should be well presented and look impressive, but impressive need not mean expensive. judges seldom look twice at an exhibit loaded down with excess and borrowed equipment when the same results could have been obtained more economically and without false show. novel use of common materials shows creative ability, and this is an important judging criterion. remember, how you solved your problem is what counts at a science fair, and not merely that you solved it. also, neatness counts! aside from being impossible to troubleshoot, a rat \u2019 s nest of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4867641683861238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ad66c1d-7e72-4ed4-889b-c4b7f1b988a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.121971"}
{"text": "this is an important judging criterion. remember, how you solved your problem is what counts at a science fair, and not merely that you solved it. also, neatness counts! aside from being impossible to troubleshoot, a rat \u2019 s nest of wiring is typical of losing projects. time spent color - coding leads, installing wire harness and cable clamps will result in a much more attractive and more reliable project. but know what you are doing! don \u2019 t harness leads in a circuit that demands point - to - point wiring, or cable grid and plate leads together in an amplifier circuit. read up on layout and construction techniques, and allow yourself time to make and correct mistakes. prior planning will also pay off in dollars and cents, since you can save by purchasing some components ( like resistors ) in quantity, and if you live near a big city you can shop around for some items in the military surplus stores, modifying your design if necessary to take odd - value components. now, sit back and start your thinking. the time to start is right now. is your winning project here? radio telescope : home - built sensitive low - noise receiver, simple antenna system. try to make simple \u201c radio map. \u201d guidance system : for model ear. can be programmed to run around science fair grounds without hitting anything, or to reach pre - chosen destination. solar cells : home - built unit as part of demonstration of basic physics of solar cells : display on recent professional research results : off - beat practical applications ( eyeglass type hearing aid? ). moon mouse : \u201c to be landed on the moon. \u201d self - propelled, radio controlled from earth, instrumented and transmitter equipped. some functions solar powered? these are only suggestions. you may come up with ideas regarding fuel cells, space communications, navigation, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5540809661277003, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ad66c1d-7e72-4ed4-889b-c4b7f1b988a7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.122634"}
{"text": "with the development of science and technology, computer has become more and more popular in our daily life, which is intended to be a part of our life. but at the same time it also brings the safety problem, because increasing number of bad people would like to break into computer systems to steal the secret information. it seems that computer safety has been a serious problem by now. maybe you could learn something about the safety terms in microsoft so that you could adopt the different methods according to different cases. what is malware? in fact malware, short for \u201c malicious software \u201d, is any kind of software which is installed without your complete permission and is not in need at all. the famous malware areviruses, worms, and trojan horses, which are almost known to us all. even though you are not familiar with them, you must have heard of it at ordinary times. if you want to protect your computer from the malware, you could make sure that the automatic updating is turned on all the time to get the latest updates. 2 antispyware software antispyware software helps protect your computer, and prevent the pop - ups, slow performance, and security threats caused by spyware and other adverse software. every computer user must keep antispyware software up to date in order to keep in touch with the latest spyware. aimed at protecting our computer, we could use microsoft security essentials, free download software, to be against spyware and other malicious software. a firewall is used to help screen out hackers, viruses, and worms that try to attack your computer through the internet. in fact, if you are the one who use the computer at home, the most efficient and important step is to enable firewall when you start your computer. a virus will slip through and infect you ; the only effective way by protecting yourself is using a firewall. a firewall monitors your internet connections and allows you to specify which programs are allowed to connect and which are not. 4 antivirus software antivirus software is a kind of computer program which can be used to test, defend, and take actions to remove or delete malicious software program. as we all know, computer virus is some programs, which can specially disturb computer operation. so we should update antivirus software in regular time to prevent against the latest virus. 5 windows password besides the above mentioned software, you could have an alternative at the same time, namely windows password. with a password like this, you can prevent your privacy from being let out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5108322835580825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d310cea-07c0-49a6-a372-5da020bfac96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.125155"}
{"text": ". 8grams x kilogram of body weight / day how to convert pounds into kilograms : # pounds / 2. 2 = kg for example someone who weighs say 110 would be 50kg. so we take 50kg and multilpy that by. 8gm and they should be getting about 40 grams of protein a day. low protein diets can result in weak bones, muscle wasting, and decrease in time for wounds to heal. protein is essential in the diet and having enough is very important especially if you are exercising. when you are working with weights and building muscle adequate protein intake is essential in building those muscles. if you are taking a protein supplement in powder try to find one that does not have any added saturated or transaturated fats. there are some protein supplements out there that are made for gaining weight so they will have additional calories and fats in them. so make sure you read the label and everything says 0 except the protein. this brand is an excellent choice and very safe : just remember to read label and consult with your doctor if it is safe for you to take a protein supplement. the following foods are excellent sources of protein : - cottage cheese - nuts and seeds - soy beans - greek yogurt make sure at every meal you have a protein, a healthy carbohydrate ( whole wheat or whole grain ), and good fat. ( monounsaturated fats ) keep your meals and snacks balanced so you can stay full and not feel hungry throughout the day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4626587661010636, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:549e680b-1e0f-40fd-b7f5-2a96abd000ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.129176"}
{"text": "our opinion : fostering better nutrition is a key to reducing public health costs. that makes the scarcity of large grocery stores in some urban neighborhoods, especially poor ones, a matter of public policy. it \u2019 s easy, and comforting, to assume that in an modern, industrialized nation, everyone eats well. surely with programs like food stamps, even needy people are doing ok, right? more than 40, 000 people in albany and schenectady live in what are known as food deserts \u2014 places where a grocery store is at least a mile away. many are poor. the u. s. department of agriculture estimates that about 3, 700 of the more than 23, 000 people in albany who don \u2019 t live near a large grocer are poor. in schenectady, about 5, 400 of the more than 19, 000 people for whom a supermarket trip is more like a trek are low income. moreover, those estimates were based largely on information gathered before a recession that has made even more people poor. that \u2019 s not just an inconvenience. it \u2019 s a public health issue in a society where the problems associated with poor nutrition and obesity are linked to the growing cost of public health care. one suggestion for alleviating the problem comes from the american cancer society, which is reviving the controversial idea of a tax on soda and other sugar - sweetened drinks. the group suggests using the tax to help fund and evaluate child obesity programs. an even more productive use might be to devote a portion of such a tax to local efforts to lure larger grocery stores to urban neighborhoods that don \u2019 t have them now. it would seem doubtful, though, that the state legislature will be any more inclined to implement a soda tax than it was last year, when it refused to do so even with the prospect of raising $ 400 million in new revenue and even with the urging of the state health commissioner and then - gov. david paterson. that doesn \u2019 t mean it \u2019 s not worth trying for a soda tax \u2014 encouraging kids in particular to cut back on sugary beverages is not a bad goal at all, nor is raising funds that could be used to promote a healthier citizenry. but the more likely reality is that new york and communities will have to find ways to do something about poor nutrition and food deserts without the help of a soda tax. here \u2019 s one direction : since last march, capital district community gardens has been supplying nine convenience stores and markets with fresh produce under a five - year, $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4012900017130218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc2b2237-bb58-4d64-ab60-655ff3250f48>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.131960"}
{"text": "yesterday \u2019 s house passage of cap - and - trade legislation designed to confront climate change is a landmark achievement, the first tangible step taken by the country that emits more greenhouse gas per capita than anyone in the world. the bill itself still faces a tough test in the senate. passage is far from assured, and without similar actions by other major emitting countries, it won \u2019 t mean much. but it does finally demonstrate to the rest of the world that the united states is prepared to do its part, which puts the pressure on them to follow suit. the bill itself, the product of a thousand political compromises, also isn \u2019 t perfect. but it also isn \u2019 t what its hysterical opponents claim it is. as bryan walsh acknowledges in time : \u2026 critics have vastly overstated the likely cost. in fact, they \u2019 re all but lying. during the house debate, republican whip eric cantor, using numbers from an american petroleum institute study, said that the bill would eventually cost more than $ 3, 000 per family per year \u2014 but those numbers assume that billions of tons worth of inexpensive carbon offsets won \u2019 t be available under the bill, which would significantly inflate the overall cost. that \u2019 s not going to happen. a more reliable study from the nonpartisan congressional budget office forecast that the bill would cost the average u. s. household $ 175 in higher energy costs annually by 2020 \u2014 and other studies estimate that the energy - efficiency provisions in the bill might even save americans money over time. when opponents are forced to lie so blatantly \u2014 in this case exaggerating the likely cost 17 times over \u2014 they don \u2019 t have much of an honest argument.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47850424778337464, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbaccb35-1074-476c-9b46-8f3c424bfecd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.134463"}
{"text": "just as there are many variants and forms of electronic malware and internet - based threats around the globe, so there are many forms of protection against these threats. signature - based detection is one of the multifarious forms of defense that have been developed in order to keep us safe from malicious content. although signature - based detection can be argued to have been overshadowed by more sophisticated methods of protection in some environments, it remains as a core \u2018 technique \u2019 featuring in the anti - virus controls of packages and suites that work to protect a user \u2019 s system today. how does signature - based detection work? signature - based detection works by scanning the contents of computer files and cross - referencing their contents with the \u201c code signatures \u201d belonging to known viruses. a library of known code signatures is updated and refreshed constantly by the anti - virus software vendor. if a viral signature is detected, the software acts to protect the user \u2019 s system from damage. suspected files are typically quarantined and / or encrypted in order to render them inoperable and useless. clearly there will always be new and emerging viruses with their own unique code signatures. so once again, the anti - virus software vendor works constantly to assess and assimilate new signature - based detection data as it becomes available, often in real time so that updates can be pushed out to users immediately and zero - day vulnerabilities can be avoided. next - generation signature - based detection new variants of computer virus are of course developed every day and security companies now work to also protect users from malware that attempts to disguise itself from traditional signature - based detection. virus authors have tried to avoid their malicious code being detected by writing \u201c oligomorphic \u201c, \u201c polymorphic \u201d and more recently \u201c metamorphic \u201d viruses with signatures that are either disguised or changed from those that might be held in a signature directory. despite these developments, the internet at large does of course still function on a daily basis. populated as it is by users who not only have up to date security software installed, but also by those who have educated themselves as to the type of risks discussed here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5873531449473786, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dc7b057-7b64-4e02-98fa-2e3e2cfcf30c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.136565"}
{"text": "by jason kohn, contributing columnist like many of us, scientific researchers tend to be creatures of habit. this includes research teams working for the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ), the u. s. government agency charged with measuring the behavior of oceans, atmosphere, and weather. many of these climate scientists work with massive amounts of data \u2013 for example, the national weather service collecting up - to - the - minute temperature, humidity, and barometric readings from thousands of sites across the united states to help forecast weather. research teams then rely on some the largest, most powerful high - performance computing ( hpc ) systems in the world to run models, forecasts, and other research computations. given the reliance on hpc resources, noaa climate researchers have traditionally worked onsite at major supercomputing facilities, such as oak ridge national laboratory in tennessee, where access to supercomputers are just steps away. as researchers crate ever more sophisticated models of ocean and atmospheric behavior, however, the hpc requirements have become truly staggering. now, noaa is using a super - high - speed network called \u201c n - wave \u201d to connect research sites across the united states with the computing resources they need. the network has been operating for several years, and today transports enough data to fill a 10 - gbps network to full capacity, all day, every day. noaa is now upgrading this network to allow even more data traffic, with the goal of ultimately supporting 100 - gbps data rates. \u201c our scientists were really used to having a computer in their basement, \u201d says jerry janssen, manager, n - wave network, noaa, in a video about the project. \u201c when that computer moved a couple thousand miles away, we had to give them a lot of assurances that, one, the data would actually move at the speed they needed it to move, but also that they could rely on it to be there. the amount of data that will be generated under this model will exceed 80 - 100 terabits per day. \u201d the n - wave project means much more than just a massive new data pipe. it represents a fundamental shift in the way that scientists can conduct their research, allowing them to perform hugely demanding supercomputer runs of their data from dozens of remote locations. as a result, it gives noaa climate scientists much more flexibility in where and how they work. \u201c for the first time, noaa scientists and engineers in completely separate parts of the country, all the way to places", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5358813667952087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c23e3842-a002-4f6b-9554-bafecec0beed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.139951"}
{"text": "from dozens of remote locations. as a result, it gives noaa climate scientists much more flexibility in where and how they work. \u201c for the first time, noaa scientists and engineers in completely separate parts of the country, all the way to places like alaska and hawaii and puerto rico, will have the bandwidth they need, without restriction, \u201d says janssen. \u201c noaa will now be able to do things it never thought it could do before. \u201d in addition to providing fast, stable access to hpc resources, n - wave is also allowing noaa climate scientists to share resources much more easily with scientists in the u. s. department of energy and other government agencies. ideally, this level of collaboration and access to supercomputing resources will help climate scientists continue to develop more effective climate models, improve weather forecasts, and allow us to better understand our climate. powering vital climate research the high - speed nationwide hpc connectivity capability provided by n - wave is now enabling a broad range of noaa basic science and research activities. examples include : - basic data dissemination, allowing research teams to collect up - to - the - minute data on ocean, atmosphere, and weather from across the country, and make that data available to other research teams and agencies nationwide. - ensemble forecasting, where researchers run multiple hpc simulations using different initial conditions and modeling techniques, in order to refine their atmospheric forecasts and minimize errors. - severe weather modeling, where scientists draw on hpc simulations, real - time atmospheric data, and archived storm data to better understand and predict the behavior of storms. - advancing understanding of the environment to be able to better predict short - term and long - term environmental changes, mitigate threats, and provide the most accurate data to inform policy decisions. all of this work is important, and will help advance our understanding of earth \u2019 s climate. and it is all a testament to the amazing networking technologies and infrastructure that scientists now have at their disposal, which puts the most powerful supercomputing resources in the world at their fingertips \u2013 even when they are thousands of miles away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5268938468871491, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c23e3842-a002-4f6b-9554-bafecec0beed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.140806"}
{"text": "the bacterium micavibrio aeruginosavorus ( yellow ), leeching on a pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium ( purple ). what \u2019 s the news : if bacteria had blood, the predatory microbe micavibrio aeruginosavorus would essentially be a vampire : it subsists by hunting down other bugs, attaching to them, and sucking their life out. for the first time, researchers have sequenced the genome of this strange microorganism, which was first identified decades ago in sewage water. the sequence will help better understand the unique bacterium, which has potential to be used as a \u201c living antibiotic \u201d due to its ability to attack drug - resistant biofilms and its apparent fondness for dining on pathogens. anatomy of a vampire : - the bacterium has an interesting multi - stage life history. during its migratory phase it sprouts a single flagellum and goes hunting for prey. once it find a delectable morsel of bacterium, it attacks and irreversibly attaches to the surface, and sucks out all of the good stuff : carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, dna, etc. - sated, the cell divides in two via binary fission, and the now - depleted host is left for dead. hungry for pathogens : - m. aeruginosavorus cannot be grown by itself ; it must be cultured along with another bacteria to feed upon. a 2006 study found that it only grew upon three bacterial species, all of which can cause pneumonia - like disease in humans. a more recent study showed that it can prey upon a wider variety of microbes, most of them potentially pathogenic, like e. coli. - these studies also found that m. aeruginosavorus has a knack for disrupting biofilms, the dense collection of bacteria that cause harmful plaques on teeth and medical implants alike, and can be up to 1, 000 more resistant to antibiotics than free - swimming bugs. - the bacteria can also swim through viscous fluids like mucous and kills pseudomonas aeruginosa, the bacterium that can colonize lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and form a glue - like film. - these qualities have caught the eye of researchers who think it could be used as a living antibiotic to treat biofilms and various types of drug - resistant bacteria, which are a growing problem in medicine. sequencing the organism \u2019 s genome is an important step", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48995184298344885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d904d662-9bf2-45c5-84ed-06cf69edb907>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.145398"}
{"text": "qualities have caught the eye of researchers who think it could be used as a living antibiotic to treat biofilms and various types of drug - resistant bacteria, which are a growing problem in medicine. sequencing the organism \u2019 s genome is an important step in understanding its biochemistry and how it preys on other microbes. clues from the vampire code : - the new study found that each phase of life involves the use ( or expression ) of different sets of genes. the migratory / hunting phase involves many segments that code for flagellum formation and genes involved in quorum sensing. the attachment phase involves a wide variety of secreted chemicals and enzymes that facilitate the flow of materials from the host. - micavibrio aeruginosavorus possesses no genes for amino acid transporters, a rather rare trait only seen in a few other bacterial species that depend heavily upon their host to help them shuttle these vital protein building - blocks. this absence helps explain the bacterium \u2019 s dependence on a narrow range of prey, from which it directly steals amino acids. although it remains unclear exactly how the microbe attaches to and infiltrates other cells. the future holds : - the range of microbes upon which micavibrio aeruginosavorus can survive is expanding ; after being kept in laboratory conditions for years it has apparently evolved a more diverse diet. if this expansion continues, that could be a real problem for its use as an antibiotic ; it could begin to eat beneficial gut bacteria, for example. - researchers claim it is harmless to friendly gut microbes, but it hasn \u2019 t been tested on all the varieties of bacteria present in humans. - several important steps must be taken before testing in people, like learning more about what traits makes another bacteria tasty to micavibrio aeruginosavorus. researchers speculate the bacterium may need to be genetically altered in order to go after specific pathogens, or to reduce the risk of it causing unforeseen complications. reference : zhang wang, daniel e kadouri, martin wu. genomic insights into an obligate epibiotic bacterial predator : micavibrio aeruginosavorus arl - 13. bmc genomics, 2011 ; 12 ( 1 ) : 453 doi : 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 453 image credit : university of virginia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48694556376480014, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d904d662-9bf2-45c5-84ed-06cf69edb907>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.146294"}
{"text": "- november 15th, 2008 - derek robertson - comments : 7 comments \u00bb tags : consolarium, endless ocean, games based learning, wii endless ocean for the nintendo wii was one of those games that immediately caught my eye. a wonderful world in which the player can become immersed in a rich, vibrant and somewhat hypnotically therapeutic underwater world. i \u2019 ve written about how i thought it might be used to drive learning before but my initial ideas have been put into place and extended beyond recognition by some really creative teachers. last week i went with margaret cassidy from stirling council to cowie ps to see a teacher that was using endless ocean with her class : mrs bullivant and her class of p. 6 children treated me to an afternoon of sheer joy. i walked in to a class that had been turned into an underwater world that was awash with a tide of enthusiastic and industrious learnning. - streamers of various shades of blue were hung from two lines that criss - crossed the class. from these lines also hung starfish, sharks and other underwater creatures that the children had made. - the wii was hooked up to the whiteboard and the gameplay was integral to the learning. - the children were divided into \u2018 dive teams \u2019 and their \u2018 dive leader \u2019 had to manage certain aspects of how the children worked together. - children were engaged with a teacher led leson that investigated buoyancy. - children were searching the web to find out more about some of the creatures that they discovered in the game. - a spreadsheet activity detailing the range of creatures that they had discovered was in place. - a shipwreck ( created by the janitor ) was sitting in the class. this helped drive much of the creative writing work. - the children created treasure maps and were using these to look at grid references. - mermaids were created in art and design and very lifelike they were too! - reference books were in great demand when i was in the class and the initial stimulus of the game appeared to drive a real interest for what could be found in the complementary resource that was the book. - children actively encouraged to measure exactly how long 7 metres is as a result of finding out that that was how long a great white shark was. this was just a wonderful visit and an example of what learning in class can be. yes we need creative teachers to lead this but isn \u2019 t that what we are meant to be. the work that was in evidence in this class was delightful to witness and further cemented my ideas of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5086461606773233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed02b25b-582c-477f-af77-6a012b479875>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.148613"}
{"text": "correctly identifying what is causing a problem is the most important step in pest control. we do our best here to help you do that. sometimes we can identify the cause accurately enough from your phone or e - mail description of what is happening and what you see. sometimes we can do this from photographs you submit, either electronically or printed on paper. but sometimes word descriptions and photographs aren ' t quite good enough, and we ask you to submit a specimen of an arthropod you have found, or the damage it has caused. the information we give you is only as good as the information you give to us. i can ' t identify specimens that look like the one in the photograph above. here are some hints that will help all of us : 1. make sure any photographs are clear and take several, from very close up to farther away. make sure you have sufficient light, or that you compensate with your camera to make sure we can clearly see what you are trying to show us. learn how to use the close up mode on your digital camera. 2. you have 20, 000 of something flying around? please give us at least - oh maybe - six of them. if it ' s something unusual, we need at least one full, intact set of key characteristics. if there are big individuals and little ones, try to submit a few of each size. maybe they ' re different, maybe they ' re not, but we won ' t know for sure unless we see them. 3. label your material. where and when was it found? what does it seem to be doing? 4. you had 20, 000 last week, but you can ' t find even one now? maybe you don ' t have the problem anymore. keep an eye on the situation and try not to worry. 5. that doesn ' t go for termites. if you think you had a termite swarm, worry! keep a close eye on it, try to find a least one, even if it ' s only a wing, and submit it for identification. 6. you can kill most small pests by putting them in the freezer or by dropping them into alcohol. any sort of alcohol will do. the alcohol not only kills them, it also preserves them. never submit arthropod specimens in water ( unless they are living aquatic animals ). moths and butterflies are easier to identify if they are not preserved in alcohol, so just freeze them and bring them in dry. we can also take live specimens. 7. some insects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47109637239953484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d4a15ce-d5a1-46a3-8559-fc86e518e7af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.151190"}
{"text": "efforts to incorporate bowmanstown as a borough occurred as early as 1892. the village contained about 300 inhabitants in 1896 but the nearby new jersey zinc company soon added to its growth. bowmanstown was incorporated as a borough on november 29, 1913 for the purpose of providing general local government services to residents of the community. upon incorporation of bowmanstown as a borough its boundaries encompassed lands measuring 0. 75 square mile. the borough ' s assessed valuation in 1918 was $ 279, 000. 00. the population of 834 in 1920 remained relatively constant for decades. the bowmanstown borough municipal building ( borough hall ) is a converted school building that was constructed in 1903 to serve the youths of the community. in 1958, the palmerton school district was established and combined several local schools in order to create a regional school thus making the bowmanstown campus obsolete. in 1964, the borough acquired the old brick school building and has been using it as offices ever since. the borough kept the building in its original condition. the bowmanstown borough authority was incorporated august 24, 1997 and was created for the purpose of owning and operating the bowmanstown public water system. on february 11, 2002 the authority began construction of its water system improvement project which included a new chlorine building, looping numerous water mains, installing new services, erection of a new 250, 000 gallon standpipe and a new liner to the one reservoir. in 2009, the authority replaced their two roofs at the reservoirs with metal roofs. ongoing water projects will continue to transpire throughout the years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3565568162513463, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad0f0f8d-cdf1-4156-803c-c0f2786185b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.154258"}
{"text": "angola is a giant jigsaw puzzle of different climates, landscapes, cultures and colors. from mountains to vast open plains, wide white beaches to thick tropical rainforest, angola has it all, as if each of its eighteen provinces were a different country. lubango has a mild temperate climate, luanda is hot and dry, while cabinda is steamy and tropical. much of the landscape is dramatic, with plunging waterfalls, bizarre rock formations and deep gorges. with an atlantic coastline stretching for over 1. 650 kms, angola has mighty rivers flowing into wide estuaries depositing sediments from the high plateaus to form numerous small islands, bays and sandbanks. in angola, you can encounter a diversity of wild animals : lions, hyenas, elephants and antelopes. apes, hippopotamuses and crocodiles are also indigenous to this country. in the namib desert, which is situated in the south - west, you can find the tumboa, a unique plant with two wide leaves that are several metres long and lie on the ground of the desert. although the climate is such that the beaches can be visited all year round, it is in fact during the hot season that they are most frequented. the bars all filled and the local music and dancing provide an animated and exotic atmosphere that mixes well with the mystery of the african nights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4017795958098276, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9e39f19-3d77-443f-afd7-2074037cf996>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.156659"}
{"text": "according to buddhist tradition, the disciple devadatta was the buddha ' s cousin and also brother to the buddha ' s wife, yasodhara. devadatta is said to have caused a split in the sangha by persuading 500 monks to leave the buddha and follow him instead. this story of devadatta is preserved in the pali tipitika. in this story, devadatta entered the order of buddhist monks at the same time as ananda and other noble youths of the shakya clan, the clan of the historical buddha. devadatta applied himself to practice. but he became frustrated when he failed to progress toward becoming an arhat. so, instead, he applied his practice toward developing supernatural power instead of the realization of enlightenment. it was said he also became driven by jealousy of his kinsman, the buddha. devadatta believed he should be the world - honored one and the leader of the order of monks. one day he approached the buddha and pointed out that the buddha was growing older. he proposed that he be put in charge of the order to relieve the buddha of the burden. the buddha rebuked devadatta harshly and said he was not worthy. thus devadatta became the buddha ' s enemy. later, the buddha was questioned how his harsh response to devadatta was justified as right speech. i ' ll come back to this a bit later. devadatta had gained the favor of prince ajatasattu of magadha. ajatasattu ' s father, king bimbisara, was a devoted patron of the buddha. devadatta persuaded the prince to murder his father and assume the throne of magadha. at the same time, devadatta vowed to have the buddha murdered so he could take over the sangha. so that the deed could not be traced back to devadatta, the plan was to send a second group of \" hit men \" to assassinate the first one, and then a third group to take out the second one, and so on for some time. but when the would - be assassins approached the buddha they couldn ' t carry out the order. then devadatta tried to do the job himself, by dropping a rock on the buddha. the rock bounced off the mountain side and broke into pieces. the next attempt involved a large bull elephant in a drug - induced fury, but the elephant was gentled in the buddha ' s presence. finally devadatta attempted to split the sangha by claiming superior moral rec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4505623206273093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d836bf06-262b-4bca-8851-41ec64e31038>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.161638"}
{"text": "mountain side and broke into pieces. the next attempt involved a large bull elephant in a drug - induced fury, but the elephant was gentled in the buddha ' s presence. finally devadatta attempted to split the sangha by claiming superior moral rectitude. he proposed a list of austerities and asked that they become mandatory for all monks and nuns. these were : - monks must live all their lives in the forest. - monks must live only on alms obtained by begging, and should not accept invitations to dine with others. - monks must wear robes made only from rags collected from rubbish heaps and cremation grounds. they must not accept donations of cloth at any time. ( see kathina. ) - monks must sleep at the foot of trees and not under a roof. - monks must refrain from eating fish or meat throughout their lives. the buddha responded as devadatta had predicted he would. he said that monks could follow the first four austerities if they wished, but he refused to make them mandatory. and he rejected the fifth austerity entirely. ( see buddhism and vegetarianism. ) devadatta persuaded 500 monks that his super austerity plan was a surer path to enlightenment than the buddha ' s, and they followed devadatta to become his disciples. in response, the buddha sent two of his disciples, sariputra and mahamaudgayalyana, to teach the dharma to the wayward monks. upon hearing the dharma explained correctly, the 500 monks returned to the buddha. devadatta was now a sorry and broken man, and he soon fell mortally ill. on his deathbed he repented of his misdeeds and wished to see the buddha one more time, but devadatta died before his liter - bearers could reach him. life of devadatta, alternate version the lives of the buddha and his disciples were preserved in several oral recitation traditions before they were written down. the pali tradition, which is the foundation of theravada buddhism, is the best known. another oral tradition was preserved by the mahasanghika sect, which was formed about 320 bce. mahasanghika is an important forerunner of mahayana. mahasanghika remembered devadatta as a devout and saintly monk. no trace of the \" evil devadatta \" story can be found in their version of the canon. this has led some scholars to speculate that the story of the renegade devadatta is a later invention.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45895425557059005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d836bf06-262b-4bca-8851-41ec64e31038>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.162795"}
{"text": "public papers - 1991 white house fact sheet on the strategic arms reduction treaty ( start ) today, the united states and the soviet union signed the strategic arms reduction treaty. this treaty marks the first agreement between the two countries in which the number of deployed strategic nuclear weapons will actually be reduced. reductions will take place over a period of 7 years, and will result in parity between the strategic nuclear forces of the two sides at levels approximately 30 percent below currently deployed forces. deeper cuts are required in the most dangerous and destabilizing systems. start provisions are designed to strengthen strategic stability at lower levels and to encourage the restructuring of strategic forces in ways that make them more stable and less threatening. the treaty includes a wide variety of very demanding verification measures designed to ensure compliance and build confidence. the treaty sets equal ceilings on the number of strategic nuclear forces that can be deployed by either side. in addition, the treaty establishes an equal ceiling on ballistic missile throw - weight ( a measure of overall capability for ballistic missiles ). each side is limited to no more than : - - 1600 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles ( deployed intercontinental ballistic missiles [ icbm ' s ], submarine launched ballistic missiles [ slbm ' s ], and heavy bombers ), a limit that is 36 percent below the soviet level declared in september 1990 and 29 percent below the u. s. level. - - 6000 total accountable warheads, about 41 percent below the current soviet level and 43 percent below the current u. s. level. - - 4900 accountable warheads deployed on icbm ' s or slbm ' s, about 48 percent below the current soviet level and 40 percent below the current u. s. level. - - 1540 accountable warheads deployed on 154 heavy icbm ' s, a 50 - percent reduction in current soviet forces. the u. s. has no heavy icbm ' s. - - 1100 accountable warheads deployed on mobile icbm ' s. - - aggregate throw - weight of deployed icbm ' s and slbm ' s equal to about 54 percent of the current soviet aggregate throw - weight. ballistic missile warhead accountability the treaty uses detailed counting rules to ensure the accurate accounting of the number of warheads attributed to each type of ballistic missile. - - each deployed ballistic missile warhead counts as 1 under the 4900 ceiling and 1 under the 6000 overall warhead ceiling. - - each side is allowed 10 on - site inspections each year to verify that deployed ballistic missiles contain no more warheads than the number that is attributed to them under the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164082798117914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61022017-5b85-4840-958f-d37f75698705>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.169963"}
{"text": "1 under the 4900 ceiling and 1 under the 6000 overall warhead ceiling. - - each side is allowed 10 on - site inspections each year to verify that deployed ballistic missiles contain no more warheads than the number that is attributed to them under the treaty. downloading ballistic missile warheads the treaty also allows for a reduction in the number of warheads on certain ballistic missiles, which will help the sides transition their existing forces to the new regime. such downloading is permitted in a carefully structured and limited fashion. - - the u. s. may download its three - warhead minuteman iii icbm by either one or two warheads. the soviet union has already downloaded it ' s seven warhead ss - n - 18 slbm by four warheads. - - in addition, each side may download up to 500 warheads on two other existing types of ballistic missiles, as long as the total number of warheads removed from downloaded missiles does not exceed 1250 at any one time. the treaty places constraints on the characteristics of new types of ballistic missiles to ensure the accuracy of counting rules and prevent undercounting of missile warheads. - - the number of warheads attributed to a new type of ballistic missile must be no less than the number determined by dividing 40 percent of the missile ' s total throw - weight by the weight of the lightest rv tested on that missile. - - the throw - weight attributed to a new type must be no less than the missile ' s throw - weight capability at specified reference ranges ( 11, 000 km for icbm ' s and 9, 500 km for slbm ' s ). start places significant restrictions on the soviet ss - 18 heavy icbm. - - a 50 - percent reduction in the number of soviet ss - 18 icbm ' s ; a total reduction of 154 of these soviet missiles. - - new types of heavy icbm ' s are banned. - - downloading of heavy icbm ' s is banned. - - heavy slbm ' s and heavy mobile icbm ' s are banned. - - heavy icbm ' s will be reduced on a more stringent schedule than other strategic arms. because mobile missiles are more difficult to verify than other types of ballistic missiles, start incorporates a number of special restrictions and notifications with regard to these missiles. these measures will significantly improve our confidence that start will be effectively verifiable. - - nondeployed mobile missiles and non - deployed mobile launchers are numerically and geographically limited so as to limit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5434902183103686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61022017-5b85-4840-958f-d37f75698705>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.170823"}
{"text": "offensive arms. start will have a duration of 15 years, unless it is superseded by a subsequent agreement. if the sides agree, the treaty may be extended for successive 5 - year periods beyond the 15 years. noncircumvention and third countries start prohibits the transfer of strategic offensive arms to third countries, except that the treaty will not interfere with existing patterns of cooperation. in addition, the treaty prohibits the permanent basing of strategic offensive arms outside the national territory of each side. air - launched cruise missiles ( alcm ' s ) start does not directly count or limit alcm ' s. alcm ' s are limited indirectly through their association with heavy bombers. - - only nuclear - armed alcm ' s with a range in excess of 600 km are covered by start. - - long - range, conventionally armed alcm ' s that are distinguishable from nuclear - armed alcm ' s are not affected. - - long - range nuclear - armed alcm ' s may not be located at air bases for heavy bombers not accountable as being equipped for such alcm ' s. - - multiple warhead long - range nuclear alcm ' s are banned. sea launched cruise missiles ( slcm ' s ) slcms are not constrained by the treaty. however, each side has made a politically binding declaration as to its plans for the deployment of nuclear - armed slcm ' s. conventionally - armed slcm ' s are not subject to such a declaration. - - each side will make an annual declaration of the maximum number of nuclear - armed slcm ' s with a range greater than 600 km that it plans to deploy for each of the following 5 years. - - this number will not be greater than 880 long - range nuclear - armed slcm ' s. - - in addition, as a confidence building measure, nuclear - armed slcm ' s with a range of 300 - 600 km will be the subject of a confidential annual data exchange. the soviet backfire bomber is not constrained by the treaty. however, the soviet side has made a politically binding declaration that it will not deploy more than 800 air force and 200 naval backfire bombers, and that these bombers will not be given intercontinental capability. the start agreement consists of the treaty document itself and a number of associated documents. together they total more than 700 pages. the treaty was signed in a public ceremony by presidents bush and gorbachev in st. vladimir ' s hall in the kremlin. the associated documents were signed in a private ceremony at novo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5041727995361842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61022017-5b85-4840-958f-d37f75698705>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.172704"}
{"text": "associated documents. together they total more than 700 pages. the treaty was signed in a public ceremony by presidents bush and gorbachev in st. vladimir ' s hall in the kremlin. the associated documents were signed in a private ceremony at novo ogaryevo, president gorbachev ' s weekend dacha. seven of these documents were signed by presidents bush and gorbachev. three associated agreements were signed by secretary baker and foreign minister bessmertnykh. in addition, the start negotiators, ambassadors brooks and nazarkin, exchanged seven letters related to start in a separate event at the soviet ministry of foreign affairs in moscow. magnitude of start - - accountable reductions following is the aggregate data from the memorandum of understanding, based upon agreed counting rules in start. ( because of those counting rules, the number of heavy bomber weapons actually deployed may be higher than the number shown in the aggregate. ) this data is effective as of september 1990 ( table start ) and will be updated at entry into force : delivery vehicles.... 2, 246.... 2, 500 warheads.... 10, 563.... 10, 271 ballistic missile warheads.... 8, 210.... 9, 416 heavy icbm ' s / warheads.... none.... 308 / 3080 throw - weight ( metric tons ).... 2, 361. 3.... 6, 626. 3 as a result of the treaty, the above values will be reduced by the following percentages : delivery vehicles.... 29 percent.... 36 percent warheads.... 43 percent.... 41 percent ballistic missile warheads.... 40 percent.... 48 percent heavy icbm ' s / warheads.... none.... 50 percent throw - weight ( metric tons ).... none.... 46 percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4766640035567549, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61022017-5b85-4840-958f-d37f75698705>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.173341"}
{"text": "common core catholic identity initiative a national working group has begun the common core catholic identity initiative ( cccii ) to develop and disseminate resources and guidelines to assist catholic elementary and secondary schools in integrating elements of catholic identity ( catholic values, scripture, church social teachings, encyclicals, etc. ) into curriculum and instruction based on the common core state standards. the initial phase of cccii focuses on k - 8 english / language arts / literacy. resources for other subjects and for 9 - 12 curriculum will be developed in later phases. forty - six states have agreed to adopt the common core state standards, a set of high quality k - 12 learning standards that includes rigorous content and application of knowledge using higher - order thinking skills, leading students to college and career readiness. currently, catholic schools are assessing what the implications of the standards and accompanying assessments may be for them. while catholic schools have their own local or diocesan standards, their ability to continue to provide high - quality education for their students is compelling them to consider adoption of the common core standards. catholic schools will be impacted as curriculum resources and professional development opportunities become aligned with common core state standards by producers of instructional materials, college teacher preparation programs, or regulations for participation in the federal programs that currently benefit their students and teachers. within this environment, maintaining the uniqueness and integrity of the catholic school will require integrating the demands of their mission and the academic expectations of their constituents and the wider education community. to assist catholic schools with enhancing catholic identity integrated into the curriculum, the common core catholic identity initiative ( cccii ) has been launched as a collaborative project involving catholic universities, corporations and sponsors invested in catholic education, and the national catholic educational association ( ncea ). the common core catholic identity initiative has two goals : - to empower catholic schools and dioceses to design and direct the implementation of the common core standards within the culture and context of a catholic school curriculum - to infuse the common core standards with the faith / principles / values / social justice themes inherent in the mission and catholic identity of the school. the cccii project aims to accomplish its goals by creating a process and a product : phase 1 : gather approximately 35 practitioners and curriculum and catechetics experts to pilot a cccii ela unit development process to be shared with the larger catholic educational community. ( june 2012 ) phase 2 : revise and refine the unit development process so that it can be replicated in dioceses around the country. phase 3 : invite participation in development of additional ccci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46541423209131777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f81392d-3957-4ac5-9659-ed3112273a06>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.176017"}
{"text": "instructors : andrea dykstra, curt van dam, kelli ten haken and tami de jong 1. students will gain interest in the unit on alaska. 2. students will be introduced to alaska and the iditarod race that takes place in alaska every year. 3. students will be able to appreciate the beauty of godis creation in alaska. 4. students will be able to see godis majesty and power in their personal experiences. in this lesson, the students will discuss what they know about alaska. they will watch a movie and then discuss how god shows his power and majesty through creation. next, they will be introduced to the iditarod race by reading a story and then the teachers will explain the game the students will play about the iditarod through the unit. at the end of class, students will have a chance to start work on their maps of alaska and then the teachers will end in closing prayer. - psalm 19 : 1 - the heavens declare the glory of god ; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. - other scripture references that can be used through out the unit : the creation story in gen. 1 and 2 alaska : spirit of the wild 2. dvd player 5. learning center and trade books 6. example of the iditarod game 7. book : iditarod dream by ted wood 8. overhead projector, overhead and pen 9. construction paper 10. markers, crayons, colored pencils 1. on the first day of this unit, teachers should enter the room dressed in parkas, snowshoes, scarves, mittens ; anything that looks like what people in alaska would wear. motion for the student to sit down. once they are quiet, ask them where they think the teachers are from and how they came to this conclusion. we would expect conclusions such as the artic, antarctica, and possibly alaska. 2. have students take out a sheet of paper and write five things down that come to their minds when they think of alaska. have them get into groups of three and share what they wrote with their group. the students will be encouraged to share the combined ideas from their group with the whole class. the teacher will write down these ideas on the overhead. 3. explain to the students that they are going to be learning about all of these of these things and even more about alaska in the upcoming unit. 4. have each student write down one or two things about alaska they would like to know more about. suggest ideas such as : what sports do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4849207373935379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d07cc3a6-5c93-4a54-aa41-e4364927c35f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.184107"}
{"text": "going to be learning about all of these of these things and even more about alaska in the upcoming unit. 4. have each student write down one or two things about alaska they would like to know more about. suggest ideas such as : what sports do they play in alaska? how many people live there? is it really cold and snowy year round? take these ideas into consideration when planning the rest of the unit. 1. put in the dvd alaska : sprit of the wild. students will watch the movie. it is forty minutes long. before they watch it, share with them the beauty that can be found in alaska. tell them to look specifically for how they can see god in the things that are shown on the film. 2. after the movie, discuss with the students what they thought of the movie. ask them questions such as what surprised you about this film? what did you learn about alaska that you didnit know before? what can we discover about god by watching this movie? how can we get to know god better by studying alaska? 3. read psalm 19 : 1 aloud. read it again, this time have the students say it after you. ask them how this verse relates to alaska. hopefully they will make the connection that creation shouts godis praise. alaska is so beautiful ; this reflects on godis majesty, creativity and mercy. god loves us enough to give us beautiful creation simply so we can enjoy it. we can see his fingerprints in alaska. 4. read psalm 8 aloud. again, ask them how this verse relates to alaska. they will probably have similar responses as above in step three. share a personal experience of how he / she has seen godis power and majesty in his creation. - for example, this is my own experience ; you could share something similar to it : one time i climbed the highpoint of colorado with my dad. we started hiking before the sun was up. as we were walking along the ridge of the mountain, the sun began to rise ; the colors were brilliant! we kept on hiking and hiking. i was getting tired and hungry but soon we came close to the top. as i climbed up the last little peak and the top of the mountain, i looked out and the view was breathtaking!!! i had never seen so many snow capped mountains before. sitting up there on the mountaintop, i felt such a joy and peace. what a great god i serve! he created all of this ; his creation alone is enough to tell of his majesty. 5. ask", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47695197009070534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d07cc3a6-5c93-4a54-aa41-e4364927c35f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.184994"}
{"text": "so many snow capped mountains before. sitting up there on the mountaintop, i felt such a joy and peace. what a great god i serve! he created all of this ; his creation alone is enough to tell of his majesty. 5. ask the students if any of them have had an experience like this ; encourage them to share if they would like. 6. encourage them to find other verses that could relate to our study of alaska and bring them to class tomorrow to share. 1. introduce the iditarod race the studentis will be learning about by reading the book iditarod dream by ted wood. as you are reading, stop periodically through out the book and ask them to jot down a few of their thoughts. at the end of the book ask them to share a few thoughts they wrote down about the book. 2. introduce the game the students will be playing throughout the unit. tell the students they will be having their own iditarod race in the classroom. each student will make a map of alaska on construction paper. on this map, they will draw the trail of the iditarod race. they will have to map out the different checkpoints of the race on their trails. it is their job to find out how many miles are between each checkpoint and how many miles they can travel in one day. 3. each day the students will move their markers on their maps how ever many miles we decide as a class they can travel in one day. every morning the students will receive a draceris fatee card. these cards will say various things such as, dyour dog has broken a leg, move back twenty milese, or d you have found an extra bundle of food on the trail, move ahead twelve milese. the students will have to keep track of where they are on the trail on their own maps and on a large map on the classroom bulletin board. 4. each afternoon, students will have an opportunity to receive another card if they got their homework done on time that day. this card could be good or bad, but the students get to decide if they want to take it. 5. this activity will be incorporated into language arts. the students will be keeping a race journal. as they play this game they can write their feelings about the race in the journal as if they were an actual racer. 6. this game will also be incorporated into math. students will need to do calculations to play the game correctly. they will also discover how to find median, mean and using the game", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49418153886664196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d07cc3a6-5c93-4a54-aa41-e4364927c35f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.185908"}
{"text": "the race in the journal as if they were an actual racer. 6. this game will also be incorporated into math. students will need to do calculations to play the game correctly. they will also discover how to find median, mean and using the game. 1. the students will begin making their maps of alaska for the iditarod game. the outline of the map of alaska will be projected on the overhead so the students have something to follow when they draw. copies of the outline of this map will be available for students to trace if they do not want to draw the map freehand. 2. the students can use crayons or colored pencils to make their maps on. 3. the trail outline and check points will be labeled on the overhead map, but the students will need to research how many miles are in between each check point in a later class 1. read psalm 8 one more time and end in prayer, thanking god for his creativity that is evident in all of creation, especially as it has been seen in alaska today. 1. students can do more research about the real iditarod race on the internet. 2. students can read one of the many books about alaska set up in the learning center. 3. students can complete any activity set up in the learning center, including : math story problems, language arts writing activities, and social studies and science 1. observe how much students participate in the lesson. have one teacher walk around with a checklist and put checks by the names of the students who are on task and participating by sharing, asking questions, diligently listening. 2. observe how diligently students work on their maps. check the next day to see if they have completed them. give them a check if they are finished and are done lesson plans unit outline home page trade books learning center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46875057325783187, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d07cc3a6-5c93-4a54-aa41-e4364927c35f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.186538"}
{"text": "young kids may be able to unbuckle car seats survey of parents finds some kids may be unbuckling while car is in motion may 2, 2011 - - children as young as 1 year old can unbuckle themselves from car safety seats, a new survey of parents finds. \" we found that children can unbuckle from their child car safety seats by their fourth birthday, and there is an alarming 43 % who do so when the car is in motion, \" says researcher lilia reyes, md, a clinical fellow in pediatric emergency medicine at the yale school of medicine in new haven. \" it was reported as early as 12 months. \" the findings are being presented at the pediatric academic societies annual meeting in denver. child car seats : how secure? while working in the pediatric emergency room at yale, reyes encountered two different mothers who had minor car accidents. they told her it happened when they turned their heads around after discovering their kids had unbuckled themselves. trying to determine how frequently it happened, she and her colleagues from yale surveyed 378 parents of young children. among the other findings : - 51 % or about 191 families reported that at least one of their children had unbuckled their car seats. of these, 75 % were age 3 or younger. the youngest was 12 months old. - boys unbuckled more than girls ; 59 % of the kids who unbuckled were boys. parents were not asked if they were sure they had buckled correctly, reyes tells webmd. so there is a possibility the children weren ' t buckled in correctly. but parents do typically hear a click, like a seat safety belt, when the buckle latches, she says. the problem, she says, is that while children may be able to physically unbuckle the seat, they are just beginning, at around age 3, to develop reasoning skills to appreciate the consequences of unbuckling. parents used seats of various types. they included the five - point harness, convertible seats, and booster seats, depending on their child ' s age and weight. are car seats really buckled? ' ' this study raises questions about how the child restraint was used, \" says lorrie walker, training manager and technical advisor for safe kids usa, an advocacy group. \" federal motor vehicle safety standard 213 requires the buckle to release using between 9 and 14 pounds of pressure, \" she says. \" it is often challenging for an adult to unbuckle the harness. \" she wonders if the buckle was not adequately locked in some cases. \" a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4117591536994166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf010e52-2673-4816-a6a6-269d9a7121ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.189016"}
{"text": "tornadoes are the most intense storms on the planet, and they \u2019 re never discussed without at least some mention of the term wind shear. many of us sitting at home, though, have no idea what wind shear is, or if we do, how it affects tornado production. what is wind shear wind shear, although it might sound complex, is a simple concept. wind shear is merely the change in wind with height, in terms of wind direction and speed. i think that we all understand that the wind is generally stronger in the atmosphere over our heads than it is here on the ground, and if we think of the atmosphere in terms of the three dimensions that it has, it should not be surprising that the wind above us might also be blowing from a different direction than the wind at the ground. when that happens \u2013 the wind speed and direction vary with height \u2013 wind shear is occurring. wind shear and supercell thunderstorms this wind shear is an important part of the process in the development of a supercell thunderstorm, from which the vast majority of strong tornadoes form. all thunderstorms are produced by a powerful updraft \u2013 a surge of air that rises from the ground into the upper levels of the atmosphere, and when this updraft forms in an area where wind shear is present, the updraft is influence by this speed and different direction of the wind above, pushing the column of air in the updraft into a more vertical alignment. rain \u2019 s influence on tornado production needless to say, thunderstorms typically produce very heavy rain, and rain - cooled air is much heavier than the warm air of the updraft, so the rain - cooled air, produces a compensating downdraft ( what comes up, must come down ). this downdraft pushes the part of the rotating air that was forced in its direction by the stronger wind aloft downward, and the result is a horizontal column of rotating air. that \u2019 s not a tornado! i know what you \u2019 re thinking that you \u2019 ve seen enough tlc or discovery channel shows to know that a horizontal column of air is not a tornado ; you need a vertical column of air. this can be a tornado you \u2019 re right, but remember the updraft that is driving the thunderstorm is still working, and it \u2019 s able to pull the horizontal, spinning column of air into the thunderstorm, resulting in a vertical column of spinning air. ( noaa image showing vertical column of air in a supercel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4819552590016496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7400301c-e625-46d5-be90-1020cf8d52f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.192482"}
{"text": "reversal of fortune to unlock the vast, untapped potential of the world \u2019 s drylands, we must learn from the people who live in them, says dr jonathan davies. drylands are a major global biome, home to a great diversity of species and some of our most treasured natural heritage. they are also home to over 2 billion people and in the developing world in particular they are associated with poverty and social inequity. global development and environment goals are not being met in the drylands : by 2015 many dryland regions are set to fail to achieve the millennium development goals, whilst progress towards the goals and objectives of the un environmental conventions ( the convention to combat desertification and the convention on biological diversity in particular ) is generally poor. recent experiences in the drylands of emerging countries, such as china and india, illustrate that economic development in drylands can outpace that in areas that are usually considered \u201c high potential \u201d. although development is often associated with degradation, experiences in sub saharan africa illustrate that economic development can be greatly enhanced through protection of biodiversity as a source of income. by taking an even broader, global view of drylands and examining industrialised dryland countries, it becomes clear that for every seemingly - insurmountable challenge we are able to find evidence of a viable solution somewhere in the world. to address the challenges of the drylands, we need to understand their unique features and how these have to be managed. perhaps the most important of these is climate unpredictability : the amount of precipitation varies enormously between areas, between seasons and between years. the sheer magnitude of this uncertainty is hard to grasp, but in many drylands the normal range of rainfall, drought - years aside, can be plus or minus 50 % of the average. yet development in many water - deficit areas continues to favour agricultural practices that expose farmers to huge risks whilst simultaneously degrading the natural resource base on which they depend. climate change is a cause for concern in dryland areas, but also an opportunity for new approaches and new learning that illustrate the value of dryland areas. dryland ecosystems and people are highly adaptable and can survive in their uncertain climate.. whether drylands become wetter or drier as a result of climate change, they will almost invariably become more unpredictable and their adaptive capacity will be vital to their future. drylands more than any other ecosystem have the capacity to deal with that unpredictability and we have a great deal to learn from them. contrary to popular perception, drylands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4773681131136726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f420729b-433d-4fa6-8cfe-c81ae093a2da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.198965"}
{"text": "become more unpredictable and their adaptive capacity will be vital to their future. drylands more than any other ecosystem have the capacity to deal with that unpredictability and we have a great deal to learn from them. contrary to popular perception, drylands are not necessarily poverty traps. dryland ecosystems and their goods and services already contribute significantly to national and international economies. the vibrant tourism sector in eastern and southern africa relies heavily on the biodiversity of drylands. globally - important dryland commodities include grain, meat and milk and dryland goods like gum arabic, henna, aloe, and frankincense. recent years have seen the commercial development of natural medicines from drylands, and untold numbers of medicinal plants remain un - researched, known only to the dryland inhabitants who have used and conserved them for centuries. local knowledge of the drylands is rich and is a powerful resource to be harnessed. there has been a tendency to dismiss this knowledge, because local dryland practices have been portrayed as backward or inappropriate and in need of replacing. the current emergency in the horn of africa graphically illustrates the outcome of this attitude : populations are exposed to insupportable risk as a result of losing their traditional strategies and being pushed into new ways of life that simply don \u2019 t work. where people are driven towards catastrophe it is almost guaranteed that the environment will face similar consequences. customs and cultures that are intimately connected to biodiversity become contorted into a system of pure survival where respect for the environment becomes an unaffordable luxury. the scientific explanation of the rationale behind traditional strategies has been known for long enough to develop innovative new approaches to sustainable drylands management. development support has to enable management of the extreme climatic uncertainty of drylands and needs to be built on understanding of the drivers of continuous change in dryland ecosystems. these are dynamic ecosystems in which adaptation and flexibility are pre - requisites for survival. we need to learn from past failures and successes and ensure that development and humanitarian interventions recognize dryland characteristics and build on local knowledge and capacity to turn the existing opportunities into equitable and sustainable wealth creation. in particular we need to generate greater awareness of the tremendous opportunities for strengthening biodiversity - based livelihoods to diversify dryland economies and strengthen resilience. iucn \u2019 s vision 2020 emphasizes the need to strengthen the union \u2019 s work on conserving the diversity of life while also connecting nature conservation to wider societal objectives such as security and poverty reduction. this vision cannot be reached if we fail to understand and address the unique challenges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48984842116023275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f420729b-433d-4fa6-8cfe-c81ae093a2da>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.199990"}
{"text": "| retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) detachment signs and symptoms in most instances, serous detachment of the rpe occurs asymptomatically. only in those cases in which the macula is affected will patients report blurred vision, metamorphopsia, micropsia, or positive scotomas. other associated clinical findings may include induced hyperopia and delayed retinal recovery time on the photostress test. most individuals with rpe detachment are male, between the ages of 20 and 60 years. the history often reveals predisposing or concurrent ocular conditions such as macular degeneration, idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy ( icsc ), angioid streaks, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome ( pohs ), or hereditary choroidal degeneration. in other cases, the condition occurs idiopathically. rpe detachment appears ophthalmoscopically as single or multiple, well - circumscribed round or oval lesions within the posterior fundus. the lesions are typically dome - shaped with slight elevation and appear yellow to orange in color. a reddish \" halo \" is often seen around the base of the detachment, and overlying pigment defects such as clumping or mottling are commonplace. lesions may vary in size from one - fifth to over 5 disc diameters ( dd ), but most are less than 1 dd. fluorescein and indocyanine green ( icg ) angiography show early hyperfluorescence of the entire rpe detachment, which persists throughout the angiogram demonstrating late pooling. leakage into the sensory retina occurs only in cases of concurrent serous retinal detachment. rpe detachment is a non - specific anatomical alteration that may result from any number of choroidal disorders that disrupt the normal junction between the basement membrane of the rpe and the inner collagenous layer of bruchs membrane. this disruption permits serous fluid from the underlying choriocapillaris to gain access into the sub - rpe space. age - related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascular membranes, high myopia, angioid streaks, hereditary choroidal degeneration, pohs, and tumors of the choroid have all been identified as precipitating conditions in the development of rpe detachment. idiopathic cases are sometimes associated with icsc ; some believe these two conditions to represent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46389447758305763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1725cd67-7f79-4edd-9409-14c573c69b34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.203328"}
{"text": "##al degeneration, pohs, and tumors of the choroid have all been identified as precipitating conditions in the development of rpe detachment. idiopathic cases are sometimes associated with icsc ; some believe these two conditions to represent a continuum of a similar underlying pathology. uncomplicated idiopathic serous detachments of the rpe often resolve spontaneously, however, those associated with more generalized damage to the choriocapillaris may be complicated by hemorrhage, choroidal neovascular membrane formation, and disciform scarring. most patients under the age of 55 who present with small serous rpe detachments without evidence of other retinal or choroidal disease enjoy an excellent prognosis without intervention. this is particularly true if the lesion is outside of the fovea and there is no associated subretinal fluid. older patients who manifest rpe detachment without angiographic evidence of a choroidal neovascular membrane have a 25 - 30 percent chance of developing such membranes during their lifetime, and therefore warrant careful observation as well as weekly home monitoring with an amsler grid. those patients over the age of 55 who present with associated choroidal neovascular membranes and / or hemorrhagic rpe detachments have an exceedingly poor visual prognosis. focal laser photocoagulation is indicated for these patients. approximately 90 percent of cases of rpe detachment have or will manifest concurrent serous retinal detachment over the natural history of the disorder. in cases of idiopathic rpe detachment, a striking similarity with icsc is seen in the predisposed patient population ; i. e. male, average age of 44 years, and a moderate to severe emotional stress level. the presentation of rpe detachment is quite characteristic. nonetheless, one must be sure to rule out other conditions that may appear similar from an ophthalmoscopic perspective. these include : icsc, malignant melanoma, metastatic carcinoma, choroidal hemangioma, and bests disease ( vitelliform dystrophy ). history and angiography are the most helpful factors in making this rpe detachment in patients over 55 years of age should be considered secondary to choroidal neovascular membrane, rather than idiopathic, until proven otherwise. prompt fluorescein angiography is mandatory in these cases. other reports in this section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47180184944571485, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1725cd67-7f79-4edd-9409-14c573c69b34>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.204179"}
{"text": "first - you might want to redefine you search. are you looking for happiness or rather positive affect? happiness is fairly ambigious term, and it ' s much more associated with positive psychology studies on well - being. if you are interested in more global definition of happiness, check the work of mihaly csikszentmihalyi. on the other hand, there is a large number of studies on physiological measurements of positive affect. one such physiological measurement is electromyography ( emg ) - recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. emg will detect very brief smiles or higher activity in cheek muscles ( zygomaticus major ) which are correlated with positive affect. there is quite classic ( but very quoted ) paper on that : cacioppo jt, petty re, losch me, kim hs. ( 1986 ) electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions. j pers soc psychol., 50 ( 2 ) : 260 - 8. download another simple physiological assesment is heart rate measured by the interbeat interval ( ibi ). for example, study by brosschot & thayer ( 2003 ) shows that heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. brosschot jf, thayer jf. ( 2003 ) heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. int j psychophysiol., in fact, the full spectrum of somatic measurements have been used along heart rate including pulse transmission time to the finger, skin conductance level or pupil dilation ( partala, 2003 ). all those are a bit less reliable methods and usually they detect arousal rather then indicate physiological differences between positive and negative affect. partala t. ; surakka v. ( 2003 ) pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing. international journal of human - computer studies, finally, i would advise browsing literature on measurements of negative affect. you are likely to find some interesting methods there, like in this paper on the psychophysiology of crying ( gross et al., 1994 ). gross jj, frederickson bl, levenson rw. ( 1994 ) the psychophysiology of crying. psychophysiology, 31 ( 5 ) : 460 - 8. download", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5573344224727705, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c987a60d-9405-477a-954f-9eef8f82773e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.206268"}
{"text": "is this bone a neanderthal flute? cave bear femur fragment from slovenia, 43 + kya doubts aired over neanderthal bone ' flute ' ( and reply by musicologist bob fink ) science news 153 ( april 4, 1998 ) : 215. by b. bower amid much media fanfare, a research team in 1996 trumpeted an ancient, hollowed out bear bone pierced on one side with four complete or partial holes as the earliest known musical instrument. the perforated bone, found in an eastern european cave, represents a flute made and played by neandertals at least 43, 000 ye us ago, the scientists contended. now it ' s time to stop the music, say two archaeologists who examined the purported flute last spring. on closer inspection, the bone appears to have been punctured and gnawed by the teeth of an animal - - perhaps a wolf - - as it stripped the limb of meat and marrow report, april nowell and philip g. chase, both of the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia. \" the bone was heavily chewed by one or more carnivores, creating holes that became more rounded due to natural processes after burial, \" nowell says. \" it provides very weak evidence for the origins of [ stone age ] music. \" nowell presented the new analysis at the annual meeting of the paleoanthropology society in seattle last week. nowell and chase examined the bone with the permission of its discoverer, ivan turk of the slovenian academy of sciences in ljubljana ( s. n. : 11 / 23 / 96, p. 328 ). turk knows of their conclusion but still views the specimen as a flute. both open ends of the thighbone contain clear signs of gnawing by carnivores, nowell asserts. wolves and other animals typically bite off nutrient - rich tissue at the ends of limb bones and extract available marrow. if neandertals had hollowed out the bone and fashioned holes in it, animals would not have bothered to gnaw it, she says. complete and partial holes on the bone ' s shaft were also made by carnivores, says nowell. carnivores typically break open bones with their scissor like cheek teeth. uneven bone thickness and signs of wear along the borders of the holes, products of extended burial in the soil, indicate that openings made by cheek teeth were at first less rounded and slightly smaller, the researchers hold. moreover, the simultaneous pressure of an upper and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4539700548762129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f166f15d-9976-40ed-8a49-8bed360001ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.216056"}
{"text": "bone thickness and signs of wear along the borders of the holes, products of extended burial in the soil, indicate that openings made by cheek teeth were at first less rounded and slightly smaller, the researchers hold. moreover, the simultaneous pressure of an upper and lower tooth produced a set of opposing holes, one partial and one complete, they maintain. prehistoric, carnivore - chewed bear bones in two spanish caves display circular punctures aligned in much the same way as those on the slovenian find. in the march antiquity, francesco d ' errico of the institute of quaternary prehistory and geology in talence, france, and his colleagues describe the spanish bones. in a different twist, bob fink, an independent musicologist in canada, has reported on the internet ( http : / / www. webster. sk. ca / greenwich / fl - compl. htm ) that the spacing of the two complete and two partial holes on the back of the slovenian bone conforms to musical notes on the diatonic ( do, re, mi... ) scale. the bone is too short to incorporate the diatonic scale ' s seven notes, counter nowell and chase. working with pennsylvania musicologist robert judd, they estimate that the find ' s 5. 7 - inch length is less than half that needed to cover the diatonic spectrum. the recent meeting presentation is \" a most convincing analysis, \" comments j. desmond clark of the university of california, berkeley, although it ' s possible that neandertals blew single notes through carnivore - chewed holes in the bone. \" we can ' t exclude that possibility, \" nowell responds. \" but it ' s a big leap of faith to conclude that this was an intentionally constructed flute. \" to the editor, science news ( reply by bob fink, may 1998 ) ( see an update of this discussion on bob fink ' s web site, november 2000 ) the doubts raised by nowell and chase ( april 4th, doubts aired over neanderthal bone ' flute ' ) saying the neanderthal bone is not a flute have these weaknesses : the alignment of the holes - - all in a row, and all of equivalent diameter, appear to be contrary to most teeth marks, unless some holes were made independently by several animals. the latter case boggles the odds for the holes ending up being in line. it also would be strange that animals homed in on this one bone in a cave full of bones, where no reports of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5132765558520562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f166f15d-9976-40ed-8a49-8bed360001ff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.216929"}
{"text": "some holes were made independently by several animals. the latter case boggles the odds for the holes ending up being in line. it also would be strange that animals homed in on this one bone in a cave full of bones, where no reports of similarly chewed bones have been made. this claim is harder to believe when it is calculated that chances for holes to be arranged, by chance, in a pattern that matches the spacings of 4 notes of a diatonic flute, are only one in hundreds to occur. the analysis i made on the internet ( http : / / www. webster. sk. ca / greenwich / fl - compl. htm ) regarding the bone being capable of matching 4 notes of the do, re, mi ( diatonic ) scale included the possibility that the bone was extended with another bone \" mouthpiece \" sufficiently long to make the notes sound fairly in tune. while nowell says \" it ' s a big leap of faith to conclude that this was an intentionally constructed flute, \" it ' s a bigger leap of faith to accept the immense coincidence that animals blindly created a hole - spacing pattern with holes all in line ( in what clearly looks like so many other known bone flutes which are made to play notes in a step - wise scale ) and blindly create a pattern that also could play a known acoustic scale if the bone was extended. that ' s too much coincidence for me to accept. it is more likely that it is an intentionally made flute, although admittedly with only the barest of clues regarding its original condition. the 5. 7 inch figure your article quoted appears erroneous, as the centimeter scale provided by its discoverer, ivan turk, indicates the artifact is about 4. 3 inches long. however, the unbroken femur would originally have been about 8. 5 inches, and the possibility of an additional hole or two exists, to complete a full scale, perhaps aided by the possible thumbhole. however, the full diatonic spectrum is not required as indicated by nowell and chase : it could also have been a simpler ( but still diatonic ) 4 or 5 note scale. such short - scale flutes are plentiful in homo sapiens history. finally, a worn - out or broken flute bone can serve as a scoop for manipulation of food, explaining why animals might chew on its ends later. it is also well - known that dogs chase and maul even sticks, despite their non - nutritional nature. what appears \" weak \" is not the case for a flute,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49538489943629765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f166f15d-9976-40ed-8a49-8bed360001ff>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.217813"}
{"text": "for manipulation of food, explaining why animals might chew on its ends later. it is also well - known that dogs chase and maul even sticks, despite their non - nutritional nature. what appears \" weak \" is not the case for a flute, but the case against it by nowell and chase. letter to the editor : antiquity journal : \" a bone to pick \" by bob fink i have a bone to pick with francesco d ' errico ' s viewpoint in the march issue of antiquity ( article too long to reproduce here ) regarding the neanderthal flute found in slovenia by ivan turk. d ' errico argues the bone artifact is not a flute. d ' errico omits dealing with the best evidence that this bone find is a flute. regarding the most important evidence, that of the holes being lined up, neither d ' errico nor turk make mention of this. this line - up is remarkable especially if they were made by more than one carnivore, which apparently they ' d have to be, based on turk ' s analysis of the center - spans of the holes precluding their being made by a single carnivore or bite ( turk, * pp. 171 - 175 ). to account for this possible difficulty, some doubters do mention \" one or more \" carnivores ( chase & nowell, science news 4 / 4 / 98 ). my arguments over the past year pointed out the mathematical odds of the lining up of the holes occurring by chance - chewing are too difficult to believe. the appendix in my essay ( \" neanderthal flute - - a musicological analysis \" ) proves that the number of ways a set of 4 random holes could be differently spaced ( to produce an audibly different set of tones ) are 680 ways. the chances a random set would match the existing fragment ' s spacing [ which also could produce a match to four diatonic notes of the scale ] are therefore only one in hundreds. if, in calculating the odds, you also allowed the holes to be out of line, or to be less than 4 holes as well, then the chance of a line - up match is only one from many tens of thousands. and yet randomness and animal bites still are acceptable to account for holes being in line that could also play some notes of the scale? this is too much coincidence for me to believe occurred by chance. d ' errico mentions my essay in his article and what he thought it was about, but he overs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5299086327542513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f166f15d-9976-40ed-8a49-8bed360001ff>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.218649"}
{"text": "for holes being in line that could also play some notes of the scale? this is too much coincidence for me to believe occurred by chance. d ' errico mentions my essay in his article and what he thought it was about, but he overstates my case into being a less believable one. my case simply was that if the bone was long enough ( or a shorter bone extended by a mouthpiece insert ) then the 4 holes would be consistent and in tune with the sounds of do, re, mi, fa ( or flat mi, fa, sol, and flat la in a minor scale ). in the 5 points i list below, extracted from turk ' s monograph in support of this being a flute, d ' errico omits dealing with much of the first, and all of the second, fourth and sixth points. turk & co ' s monograph shows the presence on site of boring tools, and includes experiments made by turk ' s colleague guiliano bastiani who successfully produced similar holes in fresh bone using tools of the type found at the site ( pp. 176 - 78 turk ). they also wrote ( pp. 171 - 75 ) that : 1. the center - to - center distances of the holes in the artifact are smaller than that of the tooth spans of most carnivores. the smallest tooth spans they found were 45mm, and the holes on the bone are 35mm ( or less ) apart ; 2. holes bitten are usually at the ends of bones rather than in the center of them ; 3. there is an absence of dents, scratches and other signs of gnawing and counter - bites on the artifact ; 4. the center - to - center distances do not correspond to the spans of carnivores which could pierce the bone ; 5. the diameters of the holes are greater than that producible by a wolf exerting the greatest jaw pressure it had available - - it ' s doubtful that a wolf ' s jaws would be strong enough ( like a hyena ' s ) to have made the holes, especially in the thickest part of the wall of the artifact. 6. if you accept one or more carnivores, then why did they over - target one bone, when there were so many other bones in the cave site? only about 4. 5 % of the juvenile bones were chewed or had holes, according to turk ( p. 117 ). * turk, ivan ( ed. ) ( 1997 ). mo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49312217071456105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f166f15d-9976-40ed-8a49-8bed360001ff>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.219480"}
{"text": "the plant collections of the smithsonian institution began with the acquisition of specimens collected by the united states exploring expedition ( 1838 - 1842 ). these formed the foundation of a national herbarium which today numbers 4. 8 million historical plant records, placing it among the world ' s largest and most important. nearly 800, 000 specimen records ( including over 90, 000 type specimens with images ) are currently available in this online catalog. select a tab on this page to search by keyword or selected fields. if you don ' t know what you want to see, you may want to look at the sample records in the quick browse section below. searches are limited to 2000 records and the results are sorted by taxonomic group. if you need to retrieve a larger record set, contact the department of botany ' s data manager. see the help tab to learn more about searching and then exploring your returned results ( sorting, exporting, etc. ). | | sample records from the dc flora collection | | 2205692 2197595 2191752 2175968 2213272 2196389 2200318 2192830 2219158 2200909 2208745 2223985 2175937 2192264 2220376 | | sample records from the botanical type register | | 2119407 2149872 2161549 2790611 2105614 2099734 2134596 2116358 2166713 2151580 2158541 2143664 2097212 2076608 2167306 2121665 2095940 2075490 | | sample records from the wilkes expedition | | 2524597 2705372 2705371 2743367 2699717 2741233 2741229 2733613 2741227 2680776 2741226 2741217 2741216 2687168 2702446 2684992 2680753 2680752 2741176 2741175 2693758 2680751 2678261 enter your keywords separated by spaces and click search. records that match your search terms will be returned. - using parentheses to clarify the logic, you can create complex queries with or and not ( here capital letters are required, otherwise they will be treated as keyword terms ). - you can also use double - quotes to specify terms that should be treated as one. - lastly, you can include the terms image ( s ) or type (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4853240884118683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76f40811-a50d-47d5-8ae6-0aa2939070c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.224869"}
{"text": "here capital letters are required, otherwise they will be treated as keyword terms ). - you can also use double - quotes to specify terms that should be treated as one. - lastly, you can include the terms image ( s ) or type ( s ) to find records that have images or that are type specimens. note that searching for common ( vernacular ) names may not yield the expected results. associating common names with specimen records is a work in progress. keyword search example : marantaceae ( \" new guinea \" or australia ) images use the by field search to find specimen data that match values in specific database fields. enter a value or choose one from the dropdown lists. - click the search button to initiate a search. clear resets all fields. - some lists are linked, so for example, choosing a country narrows the choices for province / state / territory, and district / county. dropdown choices also narrow as you type, for example, typing zing in the family field might narrow the choice to zingiberaceae. - note that the province / state dropdown is populated only after you have chosen a country. you can type a province / state without selecting a country. - check only records with images if you want to restrict the search to records with multimedia content. - you will receive a warning when you enter invalid information in the text fields. for example, catalog numbers are composed strictly of letters and numbers ; other characters will raise a warning. the results of your searches can be displayed in grid ( a sortable, customizable table ) or gallery view ( best for reviewing images ). use the switch button to cycle between these views. - you can choose whether to display 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 records at a time. in sheet view : - click on the scientific name to view the full record. - click on the thumbnail to view larger resolutions of the image. use control + click ( command + click ) to open a new browser tab. in grid view : - you can choose the columns to display from any column ' s dropdown menu ( mouse into a column header and click the dropdown icon ). under columns, click the name to display or hide the field ( you do not need to click the checkbox specifically ). - you can drag a column header to change its order of appearance in the grid. - you can also drag the edge of a column to make it wider or narrower. - click in the expansion ( ) column to view the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4899039815687765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76f40811-a50d-47d5-8ae6-0aa2939070c6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.226253"}
{"text": "checkbox specifically ). - you can drag a column header to change its order of appearance in the grid. - you can also drag the edge of a column to make it wider or narrower. - click in the expansion ( ) column to view the full record. in gallery view : - click the image to view the full record. see exporting results for information on downloading results to, for example, excel or google earth. open the full collection record by clicking the expansion button ( ) in grid view, on the scientific name in sheet view, or anywhere within the image frame in gallery view. inverse expansion buttons ( ) indicate records with multimedia ( typically, images ). - in the record window, metadata for the multimedia content is available when you mouseover the thumbnail. - clicking the thumbnail opens the content in your browser or other appropriate application. - record windows may be resized or moved within the browser window. - you may have up to ten record windows open at any one time. sort results in grid view by clicking the column header ( or by choosing sort from the column ' s dropdown menu ). - sort on multiple columns by consecutively sorting columns in reverse order. for example, to view results sorted by country and province / state, first sort by province / state and then sort again by country. - for any column you can choose to sort in ascending or descending order. export all or selected results by clicking the export results as csv button in the bottom toolbar in grid, or gallery view. - select individual records for export by checking the export selection box ( along the left edge of the grid view grid ). - clear all selections with the clear selections button in the bottom toolbar. - results are exported as comma - separated - values, one record per line, which can be saved to disk or opened directly with applications such as microsoft excel. you can also export all or selected results to a kml file for viewing with google earth or other kml viewers, by clicking the export as kml button. this button is grayed when all or selected results lack latitude / longitude values. to create a link to specific records at nmnh provide the appropriate unit and querystring to : where unit is : - anth, birds, botany, ento, fishes, herps, iz, mammals, ms, or paleo and querystring is ( use a plus - sign to separate words ) : - one or more catalog numbers, e. g. - one or more bar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4870943524598763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76f40811-a50d-47d5-8ae6-0aa2939070c6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.227627"}
{"text": "ento, fishes, herps, iz, mammals, ms, or paleo and querystring is ( use a plus - sign to separate words ) : - one or more catalog numbers, e. g. - one or more barcodes, e. g. - the name of a type specimen, e. g. : - the name of a specimen or object, e. g. : - the name ( qn ) and / or type status ( qt ) of a specimen, and / or its collector ( co ), and / or the collection ( cn ) it is part of, e. g. : ( holotypes whose name includes torre and bartsch collected by webb and part of the henderson collection ) - to open the collections search to a specific search tab, e. g. tabs are numbered left to right, beginning with zero. - iz /? ti = 1 ( invertebrate zoology keywords search ) - mammals /? ti = 3 ( mammals whale collection search ) there are ways to speed up your queries ( or slow them down! ) and to find specific information. - the more specific you make your queries the faster they will execute. using more, rather than fewer, terms will very likely speed up your search. - these following special characters modify the interpretation of search terms ( use with as many other terms as possible to avoid slowing your search ) : - * matches any number of characters, e. g. * pseudo * -? matches a single character, e. g. young? lus frank? -! negates the presence of a term, e. g.! new - ~ matches all terms with the given stem, e. g. ~ spear for spear, spears, spearing, etc. - = match is case - sensitive, e. g. = paris - query results are typically limited to 5000 records. avoid general queries, when you can, that are likely to bring back very large numbers of records, e. g. searching for poaceae. - long running queries are automatically terminated, with no results returned. please use the feedback page to report back any problems you find with the data, or with using these search pages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5257317340254125, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76f40811-a50d-47d5-8ae6-0aa2939070c6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.228384"}
{"text": "bees are vital for pollination. you can buy leafcutter bee houses to attract the bees to your garden. the leaf - cutter bees are solitary and unlike honey bees do not swarm like honey bees so they are little or no danger to humans or pets. bees are vital for pollination. you can buy leafcutter bee houses to attract the bees to your garden. leafcutter bee house. leaf cutter bees like hollow tubes and bamboo are ideal. they also excavate tunnels in flower pots where light gritty compost is used. the female has used the circular cuts to seal off the ends of the chamber, whereas the longer cuts are wrapped around the sides. the adult bee will provision the chamber with pollen and lay an egg. the larva feeds of the pollen. the female larva are the first to be layed and are deepest in the line. this means that if the nest is predated by a woodpecker, the feamles have a better chance of avoiding being eaten. the male larva is nearst the exit and will be the first to be eaten. although this larva will probably die, i carefully replaced the bamboo and sealed it with wax to keep the chambers intact and dry. leaf damage on rose by leaf cutter bees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4185055776363914, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b734e3f1-e4a1-4955-b90e-301bdab160a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.229562"}
{"text": "coyotes spend a good deal of their day sleeping. members of a pack or family may sleep within close proximity of each other, or they may sleep much further apart, but probably within the same couple of acres of each other. they have amazing built - in time clocks, but they also are influenced by circumstances of the moment. my own dog could tell the time and knew what was to be done at that time. for example, i always set off, with my dog, at exactly 2 : 40 to pick up one of my kids at school. but one day i fell asleep \u2014 i would not have made it on time except that my dog began poking me with her muzzle at exactly 2 : 40. needless to say, i was amazed. the same is true for coyotes \u2014 they seem to know when it is time to meet up, but if people or dogs are around, they will delay. most coyotes i know like to go trekking alone. after all, their staple diet consists of voles and gophers \u2014 animals that really can \u2019 t be divvied up very well. might as well hunt alone. but some coyotes do enjoy trekking together, usually in pairs. when they hunt in pairs, there is usually a rendezvous beforehand. rendezvous locations can remain the same for a while, or they can change drastically from day to day, but coyotes seem to have various favorite meeting spots which they alternate between for a while, before changing these altogether. this is where they congregate to then move together for their foraging. in this case here, the older female had spent her day sleeping in the sun quite some distance from where the young male had been also sleeping in the sun. the female was the first to move around \u2014 she disappeared into some bushes. in the meantime, i watched the male who moved from where he had been sleeping to a new location where he curled up and then dozed a while longer. finally, he got up, stretched, scratched, and began to forage. i watched him catch a vole and toy with it. he continued searching for voles and then looked up ahead. he must have seen the female approaching, because he sat down and watched intently. she trotted over, and arrived on the scene. the ritual began with hugs and kisses. they are hidden in the grass in these photos, but you can see what is going on. it was intense, but lasted only about a minute. that was the first phase of the meeting. then there was a pause where all activity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4657369507806058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a9c94b6-6e5d-4b70-bd29-dc2270e0c891>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.232098"}
{"text": "the richboro elementary meadow project students in the richboro elementary ecology club have been planting a meadow each year since 2008. we were the first school in council rock school district to do so, and our project has inspired the district to plant four acres of meadows at several other council rock school locations. why plant meadows? meadows provide habitats for more insects and other animals than green lawns. the first year we planted the meadow, we found two praying mantids had moved in! additionally, meadows do not need to be mowed more than once a year, so they save fossil fuel. below are photos and descriptions of our current meadow as well as meadows from previous years. the fourth planting of richboro elementary school ' s meadow students in the richboro elementary school ecology club planted its fourth meadow this spring. students sowed the flower seeds harvested last fall in the newly prepared plot. additional native seeds, including sunflower and asters, were planted. students and teachers look forward to seeing what surprises await when returning to school in the fall. the third planting of richboro elementary school \u2019 s meadow the ecology club at richboro elementary school planted its meadow for a third growing season this april. using seeds harvested from the meadow last fall, the club members, ranging from grades two through five, took turns planting seeds in a grid - like pattern across the meadow plot. sunflower seeds were pushed into the ground with planting sticks, and the soil was raked to cover the seeds. as the club ended, the clouds gathered and watered the meadow, as if on cue. we look forward to watching our garden bloom as the seasons turn. richboro elementary school \u2019 s meadow the ecology club at richboro elementary school planted its meadow for a second growing season this april. the club, with over 40 students and 5 teachers, worked together to sow seeds on a drizzly, windy day. the seeds had been harvested by the students last fall from the meadow \u2019 s first dried flowers. the charming sign, including drawings by 13 children, will be posted at the front of the meadow. richboro elementary school \u2019 s meadow blooms and seeds are harvested last spring the ecology club at richboro elementary school planted seeds to create a meadow in the front of the building. not certain how successful the meadow would be, the club members were greeted at the beginning of this school year by a surprisingly full field of colorful blooms. this fall the flowers matured to produce seeds. to complete the cycle, the ecology club plans to plant the seeds next spring. the earth laughs in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42610352688925224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2eca6211-a85f-472b-b3f3-ac4fa26c2e16>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.234762"}
{"text": "wood anemone - dainty spring bloomers for the woodland garden it ' s time to read and vote for your favorite article in the 2013 write - off contest! the four finalist ' s articles are featured in the may 13 newsletter and can be found through this link. hurry! voting ends may 18. if your garden is has dappled shade and you are looking for a lovely spring woodlander to combine with spring bulbs, trillium and hepatica, then try growing wood anemone, anemone nemorosa. available in white, pink or blue shades, this charming spring flower is sure to delight you! ( editor ' s note : this article was originally published on june 5, 2010. your comments are welcome, but please be aware that authors of previously published articles may not be able to promptly respond to new questions or comments. ) one of the harbingers of the european spring is drifts of wood anemone growing under the deciduous forests of beech, oak and maple. botanically, wood anemones are called anemone nemorosa. plants produce wiry stems to 10 to 25 cm. each stem produces a whorl of three, trisected leaves and is topped with a single 2 to 3 cm diameter flower. each bloom normally has 6 to 8 tepals ( the \u2018 petals ' are actually modified sepals ). in the wild, white is the normal colour but pink and blue forms do exist. plants may be grown from seed but the seed needs to be sown as soon as it is ripe ( they quickly lose viability if left dry on a shelf ). they require a stratification period ( essentially a winter ) before they will germinate. due to the fussy nature of seed germination, plants are more commonly grown by division of their narrow rhizomes. if happy, wood anemone will multiply quite rapidly via underground rhizomes to produce a large - size colony. if dug after flowering, you can separate the plants into numerous plantlets. all you need is a growing stem and a couple of inches of the rhizome. in the garden, wood anemones prefer dappled shade. their soil should be moderately moist and organic - rich. they make admirable groundcovers under deciduous trees but in warm climates, may go dormant by mid summer. in cool climates, they will stay green well into september. wood anemones have been grown as garden ornamentals for hundreds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43653775815608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf061e3f-b581-4fd7-834d-39e9b10a5b97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.238608"}
{"text": "rich. they make admirable groundcovers under deciduous trees but in warm climates, may go dormant by mid summer. in cool climates, they will stay green well into september. wood anemones have been grown as garden ornamentals for hundreds of years. as a result of their natural variation, many named varieties now exist, most which were selected many years ago. while the wild form has small 2 to 3 cm diameter flowers, some selected forms have flowers approaching 6 cm in diameter. availability of this woodland anemone is variable. generally you will need to seek out a specialty woodland plant nursery. \u2018 lychette ' has white flowers twice the size of the wild type. two of the largest - flowered selections include \u2018 allenii ' and \u2018 robinsoniana '. both have lavender flowers but the outside of the tepals is lilac - blue on \u2018 allenii ' while the exterior is more grey - blue on \u2018 robinsoniana '. also quite large - flowered is \u2018 blue beauty ' and \u2018 blue bonnet ', both which are pale blue. the richest blue colour is found on \u2018 royal blue ' but its flowers are a little smaller than the previous selections. shown above is ' allenii ' ( top left ), ' robinsoniana ' ( top right ), ' royal blue ' ( bottom left ) and ' blue eyes ' ( bottom right ) \u2018 rosea ' and \u2018 westwell pink ' have very pale pink flowers that age to deep pink. one of the prettiest is \u2018 vestal '. this selection has small flowers that are white but has a double, pompom - like center. \u2018 monstrosa ' has flowers double flowers that are a mix of white and green while \u2018 blue eyes ' has double white flowers with a blue center. if unusual flowers are your thing then try \u2018 green fingers ' whose white flowers have a small, central leafy tuft. more bizarre still is \u2018 bracteata ' whose tepals are replaced by tiny green leaves! shown above is ' vestal ' ( top left ), ' green fingers ' ( top right ), ' monstrosa ' ( bottom left ) and ' westwell pink ' ( bottom right ) closely related to wood anemone and sometimes growing in the same area isa. ranunculoides with small buttercup - yellow flowers. in areas where the two species overlap, you many encounter a natural hybrid called a. x lipsiensis. from this hybrid comes the selection \u2018 pallida ' whose flowers are 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4296801060990124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf061e3f-b581-4fd7-834d-39e9b10a5b97>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.239454"}
{"text": ". ranunculoides with small buttercup - yellow flowers. in areas where the two species overlap, you many encounter a natural hybrid called a. x lipsiensis. from this hybrid comes the selection \u2018 pallida ' whose flowers are 3 cm and a pretty butter yellow. shown above is a. ranunculoides ( left ) and a. x lipsiensis. i would like to thank the following people for the use of their pictures : galanthophile ( ' green fingers ' ), kmac ( ' westwell pink ' ), kniphofia ( ' monstrosa ' ) and wallaby1 ( ' blue eyes ' ). about todd boland i reside in st. john ' s, newfoundland, canada. i work as a research horticulturist at the memorial university of newfoundland botanical garden. i am one of the founding members of the newfoundland wildflower society and the current chair of the newfoundland rock garden society. my garden is quite small but i pack it tight! outdoors i grow mostly alpines, bulbs and ericaceous shrubs. indoors, my passion is orchids. when not in the garden, i ' m out bird watching, a hobby that has gotten me to some lovely parts of the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4116984320009174, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf061e3f-b581-4fd7-834d-39e9b10a5b97>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.239891"}
{"text": "my passion is studying early man, specifically how we became who we are. is our violence an aberration or part and parcel of survival? no other mammal kills their own, but maybe \u2013 as the alpha on the planet \u2013 our greatest threat to our survival is our own species, so we \u2019 re forced to destroy each other. what was lacking in h. habilis that led to their extinction, to be replaced by the big - brained, scrawny homo erectus? habilis was preyed upon by species with bigger claws, sharper teeth and thicker skin. habilis ( and my friend lyta ) scavenged their left - overs, in between hiding from the imposing mammals that dominated the plio - pleistocene african savanna. but, eventually hiding wasn \u2019 t enough and h. erectus took over ( we don \u2019 t know if they fought with each other or if habilis left \u2018 with a whimper \u2019 ). h. erectus, with his longer lower limbs for running and walking efficiency, his bigger brain especially in the areas for planning and forethought ( and speech depending upon whose research you \u2019 re reading ) was tall, thin, and barrel - chested, hardly daunting in a world of sabertooth cats, mammoth and giant sloths. yet, it is he who spread from africa to china, india, the middle east, java. it is he \u2013 not predator cats or alligators \u2013 who developed a highly adaptable culture allowing him to survive a wide range of climates and habitats. that is the first of their firsts. want more? - first appearance of systematic hunting. - first use of fire ( though arguably no control of it ) - first indication of extended childhood ( thanks to the helplessness of their infants ) - first indication of the ability to lead a more complex life ( their acheulian tools were sophisticated, their hunting was planned ) - first to wear clothing ( how else to survive georgia and china ) - first to create complex tools and weapons their faces were short but wide and the nose projected forward, hinting at the typical human external nose. they had a pronounced brow ridge. their cranium was long and low and somewhat flattened at the front and back. the cranial bone was thicker than earlier hominids. remnants show damage from being hit in the head by something like clubs or heavy rocks. their arms and legs were also robust, with thicker bones and clear evidence of being heavily muscled. the suspicion is they were a more violent species than ha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4504821344786324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a482eda-257a-44ed-9d36-645d7c2ae85a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.242955"}
{"text": "##minids. remnants show damage from being hit in the head by something like clubs or heavy rocks. their arms and legs were also robust, with thicker bones and clear evidence of being heavily muscled. the suspicion is they were a more violent species than habilis. is that why habilis disappeared? the tougher group survived and bred offspring with their thicker, more protective skulls. you probably remember my friend lyta is a homo habilis ( see her page ). i \u2019 ve lived her life through otto \u2018 s ability to \u2018 see \u2019 into the past. where other primates rest when they have enough to eat, she thinks and shares information with her band. where most mammals sleep when they aren \u2019 t hunting, playing or resting, lyta worked \u2013 knapped tools, collected food for a cache, planned. i have come to believe that her survival depended not so much on her physique ( which was sorely lacking in that physical time ) as what was inside of her : her courage, ability to plan ahead, strength of her convictions, what we call \u2018 morals \u2019. these are very human traits that can \u2019 t be preserved in bones and teeth. i wouldn \u2019 t know they existed if not for otto. i \u2019 ve posted an excerpt from that research on scribd. com ( born in a treacherous time ). my next project is to determine how man migrated throughout the world. where did he get the courage? was he forced out because he couldn \u2019 t defend his territory? or was it wanderlust? was he a seeker, wanting more for his life? did he get bored and need to challenge his constantly - growing brain?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4580608190338992, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a482eda-257a-44ed-9d36-645d7c2ae85a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.243621"}
{"text": "dictionary and translator for handheld new : sensagent is now available on your handheld a windows ( pop - into ) of information ( full - content of sensagent ) triggered by double - clicking any word on your webpage. give contextual explanation and translation from your sites! with a sensagentbox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by sensagent. com. choose the design that fits your site. improve your site content add new content to your site from sensagent by xml. crawl products or adds get xml access to reach the best products. index images and define metadata get xml access to fix the meaning of your metadata. please, email us to describe your idea. lettris is a curious tetris - clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. each square carries a letter. to make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble english words ( left, right, up, down ) from the falling squares. boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words ( 3 letters or more ) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. you can also try the grid of 16 letters. letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. see if you can get into the grid hall of fame! change the target language to find translations. tips : browse the semantic fields ( see from ideas to words ) in two languages to learn more. 1. the language of educated people in ancient rome \" latin is a language as dead as dead can be. it killed the ancient romans - - and now it ' s killing me \" classical latin ( n. ) latin inscription in the colosseum | spoken in | | roman republic, roman empire | | region | | mare nostrum ( mediterranean ) | | era | | 75 bc to the 3rd century ad, when it developed into late latin | | writing system | | latin alphabet | | official language in | | roman republic, roman empire | | regulated by | | schools of grammar and rhetoric | the range of latin, 60 ad classical latin in simplest terms is the socio - linguistic register of the latin language regarded by the enfranchised and empowered populations of the late roman republic and the roman empire as good latin. most writers during this time made use of it. any unabridged latin dictionary informs moderns that marcus tullius cicero and his contemporaries of the late republic while using lingua latina and sermo latinus to mean the latin language as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48598032505251665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.260912"}
{"text": ". most writers during this time made use of it. any unabridged latin dictionary informs moderns that marcus tullius cicero and his contemporaries of the late republic while using lingua latina and sermo latinus to mean the latin language as opposed to the greek or other languages, and sermo vulgaris or sermo vulgi to refer to the vernacular of the uneducated masses, regarded the speech they valued most and in which they wrote as latinitas, \" latinity \", with the implication of good. sometimes it is called sermo familiaris, \" speech of the good families \", sermo urbanus, \" speech of the city \" or rarely sermo nobilis, \" noble speech \", but mainly besides latinitas it was latine ( adverb ), \" in good latin \", or latinius ( comparative degree of adjective ), \" good latin. \" latinitas was spoken as well as written. moreover, it was the language taught by the schools. prescriptive rules therefore applied to it, and where a special subject was concerned, such as poetry or rhetoric, additional rules applied as well. now that the spoken latinitas has become extinct ( in favor of various other registers later in date ) the rules of the, for the most part, polished ( politus ) texts may give the appearance of an artificial language, but latinitas was a form of sermo, or spoken language and as such retains a spontaneity. no authors are noted for the type of rigidity evidenced by stylized art, except possibly the repetitious abbreviations and stock phrases of inscriptions. good latin in philology is \" classical \" latin literature. the term refers to the canonicity of works of literature written in latin in the late roman republic and the early to middle roman empire : \" that is to say, that of belonging to an exclusive group of authors ( or works ) that were considered to be emblematic of a certain genre. \" the term classicus ( masculine plural classici ) was devised by the romans themselves to translate greek \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 ( egkrithentes ), \" select \", referring to authors who wrote in greek that were considered model. before then, classis, in addition to being a naval fleet, was a social class in one of the diachronic divisions of roman society according to property ownership by the roman constitution. the word is a transliteration of greek \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 ( klesis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43266978630698866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.261813"}
{"text": "addition to being a naval fleet, was a social class in one of the diachronic divisions of roman society according to property ownership by the roman constitution. the word is a transliteration of greek \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 ( klesis ) \" calling \", used to rank army draftees by property from first to fifth class. classicus is anything primae classis, \" first class \", such as the authors of the polished works of latinitas, or sermo urbanus. it had nuances of the certified and the authentic : testis classicus, \" reliable witness. \" it was in this sense that marcus cornelius fronto ( an african - roman lawyer and language teacher ) in the 2nd century ad used scriptores classici, \" first - class \" or \" reliable authors \" whose works could be relied upon as model of good latin. this is the first known reference, possibly innovated at this time, to classical applied to authors by virtue of the authentic language of their works. in imitation of the greek grammarians, the roman ones, such as quintilian, drew up lists termed indices or ordines on the model of the greek lists, termed pinakes, considered classical : the recepti scriptores, \" select writers. \" aulus gellius includes many authors, such as plautus, who are currently considered writers of old latin and not strictly in the period of classical latin. the classical romans distinguished old latin as prisca latinitas and not sermo vulgaris. each author ( and work ) in the roman lists was considered equivalent to one in the greek ; for example ennius was the latin homer, the aeneid was a new iliad, and so on. the lists of classical authors were as far as the roman grammarians went in developing a philology. the topic remained at that point while interest in the classici scriptores declined in the medieval period as the best latin yielded to medieval latin, somewhat less than the best by classical standards. the renaissance brought a revival of interest in restoring as much of roman culture as could be restored and with it the return of the concept of classic, \" the best. \" thomas sebillet in 1548 ( art poetique ) referred to \" les bons et classiques poetes francois \", meaning jean de meun and alain chartier, which was the first modern application of the word. according to merriam webster ' s collegiate dictionary, the term classical, from classicus, entered modern english in 1599,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.443251255995913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.262627"}
{"text": "poetes francois \", meaning jean de meun and alain chartier, which was the first modern application of the word. according to merriam webster ' s collegiate dictionary, the term classical, from classicus, entered modern english in 1599, some 50 years after its re - introduction on the continent. governor william bradford in 1648 referred to synods of a separatist church as \" classical meetings \" in his dialogue, a report of a meeting between new - england - born \" young men \" and \" ancient men \" from holland and england. in 1715 laurence echard ' s classical geographical dictionary was published. in 1736 robert ainsworth ' s thesaurus linguae latinae compendarius turned english words and expressions into \" proper and classical latin. \" in 1768 david ruhnken ( critical history of the greek orators ) recast the mold of the view of the classical by applying the word canon to the pinakes of orators, after the biblical canon or list of authentic books of the bible. ruhnken had a kind of secular catechism in mind. in 1870 wilhelm sigismund teuffel in geschichte der romischen literatur ( a history of roman literature ) innovated the definitive philological classification of classical latin based on the metaphoric uses of the ancient myth of the ages of man, a practice then universally current : a golden age and a silver age of classical latin were to be presumed. the practice and teuffel ' s classification, with modifications, are still in use. his work was translated into english as soon as published in german by wilhelm wagner, who corresponded with teuffel. wagner published the english translation in 1873. teuffel divides the chronology of classical latin authors into several periods according to political events, rather than by style. regarding the style of the literary latin of those periods he had but few comments. teuffel was to go on with other editions of his history, but meanwhile it had come out in english almost as soon as it did in german and found immediate favorable reception. in 1877 charles thomas cruttwell produced the first english work along the same lines. in his preface he refers to \" teuffel ' s admirable history, without which many chapters in the present work could not have attained completeness \" and also gives credit to wagner. cruttwell adopts the same periods with minor differences ; however, where teuffel ' s work is mainly historical, cruttwell ' s work contains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4471979233706771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.263450"}
{"text": "work could not have attained completeness \" and also gives credit to wagner. cruttwell adopts the same periods with minor differences ; however, where teuffel ' s work is mainly historical, cruttwell ' s work contains detailed analyses of style. nevertheless like teuffel he encounters the same problem of trying to summarize the voluminous detail in a way that captures in brief the gist of a few phases of writing styles. like teuffel, he has trouble finding a name for the first of the three periods ( the current old latin phase ), calling it mainly \" from livius to sulla. \" the language, he says, is \" \u2026 marked by immaturity of art and language, by a vigorous but ill - disciplined imitation of greek poetical models, and in prose by a dry sententiousness of style, gradually giving way to a clear and fluent strength \u2026 \" these abstracts have little meaning to those not well - versed in latin literature. in fact, cruttwell admits \" the ancients, indeed, saw a difference between ennius, pacuvius, and accius, but it may be questioned whether the advance would be perceptible by us. \" some of cruttwell ' s ideas have become stock in latin philology for better or for worse. while praising the application of rules to classical latin, most intensely in the golden age, he says \" in gaining accuracy, however, classical latin suffered a grievous loss. it became cultivated as distinct from a natural language \u2026 spontaneity, therefore, became impossible and soon invention also ceased \u2026 in a certain sense, therefore, latin was studied as a dead language, while it was still a living. \" these views are certainly debatable ; one might ask how the upper classes of late 16th century britain, who shared the renaissance zealousness for the classics, managed to speak spontaneous latin to each other officially and unofficially after being taught classical latin by tutors hired for the purpose. latinitas in the golden age was in fact sermo familiaris, the spoken latin of the roman upper classes, who sent their children to school to learn it. the debate continues. a second problem is the appropriateness of teuffel ' s scheme to the concept of classical latin, which teuffel does not discuss. cruttwell addresses the problem, however, altering the concept of the classical. as the best latin is defined as golden latin,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48901972336507793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.264265"}
{"text": "teuffel ' s scheme to the concept of classical latin, which teuffel does not discuss. cruttwell addresses the problem, however, altering the concept of the classical. as the best latin is defined as golden latin, the second of the three periods, the other two periods considered classical are left hanging. while on the one hand assigning to old latin the term pre - classical and by implication the term post - classical ( or post - augustan ) to silver latin cruttwell realizes that this construct is not according to ancient usage and asserts \" \u2026 the epithet classical is by many restricted to the authors who wrote in it [ golden latin ]. it is best, however, not to narrow unnecessarily the sphere of classicity ; to exclude terence on the one hand or tacitus and pliny on the other, would savour of artificial restriction rather than that of a natural classification. \" ( this from a scholar who had just been complaining that golden latin was not a natural language. ) the contradiction remains ; terence is and is not a classical author depending on context. after defining a \" first period \" of inscriptional latin and the literature of the earliest known authors and fragments, to which he assigns no definitive name ( he does use the term \" old roman \" at one point ), teuffel presents \" the second period \", his major, \" das goldene zeitalter der romischen literatur \", the golden age of roman literature, dated 671 \u2013 767 auc or 83 bc \u2013 14 ad according to his time reckoning, between the dictatorship of lucius cornelius sulla and the death of the emperor augustus. of it wagner translating teuffel writes the golden age of the roman literature is that period in which the climax was reached in the perfection of form, and in most respects also in the methodical treatment of the subject - matters. it may be subdivided between the generations, in the first of which ( the ciceronian age ) prose culminated, while poetry was principally developed in the augustan age. the ciceronian age was dated 671 \u2013 711 auc ( 83 bc \u2013 43 bc ), ending just after the assassination of gaius julius caesar, and the augustan 711 \u2013 67 auc ( 43 bc \u2013 14 ad ), ending with the death of augustus. the ciceronian age is further divided by the consulship of cicero in 691 auc or 63 bc into a first and second half. authors are assigned to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45425362799002994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.265120"}
{"text": "67 auc ( 43 bc \u2013 14 ad ), ending with the death of augustus. the ciceronian age is further divided by the consulship of cicero in 691 auc or 63 bc into a first and second half. authors are assigned to these periods by years of principal achievements. the golden age had already made an appearance in german philology but in a less systematic way. in bielfeld ' s 1770 elements of universal erudition the author says ( in translation ) : \" the second age of latin began about the time of caesar [ his ages are different from teuffel ' s ], and ended with tiberius. this is what is called the augustan age, which was perhaps of all others the most brilliant, a period at which it should seem as if the greatest men, and the immortal authors, had met together upon the earth, in order to write the latin language in its utmost purity and perfection. \" and of tacitus \" \u2026 his conceits and sententious style is not that of the golden age \u2026 \". teuffel evidently received the ideas of a golden and silver latin from an existing tradition and embedded them in a new system, transforming them as he thought best. in cruttwell ' s introduction, the golden age is dated 80 bc \u2013 14 ad ( \" from cicero to ovid \" ), which is about the same as teuffel ' s. of this \" second period \" cruttwell says that it \" represents the highest excellence in prose and poetry, \" paraphrasing teuffel. the ciceronian age is now \" the republican period \" and is dated 80 \u2013 42 bc through the battle of philippi. later in the book cruttwell omits teuffel ' s first half of the ciceronian and starts the golden age at cicero ' s consulship of 63 bc, an error perpetuated into cruttwell ' s second edition as well. he must mean 80 bc as he includes varro in golden latin. teuffel ' s augustan age is cruttwell ' s augustan epoch, 42 bc \u2013 14 ad. the literary histories list all authors canonical to the ciceronian age even though their works may be fragmentary or may not have survived at all. with the exception of a few major writers, such as cicero, caesar, lucretius and catullus, ancient accounts of republican literature are glowing accounts of jurists and orators who wrote prolifically but who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43022735352458413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.265953"}
{"text": "may not have survived at all. with the exception of a few major writers, such as cicero, caesar, lucretius and catullus, ancient accounts of republican literature are glowing accounts of jurists and orators who wrote prolifically but who now can ' t be read because their works have been lost, or analyses of language and style that appear insightful but can ' t be verified because there are no surviving instances. in that sense the pages of literary history are peopled with shadows : aquilius gallus, quintus hortensius hortalus, lucius licinius lucullus and many others who left a reputation but no readable works ; they are to be presumed in the golden age by their associations. a list of some canonical authors of the period, whose works have survived in whole or in part ( typically in part, some only short fragments ) is as follows : the golden age is divided by the assassination of julius caesar. in the wars that followed the republican generation of literary men was lost, as most of them had taken the losing side ; marcus tullius cicero was beheaded in the street as he enquired from his litter what the disturbance was. they were replaced by a new generation that had grown up and been educated under the old and were now to make their mark under the watchful eye of the new emperor. as the demand for great orators was more or less over, the talent shifted emphasis to poetry. other than the historian livy, the most remarkable writers of the period were the poets vergil, horace, and ovid. although augustus evidenced some toleration to republican sympathizers, he exiled ovid, and imperial tolerance ended with the continuance of the julio - claudian dynasty. augustan writers include : in his second volume, on the imperial period, teuffel initiated a slight alteration in approach, making it clearer that his terms applied to the latin and not just to the age, and also changing his dating scheme from years auc to modern. although he introduces das silberne zeitalter der romischen literatur, \" the silver age of roman literature \", 14 \u2013 117 ad, from the death of augustus to the death of trajan, he also mentions regarding a section of a work by seneca the elder a wenig einfluss der silbernen latinitat, a \" slight influence of silver latin. \" it is clear that he had shifted in thought from golden and silver ages to golden", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38800220937855234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.266799"}
{"text": "regarding a section of a work by seneca the elder a wenig einfluss der silbernen latinitat, a \" slight influence of silver latin. \" it is clear that he had shifted in thought from golden and silver ages to golden and silver latin, and not just latin, but latinitas, which must at this point be interpreted as classical latin. he may have been influenced in that regard by one of his sources, e. opitz, who in 1852 had published a title specimen lexilogiae argenteae latinitatis, mentioning silver latinity. although teuffel ' s first period was equivalent to old latin and his second period was equal to the golden age, his third period, die romische kaiserheit, encompasses both the silver age and the centuries now termed late latin, in which the forms seemed to break loose from their foundation and float freely ; that is, literary men appeared uncertain as to what \" good latin \" should mean. the last of the classical latin is the silver latin. the silver age is the first of the imperial period and is divided into die zeit der julischen dynastie, 14 \u2013 68 ; die zeit der flavischen dynastie, 69 \u2013 96 ; and die zeit des nerva und trajan, 96 \u2013 117. subsequently teuffel goes over to a century scheme : 2nd, 3rd, etc., through 6th. his later editions ( which came out in the rest of the late 19th century ) divide the imperial age into parts : the 1st century ( silver age ), the 2nd century : hadrian and the antonines and the 3rd through the 6th centuries. of the silver age proper, pointing out that anything like freedom of speech had vanished with tiberius, teuffel says \u2026 the continual apprehension in which men lived caused a restless versatility \u2026 simple or natural composition was considered insipid ; the aim of language was to be brilliant \u2026 hence it was dressed up with abundant tinsel of epigrams, rhetorical figures and poetical terms \u2026 mannerism supplanted style, and bombastic pathos took the place of quiet power. the content of new literary works was continually proscribed by the emperor ( by executing or exiling the author ), who also played the role of literary man ( typically badly ). the talent therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which teuffel calls \" utter unreality. \" crutwell picks up this theme : the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46949432280033515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.267629"}
{"text": ", who also played the role of literary man ( typically badly ). the talent therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which teuffel calls \" utter unreality. \" crutwell picks up this theme : the foremost of these [ characteristics ] is unreality, arising from the extinction of freedom \u2026 hence arose a declamatory tone, which strove by frigid and almost hyterical exaggeration to make up for the healthy stimulus afforded by daily contact with affairs. the vein of artificial rhetoric, antithesis and epigram \u2026 owes its origin to this forced contentment with an uncongenial sphere. with the decay of freedom, taste sank \u2026 in crutwell ' s view ( which had not been expressed by teuffel ), silver latin was a \" rank, weed - grown garden \", a \" decline. \" cruttwell had already decried what he saw as a loss of spontaneity in golden latin. that teuffel should regard the silver age as a loss of natural language and therefore of spontaneity, implying that the golden age had it, is passed without comment. instead, tiberius brought about a \" sudden collapse of letters. \" the idea of a decline had been dominant in english society since edward gibbon ' s decline and fall of the roman empire. once again, cruttwell evidences some unease with his stock pronouncements : \" the natural history of pliny shows how much remained to be done in fields of great interest. \" the idea of pliny as a model is not consistent with any sort of decline ; moreover, pliny did his best work under emperors at least as tolerant as augustus had been. to include some of the best writings of the silver age, cruttwell found he had to extend the period through the death of marcus aurelius, 180 ad. the philosophic prose of that good emperor was in no way compatible with either teuffel ' s view of unnatural language or cruttwell ' s depiction of a decline. having created these constructs, the two philologists found they could not entirely justify them ; apparently, in the worst implications of their views, there was no classical latin by the ancient definition at all and some of the very best writing of any period in world history was a stilted and degenerate unnatural language. writers of the silver age include the following. of the additional century granted by cruttwell and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5003134579899724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.268525"}
{"text": "by the ancient definition at all and some of the very best writing of any period in world history was a stilted and degenerate unnatural language. writers of the silver age include the following. of the additional century granted by cruttwell and others of his point of view to silver latin but not by teuffel the latter says \" the second century was a happy period for the roman state, the happiest indeed during the whole empire \u2026 but in the world of letters the lassitude and enervation, which told of rome ' s decline, became unmistakeable \u2026 its forte is in imitation. \" teuffel, however, excepts the jurists ; others find other \" exceptions, \" recasting teuffels ' s view. the style of language refers to repeatable features of speech that are somewhat less general than the fundamental characteristics of the language. the latter give it a unity allowing it to be referenced under a single name. thus old latin, classical latin, vulgar latin, etc., are not considered different languages, but are all referenced under the name of latin. this is an ancient practice continued by moderns rather than a philological innovation of recent times. that latin had case endings is a fundamental feature of the language. whether a given form of speech prefers to use prepositions such as ad, ex, de for \" to \", \" from \" and \" of \" rather than simple case endings is a matter of style. latin has a large number of styles. each and every author has a style, which typically allows his prose or poetry to be identified by experienced latinists. the problem of comparative literature has been to group styles finding similarities by period, in which case one may speak of old latin, silver latin, late latin as styles or a phase of styles. the ancient authors themselves first defined style by recognizing different kinds of sermo, or \" speech. \" in making the value judgement that classical latin was \" first class \" and that it was better to write with latinitas they were themselves selecting the literary and upper - class language of the city as a standard style and all sermo that differed from it was a different style ; thus in rhetoric cicero was able to define sublime, intermediate and low styles ( within classical latin ) and st. augustine to recommend the low style for sermons ( from sermo ). style therefore is to be defined by differences in speech from a standard. teuffel defined that standard as golden latin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.52031678400132, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.269389"}
{"text": "i will only point out two caveats : - we cannot assume that click speakers of the african southwest are necessarily indigenous to that region, and - it is possible that, the greater phonemic diversity is due to ancient admixture between quite divergent peoples who possessed two different types of phonemic inventories, while most africans inherited only the phonemic inventory of one of these peoples, which then decayed as per the author ' s theory away from africa. science 15 april 2011 : vol. 332 no. 6027 pp. 346 - 349 phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from africa quentin d. atkinson human genetic and phenotypic diversity declines with distance from africa, as predicted by a serial founder effect in which successive population bottlenecks during range expansion progressively reduce diversity, underpinning support for an african origin of modern humans. recent work suggests that a similar founder effect may operate on human culture and language. here i show that the number of phonemes used in a global sample of 504 languages is also clinal and fits a serial founder \u2013 effect model of expansion from an inferred origin in africa. this result, which is not explained by more recent demographic history, local language diversity, or statistical non - independence within language families, points to parallel mechanisms shaping genetic and linguistic diversity and supports an african origin of modern human languages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5321220572501714, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af093004-a8aa-4f38-b0df-c09a73298010>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.270686"}
{"text": "xantusiidae is a clade of viviparous ( live bearing ) lizards that ranges from southwestern north america and baja california ( xantusia ) into central america ( lepidophyma ) and cuba ( cricosaura ). xantusia magdalena occurs in baja california. xantusiidae is a relatively small clade, with 3 genera and approximately 30 living species. lepidophyma is the most speciose ( ~ 17 species ), whereas cricosaura is monotypic. xantusiids have a reasonably good fossil record extending from the mid - paleocene onward in western north america. xantusiids are fascinating lizards for several reasons. first, although they are almost uniformly diminuitive ( xantusia magdalena measures less than 4 cm snout - vent length, and the largest xantusiid species measure about 10 cm snout - vent length ), xantusiids generally take several years to reach sexual maturity, and several species give birth to just 1 or 2 offspring. it is a more usual reproductive strategy for small lizards to mature quickly and produce large numbers of offspring, to increase their chances of survival. despite this low reproductive potential, xantusiid neonates actually have a high life expectancy ; this can be attributed at least in part to their secretive lifestyle, which leads to the second reason why xantusiids are particularly interesting - - microhabitat specialization. microhabitat specialization is an ecological hallmark of xantusiidae. many populations are narrowly restricted to specific niches - - crevices ( e. g., xantusia henshawi in exfoliating granitic cap rocks ), interstices in agaves and yuccas in dry climates ( e. g., x. magdalena ), decaying logs in wet climates ( e. g., lepidophyma flavimaculatum ) - - and individuals may be found under the same patch of cover throughout their lives! these microhabitat restrictions result in extremely disjunct geographical distributions, and also may be responsible for some morphological convergence within the group ( e. g., flattened skulls for crevice dwelling ). xantusiidae also includes two insular endemics : the cuban cricosaura typica is the only xantusiid found in the west indies and is interpreted as one of the caribbean ' s few ancient endemic vertebrate lineages ; and xantusia riversiana", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42215546274053406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2d88a75-c769-4548-aa0c-a3c3aafba348>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.276650"}
{"text": "endemics : the cuban cricosaura typica is the only xantusiid found in the west indies and is interpreted as one of the caribbean ' s few ancient endemic vertebrate lineages ; and xantusia riversiana ( formerly klauberina riversiana ) is limited to three of the channel islands off the coast of california. the phylogenetic relationships of xantusiidae are problematic. morphology and molecules produce different topologies within the clade : morphology recovers a cricosaura + lepidophyma clade, while mitochondrial genes recover a lepidophyma + xantusia clade. lack of resolution of relationships within xantusiidae has hindered the placement of this clade within the squamate tree. xantusiidae is a \" tree - changing \" taxon : it causes homoplasy wherever it is placed, and its placement can tip the balance between the two primary competing hypotheses of scleroglossan relationships. xantusiidae is traditionally placed within scincomorpha, but some analyses have placed it near gekkota. thus, xantusiidae is either a highly derived, or extremely basal, scleroglossan clade. previous analyses of squamate phylogeny have almost certainly suffered in relying on species of the readily available - - but relatively derived - - genus xantusia as exemplars for xantusiidae. cricosaura or a species of lepidophyma would be more appropriate, but both are exceedingly rare in collections ; indeed, some species of lepidophyma are known from only 1 or 2 specimens. whatever the placement of xantusiidae within squamates, there is no doubt that xantusiids are monophyletic. the following are some of the hypothesized synapomorphies of the lineage ( from estes et al., 1988 ), most of which can be seen in the skull reconstructions above : supratemporal fenestra closed primarily by postorbital ; parietals paired well into postembryonic ontogeny ; parietal table extensive posteriorly, largely obscuring braincase in dorsal view, supratemporal process short ; vomers fused ; ectopterygoid contacts palatine anterolaterally, excluding maxilla from suborbital fenestra ; ectopterygoid enlarged medially, restricting suborbital fenestra.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46186252604637834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2d88a75-c769-4548-aa0c-a3c3aafba348>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.277425"}
{"text": "this database of images for the study and teaching of art, design, and visual culture at illinois state university, is produced as a collaboration between the school of art and milner library. the images come from many sources, including publications, original photography, and the visual resources collection of the school of art. the slides of sverre \" bex \" braathen combine a \" passion for circus \" with the skills and artistry of photography at its finest. images were captured in the saturated colors of kodachrome slides and date from the early 1940s to the late 1950s as well as black and white film in the 1930s. set within the context of the entire braathen \u2026 illinois state university history is a growing collection that currently includes campus history books, proceedings of the first university governing board, and nearly 400 photographs. support for this collection is provided by the friends of milner library and the illinois state library, a division of the office of the secretary of \u2026 welcome to milner library ' s international collection of child art digital image collection! this resource holds images of art created by children and adolescents representing more than fifty countries and cultures from argentina to new zealand. the artworks are two dimensional and use varied media. the work in this collection \u2026 voices of extremism : conflicting ideologies in united states politics in the decades following wwii is a unique audio documentation of the individuals and movements that characterized the extremist politics in the united states in the decades following the second world war from 1946 to 1980. the collection also includes a documentary on \u2026 cultivated in the spirit of teaching, learning and research, milner library ' s digital collections provide a variety of resources. they reflect the rich cultural heritage at illinois state university, and include audio recordings, historic documents, photos, and images of art and visual culture. discover all collections art & culture circus & allied arts illinois state university history international collection of child art voices of extremism native american collection normal editions workshop ( n. e. w. ) towanda area history world war i women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4642958741974255, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e6d370-c6fd-4e73-85c6-089457add0bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.281248"}
{"text": "date : august 2010 creator : allen, evette l. description : family communication has the potential to affect a variety of youth behavioral outcomes including adolescent sexual risk behavior. within chapter 1, i present past literature on adolescent sexual risk behaviors, family communication patterns, and the gaps associated with those areas. in chapter 2, i review previous literature on adolescent sexual risk behavior, parent - child communication and family communication patterns. in chapter 3, i present the method which includes a description of the participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis used. in chapter 4, i present the results of the study. according to the results of the study, father - child communication is not a better predictor of adolescent sexual risk behavior. a higher quantity of parent - child communication does not lead to less adolescent sexual risk behavior. participants with a pluralistic family type do significantly differ from laissez - faire and protective family types in regards to levels of parent - child communication. participants with a consensual family type do have significantly higher levels of parent - child communication in comparison to laissez - faire family types, but not protective family types. finally, in chapter 5, i present the discussion with a review of previous research ( consistent or inconsistent with the current findings ), limitations and conclusions for the current study. contributing partner : unt libraries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5506462559686803, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eeed63e4-ccb3-480f-bd77-7d8de8b6555e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.283206"}
{"text": "children of substance abusers : observations and their mothers ' reports of childrearing practices the widespread use of drugs includes women who are mothers and of childbearing age. a review of the literature shows that women who are substance abusers suffer from depression, low self - esteem, have poor health and nutrition, and histories of family violence and abuse. ^ during pregnancy, addictive women often lack prenatal care. in utero exposure to drugs is associated with multiple postnatal outcomes which include prematurity, low birth weight, neonatal abstinence syndrome, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ). intelligence testing found that the children scored within the normal range but significantly lower than the children of drug - free controls. ^ conflicting views on the parenting of mothers who are substance abusers exist. deprived and poorly nurtured in childhood themselves, they feel inadequate as parents. however, they love their children, are capable of learning developmental issues of childhood, and can respond with sensitivity to their needs. ^ the purpose of this study was to examine the child - rearing attitudes and parental style of addicted mothers and the impact of their drug use, parental attitudes, and demographic variables on their interactions with their children. forty - four mothers, forty - one drug users and three non - drug users, and nineteen infants participated in the study. participants attended the infant and toddler schools of the center for comprehensive health practice, inc. subjects completed the demographic sheet and the modified child - rearing practices report ( crpr ). the child data was obtained from the agency and included the scores of the bayley scales of infant development, the checklist for caregiver - infant observation, and the home observation for measurement of the environment - short form ( home - sf ). generally, greater parental control and less expression of affection were adhered to as values by the participants of the study. correlations as a function of drug usage and demographic variables suggested that the participants held both sound and inappropriate child - rearing attitudes. length of treatment and the age of the youngest child emerged as the demographic variables most related to the parental attitude variables. the children scored within the average range of intelligence, however, the range of variation was highly significant. ^ health sciences, mental health | women ' s studies | psychology, developmental sarai ramona padilla - rafalsky, \" children of substance abusers : observations and their mothers ' reports of childrearing practices \" ( january 1, 1993 ). etd collection for pace university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47883732678517116, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:288bae5d-f267-40ac-bd2c-195909577617>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.288219"}
{"text": "born in 1940, wangari maathai is a kenyan ecologist and environmental activist who founded the green belt movement in 1977, causing the media to depict her as a latter - day johnny appleseed who has planted millions of trees in africa. ( the green belt movement has been responsible for the planting of more than 10 million trees to prevent soil erosion and provide a source of firewood. ) as a member of the green belt movement, maathai has led sub - saharan african women in provoking sometimes - violent clashes with police. though casting herself as a hero of the downtrodden, she has demonstrated against peasants \u2019 economic interests. when kenyan autocratic leader daniel arap moi wanted to revive the nation \u2019 s dead economy by building the world \u2019 s largest skyscraper in the capital, her riotous actions dried up investment. later, she led a protest to prevent \u201c small - scale farming \u201d on african forestland and called farmers \u201c invaders \u201d who were guilty of \u201c rape. \u201d in 1992, she and the women in her green belt movement foreshadowed contemporary western antiwar demonstrators by staging a public strip - in. in 2004 she won the nobel peace prize for her work in \u201c human rights \u201d and \u201c reversing deforestation across africa. \u201d when maathai was awarded her nobel prize, united nations secretary - general kofi annan paid her a glowing tribute : maathai is also an anti - white, anti - western crusader for international socialism. she charges that \u201c some sadistic [ white ] scientists \u201d created the aids virus \u201c to punish blacks \u201d and, ultimately, \u201c to wipe out the black race. \u201d maathai continues : \u201c renowned and admired throughout her native kenya and across africa for her pioneering struggle against deforestation and for women \u2019 s rights and democracy, ms. maathai has also played an important role at un conferences such as the earth summit, making an imprint on the global quest for sustainable development.... selfless and steadfast, ms. maathai has been a champion of the environment, of women, of africa, and of anyone concerned about our future security. \u201d \u201c some say that aids came from the monkeys, and i doubt that, because we have been living with monkeys [ since ] time immemorial ; others say it was a curse from god, but i say it cannot be that.... us black people are dying more than any other people in this planet. it \u2019 s true that there are some people who create agents to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3979228626571615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fae983e5-45da-44d4-86c0-5ccc7cb210d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.293378"}
{"text": "in some people, macular degeneration advances so slowly that it has little effect on their vision. but in others, the disease progresses faster and may lead to vision loss. sometimes only one eye is affected, while the other eye remains free of problems for many years. people with dry macular degeneration in one eye often do not notice any changes in their vision. with one eye seeing clearly, they can still drive, read, and see fine details. some people may notice changes in their vision only if macular degeneration affects both of their eyes. both dry and wet macular degeneration cause no pain. symptoms of macular degeneration include : blurred vision \u2014 this is an early sign. an example of early findings is that you may need more light for reading and other tasks. difficulty seeing details in front of you \u2014 you may have a difficult time seeing words in a book or faces. blind spot \u2014 a small, growing blind spot will appear in the middle of your field of vision. this spot occurs because a group of cells in the macula have stopped working properly. over time, the blurred spot may get bigger and darker, taking more of your central vision. crooked lines \u2014 an early symptom of wet macular degeneration is straight lines that will appear crooked or wavy. this happens because the newly formed blood vessels leak fluid under the macula. the fluid raises the macula from its normal place at the back of the eye and distorts your vision. lighting \u2014 images appear more gray in color and colors are not as bright contact your ophthalmologist immediately for an eye exam if you notice : - visual distortions - sudden decrease in central vision - a central blind spot - any other visual problems - reviewer : christopher cheyer, md - update date : 09 / 01 / 2011 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.502684256397653, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6aba2b8d-0f86-4d64-b8af-a03c21e98c63>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.299016"}
{"text": "now he \u2019 s alerted me to a new study and related lecture on what he and his co - authors are calling \u201c peak farmland \u201d \u2014 an impending stabilization of the amount of land required for food as humanity \u2019 s growth spurt plays out. while laying out several important wild cards ( expanded farming of biofuels among them ), ausubel and his co - authors see a reasonable prospect for conserving, and restoring, forests and other stressed terrestrial ecosystems even as humanity exerts an ever greater influence on the planet. the study, \u201c peak farmland and the prospects for sparing nature, \u201d is by ausubel, iddo k. wernick and paul e. waggoner and will be published next year as part of a special supplement to the journal population and development review, published by the population council. drawing on a host of data sets, the authors conclude that a combination of slowing population growth, moderated demand for land - intensive food ( meat, for instance ) and more efficient farming methods have resulted in a substantial \u201c decoupling \u201d of acreage and human appetites. here \u2019 s the optimistic opener : expecting that more and richer people will demand more from the land, cultivating wider fields, logging more forests, and pressing nature, comes naturally. the past half - century of disciplined and dematerializing demand and more intense and efficient land use encourage a rational hope that humanity \u2019 s pressure will not overwhelm nature. ausubel will describe the findings in a talk during a daylong symposium at his university on tuesday honoring paul demeny, who at age 80 is stepping down as editor of the journal. ausubel \u2019 s prepared remarks are online. in his talk, he explains that while the common perception is that meeting humanity \u2019 s food needs is the task of farmers, there are many other players, including those of us who can choose what to eat and how many children to have : [ t ] he main actors are parents changing population, workers changing affluence, consumers changing the diet ( more or less calories, more or less meat ) and also the portion of crops entering the food supply ( corn can fuel people or cars ), and farmers changing the crop production per hectare of cropland ( yield ). the new paper builds on a long string of studies by ausubel and the others, including the 2001 paper \u201c how much will feeding more and wealthier people encroach on forests?. \u201d also relevant is \u201c restoring the forests, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4586670745425012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d30effea-1f5f-4ff1-874d-1ea41dc97c53>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.305031"}
{"text": "the new paper builds on a long string of studies by ausubel and the others, including the 2001 paper \u201c how much will feeding more and wealthier people encroach on forests?. \u201d also relevant is \u201c restoring the forests, \u201d a 2000 article in foreign affairs co - written by ausubel and david g. victor ( now at the university of california, san diego ) this body of analysis is closely related to the core focus of this blog : finding ways to fit infinite human aspirations ( and appetites ) on a finite planet. the work presents a compelling case for concentrating agriculture through whatever hybrid mix of means \u2014 technological or traditional \u2014 that best fits particular situations, but also fostering moderation in consumption. here \u2019 s an excerpt from the paper \u2019 s conclusion, which notes the many wild cards that make the peak farmland scenario still only a plausible, and hardly inevitable, future : [ w ] ild cards remain part of the game, both for and against land sparing. as discussed, the wild card of biofuels confounded expectations for the past 15 years. most wild cards probably will continue to come from consumers. will people choose to eat much more meat? if so, will it be beef, which requires more land than poultry and fish, which require less? will people become vegetarian or even vegan? but if they become vegan, will they also choose clothing made from linen, hemp, and cotton, which require hectares? will the average human continue to grow taller and thus require more calories? will norms of beauty accept obesity and thus high average calories per capita? will a global population with a median age of 40 eat less than one with a median age of 28? will radical innovations in food production move humanity closer to landless agriculture ( ausubel 2010 )? will hunger or international investment encourage cropland expansion in africa and south america? ( cropland may, of course, shrink in some countries while expanding in others as the global sum declines. ) and will time moderate the disparities cloaked within global averages, in particular disparities of hunger and excess among regions and individuals? allowing for wild cards, we believe that projecting conservative values for population, affluence, consumers, and technology shows humanity peaking in the use of farmland. over the next 50 years, the prospect is that humanity is likely to release at least 146 mha [ 146 million hectares, or 563, 710 square miles ], one and a half times the size of egypt, two and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4842249870114509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d30effea-1f5f-4ff1-874d-1ea41dc97c53>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.305982"}
{"text": "of farmland. over the next 50 years, the prospect is that humanity is likely to release at least 146 mha [ 146 million hectares, or 563, 710 square miles ], one and a half times the size of egypt, two and a half times that of france, or ten iowas, and possibly multiples of this amount. notwithstanding the biofuels case, the trends of the past 15 years largely resemble those for the past 50 and 150. we see no evidence of exhaustion of the factors that allow the peaking of cropland and the subsequent restoration of nature. in an e - mail exchange today, i asked ausubel about another issue touched on in the paper : looking around the planet, it \u2019 s clear from a biodiversity standpoint that all forests \u2014 or farming pressures \u2014 are not equal. for instance, in southeast asia, palm oil and orangutans are having a particularly hard time co - existing. so while the overall trend is great, do you see the need for maintaining a focus on particular \u201c hot spots, \u201d to use a term familiar in environmental circles? so far, i don \u2019 t see lots of evidence that conservation campaigners ( you are one on ocean resources ) have found a way to accept this kind of good news and / or incorporate it in their prescriptions for sustaining a rich and variegated biological sheath on earth. if you agree, any idea why? indonesia is the number one place where letting the underlying trend work will not work fast enough. the list of threatened regions is quite well identified : parts of the central african forest, parts of the amazon. some conservation groups have realized that the slow growth in demand for calories as well as pulp and paper are creating big chances to reserve or protect more land. in the right places, where crops are no longer profitable, some amounts of money can acquire large amounts of land for nature. conservation groups also ought to attend more to the ecological disaster called biofuels. i encourage you to dig in on this paper and related work, which provides a useful guide for softening the human impact on a crowding planet. there \u2019 ll be plenty of losses, and surprises, but there are real prospects for sustaining a thriving, and peopled, orb. 6 : 57 p. m. | addendum | for relevant work with somewhat different conclusions review the presentations from \u201c intensifying agriculture within planetary boundaries, \u201d a session at the planet under pressure conference in london last march. i \u2019 ll be adding links to other relevant analysis here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4883863923340024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d30effea-1f5f-4ff1-874d-1ea41dc97c53>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.306991"}
{"text": "although uncommon, an entirely different group of factors plays a role when an athlete suffers a stroke. head and neck trauma are often factors in stroke during athletic competitions. direct head trauma can result in leakage from blood vessels, depriving large regions of the brain of necessary nutrients. violent forward and backward movement of the head can result in tearing the inner lining of vital arteries responsible for directing blood to the brain. this condition, known as arterial dissection, can form a clot within the affected blood vessel or become a source of small clots. these smaller clots often move toward the brain as emboli and block other arteries. treatment for arterial dissection involves the use of blood thinning medications and avoiding violent collision sports. another common risk factor for stroke in athletes is the existence of a patent foramen ovale ( pfo ). a pfo is a hole between the upper chambers of the heart, the right and left atria. the foramen ovale forms in the fourth week of embryonic development and should close in the first three months after birth. when it does not close, it is considered patent or open. this abnormal channel allows direct passage of blood clots to the brain. these clots often originate in the legs and may result from immobilized lower extremities. pfos can be treated with equal success by surgical closure or blood thinning medications. athletes appear to do better with surgical closure and usually make a full recovery to return to sports. while considered rare, strokes do occur in athletes and treatment requires a different approach.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44848472885614243, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42e960c1-33b4-4f11-8d2f-5ec7df76d856>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.308534"}
{"text": "there are many ways to effectively teach a dog. not so long ago, most of the accepted methods for training were forceful or aversive. unfortunately, some of these methods still are in use among the abusive and uneducated. one of the pioneers of gentle training techniques was barbara woodhouse. this english dog trainer was instrumental in paving the way for today \u2019 s nonaversive and positive methods of training. she was a genius at molding behaviors with lures and gently \u201c modeling \u201d a dog into positions without force. but even woodhouse used some techniques that can be considered rough by today \u2019 s standards. if you have researched dog - training methodologies at all, you probably have noticed that a percentage of the available training books advocate the use of a \u201c choke chain \u201d ( otherwise called the training collar ). when used properly, this training device relies on aversion to get the dog \u2019 s attention or to make a correction when your dog doesn \u2019 t respond to a command correctly. a sharp snap of the leash tightens the collar around the dog \u2019 s neck, startling the dog with a momentary, low - level pain. the choke chain is not a training device for leash pullers, as is commonly thought, and when used incorrectly can, at the least, cause misalignment of the spine and trachea damage. at worst, it can cause brain damage and even death. because there is such a high risk for misuse of this device ( you may not realize that the choke chain should be worn with the free ring up, for instance ), the training world probably would be much better off without it. your efforts to train your dog should focus on building a bond and nurturing trust. this bond becomes the motivator that drives your dog to learn, focus and respond. why would anyone want to use force or violence when positive reinforcement works so well? why should your dog trust you if he knows that you are likely to hit him when he is unfocused or confused? that \u2019 s like your supervisor yelling at you when you have problems with a difficult task. stress won \u2019 t help you concentrate or focus better. abusive treatment of dogs in the name of training, just as abusive handling of employees in the name of supervision, doesn \u2019 t work. it does, however, tell us a lot about the trainer. for any method of dog training to be successful, it must be : effective \u2013 if it \u2019 s not effective, what \u2019 s the point? efficient \u2013 both you and your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4788312241799451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81426048-4862-4bb7-9a74-922f76b4cc47>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.312910"}
{"text": "a 2012 survey conducted by the association for pet obesity prevention found 52. 5 percent of dogs and 58. 3 percent of cats to be overweight or obese by their veterinarian. this translates to nearly 80 million dogs and cats in america with a weight problem. dr. george banta, chair of the veterinary technology department at brown mackie college - akron and dr. mary jo wagner, attending veterinarian at argosy university, twin cities, offer useful information for pet owners. how can you tell if your pet is overweight? \u201c it \u2019 s not the number of pounds, it \u2019 s how the animal carries the weight, \u201d says banta. \u201c the number on the body condition score is more important than pounds. \u201d the body condition score offers a way to assess the condition of an animal, usually on a scale from one to five, taking into account height, weight, and relative proportions of muscle and fat. with a little knowledge, you can use sight and touch to figure your pet \u2019 s general condition. \u201c when looking down on a dog or cat from above, \u201d says banta, \u201c the body should slim to a discernable waist. an animal is too thin if you can see the spine or ribs ; however, you should be able to feel them beneath the fur. \u201d an animal of ideal weight will also display a pelvic tuck when viewed from the side. \u201c just like humans, when animals overeat, they face increased risk for health problems like diabetes, heart disease, gastrointestinal problems and cancer, \u201d continues banta. in fact, these risks also include a shortened life expectancy. many owners feed pets according to the manufacturer \u2019 s suggested amounts ; however, this instruction may not be right for your pet. \u201c these guidelines are meant to cover all animals of a certain weight range, \u201d says wagner. \u201c an owner must consider the age and activity level of each pet. the more active they are, the more calories they will burn in a day. \u201d metabolism rates vary in animals the same way they do in people. metabolism is the body process in which food is broken down for energy ; another factor that affects the amount of food a pet needs. wagner advises owners to keep an eye on body condition to judge whether a pet is eating properly. \u201c if your pet shows signs of being overweight, simply cut back the amount of food given at each meal. then weigh the pet in two or three weeks to see if it has made a difference, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4180096200036428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c0c1ba8-b765-4c27-8bb8-2a3fc0a82934>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.316101"}
{"text": "judge whether a pet is eating properly. \u201c if your pet shows signs of being overweight, simply cut back the amount of food given at each meal. then weigh the pet in two or three weeks to see if it has made a difference, \u201d she says. choosing the right food for your pet is important as well. different brands of pet food contain varying amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates and calories. \u201c as a general rule, young, active dogs need high protein food, \u201d says wagner. \u201c older dogs need higher fiber to keep the gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract moving. \u201d ingredients listed on the package appear in descending order of volume ; the first item on the list is most abundant in the food. most of us love to give treats, but many of us don \u2019 t realize how many we offer each day. \u201c a 40 - pound dog is one quarter the size of a 160 - pound person, \u201d wagner says. \u201c they have smaller stomachs. look at calories in everything your pet eats. after that, it \u2019 s simple math. \u201d \u201c table scraps are a definite no. zip, zilch, nada, \u201d says banta. \u201c they are not good for two reasons. first, foods like chocolate, caffeine, grapes and raisins can be toxic to dogs. second, the high fat content associated with table scraps, especially holiday trimmings, can lead to the onset of acute pancreatitis, which can be fatal. \u201d he recommends offering a kibble of food or a carrot instead of a cookie. if you must give cookies, try breaking them in half. \u201c pets do enjoy treats as a reward ; however, attention from you is also a reward. it \u2019 s important to praise animals. in some ways, spending time with them is better than a treat, \u201d wagner says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38903090809649077, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c0c1ba8-b765-4c27-8bb8-2a3fc0a82934>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.316748"}
{"text": "on this day in 1951, more than six years after the end of world war ii in europe, president harry s. truman signed a proclamation officially ending u. s. hostilities with germany. the official end to the war came nine years, 10 months and 13 days after congress had declared war on nazi germany. the lawmakers had responded to a declaration of war issued by the third reich in the aftermath of the dec. 7, 1941, japanese attack on pearl harbor and other u. s. bases in the pacific. the president explained why he had waited so long after the fighting had ended to act : it had always been america \u2019 s hope, truman wrote, to create a treaty of peace with the government of a united and free germany, but the postwar policies pursued by the soviet union \u201c made it impossible. \u201d after the war, the united states, britain, france and the soviet union divided germany into four zones of occupation. berlin, while located wholly within the soviet zone, was jointly occupied by the wartime allies and also subdivided into four sectors because of its symbolic importance as the nation \u2019 s historic capital and seat of the former nazi government. the three western zones were merged to form the federal republic of germany in may 1949, and the soviets followed suit in october 1949 with the establishment of the german democratic republic. the east german regime began to falter in may 1989, when the removal of hungary \u2019 s border fences punched a hole in the iron curtain, allowing tens of thousands of east germans to flee to the west. despite the grants of general sovereignty to both german states in 1955, neither of the two german governments held unrestricted sovereignty under international law until after they were reunified in october 1990.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4995910756064891, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:802d6d3f-73ff-4476-973b-a3c618ed8f7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.318408"}
{"text": "survey data is a snapshot of a population, a moment captured in numbers, like vital signs : height, weight, temperature, blood pressure, etc. people build trend lines and watch for changes, shifting strategies as they make educated guesses about what \u2019 s going on. what \u2019 s holding steady? what \u2019 s spiking? what \u2019 s on the decline? just as a thermometer makes no judgment, the pew research center provides data about the changing world around us. we don \u2019 t advocate for outcomes or recommend policies. rather, we provide an updated record so that others can make those pronouncements and recommendations based on facts. the latest in our health research series is being released today. health online 2013 finds that internet access and interest in online health resources are holding steady in the u. s. for a quick overview, read on \u2026 what is new? 1 in 3 u. s. adults use the internet to diagnose themselves or someone else \u2013 and a clinician is more likely than not to confirm their suspicions. this is the first time we \u2013 or anyone else \u2013 has measured this in a straightforward, national survey question. 1 in 4 people looking online for health info have hit a pay wall. this is the first data i know of that begins to answer the important question : what is the public impact of closed - access journals? we added three new health topics : - 11 % of internet users have looked online for information about how to control their health care costs. - 14 % of internet users have looked online for information about caring for an aging relative or friend. - 16 % of internet users have looked online for information about a drug they saw advertised. ( a full list of all the health topics we \u2019 ve included, 2002 - 10, is available here. ) what has changed? the percentage of people who have consulted online reviews of drugs and medical treatments dropped ( and i don \u2019 t know why \u2014 do you have a theory? please post a comment. ) related : why aren \u2019 t health care review sites catching on? pew internet has tracked a boom in consumer reviews of other services and products \u2014 why not health care? what to keep an eye on? one of my favorite survey questions is asked of all adults and attempts to capture a broad portrait of health care resources that someone might tap into when they \u2019 re sick. it \u2019 s a useful question for keeping online resources in perspective. i think it \u2019 s also going to prove useful in the coming years as the landscape shifts and people have more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5103691353522524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06a1d3e1-b436-41ec-b891-5dc64a3f53ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.321139"}
{"text": "fewer rare sea turtles will die on the swordfish industry ' s longlines in hawaii under an agreement between environmental groups and the government. the agreement settles a lawsuit challenging the federal government ' s plans that would have dramatically increase the number of turtles that could be killed. the turtle island restoration network, center for biological diversity and kahea sued the national marine fisheries service for allowing 46 imperiled pacific loggerhead turtles to be hooked last year. the new court - ordered settlement caps the number at 17 per year. meanwhile the national marine fisheries service is weighing whether loggerheads need more protection under the endangered species act. \" it made absolutely no sense to have one arm of the national marine fisheries service increasing the lethal capture of loggerheads, while the other arm is in the process of determining whether loggerheads should be uplisted from threatened to endangered, \" said todd steiner, biologist and executive director of turtle island restoration network. \" with extinction looming, these animals need more protection, not less. \" \" with this decision, hawaii ' s public - trust ocean resources can be better managed for our collective best interest, and not just the interests of this commercial fishery, \" said kahea program director marti townsend. \" this is a victory not just for the turtles, but for hawaii ' s people who rely on a healthy, functioning ocean ecosystem. \" conservation groups represented by earthjustice filed a federal lawsuit challenging a 2009 rule allowing the swordfish fleet to catch nearly three times as many loggerhead sea turtles as previously permitted. this settlement freezes the number at the previous cap of 17 while the government conducts additional environmental studies and decides whether or not to classify the loggerhead as endangered, rather than its current, less - protective status of threatened. for leatherback turtles, the bycatch limit remains at 16 per year. in 2010, eight pacific leatherbacks and seven loggerheads were caught in the longline fishery, according to the national marine fisheries service. there have already been 4 loggerheads captured in 2011, which has sea turtle conservationists concerned. \" sea turtles have been swimming the oceans since the time of dinosaurs. but without a change in management, they won ' t survive our voracious quest for swordfish and tuna, \" said miyoko sakashita, oceans director at the center for biological diversity. \" if loggerheads are going to survive in the north pacific, we need to stop killing them in our fisheries. \" \" pacific loggerhead sea turtles are nearly extinct, so this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37707591392141526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36683d3-ded6-4e38-af4d-7bc73d1ec7e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.323874"}
{"text": "volume 4 number 2 \u00a9the author ( s ) 2002 the continuity framework : a tool for building home, school, and community partnerships abstractwe will need to become savvy about how to build relationships, how to nurture growing, evolving things. all of us will need better skills in listening, communicating, and facilitating groups, because these are the talents that build strong relationships. ( wheatley, 1992, p. 38 ) in the face of today ' s challenging social and family issues, many new efforts are underway to help children and families. one solution that many communities have adopted is the establishment of a collaborative partnership that involves all the relevant partners \u2014 home, school, and community \u2014 in the planning and monitoring of services for children. unfortunately, achieving a strong partnership with meaningful participation can often be difficult and time - consuming. this article focuses on a set of training materials that has been developed to assist community partnerships in their efforts. these materials highlight eight elements of continuity and successful partnerships : ( 1 ) families as partners, ( 2 ) shared leadership, ( 3 ) comprehensive / responsive services, ( 4 ) culture and home language, ( 5 ) communication, ( 6 ) knowledge and skill development, ( 7 ) appropriate care and education, and ( 8 ) evaluation of partnership success. results from a field study that included more than 200 reviewers and 8 pilot sites are summarized. results indicate that a majority of reviewers found the training materials easy to understand, relevant to their work, and up - to - date. in addition, data gathered from the pilot sites indicate that the partnerships found the materials practical and useful for addressing a variety of issues, including time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. communities face a host of problems that threaten the health and well - being of their children and families. poverty, unemployment, inadequate care / education, and poor health care are just a few of the difficult issues that communities must confront. what makes these issues particularly challenging is that children and families who experience one problem are often likely to experience other problems as well. compounding the problem is that delivery of services to help children and families is typically fragmented and scattered. even efforts designed to increase the quality and supply of services to children and families have, at times, created greater fragmentation and discontinuity. in previous years, those who sought to improve outcomes for children concentrated only on the child. today, however, many service providers have come to understand that the best way to serve and preserve children is to serve and preserve the supportive networks that benefit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5401396802986698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.362490"}
{"text": ", and no two collaboratives operate in exactly the same way. however, certain guidelines seem to help smooth the way for a more successful partnership, including ( north central regional educational laboratory, 1993 ) : - involve all key stakeholders ; - establish a shared vision of how the partnership will operate and expected outcomes for the children and families served ; - build in ownership at all levels ; - establish communication and decision - making processes that are open and allow conflict to be addressed constructively ; - institutionalize changes through established policies, procedures, and program mandates ; - provide adequate time for partners to meet, plan, and carry out activities. the process of establishing and maintaining a collaborative partnership is not easy, and in the end, each partnership must find a way to proceed that is consistent with its community and unique set of circumstances. however, a number of resources and tools are available to help communities get started creating an effective system for delivering services. in this article, we describe one such tool that assembles elements essential to building a successful collaborative partnership. development of continuity framework materials for the past eight years, the 10 regional educational laboratories ( rels ) serving each region of the country have studied effective strategies for strengthening collaboration and increasing continuity among programs for young children and their families. the rels are overseen by the u. s. department of education ' s office of educational research and improvement [ now the institute of education sciences ], and their primary purpose is ensuring that those involved in educational improvement have access to the best information from research and practice. during the contract period of 1995 - 2000, the rels established a program called the laboratory network program ( lnp ), which convened representatives from each laboratory as a national network working on common issues. in 1995, the early childhood lnp developed continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ), a document designed with two key purposes in mind : first, an emphasis on the need for children and families to receive comprehensive and responsive services, reflected in the eight elements of continuity outlined in the framework ( see figure 1 ). taken together, the elements are intended to promote a comprehensive understanding of continuity and transition during early childhood. second, the framework offered a set of guidelines that partnerships could use to compare and assess their current policies and practices, as well as identify areas in need of improvement. figure 1. elements of continuity ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ) an extensive field review of the framework indicated that although the document was helpful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5239114849176454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.365077"}
{"text": "compare and assess their current policies and practices, as well as identify areas in need of improvement. figure 1. elements of continuity ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ) an extensive field review of the framework indicated that although the document was helpful and informative, many community partnerships continued to have difficulty \" getting started. \" as a result, a trainer ' s guide was developed to support the use of the framework and assist community partnerships in the first stages. these materials were developed by the early childhood lnp in collaboration with the national center for early development & learning. the trainer ' s guide provides an overview of the content and potential uses of the framework and includes all activities and materials necessary to conduct training sessions. the guide itself consists of four training sessions that are organized around the eight elements of continuity. the materials are designed so that a local partnership has everything needed to conduct the training : background information, scripts, handouts, transparencies, sample agendas, and checklists for additional equipment and supplies : - the first session, understanding continuity, is designed to introduce participants to the framework document and help participants develop a greater understanding and appreciation for continuity. - the second session, developing a continuity team, highlights the importance of broad representation and shared leadership among partnership members. - the third session, planning for continuity, emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to service delivery and encourages participants to examine their current partnership practices and policies. - the final session, formalizing continuity, focuses on the importance of effective communication among group members and provides participants with an opportunity to formulate action plans. the guide is designed to be a flexible training tool, adaptable to meet the needs of a particular audience. the intended audience includes local partnerships for children and families ( including smart start partnerships in north carolina ), head start program representatives, public schools, and communities. the overall objectives of the training are ( 1 ) to enhance the collaborative ' s knowledge and understanding of continuity, ( 2 ) to strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to work as partners, and ( 3 ) to maximize the benefit they might receive from using the framework. what follows is a description of the field test that was designed to assess the use and effectiveness of the trainer ' s guide. the field test focused exclusively on the framework materials - - no other instructional sources were employed. we will present the major findings of the field test and summarize recommendations based on those findings. in addition, we will highlight the work of several collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study, and we will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5175675874590483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.366871"}
{"text": "no other instructional sources were employed. we will present the major findings of the field test and summarize recommendations based on those findings. in addition, we will highlight the work of several collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study, and we will describe some of the problems they encountered, how they used the framework materials to address those problems, and where they are today. specifically, the evaluation will explore : - to what extent is the information contained in the framework and trainer ' s guide relevant and useful to community partnerships? - what is the perceived impact of the training and framework on partnership activities? - how do partnerships incorporate elements of the framework into their ongoing activities? - of the review sites that indicated interest in the training materials, what proportion actually conducted the training? the overall usefulness and effectiveness of the trainer ' s guide was studied in two phases. phase one consisted of document review and feedback from individuals working in the early childhood field. in phase two of field testing, the training was actually piloted in eight partnership sites. phase one : document review reviewers for the trainer ' s guide were solicited through the laboratory network program ( lnp ) and at conferences related to early childhood issues. three hundred thirteen individuals / organizations requested a set of the framework materials ( participant manual, trainer ' s guide, and a sample color transparency ) and feedback form. feedback questions centered on four areas : ( 1 ) information ' s relevancy and accuracy, ( 2 ) format and organization of the trainer ' s guide, ( 3 ) specific training needs, and ( 4 ) possible barriers to conducting training. of the 313 requesting materials, 215 ( 68. 7 % ) reviewers returned feedback forms. twenty - one percent ( n = 45 ) of the respondents were members of a smart start partnership ( north carolina initiative ), 19 % ( n = 40 ) worked in head start agencies, and 11 % ( n = 24 ) worked in family resource centers. others included representatives from state agencies, school personnel, and university faculty. a majority ( 89 % ) of the respondents indicated that they are actively involved in a community partnership. final follow - up with select reviewer sites. of the original 215 organizations / individuals who reviewed the framework materials, 80 indicated an interest in conducting the training in its entirety and requested a complete set of transparencies. ( the original materials included one sample color transparency, and the rel offered a complete set of framework transparencies to all organizations making the request. ) approximately one year after receiving the materials, interviews were conducted with representatives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041589962604713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.368110"}
{"text": "set of transparencies. ( the original materials included one sample color transparency, and the rel offered a complete set of framework transparencies to all organizations making the request. ) approximately one year after receiving the materials, interviews were conducted with representatives who received transparencies. the purpose of these follow - up telephone calls was to determine if the materials had been used and the degree to which outside support or assistance might be needed to conduct the training. phase two : pilot training during the second phase of the field testing, the training was piloted in eight collaborative partnerships from across the nation ( see table 1 ). these sites were recruited through the lnp and selected based on their interest in the project. to assist with logistical details, a liaison, identified at each site, coordinated training dates and assisted with data collection. sites varied according to demographics, partnership maturity, and sponsoring or lead agency. | site location | | community type | | sponsor / lead agency | | beaufort, sc | | rural | | success by 6 | | dothan, al | | urban | | family resource center | | walnut cove, nc | | rural | | smart start | | valdosta, ga | | rural | | family connections / county commission | | wheeling, wv | | rural | | head start | | troy, nc | | rural | | smart start | | concord, wv | | rural | | family resource center | five of the partnerships described themselves as existing collaboratives ( two years or more ), while the remaining three indicated that they were in the planning stages of building a collaborative partnership. sponsors of the partnerships included smart start ( 2 ) ; head start, family resource centers ( 2 ) ; success by 6 ; a public school system ; and a county task force. across the eight sites, a total of 160 individuals participated in the training. approximately 64 % of the attendees were white, 27 % were african american, and the remainder were either hispanic, american indian / alaskan native, or multiracial. several of the partnerships invited persons who were not part of the collaborative partnership to attend the training. as a result, slightly more than half ( 54 % ) of the participants reported that they were current members of the partnership. the majority of these had been members less than one year ( 53 % ). early childhood specialists represented the largest group attending the training ( 29 % ), followed by program administrators ( 18 % ), teachers / caregivers ( 14 % ), and parents ( 10 % ). other groups", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5181096669029506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.369143"}
{"text": "one year ( 53 % ). early childhood specialists represented the largest group attending the training ( 29 % ), followed by program administrators ( 18 % ), teachers / caregivers ( 14 % ), and parents ( 10 % ). other groups represented included policy makers, members of the business community, and university faculty. each of the sites conducted the entire training course in the fall ; however, there was some variability in delivery of training. for example, some partnerships conducted the training as described in the trainer ' s guide - - two complete, consecutive days of training. other partnerships modified the training schedule to meet the needs of its members and used other formats such as one day of training followed two weeks later by a second day of training. at the conclusion of training, participants were asked to provide feedback on specific elements of the training, including organization, training content, and materials / resources. in addition, participants were asked to comment on their satisfaction with the training and the overall usefulness of the training materials. this information, along with information gathered from the review sites, was used to revise the trainer ' s guide. in the six months following the training, partnership activities were studied to determine the degree to which the collaboratives incorporated content from the framework into their regular activities. materials studied included a record of stakeholder attendance and meeting minutes documenting partnership activities. at the end of this period, a follow - up survey was sent to participants at each pilot site. survey questions focused on three major areas : ( 1 ) impact of the training, ( 2 ) impact of the framework materials, and ( 3 ) overall familiarity with framework materials. in addition to the final survey with individuals who participated in the training, a final interview was conducted with seven site liaisons ( one liaison was unavailable for interview ). interview questions focused on the original goal of the partnership, reasons for participating in the field study, and impact of the training and framework materials. the data were analyzed to determine general response patterns and to identify logical changes or improvements to the trainer ' s guide. both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to analyze data from the review sites and the pilot sites. phase one : document review analyses of data from reviewer sites were conducted on 215 surveys. table 2 summarizes trainer ' s guide as easy to understand, relevant to their work, accurate, and up - to - date. | survey statement | | agreed or strongly agreed with statement | | information is accurate and up to date. | | 94. 9 % ( 4. 54 ) |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49494059328012013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.370202"}
{"text": "to understand, relevant to their work, accurate, and up - to - date. | survey statement | | agreed or strongly agreed with statement | | information is accurate and up to date. | | 94. 9 % ( 4. 54 ) | | format is easy to understand and follow. | | 93. 9 % ( 4. 49 ) | | training materials were easy to understand and follow. | | 92. 5 % ( 4. 46 ) | | information is relevant to my work. | | 89. 3 % ( 4. 41 ) | | i would be comfortable using the materials. | | 83. 3 % ( 4. 29 ) | | * note : according to the scale, 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree. mean scores are presented in parentheses. | a series of open - ended questions provided respondents with an opportunity to provide more specific information and feedback. when asked what parts of the training were most useful, of those who responded, approximately 30 % reported that the materials were the most useful part of the training. reviewers specifically mentioned handouts, transparencies, and checklists. another 22 % reported that the information focusing on the need to include families and share leadership responsibilities was most useful. reviewers also were asked to identify the greatest training need within their partnerships. of those who responded, more than one - third ( 34 % ) reported that they often need assistance identifying and including community stakeholders. reviewers cited family members and members of the business community as groups that often are poorly represented at partnership meetings. other topics representing challenges to partnerships included developing the team, sharing leadership responsibilities, and involving families in meaningful ways. in terms of barriers or factors that would influence the use of training, most of the respondents ( 75 % ) cited time as the greatest barrier to conducting training. this factor was followed by a lack of funding ( 68 % ), the unavailability of a trainer ( 45 % ), and lack of interest of collaborative partners ( 39 % ). final follow - up with select reviewer sites. of the 80 individuals / organizations who requested a complete set of transparencies, 68 were located for follow - up interviews ( 85 % ). for the remaining 12, attempts to contact the site were unsuccessful ; either the person requesting the transparencies was no longer there, or the materials were never received. interviews revealed that 23 of the respondents had conducted training using the framework and accompanying materials. of those who stated that they had conducted the training, only two ( less than 10 % ) had used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49546181096668196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.373880"}
{"text": "was no longer there, or the materials were never received. interviews revealed that 23 of the respondents had conducted training using the framework and accompanying materials. of those who stated that they had conducted the training, only two ( less than 10 % ) had used the training in its entirety. most had conducted at least one part of the training, selecting the portions most useful for their work. \" families as partners, \" \" shared leadership, \" and \" comprehensive and responsive services \" were the elements from the framework most often used for training. an additional 17 % said that although they had not conducted the training as designed, they had adapted the materials or used them in other circumstances. examples of how they had adapted the materials included using the exercises, overheads, major concepts, and other information in training activities. head start agencies were the primary sponsors for half of the training events. public schools, area education associations, state departments of education, local partnerships, child development centers, and related - type centers were listed as sponsors or lead agencies for the remaining training activities. training participants included staff and administrators at head start agencies, preschool and child care providers, local education agencies, schools, school improvement teams, state departments of education staff, local family service agencies and boards of directors, and parents. all who said they had used the training materials were asked to comment on the usefulness of the training. the majority of respondents rated the training as \" very useful \" or \" useful, \" and all said they would recommend the training to others. particular aspects of the training that respondents liked included : - professional quality, clarity of materials, and sequencing of content of the framework ; - handouts, activities, and overheads ; - content and the ability to present the material at multiple skill levels ; and - ease of use of the framework. there were suggestions for improving the training. four respondents said the course was \" too long, \" especially if used in school systems or with parents. others maintained a need for greater emphasis on action planning and implementation, \" more written support materials ( research, position support, background ), and additional copies of key pieces of materials that helped shape the framework. \" phase two : pilot training in terms of the training quality and overall effectiveness, most of the participants rated the training sessions as either \" good \" or \" excellent. \" participants tended to rate the second day of training as higher in quality and more effective than the first day of training ( m = 4. 392 and m = 4. 17, respectively, based on a 5 - point", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49923034532965643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.375795"}
{"text": "\" or \" excellent. \" participants tended to rate the second day of training as higher in quality and more effective than the first day of training ( m = 4. 392 and m = 4. 17, respectively, based on a 5 - point scale ). participants also evaluated the effects of the training and estimated its impact on future partnership practices. using a four - point likert - type scale, participants rated the extent to which they agreed with each statement. table 3 summarizes participants ' appraisal of the training and reinforces the focus of the original training objectives. objective 1 : to enhance the collaborative ' s knowledge and understanding of continuity | as a result of the training, i believe that i am motivated to build and strengthen continuity efforts in my community. | | 3. 44 | |. 65 | | as a result of the training, i believe that i have a better understanding of continuity and why it is important. | | 3. 41 | |. 65 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on increasing awareness of new skills and knowledge for our team. | | 3. 31 | | 63 | objective 2 : to strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to works as partners | as a result of the training, i believe that i am better able to participate as a member of a home, school, and community partnership. | | 3. 40 | |. 65 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on how decisions are made and the planning we do for services. | | 3. 25 | |. 59 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on changing / enhancing the quality of community practices. | | 3. 23 | |. 58 | objective 3 : to maximize the benefit the collaborative might receive from using the framework | as a result of the training, i believe that i am better able to use the framework as a tool for exploring continuity and transition | | 3. 26 | |. 63 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on positively affecting outcomes for children and families. | | 3. 31 | |. 63 | | * note : according to the scale, 1 = strongly disagree and 4 = strongly agree. | in addition to participant ratings immediately following the training, data were collected on regular partnership activities after the training. analysis of materials such as meeting minutes revealed that during the six months following completion of the training, five of the eight sites reported that they continued to use the framework materials. exactly how the materials were used varied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5036791729738739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.381650"}
{"text": "collected on regular partnership activities after the training. analysis of materials such as meeting minutes revealed that during the six months following completion of the training, five of the eight sites reported that they continued to use the framework materials. exactly how the materials were used varied from site to site. two of the sites selected specific elements of the framework as their priority concerns for the coming year. they then organized subcommittees to review the partnerships ' practices with respect to those elements and make recommendations for improving existing services. another partnership used the materials to provide training to other agencies and organizations not directly involved with the partnership. the remaining two partnerships used the framework as a resource for improving transition practices with their communities. at the end of the six months, a final survey was distributed to participants at the last partnership meeting of the year, and surveys were mailed to those not in attendance at the final meeting. approximately half of the individuals who participated in the training ( 81 of 160 ) responded to the survey. participants were asked to rate the extent to which the framework materials had had an impact on partnership practices. on a four - point scale ( 4 = \" a great deal, \" 3 = \" some, \" 2 = \" very little, \" and 1 = \" not at all \" ), the majority of respondents ( 88. 6 % ) reported that the training had \" impacted \" their knowledge and skill development \" some \" or a \" great deal. \" respondents also thought that the framework had at least \" some \" impact on the knowledge and skills development of their partnership ( 83 % ) and community ( 72 % ). the majority ( 97. 4 % ) speculated that the framework would have at least some future impact. finally, participants were asked to indicate the single greatest impact they experienced as a result of the training. approximately 41 % reported that as a result of the training they felt more motivated to build or strengthen efforts to support continuity of services for children in their communities. thirty - five percent of the respondents said they had a better understanding of continuity and its importance ; 17 % felt that the training prepared them to be better members of their partnership ; and 7 % said that the training gave them a greater understanding of the framework as a tool. stokes county partnership for children, king, nc an ongoing goal of the stokes county partnership for children is to create a system that encourages service providers to work together and promotes continuity for children and their families. members of the partnership began by using the framework to build their own knowledge and skills about continuity ; however, they soon recognized the need to inform", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47842643323460243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.384260"}
{"text": "children is to create a system that encourages service providers to work together and promotes continuity for children and their families. members of the partnership began by using the framework to build their own knowledge and skills about continuity ; however, they soon recognized the need to inform others of the importance of continuity in children ' s lives. as a result, the partnership conducted a series of focus groups and meetings among parents and family members within the community. they used information from elements 3 ( comprehensive / responsive services ) and 7 ( developmentally appropriate care / education ) to explain what was needed to support continuity and its potential benefits for children. these meetings were also an opportunity to inform families of the various resources and supports available within the community. later, the focus groups were expanded to include all stakeholders ( e. g., child care, kindergarten, head start, school administrators, special needs coordinators, etc ). the information gathered from these meetings has been used to guide the development and implementation of policies and practices that promote continuity. final interview with liaisons. in the final interview conducted with site liaisons, five of the seven liaisons reported that the overall goal of their partnership is to improve services for children and their families by connecting agencies and strengthening the collaborative bonds between those agencies. three of the liaisons specifically mentioned the need to improve transitions and create a system of responsive and comprehensive services. in addition, liaisons were asked to talk about their reasons for participating in the field - test process. at least three of the liaisons cited low levels of collaboration across agencies and indicated that partnership meetings were used primarily as a time for sharing information. others saw the training as an opportunity to invite additional partners to the table and begin a discussion of how they could better work together. finally, liaisons were asked to rate the extent to which the framework materials had been helpful in accomplishing their overall partnership goal. using a five - point scale, five of the liaisons rated the framework materials as either \" helpful \" ( 4 ) or \" very helpful \" ( 5 ). the remaining two liaisons rated the framework materials as at least \" somewhat helpful \" ( 3 ). developing and maintaining a community collaborative is hard work, and it is a challenge that requires a great deal of commitment and cooperation from those involved. training and resource materials available to help community partnerships build a more responsive system must address such issues as time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. given these challenges, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be important and useful tools for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5154764347001897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.385991"}
{"text": "to help community partnerships build a more responsive system must address such issues as time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. given these challenges, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be important and useful tools for helping partnerships increase collaboration and involvement. data gathered from participant ratings and key - informant interviews indicated that the training was helpful in a number of ways. a feature of the training mentioned by many of the participants was the fact that the experience helped \" level the playing field. \" that is, it provided stakeholders with a common language to use as they worked together. as illustrated in the following example, stakeholders often come from a variety of agencies and backgrounds, which can be a major impediment when a community must begin to work together and coordinate its efforts. the case studies in the sidebars highlight the work of four collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study. these case studies discuss some of the problems they encountered, how they used the framework materials to address those problems, and where they are today. bovill, idaho, collaborative bovill is a small town ( population 310 ) located in the north central part of the state. bovill has no resident doctor or dentist. at the time, there also was no child care center or preschool available to children. ( the closest one was 35 miles away. ) in 1998, various members of the community decided that they wanted to do something to help improve the situation for children. this group of citizens brought together parents and virtually every local organization to work on a plan that would support the learning needs of children and their families. part of this effort was a proposal submitted to the j. a. and kathryn albertson foundation that would help fund an early learning center. in 1999, they were awarded a grant, and they began the work to open the bovill early childhood community learning center. however, once the work began, members of the partnership found that they did not have a common vocabulary to talk about the issues of early childhood education. there were also difficulties associated with establishing a partnership, such as \" who else should be included? \" and \" how do you get started? \" in an effort to \" get started \" and begin the planning process, the partnership elected to participate in the field testing of the framework materials. framework training was provided over two consecutive days and built into the inservice training schedule of the elementary school. in addition to staff and faculty from the elementary school, representatives from other agencies and organizations participated, including the health department", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4981127263902436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.387022"}
{"text": "the framework materials. framework training was provided over two consecutive days and built into the inservice training schedule of the elementary school. in addition to staff and faculty from the elementary school, representatives from other agencies and organizations participated, including the health department, the idaho department of disabilities, news media, schools, early childhood education, even start, parents, university students, attorneys, community leaders, and businesses. according the site liaison, the framework materials were used : - to improve awareness of key issues in providing high - quality services. the framework provides direction to help develop a program that really works. - to provide a common language and for internal communication enhancement. now everyone \" speaks the same language. \" - as an external communication tool. according to the liaison, \" it is so much easier to talk with funding sources when you use the structure of the elements as a base. \" - to validate their progress toward providing the best practices in early childhood education. - as a piece of the bovill elementary school improvement plan. positive impact on individual partnership members was cited as another basis for success of the training. many indicated they had a better understanding of continuity and were more motivated to continue to work on the difficult issues that often arise as part of the collaborative process. an added value of the training was the opportunity to spend time together and develop relationships with persons from other agencies. often, these individual relationships help form the basis for collaborative work within the partnership. based on the sites that continued to use the materials, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be equally useful to both existing and newly established partnerships. a common experience in the maturation of partnerships is that they are prone to lose initial momentum, often stagnating into \" easy \" roles such as simple information sharing. a serendipitous discovery of this study is that such partnerships evidenced rejuvenation of their efforts after participating in the training ( see the valdosta, georgia, example ). valdosta, georgia, collaborative the lowndes county / valdosta commission for children and youth has been in existence for more than a decade, and during this time, the partnership has experienced various \" ups and downs. \" according to site liaison vickie elliott, cycles are a normal part of the collaborative process, \" they may be the result of staff turnover or changes in the board chair and / or board members. \" she reports that participation in the training provided members with practical, research - based information. this information served as a reminder to members that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5033059467764194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.388166"}
{"text": "process, \" they may be the result of staff turnover or changes in the board chair and / or board members. \" she reports that participation in the training provided members with practical, research - based information. this information served as a reminder to members that they were doing good work and that their work was important. since the training, the partnership has continued to use framework materials as a reference and resource. for example, during a recent meeting, members began a discussion regarding the evaluation of partnership activities. they used element 8 : evaluation of partnership success to help shape and guide this discussion. in addition, the partnership has applied for and received a 21st century learning community grant. because of the knowledge and understanding they gained during the training, members requested funds for a case manager position to be based at each school and conducting home visits. it is hoped that this strategy will facilitate communication and create greater continuity of services for students and families. finally, the data indicate that change takes place slowly. participants reported that the training had had some impact on their community but felt that the greatest impact was yet to come. bringing everyone to the table is not enough. true collaboration that produces continuity in services for children takes place over a long period of time, as agencies that have not previously worked together begin to get to know each other and slowly modify procedures and practices. marshall county tadpole team, wheeling, wv efforts to collaborate are often driven by the realization that single agencies cannot solve problems alone. partners must be willing to jointly plan and implement new ventures, as well as pool resources such as money and personnel. nowhere is this need to collaborate and pool resources more crucial than in marshall county, wv. located in the northern part of west virginia, marshall county remains a predominantly rural county. with a population of approximately 36, 000, marshall county has seen a decline in the number of residents over the past two to three years, largely attributed to the economic hardships of the area. this part of west virginia relies heavily on the coal and steel industries, and as these industries have fallen on hard times, so too have many families. as a result, many families have moved away to find other employment ; however, many others have sought support from social services agencies within the community. in order to make the most of the limited resources and support available within the county, many of the local agencies ( e. g., northern panhandle head start, starting points center, tadpoles team ) came together to form a community collaborative. although their collaborative meetings began more as a time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5248084834974092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.389219"}
{"text": "support available within the county, many of the local agencies ( e. g., northern panhandle head start, starting points center, tadpoles team ) came together to form a community collaborative. although their collaborative meetings began more as a time for sharing information, members soon realized that to be a true \" working group, \" they would need to broaden the meeting agendas and formalize the collaborative relationships. using the framework materials as an assessment tool, members worked through each element identifying the gaps in services and generating ideas for possible programs and procedures to address those gaps. this shift encouraged members to devote meeting times to discussing specific issues facing the community. moreover, it encouraged members to formalize the partnership with written agreements. these agreements have allowed members to make a solid commitment to the collaborative, as well as clarify specific roles and responsibilities for services. beyond the content of the training and issues related to the collaborative process, the field study underscored the importance of training structure and design. many study participants praised the framework materials for flexibility and relevance to a variety of contexts. the training materials were designed so that particular attention was devoted to issues such as target audience attributes ( e. g., varied educational and professional development backgrounds ), which dictate the appropriate level of sophistication as well as the need for course module structure ( i. e., overall organization and scripting ) to be highly adaptable to local training needs. the field studies indicate that community partnerships benefit from training and technical assistance that help with the process of getting started, as well as recapturing momentum and focus. additional research is needed to document the ongoing efforts of these communities and explore whether the framework materials continue to have an impact on community practices and outcomes, as many of the participants predicted. further study also is needed to determine what other kinds of training or technical assistance might be useful to these partnerships as they work to build capacity and expand or grow new programs. bronfenbrenner, urie. ( 1979 ). the ecology of human development. cambridge, ma : harvard university press. bruner, charles ; kunesh, linda ; & knuth, randy. ( 1992 ). what does research say about interagency collaboration? [ online ]. oak brook, il : north central regional educational laboratory. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / stw _ esys / 8agcycol. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this ur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5360202063696273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.390538"}
{"text": "central regional educational laboratory. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / stw _ esys / 8agcycol. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. family support america. ( 1996 ). making the case for family support [ online ]. chicago : author. available : http : / / www. familysupportamerica. org / content / pub _ proddef. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. hoffman, stevie ( ed. ). ( 1991 ). educational partnerships : home - school - community [ special issue ]. elementary school journal, 91 ( 3 ). kagan, sharon lynn. ( 1992 ). the strategic importance of linkages and the transition between early childhood programs and early elementary school. in sticking together : strengthening linkages and the transition between early childhood education and early elementary school ( summary of a national policy forum ). washington, dc : u. s. department of education. ed 351 152. kunesh, linda. ( 1994 ). integrating community services for children, youth, and families. oak brook, il : north central regional educational laboratory. melaville, atelia ; blank, martin ; & asayesh, gelareh. ( 1996 ). together we can : a guide for crafting a profamily system of education and human services ( rev. ed. ). washington, dc : u. s. department of education. available : http : / / eric - web. tc. columbia. edu / families / twc / editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. [ 2002, october 22 ]. ed 443 164. north central regional educational laboratory. ( 1993 ). ncrel ' s policy briefs : integrating community services for young children and their families. oak brook, il : author. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / issues / envrnmnt / go / 93 - 3toc. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. u. s. department of education and u. s. department of health and human services. ( 1995 ). continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages [ online ]. washington, dc : author. available : http : / / www. sedl. org / prep / hs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5242380698398467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.391548"}
{"text": "and human services. ( 1995 ). continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages [ online ]. washington, dc : author. available : http : / / www. sedl. org / prep / hsclinkages. pdf [ 2002, october 22 ]. ed 395 664. wheatley, margaret j. ( 1992 ). leadership and the new science. san francisco : berrett - koehler. dr. glyn brown is a senior program specialist with serve regional educational laboratory. she studied at the university of alabama ( b. s. ), the university of southern mississippi ( m. s. ), and completed her ph. d. in family and child development at auburn university. prior to coming to serve, dr. brown worked as a children ' s therapist in a community mental health program. as a program specialist with serve, dr. brown provides training and direct consultation to school personnel, child care providers, and community partnerships. serve regional educational laboratory 1203 governor ' s square blvd., suite 400 tallahassee, fl 32301 carolynn amwake, a program specialist at the serve regional educational laboratory, has extensive experience working with families, child care providers, teachers, administrators, and community partners. she received her b. s. from radford university in early childhood education and special education and has taught children with special needs in elementary schools, children ' s homes, and child care centers. her experiences as an educator and parent led to an interest in improving the quality and continuity of early childhood transitions for both children and families. serve regional educational laboratory 1203 governor ' s square blvd., suite 400 tallahassee, fl 32301 timothy speth is a research associate at northwest regional educational laboratory ( nwrel ). he received his b. s. in psychology from south dakota state university and his m. a. from san diego state university. he has extensive training and experience in research design, statistics, and program evaluation. mr. speth is currently involved with several research and evaluation projects throughout the northwest, as a research associate of nwrel ' s child and family program. he is the primary external evaluator for six alaska schools participating in the comprehensive school reform demonstration project ( csrd ) and assists in csrd - related activities throughout the northwest. northwest regional educational laboratory 101 s. w. main street, suite 500 portland, or 97204 - 3297 catherine scott - little, ph. d., is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044226136069401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.392829"}
{"text": "how hot is it where you are? tell your stories at cnn ' s ireport. ( cnn ) - - for many americans, this summer has been miserably hot. heat advisories and warnings have been issued from coast to coast, with high temperatures often reaching into the triple digits, and july went into the record books as the hottest month ever for the continental united states. but in certain parts of the world, this is the norm - - or maybe even on the cool side. try kuwait city, for instance. in july, its average high temperature is 116 degrees fahrenheit. or timbuktu in mali, where the highs average 108 in may and was once recorded at 130. 130! that ranks fifth on the all - time list. the highest temperature ever recorded on the planet was in 1922, when a thermometer in el azizia, libya, hit 136. some dispute that mark, saying it was improperly measured. if that ' s true, the record would be the 134, reached nine years earlier in death valley, california. but the world ' s hottest place might not be any of these, according to a team of scientists from the university of montana. it says the highest temperatures on earth are found in areas that don ' t even have weather stations. \" the earth ' s hot deserts - - such as the sahara, the gobi, the sonoran and the lut - - are climatically harsh and so remote that access for routine measurements and maintenance of a weather station is impractical, \" said david mildrexler, lead author of a recent study that used nasa satellites to detect the earth ' s hottest surface temperatures. the satellites detect the infrared energy emitted by land. and over a seven - year period, from 2003 to 2009, they found iran ' s lut desert to be the hottest place on earth. the lut desert had the highest recorded surface temperature in five of the seven years, topping out at 159 degrees in 2005. other notable annual highs came from queensland, australia ( 156 degrees in 2003 ) and china ' s turpan basin ( 152 degrees in 2008 ). it ' s important to stress that surface temperatures are naturally higher than the air temperatures measured by weather stations. air temperatures have to be measured by thermometers placed off the ground and shielded from sunlight, according to global meteorological standards. but the study shows that today ' s modern records might not necessarily be the most accurate. \" most of the places that call themselves the hottest on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43592499208049457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8163fc2-135e-4fbf-970e-578b5b41f020>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.397638"}
{"text": "measured by thermometers placed off the ground and shielded from sunlight, according to global meteorological standards. but the study shows that today ' s modern records might not necessarily be the most accurate. \" most of the places that call themselves the hottest on earth are not even serious contenders, \" co - author steve running said. the world ' s highest recorded air temperatures 1. el azizia, libya ( 136 degrees fahrenheit ) 2. death valley, california ( 134 ) 3. ghadames, libya ( 131 ) 3. kebili, tunisia ( 131 ) 5. timbuktu, mali ( 130 ) 5. araouane, mali ( 130 ) 7. tirat tsvi, israel ( 129 ) 8. ahwaz, iran ( 128 ) 8. agha jari, iran ( 128 ) 10. wadi halfa, sudan ( 127 ) highest recorded air temperature ( by continent ) africa : el azizia, libya ( 136 ) north america : death valley, california ( 134 ) asia : tirat tsvi, israel ( 129 ) australia : cloncurry, queensland ( 128 * ) europe : seville, spain ( 122 ) south america : rivadavia, argentina ( 120 ) antarctica : vanda station, scott coast ( 59 ) sources : noaa, world meteorological organization * this temperature was measured using the techniques available at the time of recording, which are different to the standard techniques currently used in australia. the most likely australian record using standard equipment is an observation of 123 degrees, recorded at oodnadatta, south australia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.36963402455549843, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8163fc2-135e-4fbf-970e-578b5b41f020>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.398168"}
{"text": "using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration goswami, nandu and roma, peter g. and de boever, patrick and clement, gilles and hargens, alan r. and loeppky, jack a. and evans, joyce m. and stein, t. peter and blaber, andrew p. and van loon, jack j. w. a. and mano, tadaaki and iwase, satoshi and reitz, guenther and hinghofer - szalkay, helmut g. ( 2012 ) using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration. planetary and space science, epub ahead of print ( in press ). elsevier. doi : 10. 1016 / j. pss. 2012. 07. 030. full text not available from this repository. due to its proximity to earth, the moon is a promising candidate for the location of an extra - terrestrial human colony. in addition to being a high - fidelity platform for research on reduced gravity, radiation risk, and circadian disruption, the moon qualifies as an isolated, confined, and extreme ( ice ) environment suitable as an analogue for studying the psychosocial effects of long - duration human space exploration missions and understanding these processes. in contrast, the various antarctic research outposts such as concordia and mcmurdo serve as valuable platforms for studying biobehavioral adaptations to ice environments, but are still earth - bound, and thus lack the low - gravity and radiation risks of space. the international space station ( iss ), itself now considered an analogue environment for long - duration missions, better approximates the habitable infrastructure limitations of a lunar colony than most antarctic settlements in an altered gravity setting. however, the iss is still protected against cosmic radiation by the earth magnetic field, which prevents high exposures due to solar particle events and reduces exposures to galactic cosmic radiation. on moon the ice environments are strengthened, radiations of all energies are present capable of inducing performance degradation, as well as reduced gravity and lunar dust. the interaction of reduced gravity, radiation exposure, and ice conditions may affect biology and behavior - - and ultimately mission success - - in ways the scientific and operational communities have yet to appreciate, therefore a long - term or permanent human presence on the moon would ultimately provide invaluable high - fidelity opportunities for integrated multidisci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5478496733779605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25dbfda6-18d6-4e04-9bf5-fe7dcc73d69b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.401341"}
{"text": "and behavior - - and ultimately mission success - - in ways the scientific and operational communities have yet to appreciate, therefore a long - term or permanent human presence on the moon would ultimately provide invaluable high - fidelity opportunities for integrated multidisciplinary research and for preparations of a manned mission to mars. | title : | | using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration | | journal or publication title : | | planetary and space science | | in open access : | | no | | in isi web of science : | | yes | | volume : | | epub ahead of print ( in press ) | | keywords : | | physiology, orthostatic tolerance, muscle deconditioning, behavioural health, psychosocial adaptation, radiation, lunar dust, genes, proteomics | | hgf - research field : | | aeronautics, space and transport, aeronautics, space and transport | | hgf - program : | | space, raumfahrt | | hgf - program themes : | | w ew - erforschung des weltraums, r ew - erforschung des weltraums | | dlr - research area : | | space, raumfahrt | | dlr - program : | | w ew - erforschung des weltraums, r ew - erforschung des weltraums | | dlr - research theme ( project ) : | | w - vorhaben msl - radiation ( old ), r - vorhaben msl - radiation | | institutes and institutions : | | institute of aerospace medicine > radiation biology | | deposited by : | | kerstin kopp | | deposited on : | | 27 aug 2012 08 : 05 | | last modified : | | 07 feb 2013 20 : 40 | repository staff only : item control page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5583538209860901, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25dbfda6-18d6-4e04-9bf5-fe7dcc73d69b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.401948"}
{"text": "in this section we will describe some basis of hardware involved in nano. block diagram power supply jz4720 support 3 different boot sources. the boot sequence is controlled by boot _ sel pin values [ 1 : 0 ]. the configuration of boot _ sel1 and boot _ sel1 [ 1 : 0 ] is showed as below : | 0 | | 0 | | boot from external rom at cs4 | | 0 | | 1 | | boot from usb device | | 1 | | 0 | | boot from 512 page size nand flash at cs1 | | 1 | | 1 | | boot from 2048 page size nand flash at cs1 | arquitectura general it is necessary, for the operation of the nanonote board to store many sections of executable programs in volatile and non - volatile memories. the volatile memories are used like random access memories ( ram ) due to its low access time and unlimited number of read / write cycles. on the other hand, the non - volatile memories ( nand, sd ) stores for long periods of time the required information to operate the embedded system. universal serial bus ( usb ) is a way of setting up communication between a computer and peripheral devices. usb is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports. usb can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, pdas, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and external hard drives. for many of those devices, usb has become the standard connection method. a usb system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream usb ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered - star topology. additional usb hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. a usb host may have multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more usb ports. up to 127 devices, including the hub devices, may be connected to a single host controller. serial and jtag the nand in the ben nanonote : - has pages that are 4096 bytes in length - has blocks that are 128 pages in length - has 4096 blocks of storage in total - 4096 \u00d7 128 \u00d7 4096 = 2147483648 bytes ( 2 gb ) root @ ben : / # cat / proc / mtd dev : size erasesize name mtd0 : 00400000 0008000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5495702579329219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45c61dcf-839e-455f-8328-f268b0b88767>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.409340"}
{"text": ", lcd controller and mmc + sd controller. below is a table showing how they are used. please complete this table. the missing entries are not connected to a pad in the jz4720. port a - 01 sdram data 0 - 03 sdram data 1 - 05 sdram data 2 - 07 sdram data 3 - 08 sdram data 4 - 09 sdram data 5 - 10 sdram data 6 - 11 sdram data 7 - 12 sdram data 8 - 13 sdram data 9 - 15 sdram data 10 - 17 sdram data 11 - 22 sdram data 12 - 26 sdram data 13 - 28 sdram data 14 - 30 sdram data 15 port b - 00 sdram address 0 - 01 sdram address 1 - 02 sdram address 2 - 03 sdram address 3 - 04 sdram address 4 - 05 sdram address 5 - 06 sdram address 6 - 07 sdram address 7 - 08 sdram address 8 - 09 sdram address 9 - 10 sdram address 10 - 11 sdram address 11 - 12 sdram address 12 - 13 sdram address 13 - 14 sdram address 14 - 15 nand command latch - 16 nand address latch - 17 shdn _ host??? - 18 tp23 ( free ) - 19 sdram dcs - 20 sdram ras - 21 sdram cas - 22??? - 23 sdram cke - 24 sdram cko - 25 sdram cs1 - 26 sdram cs2 - 27 usb id - 28??? - 29 audio output enable - 30 tp25 ( free ) - 31??? port c - 00 lcd data 0 - 01 lcd data 1 - 02 lcd data 2 - 03 lcd data 3 - 04 lcd data 4 - 05 lcd data 5 - 06 lcd data 6 - 07 lcd data 7 - 08 tp 35 ( unused ) - 09 tp 36 ( unused ) - 10 keyboard out 0 - 11 keyboard out 1 - 12 keyboard out 2 - 13 keyboard out 3 - 14 keyboard out 4 - 15 keyboard out 5 - 16 keyboard out 6 - 17 keyboard out 7 - 18 lcd pixel clock - 19 lcd hsync - 20 lcd vsync - 21 lcd spi chipselect - 22 lcd spi data - 23 lcd spi clock - 24 sdram write enable 1 - 27 charge detect - 28 nand read enable - 29 nand write enable - 30 nand flash ready / busy - 31 select uart or jtag on pad 147 ; not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4649166359914719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45c61dcf-839e-455f-8328-f268b0b88767>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.412166"}
{"text": "- 23 lcd spi clock - 24 sdram write enable 1 - 27 charge detect - 28 nand read enable - 29 nand write enable - 30 nand flash ready / busy - 31 select uart or jtag on pad 147 ; not a gpio pin port d - 00 sd card detect - 02 sd card power enable - 04 speaker amp enable - 06 shutdown detect - 08 sd card command - 09 sd card clock - 10 sd card data 1 - 11 sd card data 2 - 12 sd card data 3 - 13 sd card data 4 - 15 tp 38 ( free ) - 18 keyboard in 1 - 19 keyboard in 2 - 20 keyboard in 3 - 21 keyboard in 4 - 22 keyboard in 5 - 23 keyboard in 6 ( i2c? ) - 24 keyboard in 7 ( i2c? ) - 25 uart transmit - 26 keyboard in 8 ( uart receive ) - 27 buzzer, controlled with pwm4. piezo - electric buzzer ; not related to soundcard output. - 28 usb detect - 29 power button test points under battery this page is to describe all test pins under battery label. you may want to probe or discover them as long as you tear off battery label. also this whole page you can reference to the schematic of avt2 rc1 reference board. - tp 9, v33, system voltage 3. 3v when power on - tp 12, sdd0, msc _ d0 / gpd10 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc data bit 0, please see microsd. - tp 13, sdd1, msc _ d1 / gpd11 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc data bit 1, please see microsd. - tp 14, sdd2, msc _ d2 / gpd12 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc data bit 2, please see microsd. - tp 15, sdd3, msc _ d3 / gpd13 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc data bit 3, please see microsd. - tp 16, sdclk, msc _ clk / gpd9 ( out ) of jz4720, msc clock output, please see microsd. - tp 17, sdcmd, msc _ cmd / gpd8 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc command, please see microsd. - tp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45274009236283014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45c61dcf-839e-455f-8328-f268b0b88767>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.412910"}
{"text": "| this article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the french wikipedia. ( december 2008 ) | | \u2014 department \u2014 | | \u2022 president of the general council | | augustin bonrepaux ( ps ) | | \u2022 total | | 4, 890 km2 ( 1, 890 sq mi ) | | \u2022 density | | 30 / km2 ( 79 / sq mi ) | | time zone | | cet ( utc + 1 ) | | \u2022 summer ( dst ) | | cest ( utc + 2 ) | | ^ 1 french land register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2 | foix is the administrative capital of the ariege. it is an ancient medieval town with a fortress chateau de foix perched on a hill overlooking it. the fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by simon de montfort. it has also been used as a prison, and the names of english prisoners of war can still be seen on the cell walls. another famous chateau in the ariege is montsegur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres ( 3, 900 ft ). during the albigensian crusade and siege of 1244 ad the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. the chateau was gradually rebuilt by royalists over a period of the next three hundred years. the start of the seventeenth century saw the area ravaged by wars between protestants and catholics. in 1621 huguenot forces ruined the church at la tour - du - crieu. in 1629 pamiers was sacked by henry of conde following uprisings that left several hundred dead in the city. this was also the period during which the abbeys at foix, tarascon - sur - ariege, saint - girons, saverdun and le mas - d ' azil were torched and destroyed. the nineteenth century was a time of strong industrial growth, supported in ariege by an abundant supply of water power. the department also benefitted from its significant reserves of iron ore. the growth of iron based industries were a feature of the period, with the establishment in 1817 of a steel manufacturing plant at pamiers which has been a principal driver of the local economy ever since. other representative examples of the iron based industry that developed in ariege during the nineteenth century include the forges at montgaillard and the blast furnaces at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3954231319871035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b98380f2-eaad-43d8-ae14-b78b1fa71c30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.423414"}
{"text": "manufacturing plant at pamiers which has been a principal driver of the local economy ever since. other representative examples of the iron based industry that developed in ariege during the nineteenth century include the forges at montgaillard and the blast furnaces at tarascon - sur - ariege. description of the department ' s industrial development during the nineteenth century should also include mention of the paper industry at saint - girons and the textile industry in the pays d ' olmes. towns of particular historical interest in the departement include pamiers, host to a large commercial centre and three churches. mirepoix is a medieval town, as is saint - lizier situated on a hilltop with winding streets, fine views and a church with cloisters that are noteworthy. saint - girons is an agricultural centre with a saturday market. the geography is dominated by the pyrenees mountains, which form the border between france and spain. there are hundreds of miles of well - marked paths which allow exploration of the magnificent pyrenees mountains. the high mountains are easily accessible via good roads, cable cars or by foot. there are a number of lodges providing high level mountain accommodation that are comfortable, warm and with good meals. there are also a number of fresh water lakes which provide a variety of activities including, walking, swimming, fishing, canoeing, sailboarding and picnicking. the ariege has several of its own downhill ski resorts, the three largest being ax - bonascre, les monts d ' olmes and guzet - neige. there are many cross country ski - ing resorts, one of the best being at plateau de beille, near les cabannes. the pyrenees mountain range forms a fantastic backdrop to the entire ariege department, rising some 10, 000 feet ( 3000m ) in the montcalm massif, along the border with andorra and spain. the highest peaks are clearly visible visible from toulouse in the haute garonne. it is one of the least populated and most unspoiled regions of france. the locals enjoy keeping traditions alive, especially old farming techniques. consequently, as fewer insecticides, for example, have been used, the flora and fauna of the area continue to be rich in both diversity and numbers. butterflies are common and birds are numerous ; particularly noticeable are large birds of prey, including the magnificent griffon vultures. there are also many unspoiled villages and hamlets tucked away in the valleys close to the department ' s border with spain \u2013 seix, cominac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40956528734621567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b98380f2-eaad-43d8-ae14-b78b1fa71c30>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.424345"}
{"text": "; particularly noticeable are large birds of prey, including the magnificent griffon vultures. there are also many unspoiled villages and hamlets tucked away in the valleys close to the department ' s border with spain \u2013 seix, cominac and aulus les bain are examples \u2013 together with picturesque mountain villages, most notably aleu which comes alive in the holiday season. ariege stands on the eastern limit of oceanic dominance over rainfall, but other influences are felt : - mediterranean \u2013 particularly visible in the vegetation of the foothills and of the valley of the ariege river towards tarascon, and in the pays de sault ; - continental \u2013 in the pyrenean valleys, with many storms and big differences of temperature between day and night. there is no great tendency to summer drought as the flow of air from the north - west brings rain throughout the year. rainfall is moderate on the foothills and in some sheltered valleys, measuring 700 to 1, 000 mm per year, but increases significantly in the higher valleys with levels between 1, 000 mm and 1, 800 mm. the slopes exposed to the north - west, such as aulus and orlu, are, as one would expect, the wettest, together with the frontal ridges that meet air flow from the southwest ( giving rise to the foehn effect ). snow cover is common over 1, 000 metres, lasting several months above 1, 500 to 2, 000 metres. some periglacial areas exist over 2, 500 m but the only true glacier in ariege is that of mont valier, near castillon - en - couserans. temperatures are mild in the foothills, e. g. at the city of foix ( 400 metres ) the average is 5 \u00b0c in january and 19 \u00b0c in july. however, they decline rapidly with elevation, e. g. at l ' hospitalet - pres - l ' andorre ( 1, 430 m ) it is 0 \u00b0c in january and 14 \u00b0c in july. the inhabitants of the department are called ariegeois. the department has 151, 477 inhabitants, or 146, 289 as the population without double counting. the populations of the arrondissements ( double - counting ) are : - foix \u2013 53, 595 - pamiers \u2013 69, 664 - saint girons \u2013 28, 218 the populations of the principal towns ( double - counting ) are : - pamiers \u2013 15, 702 - foix \u2013 9, 994 - lavelanet \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39398659853272394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b98380f2-eaad-43d8-ae14-b78b1fa71c30>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.425295"}
{"text": "local and typical dish of ariege. the department is also well advanced in the field of organic farming. the castle of foix cathedral of saint - antonin at pamiers cathedral de saint - lizier covered shopfronts at mirepoix according to the general census of the population of 8 march 1999, 26. 5 % of available housing in the department consists of second homes. | year | | town | | population without double - counting | | number of dwellings | | second homes | | % of dwellings being second homes | famous people - fabien barthez, football player, winner of the world football cup 1998 and born at lavelanet - pierre bayle ( 1647 \u2013 1706 ), philosopher and writer, born at carla - bayle ( then known as carla - le - comte ; the commune changed its name in his honour ) - theophile delcasse ( 1852 \u2013 1923 ), politician, minister, ambassador, born at pamiers - jacques dupont ( born in 1928 ), cyclist, holder of the olympic record, born at lezat - sur - leze - gabriel faure ( 1845 \u2013 1924 ), composer, born at pamiers - jacques fournier ( 1285 \u2013 1342 ), bishop of pamiers then of mirepoix, pope under the name benedict xii from 1336 to 1342 ( avignon ), born at cante near saverdun - claude piquemal ( born in 1939 ), athlete and sprinter, olympic medalist, born at siguer - marie laforet, born maitena marie brigitte doumenach ( in 1939 ), actress and singer. see also - cantons of the ariege department - communes of the ariege department - arrondissements of the ariege department - census 2009, french national institute of statistics - http : / / www. atlaspol. com / mdpy / ariege. htm political atlas of ariege ( in french ), consulted 30 june 2009 - census site, insee, figures as at 8 march 1999 - estimates of the intermediate census, insee, figures as at 1 july 2005 | wikimedia commons has media related to : ariege | - ( french ) conseil general website - ( french ) prefecture website - ( french ) trekking in ariege pyrenees website - ( french ) photography panoramics 360\u00b0 website - ( french ) photography panoramics 360\u00b0 website 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39410007129894786, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b98380f2-eaad-43d8-ae14-b78b1fa71c30>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.428281"}
{"text": "a bullock cart or ox cart is a two - wheeled or four - wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen ( draught cattle ). it is a means of transportation used since ancient times in many parts of the world. they are still used today where modern vehicles are too expensive or the infrastructure does not favor them. used especially for carrying goods, the bullock cart is pulled by one or several oxen ( bullocks ). the cart ( also known as a jinker ) is attached to a bullock team by a special chain attached to yokes, but a rope may also be used for one or two animals. the driver and any other passengers sit on the front of the cart, while load is placed in the back. traditionally the cargo was usually agrarian goods and lumber. costa rica in costa rica, ox carts ( carretas in the spanish language ) were an important aspect of the daily life and commerce, especially between 1850 to 1935, developing a unique construction and decoration tradition that is still being developed. costa rican parades and traditional celebrations are not complete without a traditional ox cart parade. in 1988, the traditional ox cart was declared as national symbol of work by the costa rican government. in 2005, the \" oxherding and oxcart traditions in costa rica \" were included in unesco ' s representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. in indonesia, bullock carts are commonly used in the rural parts of the country, where it is used for transporting goods and carriages and also people. but it is mostly common in indonesia that there are horse car than bullock carts on the streets of indonesia. bullock carts were widely used in malaysia before the introduction of automobiles, and many are still used today. these included passenger vehicles, now used especially for tourists. passenger carts are usually equipped with awnings for protection against sun and rain, and are often gaily decorated. see also | wikimedia commons has media related to : ox - drawn carts |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46895610351517525, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4dcad241-2b6b-4970-9112-c67a47a29a2c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.430205"}
{"text": "topography of flores | location | | south east asia | | archipelago | | lesser sunda islands | | area | | 13, 540 km2 ( 5, 228 sq mi ) | | highest elevation | | 2, 370 m ( 7, 780 ft ) | | highest point | | poco mandasawu | | province | | east nusa tenggara | | largest city | | maumere ( pop. 70, 000 ) | | population | | 1, 831, 000 ( as of 2010 ) | | density | | 135 / km2 ( 350 / sq mi ) | flores is one of the lesser sunda islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14, 300 km\u00b2 extending east from the java island of indonesia. the population was 1, 831, 000 in the 2010 census and the largest town is maumere. flores is portuguese for \" flowers \". flores is located east of sumbawa and komodo and west of lembata and the alor archipelago. to the southeast is timor. to the south, across the sumba strait, is sumba and to the north, beyond the flores sea, is sulawesi. homo floresiensis in september 2004, at liang bua cave in western flores, paleoanthropologists discovered small skeletons that they described as a previously unknown hominid species, homo floresiensis. these are informally named hobbits and appear to have stood about 1 m ( 3. 3 ft ) tall. the most complete individual ( lb1 ) is dated as 18, 000 years old. the dominican order was extremely important in this island, as well as in the neighbouring islands of timor and solor. when in 1613 the dutch attacked the fortres of solor, the population of this fort, led by the dominicans, moved to the harbor town of larantuka, on the eastern coast of flores. this population was mixed, of portuguese and local islanders descent and larantuqueiros, topasses ( people that wear heats ) or, as dutch knew them, the ' black portuguese ' ( swarte portugueezen ). the larantuqueiros or topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. this group used portuguese as the language for worship, malay as the language of trade and a mixed dialect as mother tongue. this was observed by william dampier, a british brigadier visiting the island in 1699 : - these [ the topasse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3826292812218966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffdd6a00-bdf3-423d-9051-43a88190c162>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.438090"}
{"text": "200 years. this group used portuguese as the language for worship, malay as the language of trade and a mixed dialect as mother tongue. this was observed by william dampier, a british brigadier visiting the island in 1699 : - these [ the topasses ] have no forts, but depend on their alliance with the natives : and indeed they are already so mixt, that it is hard to distinguish whether they are portugueze or indians. their language is portugueze ; and the religion they have, is romish. they seem in words to acknowledge the king of portugal for their sovereign ; yet they will not accept any officers sent by him. they speak indifferently the malayan and their own native languages, as well as portugueze. in 1846, dutch and portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories but these negotiations led to nowhere. in 1851 the new governor of timor, solor and flores, lima lopes, faced with an impoverished administration, agreed to sell eastern flores and the nearby islands to dutch in return for a payment of 200, 000 florins. lima lopes did so without the consent of lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 portugal ceded all its historical claims on flores. after this, flores became part of the territory of dutch east indies. flores is part of the east nusa tenggara province. the island along with smaller minor islands are split into eight regencies ( local government districts ) ; from west to east these are : manggarai barat ( west manggarai ), manggarai tengah ( central manggarai ), manggarai timur ( east manggarai ), ngada, nagekeo, ende, sikka and flores timur ( east flores ). it has 39. 1 % of the provincial population as of 2010, and the most indonesians of all islands in the province. however, timor including the nation of east timor is more populated. it is the island with the 9th most indonesians. among all islands containing indonesian territory, it is the 10th most populous after java, sumatra, borneo, sulawesi, new guinea, bali, madura, lombok, and timor. | manggarai regency | | ruteng | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 545. 97 | | 292, 037 | | sikka regency | | maumere | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3908029576974621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffdd6a00-bdf3-423d-9051-43a88190c162>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.438984"}
{"text": "| | ruteng | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 545. 97 | | 292, 037 | | sikka regency | | maumere | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 731. 92 | | 300, 301 | | ngada regency | | bajawa | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 620. 92 | | 142, 254 | | ende regency | | ende | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 2, 046. 62 | | 260, 428 | | east flores regency | | larantuka | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 812. 85 | | 232, 312 | | west manggarai regency | | labuan bajo | | 2003 | | uu 8 / 2003 | | 2, 947. 50 | | 221, 430 | | nagekeo regency | | mbay | | 2007 | | uu 2 / 2007 | | 1, 416. 96 | | 129, 956 | | east manggarai regency | | borong | | 2007 | | uu 36 / 2007 | | 2, 502. 24 | | 252, 754 | flora and fauna the west coast of flores is one of the few places, aside from the island of komodo itself, where the komodo dragon can be found in the wild, and is part of komodo national park, a unesco world heritage site. kelimutu national park is the second national park designated on flores to protect endangered species. the flores giant rat is also endemic to the island, and verhoeven ' s giant tree rat was formerly present. these giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism. flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean stegodon, the most recent ( stegodon florensis insularis ) disappearing approximately 12 000 years ago. it is speculated by scientists that limited resources and an absence of advanced predators made the few megafaunal species that reached the island subject to insular dwarfism. there are many languages spoken on the island of flores, all of them belonging to the austronesian family. in the centre of the island in the districts of ngada, nagekeo, and ende there is what is variously called the central flores dialect chain or the central flores linkage. within this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4212048333058918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffdd6a00-bdf3-423d-9051-43a88190c162>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.439859"}
{"text": "of them belonging to the austronesian family. in the centre of the island in the districts of ngada, nagekeo, and ende there is what is variously called the central flores dialect chain or the central flores linkage. within this area there are slight linguistic differences in almost every village. at least six separate languages are identifiable. these are from west to east : ngadha, nage, keo, ende, lio and palu ' e, which is spoken on the island with the same name of the north coast of flores. locals would probably also add so ' a and bajawa to this list, which anthropologists have labeled dialects of ngadha. flores is almost entirely roman catholic and represents one of the \" religious borders \" created by the catholic expansion in the pacific and the spread of islam from the west across indonesia. in other places in indonesia, such as in the maluku islands and sulawesi, the divide is less rigid and has been the source of bloody sectarian clashes. the most famous tourist attraction in flores is kelimutu, a volcano containing three colored lakes, located in the district of ende close to the town of moni. these crater lakes are in the caldera of a volcano, and fed by a volcanic gas source, resulting in highly acidic water. the colored lakes change colors on an irregular basis, depending on the oxidation state of the lake from bright red through green and blue. there are snorkelling and diving locations along the north coast of flores, most notably maumere and riung. however, due to the destructive practice of local fishermen using bombs to fish, and locals selling shells to tourists, combined with the after effects of a devastating tsunami in 1992, the reefs have slowly been destroyed. labuan bajo ( on the western tip of flores ) is a town often used by tourists as a base to visit komodo and rinca. labuanbajo also attracts scuba divers, as whale sharks inhabit the waters around labuanbajo. in addition to tourism, the main economic activities on flores are agriculture, fishing and seaweed production. the primary food crops being grown on flores are rice, maize, sweet potato and cassava, while the main cash crops are coffee, coconut, candle nut and cashew. flores is one of the newest origins for indonesian coffee. previously, most arabica coffee ( coffea arabica ) from flores was blended with other origins. now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4392153411124855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffdd6a00-bdf3-423d-9051-43a88190c162>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.441032"}
{"text": "nut and cashew. flores is one of the newest origins for indonesian coffee. previously, most arabica coffee ( coffea arabica ) from flores was blended with other origins. now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body and sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes. an ancient ngada megalith see also - monk, k. a. ; fretes, y., reksodiharjo - lilley, g. ( 1996 ). the ecology of nusa tenggara and maluku. hong kong : periplus editions ltd. p. 7. isbn 962 - 593 - 076 - 0. - \" out of the ashes - chapter 1 \". epress. anu. edu. au. 1914 - 06 - 25. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25. - l, klemen ( 1999 - 2000 ). \" the lesser sunda islands 1941 - 1942 \". forgotten campaign : the dutch east indies campaign 1941 - 1942. - \" hasil sensus penduduk 2010 \". ntt. bps. go. id. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25. - van den bergh, g. d. ; rokhus due awe ; morwood, m. j. ; sutikna, t. ; jatmiko ; wahyu saptomo, e. ( may 2008 ). \" the youngest stegodon remains in southeast asia from the late pleistocene archaeological site liang bua, flores, indonesia \". quaternary international 182 ( 1 ) : 16 \u2013 48. doi : 10. 1016 / j. quaint. 2007. 02. 001. retrieved 27 november 2011. - \" hobbits \" were pygmy ancestors, not new species, study says, national geographic, 21 august 2006. - pasternack. keli mutu volcanic lakes, university of california davis. - east nusa tenggara, indonesian chamber of commerce and industry. retrieved 8 august 2008. - arabica producing regions of indonesia, specialty coffee association of indonesia. retrieved 8 august 2008. | wikimedia commons has media related to : flores, indonesia | - l, klemen ( 1999 - 2000 ). \" forgotten campaign : the dutch east indies campaign 1941 - 1942 \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38759851011213386, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ffdd6a00-bdf3-423d-9051-43a88190c162>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.441863"}
{"text": "german destroyer z11 bernd von arnim | career ( nazi germany ) | | name : | | z11 bernd von arnim | | namesake : | | bernd von arnim | | ordered : | | 9 january 1935 | | laid down : | | 26 april 1935 | | launched : | | 8 july 1936 | | completed : | | 6 december 1938 | | fate : | | scuttled, 13 april 1940 | | general characteristics as built | | class & type : | | type 1934a - class destroyer | | displacement : | | 2, 171 long tons ( 2, 206 t ) | | length : | | 119 m ( 390 ft 5 in ) o / a 114 m ( 374 ft 0 in ) w / l | beam : | | 11. 3 m ( 37 ft 1 in ) | | draft : | | 4. 23 m ( 13 ft 11 in ) | | installed power : | | 70, 000 shp ( 52, 000 kw ) | | propulsion : | | 2 shafts, 2 \u00d7 wagner geared steam turbines 6 \u00d7 water - tube boilers | speed : | | 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) | | range : | | 1, 825 nmi ( 3, 380 km ; 2, 100 mi ) at 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) | | armament : | | 5 \u00d7 1 - 12. 7 cm ( 5 in ) guns 2 \u00d7 2 - 3. 7 cm ( 1. 5 in ) guns 6 \u00d7 1 - 2 cm ( 0. 79 in ) guns 2 \u00d7 4 - 53. 3 cm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes 32 \u2013 64 depth charges, 4 throwers and 6 individual racks z11 bernd von arnim was a type 1934a - class destroyer built for the german navy ( kriegsmarine ) in the late 1930s. at the beginning of world war ii, the ship was initially deployed to blockade the polish coast, but she was quickly transferred to the german bight to lay minefields in german waters. in late 1939 the ship made one successful minelaying sortie off the english coast that claimed one british warship and seven merchant ships. during the early stages of the norwegian campaign, bernd von arnim fought the british destroyer glowworm while transporting troops to the narvik area in early april 1940, but neither ship was damaged during the action. the ship fought in both naval battles of narvik several days later and had to be scut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40278396571473746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504f9d3a-3560-48e7-bc01-eb8716f7ea38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.452288"}
{"text": "sides of the rear deckhouse and they were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern. enough depth charges were carried for either two or four patterns of 16 charges each. mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines. ' ghg ' ( gruppenhorchgerat ) passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines. the ship was ordered on 4 august 1934 and laid down at germania, kiel on 26 march 1935 as yard number g537. she was launched on 8 july 1936 and completed on 6 july 1938. when world war ii began in september 1939, bernd von arnim was initially deployed in the baltic to operate against the polish navy and to enforce a blockade of poland, but she was soon transferred to the german bight where she joined her sisters in laying defensive minefields. the ship also patrolled the skagerrak to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods. bernd von arnim joined the other destroyers in laying minefields off the british coast in november, when bernd von arnim, hermann kunne and wilhelm heidkamp laid about 180 magnetic mines in the middle of the thames estuary on the night of 17 / 18 november. the destroyer hms gipsy, one trawler, and seven other ships totalling 27, 565 gross register tons ( grt ) were sunk by this minefield. four days later, she was one of the destroyers escorting the battleships gneisenau and scharnhorst through the north sea to break out into the north atlantic. together with her sisters hans lody and erich giese, bernd von arnim was to lay a minefield off cromer during the night of 6 / 7 december, but she had trouble with two of her boilers and had to shut them down. the ship was ordered to return to port while the other two destroyers continued their mission. norwegian campaign bernd von arnim was allocated to group 1 for the norwegian portion of operation weserubung in april 1940. the group ' s task was to transport the 139th mountain infantry regiment ( 139. gebirgsjager regiment ) and the headquarters of the 3rd mountain division ( 3. gebirgs - division ) to seize narvik. the ships began loading troops on 6 april and set sail the next day. bernd von arnim was spotted by the british destroyer glowworm in a storm on the morning of 8 april and the ship turned away to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3776314086104904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504f9d3a-3560-48e7-bc01-eb8716f7ea38>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.454228"}
{"text": "to seize narvik. the ships began loading troops on 6 april and set sail the next day. bernd von arnim was spotted by the british destroyer glowworm in a storm on the morning of 8 april and the ship turned away to the north - west at full speed after laying a smoke screen. the german ship was suffering damage from the heavy seas at 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) and was forced to reduce speed to 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) after she had lost two men overboard. the british destroyer was better suited for the conditions and began to close on bernd von arnim. lieutenant commander ( korvettenkapitan ) curt rechel, captain of von arnim, turned his ship to the north - east, closer to the heavy cruiser admiral hipper. the ships exchanged fire without effect for an hour until hipper came within range and sank glowworm shortly afterward. the german destroyers reached the ofotfjord on the morning of 9 april and commodore friedrich bonte took his flagship wilhelm heidkamp, bernd von arnim and georg thiele down the fjord to narvik. a heavy snowstorm allowed von arnim and thiele to enter the harbor without challenge and tie up at a pier. the mountain troops immediately began disembarking, but the ship was spotted by the coast defense ship norge a few minutes later. the latter ship immediately opened fire and was able to fire approximately 13 shells at 600 \u2013 800 meters ( 660 \u2013 870 yd ) range before von arnim was able to fire seven torpedoes. only two struck the norwegian ship, but they detonated one or more of the ship ' s magazines and she immediately capsized and sank. none of the norwegian shells hit either of the two german destroyers due to the darkness and falling snow, despite the short range. von arnim lowered boats to rescue the surviving norwegian sailors and was able to pick up 96 men together with boats from the merchantmen in harbor. von arnim and thiele were the first to refuel from the single tanker that had made it safely to narvik and later moved to the ballangenfjord, a southern arm of the ofotfjord, closer to the entrance. shortly before dawn on 10 april, the five destroyers of the british 2nd destroyer flotilla surprised the five german destroyers in narvik harbor. they torpedoed two destroyers and badly damaged the other three while suffering only minor damage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38028819649816314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504f9d3a-3560-48e7-bc01-eb8716f7ea38>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.455409"}
{"text": "by carrier aircraft. the battleship warspite and nine destroyers duly appeared on 13 april, although earlier than commander bey had expected, and caught the germans out of position. the five operable destroyers, including bernd von arnim, charged out of narvik harbor and engaged the british ships. although no hits were scored, they did inflict splinter damage on several of the destroyers. the ship was able to make a torpedo attack on the british destroyers before being driven off, but her torpedoes all missed. lack of ammunition forced the german ships to retreat to the rombaksfjorden ( the easternmost branch of the ofotfjord ), east of narvik, where they might attempt to ambush pursuing british destroyers. von arnim had exhausted her ammunition and she was beached at the head of the fjord. her crew placed demolition charges and abandoned the ship. by the time the british reached the ship she had rolled over onto her side. the ship ' s crew joined the german troops ashore and participated in the campaign until the british evacuated the area in june. - groener, p. 199 - whitley, p. 18 - koop and schmolke, p. 26 - whitley, p. 215 - whitley, pp. 71 \u2013 72 - whitley, p. 204 - koop and schmolke, p. 91 - rohwer, pp. 2 \u2013 3, 5, 7 - rohwer, p. 9 - whitley, p. 89 - hervieux, p. 112 - whitley, pp. 89 \u2013 90 - whitley, p. 96 - haarr, pp. 91 \u2013 93 - haarr, p. 323 - haarr, pp. 327 - haarr, p. 334 - whitley, p. 99 - harr, pp. 339 \u2013 43 - haarr, pp. 344 \u2013 47 - whitley, p. 101 - haarr, pp. 356 \u2013 57, 362, 366 - whitley, p. 103 - haarr, pp. 368, 373 \u2013 74 - groner, erich ( 1990 ). german warships : 1815 \u2013 1945. volume 1 : major surface warships. annapolis, maryland : naval institute press. isbn 0 - 87021 - 790 - 9. - hervieux, pierre ( 1980 ). \" german destroyer minelaying operations off the english coast ( 1940 \u2013 1941 ) \". in roberts, john. warship iv. greenwich, england : conway", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3821311168111687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:504f9d3a-3560-48e7-bc01-eb8716f7ea38>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.457297"}
{"text": "a jack - o ' - lantern, one of the symbols of halloween | also called | | all hallows ' eve all saints ' eve | observed by | | western christians & many non - christians around the world | | celebrations | | trick - or - treating / guising, costume parties, making jack - o ' - lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, fireworks displays | | observances | | church services, prayer, fasting, and vigils | | related to | | samhain, hop - tu - naa, calan gaeaf, kalan gwav, day of the dead, all saints ' day ( cf. vigils ) | halloween or hallowe ' en ( a contraction of \" all hallows ' evening \" ), also known as all hallows ' eve, is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countries on october 31, the eve of the western christian feast of all hallows ( or all saints ) and the day initiating the triduum of hallowmas. according to many scholars, all hallows ' eve is a christianised feast originally influenced by western european harvest festivals, and festivals of the dead with possible pagan roots, particularly the celtic samhain. other scholars maintain that it originated independently of samhain and has solely christian roots. typical festive halloween activities include trick - or - treating ( also known as \" guising \" ), attending costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack - o ' - lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, and watching horror films. the word halloween was first used in the 16th century and represents a scottish variant of the fuller all hallows ' eve ( ' evening ' ), that is, the night before all hallows ' day. although the phrase all hallows ' is found in old english ( ealra halgena m\u00e6ssed\u00e6g, mass - day of all saints ), all hallows ' eve is itself not seen until 1556. celtic influences though the origin of the word halloween is christian, the holiday is commonly thought to have pagan roots. historian nicholas rogers, exploring the origins of halloween, notes that while \" some folklorists have detected its origins in the roman feast of pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called parentalia, it is more typically linked to the celtic festival of samhain \",", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4704651857201273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.488818"}
{"text": "\" some folklorists have detected its origins in the roman feast of pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called parentalia, it is more typically linked to the celtic festival of samhain \", which comes from the old irish for \" summer ' s end \". samhain ( pronounced sah - win or sow - in ) was the first and most important of the four quarter days in the medieval gaelic ( irish, scottish and manx ) calendar. it was held on or about october 31 \u2013 november 1 and kindred festivals were held at the same time of year in other celtic lands ; for example the brythonic calan gaeaf ( in wales ), kalan gwav ( in cornwall ) and kalan goanv ( in brittany ). samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest irish literature and many important events in irish mythology happen or begin on samhain. it marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or the ' darker half ' of the year. this was a time for stock - taking and preparing for the cold winter ahead ; cattle were brought back down from the summer pastures and livestock were slaughtered. in much of the gaelic world, bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. some of these rituals hint that they may once have involved human sacrifice. divination games or rituals were also done at samhain. samhain ( like beltane ) was seen as a time when the ' door ' to the otherworld opened enough for the souls of the dead, and other beings such as fairies, to come into our world. the souls of the dead were said to revisit their homes on samhain. feasts were had, at which the souls of dead kin were beckoned to attend and a place set at the table for them. lewis spence described it as a \" feast of the dead \" and \" festival of the fairies \". however, harmful spirits and fairies were also thought to be active at samhain. people took steps to allay or ward - off these harmful spirits / fairies, which is thought to have influenced today ' s halloween customs. before the 20th century, wearing costumes at samhain was done in parts of ireland, mann, the scottish highlands and islands, and wales. wearing costumes may have originated as a means of disguising oneself from these harmful spirits / fairies, although some suggest that the custom comes from a christian or christianized belief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.427519579310518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.489856"}
{"text": "in parts of ireland, mann, the scottish highlands and islands, and wales. wearing costumes may have originated as a means of disguising oneself from these harmful spirits / fairies, although some suggest that the custom comes from a christian or christianized belief ( see below ). in ireland, people went about before nightfall collecting for samhain feasts and sometimes wore costumes while doing so. in the 19th century on ireland ' s southern coast, a man dressed as a white mare would lead youths door - to - door collecting food ; by giving them food, the household could expect good fortune from the ' muck olla '. in moray during the 18th century, boys called at each house in their village asking for fuel for the samhain bonfire. the modern custom of trick - or - treating may have come from these practices. alternatively, it may come from the christian custom of souling ( see below ). making jack - o ' - lanterns at halloween may also have sprung from samhain and celtic beliefs. turnip lanterns, sometimes with faces carved into them, were made on samhain in the 19th century in parts of ireland and the scottish highlands. as well as being used to light one ' s way while outside on samhain night, they may also have been used to represent the spirits / fairies and / or to protect oneself and one ' s home from them. another legend is that a trickster named jack decided one day to trick the devil. he trapped the devil in a pumpkin and paraded him around town. eventually, jack let the devil out and the devil put a curse on jack and forever made him a spirit in hell. on halloween, jack is released to terrorize the country all night. to protect themselves, the irish would place a pumpkin with a face outside to scare jack into believing it was the devil. however, a christian origin has also been proposed. christian influences halloween is also thought to have been influenced by the christian holy days of all saints ' day ( also known as all hallows, hallowmas or hallowtide ) on november 1 and all souls ' day on november 2. they are a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed who had yet to reach heaven. all saints was introduced in the year 609, but was originally celebrated on may 13. in 835, it was switched to november 1 ( the same date as samhain ) at the behest of pope gregory iv. some have suggested this was due to celtic influence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42998569041915446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.490821"}
{"text": "609, but was originally celebrated on may 13. in 835, it was switched to november 1 ( the same date as samhain ) at the behest of pope gregory iv. some have suggested this was due to celtic influence, while others suggest it was a germanic idea. by the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory. \" souling \", the custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for \" all crysten christened souls \", has been suggested as the origin of trick - or - treating. groups of poor people, often children, would go door - to - door on all saints / all souls collecting soul cakes, originally as a means of praying for souls in purgatory. similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as italy. shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy the two gentlemen of verona ( 1593 ), when speed accuses his master of \" puling [ whimpering or whining ] like a beggar at hallowmas. \" the custom of wearing costumes has been linked to all saints / all souls by prince sorie conteh, who wrote : \" it was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until all saints ' day, and all hallows ' eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. in order to avoid being recognised by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes to disguise their identities \". in halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, nicholas rogers explained halloween jack - o ' - lanterns as originally being representations of souls in purgatory. in brittany children would set candles in skulls in graveyards. in britain, these customs came under attack during the reformation as protestants berated purgatory as a \" popish \" doctrine incompatible with the notion of predestination. the rising popularity of guy fawkes night ( 5 november ) from 1605 onward, saw many halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and halloween ' s popularity waned in britain, with the noteworthy exception of scotland. there and in ireland, the rebellious guy fawkes was not viewed with the same criminality as in england, and they had been celebrating samhain and halloween since at least the early middle ages, and the scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4288593443276837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.491721"}
{"text": "same criminality as in england, and they had been celebrating samhain and halloween since at least the early middle ages, and the scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of passage of communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country. spread to north america north american almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that halloween was celebrated there. the puritans of new england, for example, maintained strong opposition to halloween and it was not until the mass irish and scottish immigration during the 19th century that it was brought to north america in earnest. confined to the immigrant communities during the mid - 19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds. development of artifacts and symbols associated with halloween formed over time. the turnip has traditionally been used in ireland and scotland at halloween, but immigrants to north america used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger \u2013 making it easier to carve than a turnip. subsequently, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. the american tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837 and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with halloween until the mid - to - late 19th century. the modern imagery of halloween comes from many sources, including national customs, works of gothic and horror literature ( such as the novels frankenstein and dracula ) and classic horror films ( such as frankenstein and the mummy ). one of the earliest works on the subject of halloween is from scottish poet john mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at halloween ; \" what fearfu ' pranks ensue! \", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, \" bogies \" ( ghosts ), influencing robert burns ' halloween 1785. elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around halloween. trick - or - treating and guising trick - or - treating is a customary celebration for children on halloween. children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, \" trick or treat? \" the word \" trick \" refers to \" threat \" to perform mischief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43285410159284415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.492668"}
{"text": "a customary celebration for children on halloween. children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, \" trick or treat? \" the word \" trick \" refers to \" threat \" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. in scotland and ireland, guising \u2013 children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins \u2013 is a traditional halloween custom, and is recorded in scotland at halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money. the practice of guising at halloween in north america is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in kingston, ontario reported children going \" guising \" around the neighborhood. american historian and author ruth edna kelley of massachusetts wrote the first book length history of halloween in the us ; the book of hallowe ' en ( 1919 ), and references souling in the chapter \" hallowe ' en in america \" : the taste in hallowe ' en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a scotch party, using burn ' s poem hallowe ' en as a guide ; or to go a - souling as the english used. in short, no custom that was once honored at hallowe ' en is out of fashion now. in her book, kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the atlantic ; \" americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. all halloween customs in the united states are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries \". while the first reference to \" guising \" in north america occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in chicago in 1920. the earliest known use in print of the term \" trick or treat \" appears in 1927, from blackie, alberta, canada : hallowe ' en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. no real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. the youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word \u201c trick or treat \u201d to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing. the thousands of halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4830975724354625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.493832"}
{"text": "door and front demanding edible plunder by the word \u201c trick or treat \u201d to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing. the thousands of halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick - or - treating. the editor of a collection of over 3, 000 vintage halloween postcards writes, \" there are cards which mention the custom [ of trick - or - treating ] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them \". trick - or - treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first u. s. appearances of the term in 1934, and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939. halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. over time, in the united states the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses. dressing up in costumes and going \" guising \" was prevalent in ireland and scotland at halloween by the late 19th century. costuming became popular for halloween parties in the us in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. the first mass - produced halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick - or - treating was becoming popular in the united states. halloween costume parties generally fall on or around october 31, often on the friday or saturday before halloween. \" trick - or - treat for unicef \" is a fundraising program to support unicef, a united nations programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. started as a local event in a northeast philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools ( or in modern times, corporate sponsors like hallmark, at their licensed stores ) to trick - or - treaters, in which they can solicit small - change donations from the houses they visit. it is estimated that children have collected more than $ 118 million for unicef since its inception. in canada, in 2006, unicef decided to discontinue their halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns ; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program. games and other activities there are several games traditionally associated with halloween parties. one common game is dunking or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4639941827739089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.494820"}
{"text": "unicef decided to discontinue their halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns ; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program. games and other activities there are several games traditionally associated with halloween parties. one common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called \" dooking \" in scotland in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. the practice is thought by some to have derived from the roman practices in celebration of pomona. a variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup - coated scones by strings ; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face. some games traditionally played at halloween are forms of divination. a traditional scottish form of divining one ' s future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one ' s shoulder. the peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse ' s name. unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. however, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. the custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards from the late 19th century and early 20th century. another game / superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. people would write fortunes in milk on white paper. after drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. when the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. folks would also play fortune teller. in order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. her \" fortune \" would stick to the hand. paper symbols included : dollar sign - wealth, button - bachelorhood, thimble - spinsterhood, clothespin - poverty, rice - wedding, umbrella - journey, caldron - trouble, 4 - leaf clover - good luck, penny - fortune, ring - early marriage, and key - fame. the telling of ghost stories and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5130839998821597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.495698"}
{"text": "spinsterhood, clothespin - poverty, rice - wedding, umbrella - journey, caldron - trouble, 4 - leaf clover - good luck, penny - fortune, ring - early marriage, and key - fame. the telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of halloween parties. episodes of television series and halloween - themed specials ( with the specials usually aimed at children ) are commonly aired on or before halloween, while new horror films are often released theatrically before halloween to take advantage of the atmosphere. haunted attractions haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. most attractions are seasonal halloween businesses. origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the junior chamber international ( jaycees ) for fundraising. they include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides, and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. haunted attractions in the united states bring in an estimate $ 300 \u2013 500 million each year, and draw some 400, 000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached its peak at that time. this maturing and growth within the industry has led to technically more advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of hollywood films. because halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples ( known as toffee apples outside north america ), caramel or taffy apples are common halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts. at one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the united states. while there is evidence of such incidents, they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. at the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free x - rays of children ' s halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children ' s candy. one custom that persists in modern - day ireland is the baking ( or more often nowadays, the purchase ) of a barmbrack ( irish : bairin breac ), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49861278580049156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.496629"}
{"text": "modern - day ireland is the baking ( or more often nowadays, the purchase ) of a barmbrack ( irish : bairin breac ), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. it is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. this is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of epiphany. list of foods associated with halloween : - barmbrack ( ireland ) - bonfire toffee ( great britain ) - candy apples / toffee apples ( great britain & ireland ) - candy corn, candy pumpkins ( north america ) - caramel apples - caramel corn - colcannon ( ireland ) - novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc. - pumpkin, pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread - roasted pumpkin seeds - roasted sweet corn - soul cakes - scary faced pizza religious observances on hallowe ' en ( all hallows ' eve ), in poland, believers are taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort ; in spain, christian priests toll their church bells in order to allow their congregants to remember the dead on all hallows ' eve. the christian church traditionally observed hallowe ' en through a vigil \" when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. \" this church service is known as the vigil of all hallows or the vigil of all saints ; an initiative known as night of light seeks to further spread the vigil of all hallows throughout christendom. after the service, \" suitable festivities and entertainments \" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for all hallows ' day. christian attitudes towards halloween are diverse. in the anglican church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the christian traditions associated with all hallow ' s eve. some of these practises include praying, fasting and attending worship services. father, all - powerful and ever - living god, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. may their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. we ask this through christ our lord. amen. \u2014 all hallow ' s eve prayer from the liturgy of the hours other protestant christians also celebrate all hallows ' eve as reformation day, a day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44076504681962864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.497509"}
{"text": "their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. we ask this through christ our lord. amen. \u2014 all hallow ' s eve prayer from the liturgy of the hours other protestant christians also celebrate all hallows ' eve as reformation day, a day to remember the protestant reformation, alongside all hallow ' s eve or independently from it. often, \" harvest festivals \" or \" reformation festivals \" are held as well, in which children dress up as bible characters or reformers. father gabriele amorth, an exorcist in rome, has said, \" if english and american children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. if it is just a game, there is no harm in that. \" in more recent years, the roman catholic archdiocese of boston has organized a \" saint fest \" on halloween. similarly, many contemporary protestant churches view halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. many christians ascribe no negative significance to halloween, treating it as a fun event devoted to \" imaginary spooks \" and handing out candy. to these christians, halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children : being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners ' heritage. in the roman catholic church, halloween ' s christian connection is sometimes cited, and halloween celebrations are common in catholic parochial schools throughout north america and in ireland. some christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of halloween, and reject it because they feel it trivializes \u2013 or celebrates \u2013 paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs. a response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been the use of \" hell houses \", themed pamphlets, or comic - style tracts such as those created by jack t. chick in order to make use of halloween ' s popularity as an opportunity for evangelism. some consider halloween to be completely incompatible with the christian faith, believing it to have originated as a pagan \" festival of the dead \". according to alfred j. kolatch in the second jewish book of why halloween is not technically permitted by jewish halakha because it violate leviticus 18 : 3 forbidding jews from partaking in gentile customs. nevertheless many american jews celebrate it as a secular holiday, disconnected from its pagan and christian origins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4372360502594861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.498471"}
{"text": "of why halloween is not technically permitted by jewish halakha because it violate leviticus 18 : 3 forbidding jews from partaking in gentile customs. nevertheless many american jews celebrate it as a secular holiday, disconnected from its pagan and christian origins. reform rabbi jeffrey goldwasser, of the central conference of american rabbis has said that \u201c there is no religious reason why contemporary jews should not celebrate halloween as it is commonly observed \" while orthodox rabbi michael broyde has argued against jews sending their children trick or treating or otherwise observing the holiday. around the world the traditions and importance of halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. in scotland and ireland, traditional halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going \" guising \", holding parties, while other practices in ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized halloween in north america, and celebration in the united states and canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. this larger north american influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as south america, australia, new zealand, ( most ) continental europe, japan, and other parts of east asia. see also - \" bbc \u2013 religions \u2013 christianity : all hallows ' eve \". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. \" all hallows ' eve falls on 31st october each year, and is the day before all hallows ' day, also known as all saints ' day in the christian calendar. the church traditionally held a vigil on all hallows ' eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. the name derives from the old english ' hallowed ' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word hallowe ' en. \" - the book of occasional services 2003. church publishing, inc. 2004. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" service for all hallows ' eve : this service may be used on the evening of october 31, known as all hallows ' eve. suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place. \" - anne e. kitch ( 2004 ). the anglican family prayer book. church publishing, inc. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" all hallow ' s eve, which later became known as halloween, is celebrated on the night before all saints ' day, november 1. use this simple prayer service in conjunction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4427487267494695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.499398"}
{"text": "family prayer book. church publishing, inc. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" all hallow ' s eve, which later became known as halloween, is celebrated on the night before all saints ' day, november 1. use this simple prayer service in conjunction with halloween festivities to mark the christian roots of this festival. \" - the paulist liturgy planning guide. paulist press. 2006. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil masses. for example, children might be encouraged to wear halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the halloween celebrations and the celebration of all saints ' day. \" - thomas thomson, charles annandale ( 1896 ). a history of the scottish people from the earliest times : from the union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. blackie. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to scotland the most important was hallowe ' en, a contraction for all - hallow evening, or the evening of all - saints day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity. \" - merriam - webster ' s encyclop\u00e6dia of world religions. merriam - webster. 1999. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" halloween, also called all hallows ' eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on october 31, the eve of all saints ' day. the pre - christian observances influenced the christian festival of all hallows ' eve, celebrated on the same date. \" - \" bbc \u2013 religions \u2013 christianity : all hallows ' eve \". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. \" it is widely believed that many hallowe ' en traditions have evolved from an ancient celtic festival called samhain which was christianised by the early church. \" - nicholas rogers ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night. oxford university press. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" halloween and the day of the dead share a common origin in the christian commemoration of the dead on all saints ' and all souls ' day. but both are thought to embody strong pre - christian beliefs. in the case of halloween, the celtic celebration of samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new - age enthusiasts and the evangelical right. \" - austrian information. 1965. retrieved 31 october 2011. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39966115605149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.500640"}
{"text": ", the celtic celebration of samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new - age enthusiasts and the evangelical right. \" - austrian information. 1965. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" the feasts of hallowe ' en, or all hallows eve and the devotions to the dead on all saints ' and all souls ' day are both mixtures of old celtic, druid and other heathen customs intertwined with christian practice. \" - \" bbc \u2013 religions \u2013 christianity : all hallows ' eve \". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. \" the oxford dictionary of world religions also claims that hallowe ' en \" absorbed and adopted the celtic new year festival, the eve and day of samhain \". however, there are supporters of the view that hallowe ' en, as the eve of all saints ' day, originated entirely independently of samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan - celtic religious festival which took place on 31st october / 1st november. \" - the oxford english dictionary ( 2nd ed. ). oxford : oxford univ. press. 1989. isbn 0 - 19 - 861186 - 2. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). \" samhain and the celtic origins of halloween \". halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 11 \u2013 21. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - hutton, ronald. the stations of the sun : a history of the ritual year in britain ( oxford : oxford university press, 1996 ) - a pocket guide to superstitions of the british isles ( publisher : penguin books ltd ; reprint edition : 4 november 2004 ) isbn 0 - 14 - 051549 - 6 - all hallows ' eve bbc. retrieved 31 october 2011. - monaghan, patricia. the encyclopedia of celtic mythology and folklore. infobase publishing, 2004. p. 407 - frazer, sir james george. the golden bough : a study in magic and religion. forgotten books, 2008. pp. 663 \u2013 664 - monaghan, p. 41 - o ' halpin, andy. ireland : an oxford archaeological guide. oxford university press, 2006. p. 236 - \" halloween \". britannica concise encyclopedia. chicago : encyclopaedia britannica, 2009. credo reference. web. 21 september 2012. - mcneill,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4403952115933097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.503154"}
{"text": "oxford university press, 2006. p. 236 - \" halloween \". britannica concise encyclopedia. chicago : encyclopaedia britannica, 2009. credo reference. web. 21 september 2012. - mcneill, f. marian. the silver bough, vol. 3. william maclellan. pp. 11 \u2013 46 - spence, lewis ( 1945 ). the magic arts in celtic britain. p. 88. isbn 0 - 09 - 474300 - 2 - hutton, pp. 380 \u2013 382 - macleod, sharon. celtic myth and religion. mcfarland, 2011. pp. 61, 175 - hutton, pp. 365 \u2013 368 - hutton, p. 382 - hill, christopher. holidays and holy nights. quest books, 2003. p. 56 - rogers, p. 57 - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 22, 27. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - hutton, p. 364 - rogers, nicholas ( 2001 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night. oxford university press. pp. 28 \u2013 30. isbn 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3. - \" halloween \". britannica. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. retrieved 25 october 2012. - hutton, pp. 374 \u2013 375 - \" ask anne \", washington post, 21 november 1948, p. s11. - the two gentlemen of verona act 2, scene 1. - prince sorie conteh ( 2009 ). traditionalists, muslims, and christians in africa : interreligious encounters and dialogue. cambria press. retrieved 31 october 2011. - \" kalan - goanv ha marv \". tartanplace. com. 12 july 2001. retrieved 1 november 2012. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 37 \u2013 38. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 49 \u2013 50. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, p. 74. new york : oxford univ. press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4626921343311679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.505610"}
{"text": ": oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, p. 74. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - the oxford companion to american food and drink p. 269. oxford university press, 2007. retrieved 17 february 2011 - frank leslie ' s popular monthly, volume 40, november 1895, p. 540 - 543. books. google. com. 5 february 2009. retrieved 23 october 2011. - nathaniel hawthorne, \" the great carbuncle, \" in \" twice - told tales \", 1837 : hide it [ the great carbuncle ] under thy cloak, say ' st thou? why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack - o ' - lantern! - as late as 1900, an article on thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack - o ' - lantern as part of the festivities. \" the day we celebrate : thanksgiving treated gastronomically and socially, \" the new york times, 24 november 1895, p. 27. \" odd ornaments for table, \" the new york times, 21 october 1900, p. 12. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). \" halloween goes to hollywood \". halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 103 \u2013 124. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - thomas crawford burns : a study of the poems and songs stanford university press, 1960 - simpson, jacqueline all saints ' day in encyclopedia of death and dying, howarth, g. and leeman, o. ( 2001 ) london routledge isbn 0 - 415 - 18825 - 3, p. 14 halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural. - rogers, nicholas. ( 2002 ) \" coming over : halloween in north america \". halloween : from pagan ritual to party night. p. 76. oxford university press, 2002, isbn 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3 - ruth edna kelley, the book of hallowe ' en, boston : lothrop, lee and shepard co., 1919, chapter 15, p. 127. \" hallowe ' en in america. \" - kelley, ruth edna. \" hallowe ' en in america \". - theo. e. wright, \" a halloween story, \" st. nicholas, october 1915, p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44370299200079927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.506492"}
{"text": "p. 127. \" hallowe ' en in america. \" - kelley, ruth edna. \" hallowe ' en in america \". - theo. e. wright, \" a halloween story, \" st. nicholas, october 1915, p. 1144. mae mcguire telford, \" what shall we do halloween? \" ladies home journal, october 1920, p. 135. - \" ' trick or treat ' is demand, \" herald ( lethbridge, alberta ), november 4, 1927, p. 5, dateline blackie, alberta, nov. 3. - for examples, see the websites postcard & greeting card museum : halloween gallery, antique hallowe ' en postcards, vintage halloween postcards, and morticia ' s morgue antique halloween postcards [ dead link ]. - e - mail from louise and gary carpentier, 29 may 2007, editors of halloween postcards catalog ( cd - rom ), g & l postcards. - \" halloween pranks keep police on hop, \" oregon journal ( portland, oregon ), 1 november 1934 : other young goblins and ghosts, employing modern shakedown methods, successfully worked the \" trick or treat \" system in all parts of the city. pretty boy john doe rang the door bells and his gang waited his signal. it was his plan to proceed cautiously at first and give a citizen every opportunity to comply with his demands before pulling any rough stuff. \" madam, we are here for the usual purpose, ' trick or treat. ' \" this is the old demand of the little people who go out to have some innocent fun. many women have some apples, cookies or doughnuts for them, but they call rather early and the \" treat \" is given out gladly. - doris hudson moss, \" a victim of the window - soaping brigade? \" the american home, november 1939, p. 48. moss was a california - based writer. - beauchemin, genevieve ; ctv. ca news staff ( 31 may 2006 ). \" unicef to end halloween ' orange box ' program \". ctv. archived from the original on 16 october 2007. retrieved 29 october 2006. - \" history of the trick - or - treat for unicef campaign \". unicef canada. 2008. archived from the original on 4 june 2009. retrieved 25 october 2009. - apple dookers make record attempt, bbc news, 2 october 2008 - mcneill, f. marian ( 1961, 1990 ) the silver bough, vol. 3. william maclellan, glasgow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4559282433573352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.507762"}
{"text": "4 june 2009. retrieved 25 october 2009. - apple dookers make record attempt, bbc news, 2 october 2008 - mcneill, f. marian ( 1961, 1990 ) the silver bough, vol. 3. william maclellan, glasgow isbn 0 - 948474 - 04 - 1 pp. 11 \u2013 46 - \" vintage halloween cards \". vintage holiday crafts. retrieved 28 october 2009. - green bay press gazette, 27 october 1916 - associated press ( 30 october 2005 ). \" haunted house business getting frightfully hard \". msnbc. com. msnbc. retrieved 18 november 2008. - greg ryan ( 17 september 2008 ). \" a model of mayhem \". hudson valley magazine. retrieved 6 october 2008. - wilson, craig ( 12 october 2006 ). \" haunted houses get really scary \". usatoday. com. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). \" razor in the apple : struggle for safe and sane halloween, c. 1920 \u2013 1990, \" halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 78 \u2013 102. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - \" urban legends reference pages : pins and needles in halloween candy \". snopes. com. retrieved 31 october 2008. - nixon, robin ( 27 october 2010 ). \" poisoned halloween candy : trick, treat or myth? \u2013 livescience \". livescience. com. retrieved 23 january 2011. - \" halloween food : scary faced pizza \". - bannatyne, lesley pratt ( 1 august 1998 ). halloween : an american holiday, an american history. pelican publishing. p. 12. isbn 1565543467. retrieved 1 november 2012. \" polish catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. priests in tiny spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on all hallows eve. \" - \" bbc - religions - christianity : all hallows ' eve \". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. \" all hallows ' eve falls on 31st october each year, and is the day before all hallows ' day, also known as all saints ' day in the christian calendar. the church traditionally held a vigil on all hallows ' eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. \" - dr. andrew james", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44508745789100496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.511700"}
{"text": ", also known as all saints ' day in the christian calendar. the church traditionally held a vigil on all hallows ' eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. \" - dr. andrew james harvey ( 31 october 2012 ). \" ' all hallows ' eve ' \". the patriot post. retrieved 1 november 2011. \" \" the vigil of the hallows \" refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of all hallows or saints day. or \" halloween \" for short - - a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the christian west since the seventh century. \" - \" vigil of all saints \". catholic news agency. 31 october 2012. retrieved 1 november 2011. \" the vigil is based on the monastic office of vigils ( or matins ), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. on major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings ( scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints ) in addition to chanting the psalms. this all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the word of god as well as the words of the church fathers and great saints. the vigil of all saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of compline at the end. \" - \" night of light beginnings \". cor et lumen christi community. retrieved 2 november 2012. \" in its first year - 2000 ad - over 1000 people participated from several countries. this included special all saints vigil masses, extended periods of adoration of the blessed sacrament and parties for children. in our second year 10, 000 participated. since these modest beginnings, the night of light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a cathedral in india to a convent in new zealand ; from churches in the usa and europe to africa ; in schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. although it began in the catholic church it has been taken up be other christians who while keeping it ' s essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions. \" - \" here ' s to the soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery \". the telegraph. retrieved 6 november 2012. \" one that has grown over the past decade is the so - called night of light, on all hallows \u2019 eve, october 31. it was invented in 2000, in leafy cher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4401698335761069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.513724"}
{"text": "future catholics. 2001. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" father, all - powerful and ever - living god, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. may their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. we ask this through christ our lord. amen. \" - \" reformation day \". retrieved 22 october 2009 - \" reformation day : what, why, and resources for worship \". the general board of discipleship of the united methodist church. 21 october 2005. archived from the original on 23 february 2007. retrieved 22 october 2006. - travis allen ( 2011 ). \" christians and halloween \". john f. macarthur. retrieved 31 october 2011. \" other christians will opt for halloween alternatives called \" harvest festivals \", \" hallelujah night \" or \" reformation festivals \" - - the kids dress up as farmers, bible characters, or reformation heroes. \" - gyles brandreth, \" the devil is gaining ground \" sunday telegraph ( london ), 11 march 2000. - \" salem ' saint fest ' restores christian message to halloween \". www. rcab. org. n. d. archived from the original on 29 september 2006. retrieved 22 october 2006. - \" feast of samhain / celtic new year / celebration of all celtic saints 1 november \". all saints parish. n. d. retrieved 22 november 2006. - halloween ' s christian roots americancatholic. org. retrieved on 24 october 2007. - halloween : what ' s a christian to do? ( 1998 ) by steve russo. - \" ' trick? ' or ' treat? ' \u2013 unmasking halloween \". the restored church of god. n. d. retrieved 21 september 2007. - \" jews and halloween \". jewishvirtuallibrary. org. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05. - name ( required ) ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ). \" halloween and judaism : a contradiction or a coalition? \". haamnews. wordpress. com. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05. - halloween fire calls ' every 90 seconds ' utv news retrieved 22 november 2010 - mccann, chris ( 28 october 2010 ). \" halloween firework injuries are on the increase \". belfast telegraph. retrieved 22 november 2010. - paul kent ( 27 october 2010 ). \" calls for halloween holiday in australia \". the herald sun. - denton, hannah ( 30 october 2010 ). \" safe treats for kids on year ' s scariest night \". new zealand herald. retrieved 22", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41280203292139983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.516974"}
{"text": "kent ( 27 october 2010 ). \" calls for halloween holiday in australia \". the herald sun. - denton, hannah ( 30 october 2010 ). \" safe treats for kids on year ' s scariest night \". new zealand herald. retrieved 22 november 2010. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, p. 164. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8 further reading - diane c. arkins, halloween : romantic art and customs of yesteryear, pelican publishing company ( 2000 ). 96 pages. isbn 1 - 56554 - 712 - 8 - diane c. arkins, halloween merrymaking : an illustrated celebration of fun, food, and frolics from halloweens past, pelican publishing company ( 2004 ). 112 pages. isbn 1 - 58980 - 113 - x - lesley bannatyne, halloween : an american holiday, an american history, facts on file ( 1990, pelican publishing company, 1998 ). 180 pages. isbn 1 - 56554 - 346 - 7 - lesley bannatyne, a halloween reader. stories, poems and plays from halloweens past, pelican publishing company ( 2004 ). 272 pages. isbn 1 - 58980 - 176 - 8 - phyllis galembo, dressed for thrills : 100 years of halloween costumes and masquerade, harry n. abrams, inc. ( 2002 ). 128 pages. isbn 0 - 8109 - 3291 - 1 - editha horandner ( ed. ), halloween in der steiermark und anderswo, volkskunde ( munster in westfalen ), lit verlag munster ( 2005 ). 308 pages. isbn 3 - 8258 - 8889 - 4 - lisa morton, the halloween encyclopedia, mcfarland & company ( 2003 ). 240 pages. isbn 0 - 7864 - 1524 - x - nicholas rogers, halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, oxford university press, usa ( 2002 ). isbn 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3 - jack santino ( ed. ), halloween and other festivals of death and life, university of tennessee press ( 1994 ). 280 pages. isbn 0 - 87049 - 813 - 4 | find more about halloween at wikipedia ' s sister projects | | definitions and translations from wiktionary | | media from commons | | news stories from wikinews | | source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4060470735914682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8c3c6b-1566-43f8-9082-9fdb5d41b578>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.518238"}
{"text": "list of earthquakes in haiti this is a list of earthquakes in haiti. some of them have been very destructive to the country. list of major earthquakes - 1564 quake destroyed of concepcion de la vega and santiago de los caballeros. - 1701 : on november 9, severe destruction occurred and \" [ p ] art of the area along the north shore of the tiburon peninsula from logane to petit goave sank into the sea \". - 1751 port - au - prince earthquake ( 18 october ) : according to french historian moreau de saint - mery, \" only one masonry building had not collapsed \" in port - au - prince, haiti ' s capital city. - 1770 port - au - prince earthquake ( 3 june ) : the city was leveled in this magnitude 7. 5 quake, which killed over 200 people. - 1783 : a strong quake partially destroyed the church in santiago. - 1842 cap - haitien earthquake ( 7 may ) : an earthquake destroyed the city of cap - haitien and other towns in the north of haiti and the dominican republic ; this earthquake also destroyed the sans - souci palace. 10, 000 people were killed. it has been estimated that its magnitude was 8. 1. - 1946 dominican republic earthquake ( 4 august ) : this 8. 0 - magnitude quake in samana also shook haiti horrifically, producing a tsunami that killed 1, 600 people. - 2010 haiti earthquake ( 12 january ) :. the epicentre of this magnitude 7. 0 mw earthquake was near leogane, approximately 25 km ( 16 miles ) west of port - au - prince. at a depth of 13 km ( 8. 1 miles ). the united states geological survey recorded a series of at least 33 aftershocks, 14 of which were between magnitudes 5. 0 and 5. 9. the international red cross estimated that about three million people were affected by the quake ; the haitian government reports that over 316, 000 people had been identified as dead, an estimated 300, 000 injured, and an estimated 1, 000, 000 homeless. 12 january 2010 earthquake eric calais, a geophysicist at purdue university who has researched in the area for years, and ross stein of the united states geological survey in menlo park, california, and colleagues have independently calculated that the earthquake has increased the risk on other segments of the enriquillo fault and perhaps on other faults, although the quake probably did not increase the risk ( which is already known to be high ) of a major tremor on the septent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39392652418512447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:776fac11-e4ff-47a1-9b1e-250fad8a24ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.524098"}
{"text": "calculated that the earthquake has increased the risk on other segments of the enriquillo fault and perhaps on other faults, although the quake probably did not increase the risk ( which is already known to be high ) of a major tremor on the septentrional fault. stein suggests that if the calculations are right \u2014 noting that they may well not be \u2014 something may be \" fundamentally locked in some fashion, on pretty much all scales, and might be capable of popping off something large \". historical accounts, although not precise, suggest that there has been a sequence of quakes progressing westwards along the fault, starting with an earthquake in the dominican republic in 2010. there are concerns that the 12 january earthquake could be the beginning of a new long - term sequence of both earthquakes and tsunamis : \" the whole region is fearful \". see also - enriquillo \u2013 plantain garden fault zone - list of earthquakes - map of ' earthquakes in haiti ', compiled from the list above. - prepetit, claude ( 9 october 2008 ), \" tremblements de terre en haiti, mythe ou realite? [ [ category : articles containing french language text ] ] \", le matin, n\u00b0 33082 wikilink embedded in url title ( help ), quoting moreau de saint - mery, mederic louis elie, description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie francaise de l ' ile saint domingue and j. m. jan, bishop of cap - haitien ( 1972 ), documentation religieuse, editions henri deschamps. http : / / haitimega. com / cap _ haitien - cap _ haitian _ earthquake _ of _ may _ 7 _ 1842 / 84144788150681600 / article _ 84481504601309194. jsp - \" what caused the devastating haiti earthquake? \". livescience. com. 2010. retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12. - \" major caribbean earthquakes and tsunamis a real risk \". science daily. feb. 8, 2005. retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12. - \" usgs magnitude 7. 0 \u2013 haiti region \". retrieved 13 january 2010. - millar, lisa ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ). \" tens of thousands isolated at quake epicentre \". abc news. retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18. - earthquake center, usgs. \" latest earthquakes m5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4386081636351205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:776fac11-e4ff-47a1-9b1e-250fad8a24ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.528005"}
{"text": "| elevation | | 4, 095 m ( 13, 435 ft ) | | prominence | | 4, 095 m ( 13, 435 ft ) | listing | | country high point john whitehead ( highest peak ) mount kinabalu ( malay : gunung kinabalu ) is a prominent mountain on the island of borneo in southeast asia. it is located in the east malaysian state of sabah and is protected as kinabalu national park, a world heritage site. kinabalu is the highest peak in borneo ' s crocker range and is the highest mountain in the malay archipelago. mount kinabalu is also the 20th most prominent mountain in the world by topographic prominence. in 1997, a re - survey using satellite technology established its summit ( known as low ' s peak ) height at 4, 095 metres ( 13, 435 ft ) above sea level, which is some 6 metres ( 20 ft ) less than the previously thought and hitherto published figure of 4, 101 metres ( 13, 455 ft ). mount kinabalu includes the kinabalu montane alpine meadows ecoregion in the montane grasslands and shrublands biome. the mountain and its surroundings are among the most important biological sites in the world, with between 5000 and 6000 species of plants, 326 species of birds, and more than 100 mammalian species identified. among this rich collection of wildlife are famous species such as the gigantic rafflesia plants and the orangutan. mount kinabalu has been accorded unesco world heritage status. low ' s peak can be climbed quite easily by a person in good physical condition and there is no need for mountaineering equipment at any point on the main route. other peaks along the massif, however, require rock climbing skills. significantly, mount kinabalu along with other upland areas of the crocker range is well - known worldwide for its tremendous botanical and biological species biodiversity with plants of himalayan, australasian, and indomalayan origin. a recent botanical survey of the mountain estimated a staggering 5, 000 to 6, 000 plant species ( excluding mosses and liverworts but including ferns ), which is more than all of europe and north america ( excluding tropical regions of mexico ) combined. it is therefore one of the world ' s most important biological sites. the flora covers the mountain in zones of different types of habitat as one climbs up, beginning with a lowland belt of fig trees and insectivorous pitcher plants. then between 2, 600 to 3, 200 m ( 8, 530 to 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4057164973031311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc723fdf-5aaa-4004-8399-c611ce1936f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.558064"}
{"text": "sites. the flora covers the mountain in zones of different types of habitat as one climbs up, beginning with a lowland belt of fig trees and insectivorous pitcher plants. then between 2, 600 to 3, 200 m ( 8, 530 to 10, 499 ft ) is a layer of short trees such the conifer dacrydium gibbsiae and dwarf shrubs, mosses, lichens, liverworts, and ferns. finally many of the world ' s richest variety of orchids are found on the high rockier slopes. these plants have high levels of endemism ( i. e. species which are found only within kinabalu park and are not found anywhere else in the world ). the orchids are the best - known example with over 800 species including some of the highly - valued paphiopedilum slipper orchids, but there are also over 600 species of ferns ( more than the whole of africa ' s 500 species ) of which 50 are found nowhere else, and the richest collection in the world for the nepenthes pitcher plants ( five of the thirteen are found nowhere else on earth ) which reach spectacular proportions ( the largest - pitchered in the world being the endemic nepenthes rajah ). the parasitic rafflesia plant, which has the largest single flower in the world, is also found in kinabalu ( particularly rafflesia keithii whose flower grows to 94 centimetres ( 37 in ) in diameter ), though it should be noted that blooms of the flower are rare and difficult to find. meanwhile another rafflesia species, rafflesia tengku - adlinii, can be found on the neighbouring mount trus madi and the nearby maliau basin. its incredible biodiversity in plant life is due to a combination of several unique factors : its setting in one of the richest plant regions of the world ( the tropical biogeographical region known as western malesia which comprises the island of sumatra, the malay peninsula, and the island of borneo ), the fact that the mountain covers a wide climatic range from near sea level to freezing ground conditions near the summit, the jagged terrain and diversity of rocks and soils, the high levels of rainfall ( averaging about 2, 700 millimetres ( 110 in ) a year at park hq ), and the climatic instability caused by periods of glaciation and catastrophic droughts which result in evolution and speciation. this diversity is greatest in the lowland regions ( consisting of lowland dipterocarp forests, so called because the tree family", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45576467153513534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc723fdf-5aaa-4004-8399-c611ce1936f0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.564495"}
{"text": "hq ), and the climatic instability caused by periods of glaciation and catastrophic droughts which result in evolution and speciation. this diversity is greatest in the lowland regions ( consisting of lowland dipterocarp forests, so called because the tree family dipterocarpaceae are dominant ). however, most of kinabalu ' s endemic species are found in the mountain forests, particularly on ultramafic soils ( i. e. soils which are low in phosphates and high in iron and metals poisonous to many plants ; this high toxic content gave rise to the development of distinctive plant species found nowhere else ). the variety of plant life is also habitat for a great variety of birds and animals. there are some 326 species of birds in kinabalu park, including the spectacular rhinoceros hornbill, mountain serpent - eagle, dulit frogmouth, eyebrowed jungle flycatcher, and bare - headed laughingthrush. twenty - four birds are mainly found on the mountain and one, the bornean spiderhunter, is a pure endemic. the mountain is home to some 100 mammalian species mostly living high in the trees, including one of the four great apes, the orangutan ( though sightings of these are uncommon ; estimates of its numbers in the park range from 25 to 120 ). other mammals include three kinds of deer, the malayan weasel ( mustela nudipes ), oriental small - clawed otter ( aonyx cinerea ), and leopard cat ( felis bengalensis ). endemic mammals include the black shrew ( suncus ater ) and bornean ferret - badger ( melogale everetti ). threats and preservation the steep mountainsides with poor soil are not suitable for farming or for the timber industry so the habitats and animal life of kinabalu remain largely intact, with about a third of the original habitat now degraded. kinabalu park was established in 1964 and the nearby mountains were protected as the crocker range national park in 1984. however even national park status does not guarantee full protection, as logging permits were granted on trus madi in 1984. mount kinabalu is essentially a massive pluton formed from granodiorite which is intrusive into sedimentary and ultrabasic rocks, and forms the central part, or core, of the kinabalu massif. the granodiorite is intrusive into strongly folded strata, probably of eocene to miocene age, and associated ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks. it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4214785006646399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc723fdf-5aaa-4004-8399-c611ce1936f0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.581883"}
{"text": "forms the central part, or core, of the kinabalu massif. the granodiorite is intrusive into strongly folded strata, probably of eocene to miocene age, and associated ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks. it was pushed up from the earth ' s crust as molten rock millions of years ago. in geological terms, it is a very young mountain as the granodiorite cooled and hardened only about 10 million years ago. the present landform is considered to be a mid - pliocene peneplain, arched and deeply dissected, through which the kinabalu granodiorite body has risen in isostatic adjustment. it is still pushing up at the rate of 5 mm per annum. during the pleistocene epoch of about 100, 000 years ago, the massive mountain was covered by huge sheets of ice and glaciers which flowed down its slopes, scouring its surface in the process and creating the 1, 800 - metre ( 5, 900 ft ) deep low ' s gully ( named after hugh low ) on its north side. its granite composition and the glacial formative processes are readily apparent when viewing its craggy rocky peaks. british colonial administrator hugh low made the first recorded ascent of mount kinabalu ' s summit plateau in march 1851. low did not scale the mountain ' s highest peak, however, considering it \" inaccessible to any but winged animals \". in april and july 1858, low was accompanied on two further ascents by spenser st. john, the british consul in brunei. the highest point of mount kinabalu was finally reached in 1888 by zoologist john whitehead. british botanist lilian gibbs became the first woman and the first botanist to summit mount kinabalu in february 1910. botanist e. j. h. corner led two important expeditions of the royal society of great britain to the mountain in 1961 and 1964. kinabalu national park was established in 1964. the park was designated a natural world heritage site in 2000. climbing route climbers must be accompanied by accredited guides at all times due to national park regulations. there are two main starting points for the climb : the timpohon gate ( located 5. 5 km from kinabalu park headquarters, at an altitude of 1, 866 metres ( 6, 122 ft ) ), and the mesilau nature resort. the latter starting point is slightly higher in elevation, but crosses a ridge, adding about two kilometres to the ascent and making the total elevation gain slightly higher. the two trails meet about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4408268576758423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc723fdf-5aaa-4004-8399-c611ce1936f0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.584103"}
{"text": ", 122 ft ) ), and the mesilau nature resort. the latter starting point is slightly higher in elevation, but crosses a ridge, adding about two kilometres to the ascent and making the total elevation gain slightly higher. the two trails meet about two kilometres before laban rata. accommodation is available inside the park or outside near the headquarters. sabah parks has privatised mount kinabalu activities to an organisation called sutera sanctuary lodges ( also known as sutera harbour ). the mountain may be climbed on a single day trip, or hikers may ( usually ) stay one night at laban rata resthouse at 3, 270 metres ( 10, 730 ft ) to complete the climb in 2 days, finishing the ascent and descending on the second day. the majority of climbers begin the ascent on day one of a two - day hike from timpohon gate at 1, 866 metres ( 6, 122 ft ), reaching this location either by minibus or by walking, and then walk to laban rata. most people accomplish this part of the climb in 3 to 6 hours. since there are no roads, the supplies for the laban rata resthouse are carried by porters, who bring up to 35 kilograms of supplies on their backs. hot food and beverages are available at laban rata. most rooms have no hot water in the bathrooms and whilst the dining area is heated, most rooms are not. the last 2 kilometres ( 6, 600 ft ), from the laban rata resthouse at 3, 270 metres ( 10, 730 ft ) to low ' s peak ( summit ) at 4, 095. 2 metres ( 13, 436 ft ), takes between 2 and 4 hours. the last part of the climb is on naked granite rock. given the high altitude, some people may suffer from altitude sickness and should return immediately to the bottom of the mountain, as breathing and any further movement becomes increasingly difficult. low ' s gully low ' s gully ( named after hugh low ) is a 1, 800 - metre ( 5, 900 ft ) deep gorge on the north side of mount kinabalu, one of the least explored and most inhospitable places on earth. in 1994 two british army officers were severely criticised after having led a party of 10 adventurers that required extensive rescue efforts from both the raf and the malaysian army. five members of the party were trapped for 16 days and did not eat for five days before being rescued. the breakaway party of five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4107823719408972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc723fdf-5aaa-4004-8399-c611ce1936f0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.586961"}
{"text": "criticised after having led a party of 10 adventurers that required extensive rescue efforts from both the raf and the malaysian army. five members of the party were trapped for 16 days and did not eat for five days before being rescued. the breakaway party of five successfully completed the world ' s first descent of the gully in three days. there are two stories that led to the main beliefs in the origin of the mountain ' s name. the first derivation of the word kinabalu is extracted from the short form for the kadazan dusun word ' aki nabalu ', meaning \" the revered place of the dead \". the second source states that the name \" kinabalu \" actually means \" cina balu \" ( which would fully mean \" a chinese widow \" ). due to the lingual influence among the kadazan dusun of sabah, the pronunciation for the word \" cina \" ( chee - na ) was changed to \" kina \" ( kee - na ). it was told that a chinese prince, was cast away to borneo when his ship sank in the middle of the south china sea. he was subsequently rescued by the natives from a nearby village. as he recovered, he was slowly accepted as one of the people of the village. eventually, he fell in love with a local woman, and married her. years went by, and he started to feel homesick. so he asked permission from his newly - found family to go back to china to visit his parents ( the emperor and empress of china ). to his wife, he promised that as soon as he was done with his family duties in china, he would come back to borneo to take her and their children back to china. when he made his return to china, he was given a grand welcome by his family. however, to his dismay, his parents disagreed with him about taking his bornean wife back to china. worse, they told him that he was already betrothed to a princess of a neighbouring kingdom. having no choice ( due to high respect towards his parents ), he obeyed with a heavy heart. meanwhile, back in borneo, his wife grew more and more anxious. eventually, she decided that she will wait for her husband ' s ship. however, since the village was situated far away from the coast, she couldn ' t afford to come to the shore and wait for him daily. instead she decided to climb to the top of the highest mountain near her village, so that she could have a better view of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44920054176932067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc723fdf-5aaa-4004-8399-c611ce1936f0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.589272"}
{"text": "village was situated far away from the coast, she couldn ' t afford to come to the shore and wait for him daily. instead she decided to climb to the top of the highest mountain near her village, so that she could have a better view of the ships sailing in the south china sea. thus, she was then seen climbing up the mountain at every sunrise, returning only at night to attend to her growing children. eventually her efforts took their toll. she fell ill, and died at the top of the cold mountain while waiting for her husband. the spirit of the mountain, having observed her for years, was extremely touched by her loyalty towards her husband. out of admiration for this woman, the spirit of the mountain turned her into a stone. her face was made to face the south china sea, so that she could wait forever for her dear husband ' s return. the people in her hometown who heard about this were also gravely touched by this. thus, they decided to name the mountain \" kinabalu \" in remembrance of her. to them, the mountain is a symbol of the everlasting love and loyalty that should be taken as a good example by women. see also - given the definition of the malay archipelago excluding new guinea, where about 22 mountains exceed 4100 m. - \" world top 50 most prominent peaks \" peaklist. org. retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21. - phillipps, a. & f. liew 2000. globetrotter visitor ' s guide \u2013 kinabalu park. new holland publishers ( uk ) ltd. - eight southeast asian destinations you shouldn ' t miss - mount kinabalu national park... revered abode of the dead - parris, b. s., r. s. beaman, and j. h. beaman. 1992. the plants of mount kinabalu : 1. ferns and fern allies. kew : royal botanic gardens. 165 pp + 5 pl. - wood, j. j., j. h. beaman, and r. s. beaman. 1993. the plants of mount kinabalu. 2. orchids. kew : royal botanic gardens. xii + 411 pp + 84 pl. - beaman, j. h., and r. s. beaman. 1998. the plants of mount kinabalu. 3. gymnosperms and non - orchid monocotyledons. kota kinabalu : natural history publications ( borneo ) sdn. bhd. ; kew : royal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47068432763201595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc723fdf-5aaa-4004-8399-c611ce1936f0>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.591578"}
{"text": "nature. in 1913, the nineteen - year - old rockwell became the art editor for boys ' life, published by the boy scouts of america, a post he held for three years ( 1913 \u2013 1916 ). as part of that position, he painted several covers, beginning with his first published magazine cover, scout at ship ' s wheel, appearing on the boys ' life september 1913 edition. world war i during world war i, he tried to enlist into the u. s. navy but was refused entry because, at 6 feet ( 1. 8 m ) tall and 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) he was eight pounds underweight. to compensate, he spent one night gorging himself on bananas, liquids and doughnuts, and weighed enough to enlist the next day. however, he was given the role of a military artist and did not see any action during his tour of duty. rockwell ' s family moved to new rochelle, new york when norman was 21 years old and shared a studio with the cartoonist clyde forsythe, who worked for the saturday evening post. with forsythe ' s help, he submitted his first successful cover painting to the post in 1916, mother ' s day off ( published on may 20 ). he followed that success with circus barker and strongman ( published on june 3 ), gramps at the plate ( august 5 ), redhead loves hatty perkins ( september 16 ), people in a theatre balcony ( october 14 ) and man playing santa ( december 9 ). rockwell was published eight times total on the post cover within the first twelve months. norman rockwell published a total of 323 original covers for the saturday evening post over 47 years. his sharp harmony appeared on the cover of the issue dated september 26, 1936 ; it depicts a barber and three clients, enjoying an a cappella song. the image was adopted by spebsqsa in its promotion of the art. rockwell ' s success on the cover of the post led to covers for other magazines of the day, most notably the literary digest, the country gentleman, leslie ' s weekly, judge, peoples popular monthly and life magazine. personal life rockwell married his first wife, irene o ' connor, in 1916. irene was rockwell ' s model in mother tucking children into bed, published on the cover of the literary digest on january 19, 1921. however, the couple were divorced in 1930. depressed, he moved briefly to alhambra, california as a guest of his old friend clyde forsythe. there he painted some of his best - known paintings including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3749122599896738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5322ef-413f-4a69-b643-e15509f4014a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.682739"}
{"text": "literary digest on january 19, 1921. however, the couple were divorced in 1930. depressed, he moved briefly to alhambra, california as a guest of his old friend clyde forsythe. there he painted some of his best - known paintings including \" the doctor and the doll \". while there he met and married schoolteacher mary barstow. the couple returned to new york shortly after their marriage. they had three children : jarvis waring, thomas rhodes and peter barstow. the family lived at 24 lord kitchener road in the bonnie crest neighborhood of new rochelle, new york. rockwell and his wife were not very religious, although they were members of st. john ' s wilmot church, an episcopal church near their home, and had their sons baptized there as well. rockwell moved to arlington, vermont, in 1939 where his work began to reflect small - town life. in 1953, the rockwell family moved to stockbridge, massachusetts, so that his wife could be treated at the austen riggs center, a psychiatric hospital at 25 main street, down main street from where rockwell set up his studio. rockwell himself received psychiatric treatment from the analyst erik erikson, who was on staff at riggs. erikson is said to have told the artist that he painted his happiness, but did not live it. in 1959, mary barstow rockwell died unexpectedly of a heart attack. world war ii in 1943, during world war ii, rockwell painted the four freedoms series, which was completed in seven months and resulted in his losing 15 pounds. the series was inspired by a speech by franklin d. roosevelt, in which he described four principles for universal rights : freedom from want, freedom of speech, freedom of worship, and freedom from fear. the paintings were published in 1943 by the saturday evening post. the united states department of the treasury later promoted war bonds by exhibiting the originals in 16 cities. rockwell himself considered \" freedom of speech \" to be the best of the four. that same year, a fire in his studio destroyed numerous original paintings, costumes, and props. shortly after the war, rockwell was contacted by writer elliott caplin, brother of cartoonist al capp, with the suggestion that the three of them should make a daily comic strip together, with caplin and his brother writing and rockwell drawing. king features syndicate is reported to have promised a $ 1, 000 / week deal, knowing that a capp - rockwell collaboration would gain strong public interest. however, the project was ultimately aborted as it turned out that rockwell, known for his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40589975715390203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5322ef-413f-4a69-b643-e15509f4014a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.689613"}
{"text": ". king features syndicate is reported to have promised a $ 1, 000 / week deal, knowing that a capp - rockwell collaboration would gain strong public interest. however, the project was ultimately aborted as it turned out that rockwell, known for his perfectionism as an artist, could not deliver material as fast as required of him for a daily comic strip. during the late 1940s, norman rockwell spent the winter months as artist - in - residence at otis college of art and design. students occasionally were models for his saturday evening post covers. in 1949, rockwell donated an original post cover, \" april fool \", to be raffled off in a library fund raiser. in 1959, his wife mary died unexpectedly from a heart attack, and rockwell took time off from his work to grieve. it was during that break that he and his son thomas produced his autobiography, my adventures as an illustrator, which was published in 1960. the post printed excerpts from this book in eight consecutive issues, the first containing rockwell ' s famous triple self - portrait. later career rockwell married his third wife, retired milton academy english teacher mary leete \" molly \" punderson, on october 25, 1961. his last painting for the post was published in 1963, marking the end of a publishing relationship that had included 321 cover paintings. he spent the next ten years painting for look magazine, where his work depicted his interests in civil rights, poverty and space exploration. in 1968, rockwell was commissioned to do an album cover portrait of mike bloomfield and al kooper for their record the live adventures of mike bloomfield and al kooper. during his long career, he was commissioned to paint the portraits for presidents eisenhower, kennedy, johnson, and nixon, as well as those of foreign figures, including gamal abdel nasser and jawaharlal nehru. one of his last works was a portrait of judy garland in 1969. a custodianship of his original paintings and drawings was established with rockwell ' s help near his home in stockbridge, massachusetts, and the norman rockwell museum is still open today year round. norman rockwell museum is the authoritative source for all things norman rockwell. the museum ' s collection is the world ' s largest, including more than 700 original rockwell paintings, drawings, and studies. the rockwell center for american visual studies at the norman rockwell museum is a national research institute dedicated to american illustration art. when he began suffering poor health, he placed his studio and the contents with the norman rockwell museum, which was formerly known as the stockbridge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4040804561377578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5322ef-413f-4a69-b643-e15509f4014a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.705565"}
{"text": "rockwell center for american visual studies at the norman rockwell museum is a national research institute dedicated to american illustration art. when he began suffering poor health, he placed his studio and the contents with the norman rockwell museum, which was formerly known as the stockbridge historical society and even more formerly known as the old corner house, in a trust. for \" vivid and affectionate portraits of our country, \" rockwell received the presidential medal of freedom, the united states of america ' s highest civilian honor, in 1977. body of work norman rockwell was a prolific artist, producing over 4, 000 original works in his lifetime. most of his works are either in public collections, or have been destroyed in fire or other misfortunes. rockwell was also commissioned to illustrate over 40 books including tom sawyer and huckleberry finn. his annual contributions for the boy scouts ' calendars between 1925 and 1976 ( rockwell was a 1939 recipient of the silver buffalo award, the highest adult award given by the boy scouts of america ), were only slightly overshadowed by his most popular of calendar works : the \" four seasons \" illustrations for brown & bigelow that were published for 17 years beginning in 1947 and reproduced in various styles and sizes since 1964. illustrations for booklets, catalogs, posters ( particularly movie promotions ), sheet music, stamps, playing cards, and murals ( including \" yankee doodle dandy \" and \" god bless the hills \", which was completed in 1936 for the nassau inn in princeton, new jersey ) rounded out rockwell ' s \u0153uvre as an illustrator. in 1969, as a tribute to rockwell ' s 75th - year birthday, officials of brown & bigelow and the boy scouts of america asked rockwell to pose in beyond the easel, the calendar illustration that year. rockwell ' s work was dismissed by serious art critics in his lifetime. many of his works appear overly sweet in modern critics ' eyes, especially the saturday evening post covers, which tend toward idealistic or sentimentalized portrayals of american life \u2013 this has led to the often - deprecatory adjective \" rockwellesque \". consequently, rockwell is not considered a \" serious painter \" by some contemporary artists, who often regard his work as bourgeois and kitsch. writer vladimir nabokov sneered that rockwell ' s brilliant technique was put to \" banal \" use, and wrote in his book pnin : \" that dali is really norman rockwell ' s twin brother kidnapped by gypsies in babyhood \". he is called an \" illustrator \" instead of an artist by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42142937501510325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5322ef-413f-4a69-b643-e15509f4014a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.708836"}
{"text": "was put to \" banal \" use, and wrote in his book pnin : \" that dali is really norman rockwell ' s twin brother kidnapped by gypsies in babyhood \". he is called an \" illustrator \" instead of an artist by some critics, a designation he did not mind, as it was what he called himself. however, in his later years, rockwell began receiving more attention as a painter when he chose more serious subjects such as the series on racism for look magazine. one example of this more serious work is the problem we all live with, which dealt with the issue of school racial integration. the painting depicts a young african american girl, ruby bridges, flanked by white federal marshals, walking to school past a wall defaced by racist graffiti. rockwell ' s work was exhibited at the solomon r. guggenheim museum in 2001. rockwell ' s breaking home ties sold for $ 15. 4 million at a 2006 sotheby ' s auction. a twelve - city u. s. tour of rockwell ' s works took place in 2008. in 2008, rockwell was named the official state artist of the commonwealth of massachusetts. - in the film empire of the sun, a young boy ( played by christian bale ) is put to bed by his loving parents in a scene also inspired by a rockwell painting \u2014 a reproduction of which is later kept by the young boy during his captivity in a prison camp ( \" freedom from fear \", 1943 ). - the 1994 film forrest gump includes a shot in a school that re - creates rockwell ' s \" girl with black eye \" with young forrest in place of the girl. much of the film drew heavy visual inspiration from rockwell ' s art. - film director george lucas owns rockwell ' s original of \" the peach crop \", and his colleague steven spielberg owns a sketch of rockwell ' s triple self - portrait. each of the artworks hangs in the respective filmmaker ' s workspace. rockwell is a major character in an episode of lucas \u2019 young indiana jones chronicles, \u201c passion for life. \u201d - in 2005, target co. sold marshall field ' s to federated department stores and the federated discovered a reproduction of rockwell ' s the clock mender, which depicted the great clocks of the marshall field and company building on display. rockwell had donated the painting depicted on the cover of the november 3, 1945 saturday evening post to the store in 1948. - on norman rockwell ' s birthday, february 3, 2010, google featured rockwell ' s iconic image of young love \" boy and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4394477735289406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5322ef-413f-4a69-b643-e15509f4014a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.712861"}
{"text": "rockwell had donated the painting depicted on the cover of the november 3, 1945 saturday evening post to the store in 1948. - on norman rockwell ' s birthday, february 3, 2010, google featured rockwell ' s iconic image of young love \" boy and girl gazing at the moon \", which is also known as \" puppy love \", on its home page. the response was so great that day that the norman rockwell museum ' s servers went down under the onslaught. - \" dreamland \", a track from canadian alternative rock band our lady peace ' s 2009 album burn burn, was inspired by rockwell ' s paintings. major works - scout at ship ' s wheel ( first published magazine cover illustration, boys ' life, september 1913 ) - santa and scouts in snow ( 1913 ) - boy and baby carriage ( 1916 ; first saturday evening post cover ) - circus barker and strongman ( 1916 ) - gramps at the plate ( 1916 ) - redhead loves hatty perkins ( 1916 ) - people in a theatre balcony ( 1916 ) - tain ' t you ( 1917 ; first life magazine cover ) - cousin reginald goes to the country ( 1917 ; first country gentleman cover ) - santa and expense book ( 1920 ) - mother tucking children into bed ( 1921 ; first wife irene is the model ) - no swimming ( 1921 ) - santa with elves ( 1922 ) - doctor and doll ( 1929 ) - deadline ( 1938 ) - the four freedoms ( 1943 ) - rosie the riveter ( 1943 ) - going and coming ( 1947 ) - bottom of the sixth ( or the three umpires ; 1949 ) - the new television set ( 1949 ) - saying grace ( 1951 ) - the young lady with the shiner ( 1953 ) - girl at mirror ( 1954 ) - breaking home ties ( 1954 ) - the marriage license ( 1955 ) - the scoutmaster ( 1956 ) - the runaway ( 1958 ) - a family tree ( 1959 ) - triple self - portrait ( 1960 ) - golden rule ( 1961 ) - the problem we all live with ( 1964 ) - southern justice ( murder in mississippi ) ( 1965 ) - new kids in the neighborhood ( 1967 ) - russian schoolroom ( 1967 ) - the rookie - spirit of 76 ( 1976 ) ( stolen in 1978 but recovered in 2001 by the fbi ' s robert king wittman ) other collections - norman rockwell world war ii posters, hosted by the university of north texas libraries digital collections - rockwell collection at the national museum of american illustration - norman rockwell and the art of scouting at the national scouting museum, irving,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4698718630407919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5322ef-413f-4a69-b643-e15509f4014a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.724631"}
{"text": "king wittman ) other collections - norman rockwell world war ii posters, hosted by the university of north texas libraries digital collections - rockwell collection at the national museum of american illustration - norman rockwell and the art of scouting at the national scouting museum, irving, tx see also - james k. van brunt, a frequent model for rockwell - william obanhein, another one of rockwell ' s models who would later become famous elsewhere - norman rockwell ' s world... an american dream, a 1972 short documentary film - \" alex ross biography \". alexrossart. com. retrieved february 13, 2012. - about the saturday evening post [ dead link ] - boughton, james ( 1903 ). genealogy of the families of john rockwell, of stamford, connecticut 1641, and ralph keeler, of hartford, connecticut 1939. w. f. jones. p. 441. - roberts, gary boyd, and david curtis dearborn ( 1998 ). notable kin : an anthology of columns first published in the nehgs nexus, 1986 \u2013 1995. boston, massachusetts : carl boyer in cooperation with the new england historic genealogical society. p. 28. isbn 978 - 0 - 936124 - 20 - 9. - claridge, laura p. ( 2001 ). norman rockwell : a life. new york, new york : random house. p. 20, 29. isbn 978 - 0 - 375 - 50453 - 2. - rockwell, margaret ( 1998 ). norman rockwell ' s growing up in america. metro books. pp. 10 \u2013 11. isbn 978 - 1 - 56799 - 598 - 5. - ssdi. \u2013 ss # : 177 - 01 - 3581. - claridge. \u2013 p. 30, 47, 150. - rockwell, norman, and thomas rockwell ( 1988 ). norman rockwell, my adventures as an illustrator. abrams. p. 27. isbn 978 - 0 - 8109 - 1563 - 3. - \" rockwell and csatari : a tour de force \". scouting magazine : 6. march \u2013 april, 2008. - \" a personal recollection \". city of alhambra. retrieved april 28, 2012. - kamp, david ( november 2009 ). \" norman rockwell \u2019 s american dream \". vanityfair. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - \" a portrait of norman rockwell - berkshire eagle online \". berkshireeagle. com. july 3, 2009. retrieved april 28, 2012. - elliott", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4035000083618905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5322ef-413f-4a69-b643-e15509f4014a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.726050"}
{"text": "\u2019 s american dream \". vanityfair. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - \" a portrait of norman rockwell - berkshire eagle online \". berkshireeagle. com. july 3, 2009. retrieved april 28, 2012. - elliott caplin : al capp remembered ( 1994 ) - gherman, beverly ( 2000 ) \" norman rockwell storyteller with a brush \" - claridge, p. 581 - kamp, david. \" erratum : norman rockwell actually did rock well \". vanity fair. retrieved february 24, 2011. - official list of silver buffalo award recipients ( retrieved july 17, 2007 ) - william hillcourt ( 1977 ). norman rockwell ' s world of scouting. new york : harry n. abrams. isbn 0 - 8109 - 1582 - 0. - jim windolf ( february 2008 ). \" keys to the kingdom \". vanityfair. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - \" solomon, deborah, in praise of bad art \". new york times. january 24, 1999. retrieved april 28, 2012. - \" art of illustration \". norman rockwell museum. retrieved april 28, 2012. - \" norman rockwell wins medal of freedom \". massmoments. org. retrieved april 28, 2012. - miller, michelle ( november 12, 2010 ). \" ruby bridges, rockwell muse, goes back to school \". cbs evening news with katie couric ( cbs interactive inc. ). retrieved november 13, 2010. - norman rockwell at the solomon r. guggenheim museum. [ dead link ] - gates, anita ( november 24, 1999 ). \" looking beyond the myth - making easel of mr. thanksgiving \". new york times. retrieved april 28, 2012. - richard corliss ( june 24, 2001 ). \" the world according to gump \". time. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - aronovich, hannah ( april 20, 2006 ). \" field ' s, federated and more feuds \". gothamist. retrieved april 4, 2008. - \" norman rockwell of field ' s store goes missing \". nbc5. com. april 21, 2006. retrieved april 4, 2008. - aronovich, hannah ( april 20, 2006 ). \" field ' s, federated and more feuds \". gothamist. retrieved september 21, 2009. - \" dreamland \". songfacts. com. retrieved may 5, 2010. - \" rosie the rivet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4239563822257243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5322ef-413f-4a69-b643-e15509f4014a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.748865"}
{"text": ", 2006 ). \" field ' s, federated and more feuds \". gothamist. retrieved september 21, 2009. - \" dreamland \". songfacts. com. retrieved may 5, 2010. - \" rosie the riveter \". rosie the riveter. retrieved april 28, 2012. - nrm, p. 109 - \" the norman rockwell collection \". web. me. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - \" norman rockwell : southern justice ( murder in mississippi ) \". artchive. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - \" museum > exhibitions - norman rockwell and the art of scouting \". irving, texas, usa : national scouting museum. retrieved 16 august 2012. further reading - buechner, thomas s ( 1992 ). the norman rockwell treasury. galahad. isbn 0 - 88365 - 411 - 3. - finch, christopher ( 1990 ). norman rockwell : 332 magazine covers. abbeville publishing group. isbn 0 - 89660 - 000 - 9. - christopher, finch ( 1985 ). norman rockwell ' s america. harry n. abrams, inc. isbn 0 - 8109 - 8071 - 1. - gherman, beverly ( 2000 ). norman rockwell : storyteller with a brush. isbn 0 - 689 - 82001 - 1. - hennessey, maureen hart ; larson, judy l. ( 1999 ). norman rockwell : pictures for the american people. harry n. abrams. isbn 0 - 8109 - 6392 - 2. - rockwell, tom ( 2005 ). best of norman rockwell. courage books. isbn 0 - 7624 - 2415 - x. - schick, ron ( 2009 ). norman rockwell : behind the camera. little, brown & co. isbn 978 - 0 - 316 - 00693 - 4. | wikimedia commons has media related to : norman rockwell | | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : norman rockwell | - booknotes interview with laura claridge on norman rockwell : a life, december 2, 2001. - gallery of classic graphic design featuring the illustrations of norman rockwell. - art directors club biography, portrait and images of work - norman rockwell at find a grave - footage of norman rockwell sketching a couple - america, illustrated \u2013 by the new york times - norman rockwell : once upon a time there was the american dream by tiziano thomas dossena, bridge puglia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43101419258942447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c5322ef-413f-4a69-b643-e15509f4014a>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.782553"}
{"text": "sabermetrics is the specialized analysis of baseball through objective evidence, especially baseball statistics that measure in - game activity. the term is derived from the acronym sabr, which stands for the society for american baseball research. it was coined by bill james, who is one of its pioneers and is often considered its most prominent advocate and public face. general principles the sabermetric manifesto by david grabiner ( 1994 ) begins : bill james defined sabermetrics as \" the search for objective knowledge about baseball. \" thus, sabermetrics attempts to answer objective questions about baseball, such as \" which player on the red sox contributed the most to the team ' s offense? \" or \" how many home runs will ken griffey hit next year? \" it cannot deal with the subjective judgments which are also important to the game, such as \" who is your favorite player? \" or \" that was a great game. \" it may, however, attempt to settle questions such as \" was willie mays faster than mickey mantle? \" by establishing several possible parameters for examining speed in objective studies ( how many triples each man hit, how many bases each man stole, how many times he was caught stealing ) and then reaching a tentative conclusion on the basis of these individual studies. sabermetricians frequently question traditional measures of baseball skill. for instance, they doubt that batting average is as useful as conventional wisdom says it is because team batting average provides a relatively poor fit for team runs scored. sabermetric reasoning would say that runs win ballgames, and that a good measure of a player ' s worth is his ability to help his team score more runs than the opposing team. this may imply that the traditional rbi ( runs batted in ) is an effective metric ; however, sabermetricians also reject rbi, for a number of reasons. rather, sabermetric measures are usually phrased in terms of either runs or team wins. for example, a player might be described as being worth 54 offensive runs more than a replacement - level player at the same position over the course of a full season, as the sabermetric statistic vorp can indicate. sabermetrics is concerned both with determining the value of a player or team in current or past seasons and with attempting to predict the value of a player or team in the future. many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. early history sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. earnshaw cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. cook gathered the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5307454415464765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21efdf4c-01ca-41af-b9b9-59ca33377189>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.799502"}
{"text": ". many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. early history sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. earnshaw cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. cook gathered the majority of his research in his 1964 book, percentage baseball. the book was the first of its kind to gain national media attention, although it was widely criticized and not accepted by most baseball organizations. - base runs ( bsr ) - batting average on balls in play ( babip ) - defense independent pitching statistics ( dips ) - defensive runs saved ( drs ) - equivalent average ( eqa ) - fantasy batter value ( fbv ) - late - inning pressure situations ( lips ) - on - base plus slugging ( ops ) - pecota ( player empirical comparison and optimization test algorithm ) - peripheral era ( pera ) - pythagorean expectation - range factor - runs created - secondary average - similarity score - speed score - super linear weights - total player rating, or batter - fielder wins ( tpr, bfw ) ; total pitcher index, or pitcher wins ( tpi, pw ) - ultimate zone rating ( uzr ) - value over replacement player ( vorp ) - win shares - wins above replacement ( war ) notable proponents - russ brandon : team president and ceo of the buffalo bills is going to incorporate sabermetrics to contracts, and use in conjunction with scouting and player analysis beginning in 2013. - sandy alderson : former general manager of the oakland athletics, alderson began focusing on sabermetric principles toward obtaining relatively undervalued players in 1995. he became gm of the new york mets in late 2010. - billy beane : athletics ' general manager since 1997. although not a public proponent of sabermetrics, it has been widely noted that beane has steered the team during his tenure according to sabermetric principles. in 2003, michael lewis published moneyball about billy beane ' s use of a more quantitative approach. in 2011, a film based on lewis ' book which dramatised beane ' s use of sabermetrics was released, starring brad pitt in the role of beane. - carson cistulli : senior editor of fangraphs, member of the bbwaa - earnshaw cook : early researcher and proponent of statistical baseball research. his 1964 book percentage baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention. - paul depodesta : a key figure in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5036106829989682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21efdf4c-01ca-41af-b9b9-59ca33377189>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.805608"}
{"text": "member of the bbwaa - earnshaw cook : early researcher and proponent of statistical baseball research. his 1964 book percentage baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention. - paul depodesta : a key figure in michael lewis ' book moneyball : the art of winning an unfair game as beane ' s assistant in oakland. - theo epstein : president of baseball operations for the chicago cubs. as gm of the red sox, epstein hired sabermetrician bill james. - bill james : widely considered the father of sabermetrics due to his extensive series of books, although a number of less well known sabr researchers in the early 1970s provided a foundation for his work. he began publishing his baseball abstracts in 1977 to study some questions about baseball he found interesting, and their eclectic mix of essays based on new kinds of statistics soon became popular with a generation of thinking baseball fans. he discontinued the abstracts after the 1988 edition, but continued to be active in the field. his two historical baseball abstract editions and win shares book have continued to advance the field of sabermetrics, 25 years after he began. in 2002 james was hired as a special advisor to the boston red sox. - christina kahrl : co - founder of baseball prospectus and current espn columnist, kahrl puts an emphasis on advanced baseball analytics. - sean lahman : created a database of baseball statistics from existing sources and in the mid - 1990s made it available for free download on the internet, providing access to statistical data in electronic form for the first time. - voros mccracken : developed a system called defense independent pitching statistics ( dips ) to evaluate a pitcher based purely on his ability. - rob neyer : senior writer at espn. com and national baseball editor of sbnation and former assistant to bill james, he has worked to popularize sabermetrics since the mid - 1980s. neyer has authored or co - authored several books about baseball, and his journalistic writing focuses on sabermetric methods for looking at baseball players ' and teams ' performance. - joe posnanski : a popular baseball writer and a proponent of sabermetrics. - nate silver : writer and former managing partner of baseball prospectus, inventor of pecota. later applied sabermetric statistical models to the study of politics, particularly elections, and published the results on his blog fivethirtyeight ( later affiliated with the new york times ). - david smith : founded retrosheet in 1989, with the objective of computerizing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4612425117675595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21efdf4c-01ca-41af-b9b9-59ca33377189>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.808082"}
{"text": "models to the study of politics, particularly elections, and published the results on his blog fivethirtyeight ( later affiliated with the new york times ). - david smith : founded retrosheet in 1989, with the objective of computerizing the box score of every major league baseball game ever played, in order to more accurately collect and compare the statistics of the game. - tom tango : runs the tango on baseball sabermetrics website. in particular, he has worked in the area of defense independent pitching statistics. - eric walker : former aerospace engineer turned baseball writer, who played an important part in the early acceptance of sabermetrics within the oakland athletics organization. gm sandy alderson hired walker in order to get \" some bill james - like stuff that was proprietary to us. \" - keith woolner : creator of vorp, or value over replacement player, is a former writer for sabermetric group / website baseball prospectus. he was hired in 2007 by the cleveland indians as their manager of baseball research & analytics. - craig r. wright : a statistician for the texas rangers, was the first front office employee in major league baseball to work under the title \" sabermetrician. \" - baseball prospectus is an annual publication and web site produced by a group of sabermetricians who originally met over the internet. several baseball prospectus authors have invented or improved upon widely relied upon sabermetric measures and techniques. the website publishes analytical articles as well as advanced statistics and projections for individuals and teams. this group also publishes other books that use and seek to popularize sabermetric techniques, including baseball between the numbers and it ain ' t over ' til it ' s over. - the hardball times is a website as well as an annual volume that evaluates the preceding major league season and presents original research articles on various sabermetric topics. the website also publishes original research on baseball. - fangraphs is a website that publishes advanced baseball statistics as well as graphics that evaluate and track the performance of players and teams. the site also favors the analysis of play - by - play data and pitchf / x. it draws on some of the advanced baseball metrics developed by well - known sabermetricians such as tom tango and mitchel lichtman. - beyond the boxscore is a part of sb nation and specializes in sabermetric analysis and research. it has also launched the careers of many successful sabermetricians. - sabr is the society for american baseball research, founded in 1971, and the root of the term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4783115061961966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21efdf4c-01ca-41af-b9b9-59ca33377189>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.811513"}
{"text": "171. isbn 0 - 387 - 98816 - 5. - kipen, d. ( june 1, 2003 ). \" billy beane ' s brand - new ballgame \". san francisco chronicle. retrieved november 2, 2007. - neyer, rob ( november 5, 2002 ). \" red sox hire james in advisory capacity \". espn. com. retrieved march 7, 2009. - shanahan, m. ( may 23, 2005 ). retrieved november 2, 2007 his numbers are in the ballpark the boston globe - \" bill james, beyond baseball \". think tank with ben wattenberg. pbs. june 28, 2005. retrieved november 2, 2007. - ackman, d. ( may 20, 2007 ). \" sultan of stats \". the wall street journal. retrieved november 2, 2007. - jaffe, c. ( october 22, 2007 ). \" rob neyer interview \". the hardball times. retrieved november 2, 2007. - lewis, m. moneyball. pp. 58 \u2013 63. - \" baseball prospectus \". retrieved 2012 - 03 - 04. - baseball between the numbers. 2006. isbn 0 - 465 - 00596 - 9. - goldman, steven ( 2007 ). it ain ' t over ' til it ' s over. isbn 0 - 465 - 00285 - 4.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4402181960378715, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21efdf4c-01ca-41af-b9b9-59ca33377189>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.816529"}
{"text": "| regions with significant populations | | new york, massachusetts, michigan, louisiana, ohio, iowa, texas | | related ethnic groups | syrian americans are residents of the united states of syrian ancestry or nationality. this group includes americans of syrian ancestry, syrian first generation immigrants, or descendants of syrians who emigrated to the united states. syrian americans may be members of a number of differing ethnicities, including arabs, assyrians / syriacs, antiochian greeks, kurds, armenians and circassians. it is believed that the first significant wave of syrian immigrants to arrive in the united states was in 1880. many of the earliest syrian americans settled in new york, boston, and detroit. immigration from syria to the united states suffered a long hiatus after the united states congress passed the immigration act of 1924, which restricted immigration. more than 40 years later, the immigration act of 1965, abolished the quotas and immigration from syria to the united states saw a surge. an estimated 64, 600 syrians emigrated to the united states between 1961 and 2000. the overwhelming majority of syrian immigrants to the us from 1880 to 1960 were christian, a minority were jewish, whereas muslim syrians arrived in the united states chiefly after 1965. according to the united states 2000 census, there were 142, 897 americans of syrian ancestry, about 12 % of the arab population in the united states. the first syrian immigrants arrived in the united states from ottoman syria. most of them came from christian villages around mount lebanon, while around 5 - 10 % were muslims of different sects. a small number were also palestinians. according to historian philip hitti, approximately 90, 000 \" syrians \" arrived in the united states between 1899 and 1919. an estimated 1, 000 official entries per year came from the governorates of damascus and aleppo, which are governorates in modern - day syria, in the period between 1900 and 1916. early immigrants settled mainly in eastern united states, in the cities of new york, boston and detroit and the paterson, new jersey area. in the 1920s, the majority of immigrants from mount lebanon began to refer themselves as \" lebanese \" instead of \" syrians \". syrians, like most immigrants to the united states, were motivated to immigrate to the united states to pursue the american dream of economic success. many christian syrians had immigrated to the united states seeking religious freedom and an escape from ottoman hegemony. thousands of immigrants returned to syria after making money in the united states ; these immigrants told tales which inspired further waves of immigrants. many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3820105480631731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.959903"}
{"text": "success. many christian syrians had immigrated to the united states seeking religious freedom and an escape from ottoman hegemony. thousands of immigrants returned to syria after making money in the united states ; these immigrants told tales which inspired further waves of immigrants. many settlers also sent for their relatives. although the number of syrian immigrants was not sizable, the ottoman government set constraints on emigration in order to maintain its populace in greater syria. the united states congress passed the immigration act of 1924, which greatly reduced syrian immigration to the united states. however, the quotas were annulled by the immigration act of 1965, which opened the doors again to syrian immigrants. 4, 600 syrians immigrated to the united states in the mid - 1960s. due to the arab - israeli and religious conflicts in syria during this period, many syrians immigrated to the united states seeking a democratic haven, where they could live in freedom without political suppression. an estimated 64, 600 syrians immigrated to the united states in the period between 1961 and 2000, of which ten percent have been admitted under the refugee acts. according to the united states 2000 census, there are 142, 897 americans of syrian ancestry living in the united states. new york city has the biggest concentration of syrian americans in the united states. other urban areas, including boston, dearborn, new orleans, toledo, cedar rapids, and houston have large syrian populations. syrian americans are also numerous in southern california ( i. e. the los angeles and san diego areas ) and arizona, many are descendants of farm laborers invited with their farm skills to irrigate the deserts in the early 20th century.. many recent syrian immigrants are medical doctors who studied at damascus and aleppo universities and pursued their residencies and fellowships in the united states. the traditional clothing of the first syrian immigrants in the united states, along with their occupation as peddlers, led to some xenophobia. dr. a. j. mclaughlin, the united states health officer at marine hospital, described syrians as \" parasites in their peddling habits. \" however, syrians reacted quickly to assimilate fully into their new culture. immigrants anglicized their names, adopted the english language and common christian denominations. syrians did not congregate in urban enclaves ; many of the immigrants who had worked as peddlers were able to interact with americans on a daily basis. this helped them to absorb and learn the language and customs of their new homeland. additionally, military service during world war i and world war ii helped accelerate assimilation. assimilation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38965497035728636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.965272"}
{"text": "had worked as peddlers were able to interact with americans on a daily basis. this helped them to absorb and learn the language and customs of their new homeland. additionally, military service during world war i and world war ii helped accelerate assimilation. assimilation of early syrian immigrants was so successful that it has become difficult to recognize the ancestors of many families which have become completely americanized. post 1965 immigration was mostly muslim, and unlike their christian counterparts they faced a somewhat greater difficulty in assimilating because of their islamic faith and the \" back to the roots \" trend that gripped america in the 1960s and 1970s. generally, they are not overly desirous of giving up their identity as arabs, which might be a result of the bloom in multiculturalism to respect their islamic religious customs and traditions in the united states. christian syrian americans arrived in the united states in the late 19th century. most christian syrian americans are greek orthodox. there are also many catholic syrian americans ; most branches of catholicism are of the eastern rite, such as maronite catholics, melkite greek catholics, armenian catholics, syrian catholics, and assyrian chaldean catholics. there are only few minor differences between the different branches of catholicism ; such differences include the language / s church services are conducted, and the belief in papal infallibility. a few christian syrian americans are protestant. there are also members of the assyrian church of the east and ancient church of the east. the first syrian american church was founded in brooklyn, new york in 1895 by saint raphael of brooklyn. there are currently hundreds of eastern orthodox churches and missions in the united states. saint nicholas and saint george are popular saints for the orthodox. muslim syrian americans arrived chiefly after 1965. the largest sect in islam is the sunni sect, forming 74 % of the muslim syrian population. the second largest sect in islam in syria is the alawite sect, a religious sect that originated in shia islam but separated from other shiite islam groups in the ninth and tenth centuries. most, if not all, alawi syrians come from the rural areas of latakia governorate. muslim syrian americans have often found it difficult practicing their religion in the united states ; for example, some muslims, who are required to pray five times a day as part of muslim rite, argue that there aren ' t enough mosques in the united states. druzes form the third largest sect in syria, which is a relatively small esoteric monotheistic religious sect. early syrian immigrants included druze peddlers. muslim syrian americans have often found it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42355936050387283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.966331"}
{"text": "' t enough mosques in the united states. druzes form the third largest sect in syria, which is a relatively small esoteric monotheistic religious sect. early syrian immigrants included druze peddlers. muslim syrian americans have often found it difficult practicing their religion in the united states ; syrian jews first immigrated to the united states around 1908 and settled mostly in new york. initially they lived on the lower east side ; later settlements were in bensonhurst and ocean parkway in flatbush, brooklyn. the syrian jewish community estimates its population at around 50, 000. early syrian americans were not involved politically. business owners were usually republican, meanwhile labor workers were usually democrats. second generation syrian americans were the first to be elected for political roles. in light of the arab - israeli conflict, many syrian americans tried to affect american foreign policy by joining arab political groups in the united states. in the early 1970s, the national association of arab - americans was formed to negate the stereotypes commonly associated with arabs in american media. syrian americans were also part of the arab american institute, established in 1985, which supports and promotes arab american candidates, or candidates commiserative with arabs and arab americans, for office. mitch daniels, the current governor of indiana, is a descendant of syrian immigrants with relatives in homs. the majority of the early syrian immigrants arrived in the united states seeking better jobs ; they usually engaged in basic commerce, especially peddling. syrian american peddlers found their jobs comfortable since peddling required little training and mediocre vocabulary. syrian american peddlers served as the distribution medium for the products of small manufacturers. syrian peddlers traded mostly in dry goods, primarily clothing. networks of syrian traders and peddlers across the united states aided the distribution of syrian settlements ; by 1902, syrians could be found working in seattle, washington. most of these peddlers were successful, and, with time, and after raising enough capital, some became importers and wholesalers, recruiting newcomers and supplying them with merchandise. by 1908, there were 3, 000 syrian - owned businesses in the united states. by 1910, the first syrian millionaires had emerged. syrian americans gradually started to work in various metiers ; many worked as physicians, lawyers, and engineers. many syrian americans also worked in the bustling auto industry, bringing about large syrian american gatherings in areas like dearborn, michigan. later syrian emigrants served in fields like banking, medicine, and computer science. syrian americans have a different occupational distribution than all americans. according to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40557097975944195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.967383"}
{"text": "in the bustling auto industry, bringing about large syrian american gatherings in areas like dearborn, michigan. later syrian emigrants served in fields like banking, medicine, and computer science. syrian americans have a different occupational distribution than all americans. according to the 2000 census, 42 % of the syrian americans worked in management and professional occupations, compared with 34 % of their counterparts in the total population ; additionally, more syrian americans worked in sales than all american workers. however, syrian americans worked less in the other work domains like farming, transportation, construction, etc. than all american workers. according to the american medical association ( ama ) and the syrian american medical society ( sams ) which represents the american health care provoiders of syrian descent www. sams - usa. net there are estimated 4000 syrian physicians practicing in the united states representing 0. 4 % of the health workforce and 1. 6 % of international medical graduates. however the reported number of syrian american phyicians does not include the second and third generation of syrian descent, therefore it is estimated that there are 10, 000 syrian american physicians practice in the united states. arabi m, sankri - tarbichi ag. the metrics of syrian physicians ' brain drain to the united states. avicenna j med [ serial online ] 2012 [ cited 2012 oct 27 ] ; 2 : 1 - 2. available from : http : / / www. avicennajmed. com / text. asp? 2012 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 94802. the median level of earnings for syrian men and women is higher than the national earning median ; employed syrian men earned an average $ 46, 058 per year, compared with $ 37, 057 for all americans and $ 41, 687 for arab americans. syrian american families also had a higher median income than all families and lower poverty rates than those of the general population. syrians value strong family ties. unlike young americans, young syrians find leaving their family unnecessary to set up their independence ; the reason being, is that syrian society just like southwest asia, north africa and the wider eastern world, places great emphasis on the group rather than the individual. in the west the individual is key and the group is secondary. respect and social status are important in syrian societies. men are respected for their financial success or their honesty and sincerity. syrians are characterized by their magnanimity and graciousness, ethics which are integral to syrian life. \" however, much of the syrian traditions have diminished", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3917735969473486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.968321"}
{"text": "important in syrian societies. men are respected for their financial success or their honesty and sincerity. syrians are characterized by their magnanimity and graciousness, ethics which are integral to syrian life. \" however, much of the syrian traditions have diminished with time, mainly due to the fast pace of life in america which encourages individual independence. syrians consider eating an important aspect of social life. there are many syrian dishes which have become popular in the united states. unlike many western foods, syrian foods take more time to cook, are less expensive and usually more healthy. pita bread ( khubz ), which is round flat bread, and hummus, a dip made of ground chickpeas, sesame tahini, lemon juice, and garlic, are two popular syrian foods. baba ghanoush, or eggplant spreads, is also a dish made by syrians. popular syrian salads include tabbouleh and fattoush. the syrian cuisine includes other dishes like stuffed zucchini ( mahshe ), dolma, kebab, kibbeh, kibbeh nayyeh, mujaddara, shawarma, and shanklish. syrians often serve selections of appetizers, known as meze, before the main course. za ' atar, minced beef, and cheese manakish are popular hors d ' \u0153uvre. syrians are also well known for their cheese. a popular syrian drink is the arak beverage. one of the popular desserts made by syrians is the baklava, which is made of filo pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked in honey. syrian music includes several genres and styles of music ranging from arab classical to arabic pop music and from secular to sacred music. syrian music is characterized by an emphasis on melody and rhythm, as opposed to harmony. there are some genres of syrian music that are polyphonic, but typically, most syrian and arabic music is homophonic. syrian music is also characterized by the predominance of vocal music. the prototypical arabic music ensemble in egypt and syria is known as the takht, and relies on a number of musical instruments that represent a standardized tone system, and are played with generally standardized performance techniques, thus displaying similar details in construction and design. such musical instruments include the oud, kanun, rabab, ney, violin, riq and tableh. the jews of syria sang pizmonim. modern syrian music has incorporated instruments from the west", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4560222601808215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.969210"}
{"text": "in construction and design. such musical instruments include the oud, kanun, rabab, ney, violin, riq and tableh. the jews of syria sang pizmonim. modern syrian music has incorporated instruments from the west, including the electric guitar, cello, double bass and oboe, and incorporated influences from jazz and other foreign musical styles. traditional clothing traditional dress is not very common with syrian americans, and even native syrians ; modern western clothing is conventional in both syria and the united states. ethnic dance performers wear a shirwal, which are loose, baggy pants with an elastic waist. some muslim syrian women wear a hijab, which is a headscarf worn by muslim women to cover their hair. there are various styles of hijab. syrian americans celebrate many religious holidays. christian syrian americans celebrate most christian holidays usually celebrated in the united states. they celebrate christmas and easter, but since most syrians are eastern orthodox, they celebrate easter on a different sunday than most other americans. some christians celebrate various saints ' days. syrian american jews celebrate the jewish holidays, such as rosh hashanah, yom kippur, sukkot, purim, passover and shavuot. few syrians celebrate syria ' s independence day, april 17. as american citizens, many syrians celebrate american holidays like memorial day, independence day, and thanksgiving day. muslim syrian americans celebrate three main muslim holidays : ramadan, eid ul - fitr ( lesser bairam ), and eid ul - adha ( greater bairam ). ramadan is the ninth month of the islamic year, during which muslims fast from dawn to sunset ; muslims resort to self - discipline to cleanse themselves spiritually. after ramadan is over, muslims celebrate eid ul - fitr, when muslims break their fasting and revel exuberantly. muslims also celebrate eid ul - adha ( which means the festival of sacrifice ) 70 days after at the end of the islamic year, a holiday which is held along with the annual pilgrimage to mecca, hajj. dating and marriage syrian americans prefer traditional relationships and disfavor casual dating. muslims can only date after completing their marriage contact, kitabt al - kitab ( arabic : \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628, which means \" writing the book \" ), a period that ranges from a few months to a year or more to get used to living with one another. after this time period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48712804346682853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.970096"}
{"text": "( arabic : \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628, which means \" writing the book \" ), a period that ranges from a few months to a year or more to get used to living with one another. after this time period, a wedding takes place and fulfills the marriage. muslims tend to marry other muslims only. unable to find other suitable muslim syrian americans, many muslim syrian american have married other muslim americans. syrian american marriages are usually very strong ; this is reflected by the low divorce rates among syrian americans, which are below the average rates in the united states. generally, syrian american partners tend to have more children than average american partners ; syrian american partners also tend to have children at early stages of their marriages. according to the united states 2000 census, almost 62 % of syrian american households were married - couple households. syrian americans, including the earliest immigrants, have always placed a high premium on education. like many other americans, syrian americans view education as a necessity. generally, syrian and other arab americans are more highly educated than the average american. in the 2000 census it was reported that the proportion of syrian americans to achieve a bachelor ' s degree or higher is one and a half times that of the total american population. many syrian americans now work as engineers, scientists, pharmacists, and physicians. syrians are mainly arabic speakers. while some may speak the formal literary arabic, many syrians speak syrian arabic, a dialect which belongs to the levantine arabic family of dialects. there are also sub - dialects in syrian arabic ; for example, people from aleppo have a distinct and distinguishable accent, one that differs considerably from that of people from homs or al - hasakah. syrians can usually comprehend and understand the dialects of most arabs, especially those who speak any form of levantine arabic. many old syrian american families have lost their linguistic traditions because many parents do not teach their children arabic. newer immigrants, however, maintain their language traditions. the 2000 census shows that 79. 9 % of syrian americans speak english \" very well \". throughout the united states, there are schools which offer arabic language classes ; there are also some eastern orthodox churches which hold arabic services. notable people and contributions sometimes some confusion occurs between greater syria and the modern syria when determining the place of origin of the earliest syrian americans. however, the following list comprises notable americans who are originally people of modern syrian heritage. - paula abdul ( born june 19, 1962 ), is a television personality, jewelry designer, multi - platinum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5112460369585445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.971676"}
{"text": "determining the place of origin of the earliest syrian americans. however, the following list comprises notable americans who are originally people of modern syrian heritage. - paula abdul ( born june 19, 1962 ), is a television personality, jewelry designer, multi - platinum grammy - winning singer, and emmy award - winning choreographer. according to abdul, she has sold over 53 million records to date. abdul found renewed fame as a judge on the highly rated television series american idol. - f. murray abraham ( born october 24, 1939 ), is an actor who won the academy award for best actor for his role as antonio salieri in the 1984 film amadeus. his career after amadeus inspired the name of the phenomenon dubbed \" f. murray abraham syndrome \", attributed to actors who, after winning an oscar, have difficulty obtaining comparable success and recognition despite having recognizable talent. - moustapha akkad ( july 1, 1930 \u2013 november 11, 2005 ), was a film director and producer originally from aleppo ; akkad is best known for producing the series of halloween films, and for directing the lion of the desert and mohammad, messenger of god films. - malek jandali ( born december 25, 1972 ), is an award - winning composer and pianist originally from homs ; jandali is best known for arranging the oldest music notation in the world of ugarit in his album echoes from ugarit. - tige andrews ( march 19, 1920 \u2013 january 27, 2007 ), was an emmy - nominated character actor who was best known for his role as \" captain adam greer \" on the television series the mod squad. - paul anka ( born july 30, 1941 ), is a singer and song writer. anka rose to fame after many successful 1950s songs, earning him the status of a teen idol. ( some sources, such as the canadian encyclopedia and time magazine, suggest that anka is of syrian descent, while other sources, including anka ' s official website, suggest that he is of lebanese descent. ) - michael ansara ( born april 15, 1922 ), is a stage, screen and voice actor. - rosemary barkett ( born 1939 ), was the first woman to serve on the florida supreme court, and the first woman chief justice of that court. she currently serves as a federal judge on the united states court of appeals for the eleventh circuit. - mitch daniels ( born april 7, 1949 ), is the current governor of the u. s. state of indiana. - hala goran", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3737921108607546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.972656"}
{"text": "court. she currently serves as a federal judge on the united states court of appeals for the eleventh circuit. - mitch daniels ( born april 7, 1949 ), is the current governor of the u. s. state of indiana. - hala gorani ( born march 1, 1970 ), is a news anchor and correspondent for cnn international. - dan hedaya ( born july 24, 1940 ), is a prolific character actor notable for his many italian american film roles. - robert m. isaac ( born january 27, 1928 ), is the former republican mayor of colorado springs, colorado. elected in 1979, he was the first elected mayor of the history of colorado springs, serving through 1997. - alan jabbour ( born 1942 ), is a folklorist and a musician. - steve jobs ( february 24, 1955 \u2013 october 5, 2011 ), was the co - founder and former ceo of apple, the largest disney shareholder, and a member of disney ' s board of directors. jobs is considered a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries. - mohja kahf ( born 1967 ), poet and author - peter lupus ( born june 17, 1932 ), is a bodybuilder and actor, known primarily for \" mission : impossible \". - kurtis mantronik ( born september 4, 1965 ), is a hip - hop, electro funk, and dance music artist, dj, remixer, and producer. mantronik was the leader of the old - school band mantronix. - jack marshall ( born 1936 ), is an author and poet. - louay m. safi ( born september 15, 1955 ), is a scholar and human rights activist, and a vocal critic of the far right. author of numerous books and articles, safi is active in the debate on nuclear race, social and political development, and islam - west issues. he is the chairman of the syrian american congress. - jerry seinfeld ( born april 29, 1954 ), is a comedian, actor, and writer, best known for playing a semi - fictional version of himself in the long - running sitcom seinfeld, which he co - created and executively produced. - teri hatcher ( born december 8, 1964 ), is an actress known for her television roles as susan mayer on the abc comedy - drama series desperate housewives, and lois lane on lois & clark : the new adventures of superman. hatcher is syrian from her mother ' s side. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42792298163409237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.973546"}
{"text": "), is an actress known for her television roles as susan mayer on the abc comedy - drama series desperate housewives, and lois lane on lois & clark : the new adventures of superman. hatcher is syrian from her mother ' s side. - yasser seirawan ( born march 24, 1960 ), is a chess grandmaster and 4 - time us - champion. seirawan is the 69th best chess player in the world and the 2nd in the united states. - mona simpson ( born june 14, 1957 ), is a novelist and essayist ; simpson is also a sister of steve jobs. - kelly slater ( born february 11, 1972 ), is a successful professional surfer and an 11 time world champion. - wafa sultan ( born 1958 ), is a well - known secular activist and vocal critic of islam. in 2006, sultan was chosen by time magazine to be on the time 100 list of the 100 most influential people in 2006. - vic tayback ( january 6, 1930 \u2013 may 25, 1990 ), was an actor who won two golden globe awards for his role in the television series alice. - fawwaz ulaby, is the r. jamieson and betty williams professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the university of michigan, and the former vice president for research. - m. safwan badr, is a professor of internal medicine and chief of pulmonary / critical care and sleep medicine at the wayne state university, and the president elect of the american academy of sleep medicine ( aasm ). see also - u. s. census bureau : population by selected ancestry group and region : 2005 [ dead link ] - \" lebanese and syrian americans \". utica college. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06. - \" immigrants, by country of birth : 1961 to 2005 \". united states census. archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 03. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29. - a community of many worlds : arab americans in new york city, museum of the city of new york / syracuse university press, 2002 - naff ( 1993 ), p. 3 - ernest mccarus ( 1992 ). the development of arab - american identity ( hardcoover ed. ). university of michigan press. pp. 24, 25. isbn 0 - 472 - 10439 - x. - hitti, philip ( 2005 ). the syrians in america. gorgias press. isbn 1 - 59333 - 176 - 2. - \" syrian americans \". everyculture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41489504537210203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.974436"}
{"text": "0 - 472 - 10439 - x. - hitti, philip ( 2005 ). the syrians in america. gorgias press. isbn 1 - 59333 - 176 - 2. - \" syrian americans \". everyculture. com. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21. - samovar & porter ( 1994 ), p. 83 - suleiman ( 1999 ), pp. 1 - 21 - mccarus, ernest ( 1994 ). the development of arab - american identity. university of michigan press. p. 26. isbn 0 - 472 - 10439 - x. - samovar & porter ( 1994 ), p. 84 - \" religion in syria - christianity \". about. com. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22. - \" st. raphael of brooklyn \". antiochian orthodox christian archdiocese of north america. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22. - \" orthodox churches ( parishes ) \". the antiochian orthodox church. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30. - williams, raymond ( 1996 ). christian pluralism in the united states : the indian experience. cambridge university press. p. 11. isbn 0 - 521 - 57016 - 6. - \" syria \". the world factbook. 2007. - \" religion in syria - alawi islam \". about. com. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22. - zenner, walter ( 2000 ). a global community : the jews from aleppo, syria. wayne state university press. p. 127. isbn 0 - 8143 - 2791 - 5. - kornfeld, alana b. elias. \" syrian jews mark 100 years in u. s. \". jewish news of greater phoenix. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20. - samovar & porter ( 1994 ), p. 85 - the arab americans : a history by gregory orfalea, pg 224 - naff, alixa ( 1993 ). becoming american : the early arab immigrant experience. carbondale, southern illinois university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 585 - 10809 - 4. - levinson, david ; ember, melvin ( 1997 ). american immigrant cultures : builders of a nation. simon & schuster macmillan. p. 580. isbn 0 - 02 - 897213 - 9. - giggie, john ; winston, diane ( 2002 ). faith in the market : religion and the rise of urban commercial culture. rutgers university press. p. 204. isbn 0 - 8135 - 3099 - 7. - \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44441437967745046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.975270"}
{"text": "9. - giggie, john ; winston, diane ( 2002 ). faith in the market : religion and the rise of urban commercial culture. rutgers university press. p. 204. isbn 0 - 8135 - 3099 - 7. - \" we the people of arab ancestry in the united states \". united states census. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20. - davis, scott ( 2002 ). the road from damascus : a journey through syria. cune press. isbn 978 - 1 - 885942 - 84 - 5. - mahdi, ali akbar ( 2003 ). teen life in the middle east. greenwood press. pp. 189 \u2013 191. isbn 0 - 313 - 31893 - x. - toumar, habib hassan ( 2003 ). the music of the arabs. amadeus. isbn 1 - 57467 - 081 - 6. - \" holidays \". us embassy in damascus. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 24. - eichner, itamar ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ). \" israeli minister, american idol \". ynetnew. com. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - rocchio, christopher ( 2007 - 03 - 14 ). \" paula abdul dishes on antonella barba, ' idol, ' and her media portrayal \". realitytvworld. com. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - zeidler, sue. \" is winning an oscar a curse or a blessing? \". film. com. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20. - \" moustapaha akkad \". the daily telegraph ( london ). 2005 - 11 - 12. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20. - \" malek jandali \". national public radio ( houston ). 2010 - 10 - 08. retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08. - \" ' mod squad ' actor tige andrews, 86, dies \". usa today. 2006 - 02 - 05. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - \" paul anka \". historyofrock. com. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20. - \" anka, paul \". the canadian encyclopedia. retrieved 2007 - 03 - 26. - \" paul the comforter \". time. 1961 - 11 - 03. retrieved 2007 - 03 - 26. - leiby, richard ( 2005 - 04 - 05 ). \" paul anka ' s deutsch treat \". the washington post. retrieved 2007 - 03 - 26. - \" faq \". paulanka. com. retrieved 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42411632592141657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.976219"}
{"text": ". - leiby, richard ( 2005 - 04 - 05 ). \" paul anka ' s deutsch treat \". the washington post. retrieved 2007 - 03 - 26. - \" faq \". paulanka. com. retrieved 2007 - 03 - 26. - \" indiana governor mitch daniels \". official indiana state site. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - abbas, faisal ( 2006 - 01 - 17 ). \" q & a with cnn \u2019 s hala gorani \". asharq al - awsat. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - \" dan hedaya \". internet movie database. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20. - \" steve jobs ' magic kingdom \". businessweek. 2006 - 01 - 06. retrieved 2006 - 09 - 20. - burrows, peter ( 2004 - 11 - 04 ). \" steve jobs : he thinks different \". businessweek. retrieved 2006 - 09 - 20. - \" jerry seinfeld \". vividseats. com. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - \" yasser seirawan \". chessgames. com. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - abinader, elmaz. \" children of al - mahjar : arab american literature spans a century \". usinfo. archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 01. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20. - campbell, duncan ( 2004 - 06 - 18 ). \" steve jobs \". the guardian ( london ). retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - \" surf for peace \". surfer magazine. retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17. - nomani, asra ( 2006 - 04 - 30 ). \" wafa sultan \". time. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - \" the time 100, 2006 \". time. retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. - maslin, janet. \" vic tayback \". the new york times. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20. - abu - laban, baha ; suleiman, michael ( 1989 ). arab americans : continuity and change. aaug monograph series. belmont, massachusetts : association of arab - american university graduates. isbn 978 - 0 - 937694 - 82 - 4. - kayal, philip ; kayal, joseph ( 1975 ). the syrian lebanese in america : a study in religion and assimilation. the immigrant heritage of america series. [ new york ], twayne publishers. isbn 978 - 0 - 8057 - 8412 - 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4617625459905118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.978234"}
{"text": "##al, joseph ( 1975 ). the syrian lebanese in america : a study in religion and assimilation. the immigrant heritage of america series. [ new york ], twayne publishers. isbn 978 - 0 - 8057 - 8412 - 1. - naff, alixa ( 1985 ). becoming american : the early arab immigrant experience. carbondale, southern illinois university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 585 - 10809 - 4. - saliba, najib ( 1992 ). emigration from syria and the syrian - lebanese community of worcester, ma. ligonier, pennsylvania : antakya press. isbn 0 - 9624190 - 1 - x. - saliba jerry seinfeld ticketsinventory. com retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. missing or empty - samovar, l. a. ; porter, r. e. ( 1994 ). intercultural communication : a reader. thomson wadsworth. isbn 0 - 534 - 64440 - 6. - suleiman, michael ( 1999 ). arabs in america : building a new future. netlibrary. isbn 0 - 585 - 36553 - 9. - younis, adele l. ( 1989 ). the coming of the arabic - speaking people to the united states. staten island, new york : center for migration studies. isbn 978 - 0 - 934733 - 40 - 3. oclc 31516579.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46019863465831495, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.978716"}
{"text": "united nations special commission united nations special commission ( unscom ) was an inspection regime created by the united nations to ensure iraq ' s compliance with policies concerning iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the gulf war. between 1991 and 1997 its director was rolf ekeus ; from 1997 to 1999 its director was richard butler. united nations special commission ( unscom ) was an inspection regime created with the adoption of united nations security council resolution 687 in april 1991 to oversee iraq ' s compliance with the destruction of iraqi chemical, biological, and missile weapons facilities and to cooperate with the international atomic energy agency \u2019 s efforts to eliminate nuclear weapon facilities all in the aftermath of the gulf war. the unscom inspection regime was packaged with several other un security council requirements, namely, that iraq \u2019 s ruling regime formally recognize kuwait as an independent state and pay out war reparations for the destruction inflicted in the gulf war, including the firing of kuwaiti oil supplies and destruction of public infrastructure. until the un security council saw that iraq \u2019 s weapons programs had been aborted and iraqi leaders had allowed monitoring systems to be installed, the un \u2019 s aforementioned sanctions would continue to be imposed on iraq. the commission found corroborating evidence that rihab rashid taha, an iraqi microbiologist educated in england, had produced biological weapons for iraq in the 1980s. the destruction of proscribed weapons and the associated facilities was carried out mainly by iraq, under constant supervision by unscom. inspectors withdrew in 1998, and disbanded the following year amid allegations that the united states had used the commission ' s resources to spy on the iraqi military. weapons inspector scott ritter later stated that operation rockingham had cherry - picked evidence found by the united nations special commission ; evidence, he says, that was later used as part of the casus belli for the 2003 invasion of iraq. the successor of the united nations special commission was the united nations monitoring, verification and inspection commission. the united nations special commission ( unscom ) was headed by rolf ekeus and later richard butler. during several visits to iraq by the united nations special committee ( unscom ), set up after the 1990 invasion of kuwait to inspect iraqi weapons facilities, weapons inspectors were told by rihab rashid taha that the al - hakam germ warfare center was a chicken - feed plant. \" there were a few things that were peculiar about this animal - feed production plant, \" charles duelfer, unscom ' s deputy executive chairman, later told reporters, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4741014164530895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a84d84-31b8-48b1-b1fd-ec91710fe8fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.990632"}
{"text": "- hakam germ warfare center was a chicken - feed plant. \" there were a few things that were peculiar about this animal - feed production plant, \" charles duelfer, unscom ' s deputy executive chairman, later told reporters, \" beginning with the extensive air defenses surrounding it. \" the powers given to unscom inspectors in iraq were : \u201c unrestricted freedom of movement without advance notice in iraq \u201d ; the \u201c right to unimpeded access to any site or facility for the purpose of the on - site inspection... whether such site or facility be above or below ground \u201d ; \u201c the right to request, receive, examine, and copy any record data, or information... relevant to \u201d unscom \u2019 s activities ; and the \u201c right to take and analyze samples of any kind as well as to remove and export samples for off - site analysis. acceptance of the intrusion of the unscom \u2019 s inspectors on the part of the iraqi regime was slow coming. but with the threat of punitive military action looming from the international community, and particularly the u. s., saddam husain begrudgingly allowed unscom \u2019 s inspectors into the country to begin their work. between 1991 and 1995, un inspectors uncovered a massive program to develop biological and nuclear weapons. a large amount of equipment was confiscated and destroyed. iraq by and large refused to cooperate with unscom and its inspections as mandated by un sc res. 687 until june 1992, ten months after deadline, at which time the iraqi government submitted \u201c full, final and complete reports \u201d on all of its weapons of mass destruction programs. these reports, however, were found to be incomplete and deficient, and at the same time un inspectors were subjected to harassment and threats on the part of the iraqi regime. united nations security council resolution 699 was also passed in 1991, declaring that iraq was responsible for all funding of unscom \u2019 s inspections in iraq. in 1995, unscom ' s principal weapons inspector dr. rod barton showed taha documents obtained by unscom from israel that showed the iraqi government had just purchased 10 tons of growth media from a british company called oxoid. growth media is a mixture of sugar, proteins and minerals that allows microscopic life to grow. it is used in hospitals, where swabs from patients are placed in dishes containing growth media for diagnostic purposes. iraq ' s hospital consumption of growth media was just 200 kg a year ; yet in 1988, iraq imported 39 tons of it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4825064346789327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a84d84-31b8-48b1-b1fd-ec91710fe8fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.991555"}
{"text": "grow. it is used in hospitals, where swabs from patients are placed in dishes containing growth media for diagnostic purposes. iraq ' s hospital consumption of growth media was just 200 kg a year ; yet in 1988, iraq imported 39 tons of it. shown this evidence by unscom, taha admitted to inspectors that she had grown 19, 000 litres of botulism toxin ; 8, 000 litres of anthrax ; 2, 000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver cancer ; clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene ; and ricin, a castor bean derivative which can kill by inhibiting protein synthesis. she also admitted conducting research into cholera, salmonella, foot and mouth disease, and camel pox, a disease that uses the same growth techniques as smallpox, but which is safer for researchers to work with. it was because of the discovery of taha ' s work with camel pox that the us and british intelligence services feared saddam hussein may have been planning to weaponize the smallpox virus. iraq had a smallpox outbreak in the 1970s and unscom scientists believe the government would have retained contaminated material. unscom learned that, in august 1990, after iraq ' s invasion of kuwait, taha ' s team was ordered to set up a program to weaponize the biological agents. by january 1991, a team of 100 scientists and support staff had filled 157 bombs and 16 missile warheads with botulin toxin, and 50 bombs and five missile warheads with anthrax. in an interview with the bbc, taha denied the iraqi government had weaponized the bacteria. \" we never intended to use it, \" she told journalist jane corbin of the bbc ' s panorama program. \" we never wanted to cause harm or damage to anybody. \" unscom found the munitions dumped in a river near al - hakam. unscom also discovered that taha ' s team had conducted inhalation experiments on donkeys from england and on beagles from germany. the inspectors seized photographs showing beagles having convulsions inside sealed containers. the al - hakam germ warfare center, headed by the british - educated iraqi biologist dr. rihab rashid taha, was blown up by unscom in 1996. according to a 1999 report from the u. s. defense intelligence agency, the normally mild - mannered taha exploded into violent rages whenever unscom questioned her about al - hakam, shouting, screaming and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4669423504344637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a84d84-31b8-48b1-b1fd-ec91710fe8fe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.992409"}
{"text": "unscom in 1996. according to a 1999 report from the u. s. defense intelligence agency, the normally mild - mannered taha exploded into violent rages whenever unscom questioned her about al - hakam, shouting, screaming and, on one occasion, smashing a chair, while insisting that al - hakam was a chicken - feed plant. iraq charged that the commission was a cover for us espionage and refused unscom access to certain sites, such as baath party headquarters. although ekeus has said that he resisted attempts at such espionage, many allegations have since been made against the agency commission under butler, charges which butler has denied. within the un establishment in iraq, unscom was not without its critics, with the un ' s humanitarian staff informally calling the inspectors ' un - scum '. in return, the un ' s humanitarian staff were called \" bunny - huggers \". also in 1996, the iraqi ruling regime agreed to the terms of united security council resolution 986, an oil - for - supplies agreement in which iraq was allowed to sell $ 2 billion worth of oil every six months as a ways to purchase supplies for its increasingly impoverished and malnourished population. this agreement also allowed the un to oversee the use and management of oil revenues, and to see that some of the funds went to pay war reparations and for the work of unscom in iraq during this period. the distribution of supplies purchased with oil revenues was also to be supervised by un inspectors to ensure fair and equal distribution throughout the iraqi population. 1998 airstrikes security council meeting on the evening of 15 december 1998 the security council convened to consider two letters from weapons inspectors. the iaea report by mohamed el baradei stated that iraq \" has provided the necessary level of cooperation to enable... [ our ] activities to be completed efficiently and effectively \". the unscom report, authored by richard butler, deplored the restrictions, lack of disclosure, and concealment. while conceding that \" [ i ] n statistical terms, the majority of the inspections of facilities and sites under the ongoing monitoring system were carried out with iraq ' s cooperation, \" his letter listed a number of instances where unspecificed \" undeclared dual - capable items \" had been discovered, and where inspections had been held up so that buildings could be cleared of sensitive material. since operation desert fox had already begun at the time of the meeting ( just hours after the inspectors had been evacuated ), the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48846699583307795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a84d84-31b8-48b1-b1fd-ec91710fe8fe>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.993953"}
{"text": "- capable items \" had been discovered, and where inspections had been held up so that buildings could be cleared of sensitive material. since operation desert fox had already begun at the time of the meeting ( just hours after the inspectors had been evacuated ), the security council debated about who was to blame for the military action, rather than whether they should authorize it. the iraqi representative said : | \u201c | | i speak to you now while rockets and bombs are falling on the cities and the villages of iraq... at a time when the security council... was discussing [ the ] reports..., and before the council reached any conclusion on this subject, the united states and britain launched their attack against iraq. the two powers requested a suspension of the informal meeting of the security council and their pretext for aggression was that one of the two reports - - the unscom report - - emphasized the lack of full cooperation by iraq with unscom... time and again we have warned against the partiality and lack of objectivity of the united nations special commission... the unscom executive chairman singled out in his report yesterday five incidents out of a total of 300 inspection operations... the exaggerated uproar about iraqi weapons of mass destruction is nothing but a great lie. | | \u201d | the russian ambassador added : | \u201c | | we believe that although there are certain problems..., the current crisis was created artificially... on the night of 15 december this year, [ butler ] presented a report that gave a distorted picture of the real state of affairs and concluded that there was a lack of full cooperation on the part of iraq. that conclusion was not borne out by the facts. without any consultations with the security council, richard butler then evacuated the entire special commission staff from iraq. at the same time, there was an absolutely unacceptable leak of the report to the communications media, which received the text before the members of the security council themselves... it is symbolic that precisely at the time when richard butler... was attempting to defend the conclusions reached in his report, we were informed about the strike against iraq, and the justification for that unilateral act was precisely the report which had been presented by the executive chairman of the special commission. | | \u201d | the view of the council was split, with several countries placing the responsibility on iraq. the united states declared that \" iraq ' s policy of unremitting defiance and non - compliance necessitated the resort to military", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4717680261168664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a84d84-31b8-48b1-b1fd-ec91710fe8fe>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.995080"}
{"text": "the special commission. | | \u201d | the view of the council was split, with several countries placing the responsibility on iraq. the united states declared that \" iraq ' s policy of unremitting defiance and non - compliance necessitated the resort to military force \". the united kingdom stated that the objectives of the action were \" to degrade iraq ' s capability to build and use weapons of mass destruction, and to diminish the military threat iraq poses to its neighbours. the targets chosen, therefore, are targets connected with his military capability, his weapons of mass destruction and his ability to threaten his neighbours. \" 1999 : end of unscom in december 1999, the un security council passed resolution 1284, replacing unscom with the united nations monitoring, verification and inspection commission. four countries \u2014 among them russia, france and china \u2014 abstained from voting on res. 1284, which led the iraqi regime to reject the resolution because they saw the resolution as a way for the un to claim iraq as a \u201c protectorate. \u201d unscom \u2019 s intention of identifying and eliminating iraqi weapons programs resulted in numerous successes, illustrating the \u201c value of a system approach to biological arms verification, \u201d as former unscom historian stephen black has written. but the overall effect of the un sanctions on iraqi in the 1990s proved devastating to an already crumbling country. malnutrition rates among iraqis increased and infant mortality rates soared, exacting a heavy toll on the people of iraq not part of the ruling regime \u2019 s patrimonial \u201c shadow state. \u201d allegations of cia infiltration of unscom evidence that unscom had been used by us intelligence to penetrate iraqi security and track president saddam hussein ' s movements emerged in january 1999. an investigation by the washington post claimed that cia engineers, working as un technicians, installed equipment to spy on iraqi sites without butler ' s knowledge, and that this explained the unidentified \" burst transmissions \" that had been noted by the inspectors. former un weapons inspector scott ritter later accused some unscom personnel of spying, and also alleged that the purpose of the spying was to target saddam in the bombing. butler, on the other hand, denied allegations that foreign intelligence agencies \" piggybacked \" unscom and questioned the factual accuracy of several of ritter ' s statements. on 31 august 1998, ritter said : \" iraq still has proscribed weapons capability. there needs to be a careful distinction here. iraq today is challenging the special commission to come up with a weapon and say where is the weapon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48111594120321866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a84d84-31b8-48b1-b1fd-ec91710fe8fe>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.996007"}
{"text": "' s statements. on 31 august 1998, ritter said : \" iraq still has proscribed weapons capability. there needs to be a careful distinction here. iraq today is challenging the special commission to come up with a weapon and say where is the weapon in iraq, and yet part of their efforts to conceal their capabilities, i believe, have been to disassemble weapons into various components and to hide these components throughout iraq. i think the danger right now is that without effective inspections, without effective monitoring, iraq can in a very short period of time measure the months, reconstitute chemical biological weapons, long - range ballistic missiles to deliver these weapons, and even certain aspects of their nuclear weaponization program. \" almost a year later, in june 1999, ritter responded to an interviewer saying : \" when you ask the question, ' does iraq possess militarily viable biological or chemical weapons? ' the answer is no! it is a resounding no. can iraq produce today chemical weapons on a meaningful scale? no! can iraq produce biological weapons on a meaningful scale? no! ballistic missiles? no! it is ' no ' across the board. so from a qualitative standpoint, iraq has been disarmed. iraq today possesses no meaningful weapons of mass destruction capability. butler resigned from unscom on 30 june 1999. see also - in shifting sands : the truth about unscom and the disarming of iraq - documentary film directed by scott ritter - iraq disarmament crisis and iraq disarmament timeline 1990 \u2013 2003 - unscom personnel : rolf ekeus, richard butler ( diplomat ), charles a. duelfer, scott ritter, corinne heraud, alexander coker - united nations security council resolution 687 s - res - 687 ( 1991 ) page 3 on 3 april 1991 ( retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 ) - zilinskas, raymond a., \u201c unscom and the unscom experience in iraq, \u201d politics and the life sciences, vol. 14, no. 2 ( aug., 1995 ), 230 - 231 - tripp, charles, \u201c a history of iraq, \u201d ( new york : cambridge university press, 2008 ), 250 - what happened to saddam ' s wmd? arms control today september, 2003 - chief u. n. weapons inspector rejects spying allegations cnn january 6, 1999 - us silence on new iraq spying allegations bbc news january 7, 1999 - black, stephen, \u201c unscom and the iraqi biological weapons program :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46429748886022926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a84d84-31b8-48b1-b1fd-ec91710fe8fe>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.996826"}
{"text": "today september, 2003 - chief u. n. weapons inspector rejects spying allegations cnn january 6, 1999 - us silence on new iraq spying allegations bbc news january 7, 1999 - black, stephen, \u201c unscom and the iraqi biological weapons program : implications for arms control, \u201d politics and the life sciences, \u201d vol. 18, no. 1 ( mar., 1999 ), pp. 62 - 63 - tripp, 250 - 251 - zilinskas, 230 - \" the inspections maze \". christian science monitor. 2002. retrieved 2006 - 04 - 28. [ dead link ] - \" baghdad prevents inspections at baath party headquarters \". arabic news. com. 12 / 11 / 1998. retrieved 2006 - 04 - 28. - wright, susan ( 2002 ). biological warfare and disarmament. lanham : rowman & littlefield. p. 272. isbn 0 - 7425 - 2469 - 8. - varadarajan, siddharth ( 26 february 1998 ). \" ' unscum ' versus ' bunny - huggers ' in iraq \". the times of india. - tripp, 252 - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - \" letter dated 15 december 1998 from the secretary - general addressed to the president of the security council \". un. org. retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19. - united nations security council s - 1998 - 1172 on 1998 - 12 - 15 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - julian borger ( 17 december 1998 ). \" missile blitz on iraq \". the guardian. - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 page 2 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 page 3 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 page 8 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 page 5 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - tripp, 269 - black, 68 - graham - brown, sarah, \u201c sanctioning iraq : a failed policy, middle east report, no. 215 ( summer, 2000 ), pp. 8 - 10 - halliday, denis j., \u201c the impact of the un sanctions on the people of iraq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4706006701060923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33a84d84-31b8-48b1-b1fd-ec91710fe8fe>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:58.997594"}
{"text": "the significance of alabama unionists during the civil war and reconstruction has long been a subject of study among scholars. largely centered in northern alabama and to a lesser degree in the southeast region and in montgomery and mobile, unionists were important both militarily and politically. until recently, however, the details of this phenomenon have remained less well known, largely because the term unionist ( both then and now ) has been used to refer to a range of different individuals and positions. in the broadest sense, unionist has meant any white person who opposed secession ( including those who later supported the confederacy ) and those who came to support the union during the war despite having originally supported the confederacy. this broad definition includes a very wide range of alabamians \u2014 from the most well - to - do planters who ultimately become officers in the confederate army to the subsistence farmer who deserted the southern cause midway through the war. it is also possible to define unionism more narrowly, confining the label to those individuals who resisted both secession and the confederacy during the war. such unconditional loyalists probably represented no more than 15 percent of alabama ' s adult white population. they were mostly nonslaveholding farmers ( though a small minority owned slaves ) living in the northern third of the state. a few unionists also lived in the piney woods and coastal plain further south. in many respects, these men and women were very much like their neighbors who supported the confederate cause. the reasons they remained loyal to the union were also quite diverse. many saw secession as illegal, whereas others felt that it would dishonor the american revolution and their own ancestors. still others were certain that secession would end in political or military disaster. many were influenced by the respected figures in their families or neighborhoods. unionism in alabama arose under the pressures of the presidential election of 1860. nine months before, the state legislature had directed that, in the event of a republican ' s election, a state secession convention would be called. by directly linking the presidential election to secession, the legislature fostered a political atmosphere that was particularly hostile to unionists. newspaper editorials and participants at community meetings condemned as traitors those who canvassed for illinois senator stephen douglas, the nominee of the regular democratic party, rather than the southern - rights democratic nominee, john breckinridge. in the election, fully 80 percent of alabama ' s eligible voters participated, giving breckinridge a substantial victory, with 54 percent of the vote. john bell, the constitutional union candidate who was supported by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4460995758667969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf6578e-71df-4e20-904c-5952df38fb9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.004819"}
{"text": "nominee, john breckinridge. in the election, fully 80 percent of alabama ' s eligible voters participated, giving breckinridge a substantial victory, with 54 percent of the vote. john bell, the constitutional union candidate who was supported by a number of alabamians hostile to secession, received 31 percent of the vote. douglas, the candidate most associated with a strongly unionist position, polled slightly more than 15 percent. republican abraham lincoln was not even on the ballot in alabama. as promised, alabama secessionists called a convention in the wake of lincoln ' s election. the campaign for convention delegates provoked heated and sometimes violent debates among neighbors, forcing many to defend their positions in public. of the 100 delegates elected, 53 were secessionists and 47 were cooperationists, a term that refers to the delegates ' desire to secede only in \" cooperation \" with other southern states. in fact, the men elected on this platform represented a wide range of ideas about if, when, and under what circumstances to cooperate with secession and included a minority faction \u2014 probably less than one - third ( the vast majority of them from the northern third of the state ) \u2014 of unconditional unionists who opposed secession outright. these delegates convened in montgomery on january 7, 1861, and debated secession for four days. on january 11, 1861, the convention passed alabama ' s ordinance of secession by a vote of 61 to 39. many of those who voted against the ordinance, however, ultimately did support secession, and four immediately reversed themselves and signed with the majority. among the opposition, 33 delegates subsequently signed the \" address to the people of alabama, \" in which they pledged to consult with their supporters and then act on their wishes. ten signatories of the address signed the ordinance to satisfy their constituents. other delegates who rejected the ordinance eventually took active part in the war. only three signers \u2014 henry c. sanford of cherokee county, elliot p. jones of fayette county, and robert guttery of walker county \u2014 never signed the ordinance and maintained their unionism throughout the war. only two wartime unionists \u2014 r. s. watkins of franklin county and christopher c. sheats of winston county \u2014 signed neither the \" address \" nor the ordinance of secession. most of the men and women who supported the union after alabama ' s secession faced great difficulties. many were ostracized and ridiculed by neighbors, called before community vigilance committees for questioning and intimidation, or actually harmed for endorsing the union. such treatment was most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38876740950017863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf6578e-71df-4e20-904c-5952df38fb9c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.005753"}
{"text": "the union after alabama ' s secession faced great difficulties. many were ostracized and ridiculed by neighbors, called before community vigilance committees for questioning and intimidation, or actually harmed for endorsing the union. such treatment was most commonly meted out to those who publicly asserted their views ; those who kept quiet and did not interfere with volunteering were often left alone during the first year of the war. after confederate conscription began in april 1862, however, community tolerance of unionists waned. individuals who resisted the draft, for whatever reason, were subject to arrest and imprisonment. family members who supported resisters were frequently threatened with violence or exile by conscript cavalry who hoped to pressure men to come in from the woods or mountains and surrender. in addition, it was not at all uncommon for the families of unionists to be targeted for punitive foraging or arson by confederate forces or local conscript cavalry. after the union army invaded alabama in early 1862, unionists had more opportunities to flee behind union lines for safety and the possibility of employment as soldiers, spies, or laborers. most well known of alabama ' s union troops was the first alabama cavalry, u. s. a., organized in late 1862 by brig. gen. grenville m. dodge, stationed at corinth, mississippi. the regiment served mostly in northern alabama, western tennessee, and northeastern mississippi, though it marched with gen. william tecumseh sherman to savannah in 1864. alabama unionists also joined other federal regiments, particularly those from tennessee, indiana, illinois, and ohio. those who remained at home, both within union - occupied territory and behind confederate lines, also actively assisted union forces as spies and guides. in some cases, they collaborated with local african americans ( most often their own slaves ) to aid and abet the union army or pro - union men in their neighborhoods. moreover, african americans from alabama also crossed the union lines to serve as laborers and soldiers, and after the emancipation proclamation went into effect in 1863, many were inducted into united states colored troops regiments. almost 5, 000 african americans, or 6 percent of alabama ' s black male population between the ages of 18 and 45, volunteered in the union ranks. as was the case throughout the south, by the midpoint of the war alabama ' s original unionists were increasingly joined in their dissent by deserters from the confederate army, mostly men whose families were struggling at home without their labor. disillusioned by the realities of warfare, angered by the in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36665904118645287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf6578e-71df-4e20-904c-5952df38fb9c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.006629"}
{"text": "for intimidation and physical violence by the ku klux klan and other anti - reconstruction vigilantes. as elsewhere in the south, alabama unionists and their republican allies ( white and black, northern and southern ) received little in the way of federal assistance to defend against the onslaught of violence. as their party was overwhelmed by the democratic opposition, unionists retreated from the forefront of state politics, though those in communities with substantial loyalist populations continued in positions of local political leadership well into the late nineteenth century. barney, william l. the secessionist impulse : alabama and mississippi in 1860. princeton : princeton university press, 1974. fitzgerald, michael w. the union league movement in the deep south : politics and agri cultural change during reconstruction. baton rouge : louisiana state university press, 1989. mills, gary b. southern loyalists in the civil war : the southern claims commission. a composite directory of case files created by the u. s. commissioner of claims, 1871 - 1880, including those appealed to the war claims committee of the u. s. house of representatives and the u. s. court of claims. baltimore : genealogical publishing company, inc. 1994. rogers, william warren, jr. the confederate home front : montgomery during the civil war. tuscaloosa : the university of alabama press, 1999. storey, margaret m. loyalty and loss : alabama ' s unionists in the civil war and reconstruction. baton rouge : louisiana state university press, 2004. margaret m. storey published december 14, 2007 last updated october 3, 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3889887081043767, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcf6578e-71df-4e20-904c-5952df38fb9c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.008251"}
{"text": "menezes, pradeep l and kishore, * and kailas, satish v ( 2006 ) studies on friction and transfer layer using inclined scratch. in : tribology international, 39 ( 2 ). pp. 175 - 183. restricted to registered users only download ( 562kb ) | request a copy friction influences the nature of transfer layer formed at the interface between die and sheet during forming. in the present investigation, basic studies were conducted using ' inclined scratch test ' to understand the mechanism of transfer layer formation during sliding of pins made of an al - mg alloy on en8 steel flats of different surface roughness under dry and lubricated conditions. the surfaces produced can be categorized into three different types : ( a ) uni - directional ( b ) 8 - ground and ( c ) random. rubbing the en8 flat in a uni - directional manner and a criss - cross manner on emery sheets produced the uni - directional and 8 ground surfaces. the random surfaces were produced by polishing the en8 flats using various abrasive powders. the influence of the ' nature of surface roughness ' on material transfer and coefficient of friction were investigated. scanning electron microscopy studies were performed on the contact surfaces of the al - mg alloy pins and en8 steel flats to reveal the morphology of the transfer layer obtained. it was seen that the transfer layer is dependant on the coefficient of friction. the coefficient of friction, which has two components - the adhesion component and the plowing component, is controlled by the ' nature of surface '. a surface that promotes plane strain conditions near the surfaces increases the plowing component of friction. | item type : | | journal article | | additional information : | | copyright for this article belongs to elsevier. | | keywords : | | friction ; nature of surface ; inclined scratch | | department / centre : | | division of mechanical sciences > materials engineering ( formerly metallurgy ) division of mechanical sciences > mechanical engineering | date deposited : | | 19 jan 2006 | | last modified : | | 19 sep 2010 04 : 23 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.560653369050779, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29ad99f8-17dd-4bf4-9973-88d9fa050e74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.012963"}
{"text": "fauziah, catur khurotul ( 2007 ) hubungan antara religiusitas dengan kepuasan hidup pada lanjut usia. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. download ( 58kb ) | preview religiosity is an appreciation, confidence, experience or individual conscience against religious teachings are realized in practice worship and religious rituals. terbinanya religiosity properly, can raises life satisfaction for the elderly. where life satisfaction is a state which includes feelings of passion in it, have assertiveness and tough or resilient, the match between the desire to achievement of goals, have positive self concept, and mood calm. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between religiosity to life satisfaction in elderly. this study uses a quantitative approach. the subject of this research is the elderly who followed the routine recitation in boarding school nurul ulum. the sampling technique used is total sampling. with number of study subjects 50 people. data collection methods used there are 2 kinds of scales are scales of religiosity and life satisfaction scale. data collected and then analyzed by using correlation product moment using the computer program spss for windows version 10. results obtained from this study indicate that there is a relationship positive and highly significant correlation between religiosity to life satisfaction in advanced age ( r = 0. 419 p = 0. 002 ). this means that the higher the religiosity which is owned the higher the person ' s life satisfaction, and vice versa the lower the religiosity of a person will get low life satisfaction. the effective contribution of religiosity to the satisfaction living elderly by 17. 6 %, while 82, 4 % influenced by other variables had not been examined. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | divisions : | | faculty of psychology > department of psychology | | depositing user : | | zainul afandi | | date deposited : | | 29 may 2012 09 : 29 | | last modified : | | 29 may 2012 09 : 29 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5403327901283459, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1675929f-e225-4e5d-9afc-41f03f5044f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.016728"}
{"text": "rodrigues, a. s. l., andelman, s. j., bakarr, m. i., boitani, l., brooks, t. m., cowling, r. m., fishpool, l. d. c., da fonseca, g. a. b., gaston, k. j., hoffmann, m., long, j. s., marquet, p. a., pilgrim, j. d., pressey, r. l., schipper, j., sechrest, w., stuart, s. n., underhill, l. g., waller, r. w., watts, m. e. j. and yan, x. ( 2004 ) effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. nature, 428 ( 6983 ). pp. 640 - 643. issn 0028 - 0836full text available as : the fifth world parks congress in durban, south africa, announced in september 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11. 5 % of the planet ' s land surface. this surpasses the 10 % target proposed a decade earlier, at the caracas congress, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning. although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. in practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. we show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform \u2014 that is, ' one size fits all ' \u2014 conservation targets. | copyright, publisher and additional information : | | \u00a9 2004 nature publishing group | | academic units : | | the university of sheffield > faculty of science ( sheffield ) > school of biological sciences ( sheffield ) > department of animal and plant sciences ( sheffield ) | | depositing user : | | repository officer | | date deposited : | | 12 jan 2005 | | last modified : | | 08 feb 2013 16 : 47 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5153542421973992, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dad32c9e-d851-4b8f-98db-dcfb254b028c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.018882"}
{"text": "- year published : 1866 - language : english - country of origin : russia - source : dostoyevsky, f. ( 1866 ). crime and punishment. moscow, russia : the russian messenger. - flesch \u2013 kincaid level : 7. 2 - word count : 7, 803 dostoyevsky, f. ( 1866 ). part 3, chapter 5. crime and punishment ( lit2go edition ). retrieved may 18, 2013, from dostoyevsky, fyodor. \" part 3, chapter 5. \" crime and punishment. lit2go edition. 1866. web. < >. may 18, 2013. fyodor dostoyevsky, \" part 3, chapter 5, \" crime and punishment, lit2go edition, ( 1866 ), accessed may 18, 2013,. raskolnikov was already entering the room. he came in looking as though he had the utmost difficulty not to burst out laughing again. behind him razumihin strode in gawky and awkward, shamefaced and red as a peony, with an utterly crestfallen and ferocious expression. his face and whole figure really were ridiculous at that moment and amply justified raskolnikov \u2019 s laughter. raskolnikov, not waiting for an introduction, bowed to porfiry petrovitch, who stood in the middle of the room looking inquiringly at them. he held out his hand and shook hands, still apparently making desperate efforts to subdue his mirth and utter a few words to introduce himself. but he had no sooner succeeded in assuming a serious air and muttering something when he suddenly glanced again as though accidentally at razumihin, and could no longer control himself : his stifled laughter broke out the more irresistibly the more he tried to restrain it. the extraordinary ferocity with which razumihin received this \u201c spontaneous \u201d mirth gave the whole scene the appearance of most genuine fun and naturalness. razumihin strengthened this impression as though on purpose. \u201c fool! you fiend, \u201d he roared, waving his arm which at once struck a little round table with an empty tea - glass on it. everything was sent flying and crashing. \u201c but why break chairs, gentlemen? you know it \u2019 s a loss to the crown, \u201d porfiry petrovitch quoted gaily. raskolnikov was still laughing, with his hand in porfiry petrovitch \u2019 s, but anxious not to overdo it, awaited the right moment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4386880589118475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.049394"}
{"text": "loss to the crown, \u201d porfiry petrovitch quoted gaily. raskolnikov was still laughing, with his hand in porfiry petrovitch \u2019 s, but anxious not to overdo it, awaited the right moment to put a natural end to it. razumihin, completely put to confusion by upsetting the table and smashing the glass, gazed gloomily at the fragments, cursed and turned sharply to the window where he stood looking out with his back to the company with a fiercely scowling countenance, seeing nothing. porfiry petrovitch laughed and was ready to go on laughing, but obviously looked for explanations. zametov had been sitting in the corner, but he rose at the visitors \u2019 entrance and was standing in expectation with a smile on his lips, though he looked with surprise and even it seemed incredulity at the whole scene and at raskolnikov with a certain embarrassment. zametov \u2019 s unexpected presence struck raskolnikov unpleasantly. \u201c i \u2019 ve got to think of that, \u201d he thought. \u201c excuse me, please, \u201d he began, affecting extreme embarrassment. \u201c raskolnikov. \u201d \u201c not at all, very pleasant to see you \u2026 and how pleasantly you \u2019 ve come in \u2026. why, won \u2019 t he even say good - morning? \u201d porfiry petrovitch nodded at razumihin. \u201c upon my honour i don \u2019 t know why he is in such a rage with me. i only told him as we came along that he was like romeo \u2026 and proved it. and that was all, i think! \u201d \u201c pig! \u201d ejaculated razumihin, without turning round. \u201c there must have been very grave grounds for it, if he is so furious at the word, \u201d porfiry laughed. \u201c oh, you sharp lawyer!... damn you all! \u201d snapped razumihin, and suddenly bursting out laughing himself, he went up to porfiry with a more cheerful face as though nothing had happened. \u201c that \u2019 ll do! we are all fools. to come to business. this is my friend rodion romanovitch raskolnikov ; in the first place he has heard of you and wants to make your acquaintance, and secondly, he has a little matter of business with you. bah! zametov, what brought you here? have you met before? have you known each other long? \u201d \u201c what does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45900391132462565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.050262"}
{"text": "of you and wants to make your acquaintance, and secondly, he has a little matter of business with you. bah! zametov, what brought you here? have you met before? have you known each other long? \u201d \u201c what does this mean? \u201d thought raskolnikov uneasily. zametov seemed taken aback, but not very much so. \u201c why, it was at your rooms we met yesterday, \u201d he said easily. \u201c then i have been spared the trouble. all last week he was begging me to introduce him to you. porfiry and you have sniffed each other out without me. where is your tobacco? \u201d porfiry petrovitch was wearing a dressing - gown, very clean linen, and trodden - down slippers. he was a man of about five and thirty, short, stout even to corpulence, and clean shaven. he wore his hair cut short and had a large round head, particularly prominent at the back. his soft, round, rather snub - nosed face was of a sickly yellowish colour, but had a vigorous and rather ironical expression. it would have been good - natured except for a look in the eyes, which shone with a watery, mawkish light under almost white, blinking eyelashes. the expression of those eyes was strangely out of keeping with his somewhat womanish figure, and gave it something far more serious than could be guessed at first sight. as soon as porfiry petrovitch heard that his visitor had a little matter of business with him, he begged him to sit down on the sofa and sat down himself on the other end, waiting for him to explain his business, with that careful and over - serious attention which is at once oppressive and embarrassing, especially to a stranger, and especially if what you are discussing is in your opinion of far too little importance for such exceptional solemnity. but in brief and coherent phrases raskolnikov explained his business clearly and exactly, and was so well satisfied with himself that he even succeeded in taking a good look at porfiry. porfiry petrovitch did not once take his eyes off him. razumihin, sitting opposite at the same table, listened warmly and impatiently, looking from one to the other every moment with rather excessive interest. \u201c fool, \u201d raskolnikov swore to himself. \u201c you have to give information to the police, \u201d porfiry replied, with a most businesslike air, \u201c that having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4786275095812761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.051199"}
{"text": "one to the other every moment with rather excessive interest. \u201c fool, \u201d raskolnikov swore to himself. \u201c you have to give information to the police, \u201d porfiry replied, with a most businesslike air, \u201c that having learnt of this incident, that is of the murder, you beg to inform the lawyer in charge of the case that such and such things belong to you, and that you desire to redeem them \u2026 or \u2026 but they will write to you. \u201d \u201c that \u2019 s just the point, that at the present moment, \u201d raskolnikov tried his utmost to feign embarrassment, \u201c i am not quite in funds \u2026 and even this trifling sum is beyond me \u2026 i only wanted, you see, for the present to declare that the things are mine, and that when i have money \u2026. \u201d \u201c that \u2019 s no matter, \u201d answered porfiry petrovitch, receiving his explanation of his pecuniary position coldly, \u201c but you can, if you prefer, write straight to me, to say, that having been informed of the matter, and claiming such and such as your property, you beg \u2026 \u201d \u201c on an ordinary sheet of paper? \u201d raskolnikov interrupted eagerly, again interested in the financial side of the question. \u201c oh, the most ordinary, \u201d and suddenly porfiry petrovitch looked with obvious irony at him, screwing up his eyes and, as it were, winking at him. but perhaps it was raskolnikov \u2019 s fancy, for it all lasted but a moment. there was certainly something of the sort, raskolnikov could have sworn he winked at him, goodness knows why. \u201c he knows, \u201d flashed through his mind like lightning. \u201c forgive my troubling you about such trifles, \u201d he went on, a little disconcerted, \u201c the things are only worth five roubles, but i prize them particularly for the sake of those from whom they came to me, and i must confess that i was alarmed when i heard \u2026 \u201d \u201c that \u2019 s why you were so much struck when i mentioned to zossimov that porfiry was inquiring for everyone who had pledges! \u201d razumihin put in with obvious intention. this was really unbearable. raskolnikov could not help glancing at him with a flash of vindictive anger in his black eyes, but immediately recollected himself. \u201c you seem to be je", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4813098000172381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.052072"}
{"text": "name was legibly written in pencil, together with the date on which you left them with her \u2026 \u201d \u201c how observant you are! \u201d raskolnikov smiled awkwardly, doing his very utmost to look him straight in the face, but he failed, and suddenly added : \u201c i say that because i suppose there were a great many pledges \u2026 that it must be difficult to remember them all \u2026. but you remember them all so clearly, and \u2026 and \u2026 \u201d \u201c stupid! feeble! \u201d he thought. \u201c why did i add that? \u201d \u201c but we know all who had pledges, and you are the only one who hasn \u2019 t come forward, \u201d porfiry answered with hardly perceptible irony. \u201c i haven \u2019 t been quite well. \u201d \u201c i heard that too. i heard, indeed, that you were in great distress about something. you look pale still. \u201d \u201c i am not pale at all \u2026. no, i am quite well, \u201d raskolnikov snapped out rudely and angrily, completely changing his tone. his anger was mounting, he could not repress it. \u201c and in my anger i shall betray myself, \u201d flashed through his mind again. \u201c why are they torturing me? \u201d \u201c not quite well! \u201d razumihin caught him up. \u201c what next! he was unconscious and delirious all yesterday. would you believe, porfiry, as soon as our backs were turned, he dressed, though he could hardly stand, and gave us the slip and went off on a spree somewhere till midnight, delirious all the time! would you believe it! extraordinary! \u201d \u201c really delirious? you don \u2019 t say so! \u201d porfiry shook his head in a womanish way. \u201c nonsense! don \u2019 t you believe it! but you don \u2019 t believe it anyway, \u201d raskolnikov let slip in his anger. but porfiry petrovitch did not seem to catch those strange words. \u201c but how could you have gone out if you hadn \u2019 t been delirious? \u201d razumihin got hot suddenly. \u201c what did you go out for? what was the object of it? and why on the sly? were you in your senses when you did it? now that all danger is over i can speak plainly. \u201d \u201c i was awfully sick of them yesterday. \u201d raskolnikov addressed porfiry suddenly with a smile of insolent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4539673051875951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.053813"}
{"text": "were you in your senses when you did it? now that all danger is over i can speak plainly. \u201d \u201c i was awfully sick of them yesterday. \u201d raskolnikov addressed porfiry suddenly with a smile of insolent defiance, \u201c i ran away from them to take lodgings where they wouldn \u2019 t find me, and took a lot of money with me. mr. zametov there saw it. i say, mr. zametov, was i sensible or delirious yesterday ; settle our dispute. \u201d he could have strangled zametov at that moment, so hateful were his expression and his silence to him. \u201c in my opinion you talked sensibly and even artfully, but you were extremely irritable, \u201d zametov pronounced dryly. \u201c and nikodim fomitch was telling me to - day, \u201d put in porfiry petrovitch, \u201c that he met you very late last night in the lodging of a man who had been run over. \u201d \u201c and there, \u201d said razumihin, \u201c weren \u2019 t you mad then? you gave your last penny to the widow for the funeral. if you wanted to help, give fifteen or twenty even, but keep three roubles for yourself at least, but he flung away all the twenty - five at once! \u201d \u201c maybe i found a treasure somewhere and you know nothing of it? so that \u2019 s why i was liberal yesterday \u2026. mr. zametov knows i \u2019 ve found a treasure! excuse us, please, for disturbing you for half an hour with such trivialities, \u201d he said, turning to porfiry petrovitch, with trembling lips. \u201c we are boring you, aren \u2019 t we? \u201d \u201c oh no, quite the contrary, quite the contrary! if only you knew how you interest me! it \u2019 s interesting to look on and listen \u2026 and i am really glad you have come forward at last. \u201d \u201c but you might give us some tea! my throat \u2019 s dry, \u201d cried razumihin. \u201c capital idea! perhaps we will all keep you company. wouldn \u2019 t you like \u2026 something more essential before tea? \u201d \u201c get along with you! \u201d porfiry petrovitch went out to order tea. raskolnikov \u2019 s thoughts were in a whirl. he was in terrible exasperation. \u201c the worst of it is they don \u2019 t disguise it ; they don \u2019 t care to stand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4632378389142031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.054658"}
{"text": "about the flat? if only they \u2019 d make haste! when i said that i ran away to take a flat he let it pass \u2026. i put that in cleverly about a flat, it may be of use afterwards \u2026. delirious, indeed \u2026 ha - ha - ha! he knows all about last night! he didn \u2019 t know of my mother \u2019 s arrival! the hag had written the date on in pencil! you are wrong, you won \u2019 t catch me! there are no facts \u2026 it \u2019 s all supposition! you produce facts! the flat even isn \u2019 t a fact but delirium. i know what to say to them \u2026. do they know about the flat? i won \u2019 t go without finding out. what did i come for? but my being angry now, maybe is a fact! fool, how irritable i am! perhaps that \u2019 s right ; to play the invalid \u2026. he is feeling me. he will try to catch me. why did i come? \u201d all this flashed like lightning through his mind. porfiry petrovitch returned quickly. he became suddenly more jovial. \u201c your party yesterday, brother, has left my head rather \u2026. and i am out of sorts altogether, \u201d he began in quite a different tone, laughing to razumihin. \u201c was it interesting? i left you yesterday at the most interesting point. who got the best of it? \u201d \u201c oh, no one, of course. they got on to everlasting questions, floated off into space. \u201d \u201c only fancy, rodya, what we got on to yesterday. whether there is such a thing as crime. i told you that we talked our heads off. \u201d \u201c what is there strange? it \u2019 s an everyday social question, \u201d raskolnikov answered casually. \u201c the question wasn \u2019 t put quite like that, \u201d observed porfiry. \u201c not quite, that \u2019 s true, \u201d razumihin agreed at once, getting warm and hurried as usual. \u201c listen, rodion, and tell us your opinion, i want to hear it. i was fighting tooth and nail with them and wanted you to help me. i told them you were coming \u2026. it began with the socialist doctrine. you know their doctrine ; crime is a protest against the abnormality of the social organisation and nothing more, and nothing more ; no other causes admitted!... \u201d \u201c you are wrong there, \u201d cried porfiry pet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48912779711448434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.056306"}
{"text": "the socialist doctrine. you know their doctrine ; crime is a protest against the abnormality of the social organisation and nothing more, and nothing more ; no other causes admitted!... \u201d \u201c you are wrong there, \u201d cried porfiry petrovitch ; he was noticeably animated and kept laughing as he looked at razumihin, which made him more excited than ever. \u201c nothing is admitted, \u201d razumihin interrupted with heat. \u201c i am not wrong. i \u2019 ll show you their pamphlets. everything with them is \u2018 the influence of environment, \u2019 and nothing else. their favourite phrase! from which it follows that, if society is normally organised, all crime will cease at once, since there will be nothing to protest against and all men will become righteous in one instant. human nature is not taken into account, it is excluded, it \u2019 s not supposed to exist! they don \u2019 t recognise that humanity, developing by a historical living process, will become at last a normal society, but they believe that a social system that has come out of some mathematical brain is going to organise all humanity at once and make it just and sinless in an instant, quicker than any living process! that \u2019 s why they instinctively dislike history, \u2018 nothing but ugliness and stupidity in it, \u2019 and they explain it all as stupidity! that \u2019 s why they so dislike the living process of life ; they don \u2019 t want a living soul! the living soul demands life, the soul won \u2019 t obey the rules of mechanics, the soul is an object of suspicion, the soul is retrograde! but what they want though it smells of death and can be made of india - rubber, at least is not alive, has no will, is servile and won \u2019 t revolt! and it comes in the end to their reducing everything to the building of walls and the planning of rooms and passages in a phalanstery! the phalanstery is ready, indeed, but your human nature is not ready for the phalanstery \u2014 it wants life, it hasn \u2019 t completed its vital process, it \u2019 s too soon for the graveyard! you can \u2019 t skip over nature by logic. logic presupposes three possibilities, but there are millions! cut away a million, and reduce it all to the question of comfort! that \u2019 s the easiest solution of the problem! it \u2019 s seductively clear and you musn \u2019 t think about it. that \u2019 s the great thing, you mustn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5602251716707203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.057225"}
{"text": "a million, and reduce it all to the question of comfort! that \u2019 s the easiest solution of the problem! it \u2019 s seductively clear and you musn \u2019 t think about it. that \u2019 s the great thing, you mustn \u2019 t think! the whole secret of life in two pages of print! \u201d \u201c now he is off, beating the drum! catch hold of him, do! \u201d laughed porfiry. \u201c can you imagine, \u201d he turned to raskolnikov, \u201c six people holding forth like that last night, in one room, with punch as a preliminary! no, brother, you are wrong, environment accounts for a great deal in crime ; i can assure you of that. \u201d \u201c oh, i know it does, but just tell me : a man of forty violates a child of ten ; was it environment drove him to it? \u201d \u201c well, strictly speaking, it did, \u201d porfiry observed with noteworthy gravity ; \u201c a crime of that nature may be very well ascribed to the influence of environment. \u201d razumihin was almost in a frenzy. \u201c oh, if you like, \u201d he roared. \u201c i \u2019 ll prove to you that your white eyelashes may very well be ascribed to the church of ivan the great \u2019 s being two hundred and fifty feet high, and i will prove it clearly, exactly, progressively, and even with a liberal tendency! i undertake to! will you bet on it? \u201d \u201c done! let \u2019 s hear, please, how he will prove it! \u201d \u201c he is always humbugging, confound him, \u201d cried razumihin, jumping up and gesticulating. \u201c what \u2019 s the use of talking to you? he does all that on purpose ; you don \u2019 t know him, rodion! he took their side yesterday, simply to make fools of them. and the things he said yesterday! and they were delighted! he can keep it up for a fortnight together. last year he persuaded us that he was going into a monastery : he stuck to it for two months. not long ago he took it into his head to declare he was going to get married, that he had everything ready for the wedding. he ordered new clothes indeed. we all began to congratulate him. there was no bride, nothing, all pure fantasy! \u201d \u201c ah, you are wrong! i got the clothes before. it was the new clothes in fact that made me think of taking you in. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47770991130286805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.058103"}
{"text": "all began to congratulate him. there was no bride, nothing, all pure fantasy! \u201d \u201c ah, you are wrong! i got the clothes before. it was the new clothes in fact that made me think of taking you in. \u201d \u201c are you such a good dissembler? \u201d raskolnikov asked carelessly. \u201c you wouldn \u2019 t have supposed it, eh? wait a bit, i shall take you in, too. ha - ha - ha! no, i \u2019 ll tell you the truth. all these questions about crime, environment, children, recall to my mind an article of yours which interested me at the time. \u2018 on crime \u2019... or something of the sort, i forget the title, i read it with pleasure two months ago in the periodical review. \u201d \u201c my article? in the periodical review? \u201d raskolnikov asked in astonishment. \u201c i certainly did write an article upon a book six months ago when i left the university, but i sent it to the weekly review. \u201d \u201c but it came out in the periodical. \u201d \u201c and the weekly review ceased to exist, so that \u2019 s why it wasn \u2019 t printed at the time. \u201d \u201c that \u2019 s true ; but when it ceased to exist, the weekly review was amalgamated with the periodical, and so your article appeared two months ago in the latter. didn \u2019 t you know? \u201d raskolnikov had not known. \u201c why, you might get some money out of them for the article! what a strange person you are! you lead such a solitary life that you know nothing of matters that concern you directly. it \u2019 s a fact, i assure you. \u201d \u201c bravo, rodya! i knew nothing about it either! \u201d cried razumihin. \u201c i \u2019 ll run to - day to the reading - room and ask for the number. two months ago? what was the date? it doesn \u2019 t matter though, i will find it. think of not telling us! \u201d \u201c how did you find out that the article was mine? it \u2019 s only signed with an initial. \u201d \u201c i only learnt it by chance, the other day. through the editor ; i know him \u2026. i was very much interested. \u201d \u201c i analysed, if i remember, the psychology of a criminal before and after the crime. \u201d \u201c yes, and you maintained that the perpetration of a crime is always accompanied by illness. very, very original,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47645510461004537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.059001"}
{"text": "interested. \u201d \u201c i analysed, if i remember, the psychology of a criminal before and after the crime. \u201d \u201c yes, and you maintained that the perpetration of a crime is always accompanied by illness. very, very original, but \u2026 it was not that part of your article that interested me so much, but an idea at the end of the article which i regret to say you merely suggested without working it out clearly. there is, if you recollect, a suggestion that there are certain persons who can \u2026 that is, not precisely are able to, but have a perfect right to commit breaches of morality and crimes, and that the law is not for them. \u201d raskolnikov smiled at the exaggerated and intentional distortion of his idea. \u201c what? what do you mean? a right to crime? but not because of the influence of environment? \u201d razumihin inquired with some alarm even. \u201c no, not exactly because of it, \u201d answered porfiry. \u201c in his article all men are divided into \u2018 ordinary \u2019 and \u2018 extraordinary. \u2019 ordinary men have to live in submission, have no right to transgress the law, because, don \u2019 t you see, they are ordinary. but extraordinary men have a right to commit any crime and to transgress the law in any way, just because they are extraordinary. that was your idea, if i am not mistaken? \u201d \u201c what do you mean? that can \u2019 t be right? \u201d razumihin muttered in bewilderment. raskolnikov smiled again. he saw the point at once, and knew where they wanted to drive him. he decided to take up the challenge. \u201c that wasn \u2019 t quite my contention, \u201d he began simply and modestly. \u201c yet i admit that you have stated it almost correctly ; perhaps, if you like, perfectly so. \u201d ( it almost gave him pleasure to admit this. ) \u201c the only difference is that i don \u2019 t contend that extraordinary people are always bound to commit breaches of morals, as you call it. in fact, i doubt whether such an argument could be published. i simply hinted that an \u2018 extraordinary \u2019 man has the right \u2026 that is not an official right, but an inner right to decide in his own conscience to overstep \u2026 certain obstacles, and only in case it is essential for the practical fulfilment of his idea ( sometimes, perhaps, of benefit to the whole of humanity ). you say that my article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5384696046108339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.061916"}
{"text": "to decide in his own conscience to overstep \u2026 certain obstacles, and only in case it is essential for the practical fulfilment of his idea ( sometimes, perhaps, of benefit to the whole of humanity ). you say that my article isn \u2019 t definite ; i am ready to make it as clear as i can. perhaps i am right in thinking you want me to ; very well. i maintain that if the discoveries of kepler and newton could not have been made known except by sacrificing the lives of one, a dozen, a hundred, or more men, newton would have had the right, would indeed have been in duty bound \u2026 to eliminate the dozen or the hundred men for the sake of making his discoveries known to the whole of humanity. but it does not follow from that that newton had a right to murder people right and left and to steal every day in the market. then, i remember, i maintain in my article that all \u2026 well, legislators and leaders of men, such as lycurgus, solon, mahomet, napoleon, and so on, were all without exception criminals, from the very fact that, making a new law, they transgressed the ancient one, handed down from their ancestors and held sacred by the people, and they did not stop short at bloodshed either, if that bloodshed \u2014 often of innocent persons fighting bravely in defence of ancient law \u2014 were of use to their cause. it \u2019 s remarkable, in fact, that the majority, indeed, of these benefactors and leaders of humanity were guilty of terrible carnage. in short, i maintain that all great men or even men a little out of the common, that is to say capable of giving some new word, must from their very nature be criminals \u2014 more or less, of course. otherwise it \u2019 s hard for them to get out of the common rut ; and to remain in the common rut is what they can \u2019 t submit to, from their very nature again, and to my mind they ought not, indeed, to submit to it. you see that there is nothing particularly new in all that. the same thing has been printed and read a thousand times before. as for my division of people into ordinary and extraordinary, i acknowledge that it \u2019 s somewhat arbitrary, but i don \u2019 t insist upon exact numbers. i only believe in my leading idea that men are in general divided by a law of nature into two categories, inferior ( ordinary ), that is, so to say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4989313916917418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.062887"}
{"text": "that it \u2019 s somewhat arbitrary, but i don \u2019 t insist upon exact numbers. i only believe in my leading idea that men are in general divided by a law of nature into two categories, inferior ( ordinary ), that is, so to say, material that serves only to reproduce its kind, and men who have the gift or the talent to utter a new word. there are, of course, innumerable sub - divisions, but the distinguishing features of both categories are fairly well marked. the first category, generally speaking, are men conservative in temperament and law - abiding ; they live under control and love to be controlled. to my thinking it is their duty to be controlled, because that \u2019 s their vocation, and there is nothing humiliating in it for them. the second category all transgress the law ; they are destroyers or disposed to destruction according to their capacities. the crimes of these men are of course relative and varied ; for the most part they seek in very varied ways the destruction of the present for the sake of the better. but if such a one is forced for the sake of his idea to step over a corpse or wade through blood, he can, i maintain, find within himself, in his conscience, a sanction for wading through blood \u2014 that depends on the idea and its dimensions, note that. it \u2019 s only in that sense i speak of their right to crime in my article ( you remember it began with the legal question ). there \u2019 s no need for such anxiety, however ; the masses will scarcely ever admit this right, they punish them or hang them ( more or less ), and in doing so fulfil quite justly their conservative vocation. but the same masses set these criminals on a pedestal in the next generation and worship them ( more or less ). the first category is always the man of the present, the second the man of the future. the first preserve the world and people it, the second move the world and lead it to its goal. each class has an equal right to exist. in fact, all have equal rights with me \u2014 and _ vive la guerre eternelle _ \u2014 till the new jerusalem, of course! \u201d \u201c then you believe in the new jerusalem, do you? \u201d \u201c i do, \u201d raskolnikov answered firmly ; as he said these words and during the whole preceding tirade he kept his eyes on one spot on the carpet. \u201c and \u2026 and do you believe in god? excuse my curiosity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.542728642103528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.063819"}
{"text": "\u201c i do, \u201d raskolnikov answered firmly ; as he said these words and during the whole preceding tirade he kept his eyes on one spot on the carpet. \u201c and \u2026 and do you believe in god? excuse my curiosity. \u201d \u201c i do, \u201d repeated raskolnikov, raising his eyes to porfiry. \u201c and \u2026 do you believe in lazarus \u2019 rising from the dead? \u201d \u201c i \u2026 i do. why do you ask all this? \u201d \u201c you believe it literally? \u201d \u201c you don \u2019 t say so \u2026. i asked from curiosity. excuse me. but let us go back to the question ; they are not always executed. some, on the contrary \u2026 \u201d \u201c triumph in their lifetime? oh, yes, some attain their ends in this life, and then \u2026 \u201d \u201c they begin executing other people? \u201d \u201c if it \u2019 s necessary ; indeed, for the most part they do. your remark is very witty. \u201d \u201c thank you. but tell me this : how do you distinguish those extraordinary people from the ordinary ones? are there signs at their birth? i feel there ought to be more exactitude, more external definition. excuse the natural anxiety of a practical law - abiding citizen, but couldn \u2019 t they adopt a special uniform, for instance, couldn \u2019 t they wear something, be branded in some way? for you know if confusion arises and a member of one category imagines that he belongs to the other, begins to \u2018 eliminate obstacles \u2019 as you so happily expressed it, then \u2026 \u201d \u201c oh, that very often happens! that remark is wittier than the other. \u201d \u201c no reason to ; but take note that the mistake can only arise in the first category, that is among the ordinary people ( as i perhaps unfortunately called them ). in spite of their predisposition to obedience very many of them, through a playfulness of nature, sometimes vouchsafed even to the cow, like to imagine themselves advanced people, \u2018 destroyers, \u2019 and to push themselves into the \u2018 new movement, \u2019 and this quite sincerely. meanwhile the really new people are very often unobserved by them, or even despised as reactionaries of grovelling tendencies. but i don \u2019 t think there is any considerable danger here, and you really need not be uneasy for they never go very far. of course, they might have a thrashing sometimes for letting their fancy run away with them and to teach them their place, but no more ; in fact,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4930017637539185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.064724"}
{"text": "considerable danger here, and you really need not be uneasy for they never go very far. of course, they might have a thrashing sometimes for letting their fancy run away with them and to teach them their place, but no more ; in fact, even this isn \u2019 t necessary as they castigate themselves, for they are very conscientious : some perform this service for one another and others chastise themselves with their own hands \u2026. they will impose various public acts of penitence upon themselves with a beautiful and edifying effect ; in fact you \u2019 ve nothing to be uneasy about \u2026. it \u2019 s a law of nature. \u201d \u201c well, you have certainly set my mind more at rest on that score ; but there \u2019 s another thing worries me. tell me, please, are there many people who have the right to kill others, these extraordinary people? i am ready to bow down to them, of course, but you must admit it \u2019 s alarming if there are a great many of them, eh? \u201d \u201c oh, you needn \u2019 t worry about that either, \u201d raskolnikov went on in the same tone. \u201c people with new ideas, people with the faintest capacity for saying something new, are extremely few in number, extraordinarily so in fact. one thing only is clear, that the appearance of all these grades and sub - divisions of men must follow with unfailing regularity some law of nature. that law, of course, is unknown at present, but i am convinced that it exists, and one day may become known. the vast mass of mankind is mere material, and only exists in order by some great effort, by some mysterious process, by means of some crossing of races and stocks, to bring into the world at last perhaps one man out of a thousand with a spark of independence. one in ten thousand perhaps \u2014 i speak roughly, approximately \u2014 is born with some independence, and with still greater independence one in a hundred thousand. the man of genius is one of millions, and the great geniuses, the crown of humanity, appear on earth perhaps one in many thousand millions. in fact i have not peeped into the retort in which all this takes place. but there certainly is and must be a definite law, it cannot be a matter of chance. \u201d \u201c why, are you both joking? \u201d razumihin cried at last. \u201c there you sit, making fun of one another. are you serious, rodya? \u201d ras", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5496884339270697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.065628"}
{"text": "be a definite law, it cannot be a matter of chance. \u201d \u201c why, are you both joking? \u201d razumihin cried at last. \u201c there you sit, making fun of one another. are you serious, rodya? \u201d raskolnikov raised his pale and almost mournful face and made no reply. and the unconcealed, persistent, nervous, and discourteous sarcasm of porfiry seemed strange to razumihin beside that quiet and mournful face. \u201c well, brother, if you are really serious \u2026 you are right, of course, in saying that it \u2019 s not new, that it \u2019 s like what we \u2019 ve read and heard a thousand times already ; but what is really original in all this, and is exclusively your own, to my horror, is that you sanction bloodshed in the name of conscience, and, excuse my saying so, with such fanaticism \u2026. that, i take it, is the point of your article. but that sanction of bloodshed by conscience is to my mind \u2026 more terrible than the official, legal sanction of bloodshed \u2026. \u201d \u201c you are quite right, it is more terrible, \u201d porfiry agreed. \u201c yes, you must have exaggerated! there is some mistake, i shall read it. you can \u2019 t think that! i shall read it. \u201d \u201c all that is not in the article, there \u2019 s only a hint of it, \u201d said raskolnikov. \u201c yes, yes. \u201d porfiry couldn \u2019 t sit still. \u201c your attitude to crime is pretty clear to me now, but \u2026 excuse me for my impertinence ( i am really ashamed to be worrying you like this ), you see, you \u2019 ve removed my anxiety as to the two grades getting mixed, but \u2026 there are various practical possibilities that make me uneasy! what if some man or youth imagines that he is a lycurgus or mahomet \u2014 a future one of course \u2014 and suppose he begins to remove all obstacles \u2026. he has some great enterprise before him and needs money for it \u2026 and tries to get it \u2026 do you see? \u201d zametov gave a sudden guffaw in his corner. raskolnikov did not even raise his eyes to him. \u201c i must admit, \u201d he went on calmly, \u201c that such cases certainly must arise. the vain and foolish are particularly apt to fall into that snare ; young people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5147113171695944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.066498"}
{"text": ". raskolnikov did not even raise his eyes to him. \u201c i must admit, \u201d he went on calmly, \u201c that such cases certainly must arise. the vain and foolish are particularly apt to fall into that snare ; young people especially. \u201d \u201c yes, you see. well then? \u201d \u201c what then? \u201d raskolnikov smiled in reply ; \u201c that \u2019 s not my fault. so it is and so it always will be. he said just now ( he nodded at razumihin ) that i sanction bloodshed. society is too well protected by prisons, banishment, criminal investigators, penal servitude. there \u2019 s no need to be uneasy. you have but to catch the thief. \u201d \u201c and what if we do catch him? \u201d \u201c then he gets what he deserves. \u201d \u201c you are certainly logical. but what of his conscience? \u201d \u201c why do you care about that? \u201d \u201c simply from humanity. \u201d \u201c if he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. that will be his punishment \u2014 as well as the prison. \u201d \u201c but the real geniuses, \u201d asked razumihin frowning, \u201c those who have the right to murder? oughtn \u2019 t they to suffer at all even for the blood they \u2019 ve shed? \u201d \u201c why the word ought? it \u2019 s not a matter of permission or prohibition. he will suffer if he is sorry for his victim. pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart. the really great men must, i think, have great sadness on earth, \u201d he added dreamily, not in the tone of the conversation. he raised his eyes, looked earnestly at them all, smiled, and took his cap. he was too quiet by comparison with his manner at his entrance, and he felt this. everyone got up. \u201c well, you may abuse me, be angry with me if you like, \u201d porfiry petrovitch began again, \u201c but i can \u2019 t resist. allow me one little question ( i know i am troubling you ). there is just one little notion i want to express, simply that i may not forget it. \u201d \u201c very good, tell me your little notion, \u201d raskolnikov stood waiting, pale and grave before him. \u201c well, you see \u2026 i really don \u2019 t know how to express it properly \u2026. it \u2019 s a playful, psychological idea \u2026. when you were writing your article, surely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5121911617543539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.067396"}
{"text": "your acquaintance. as for your request, have no uneasiness, write just as i told you, or, better still, come to me there yourself in a day or two \u2026 to - morrow, indeed. i shall be there at eleven o \u2019 clock for certain. we \u2019 ll arrange it all ; we \u2019 ll have a talk. as one of the last to be there, you might perhaps be able to tell us something, \u201d he added with a most good - natured expression. \u201c you want to cross - examine me officially in due form? \u201d raskolnikov asked sharply. \u201c oh, why? that \u2019 s not necessary for the present. you misunderstand me. i lose no opportunity, you see, and \u2026 i \u2019 ve talked with all who had pledges \u2026. i obtained evidence from some of them, and you are the last \u2026. yes, by the way, \u201d he cried, seemingly suddenly delighted, \u201c i just remember, what was i thinking of? \u201d he turned to razumihin, \u201c you were talking my ears off about that nikolay \u2026 of course, i know, i know very well, \u201d he turned to raskolnikov, \u201c that the fellow is innocent, but what is one to do? we had to trouble dmitri too \u2026. this is the point, this is all : when you went up the stairs it was past seven, wasn \u2019 t it? \u201d \u201c yes, \u201d answered raskolnikov, with an unpleasant sensation at the very moment he spoke that he need not have said it. \u201c then when you went upstairs between seven and eight, didn \u2019 t you see in a flat that stood open on a second storey, do you remember? two workmen or at least one of them? they were painting there, didn \u2019 t you notice them? it \u2019 s very, very important for them. \u201d \u201c painters? no, i didn \u2019 t see them, \u201d raskolnikov answered slowly, as though ransacking his memory, while at the same instant he was racking every nerve, almost swooning with anxiety to conjecture as quickly as possible where the trap lay and not to overlook anything. \u201c no, i didn \u2019 t see them, and i don \u2019 t think i noticed a flat like that open \u2026. but on the fourth storey \u201d ( he had mastered the trap now and was triumphant ) \u201c i remember now that someone was moving out of the flat opposite alyona ivanovna \u2019 s \u2026.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45580741993332263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.069388"}
{"text": "t think i noticed a flat like that open \u2026. but on the fourth storey \u201d ( he had mastered the trap now and was triumphant ) \u201c i remember now that someone was moving out of the flat opposite alyona ivanovna \u2019 s \u2026. i remember \u2026 i remember it clearly. some porters were carrying out a sofa and they squeezed me against the wall. but painters \u2026 no, i don \u2019 t remember that there were any painters, and i don \u2019 t think that there was a flat open anywhere, no, there wasn \u2019 t. \u201d \u201c what do you mean? \u201d razumihin shouted suddenly, as though he had reflected and realised. \u201c why, it was on the day of the murder the painters were at work, and he was there three days before? what are you asking? \u201d \u201c foo! i have muddled it! \u201d porfiry slapped himself on the forehead. \u201c deuce take it! this business is turning my brain! \u201d he addressed raskolnikov somewhat apologetically. \u201c it would be such a great thing for us to find out whether anyone had seen them between seven and eight at the flat, so i fancied you could perhaps have told us something \u2026. i quite muddled it. \u201d \u201c then you should be more careful, \u201d razumihin observed grimly. the last words were uttered in the passage. porfiry petrovitch saw them to the door with excessive politeness. they went out into the street gloomy and sullen, and for some steps they did not say a word. raskolnikov drew a deep breath.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46543116213476965, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842792ff-9ed5-4959-9a6a-526b7eed61ac>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.069986"}
{"text": "photo courtesy of steve dewey, utah state university, bugwood. org thermopsis montana nutt. scientific name synonyms : life span : perennial growth characteristics : mountain goldenpea is an erect forb, growing up to 2 feet in height and spreading by rhizomes. it blooms between may and august, depending on the elevations. flowers : pea - like lemon - yellow colored flowers in a raceme. flowers are \u00bd to \u00be inch long. there are five to fifty flowers which make up the inflorescence. the flower spikes arise from the leaf axils fruits / seeds : the seedpods are long, thin, blue / green and covered with downy hairy. they project vertically from the stem. the pods grow quickly in the late spring and early summer, and mature in late summer. there are two to five seeds per pod. leaves : leaves are alternate, palmate, with 3 leaflets, which are oval in shape. stems : multiple stems up to 2 feet tall. mountain goldenpea is found in montane and subalpine zones. it is common in woodlands and meadows. soils : sandy, well - drained soils. associated species : aspen, lupine, snowberry. uses and management : mountain goldenpea is poisonous to cattle. the principle toxin has not been isolated, but is thought to be similar to quinolizidine alkaloids found in lupines. the toxin causes acute muscle degeneration \u2013 cattle become weak, ataxic, and unable to stand. animals die from hunger and thirst. mountain glodenpea will remain toxic in hay, especially if seed pods are present.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39766780153775405, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:807132bd-52a9-4301-8f7e-b6f3dda085f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.073830"}
{"text": "uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, which is made up of the iris, ciliary body and choroid. together, these form the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera ( white of the eye ). the eye is shaped like a tennis ball, with three different layers of tissue surrounding the central gel - filled cavity, which is called the vitreous. the innermost layer is the retina, which senses light and helps to send images to your brain. the outermost layer is the sclera, the strong white wall of the eye. the middle layer between the sclera and retina is called the uvea. the uvea contains many blood vessels \u2014 the veins, arteries and capillaries \u2014 that carry blood to and from the eye. because the uvea nourishes many important parts of the eye ( such as the retina ), inflammation of the uvea can damage your sight. there are several types of uveitis, defined by the part of the eye where it occurs. - iritis affects the front of your eye. also called anterior uveitis, this is the most common type of uveitis. iritis usually develops suddenly and may last six to eight weeks. some types of anterior uveitis can be chronic or recurrent. - if the uvea is inflamed in the middle or intermediate region of the eye, it is called pars planitis ( or intermediate uveitis ). episodes of pars planitis can last between a few weeks to years. the disease goes through cycles of getting better, then worse. - posterior uveitis affects the back parts of your eye. posterior uveitis can develop slowly and often lasts for many years. - panuveitis occurs when all layers of the uvea are inflamed. next page : uveitis causes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5089933809715791, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33687e0d-90f9-4e53-ac31-257283325d4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.075764"}
{"text": "the national cattlemen ' s beef association has criticized a review of the national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter. conducted by the u. s. environmental protection agency, the study was done as part of a required review of the coarse particulate matter standards. in effect, epa is looking at the impact of duct. according to a statement from ncba, coarse particulate matter is \" nothing more than dust kicked up by cars and trucks traveling on dirt roads, a tractor tilling a field or cattle moving around on dirt, \" says tamara theis, ncba ' s chief environmental council. \" studies do not show that rural dust is a health problem. \" epa, back in 2006, set a coarse particulate matter standard of 150 micrograms per cubic meter of air, and when reviewing the standard in 2008, determined that the evidence on health effects from this level of dust was inconclusive. however, in july 2009, epa reinterpreted what ncba calls \" the inconclusive evidence \" and made use of what the group calls a flawed study to suggest that there are adverse health effects from dust at leves that are 10 times lower than the current standard. theis says epa is suggesting 12 to 15 micrograms of dust per cubic meter of air, which is below the naturally occurring levels of dust through most western states - including \" pristine national parks, \" she says. if epa were to set air standards at this level, much of the country would be over the limit. cattle producers are concerned because it would limit the ability to raise livestock, but the issue goes beyond agriculture, theis says. \" states would be required to impose extreme control requirements and limitations on many businesses to ensure that the standard is met. \" the group is urging epa to reject the study results and refrain from tightening the dust standard further.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42119125569513677, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dac82ba8-16eb-4709-8603-56b19c9bed20>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.078760"}
{"text": "grain farmers could make more money be switching to organic grain crops according to a new study released at last week ' s american agricultural economics association ' s annual meeting. records showed that organic crops fetched much more than conventional crops : soybeans, up to $ 14 more per bushel ; corn, up to $ 3 more ; and wheat, up to $ 5 more. organic alfalfa hay is too new to have a track record, so researchers recorded it as selling for the same price as conventionally grown hay. over four years the study analyzed both economic risks and transition effects of switching to organic farming of the agricultural research service ' s swan lake research farm near morris, minn. the 130 - acre swan lake farm is representative of typical corn - soybean farms in minnesota. ars economist david archer and soil scientist hillarius kludze compared an organic corn - soybean rotation and an organic corn - soybean - spring wheat / alfalfa rotation - half grown with conventional tillage and half with strip tillage - with a corn - soybean rotation using conventional tillage. strip tillage involves tilling only the middle of the seedbed. the scientists found that when strip tillage is used with organic farming, one of the transition risks is an increase in weeds until farmers learn to manage the system. computer simulations projected costs, yields and risks over a 20 - year period, using yield and economic data from the four - year study, as well as crop price records of recent years. another computer model projected that farmers would net an average $ 50 to $ 60 more per acre a year by going organic, even with the highest transition costs. the premium price advantage would outweigh the initial higher costs and possibly lower yields, even if organic prices were to drop by half.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4250598047806347, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f0610f8-d395-4afe-b949-4d2a764648b1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.080558"}
{"text": "basic use to make a new number, a simple initialization suffices : var foo = 0 ; / / or whatever number you want foo = 1 ; / / foo = 1 foo + = 2 ; / / foo = 3 ( the two gets added on ) foo - = 2 ; / / foo = 1 ( the two gets removed ) number literals define the number value. in particular : they appear as a set of digits of varying length. negative literal numbers have a minus sign before the set of digits. floating point literal numbers contain one decimal point, and may optionally use the e notation with the character e. an integer literal may be prepended with \" 0 \", to indicate that a number is in base - 8. ( 8 and 9 are not octal digits, and if found, cause the integer to be read in the normal base - 10 ). an integer literal may also be found with \" 0x \", to indicate a hexadecimal number. the math object unlike strings, arrays, and dates, the numbers aren ' t objects. the math object provides numeric functions and constants as methods and properties. the methods and properties of the math object are referenced using the dot operator in the usual way, for example : var varone = math. ceil ( 8. 5 ) ; var varpi = math. pi ; var sqrt3 = math. sqrt ( 3 ) ; methods random ( ) generates a pseudo - random number. var myint = math. random ( ) ; max ( int1, int2 ) returns the highest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myint = math. max ( 8, 9 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 9 min ( int1, int2 ) returns the lowest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myint = math. min ( 8, 9 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 8 floor ( float ) returns the greatest integer less than the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. floor ( 90. 8 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 90 ; ceil ( float ) returns the least integer greater than the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. ceil ( 90. 8 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 91 ; round ( float ) returns the closest integer to the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. round ( 90.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5138516756615367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eecdd55e-49d8-40e4-9834-6f3dce28fa4c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.082692"}
{"text": "by + richard holbrooke \u2013 schwann cells boost and amplify nerve growth in animal models, but their clinical use has been held back because they are difficult, time - consuming and costly to culture. a university of sheffield team, led by professor john haycock, has developed a new technique with adult rat tissue which overcomes all these problems, producing schwann cells in less than half the time and at much lower cost. \u201c the ability of schwann cells to boost nerve growth was proved many years ago in animals, but if you want to use this technique with patients, the problem is : where do you get enough cells from? \u201d said professor haycock, from the university \u2019 s department of materials science and engineering. \u201c to reduce immune rejection, the cells have to be grown from the patient \u2019 s own tissue. of course, you want to take the smallest amount of tissue necessary, so the technique must be efficient. it must also be fast, so treatment can begin as soon as possible after injury. for clinical use, it must also provide pure schwann cells. and finally, to make it viable, it has to be at a reasonable cost. \u201d existing methods for growing schwann cells from adult tissue promote the growth of another type of cell, called fibroblasts, which swamp the schwann cells, reducing the speed they grow and their numbers. this means that large amounts of tissue are needed at the outset, to grow sufficient cells for therapeutic use. it also requires extra purification stages added to the process, making it slow and costly \u2013 taking up to 3 months to complete. professor haycock and his team have come up with a very simple solution : feed the schwann cells but starve the fibroblasts. the research, published today in nature protocols, uses an amino acid that only the schwann cells can break down and feed off, and are able to produce a 97 per cent pure population of schwann cells in a much shorter space of time \u2013 just 19 days \u2013 from a small sample of adult tissue. professor haycock is confident the technique can be replicated in humans. his team are trialling the same method using human nerve tissue, with results expected within the next six months.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4394010175859773, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e7cb7c1-ff22-4b2a-8b76-a1a0ed11dec6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.085193"}
{"text": "lans to wans ( c ) the complete management guide authors : muller n. j. published year : 2003 | < day day up > | depending on the situation facing network managers, bridges can be used to either extend or segment lans. at one level, bridges can be used for segmenting lans into smaller subnets to improve performance, control access, and facilitate fault isolation and testing without impacting the overall user population. at another level, they are used to create an extended network that greatly expands the number of devices that can be supported and the services available to each user. bridges may even offer additional features such as data compression, which has the effect of providing greater throughput over low - speed lines. compression ratios of 2 : 1 all the way down to 6 : 1 may be selected by the network manager, depending on what the vendor offers with a specific product. as noted, bridging occurs at the data link layer ( see figure 5. 1 ), which provides physical addressing, manages access to the physical medium, controls data flow, and handles transmission errors. bridges analyze incoming frames, make forwarding decisions based on the source and destination addresses of those frames, and then forward the frames to their destinations. sometimes, as in source - route bridging, the frame contains the entire path to the destination. in other cases, as in transparent bridging, frames are forwarded one hop at a time toward the destination. figure 5. 1 : bridge functionality in reference to the osi model. bridges can be either local or remote. local bridges provide direct connections between many lan segments in the same area. remote bridges connect lan segments in different areas, usually over telecommunication lines. there are several kinds of bridging and all may be supported in the same device : transparent bridging \u2014 used mostly in ethernet environments that have the same media types, these bridges keep a table of destination addresses and outbound interfaces. source - route bridging \u2014 used mostly in token - ring environments, these bridges only forward frames based on the routing indicator contained in the frame. end stations are responsible for determining and maintaining the table of destination addresses and routing indicators. translation bridging \u2014 used to bridge data between different media types, these devices typically go between ethernet and fddi or token ring to ethernet. source - route translation bridging \u2014 this is a combination of source - route bridging and transparent bridging that allows communication in mixed ethernet and token - ring environments. ( translation bridging without routing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49024748101876314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.094496"}
{"text": "large, flat network, the point can be reached when it is continually in topology change status. the resulting high level of flooding can lead to an unstable stp environment. to deal with this problem, vendors have come up with ways to avoid tcn generation for certain events. for example, the network manager can configure the bridge so that it issues a tcn when a server is power cycled, but not when client devices are power cycled. if a bridge port going up or down is not deemed an important event, this event too can be programmed not to issue a tcn. source - route bridging ( srb ) is used in the token - ring environment as the method by which a station establishes a route through a multiple - ring network to its destination. the first step for a station to reach another is to create a packet called an explorer. this packet is copied by all bridges in the network, with each of them adding information about itself before passing it on. the explorer packet \u2019 s routing information field ( rif ) contains the information of where it has traversed through the network and within the rif ; a route descriptor stores the path it has taken through the network. as the explorer packet is constructed on its way through the network, the destination station will start receiving data packets from the originating station. based on the contents of the explorer packet, the destination station will then decide which route to use to send data packets back to the originating station. or it will send its own explorer packet so that the originating station can determine its own route. the explorer packet is limited in terms of how many rings it can hold in the routing information field. although the rif can hold a total of 14 rings, ibm long ago limited this to seven. other vendors also adopted this limitation. consequently, an explorer packet that has traversed seven rings will be dropped in the network. to control traffic in the network with more precision, parameters can be set in the bridge to decrease this number even further, so that packets that reach x number of rings ( any number below seven ) will be dropped. while explorers are limited to traversing only seven rings, in a meshed ring environment, one explorer can finish being copied by many bridges, which can cause too many explorers. explorer storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.552384260077563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.096507"}
{"text": "storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters, such as the number of explorers that were dropped outbound on that interface. while ethernet has become the network of choice for new installations, there is still a good amount of token ring in use, making it necessary to mix the two environments for data exchange. doing so is complicated because some very fundamental differences between ethernet and token ring must be reconciled. token ring has functional addresses, while ethernet primarily relies on broadcasts. furthermore, mac addresses on the ethernet are different from mac addresses on the token ring. ethernet does not have a source - route bridging capability and token ring has a routing information field. finally, token ring and ethernet use different methods to read the bits into their adapters. to unify the two environments, vendors have come up with various methods such as translation bridging. this is a type of bridging that is implemented on networks that use different mac sublayer protocols, providing a method of resolving differences in header formats and protocol specifications. since there are no real standards in how communication between two media types should occur, however, no single translation implementation can be called correct. the only consideration for network managers is to select a method of translation and implement it uniformly throughout the network. essentially, the bridges reorder source and destination address bits when translating between ethernet and token - ring frame formats. the problem of embedded mac - addresses can be resolved by programming the bridge to look for various types of mac addresses. some translation - bridges simply check for the most popular embedded addresses. if others are used, the bridge must be programmed to look for them as well. but if translation - bridging software runs in a multi - protocol router, which is very common today, these protocols can be routed and the problem avoided entirely. token ring \u2019 s rif field has a component that indicates the largest frame size that can be accepted by a particular source - route bridging implementation. translation bridges that send frames from the transparent - bridging domain to the srb domain usually set the maximum transfer unit ( mtu ) field to 1, 500 bytes to limit the size of token - ring frames entering the transparent - bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of ethernet frames. some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5460480526565714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.097430"}
{"text": "to 1, 500 bytes to limit the size of token - ring frames entering the transparent - bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of ethernet frames. some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop the frames that exceed ethernet \u2019 s mtu size. bits representing token - ring functions that are absent in ethernet are discarded by translation bridges. for example, token ring \u2019 s priority, reservation, and monitor bits are discarded during translation. and token ring \u2019 s frame status bits are treated differently, depending on the bridge manufacturer ; the products of some manufacturers may even ignore these bits. sometimes, the bridge will have the c bit set, indicating that the frame has been copied, but not the a bit set, indicating that the destination station recognizes the address. in the former case, a token - ring source node determines if the frame it sent has become lost. advocates of this approach claim that reliability mechanisms, such as the tracking of lost frames, are better left for implementation in layer 4 of the osi model. advocates of setting the c bit argue that this bit must be set to track lost frames, but that the a bit cannot be set because the bridge is not the final destination. translation bridges also can be used to create a software gateway between the token ring and ethernet domains. to the srb end stations, the translation bridge has a ring number and a bridge number associated with it, so it looks like a standard source - route bridge. in this case, the ring number reflects the entire transparent - bridging domain. to the transparent - bridging domain, the translation bridge is just another transparent bridge. when bridging from the srb domain to the transparent - bridging domain, srb information is removed. token ring \u2019 s routing information fields usually are cached for use by any subsequent return traffic. when bridging from the transparent bridging to the srb domain, the translation bridge checks the frame to see if it has a multicast or unicast destination. if the frame has a multicast or broadcast destination, it is sent into the srb domain as a spanning - tree explorer. if the frame has a unicast address, the translation bridge looks up the destination in the rif cache. if a path is found, it is used and the rif information is added to the frame ; otherwise, the frame is sent as a spanning - tree explorer. another solution to unify the ethernet and token - ring environments is source - route", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5570063943174268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.098291"}
{"text": ". if a path is found, it is used and the rif information is added to the frame ; otherwise, the frame is sent as a spanning - tree explorer. another solution to unify the ethernet and token - ring environments is source - route translation bridging ( srtlb ). this entails the addition of bridge groups to the interfaces of both the token ring and ethernet bridges to create a transparent bridge domain between the two environments. the bridges at each end are responsible for establishing the path through the network. when a bridge on a token ring receives a packet from an ethernet, for example, path establishment is handled as follows ( see figure 5. 2 ) : figure 5. 2 : source - route translation bridging, from token ring to ethernet. bridge - 1 receives a packet from the ethernet. this is from pc - 1 to the host. bridge - 1 needs a rif to reach the host, so it creates an explorer to learn the path to reach the host. after bridge - 1 receives the response, it sends the response ( without a rif ) to the ethernet station. pc - 1 sends an exchange identifier ( xid ) to the host mac address. bridge - 1 gets the ethernet packet, attaches the rif to the host, and sends the packet on its way. as far as the host is concerned, the ethernet is sitting on a pseudo ring. this is configured with the source - bridge transparent command on the bridge. the pseudo ring makes the host treat the ethernet as if it were a token ring. | < day day up > | lans to wans ( c ) the complete management guide authors : muller n. j. published year : 2003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5439445326810202, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.098889"}
{"text": "marion levine teaches english, literature and film production at los angeles center for enriched studies, los angeles, ca measure for measure, act 4 or 5 what ' s on for today and why students will choose a character from measure for measure and create a \" back story \" for that character. this will encourage students to read the text closely looking for clues regarding a specific character ' s history. students will re - read a portion of the text and then write about what has happened to the character before the play begins. they will then create an artifact, such as a diary or journal entry, written by the charcacter they have selected. this will allow them the opportunity to think like the character and to view the events of the play from a specific point of view. this lesson will take two 40 minute class periods. what you need measure for measure, folger edition what to do 1. explain the concept of a \" back story \" as the important events that occur to a character before the play begins. you may need to prompt students with questions such as : what was the character like as a child? in what situation did he / she grow up? students will need to show how the script supports their choices. 2. have the students write a one or two page back story in either the first or third person. 3. divide students into small groups of 4 or 5 and have them re - read act 4 or act 5, combing throught the text for character details. 4. have students write a letter, diary or journal entry from their selected characters point of view ( first person ). this artifact should concern one or more characters in the play. 5. for increased authenticity, appropriate for an \" extra - extended \" book, students could write their letter, diary entry using calligraphy, a handwriting font or on a piece of yellowed paper. 6. allow students time to read their pieces and share their artifacts with the class. how did it go? were students able to justify their choices with reference to the text? did their artifacts accurately portray character traits that can be interpreted from the text? were students able to convey a sense of the character ' s perspective through this activity? this lesson could be applied to any fictional text that the students read in class. through close reading and attention to a specific character, students are able to identify with, and understand the concerns of a character on a deeper level. possible choices could include jay gatsby, hester prynne, and atticus finch. if you used this lesson, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47548022770659776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86849ab7-4070-40ee-9f28-f23c0e6d4e97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.101222"}
{"text": "cancer fighting foods / spices the national cancer institute estimates that roughly one - third of all cancer deaths may be diet related. what you eat can hurt you, but it can also help you. many of the common foods found in grocery stores or organic markets contain cancer - fighting properties, from the antioxidants that neutralize the damage caused by free radicals to the powerful phytochemicals that scientists are just beginning to explore. there isn \u2019 t a single element in a particular food that does all the work : the best thing to do is eat a variety of foods. the following foods have the ability to help stave off cancer and some can even help inhibit cancer cell growth or reduce tumor size. avocados are rich in glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that attacks free radicals in the body by blocking intestinal absorption of certain fats. they also supply even more potassium than bananas and are a strong source of beta - carotene. scientists also believe that avocados may also be useful in treating viral hepatitis ( a cause of liver cancer ), as well as other sources of liver damage. broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower have a chemical component called indole - 3 - carbinol that can combat breast cancer by converting a cancer - promoting estrogen into a more protective variety. broccoli, especially sprouts, also have the phytochemical sulforaphane, a product of glucoraphanin \u2013 believed to aid in preventing some types of cancer, like colon and rectal cancer. sulforaphane induces the production of certain enzymes that can deactivate free radicals and carcinogens. the enzymes have been shown to inhibit the growth of tumors in laboratory animals. however, be aware that the agriculture department studied 71 types of broccoli plants and found a 30 - fold difference in the amounts of glucoraphanin. it appears that the more bitter the broccoli is, the more glucoraphanin it has. broccoli sprouts have been developed under the trade name broccosprouts that have a consistent level of sulforaphane \u2013 as much as 20 times higher than the levels found in mature heads of broccoli. carrots contain a lot of beta carotene, which may help reduce a wide range of cancers including lung, mouth, throat, stomach, intestine, bladder, prostate and breast. some research indicated beta carotene may actually cause cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44681919110528023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:055624c0-62af-41df-8f11-60150520d344>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.108174"}
{"text": "carrots contain a lot of beta carotene, which may help reduce a wide range of cancers including lung, mouth, throat, stomach, intestine, bladder, prostate and breast. some research indicated beta carotene may actually cause cancer, but this has not proven that eating carrots, unless in very large quantities \u2013 2 to 3 kilos a day, can cause cancer. in fact, a substance called falcarinol that is found in carrots has been found to reduce the risk of cancer, according to researchers at danish institute of agricultural sciences ( dias ). kirsten brandt, head of the research department, explained that isolated cancer cells grow more slowly when exposed to falcarinol. this substance is a polyacethylen, however, so it is important not to cook the carrots. chili peppers and jalapenos contain a chemical, capsaicin, which may neutralize certain cancer - causing substances ( nitrosamines ) and may help prevent cancers such as stomach cancer. november 20, 2008 at 3 : 27 pm maybe you should be eating more beets, left, or chopped cabbage. ( credit : evan sung for the new york times, left nutritionist and author jonny bowden has created several lists of healthful foods people should be eating but aren \u2019 t. but some of his favorites, like purslane, guava and goji berries, aren \u2019 t always available at regular grocery stores. i asked dr. bowden, author of \u201c the 150 healthiest foods on earth, \u201d to update his list with some favorite foods that are easy to find but don \u2019 t always find their way into our shopping carts. here \u2019 s his advice. - beets : think of beets as red spinach, dr. bowden said, because they are a rich source of folate as well as natural red pigments that may be cancer fighters. how to eat : fresh, raw and grated to make a salad. heating decreases the antioxidant power. - cabbage : loaded with nutrients like sulforaphane, a chemical said to boost cancer - fighting enzymes. how to eat : asian - style slaw or as a crunchy topping on burgers and sandwiches. - swiss chard : a leafy green vegetable packed with carotenoids that protect aging eyes. how to eat it : chop and saute in olive oil. - cinnamon : helps control blood sugar and cholesterol. how to eat it : sprinkle on coffee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4219779378575484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:055624c0-62af-41df-8f11-60150520d344>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.109063"}
{"text": "leafy green vegetable packed with carotenoids that protect aging eyes. how to eat it : chop and saute in olive oil. - cinnamon : helps control blood sugar and cholesterol. how to eat it : sprinkle on coffee or oatmeal. - pomegranate juice : appears to lower blood pressure and loaded with antioxidants. how to eat : just drink it. - dried plums : okay, so they are really prunes, but packed with cancer - fighting antioxidants. how to eat : wrapped in prosciutto and baked. - pumpkin seeds : the most nutritious part of the pumpkin and packed with magnesium ; high levels of the mineral are associated with lower risk for early death. how to eat : roasted as a snack, or sprinkled on salad. - sardines : dr. bowden calls them \u201c health food in a can. \u2019 \u2019 they are high in omega - 3 \u2019 s, contain virtually no mercury and are loaded with calcium. they also contain iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper and manganese as well as a full complement of b vitamins. how to eat : choose sardines packed in olive or sardine oil. eat plain, mixed with salad, on toast, or mashed with dijon mustard and onions as a spread. - turmeric : the \u201c superstar of spices, \u2019 \u2019 it has anti - inflammatory and anti - cancer properties. how to eat : mix with scrambled eggs or in any vegetable dish. - frozen blueberries : even though freezing can degrade some of the nutrients in fruits and vegetables, frozen blueberries are available year - round and don \u2019 t spoil ; associated with better memory in animal studies. how to eat : blended with yogurt or chocolate soy milk and sprinkled with crushed almonds. - canned pumpkin : a low - calorie vegetable that is high in fiber and immune - stimulating vitamin a ; fills you up on very few calories. how to eat : mix with a little butter, cinnamon and nutmeg. you can find more details and recipes on the men \u2019 s health web site, which published the original version of the list last year. in my own house, i only have two of these items \u2014 pumpkin seeds, which i often roast and put on salads, and frozen blueberries, which i mix with milk, yogurt and other fruits for morning smoothies. how about you? have any of these foods found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4599498979718137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:055624c0-62af-41df-8f11-60150520d344>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.110132"}
{"text": "| welcome to the lava tube portion of the virtual cave. lava tube caves are found throughout the world in places where fluid lava has flown over the surface. the longest and most vertically extensive lava tubes known are on the big island of hawai ` i. our idealized lava tube cross - section is based on the tubes there, and most of the photos are from there. lava tubes are found in the western u. s. a. ( washington, california, oregon, nevada, idaho, new mexico, utah, and arizona ), the canary islands, galapagos islands, italy, japan, korea, kenya, mexico, and many other volcanic regions. most tubes form when fluid lava flows down the sides of volcanoes, the upper layer begins to cool, and the lava beneath continues to flow in tubular conduits beneath the surface. due to the insulating effects of the hardened lava above, molten lava is able to travel a considerable distance underground with very little cooling. in hawaii, lava tubes have carried fluid lavas 50 or more miles from their source! tubes may also form when lava follows trenches or gulleys on the surface, which then roof over as lava accumulates along the top edges. lava tubes contain many features similar to those in limestone caves, such as stalactites and stalagmites, helictites, and a sort of flowstone. most of the features in the diagram were made when the cave was active and during the early cooling stage. secondary minerals may be deposited in the tubes later, such as gypsum or calcite crystals, but these tend to be on a much smaller scale than you can find in limestone caves. to take a tour of the wondrous world of lava tubes, select a feature in context on our very cool virtual lava tube map ( drawn by master lava tube cartographer carlene allred ) or choose from the list above it. not all of the items in the text list are represented on the image map. those are shown in all capital letters, so be sure to check these newer pages out. start here : birth of a lava tube check out my new book on lava tubes, based on the virtual lava tube, called caves of fire : inside america ' s lava tubes. it is both a guide to lava tube features ( with many more examples of each than shown here on the website ) and describes and pictures many lava tubes that you can easily find and visit in national, state, and county parks and forests. it has 128 pages with 345 color images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48955790784901826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abb7b5c5-5b04-4436-963d-1fafce2546d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.113932"}
{"text": "question from amanda : where and what acids are found in wine. which wines have more acid ( dry or sweet ) and why due to the climate. explain why and how titration can be used to determine the relative acid content of wine. if you could help answer my question i would be very grateful. answer : hi, amanda! thanks for your question! i \u2019 ll do my best \u2026. the main grape acid is tartaric, a relatively strong acid, unlike most fruits. it \u2019 s followed by malic ( found in lots of fruits and vegetables ) and there are trace amounts of lots of different acids. we have an article on wine components, including acid, at goosecross. com. generally, white wines are higher in acid than reds, for aesthetic reasons. sweet wines should be the highest of all, to offset the sweetness, or the wine will be cloying. cool climates usually produce wines of high acid compared to warm climates because heat causes the sugar to go up and the acid to go down. a chardonnay from burgundy, france is almost always higher in acid than a napa valley chardonnay because of the difference in climate. imagine trying to ripen tomatoes in a cold climate \u2013 they will be quite tart! titration is a simple color - change test. i \u2019 ve paraphrased this from a wine text : titration is the process of determining the concentration of a substance, such as acid, in a solution by adding a carefully measured standard reagent ( usually sodium hydroxide ) until a reaction ( change in color ) occurs due to the presence of an indicator ( phenolphthalein ). most home winemakers buy inexpensive kits to do this. i hope this helps you. are you studying wine making?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41998356622771255, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae6ebdd8-4c80-4452-94bc-35a8c7fc9fa2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.116107"}
{"text": "most of us know someone with a food allergy. i certainly do - two of my children have been labeled with life threatening food allergies ; one to peanuts and tree nuts and the other to soy. every time i head to the grocery store i spend a tremendous amount of time reading each and every label - including labels that i am familiar with to be sure they haven \u2019 t changed. this is a necessity to keep my family safe and healthy. in january, 2006, the new food allergen labeling and consumer protection act ( falcpa ) took effect. the law requires food manufacturers to identify all ingredients in a food product containing one or more of the eight major allergens. the eight foods identified by the law are : - fish ( e. g., bass, flounder, cod ) - crustacean shellfish ( e. g. crab, lobster, shrimp ) - tree nuts ( e. g., almonds, walnuts, pecans ) the law states that the name of the food source of a major food allergen must appear : - in parentheses following the name of the ingredient. examples : \u201c lecithin ( soy ), \u201d \u201c flour ( wheat ), \u201d and \u201c whey ( milk ) \u201d \u2013 or \u2013 - immediately after or next to the list of ingredients in a \u201c contains \u201d statement. example : \u201c contains wheat, milk, and soy. \u201d most companies are very clear in their labeling and use the \u201c contains \u201d language in bold after their ingredient list. here \u2019 s where it gets really confusing i have been scrutinizing food labels for years - i am noticing that i have to squint these days to read the fine print. many labels contain language about cross - contamination - if the food was processed on shared equipment or shared processing lines with one of the 8 allergens. but not all manufacturers are listing cross - contamination information. the reason being - companies are not required to include this information. there are no particular regulations on whether they need to add statements such as \u201c may contain traces of peanuts, \u201d for example, for foods that aren \u2019 t supposed to contain such allergens. it is a company \u2019 s choice whether or not to include this information, and how to word it. how to decide if cross - contamination is an issue so the bottom line is you will need to determine what degree of risk you are comfortable with when purchasing foods. that is a lot of pressure when you are buying food for someone else. here is my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4665520879819586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb5b2054-dffc-4358-a10e-a6bb9602e291>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.121197"}
{"text": "the basics of heat stress when the thermometer rises, it can - and often does - create a multitude of problems. anyone, given the right ( or wrong ) conditions, can get heat stress. some are lucky enough to suffer only from heat cramps, while those who are less fortunate may be laid up by heat exhaustion or devastated by heat stroke. as the long, hot days of summer approach, it is helpful to review the effects of warm weather on the human body, the illnesses that may result and what you can do. how the body stays cool unknowingly, you constantly engage your body in the life - and - death struggle to disperse the heat it produces. if allowed to accumulate, this heat would quickly increase your body temperature beyond its comfortable 98. 6of. this does not normally happen because your body is able to lose enough heat to maintain a steady temperature. you become aware of this struggle for heat balance during hard labor or exercise in hot environments, when your body produces heat faster than it can lose it. under certain conditions, your body may build up too much heat, your temperature may rise to life - threatening levels, and you may become delirious or lose consciousness. this is called heat stroke, and it is a serious medical emergency. if you do not rid your body of excess heat fast enough, it cooks the brain and other vital organs. it often is fatal, and those who survive may have permanent damage to their vital organs. before your temperature reaches heat - stroke levels, however, you may suffer heat exhaustion with its flu - like symptoms, and while treating its symptoms you avoid heat stroke. how does your body dispose of excess heat? humans lose heat largely through their skin, similar to how a car loses heat through its radiator. exercising muscles warms the blood, just as a car ' s hot engine warms its radiator fluid. warm blood travels through the skin ' s dilated blood vessels losing heat by evaporating sweat to the surrounding air, just like a car loses engine heat through its radiator. when blood delivers heat to the skin, two of the most important ways the body loses heat are radiation and evaporation ( vaporization of sweat ). when the temperature is 70of or less, the body releases its heat by radiation. as environmental temperatures approach your body temperature, you lose less heat through radiation. in fact, people working on hot summer days actually gain heat through radiation from the sun. this leaves evaporation as the only way to effectively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4930587233795303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b4eb0e1-7746-4f13-a3ba-67961d4c7971>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.134073"}
{"text": "releases its heat by radiation. as environmental temperatures approach your body temperature, you lose less heat through radiation. in fact, people working on hot summer days actually gain heat through radiation from the sun. this leaves evaporation as the only way to effectively control body temperature. water loss your body is about half water. you lose about 2 quarts every day ( breathing, urinating, bowel movements and sweat ). a working adult can produce 2 quarts of sweat per hour for short periods and up to 15 quarts per day. because the body ' s water absorption rate of 1. 5 quarts per hour is less than the body ' s 2 quarts per hour sweat rate, dehydration results. this happens because you cannot drink enough water to keep up with your sweat losses. if you drink only when you are thirsty, you are dehydrated already. thirst is not a good guide for when to drink water. in fact, in hot and humid conditions, you may be so dehydrated by the time you become thirsty that you will have trouble catching up with your fluid losses. one guideline regarding your water intake is to monitor your urine. you are getting enough water if you produce clear urine at least five times a day. cloudy or dark urine, or urinating less than five times a day, means you should drink more. in the gulf war, american armed forces followed the practice of the israeli army : drinking a minimum of 1 quart of fluid per hour. this tactic resulted in zero deaths from heat illness. in contrast, during the six day war of 1967, more than 20, 000 egyptian soldiers died3 / 4with no visible wounds3 / 4most likely from dehydration and heat illness because they were restricted to 3 quarts daily. while working in hot weather, drink 8 ounces of water every 20 minutes. generally, 16 ounces is the most a person can comfortably drink at once. you cannot \" catch up \" by drinking extra water later because only about 1 quart of water per hour can pass out of the stomach. therefore, if possible, workers should begin drinking water before they start work. cool water ( 50of ) is easier for the stomach to absorb than warm water, and a little flavoring may make the water more tasty. the best fluids are those that leave the stomach fast and contain little sodium and some sugar ( less than 8 percent ). you should avoid coffee and tea because they contain caffeine, which is a diuretic that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5579293256706123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b4eb0e1-7746-4f13-a3ba-67961d4c7971>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.135023"}
{"text": "the water more tasty. the best fluids are those that leave the stomach fast and contain little sodium and some sugar ( less than 8 percent ). you should avoid coffee and tea because they contain caffeine, which is a diuretic that increases water loss through urination. alcoholic beverages also dehydrate by increasing urination. soda pop contains about 10 percent sugar and, therefore, your body does not absorb it as well as water or commercial sports drinks. the sugar content of fruit juices ranges from 11 to 18 percent and has an even longer absorption time. commercial sports drinks contain about 5 to 8 percent sugar. electrolyte loss sweat and urine contain potassium and sodium, which are essential electrolytes that control the movement of water in and out of the body ' s cells. many everyday foods contain these electrolytes. bananas and nuts are rich with potassium, and most american diets have up to 10 times as much sodium as the body needs. getting enough salt is rarely a problem in the typical american diet. in fact, most americans consume an excessive amount of sodium - averaging 5 to 10 grams of sodium per day - although we probably require only 1 to 3 grams. therefore, sodium loss is seldom a problem, unless a person is sweating profusely for long periods and drinking large amounts of water. commercial sports drinks can be useful if you are participating in vigorous physical activity for longer than 1 hour ( some experts say longer than 4 hours ). most of the time, however, people merely require water to remain hydrated. the truth is that excessive sodium can draw water out of the body cells, accentuating the dehydration. in addition, drinking large amounts of water ( more than 1 quart an hour ) can cause water intoxication, a condition that flushes electrolytes from the body. frequent urination and behavior changes ( irrationality, combativeness, coma, seizures, etc. ) are signs of water intoxication. effects of humidity sweat can only cool the body if it evaporates. in dry air, you will not notice sweat evaporating. however, sweat cannot evaporate in high - humidity conditions ; it just drips off the skin. at about 70 - percent humidity, sweating is ineffective in cooling the body. because humidity can significantly reduce evaporative cooling, a highly humid but mildly warm day can be more stressful than a hot, dry one. therefore, the higher the humidity, the lower the temperature at which heat risk begins, especially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48262140090517264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b4eb0e1-7746-4f13-a3ba-67961d4c7971>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.135909"}
{"text": "the body. because humidity can significantly reduce evaporative cooling, a highly humid but mildly warm day can be more stressful than a hot, dry one. therefore, the higher the humidity, the lower the temperature at which heat risk begins, especially those who are generating heat with vigorous work. who is at risk? everyone is susceptible to heat illness if environmental conditions overwhelm the body ' s temperature - regulating mechanisms. heat waves can set the stage for a rash of heat - stroke victims. for example, during the 1995 summer heat wave in chicago, the death toll reached 590. people who are obese, chronically ill or alcoholics have an increased risk. the elderly are at higher risk because of impaired cardiac output and decreased ability to sweat. infants and young children also are susceptible to heat stroke, as well. the fluid loss and dehydration resulting from physical activity puts outdoor laborers at particular risk. certain medications predispose individuals to heat stroke, such as drugs that alter sweat production ( antihistamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants ) or interfere with thermoregulation. heat illnesses several disorders exist along the spectrum of heat illnesses. heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke are on the more serious side of the scale, whereas heat syncope, heat edema and prickly heat are less serious ( see \" heat illnesses, \" page c 18 ). only heat stroke is life - threatening. untreated heat - stroke victims always die. * heat cramps are painful muscular spasms that occur suddenly. they usually involve the muscles in the back of the leg or the abdominal muscles. they tend to occur immediately after exertion and are caused by salt depletion. victims may be drinking water without adequate salt content. however, some experts disagree because the typical american diet is heavy with salt. * heat exhaustion is characterized by heavy perspiration with normal or slightly above - normal body temperatures. a depletion of water or salt3 / 4or both3 / 4causes this condition. some experts believe severe dehydration is a better term because it happens to workers who do not drink enough fluids while working in hot environments. symptoms include severe thirst, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. the affected person often mistakenly believes he or she has the flu. uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke. * heat stroke is classified in two ways : classic and exertional. classic heat stroke, also known as the \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48046621480817153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b4eb0e1-7746-4f13-a3ba-67961d4c7971>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.136811"}
{"text": ". the affected person often mistakenly believes he or she has the flu. uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke. * heat stroke is classified in two ways : classic and exertional. classic heat stroke, also known as the \" slow cooker, \" may take days to develop. this condition is prevalent during summer heat waves and typically affects poor, elderly, chronically ill, alcoholic or obese persons. because the elderly often have medical problems, heat stroke exacerbates the problem, and more than 50 percent of elderly heat - stroke victims die3 / 4even with medical care. death results from a combination of a hot environment and dehydration. exertional heat stroke also is more common in the summer. you see it frequently in athletes, laborers and military personnel who sweat profusely. known as the \" fast cooker, \" this condition affects healthy, active individuals who strenuously work or play in a warm environment. exertional heat - stroke victims usually are sweating when stricken, while the classic victims are not sweating. its rapid onset does not allow enough time for severe dehydration to occur. because uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke, you should know how to tell the difference between them. if the victim feels extremely hot when touched, suspect heat stroke. another mark of heat stroke is that the victim ' s mental status ( behavior ) changes drastically3 / 4ranging from being slightly confused and disoriented to falling into a coma. in between these conditions, victims usually become irrational, agitated or even aggressive and may have seizures. in severe cases, the victim can go into a coma in less than 1 hour. the longer a coma lasts, the lower the chance for survival, so rescuers must be quick. a third way of distinguishing heat stroke from heat exhaustion is by rectal temperature. obviously, this is not very practical because conscious heat - stroke victims may not cooperate. taking a rectal temperature can be embarrassing to both victim and rescuer. moreover, rectal thermometers are seldom available, and the whole procedure of finding the appropriate thermometer and then using it wastes time and distracts from important emergency care. in most cases, an ambulance arrives within 10 to 20 minutes. * heat syncope, in which a person becomes dizzy or faints after exposure to high temperatures, is a self - limiting condition. victims should lie down in a cool place when it occurs. victims who are not nauseated can drink", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48610830243967584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b4eb0e1-7746-4f13-a3ba-67961d4c7971>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.137754"}
{"text": "20 minutes. * heat syncope, in which a person becomes dizzy or faints after exposure to high temperatures, is a self - limiting condition. victims should lie down in a cool place when it occurs. victims who are not nauseated can drink water. * heat edema, which is also a self - limiting condition, causes ankles and feet to swell from heat exposure. it is more common in women unacclimated to a hot climate. it is related to salt and water retention and tends to disappear after acclimation. wearing support stockings and elevating the legs often helps reduce swelling. * prickly heat, also known as a heat rash, is an itchy rash that develops on skin that is wet from sweating. dry and cool the skin. cooling methods sometimes the only way to stop possible damage is to cool the victim as quickly as possible. however, it is important to pay attention to both the cooling methods and cautions. * ice baths cool a victim quickly but require a great deal of ice3 / 4at least 80 pounds3 / 4to be effective. needing a big enough tub also limits this method. cool - water baths3 / 4 ( less than 60of ) 3 / 4can be successful if you stir the water to prevent a warm layer from forming around the body. this is the most effective method in highly humid conditions ( greater than 75 - percent humidity ). * spraying the victim with water combined with fanning is another method for cooling the body. the water droplets act as artificial sweat and cool the body through evaporation. however, this method is not effective in high humidity3 / 4greater than 75 percent. * ice bags wrapped in wet towels and placed against the large veins in the groin, armpits and sides of the neck also cool the body, though not nearly as quickly as immersion. cautions to remember when employing any cooling method include : * do not delay the onset of cooling while waiting for an ambulance. doing so increases the risk of tissue damage and prolonged hospitalization. * stop cooling when the victim ' s mental status improves to avoid hypothermia. * do not use rubbing alcohol to cool the skin. it can be absorbed into the blood, causing alcohol poisoning. its vapors are a potential fire hazard. * do not use aspirin or acetaminophen. they are not effective because the brain ' s control - center temperature is not elevated as it is with fever caused by diseases. adjusting to heat most heat illness occur during the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48719671082478455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b4eb0e1-7746-4f13-a3ba-67961d4c7971>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.138649"}
{"text": "hazard. * do not use aspirin or acetaminophen. they are not effective because the brain ' s control - center temperature is not elevated as it is with fever caused by diseases. adjusting to heat most heat illness occur during the first days of working in the heat. therefore, acclimation ( adjusting to the heat ) is the main preventive measure. to better handle the heat, the body adjusts by decreasing the salt content in sweat and increases the sweating rate. year - round exercise can help workers prepare for hot weather. such activity raises the body ' s core temperature so it becomes accustomed to heat. full acclimation, however, requires exercise in hot weather. you can do this by exercising a minimum of 60 to 90 minutes in the heat each day for 1 to 2 weeks. the acclimated heart pumps more blood with each stroke than a heart unused to working in the heat. sweating earlier and doubles the amount of sweat per hour from 1. 5 quarts to 3 quarts or more. when new workers are exposed to hot weather, team them with veterans of the heat who know how much water to drink. heat illnesses are avoidable. with knowledge, preparation, fluid replacement and prompt emergency care, heat casualties need not be a factor for those working in warm weather. dr. alton thygerson is a professor of health science at brigham young university, provo, utah. he also serves as the technical consultant for the national safety council ' s first aid institute. want to use this article? click here for options! \u00a9 2013 penton media inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4518886404836851, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b4eb0e1-7746-4f13-a3ba-67961d4c7971>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.139202"}
{"text": "data structures for manipulating ( biological ) sequences. generally supports both nucleotide and protein sequences, some functions, like revcompl, only makes sense for nucleotides. | a sequence is a header, sequence data itself, and optional quality data. sequences are type - tagged to identify them as nucleotide, amino acids, or unknown type. all items are lazy bytestrings. the offset type can be used for indexing. | a sequence consists of a header, the sequence data itself, and optional quality data. the type parameter is a phantom type to separate nucleotide and amino acid sequences | an offset, index, or length of a seqdata | the basic data type used in sequences | quality data is normally associated with nucleotide sequences | basic type for quality data. range 0.. 255. typical phred output is in the range 6.. 50, with 20 as the line in the sand separating good from bad. | quality data is a qual vector, currently implemented as a bytestring. | read the character at the specified position in the sequence. | return sequence length. | return sequence label ( first word of header ) | return full header. | return the sequence data. | check whether the sequence has associated quality data. | return the quality data, or error if none exist. use hasqual if in doubt. | adding information to header | modify the header by appending text, or by replacing all but the sequence label ( i. e. first word ). | converting to and from [ char ] | convert a string to seqdata | convert a seqdata to a string returns a sequence with all internal storage freshly copied and with sequence and quality data present as a single chunk. by freshly copying internal storage, defragseq allows garbage collection of the original data source whence the sequence was read ; otherwise, use of just a short sequence name can cause an entire sequence file buffer to be retained. by compacting sequence data into a single chunk, defragseq avoids linear - time traversal of sequence chunks during random access into | map over sequences, treating them as a sequence of ( char, word8 ) pairs. this will work on sequences without quality, as long as the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iup", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5455342057912717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0811e322-860e-4f42-9263-ac9ca9ec229a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.142143"}
{"text": "the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iupac specifies an extended nucleotide alphabet with wildcards, but it is not supported at this point. | complement a single character. i. e. identify the nucleotide it can hybridize with. note that for multiple nucleotides, you usually want the reverse complement ( see revcompl for that ). | calculate the reverse complement. this is only relevant for the nucleotide alphabet, and it leaves other characters unmodified. | calculate the reverse complent for seqdata only. | for type tagging sequences ( protein sequences use amino below ) | proteins are chains of amino acids, represented by the iupac alphabet. | translate a nucleotide sequence into the corresponding protein sequence. this works rather blindly, with no attempt to identify orfs or otherwise qa the result. | convert a sequence in iupac format to a list of amino acids. | convert a list of amino acids to a sequence in iupac format. | display a nicely formated sequence. | a simple function to display a sequence : we generate the sequence string and | call putstrln | returns a properly formatted and probably highlighted string | representation of a sequence. highlighting is done using ansi - escape | default type for sequences | produced by haddock version 2. 6. 1 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5262885468906433, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0811e322-860e-4f42-9263-ac9ca9ec229a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.142714"}
{"text": "contemporary world politics make it necessary for nations to integrate into international unions in the interest of their own national security and economy. in these international unions, which are usually based upon geographic location, such factors as natural resources, trading blocs, and even cultural values play an important role. many neighboring countries combine their resources under the auspices of such organizations, create defensive alliances, and cooperate on a wide array of issues. the goal of such unions is to preserve peace, control the arms race, resolve disputes through diplomacy, promote socioeconomic development, and protect fundamental human rights and democracy. at the present time, nato, the osce, the eu, nafta, opec, asean, the g - 8, the d - 8, and apec are the foremost international political, military, and economic unions. these institutions are subject to organizational reforms because of new members or a widening of scope. all of these organizations, formed in the aftermath of the second world war, have contributed to creating stability and order in the world and have played a major role in global socioeconomic development. member nations protect their economic and military interests, and also acquire a stronger regional and international position. even the developed world perceives the necessity of such partnerships. the creation of free trade zones, regional trade agreements, abolished customs controls, and even a common currency ( as in the eu ) safeguard the future of member states. defensive pacts enable member states to reduce military expenditures and to divert those resources to cultural and educational fields. a similar organization will provide considerable benefits to muslim nations. for those that are desperate for technological as well as economic development, the foremost step toward stability is the creation of a central organization or, in other words, a unified islamic world under the auspices of the islamic union. economic development and increasing prosperity economic cooperation is necessary on two counts : stability and development. muslim nations must bring stability and solidity to their economies. developing industries and making the required investments is vital, as is the need for a comprehensive development plan and the simultaneous development of education, economy, culture, science, and technology. while various sectors are developed technologically, the labor force ' s educational levels and standards must be raised accordingly. society must be motivated to become more productive, and the resulting economic cooperation will play a major role in eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in muslim countries. this partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. most muslim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5050978953883959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:294ae327-cc7d-4b2a-962f-3f40d8a01c9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.151506"}
{"text": "eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in muslim countries. this partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. most muslim countries have geostrategic importance as well as rich natural resources ( e. g., natural gas and crude oil ). these resources and strategic opportunities, however, are not being used effectively. in the islamic world, 86 % of the population ' s living standards fall below $ 2, 000, 76 % under $ 1, 000, and 67 % under $ 500 per year. when the islamic world ' s total resources are considered, ( 1 ) this is quite a paradox : roughly half of the petrol consumed in the west is exported from the islamic world, as is 40 % of the world ' s agricultural production. ( 2 ) many economists and strategists freely admit that the world economy depends upon the islamic world ' s oil and gas exports, in particular those of the persian gulf. ( 3 ) the persian gulf holds two - thirds of the planet ' s discovered crude oil reserves. data obtained from research concludes that saudi arabia alone holds 25. 4 % of the world ' s oil reserves, or 262 billion barrels. a further 11 % is found in iraq, 9. 6 % in the uae, 9. 2 % in kuwait, 8. 6 % in iran, 13 % in other opec member states. the rest is distributed across the remainder of the world. ( 4 ) research commissioned by the u. s. department of energy shows that between 2000 and 2020, oil exports from the area will increase by 125 %. ( 5 ) this means that the world will continue to meet most of its energy needs by imports from the gulf region. moreover, the middle east has 40 % of the global natural gas reserves ; 35 % of these reserves are in the gulf region. ( 6 ) algeria, libya, and other north african countries have 3. 7 % of the world ' s reserves. the caucasus and central asia are also rich in oil, natural gas, and other natural resources. for instance, kazakhstan has between 10 - 17. 6 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, and its natural gas reserves are estimated at between 53 and 83 trillion cubic feet. turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer. ( 7 ) some other muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. for instance, uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan are two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502444750588398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:294ae327-cc7d-4b2a-962f-3f40d8a01c9b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.152355"}
{"text": "53 and 83 trillion cubic feet. turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer. ( 7 ) some other muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. for instance, uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan are two of the world ' s leading gold producers. turkey has one of the world ' s richest boron reserves, only recently discovered to be very important, and tajikistan has the world ' s largest aluminum producing facilities. these advantages will become more important in the twenty - first century, which some have already christened the \" energy century. \" energy is an essential element of modern society in terms of the military, industry, urbanization, and transport. given that economic activity and manufacturing depend primarily upon energy, nations will do their best to achieve control over these energy resources. the islamic world is not using its resources effectively, for many of its members lack the infrastructure and technology to increase the production and use their natural resources to develop their industries. therefore, the resources ' contributions to the country ' s economy are limited to export earnings. these countries do not have the means to process their own crude oil, use it in their industrial complexes, or to develop their industries. worse still, some muslim nations do not even have the necessary means to explore and research their natural resources or to discover and extract them. explorations undertaken by foreign companies reveal that other muslim nations have oil and gas reserves, but they cannot benefit from their resources. naturally, the ineffective use of natural resources is not the islamic world ' s only economic problem. however, solving this problem can begin the process of solving many other problems. the economies of muslim nations contain differences in structure and functioning. some nations ' economies depend upon mineral resources, such as the members of opec, while other nations ' depend upon agriculture. these differences are also reflected, to some extent, in their social structures, such as the widely varying degrees of rural and urban populations. developing complementary relationships and helping each other in their respective areas of expertise can turn these differences into a source of riches. all of this will be possible with the islamic union. joint ventures and project partnerships will be an important step in the right direction, for they will enable countries to benefit from one another ' s experiences and the income earned from investment projects will benefit all of the participating countries. such mutual financial support is compatible with islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that muslims strive to acquire. many verses in the qur \u2019 an remind muslims to watch over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5350781744305323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:294ae327-cc7d-4b2a-962f-3f40d8a01c9b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.153335"}
{"text": "benefit all of the participating countries. such mutual financial support is compatible with islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that muslims strive to acquire. many verses in the qur \u2019 an remind muslims to watch over the needy. society ' s internal cohesion must be extended to international relations. as international cooperation within a partnership cannot be one - sided, employment and income levels will rise in both countries. for example, one country will produce oil and another one will process it, and agriculturally dependent countries will be able to import the food they need from agriculturally developed countries. a manpower - poor country \u2019 s need will be met by another islamic country, while rich countries will be able to invest in and help out a manpower - rich country that does not have enough jobs for its people. this will be to the benefit of both. sharing know - how and experience will increase prosperity, and all muslims will benefit from technological developments. joint ventures that realize the islamic world ' s unification of opportunities and means will enable muslims to produce hi - tech products. the islamic common market will enable muslim - made products to be marketed in other muslim countries without the hindrance of customs, quotas, and other cross - border obstacles. the marketplace will grow, the market share and exports of all muslim nations will rise, industrialization will speed up, and economic development will bring progress in technology. the living standards and wealth of muslim nations will increase, and their existing inequalities will disappear. some free trade agreements are already in place between countries in the gulf, the pacific rim, and north africa. trade agreements signed by turkey are already operational in the islamic world. bilateral cooperation exists in some regions ; however, their scope must be widened. such cooperation will safeguard the rights and interests of all muslim nations and lead to all of them becoming developed \u2014 a result from which all of them will derive a far greater benefit than if they do not cooperate with each other. all of these can be realized only under a central authority ' s leadership and coordination. achieving this will be possible if muslim nations adopt the qur ' an ' s values and the prophet ' s ( may god bless him and grant him peace ) sunnah, or, in other words, if they adopt islamic culture. the islamic union must lead the way to this cultural awakening, as well as the resulting political and economic cooperation. mutual cooperation among muslims, part of the islamic code, must be adhered to by all muslims, for god commands people to refrain from avarice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5291918402122154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:294ae327-cc7d-4b2a-962f-3f40d8a01c9b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.154319"}
{"text": "islamic union must lead the way to this cultural awakening, as well as the resulting political and economic cooperation. mutual cooperation among muslims, part of the islamic code, must be adhered to by all muslims, for god commands people to refrain from avarice and to guard the needy and support one another. in fact, destitute people have a due share of the believers ' wealth ( qur ' an, 51 : 19 ). as the qur ' an proclaims : our lord also reveals that believers are one another ' s guardians ( qur ' an, 9 : 71 ). the word \" guardian \" conveys such meanings as friend, helper, mentor, and protector. it also expresses the importance of cooperation and solidarity between muslim nations. the cooperation that will arise from this fraternal awareness between muslim nations will bring prosperity and wealth to muslims and eradicate poverty, an important problem of the islamic world. societies that follow the qur ' an ' s values will not experience famine, destitution, and poverty. muslims will develop their nations by following rational and long - term policies, establishing good relations with other nations and people, valuing trade and development, and learning from other cultures ' experiences. this was so in history and, god willing, under the islamic union ' s leadership it will be so once again. 1 - demetrios yiokaris, islamic leage study guide - 1997, united nations : study guides. online at : www. vaxxine. com / cowac / islmclg1. htm. 2 - \u201c islamic countries have the resources to match the west, scientist \u201d, arabic news. com, 28 may 2000. online at : www. arabicnews. com / ansub / daily / day / 000628 / 2000062848. html. 3 - anthony h. cordesman and arleigh a. burke, \u201c the gulf and transition : executive summary and major policy recommendations \u201d ( october 30, 2000 ). 4 - anthony h. cordesman and arleigh a. burke, \u201c the us military and the evolving challenges in the middle east \u201d ( march 9, 2002 ), 3. 5 - anthony h. cordesman and arleigh a. burke, \u201c the us military and the evolving challenges in the middle east \u201d ( march 9, 2002 ), 3. 6 - anthony h. cordesman and arleigh a. burke, \u201c the us military and the evolving challenges in the middle east \u201d ( march 9,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46129986176165655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:294ae327-cc7d-4b2a-962f-3f40d8a01c9b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.155118"}
{"text": "there could be genetic reasons why some women succumb to pressure to be thin, while others maintain a positive body image, according to us researchers. \u201c we \u2019 re all bombarded daily with messages extoling the virtues of being thin, yet intriguingly only some women develop what we term thin ideal internalisation, \u201d study author jessica suisman from michigan state university said in a press release. \u201c this suggests that genetic factors may make some women more susceptible to this pressure than others. \u201d suisman and her colleagues studied more than 300 female twins aged 12 to 22 to see whether genetic factors influenced how vulnerable women are to societal thin ideals. they measured how much the participants wanted to look like people from tv, movies and magazines, then compared identical twins, who share exactly the same genes, with fraternal twins, who share 50 percent of their genes. the researchers found identical twins had closer levels of thin idealisation, which suggested genetics plays a part in determining body image. \u201c we were surprised to find that shared environmental factors, such as exposure to the same media, did not have as big an impact as expected, \u201d suisman said. \u201c instead, non - shared factors that make co - twins different from each other had the greatest impact. the broad cultural risk factors that we thought were most influential in the development of thin - ideal internalisation are not as important as genetic risk and environmental risk factors that are specific and unique to each twin. \" megan o ' connor, from eating disorders victoria, told ninemsn that experts are becoming increasingly aware of the potential genetic link. \" there are often examples of a mother and two of her daughters having eating disorders \u2013 \u2013 anecdotally we are hearing of family traits, \" she said. o ' connor said families need to be aware of the possible genetic link and put responsible measures in place. \" people can certainly modify the sorts of language they use in their family about weight, dieting and body shape, \" she said. \" there is evidence to suggest that eating family meals together and having a healthy and relaxed relationship with food helps protect against eating disorders. \" the study was published in the international journal of eating disorders.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47751131142017, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44003eee-ebd3-4cd3-ac60-d61ecb0354e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.157835"}
{"text": "to learn more about cholesterol, browse any of the cholesterol topics below. about cholesterol cholesterol itself isn ' t bad. we all have and need this wax - like substance in our bodies. learn about the so - called \" good \" and \" bad \" cholesterol, where it comes from, and why it ' s important for your health. why cholesterol matters high cholesterol is one of the major risk factors leading to heart disease, heart attack and stroke. discover the reasons to keep your cholesterol controlled. understand your risk for cholesterol high cholesterol levels can run in families, and women generally tend to have higher levels of hdl than men. find out more about who has high cholesterol, and discover why managing cholesterol is important even for children. prevention & treatment of cholesterol you can lower your cholesterol and reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke. take responsibility for managing your cholesterol levels with healthy lifestyle choices and a sound medical treatment plan when prescribed. cholesterol tools & resources learn more with our online tracking resources, downloadable information pages and personal stories from people like you. watch, learn and live our interactive cardiovascular library has informative illustrations and animations to help you learn about conditions, treatments and procedures related to heart disease and stroke.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4693429166329498, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a052ffe-8b89-4dfe-9c48-1877699b92fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.159106"}
{"text": "trees or shrubs ; petiole eglandular ; lamina mostly bearing several \u2013 many glands on abaxial surface. inflorescence terminal, unbranched or branched near base, each axis a raceme of short 1 \u2013 7 - flowered cincinni ; lowest bracteole and alternate subsequent bracteoles bearing 1 large eccentric abaxial gland. sepals all biglandular, leaving outermost petal exposed in bud ; petals glabrous or bearing a tuft of hairs abaxially at base of claw ; posterior petal strongly differentiated from the lateral 4, with a thick erect claw and large marginal glands on proximal half of limb or at apex of claw ; receptacle glabrous on both sides of stamens ; stamens all fertile or the posterior ( 1 \u2013 ) 3 bearing rudimentary anthers ; pollen radially symmetrical, colporate ; carpels completely connate in ovary ; styles 3, slender and subulate with the stigmas very small, apical or slightly internal. fruit dry, indehiscent, a nut without a bony endocarp, containing only 1 seed. distribution : south america. the mcvaughia clade is strongly supported by both molecular and morphological evidence. the phylogenetic tree shown above, from davis & anderson ( 2010 [ pdf ] ), shows bootstrap values above the branches. especially noteworthy among the morphological characteristics shared by these three genera are the shrubby or arborescent habit, the abaxial leaf glands, the flowers often in several - flowered cincinni, the large abaxial gland on alternate bracteoles, and the dry, indehiscent, one - seeded fruit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45438729608792905, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de8aca1f-8787-4397-a590-18468f93dd4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.161334"}
{"text": "contemporary full brown calf. small paper spine label. boards triple ruled in blind. edges speckled red. boards and joints rubbed and bumped. head and tale of the spine chipped. some toning and browning throughout, but mainly to preliminary and final leaves. leaves a2 and a3 with some chipping along fore - edge, not affecting text. a bit of marginal worming, not affecting text. previous owner ' s old ink signature on title - page and some instances of marginalia and text corrections in the same hand. overall a very good copy. \u201c bacon \u2019 s major contribution to the development of science lies in his natural philosophy, his philosophy of scientific method, and in his projects for the practical organization of science. during the last years of his life, he expounded these ideas in a series of works, of which the twoo bookes was the first. the only work bacon ever published in english, it was later expanded and latinized into de augmentis scientiarum ( 1623 ). in the twoo bookes, bacon concerned himself primarily with the classification of philosophy and the sciences and with developing his influential view of the relation between science and theology. while preserving the traditional distinction between knowledge obtained by divine revelation and knowledge acquired through the senses, bacon saw both theoretical and applied science as religious duties, the first for a greater knowledge of god through his creation, and the second for the practice of charity to one \u2019 s fellows by improving their condition. this view of science as a religious function maintained its authority throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and was an important factor in the public success of the scientific movement \u201d ( norman library ). gibson 82. stc 1165. hbs # 65822 $ 850", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5049084021692913, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e04e5806-0a3c-464e-b9b3-0390547ccd5b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.163845"}
{"text": "in the early 1900s, a dispute arose over who controlled greenland \u2014 norway or denmark. the case was submitted to the permanent court of international justice in 1933. the court ruled in denmark \u2019 s favor. after wwii, the united states developed a geopolitical interest in greenland. in 1946, they offered to buy the country from denmark for $ 100 million dollars. denmark refused to sell though. they did, however, allow the us to reopen thule air base in 1950. from 1951 and 1953, the base was greatly expanded as a part of a nato cold war defense strategy. it is still the us air forces \u2019 northernmost base, located inside the arctic circle. though xerxes did not found the achaemenid persian empire, he ruled it at its greatest size, and made it the global force that it was at the time. his failed invasion of greece has secured him a legendary place in not just asian, but also western culture. if once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing ; and from robbing he next comes to drinking and sabbath - breaking, and from that to incivility and procrastination. \u2014 thomas de quincey ( 1785 - 1859 ) tritones is a musical interval that spans three whole tones. this interval, the gap between two notes played in succession or simultaneously, was branded diabolus in musica or the devil \u2019 s interval by medieval musicians. one historian said, on the tritone : \u201c it apparently was the sound used to call up the beast. there is something very sexual about the tritone. in the middle ages when people were ignorant and scared, when they heard something like that and felt that reaction in their body they thought \u2018 uh oh, here come the devil \u2019. \u201d the devil \u2019 s interval came back into vogue under wagner, of all people, who used it in his operas. since then, the tritone has been used for everything from acdc to the simpson \u2019 s theme song. the first light portrait and first human portrait every taken. from october or november, 1839. it is a self - portrait by robert cornelius. a caricature of europe right before wwi. for a full explanation of the imagery for each country, click on the image. around 300 bce, the maya began adopting a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. this civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the classic period, around 200 - 900 ce. their society consisted of many independent states, each with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111714401981513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1f038cb-890b-4c07-8d0a-10c8339ec271>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.170015"}
{"text": ". around 300 bce, the maya began adopting a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. this civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the classic period, around 200 - 900 ce. their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centers. it started to decline around 900 ce when - for reasons which are still debated - the southern maya abandoned their cities. when the northern maya were integrated into the toltec society by 1200 ce, the maya civilization finally came to a close, although some peripheral centers continued to thrive until the spanish conquest in the early sixteenth century. even today, many in guatemala and mexico identify first as maya and second as their nationality. fort sumter, in charleston, south carolina, at the time of the american civil war. in 98 ad, the roman historian tacitus wrote a detailed description about the fenni, a people to the north. this is probably the earliest written reference to the finnish people. according to him, these poor, savage fennis lived somewhere in the northeast baltic region \u2014 at the time inhabited by many other peoples, and the description also fits the sami, another group still living near the arctic circle today. given the name \u2019 s closeness to the modern finns, they think it was probably them. historians can never be certain exactly who tacitus was referring to, however. welcome to history class, guys! in the mid - 1950s, sammy davis jr was involved with kim novak, who was a valuable star under contract to columbia studios. the head of the studio, harry cohn, called one of the mob bosses. he paid the mob to threaten sammy into ending the affair. great britain finished repaying the united states \u2019 lend - lead aid from world war ii in 2006. august 12, 1944 : a band of battle - hardened nurses take a break to get their picture taken in a field close to the front lines in france. successor of the unfortunate pope formosus, pope boniface vi joins the league of forgotten popes. very little is known about him, and what is known, he probably wishes we \u2019 d forget. pope for just 15 days, boniface died from gout. this nasty disease comes from eating too much red meat and other rich foods. this causes a build - up of uric acid ( gross ) leading to swelled joints and purplish skin. two years after his death, john ix declared boniface vi \u2019 s election null and void but he is still included in the official", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4458048719140846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1f038cb-890b-4c07-8d0a-10c8339ec271>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.170934"}
{"text": ". this causes a build - up of uric acid ( gross ) leading to swelled joints and purplish skin. two years after his death, john ix declared boniface vi \u2019 s election null and void but he is still included in the official list of popes. this is the remarkable lady malcolm douglas - hamilton. in 1940 she was natalie latham, a former debutante and fixture at new york society balls, now 30, twice divorced with two children and still so beautiful that vogue printed items about her. all this changed when german u - boats began their devastating attacks on the north atlantic convoys supplying britain. although america had not entered the war, natalie latham decided to do something to help, and established bundles for britain, which began as little more than a \u201c knitting bee \u201d \u2014 albeit one convened by natalie latham and some of the grandest dames of the new york social scene. the group quickly expanded to over 1. 5 million volunteers, with branches all over the country. bundles for britain started shipping over not just clothing but also blankets, children \u2019 s cots, ambulances, x - ray machines, hospital beds, oxygen tents, surgical instruments, blood transfusion kits, tinned food and children \u2019 s cots. every item was labelled \u201c from your american friends. \u201d in britain, she secured the support of winston churchill \u2019 s wife, clementine, and of janet murrow, wife of the cbs reporter ed murrow, whose live radio broadcasts to america during the blitz began with the words : \u201c this is london. \u201d when bundles for britain held a raffle, queen elizabeth donated items, including a piece of shrapnel that had hit buckingham palace. king george vi later appointed natalie latham an honorary cbe ; she was the first non - british woman thus honored. after her fourth husband \u2019 s death in 1951, she arrived in london to promote common cause, an anti - communist organization she had founded, and met the third son of the 13th duke of hamilton, lord malcolm douglas - hamilton, mp for inverness - shire and an ardent anti - communist. they eventually moved to the us, and she died on january 14, 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.451653230999244, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1f038cb-890b-4c07-8d0a-10c8339ec271>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.171684"}
{"text": "business language learning from apec hrdwg wiki as part of international education week 2010, apec has expanded on several themes of the seminar on \" language education : an essential for a global economy, \" to provide a guide for students and instructors interested in the critical importance of business language for strengthening business relations in a global context. these themes include business in the 21st century ; cross cultural awareness for 21st century business ; language for 21st century business ; business language learning ; and business language policy. in business language instruction, we learn that different economies use different methodologies by which to teach and learn the subject of business. we find that conflict may arise when these differing methodologies come together in a single classroom. another application of advanced communications technologies may be found in the classroom, where traditional textbooks may be supplemented with electronic media such as video clips, as well as live information from internet newsfeeds, essentially making textbook materials come alive. students today may not learn history, geography, and science as it was taught a few years ago. they may actually view and experience events via the internet as if they were present during the moment in which they took place. video conferencing in the classroom may have other applications, such as providing students access to language teachers in foreign countries and to subject matter experts thousands of miles away, who can appear in the classroom and guest lecture as if they were actually there. these powerful new communications technologies have enhanced business language instruction in schools and universities, as evidenced from the scenario presented below. - technology provides web - based content to expand, complement, and supplement textbooks and teacher instruction. - online educational materials blend face - to - face learning with digital teaching and curricula. - technology such as virtual classroom fosters peer - to - peer and instructor - peer relationship building, collaboration, and social networking. - when designing lesson plans for international students, educators must consider how cultural values affect the way students respond to specific assignments. - technology contributes to a green environment by saving paper and reducing travel. in the fictional scenario below, teaching and learning methodologies from different economies clash as they are brought together into a single classroom, made possible only by advancements in telecommunications technologies. a prestigious university located in collectivist economy a invited a marketing professor from a renowned university in individualistic economy b teach a year - long course on the fundamentals of marketing to first - year business students. the professor had recently published a book on mcburger, the hamburger chain, and its success in economy a. the students in economy a viewed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5277136822600191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3ee253d-4ba5-4daa-a3ab-576294344497>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.179231"}
{"text": "economy b teach a year - long course on the fundamentals of marketing to first - year business students. the professor had recently published a book on mcburger, the hamburger chain, and its success in economy a. the students in economy a viewed his book as a premier marketing book in the field of international business. conducted virtually over internet video stream, the course was the first [ ed note : for which economy? using a mix of traditional and technology - mediated instruction is not that new. it may be a stretch to say it was the first time for such a mix. ] to integrate traditional methods of teaching with new technologies. the professor would present a traditional lecture from the university ' s video conferencing room in economy b and the students in economy a would view the lecture and participate in discussion as if the professor were in their classroom. students would submit all assignments and exams to the professor through a \" digital drop box, \" and the professor would return graded materials back to students via this medium. using advanced technology in the classroom allowed students to learn from a renowned professor while enrolling in a \" green course, \" one in which the professor did not need to travel to the economy and no paper would be used for assignments. to prepare for the course, the professor chose various marketing, advertising, and strategy cases from around the world. on the first day of class, he presented a case study on boca rola, and its advent into economy c. he gave the students 30 minutes to read the case study, and then encouraged the students to share their views about : ( 1 ) boca rola \u2019 s strategy to enter the market in economy c, ( 2 ) the barriers boca rola faced in entering the market, ( 3 ) perceptions of foreign products previously unavailable in a particular economy, and ( 4 ) consumers ' reaction to the new product. he found the students reluctant to share their individual views in the class. thus, he presented his own views from the perspective of an outsider to economy c, and shared his views about how boca rola \u2019 s business culture may be different than the culture of economy c in which it was operating. at the end of class, the professor gave the students a list of questions about the case study. he asked the students to form small groups of 3 - 4 students and discuss the answers to the questions. after they discussed the questions, he asked each team to submit a 5 - 6 page summary of the responses in three days. additionally, he assigned another case study for the students to read", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5048703518515273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3ee253d-4ba5-4daa-a3ab-576294344497>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.180153"}
{"text": "of 3 - 4 students and discuss the answers to the questions. after they discussed the questions, he asked each team to submit a 5 - 6 page summary of the responses in three days. additionally, he assigned another case study for the students to read \u2013 one that focused on a large multinational company \u2019 s entry into the beauty care segment in economy d for future discussion. when the professor reviewed the students \u2019 responses to the boca rola case study, he discovered that the 20 students had submitted 5 separate sets of case study responses, as required. however, each group provided the same responses to the same questions, with no variation. he knew that this could not be a blatant incidence of cheating. when the next class reconvened, he asked the students why they turned in identical sets of answers. the students looked surprised, believing that they had followed his instructions, but had perhaps misinterpreted them. finally, one student raised his hand and stated that the class had formed groups of 3 - 4 students, but that each group tackled one question, and then shared the answers with the other groups. the students believed that it was not time efficient to discuss each question. rather, they decided that each group would respond to just one question, and then share the response with the other groups, who would do the same. the professor smiled in exasperation, and, frustrated by his inability to engage the students in an open discussion, began discussing the beauty company \u2019 s entry into economy d. points to consider - how has technology enhanced international educational opportunities for both students and instructors? other than the examples cited, what other ways can technology facilitate international educational opportunities? - to what extent did the professor understand the students \u2019 motivation to learn, the context in which they learn, and their willingness to experiment and use different approaches to demonstrate what they can do and what they know? - why was the strategy of open classroom discussion widely popular in economy b and a widely used strategy to introduce opposing views, and to encourage critical thinking? - to what extent can strategies such as lesson study encourage students in economy a to demonstrate problem solving skills, critical thinking, and creativity? - what could the professor do to model how each group could engage in separate discussions to understand the various perceptions about boca rola \u2019 s strategy to enter the market in economy c? - individualistic cultures are those cultures in which the opinion of the individual is greatly sought after and deeply valued, even though it may differ from the views of the group. these cultures believe that it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5437205729307504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3ee253d-4ba5-4daa-a3ab-576294344497>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.181107"}
{"text": "s strategy to enter the market in economy c? - individualistic cultures are those cultures in which the opinion of the individual is greatly sought after and deeply valued, even though it may differ from the views of the group. these cultures believe that it is a variety of individual opinions that produce the best solutions to problems and that promote success, whether in social relationships or in the workplace. - collectivist cultures, on the other hand, value group consensus and harmony. these cultures believe that an environment conducive for business and personal success can only be created when members of the group align in sync with one another. members of groups will first debate the merits of a question among themselves, and then choose the opinion that they deem most valuable before presenting it to a higher authority. - the professor from economy b was used to receiving individual responses to his case discussion questions, responses that varied greatly from one another. although not all responses he received were correct, he enjoyed reading the individual opinions present in them before discussing the correct answers with the class during the following lecture. economy a students were, however, from a collectivist culture and valued sharing their responses with their group first before reaching a consensus on a particular answer choice. - the professor noticed that, although he had received only one response per question, it was more or less correct, although there was not a way for him to ascertain which of his students had provided the response, how the learning had occurred, and what the viewpoints of those who disagreed might be. - teaching tips for iew 2010 provided by tesol - teaching tips for iew 2009 submitted by teachers throughout the asia - pacific region - videos from the apec - relc international language seminar presentation \" creating prosperity : using the internet to revolutionize language learning \" - new paths of communication through : - technology providing access to content beyond books - video from the apec - relc international language seminar presentation \" changes in our field : where are we going? \" - e - language learning for students - a collection of online language learning resources from various apec members - related tips for teaching 21st century workplace skills more content from international education week 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5395513560180476, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3ee253d-4ba5-4daa-a3ab-576294344497>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.181960"}
{"text": "flipping the north koreans off not many people visit north korea these days but if you are one of the lucky few, more likely than not you will be led through an official guided tour of uss pueblo \u2013 an american intelligence vessel captured in 1968 \u2013 which remains the only american vessel currently in captivity. the seizure of uss pueblo is now one of the forgotten episodes of the cold war. the u. s. claimed it was in the international waters, while the d. p. r. k. insisted that it was in the north korean waters. diplomatic and military stand - off that followed was punctuated by a series of photos, films, and letters depicting the crew of the pueblo enjoying their comfortable captivity. in reality, however, the crew was being subjected to psychical and psychological abuse. from behind the bars in one of the most isolated places on the planet, the crew nonetheless delivered a master class in political subversion. to undermine the credibility of the letters written home to suggest that they had willingly defected, the crew wrote about the events that never happened. in their press conferences, they used archaic words the koreans didn \u2019 t perfectly understand. since none of the koreans knew english well enough to write the confession, the vessel \u2019 s commander wrote it himself. they checked the meaning of his words with a dictionary, but failed to catch the pun : \u201c we paean the dprk. we paean the korean people. we paean their great leader kim il sung \u201d. ( \u201c paean \u201d is homophonic with \u201c pee on \u201d. ) and almost by accident, they came across the idea behind their greatest coup : in two propaganda movies, the crew noticed people giving the finger were not censored. the crew deduced that the north koreans didn \u2019 t know what the finger meant. in the subsequent propaganda photos of the crew, their middle fingers were firmly extended to the cameraman. when the north koreans questioned, the crew described it as the \u201c hawaiian good luck sign. \u201d the ruse went on unnoticed until october 1968, when time magazine explained the mysterious gesture appearing in many photos as one of \u201c obscene derisiveness and contempt. \u201d this revelation infuriated the north korean captors, bringing about a period of severe beatings and torture, and the propaganda letters, photos and videos stopped after this. yet, it would take two more months for the u. s. to offer a perfunctory apology ( retracted afterwards ) to ensure the release of 82 crewmen. diplomatic and morale victory hid the bitter reality that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4462301027518232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e061316-a722-4a96-8d1b-359431d138e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.184555"}
{"text": "education and health outcomes for social minorities in india : an analysis using sur model abstractthe current study analyzes the health and education outcomes of fifteen year old children in india and investigates the question of inequality of such outcomes for socio - religious categories. to study the effect of health on education, sur estimation has been undertaken. the comparison of sur and ols results shows that sur estimates have smaller standard errors than the ols estimates. of the three categories analyzed in the data, sts have worst outcomes for both education and health and scs lag behind in the health field. the results have important implications for policy regarding education and health of the socio - religious minorities. download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infopaper provided by agricultural and applied economics association in its series 2012 annual meeting, august 12 - 14, 2012, seattle, washington with number 124840. date of creation : 2012 date of revision : contact details of provider : postal : 555 east wells street, suite 1100, milwaukee, wisconsin 53202 phone : ( 414 ) 918 - 3190 fax : ( 414 ) 276 - 3349 web page : http : / / www. aaea. org more information through edirc health economics and policy ; this paper has been announced in the following nep reports : please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your repec author service profile, click on \" citations \" and make appropriate adjustments. : - sonalde desai & veena kulkarni, 2008. \" changing educational inequalities in india in the context of affirmative action, \" demography, springer, vol. 45 ( 2 ), pages 245 - 270, may. - vani borooah & sriya iyer, 2005. \" vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, \" the journal of development studies, taylor and francis journals, vol. 41 ( 8 ), pages 1369 - 1404. - vani k. borooah & sriya iyer, 2002. \" vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, \" icer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5406369233632998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59aba203-f89c-4dfb-b105-96a2f515c170>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.187993"}
{"text": "pages 1369 - 1404. - vani k. borooah & sriya iyer, 2002. \" vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, \" icer working papers 32 - 2002, icer - international centre for economic research. - behrman, jere r, 1996. \" the impact of health and nutrition on education, \" world bank research observer, world bank group, vol. 11 ( 1 ), pages 23 - 37, february. - dreze, jean & kingdon, geeta gandhi, 2001. \" school participation in rural india, \" review of development economics, wiley blackwell, vol. 5 ( 1 ), pages 1 - 24, february. - jean dreze & geeta gandhi kingdon, 1999. \" school participation in rural india, \" sticerd - development economics papers - from 2008 this series has been superseded by economic organisation and public policy discussion papers 18, suntory and toyota international centres for economics and related disciplines, lse. - jean dreze & geeta gandhi kingdon, 1999. \" school participation in rural india, \" working papers 69, centre for development economics, delhi school of economics. - ashwini deshpande, 2000. \" recasting economic inequality, \" review of social economy, taylor and francis journals, vol. 58 ( 3 ), pages 381 - 399. - case, anne & fertig, angela & paxson, christina, 2005. \" the lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance, \" journal of health economics, elsevier, vol. 24 ( 2 ), pages 365 - 389, march. for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( agecon search ). if you have authored this item and are not yet registered with repec, we encourage you to do it here. this allows to link your profile to this item. it also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about. if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. if the full references list an item that is present in repec, but the system did not link to it, you can help with this form. if you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5242249384344329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59aba203-f89c-4dfb-b105-96a2f515c170>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.188822"}
{"text": "in a countless number of movies and novels set in the british regency and victorian era women are plagued by headaches ; oftentimes as a way to show them as fragile, or as a joke. it is not a trope used with male characters, but if it were would they be taken seriously? probably not. what if it was all viewed from a different angle and headaches were considered as something that legitimately affected their well - being? maybe they were getting out of a carriage earlier in the week and bumped their head on the door frame causing a very mild head injury. what if in present day your head bumped against the driver \u2019 s side window in a small accident with no other injury? could that genuinely affect anyone \u2019 s overall health? a new study by dr. sylvia lucas, coming out of the american headache society \u2018 s annual meeting, states that those who experience milder head injuries tend to have more post - traumatic headaches as time progresses than those with severe injuries. out of the 598 participants in the study \u201c about 70 % [ were ] more likely than \u2026 their counterparts with moderate or severe injury to develop new headache or have a worsening of preexisting headache over the next year, \u201d dr lucas was quoted as saying. the majority of headaches were classified as migraines, though a large chunk was unclassifiable using the international classification of headache disorders, second edition. they do not know why this occurs, but dr. lucas thinks it is related to the specific mechanics of the accident that caused the head injury. breaking down the participants : 220 had mild traumatic brain injuries ( tbi ) and began the study the same week of their accident ; the other 378 had moderate to severe traumatic brain injury and were admitted to rehabilitation facilities. they found that migraines and tension headaches were most common, and that cervicogenic headaches were less common. this was unexpected considering most of the incidents that led to the tbi stemmed from motor vehicle accidents. \u201c study results showed that the mild tbi group and the moderate or severe tbi group had an identical prevalence of headache before injury ( 17 % ). but the former had a higher incidence of new or worsened headache at baseline ( 56 % vs. 40 % ), at 3 months ( 63 % vs. 37 % ), at 6 months ( 69 % vs. 33 % ), and at 12 months ( 58 % vs. 34 % ). \u201d if you are wondering how this might severely affect somebody \u2019 s life, about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45958730207964826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7d63364-4020-4ab0-9c8c-3f97e616af1e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.194482"}
{"text": "hospitals across the country are diligently working to reduce infection rates. according to the world health organization, hospital - acquired infections affect as many as 1. 7 million patients in the united states each year. these infections come at an annual cost of $ 6. 5 billion and contribute to more than 90, 000 deaths. proper hand hygiene is essential in helping to prevent hospital - acquired infections. a recent study performed by french researchers examined three types of healthcare workers. the first type spent a large amount of time with a discreet group of patients like a nurse would. the second group saw more patients but spent less time with each one - similar to doctors. group three consisted of healthcare workers who interacted with every patient every day like therapists. the study found that if a healthcare worker in group three failed to wash their hands, the spread of disease was three times worse than if someone from group one or two didn ' t. the study was published online in proceedings of the national academy of sciences. to read more about the study, continue here. to read another take on hand hygiene and about the joint commission ' s national hand hygiene project, click here. photo credit : jessica flavin almost two million patients hospitalized in the u. s. each year develop an infection. these infections occur in as many as one in every 10 patients, result in close to 100, 000 deaths and cost upwards of $ 6 billion. the wall street journal created a top 10 list of infection prevention strategies based on interviews with medical professionals, administrators a non profit company and the association for professionals in infection control and epidemiology. - undercover operations - dr. philip carling, an epidemiologist at caritas carney hospital in dorchester, mass. developed a solution to uncover how well patient rooms are cleaned. his invisible solution contains fluorescent markers which glow in black light. after spraying patient rooms with the solution, cleaning crews were brought in to perform their normal routine. later, rooms were examined with a black light and areas missed by the cleaners glowed fluorescent. sharing results with cleaners helped boost compliance with proper cleaning techniques. - high - tech cleaning systems - when hospital equipment is disinfected by hand, bacteria often remains. for more thorough disinfecting hospitals are utilizing machines such as bioquell which sprays a disinfecting hydrogen - peroxide vapor. - data mining - many hospitals are tracking data to determine how to prevent infections. lee memorial health system in florida tracks infection rates by surgeon and reports on the results. low ranking surgeons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44897849662235667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2edfd5f-7efa-4718-90fc-2492422d24c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.205825"}
{"text": "which sprays a disinfecting hydrogen - peroxide vapor. - data mining - many hospitals are tracking data to determine how to prevent infections. lee memorial health system in florida tracks infection rates by surgeon and reports on the results. low ranking surgeons can then make adjustments to lower their infection rates and improve their ranking. - patient hygiene - research suggests a daily wash with mild antibacterial soap can dramatically reduce the rate of bloodstream infections. the recommended cleanser is chlorohexidine glutonate. - reporting crackdown - numerous states have passed laws which require hospitals to report on infection rates. in many cases the reports are publicly available. in addition, medicare is limiting reimbursement for treatment of hospital - acquired infections. - clean hands - hospitals that utilize strategically - placed dispensers of hand sanitizer have noticed an increase in hand hygiene compliance from less than 50 % to more than 80 %. - embracing the checklist - incorporating checklists into bedside medical charts can help reduce rates of infection by requiring shift nurses to answer questions such as : does this patient have a catheter? if so, is it still necessary? - portable kits - utilizing all - inclusive kits for common procedures such as intravenous line insertions or dressing changes can limit the possibility for infection. kits contain all the items needed for procedures and prevent the nurse from running in and out of the patient room during a procedure to find a forgotten item. - mouth maintenance - regularly cleaning patients ' mouths, gums and teeth can help prevent ventilator - associated pneumonia, a common infection found in intensive care units. - infection id - quick diagnostic tests can identify infected patients in a matter of hours rather than days. this allows for a quick response when patients show symptoms, are tested and found to be infected. to read the complete article with expanded descriptions of the top 10, click here. photo credit : presta hospitals in michigan lowered the rate of bloodstream infections in their patients by following a five - step checklist. the study published in the new england journal of medicine found that implementing the checklist reduced the rate of bloodstream infections related to catheter use by 66 %. despite this success, utilization of the checklist remains limited. the checklist itself isn ' t complicated : - wash hands - clean patient ' s skin with chlorohexidine - wear protective cap and gown and use a surgical drape during the procedure - avoid catheter insertion through the groin if possible - remove unnecessary cathet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4435485251848892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2edfd5f-7efa-4718-90fc-2492422d24c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.206754"}
{"text": "t complicated : - wash hands - clean patient ' s skin with chlorohexidine - wear protective cap and gown and use a surgical drape during the procedure - avoid catheter insertion through the groin if possible - remove unnecessary catheters peter pronovost, the patient - safety expert who led the study, spoke with the wall street journal to share insights on why more hospitals haven ' t benefited from using the checklist. to read excerpts from his interview, click here. photo credit : adesigna a recent study published in the american journal of infection control examined the levels of bacteria on healthcare workers ' lab coats. the study involved a cross section of medical and surgical grand rounds attendees at a large teaching hospital. participants completed a survey and cultured their lab coat using a moistened swab on the lapels, pocket and cuffs. of the 149 white coats in the study, 34 ( 23 % ) were contaminated with s aureus, of which 6 ( 18 % ) were methicillin - resistant s aureus ( mrsa ). providers working with patients had higher contamination levels and the study suggests that white coats may contribute to patient - to - patient transmission of s aureus. read the entire study in the march 2009 issue of the american journal of infection control, the official journal of the association for professionals in infection control and epidemiology ( apic ). photo credit : estherase central venous catheters ( cvc ) are essential for treating children with cancer. they reduce the need for multiple needlesticks and the associated pain and anxiety. in addition, they can be used to deliver chemotherapy, parenteral fluids, blood products and analgesics. despite the positives, children with cvcs are at increased risk for bloodstream infections. complications associated with cvcs include pneumothorax, air embolism, nerve injury, catheter malposition, infection and occlusion. a recent study had four objectives : 1. to decrease cvc - related bloodstream infection rates in children with cancer through a comprehensive educational intervention. 2. to determine if the frequency of catheter hub colonization of cvcs in children with cancer would decrease following the educational intervention. 3. to evaluate nurses ' knowledge of cvc care. 4. to determine risk factors influencing cvc - related bloodstream infections in children with cancer. the study was conducted in the cancer center of a large children ' s hospital and included patients ranging in age from infancy to 18 years. a 45 minute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4357984316945136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2edfd5f-7efa-4718-90fc-2492422d24c1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.207630"}
{"text": ". 4. to determine risk factors influencing cvc - related bloodstream infections in children with cancer. the study was conducted in the cancer center of a large children ' s hospital and included patients ranging in age from infancy to 18 years. a 45 minute educational program on cdc guidelines, most frequent guideline violations and information on catheter - related infections was presented to all caregivers. following the educational presentation, catheter - related bloodstream infections were tracked for six months in order to determine the rate of infection. study findings showed that the educational program increased nurses ' knowledge and instances of catheter - related bloodstream infections decreased. you can read the full article in the march 2009 issue of oncology nursing forum or purchase it online here. photo credit : gulf coast regional blood center according to a 2009 study, approximately 5 million central venous catheters are placed each year. implantable ports provide reliable venous, arterial, epidural and peritoneal access and can be used to administer iv fluids, medications and to obtain blood samples. however complications including occlusion, infection, catheter migration and catheter separation from portal body can frequently occur. a recent study conducted in a rural hematology - oncology clinic focused on infection. a port infection can present as local tenderness, pain, erythema, induration or edema at the insertion or exit site or over the port pocket. patients may also have purulent or serous drainage, fever and chills. to prevent infection, aseptic technique should be utilized for dressing changes. in addition, clinicians should follow accessing and deaccessing procedures and keep the exit clear of potential sources of infection. the 62 patients included in the study were receiving a minimum of two complete cycles of chemotherapy after port insertion. ports were accessed and deaccessed following outlined protocol. * steps for accessing ports : - wash hands. assess the port site for erythema, warmth or drainage. - palpate the outline of the portal body. - wash hands. - apply nonsterile gloves. cleanse port site with chlorohexidine swab in a circular motion for 30 seconds. allow to dry for 30 seconds. - spray ethyl chloride. - stabilize portal body with one hand. insert huber needle ( link to ez huber product page ) into septum with other hand. ensure patency by blood return. if no blood return, use interventions to assess port ' s patency. - stabilize port", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42768828097036976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2edfd5f-7efa-4718-90fc-2492422d24c1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.208490"}
{"text": "with one hand. insert huber needle ( link to ez huber product page ) into septum with other hand. ensure patency by blood return. if no blood return, use interventions to assess port ' s patency. - stabilize port with gauze and tape or apply transparent dressing. * steps for deaccessing ports : - wash hands. apply nonsterile gloves. - inspect exit site. - flush device with 20 ml normal saline followed by 5 ml heparin flush ( 100 units / ml ). during final flush, clamp tubing to port. - stabilize port and remove needle. - apply bandage. six of the 62 patients in the study experienced a port infection, with four of the six ports requiring removal. the total number of catheter days for the implanted ports was 7, 277. patient catheter days ranged from 32 - 288. the study concluded that consistent, routine care is the best preventative measure against port complications. the entire study can be found in the october 2009 issue of the clinical journal of oncology nursing. * the port access and de - access protocols are those that were used by the authors for this study. please follow institutional policies and procedures regarding port access and de - access. although many infection headlines are related to hospitals, individual doctor ' s offices are facing similar challenges. almost 30 cases of hepatitis b were recently tied to one doctor ' s office in new jersey. when health inspectors visited the office they found blood on the floor of a room where chemotherapy was administered, blood in a bin where blood vials were stored, unsterile saline and gauze as well as open medication vials. inspectors also noticed cross - contamination of pens, refrigerators and countertops, use of contaminated gloves and misuse of antiseptics. patients were sent a letter from state epidemiologist dr. christina chan urging testing for hepatitis b. \" evidence gathered at this time suggests that since 2002, some clinic staff provided care in a manner that puts patients at risk for infection caused by bloodborne viruses, including hepatitis b, \" the letter told patients. \" the investigation to date suggests that hepatitis b infections identified may be associated with the method by which medications were administered and procedures performed at the practice. \" numerous checklists and recommendations have been published around infection control. the american academy of pediatrics committee on infectious diseases and committee on practice and ambulatory medicine offers these infection control musts : - hand washing - barrier precautions to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure - proper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4302389562283276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2edfd5f-7efa-4718-90fc-2492422d24c1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.209490"}
{"text": "recommendations have been published around infection control. the american academy of pediatrics committee on infectious diseases and committee on practice and ambulatory medicine offers these infection control musts : - hand washing - barrier precautions to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure - proper handling of sharps and contaminated waste - appropriate cleaning and disinfecting of surfaces and equipment - aseptic technique for invasive procedures for the full recommendation on infection control in physician ' s offices, click here. to read more about the hepatitis b outbreak in new jersey, continue reading here. photo credit : hollywood pimp the joint commission center for transforming healthcare is working on its first improvement venture : the hand hygiene project. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, an estimated 2 million patients get a hospital - related infection every year and 90, 000 die from their infection. causes of failure to clean hands - ineffective placement of dispensers or sinks - hand hygiene compliance data are not collected or reported accurately or frequently - lack of accountability and just - in - time coaching - safety culture does not stress hand hygiene at all levels - ineffective or insufficient education - hands full - wearing gloves interferes with process - perception that hand hygiene is not needed if wearing gloves - healthcare workers forget early results of the program found on average that caregivers washed their hands less than 50 percent of the time. \" demanding that healthcare workers try harder is not the answer. these healthcare organizations have the courage to step forward to tackle the problem of hand washing by digging deep to find out where the breakdowns take place so we can create targeted solutions that will work now and keep working in the future, \" said mark r. chassin, m. d., m. p. p, m. p. h., president, the joint commission. by january, 2010, the joint commission center for transforming healthcare plans to have data to demonstrate whether the proposed hand hygiene solutions can be sustained to achieve a 90 + percent compliance rate. eight hospitals are participating in this project : - cedars - sinai health system, los angeles, california - exempla lutheran medical center, wheat ridge, colorado - froedtert hospital, milwaukee, wisconsin - the johns hopkins hospital and health system, baltimore, maryland - memorial hermann health care system, houston, texas - trinity health, novi, michigan - virtua, marlton, new jersey - wake forest university baptist medical center, winston - salem, north carolina to read the full release from the joint commission for transforming healthcare, click here. photo credit :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44531464485566874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2edfd5f-7efa-4718-90fc-2492422d24c1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.210651"}
{"text": "- trinity health, novi, michigan - virtua, marlton, new jersey - wake forest university baptist medical center, winston - salem, north carolina to read the full release from the joint commission for transforming healthcare, click here. photo credit : mag3737 healthcare providers are on alert due to an increase in a new strain of hospital - acquired infections. a recent study released by arlington medical resources ( amr ) and decision resources, found that recurrent clostridium difficile is difficult to treat in a hospital setting. clostridium difficile is a bacterium that can cause symptoms as minor as diarrhea and as life threatening as severe inflammation of the colon. the elderly are most at risk and the centers for medicare and medicaid services is considering adding clostridium difficile to its list of \" never events \" or preventable hospital - acquired infections. hospitals will receive reduced or no medicare payments for infections on the \" never events \" list. read more about how the study was conducted as well as more information on clostridium difficile here. photo credit : big grey mare jeanne hahne was working as a nurse in a burn ward when inspiration struck. because the patients were so vulnerable to infection, hahne and other healthcare providers had to wear full protective gear including a cap to cover her hair and a mask that covered the majority of her face. even though she worked with many of the burn patients every day, most couldn ' t recognize her. flash forward almost 30 years and hahne has designed a face mask made of clear plastic so patients can see her smile. hahne believes she can reassure patients with a smile and help decrease their anxiety. the masks also have utility for patients and healthcare providers with hearing loss since they allow for lip reading. in addition, the masks have helped improve communication between healthcare workers which can help decrease the chance for mistakes or misunderstanding. to read more and see pictures of the face mask, click here. photo credit : christiana care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4534736350768826, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2edfd5f-7efa-4718-90fc-2492422d24c1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.211404"}
{"text": "there are many aspects to learning the creation of interactive fiction. here we mostly undertake to explain approaches to using inform, and leave the larger questions of craft and design for elsewhere. the two manuals there are two interlinked manuals built into every copy of the inform application : if you ' ve downloaded inform, you already have them. but they are also available to read or download separately from this website. writing with inform is an overview of the language, beginning with the simplest kinds of construction ( such as building a map of rooms, objects, and doors ) and working its way up to more advanced tasks. it is meant to be read more or less sequentially, since later chapters build on the ideas in earlier ones ; though some of the late chapters ( such as those covering numbers, activities, or advanced text ) might reasonably be read out of order. the recipe book approaches the problem of authorship from a different perspective. instead of trying to teach the language from start to finish, it is organized for the author who wants to accomplish something specific, such as asking the player ' s name at the start of play or implementing a system of measured liquids. it shares the same set of examples that are keyed to writing with inform, but organizes them into a new order and accompanies them with text about design problems in creating interactive fiction, rather than explanation of language features. following requests from partially sighted inform users, we ' ve also made two plain vanilla versions of the manual available - they have as little decoration or web design as possible, which means less clutter for screen - reading software to cope with. we offer a choice of : minimally tagged html provides an archive containing the pages of the manuals and examples as vanilla - flavoured html files. writing with inform in plain text format is just what it claims to be - one single file containing only text, with no marking - up of any kind. this contains all of the examples, following the text in numerical order, but not the recipe book. ( the whole idea of two interleaved manuals can ' t really be achieved in one flat text file. ) we receive occasional questions about publishing a printed form of the manuals. the answer is that we intend to do exactly that, in due course, but that we expect the current text will be revised wholesale once the system is more mature. ( the same thing happened with inform 6, with the appearance of the printed designer ' s manual in 2001 essentially marking the end of its design cycle. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4887591060228746, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c705459a-3198-4027-997b-597db9ccd8f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.213649"}
{"text": "this is an old lecture by linguist and political activist noam chomsky ( professor at mit ) given at uc berkeley in 2003. for that evening in the charles m. and martha hitchcock lecture series, chomsky examined biolinguistics - the study of relations between physiology and speech. a second video of chomsky is featured below, which is the second half of this talk. fair warning - this is not easy material - chomsky is speaking to people who are well - versed in this field. chomsky has been one the most influential scholars over the last three or four decades - between 1980 and 1992, he was cited as a source more than any other living scholar, and ranked eighth overall. as background for this lecture, wikipedia offers a good summary of his influence in linguistics ( below the video ). chomskyan linguisticschomskyan linguistics, beginning with his syntactic structures, a distillation of his logical structure of linguistic theory ( 1955, 75 ), challenges structural linguistics and introduces transformational grammar. this approach takes utterances ( sequences of words ) to have a syntax characterized by a formal grammar ; in particular, a context - free grammar extended with transformational rules. perhaps his most influential and time - tested contribution to the field, is the claim that modeling knowledge of language using a formal grammar accounts for the \" productivity \" or \" creativity \" of language. in other words, a formal grammar of a language can explain the ability of a hearer - speaker to produce and interpret an infinite number of utterances, including novel ones, with a limited set of grammatical rules and a finite set of terms. he has always acknowledged his debt to panini for his modern notion of an explicit generative grammar although it is also related to rationalist ideas of a priori knowledge. it is a popular misconception that chomsky proved that language is entirely innate and discovered a \" universal grammar \" ( ug ). in fact, chomsky simply observed that while a human baby and a kitten are both capable of inductive reasoning, if they are exposed to exactly the same linguistic data, the human child will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. chomsky labeled whatever the relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the \" language acquisition device \" ( lad ) and suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to figure out what the lad is and what constraints it puts on the range of possible human languages. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5587867686905974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:249ad1f9-cb8f-42dd-b955-c4814c5a2452>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.218232"}
{"text": "relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the \" language acquisition device \" ( lad ) and suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to figure out what the lad is and what constraints it puts on the range of possible human languages. the universal features that would result from these constraints are often termed \" universal grammar \" or ug. the principles and parameters approach ( p & p ) \u2014 developed in his pisa 1979 lectures, later published as lectures on government and binding ( lgb ) \u2014 makes strong claims regarding universal grammar : that the grammatical principles underlying languages are innate and fixed, and the differences among the world ' s languages can be characterized in terms of parameter settings in the brain ( such as the pro - drop parameter, which indicates whether an explicit subject is always required, as in english, or can be optionally dropped, as in spanish ), which are often likened to switches. ( hence the term principles and parameters, often given to this approach. ) in this view, a child learning a language need only acquire the necessary lexical items ( words, grammatical morphemes, and idioms ), and determine the appropriate parameter settings, which can be done based on a few key examples. proponents of this view argue that the pace at which children learn languages is inexplicably rapid, unless children have an innate ability to learn languages. the similar steps followed by children all across the world when learning languages, and the fact that children make certain characteristic errors as they learn their first language, whereas other seemingly logical kinds of errors never occur ( and, according to chomsky, should be attested if a purely general, rather than language - specific, learning mechanism were being employed ), are also pointed to as motivation for innateness. more recently, in his minimalist program ( 1995 ), while retaining the core concept of \" principles and parameters, \" chomsky attempts a major overhaul of the linguistic machinery involved in the lgb model, stripping from it all but the barest necessary elements, while advocating a general approach to the architecture of the human language faculty that emphasizes principles of economy and optimal design, reverting to a derivational approach to generation, in contrast with the largely representational approach of classic p & p. chomsky ' s ideas have had a strong influence on researchers of the language acquisition in children, though many researchers in this area such as elizabeth bates and michael tomasello argue very strongly against chomsky ' s theories, and instead advocate emergentist or connectionist theories, explaining language", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5866941113501596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:249ad1f9-cb8f-42dd-b955-c4814c5a2452>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.219115"}
{"text": "chinese researchers have turned to the light absorbing properties of butterfly wings to significantly increase the efficiency of solar hydrogen cells, using biomimetics to copy the nanostructure that allows for incredible light and heat absorption. butterflies are known to use heat from the sun to warm themselves beyond what their bodies can provide, and this new research takes a page from their evolution to improve hydrogen fuel generation. analyzing the wings of papilio helenus, the researchers found scales that are described as having : [... ] ridges running the length of the scale with very small holes on either side that opened up onto an underlying layer. the steep walls of the ridges help funnel light into the holes. the walls absorb longer wavelengths of light while allowing shorter wavelengths to reach a membrane below the scales. using the images of the scales, the researchers created computer models to confirm this filtering effect. the nano - hole arrays change from wave guides for short wavelengths to barriers and absorbers for longer wavelengths, which act just like a high - pass filtering layer. so, what does this have to do with fuel cells? splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen takes energy, and is a drain on the amount you can get out of a cell. to split the water, the process uses a catalyst, and certain catalysts \u2014 say, titanium dioxide \u2014 function by exposure to light. the researchers synthesized a titanium dioxide catalyst using the pattern from the butterfly ' s wings, and paired it with platinum nanoparticles to make it more efficient at splitting water. the result? a 230 % uptick in the amount of hydrogen produced. the structure of the butterfly ' s wing means that it ' s better at absorbing light \u2014 so who knows, you might also see the same technique on solar panels, too.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5536464535081221, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a374252-df3c-4004-8693-6678182914d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.221498"}
{"text": "early childhood education - the american academy of pediatrics is dedicated to the health of all children and committed to the attainment of optimal physical, mental, and social health and well - being for all infants, children, adolescents, and - the center for early childhood leadership is dedicated to enhancing the management skills, professional orientation and leadership capacity of early - the child & family webguide describes and evaluates web sites that contain research - based information about child development. - an organization of regional child care resource and referral ( ccr & r ) agencies serving communities throughout the state of illinois. - the children ' s book council is dedicated to encouraging literacy and the use and enjoyment of children ' s books. - children ' s literature offers information on authors and illustrators, recommended books by theme, book award winners, etc. - the circle of inclusion web site is for early childhood service providers and families of young children. this web site offers demonstrations of and information about the effective practices of inclusive educational programs for children from birth through age eight. - civitas is a national not - for - profit communication group that works to provide educational tools to all adults who live and work with young children. - the clas early childhood research institute collects and describes early childhood / early intervention resources that have been developed across the united states for children with disabilities and their families and the service providers who work with them. the materials and resources available on this site reflect the intersection of culture and language, disabilities and child development. - the division of early childhood ( dec ) of the council for exceptional children ( cec ) is a nonprofit organization advocating for individuals who work with or on behalf of children with special needs, birth through age eight, and their families. there is also an illinois subdivision for the division of early childhood ( idec ). - the early childhood educators ' and family web corner contains articles, teacher pages, family pages, etc. - edworld. resources covers a variety of areas of early childhood. - eric provides research - based information and articles in the field of early childhood. - i am your child is a national public awareness and engagement campaign to make early childhood development a top priority of our nation. - the illinois department of children and family services web site for information on day care licensing, etc. - the illinois department of human services early intervention site contains information for parents and service providers, including child and family connections contacts.. - the illinois early learning web site provides evidence - based, reliable information for parents, caregivers, and teachers of young children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42721651866068566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9026785e-3820-4a9d-ab2b-e056e36ce1ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.227023"}
{"text": "illinois department of human services early intervention site contains information for parents and service providers, including child and family connections contacts.. - the illinois early learning web site provides evidence - based, reliable information for parents, caregivers, and teachers of young children in the state of illinois. - illinois head start association information. - lists of recommended children ' s books for birth to five and early childhood block grant professional development opportunities are available on the early childhood portion of the illinois resource center ' s web site. - the illinois secretary of state ' s literacy program site includes grant applications and literacy resources. - meld offers education and support for parents, trains family service providers to apply best practices in their work with families and publishes a broad range of resource materials for parents and the people who work with them. - the national association for the education of young children has for its purpose, \u201c leading and consolidating the efforts of individuals and groups working to achieve healthy development and constructive education for all young children. \u201d - the national clearinghouse on child abuse and neglect is a resource for professionals and others seeking information on abuse and neglect and child welfare. - the national early childhood technical assistance center supports the implementation of the early childhood provisions of the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). their mission is to strengthen service systems to ensure that children with disabilities ( birth through five ) and their families receive and benefit from high quality, culturally appropriate, and family - centered supports and services. - the national head start association is a private not - for - profit membership organization that provides a national forum for the continued enhancement of head start services for children ages 0 to 5 and their families. - the national institute for early education research supports early childhood education initiatives by providing objective, nonpartisan information based on research. - ongoing update about the national institute of child health and human development ( nichid ) study of early child care and youth development. - the ounce of prevention was established to promote the well - being of children and adolescents by working with families, communities, and policy - makers. - the parents as teachers national center is committed to seeing that \u201c all children will learn, grow, and develop to realize their full potential. \" the information is geared to parents but helpful to all programs in early childhood. - the partnership for reading continually creates resources and shares information about how scientifically based research can inform the acquisition of reading skills across the lifespan, from birth to adulthood. visit the early - prevent child abuse america provides leadership to promote the prevention of child abuse and neglect at both the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45506570767552723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9026785e-3820-4a9d-ab2b-e056e36ce1ff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.227998"}
{"text": "world \u2019 s poorest on front line in climate change fight 24 july 2008 | news story climate change is already happening \u2013 and it hits poor people most. the effect of more frequent hurricanes, floods and droughts on developing countries is devastating, as this year \u2019 s cyclone nagris proved again in southern myanmar, leaving over 130, 000 people dead or missing. to protect the world \u2019 s poor against today \u2019 s more frequent extreme weather events, some us $ 2 billion is required according to the internacional relief agency oxfam. however, commitments so far only total us $ 173. the need for innovative means to mitigate climate change impacts and help poor countries adapt is high on the agenda of the world conservation congress, held by iucn, the international union for conservation of nature from 5 - 14 october in barcelona. - in 2007, there were 950 natural catastrophes in 2007 compared with 850 in 2006, according to munich re, one of the world \u2019 s largest insurance companies. this is the highest number recorded since the company started compiling annual disaster reports in 1974. - the burden of the disasters fall on the poor who are least to blame for climate change. benin, and bangladesh, for example, are at particularly high risk from rising sea - levels and storm surges, yet their per capita contribution to greenhouse gas output is one eightieth that of the united states, according to the british institute of development studies. - \u201c what worries us the most is the impact on the poorest countries which have the least capacity to respond to the challenge, \u201d said yvo de boer, secretary of the convention on climate change. - a healthy environment can help people survive. healthy mangrove forests and coral reefs, for example, can serve as barriers and prevent coastal erosion ; a solid forest cover prevents flooding in times of heavy rainfall. - \u201c there are positive examples of local level adaptation to the impacts of climate change, such as replanting mangrove forests that can serve as buffers against more frequent storms. but to implement these solutions on a larger scale, substantial financial support is required, \u201d says ninni ikkala, climate change officer at iucn. upcoming media products : 6 august \u2013 international press release \u2013 primates red list update 12 august \u2013 international press release \u2013 cetacean red list update julia marton - lefevre, iucn \u2019 s director general. ninni ikkala, iucn climate change programme brian thomson, iucn global communications, m + 417972182326, e email @ example. com. carolin wahnbae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3780822212320474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2091854b-1b3b-428e-9a84-00e3f22edf16>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.231686"}
{"text": "link back to index. html the death and dying process death and dying as caregivers, one either becomes a better person through compassion, patience, and humor, or they become embittered and angry. wendy lustbader is an author who has written a moving book entitled \" counting on kindness : the dilemmas of dependency. \" 1991. the free press, new york, new york. in the book she describes the importance of receiving gratitude when we help others ; because giving help without recognition can embitter us as individuals. we need to be kind, in order to count on kindness as we age. the person who has dementia cannot always provide gratitude for their caregiver. gratitude must be looked for in gentle ways and unassuming ways. perhaps it is a smile, or a gesture, or an expression of love such as placing the head on the caregiver ' s shoulder. if gratitude is not felt even on an occasional basis, it is difficult to cope with death and dying. death and dying as dr. kubler - ross indicates, is the \" final stage of growth \". death and dying during the final stages of dementia due to alzheimer ' s disease, an individual may lose his / her ability to ambulate, verbally communicate, swallow, or may become totally incontinent and continue to lose weight despite nutritional supplements. usually people with alzheimer ' s die of another problem - - - perhaps a stroke, or pneumonia due to aspiration. at this point, the caregiver must be aware that the only way a person can stay alive is by inserting a stomach tube that provides artificial nutritional sustenance. caregivers may have different feelings about this intervention for religious or personal reasons. at the end stage of alzheimer ' s the use of invasive procedures such as a stomach tube, can keep the persons alive from months to years. this important decision must be made by the family member and can create an \" ethical dilemma \". families, should in no way feel pressured by a medical professional to insert life sustaining interventions. when family members are prepared with regard to the physical process of death and dying they are more able to accept death as an inevitable and peaceful process. the recent expansion of hospice services has done much to promote discussions about death and acceptance of withholding end - of - life medical interventions. once a person is terminal, as determined by a physician who understands the disease process, a caregiver may decide to engage hospice services. the physician must be willing to certify that a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49626602151749266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59068a6d-549f-44f0-aa53-e03d6ed54922>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.236490"}
{"text": "of withholding end - of - life medical interventions. once a person is terminal, as determined by a physician who understands the disease process, a caregiver may decide to engage hospice services. the physician must be willing to certify that a person will die within six months. if the person does not die within six months, they are not disqualified from the program. hospice services are usually provided by a local home health agency. hospice services can be provided in the home, assisted living facility as well as a skilled nursing facility. when a family signs up for hospice benefits they agree to forgo extreme invasive procedures and agree to support procedures that alleviate pain for the person with dementia. this is known as \" palliative care \" or comfort measures. at the final stage of death, water and food are withheld as the individual no longer desires this. this is a part of the natural process of dying. families can anticipate the final stages of death by the various physical stages a person may be going through. barbara karne, a hospice r. n. developed a very comprehensive booklet entitled \" gone from my sight : the dying experience \" which delineates the various physical stages of death and dying. to obtain a booklet, contact her at the following address : barbara karnes, r. n., p. o. box 335, stillwell, kansas, 60085, 1995. in karnes ' booklet she describes what occurs, one - three months prior to death, one to two weeks before death, days or hours before death, and then the final minutes. this information has been extremely helpful to families and can be summarized as follows : one to three months prior to death \u00b7 withdrawal from world and people \u00b7 decreased food intake \u00b7 increased sleep \u00b7 going inside self \u00b7 less communication one to two weeks prior to death \u00b7 talking with unseen \u00b7 picking at clothes \u00b7 physical changes o decreased blood pressure o pulse increase or decrease o color changes ; pale, bluish o increased perspiration o respiration irregularities o sleeping but responding o complaints of body tired and heavy o not eating, taking little fluids o body temperature hot / cold days or hours \u00b7 intensification of 1 - 2 week signs \u00b7 surge of energy \u00b7 decrease in blood pressure \u00b7 eyes glassy, tearing, half open \u00b7 irregular breathing, stop / start \u00b7 restlessness or no activity \u00b7 purplish knees, feet, hands, blotchy \u00b7 pulse weak and hard to fine \u00b7 decreased urine output \u00b7 may wet or stool the bed \u00b7 fish out of water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5223352184957513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59068a6d-549f-44f0-aa53-e03d6ed54922>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.237394"}
{"text": "open \u00b7 irregular breathing, stop / start \u00b7 restlessness or no activity \u00b7 purplish knees, feet, hands, blotchy \u00b7 pulse weak and hard to fine \u00b7 decreased urine output \u00b7 may wet or stool the bed \u00b7 fish out of water breathing \u00b7 cannot be awakened it is important that individuals be aware of their wishes and that the wishes be formally documented in a legal document that is known as an \" advance directive \". each state has different instruments for these directives and the caregiver should contact the local medical facility to determine the appropriate document to be used. the advance directive delineates one ' s wishes regarding medical treatment and appoints a surrogate decision - maker on a person ' s behalf. of course, the important aspect of the advance directive is to discuss end - of - life care before one becomes diagnosed with dementia or has an another debilitating illness. pp. 309 - 311. beckerman, anita g. and tappen, ruth. m. 2000. it takes more than love. health professions press : baltimore, md. 1. review the video clip on death and dying narrated by dixie merrill. dixie merrill is a caregiver who is also taking care of three sets of parents - - in laws, step parents, as well as parents. dixie has been part of a support group and has indicated how information learned in the group has helped her cope with the death and dying. note how she describes the process of death and dying as peaceful and calming. she indicates talking about death and dying has made it less fearful and she also emphasizes the importance of advance directives. 2. consider the following questions for reflection when watching the video : \u00b7 what strategies helped the merrill family cope with their mother ' s death and dying process? \u00b7 how can \" advance directives \" help individuals cope with the dying process? link back to index. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5086337148557627, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59068a6d-549f-44f0-aa53-e03d6ed54922>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.238109"}
{"text": "friday, 11 december 2009 mental ray _ adding glow to the window glass the above image was produced whilst at gmj design ltd in our latest book, we have covered a number of ways of emulating light without the need of creating a physical light. production companies often adopt similar methods to reduce the rendering times and retain the overall quality. it is worth pointing out that the usage of ambient occlusion ( i. e. ao ) as a separate pass or / and directly from max is utterly imperative for the final shot. the following exercise will take you through another unique methodology of achieving similar results with reduced rendering times : another quick way of emulating \u201c glow \u201d / \" light \" on windows, is to in fact enable the glow function on the glass panes themselves. to do this, simply go to the main material parameters, under the \" refraction \" group. 1 - reduce the transparency to about 0. 9 to prevent the surface from being fully transparent. 2 - to add a bit of blur to the transparency, decrease the glossiness to about 0. 78. note that, these values may vary depending on one \u2019 s camera angle... and the level of transparency / blurriness intended. 3 - next, change the colour swatch from white to a warm yellow. also, the \" fast ( interpolate ) \" function, can be enabled for quick and fast results, as the glossiness and its samples can often slow down the renders. however, it may create artifacts. 4 - pan down to the \" self illumination ( glow ) \" parameters and enable the \" self illumination ( glow ) \" function. 5 - under the \" luminance \" group, change it from \" unitless \" to \" physical units : cd / m2 ) \". also, pick and choose any relevant bitmap ( i. e. photo ) that has a prominent light source. note : the \" unitless \" function often creates artifacts on glossy reflections, therefore, to be avoided at all costs. depending on time in hand, one can set the glow to generate light, or not, through the fg, by checking the \" illuminates the scene ( when using fg ) \" function.... and... \u201c... let there be light... \u201d!!! the final rendered image below was achieved using this technique. i hope you like it. i hope you have found this post interesting. also check this new article in this blog : 3d realism : practical & easy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5559209166889943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7989e71c-c55d-4ab4-b972-24001740790f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.240424"}
{"text": "the most illustrious czars and mighty princes, john and peter alexewitz, my most gracious lords, having in their wise council of state resolved to send a splendid embassy, on some important affairs, to the great bogdaichan, or sovereign of the famous kingdom of kitai, by us europeans commonly called china : this obliged me with a welcoming opportunity of traveling through part of the famous, but hitherto unknown, siberian and kitaian countries, ( never before visited by any german ) and informing my self by credible witnesses of the remainder of those lands, as well as obtaining a certain knowledge of several things with which the world hath not been hitherto acquainted. evert ysbrants ides was the first educated european to travel in siberia and gather firsthand information about the collection of fossil ivory. ides ' opportunity to travel across siberia was the direct result of the satisfactory settlement of a small war on the chinese border. the speed with which the first wave of russian fur traders, called promyshleniki, crossed siberia created serious supply problems for them. men carrying small loads of goods and supplies could easily cross siberia using a network of rivers and short portages by boat in the summer and sled in the winter. bringing large loads of bulky goods, specifically enough grain to feed a small settlement, was a much more difficult and expensive proposition. it could take three or four years for a shipment of grain to reach a remote place like yakutsk and, by then, the majority of the load would be inedible. because of this, the promyshleniki were relieved and excited when they began to hear rumors of the amur, a valley in the south filled with grain, cattle, and silver. the first expedition to reach the amur was a group of 132 cossacks under vassily poiarkov in 1643 - 46. the amur natives, whom the russians called daurians, greeted poiarkov with hospitality but the relationship turned sour as the russians resorted to kidnapping, plunder, and, it is reputed, cannibalism to get what they wanted. this kind of behavior went over with the locals about as well as you might expect. poiarkov had to fight his way out of the country and lost half of his command to native attacks and starvation. however, because he confirmed that the amur was a land of cattle and grain ( he didn ' t find any silver ), the expedition was proclaimed a success. several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46851447854792944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.252133"}
{"text": "out of the country and lost half of his command to native attacks and starvation. however, because he confirmed that the amur was a land of cattle and grain ( he didn ' t find any silver ), the expedition was proclaimed a success. several other russians tried to map out a better route into the amur valley. in 1651, yerofey khabarov fought his way down the river with even more brutality than poiarkov had and built a fort near the site of the city that now bears his name. this is when things began to go to hell. khabarov knew, but chose to ignore, that the amur was within the chinese sphere of influence. what he might not have known was that it was also part of the homeland of the new qing dynasty of china. the only reason he was able to occupy as much land as he did was that most of the armed manchu horsemen were still busy conquering china. a year after khabarov built achansk, a chinese military expedition arrived to drive him out of the valley. this was the beginning of more than thirty years of seesawing occupation of the amur country. by the early eighties, with most of china finally pacified, the kangxi emperor was ready to deal with the russians once and for all. now it was the turn of moscow to get alarmed. moscow, in the 1680s, was infected with a bad case of \" who ' s in charge here? \" in april 1682, tsar fedor iii died at the tender age of twenty one without leaving an heir. the succession fell on his brothers ivan and peter. the elder of the two, ivan, was severely epileptic, nearly blind, and may have suffered from a variety of other problems ( diagnosing the physical and mental health of historical figures is more of a parlor game than a science among historians ). peter was strong as an ox, but only ten years old. to further complicate matters, the two boys had different mothers and the two sets of in - laws formed powerful and antagonistic factions at court. fedor ' s death was followed by a week of riot and rebellion ( not all of which was related to the succession ). when the dust cleared, ivan and peter had been declared co - tsars and their sister sophia was the de facto regent ruling in their names. except for a few years during the reign of catherine the great, historians have not been kind to sophia. she has been reduced to cartoonish stereotype of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4503729908469907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.252987"}
{"text": "declared co - tsars and their sister sophia was the de facto regent ruling in their names. except for a few years during the reign of catherine the great, historians have not been kind to sophia. she has been reduced to cartoonish stereotype of a scheming woman ( which is bad ) who was finally put back in her place by a strong male ( which is good ). in fact, sophia alexeevna romanov was an extraordinary woman. she was intelligent, well informed, and literate in three languages. she was comfortable giving orders and appearing in public at a time when most upper - class russian women were kept in harem - like seclusion for their entire lives. during the seven years that she served as regent for the two tsars, sophia had successes and failures no different than any other rulers \u2019. for the advance of mammoth knowledge, her most important achievement was settling the amur conflict. since the beginning of the century, the tsars had recognized the potential for siberia to become a private trade route to china, but every attempt at making official contact with the chinese court had failed due to cultural misunderstandings. despite that, the kangxi emperor wanted to open trade with the russians and hoped that a show of strength would be enough to drive the promyshleniki and cossacks out of the amur valley. in 1684 a large and well supplied chinese army arrived on the lower amur and began to move west driving the russians before them. at albazin, on the northern bend of the amur, the russians attempted to make a stand, but were soon defeated. the chinese allowed the survivors to retreat, razed their fort, and moved down river to their base of operations. when word of the defeat on the amur reached sophia and her advisors, they quickly dispatched an envoy to make peace with the chinese. this should have been the end of the crisis, but, before the envoy could arrive, the siberian russians returned to albazin and built a new fort provoking the chinese army to return and start a new siege. they were only saved by the arrival in beijing of advance messengers from the embassy. the kangxi emperor ordered his army to lift the siege and prepared his own diplomatic mission to meet the russians. further complications - - and there are always further complications in diplomacy - - delayed the meeting of the two missions until the summer of 1689. the negotiation took place at the russian outpost of nerchinsk on a tributary of the amur almost 300 miles west of albazin. amid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4354735217466311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.253918"}
{"text": "are always further complications in diplomacy - - delayed the meeting of the two missions until the summer of 1689. the negotiation took place at the russian outpost of nerchinsk on a tributary of the amur almost 300 miles west of albazin. amid elaborate ceremonies by the official heads of the missions, the real negotiations were carried out in latin by a polish cavalry officer ( for the russians ) and a french jesuit ( for the chinese ). the agreement, signed on august 27, the first formal treaty signed between china and a western power, required the russians to evacuate the entire amur valley, but established formal trade through nerchinsk. sophia did not get to celebrate the treaty of nerchinsk. at the same time that the negotiations were wrapping up in the east, sophia ' s regency was coming to an abrupt and unanticipated end in moscow. sophia ' s position had been dramatically weakened by two disastrous campaigns in the crimea and by her half brother peter turning seventeen in june. amid rumors that sophia was planning to murder peter and rule in her own name, supporters of the two romanovs engaged in a month of dramatic maneuvers that resulted in peter taking control and sophia retiring to a convent. peter ' s half brother ivan stayed on as co - tsar until his natural death seven years later. when word of the treaty reached peter, he accepted the terms and began planning a trade mission to beijing. russia had a severe shortage of literate agents who were competent to make their way through foreign cultures, which explains the necessity of hiring latin speaking polish cavalry officers to conduct delicate diplomatic negotiations. for his first official trade mission to china, peter hired a german, dutch, or possibly danish merchant named evert ysbrants ides *. ides had been in russia since 1677, operating his own merchant house, first in archangel and later in moscow. in the spring of 1692, ides left moscow at the head of a 400 man caravan with instructions to exchange ratifications of the treaty, determine the best items for trade, feel out official attitudes toward the treaty, and request that a chinese envoy be sent to moscow. the most direct route from moscow to china is the same one that the trans - siberian railway follows today, around the southern end of the ural mountains, across the steppe lands at the center of eurasia, across lake baikal, and on to the amur. unfortunately, the steppe lands were controlled by kirghiz nomads and unsafe for russian merchants. for this reason, ides '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44354460498191334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.254812"}
{"text": "across the steppe lands at the center of eurasia, across lake baikal, and on to the amur. unfortunately, the steppe lands were controlled by kirghiz nomads and unsafe for russian merchants. for this reason, ides ' caravan had to take a much more roundabout path to baikal that took them across the urals on the same path as ermak a century before, down the irtysh river to its junction with the ob, up the ob and its tributary the ket, to a portage into the yenisei basin, and up the angara river to baikal. by october, the mission had only reached the way station of makofskoi on the ket portage. it was here that ides had had his encounter with fossil mammoths. amongst the hills, which are situate north - east of [ makofskoi ], and not far from hence, the mammuts tongues and legs are found ; as they are also particularly on the shores of the rivers jenize, trugan [ lower tunguska ], mongamsea [ taz ], lena, and near jakutskoi [ yakutsk ], even as far as the frozen sea.... i had a person with me to china, who had annually went out in search of these bones ; he told me, as a certain truth, that he and his companions found the head of one of these animals, which was discovered by the fall of such a frozen piece of earth. as soon as he opened it, he found the greatest part of the flesh rotten, but it was not without difficulty that they broke out his teeth, which were placed before his mouth, as those of the elephants are ; they also took some bones out of his head, and afterwards came to his fore - foot, which they cut off, and, carried part of it to the city of trugan [ turukhansk ], the circumference of it being as large as that of the wast of an ordinary man. the bones of the head appeared somewhat red, as tho ' they were tinctured with blood. this account by ides is the first western description of a frozen mammoth and the beginning of a scientific and popular fascination that hasn ' t ended over three hundred years later. locating the mammoth to which ides ' unnamed traveling companion referred is a little tricky. makofskoi was, and still is, a small town on the western end of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45605484035099264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.255673"}
{"text": "popular fascination that hasn ' t ended over three hundred years later. locating the mammoth to which ides ' unnamed traveling companion referred is a little tricky. makofskoi was, and still is, a small town on the western end of the portage between the ob and yenisei rivers. ides gave no indication of how far he meant when he said mammoth remains were found in the hills to the northeast. my conclusion, based on ides ' phrase \" not far from hence, \" is that the find must have been close to makofskoi. the explorer adolf nordenskiold, who traveled along the arctic coast in the late nineteenth century, thought, because the hunter took the mammoth ' s foot to turukhansk, that the find must have been close to that place. turukhansk is 450 miles north of makofskoi, which is not \" not far from hence. \" in ides ' day there were two major towns on the yenesei where his companion might have sold the ivory, turukhansk and yeneseisk, which is only eighty miles from makofskoi. that argues in nordenskiold ' s favor. if the find was closer to yeneseisk the only reasons the hunter would have had for going all the way to turukhansk would have been if turukhansk was offering a better price for ivory or if he had other business there. without more evidence there ' s no way to settle the matter. if we split the difference between makofskoi and turukhansk we arrive at the stony tunguska river. maybe the site was blown up in 1908 by the tunguska meteorite. ides goes on to report what the locals believed about the remains. concerning this animal there are very different reports. the heathens of jakuti, tungusi, and ostiacki, say that they continually, or at least, by reason of the very hard frosts, mostly live under ground, where they go backwards and forwards ; to confirm which they tell us, that they have often seen the earth heaved up when one of these beasts was on the march, and after he was past, the place sink in, and thereby make a deep pit. they further believe, that if this animal comes so near to the surface of the frozen earth as to smell, or discern the air, he immediately dies, which they say is the reason that several of them are found dead, on the high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4968525887585647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.256631"}
{"text": ". they further believe, that if this animal comes so near to the surface of the frozen earth as to smell, or discern the air, he immediately dies, which they say is the reason that several of them are found dead, on the high banks of the river, where they unawares came out of the ground. this is the opinion of the infidels concerning these beasts, which are never seen. but the old siberian russians affirm, that the mammuth is very like the elephant, with this only difference, that the teeth of the former are firmer, and not so straight as those of the latter. they also are of opinion, that there were elephants in this country before the deluge, when this climate was warmer, and that their drowned bodies floating on the surface of the water of that flood, were at last wash ' d and forced into subterranean cavities... the description of the mammoth as a subterranean animal that dies on exposure to surface air is almost identical to that given by the chinese writer tung - fang so in the second century bc. the three \" heathen \" tribes that ides mentions are names given by the russian conquerors and used to lump together all of the peoples of the lower irtysh, ob, yenisei, and lena river basins. that is to say, he was ascribing the belief in the mammoth as a giant mole to most of the people of western and central siberia. later travelers ascribed different beliefs to many of these peoples. still other travelers confirmed ides ' observations. when ides traveled across siberia, most of these peoples had been under russian rule for a century, giving them plenty of time to have heard about the ideas of tribes with which they had had very little contact and to have learned the biblical stories of noah and behemoth. today, it is virtually impossible to sort out which tribes believed what before their contact with the russians. while ides was the first educated european to travel in siberia and report firsthand information on the collection of fossil ivory, he wouldn ' t be the last. peter the great ' s diplomacy, wars, economic needs, and personal curiosity would send a constant stream of educated europeans into his eastern realms. they in turn would send back a constant stream of information that would be eagerly consumed by a europe that was looking at the world through an increasingly scientific lens. hmmm. i still seem to be having trouble with that \" keep your blog posts under a thousand words \" thing. oh well... *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49843618090983033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.257512"}
{"text": "that would be eagerly consumed by a europe that was looking at the world through an increasingly scientific lens. hmmm. i still seem to be having trouble with that \" keep your blog posts under a thousand words \" thing. oh well... * ides nationality and name have been the source of much confusion over the years. accounts of his journey describe him variously as dutch, german, and danish. in the opening quote he implies that he considers himself to be german, but the first edition of his book was published in dutch. the confusion comes from the fact that his parents were dutch immigrants to holstein, a german - speaking province that is the home of many cows and was then ruled by the king of denmark. it ' s likely that ides was fluent in both german and dutch. the possible spellings given for his first and middle names are even more varied than his nationality. because his middle name is sometimes spelled ysbrand, some writers have assumed that he and the mission ' s secretary, adam brand, were one person. adding to that confusion was the fact that both of them published memoirs of the journey, which the same writers who thought they were the same person assumed were merely different editions of the same book. they weren ' t, it wasn ' t, and that ' s that.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48958173693146445, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.258012"}
{"text": "there ' s this kid who gets bullied a lot by everyone. what should i do? hooray for the person who sent this question in to us! there are a lot more kids who witness bullying than there are victims of bullying. often, people who see something happen are called bystanders. wouldn ' t it be excellent if those bystanders would do something to help someone who ' s being bullied? but how exactly do you find your courage and do it? first, be sure to let an adult know what ' s going on. if it ' s happening at school, have a talk with a teacher or school counselor about it. if it happens at camp, the camp counselor is the one to talk to. approach the adult and say you need to talk. explain what ' s been going on the best you can. give details. the adult can take steps to stop the bullying. plus, once they know about bullying, adults can do things to help the kid who ' s been bullied feel better and stronger. adults can also help the kid who bullies learn to treat others with respect, friendship, and kindness. after talking to an adult, here are some other things you can do. be friendly to the kid who gets bullied. for example, say \" hi \" at the lockers or bus line, include that kid at your lunch table, or invite the kid to play at recess or to be in your group for a project. this helps for two reasons : any kid who gets bullied is likely to feel left out and alone. your friendship helps that kid feel included and welcome. friendship also helps prevent bullying because bullies are less likely to pick on kids when they are with friends. and when you see the bully acting mean, you can say, \" hey, knock it off, that ' s not cool, \" and invite the kid who ' s being picked on to walk away with you. you can just say, \" c ' mon, let ' s go. \" this can work even better if you get a couple of your friends to join you in standing up for the kid. tell your friends ahead of time : \" i ' m going to stick up for that kid. will you do it with me? \" be sure to update the adult about what ' s going on until the problem is solved. this is also a very good thing to talk to parents about. your parent will want to know about all this and can give you more advice and support. plus, your mom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41548089737760285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9022b5f8-0239-4a69-bea8-89dd01d471fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.261459"}
{"text": "you may associate pneumonia with the melodrama of a soap opera : prolonged hospital stays, oxygen tents, and family members whispering in bedside huddles. it ' s true that pneumonia can be serious. but more often pneumonia is an infection that can be easily treated at home without a hospital stay. what is pneumonia? pneumonia ( pronounced : noo - mow - nyuh ) is an infection of the lungs. when someone has pneumonia, lung tissue can fill with pus and other fluid, which makes it difficult for oxygen in the lung ' s air sacs to reach the bloodstream. with pneumonia, a person may have difficulty breathing and have a cough and fever ; occasionally, chest or abdominal pain and vomiting are symptoms, too. pneumonia is commonly caused by viruses, such as the influenza virus ( flu ) and adenovirus. other viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus ( rsv ), are common causes of pneumonia in young children and infants. bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae can cause pneumonia, too. people with bacterial pneumonia are usually sicker than those with viral pneumonia, but can be effectively treated with antibiotic medications. you might have heard the terms \" double pneumonia \" or \" walking pneumonia. \" double pneumonia simply means that the infection is in both lungs. it ' s common for pneumonia to affect both lungs, so don ' t worry if your doctor says this is what you have \u2014 it doesn ' t mean you ' re twice as sick. walking pneumonia refers to pneumonia that is mild enough that you may not even know you have it. walking pneumonia ( also called atypical pneumonia because it ' s different from the typical bacterial pneumonia ) is common in teens and is often caused by a tiny microorganism, mycoplasma pneumoniae. like the typical bacterial pneumonia, walking pneumonia also can be treated with antibiotics. what are the signs and symptoms? many symptoms are associated with pneumonia ; some of them, like a cough or a sore throat, are also common with other common infections. often, people get pneumonia after they ' ve had an upper respiratory tract infection like a cold. symptoms of pneumonia can include : unusually rapid breathing chest or abdominal pain loss of appetite vomiting and dehydration symptoms vary from person to person, and few people get all of them. when pneumonia is caused by bacteria, a person tends to become sick quickly and develops a high fever and has difficulty breathing. when it ' s caused by a virus, symptoms generally appear more gradually and might be less severe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49523120259768943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7bdcf2d-ea1c-4316-a4f7-13bbedd58cdc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.266362"}
{"text": "few people get all of them. when pneumonia is caused by bacteria, a person tends to become sick quickly and develops a high fever and has difficulty breathing. when it ' s caused by a virus, symptoms generally appear more gradually and might be less severe. someone ' s symptoms can help the doctor identify the type of pneumonia. mycoplasma pneumoniae, for example, often causes headaches, sore throats, and rash in addition to the symptoms listed above. the routine vaccinations that most people receive as kids help prevent certain types of pneumonia and other infections. if you have a chronic illness, such as sickle cell disease, you may have received additional vaccinations and disease - preventing antibiotics to help prevent pneumonia and other infections caused by bacteria. people with diseases that affect their immune system ( like diabetes, hiv infection, or cancer ), are 65 or older, or are in other high - risk groups should receive a pneumococcal vaccination. they also may receive antibiotics to prevent pneumonia that can be caused by organisms they ' re especially susceptible to. in some cases, antiviral medication might be used to prevent viral pneumonia or to lessen its effects. doctors recommend that everyone 6 months and older gets a flu vaccine. that ' s because pneumonia often happens as a complication of the flu. call your doctor ' s office to see when these vaccines are available. because pneumonia is often caused by germs, a good way to prevent it is to keep your distance from anyone you know who has pneumonia or other respiratory infections. use separate drinking glasses and eating utensils ; wash your hands frequently with warm, soapy water ; and avoid touching used tissues and paper towels. you also can stay strong and help avoid some of the illnesses that might lead to pneumonia by eating as healthily as possible, getting a minimum of 8 to 10 hours of sleep a night, and not smoking. how long does it last? the length of time between exposure and feeling sick ( called the incubation period ) depends on many factors, particularly the type of pneumonia involved. with influenza pneumonia, for example, someone may become sick as soon as 12 hours or as long as 3 days after exposure to the flu virus. but with walking pneumonia, a person may not have symptoms until 2 to 3 weeks after becoming infected. most types of pneumonia resolve within a week or two, although a cough can linger for several weeks more. in severe cases, it may take longer to completely recover. if you think you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47804753358208074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7bdcf2d-ea1c-4316-a4f7-13bbedd58cdc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.267281"}
{"text": "may not have symptoms until 2 to 3 weeks after becoming infected. most types of pneumonia resolve within a week or two, although a cough can linger for several weeks more. in severe cases, it may take longer to completely recover. if you think you may have pneumonia, tell a parent or other adult and be sure you see a doctor. be especially aware of your breathing ; if you have chest pain or trouble breathing or if your lips or fingers look blue, you should go to a doctor ' s office or to a hospital emergency department right away. how is pneumonia treated? if pneumonia is suspected, the doctor will perform a physical exam and might order a chest x - ray and blood tests. people with bacterial or atypical pneumonia will probably be given antibiotics to take at home. the doctor also will recommend getting lots of rest and drinking plenty of fluids. some people with pneumonia need to be hospitalized to get better \u2014 usually babies, young kids, and people older than 65. however, hospital care may be needed for a teen who : already has immune system problems has cystic fibrosis is dangerously dehydrated or is vomiting a lot and can ' t keep fluids and medicine down has had pneumonia frequently has skin that ' s blue or pale in color, which reflects a lack of oxygen when pneumonia patients are hospitalized, treatment might include intravenous ( iv ) antibiotics ( delivered through a needle inserted into a vein ) and respiratory therapy ( breathing treatments ). antiviral medications approved for adults and teens can reduce the severity of flu infections if taken in the first 1 to 2 days after symptoms begin. they ' re usually prescribed for teens who have certain underlying illnesses such as asthma or who have pneumonia or breathing difficulty. if you have been exposed to influenza and you begin to develop symptoms of pneumonia, call a doctor. if your doctor has prescribed medicine, be sure to follow the directions carefully. you may feel better in a room with a humidifier, which increases the moisture in the air and soothes irritated lungs. make sure you drink plenty of fluids, especially if you have a fever. if you have a fever and feel uncomfortable, ask the doctor whether you can take over - the - counter medicine such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to bring it down. but don ' t take any medicine without checking first with your doctor \u2014 a cough suppressant, for example, may not allow your lungs to clear themselves of mucus. and finally, be sure to rest. this is a good time to sleep, watch tv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4350265564485171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7bdcf2d-ea1c-4316-a4f7-13bbedd58cdc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.268169"}
{"text": "it ' s normal for parents to disagree and argue from time to time. parents might disagree about money, home chores, or how to spend time. they might disagree about big things \u2014 like important decisions they need to make for the family. they might even disagree about little things that don ' t seem important at all \u2014 like what ' s for dinner or what time someone gets home. sometimes parents can disagree with each other and still manage to talk about it in a calm way, where both people get a chance to listen and to talk. but many times when parents disagree, they argue. an argument is a fight using words. most kids worry when their parents argue. loud voices and angry words parents might use can make kids feel scared, sad, or upset. even arguments that use silence \u2014 like when parents act angry and don ' t talk to each other at all \u2014 can be upsetting for kids. if the argument has anything to do with the kids, kids might think they have caused their parents to argue and fight. if kids think it ' s their fault, they might feel guilty or even more upset. but parents ' behavior is never the fault of kids. what does it mean when parents fight? kids often worry about what it means when parents fight. they might jump to conclusions and think arguments mean their parents don ' t love each other anymore. they might think it means their parents will get a divorce. but parents ' arguments usually don ' t mean that they don ' t love each other or that they ' re getting a divorce. most of the time the arguments are just a way to let off steam when parents have a bad day or feel stressed out over other things. most people lose their cool now and then. just like kids, when parents get upset they might cry, yell, or say things they don ' t really mean. sometimes an argument might not mean anything except that one parent or both just lost their temper. just like kids, parents might argue more if they ' re not feeling their best or are under a lot of stress from a job or other worries. kids usually feel upset when they see or hear parents arguing. it ' s hard to hear the yelling and the unkind words. seeing parents upset and out of control can make kids feel unprotected and scared. kids might worry about one parent or the other during an argument. they might worry that one parent may feel especially sad or hurt because of being yelled at by the other parent. they might worry that one parent seems angry enough to lose control.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5140088149385097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12d027d4-f1ad-47d0-baaa-eea0edc16cc9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.272505"}
{"text": "scared. kids might worry about one parent or the other during an argument. they might worry that one parent may feel especially sad or hurt because of being yelled at by the other parent. they might worry that one parent seems angry enough to lose control. they might worry that their parent might be angry with them, too, or that someone might get hurt. sometimes parents ' arguments make kids cry or give them a stomachache. worry from arguments can even make it hard for a kid to go to sleep or go to school. what to do when parents fight it ' s important to remember that the parents are arguing or fighting, not the kids. so the best thing to do is to stay out of the argument and go somewhere else in the house to get away from the fighting or arguing. so go to your room, close the door, find something else to do until it is over. it ' s not the kid ' s job to be a referee. when parents ' fighting goes too far when parents argue, there can be too much yelling and screaming, name calling, and too many unkind things said. even though many parents may do this, it ' s never ok to treat people in your family with disrespect, use unkind words, or yell and scream at them. sometimes parents ' fighting may go too far, and include pushing and shoving, throwing things, or hitting. these things are never ok. when parents ' fights get physical in these ways, the parents need to learn to get their anger under control. they might need the help of another adult to do this. kids who live in families where the fighting goes too far can let someone know what ' s going on. talking to other relatives, a teacher, a school counselor, or any adult you trust about the fighting can be important. sometimes parents who fight can get so out of control that they hurt each other, and sometimes kids can get hurt, too. if this happens, kids can let an adult know, so that the family can be helped and protected from fighting in a way that hurts people. if fighting is out of control in a family, if people are getting hurt from fighting, or if people in the family are tired of too much fighting, there is help. family counselors and therapists know how to help families work on problems, including fighting. they can help by teaching family members to listen to each other and talk about feelings without yelling and screaming. though it may take some work, time, and practice, people in families can always", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4482370049439356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12d027d4-f1ad-47d0-baaa-eea0edc16cc9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.273513"}
{"text": "know how to help families work on problems, including fighting. they can help by teaching family members to listen to each other and talk about feelings without yelling and screaming. though it may take some work, time, and practice, people in families can always learn to get along better. is it ok for parents to argue sometimes? having arguments once in a while can be healthy if it helps people get feelings out in the open instead of bottling them up inside. it ' s important for people in a family to be able to tell each other how they feel and what they think, even when they disagree. the good news about disagreeing is that afterward people usually understand each other better and feel closer. parents fight for different reasons. maybe they had a bad day at work, or they ' re not feeling well, or they ' re really tired. just like kids, when parents aren ' t feeling their best, they can get upset and might be more likely to argue. most of the time, arguments are over quickly, parents apologize and make up, and everyone feels better again. happy, healthy families no family is perfect. even in the happiest home, problems pop up and people argue from time to time. usually, the family members involved get what ' s bothering them out in the open and talk about it. everyone feels better, and life can get back to normal. being part of a family means everyone pitches in and tries to make life better for each other. arguments happen and that ' s ok, but with love, understanding, and some work, families can solve almost any problem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46966540689753905, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12d027d4-f1ad-47d0-baaa-eea0edc16cc9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.274117"}
{"text": "you baby ' s development after many weeks of anticipation and preparation, your baby is here! or maybe not \u2014 only 5 % of women deliver on their estimated due dates, and many first - time mothers find themselves waiting up to 2 weeks after their due date for their baby to arrive. a baby born at 40 weeks weighs, on average, about 7 pounds, 4 ounces ( 3, 300 grams ) and measures about 20 inches ( 51 cm ). don ' t expect your baby to look like the gerber baby right off the bat \u2014 newborns often have heads temporarily misshapen from the birth canal and may be covered with vernix and blood. your baby ' s skin may have skin discolorations, dry patches, and rashes \u2014 these many variations are completely normal. because of the presence of your hormones in your baby ' s system, your baby ' s genitals ( scrotum in boys and labia in girls ) may appear enlarged. your baby, whether a boy or a girl, may even secrete milk from the tiny nipples. this should disappear in a few days and is completely normal. right after birth, your health care provider will suction mucus out of your baby ' s mouth and nose, and you ' ll hear that long - awaited first cry. your baby may then be placed on your stomach, and the umbilical cord will be cut \u2014 often by the baby ' s dad, if he chooses to do the honors! a series of quick screening tests, such as the apgar score, will be performed to assess your baby ' s responsiveness and vital signs, and he or she will be weighed and measured. if your pregnancy was high risk, or if a cesarean section was necessary, a neonatologist ( a doctor who specializes in newborn intensive care ) will be present at your delivery to take care of your baby right away. if your baby needs any special care to adjust to life outside the womb, it will be given \u2014 and then your newborn will be placed in your waiting arms. this week you ' ll experience the moment you ' ve been anticipating \u2014 your introduction to your baby! before you can meet your baby, though, you have to go through labor and delivery. you may have learned about the three stages of birth in your prenatal classes. the first stage of labor works to thin and stretch your cervix by contracting your uterus at regular intervals. the second stage of labor is when you push your baby into the vaginal canal and out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.430168894270062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92a6d94d-bb11-4e8c-894b-145d81256465>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.278017"}
{"text": "birth in your prenatal classes. the first stage of labor works to thin and stretch your cervix by contracting your uterus at regular intervals. the second stage of labor is when you push your baby into the vaginal canal and out of your body. the third and final stage of labor is when you deliver the placenta. if you don ' t go into labor within a week of your due date, your health care provider may recommend you receive a nonstress test, which monitors fetal heart rate and movement to be sure that the baby is receiving adequate oxygen and that the nervous system is responding. talk to your health care provider to find out more about this test. sometimes mother nature may need a little coaxing. if your labor isn ' t progressing, or if your health or your baby ' s health requires it, your health care provider may induce labor by artificially rupturing the membranes or by administering the hormone oxytocin or other medications. if your pregnancy is high risk, or if there are any other potential complications, you may require a cesarean section delivery. some women know ahead of time that they will be delivering via cesarean section and are able to schedule their baby ' s \" birth day \" well in advance. if you ' re one of them, you ' ve probably been able to prepare yourself emotionally and mentally for the birth \u2014 which can help to lessen the feelings of disappointment that many mothers who are unable to deliver vaginally experience. but even if you have to undergo a cesarean section that wasn ' t planned, rest assured that you ' ll still be able to bond with your baby. it might not be the birth experience you imagined, but your beautiful newborn has arrived nonetheless. the months of waiting are over! good luck with your baby!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43387297814708203, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92a6d94d-bb11-4e8c-894b-145d81256465>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.278668"}
{"text": "what is it? fertility awareness is a way to prevent pregnancy by not having sex around the time of ovulation ( the release of an egg during a girl ' s monthly cycle ). couples who do want to have a baby can also use this method to have sex during the time that they are most likely to conceive. fertility awareness can include methods such as natural family planning, periodic abstinence, and the rhythm method. how does it work? if a couple doesn ' t have sex around the time of ovulation, the girl is less likely to get pregnant. the trick is knowing when ovulation happens. couples use a calendar, a thermometer to measure body temperature, the thickness of cervical mucus, or a kit that tests for ovulation. the ovulation kits are more useful for couples who are trying to get pregnant. the fertile period around ovulation lasts 6 to 9 days and during this time the couple using only fertility awareness for birth control who does not want to get pregnant should not have sex. how well does it work? fertility awareness is not a reliable way to prevent pregnancy for most teens. over the course of 1 year, as many as 25 out of 100 typical couples who rely on fertility awareness to prevent pregnancy will have an accidental pregnancy. of course, this is an average figure, and the chance of getting pregnant depends on whether a couple uses one or more of the fertility awareness methods correctly and consistently and does not have unprotected sex during the fertile period. in general, how well each type of birth control method works depends on a lot of things. these include whether a person has any health conditions, is taking any medications that might interfere with its use, whether the method chosen is convenient \u2014 and whether it is used correctly all the time. in the case of fertility awareness, it also depends on how consistent a woman ' s ovulatory cycle is, how accurately a couple keeps track of when she could be ovulating, and how reliably unprotected sex is avoided during the fertile period. protection against stds abstinence ( not having sex ) is the only method that always prevents pregnancy and stds. who uses it? fertility awareness is not a reliable way to prevent pregnancy for most teens. it is often very difficult to tell when a girl is fertile. because teens often have irregular menstrual cycles, it makes predicting ovulation much more difficult. even people who have previously had regular cycles can have irregular timing of o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4862884038314672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebd8d085-e439-4183-b008-e3abccc3efd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.281517"}
{"text": "teens. it is often very difficult to tell when a girl is fertile. because teens often have irregular menstrual cycles, it makes predicting ovulation much more difficult. even people who have previously had regular cycles can have irregular timing of ovulation when factors such as stress or illness are involved. fertility awareness also requires a commitment to monitoring body changes, keeping daily records, and above all not having sex during the fertile period. how do you get it? for couples interested in this method, it is best to talk to a doctor or counselor who is trained in fertility awareness. he or she can then teach the couple the skills they need to know to practice this birth control method accurately. how much does it cost? the tools needed for fertility awareness \u2014 such as ovulation detection kits and thermometers, for example \u2014 are available in drugstores. but they can be expensive. again, it ' s best to talk to a doctor for advice on using this method. reviewed by : larissa hirsch, md date reviewed : april 2010 share this page using : note : all information on teenshealth\u00ae is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. \u00a9 1995 - the nemours foundation. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43300754740551595, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebd8d085-e439-4183-b008-e3abccc3efd1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.282090"}
{"text": "by irene klotz cape canaveral, florida ( reuters ) - despite searing daytime temperatures, mercury, the planet closest to the sun, has ice and frozen organic materials inside permanently shadowed craters in its north pole, nasa scientists said on thursday. earth - based telescopes have been compiling evidence for ice on mercury for 20 years, but the finding of organics was a surprise, say researchers with nasa ' s messenger spacecraft, the first probe to orbit mercury. both ice and organic materials, which are similar to tar or coal, were believed to have been delivered millions of years ago by comets and asteroids crashing into the planet. \" it ' s not something we expected to see, but then of course you realize it kind of makes sense because we see this in other places, \" such as icy bodies in the outer solar system and in the nuclei of comets, planetary scientist david paige, with the university of california, los angeles, told reuters. unlike nasa ' s mars rover curiosity, which will be sampling rocks and soils to look for organic materials directly, the messenger probe bounces laser beams, counts particles, measures gamma rays and collects other data remotely from orbit. the discoveries of ice and organics, painstakingly pieced together for more than a year, are based on computer models, laboratory experiments and deduction, not direct analysis. \" the explanation that seems to fit all the data is that it ' s organic material, \" said lead messenger scientist sean solomon, with columbia university in new york. added paige, \" it ' s not just a crazy hypothesis. no one has got anything else that seems to fit all the observations better. \" scientists believe the organic material, which is about twice as dark as most of mercury ' s surface, was mixed in with comet - or asteroid - delivered ice eons ago. the ice vaporized, then re - solidified where it was colder, leaving dark deposits on the surface. radar imagery shows the dark patches subside at the coldest parts of the crater, where ice can exist on the surface. the areas where the dark patches are seen are not cold enough for surface ice without the overlying layer of what is believed to be organics. so remote was the idea of organics on mercury that messenger got a relatively easy pass by nasa ' s planetary protection protocols that were established to minimize the chance of contaminating any indigenous life - potential material with hitchhiking microbes from earth. scientists don ' t believe mercury is or was suitable for ancient life, but the discovery of organics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4876859961474379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:954bdf7e-7951-42c2-a6f6-6f7912bad693>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.285632"}
{"text": "s planetary protection protocols that were established to minimize the chance of contaminating any indigenous life - potential material with hitchhiking microbes from earth. scientists don ' t believe mercury is or was suitable for ancient life, but the discovery of organics on an inner planet of the solar system may shed light on how life got started on earth and how life may evolve on planets beyond the solar system. \" finding a place in the inner solar system where some of these same ingredients that may have led to life on earth are preserved for us is really exciting, \" paige said. messenger, which stands for mercury surface, space environment, geochemistry and ranging, is due to complete its two - year mission at mercury in march. scientists are seeking nasa funding to continue operations for at least part of a third year. the probe will remain in mercury ' s orbit until the planet ' s gravity eventually causes it to crash onto the surface. whether the discovery of organics now prompts nasa to select a crash zone rather than leave it up to chance remains to be seen. microbes that may have hitched a ride on messenger likely have been killed off by the harsh radiation environment at mercury. the research is published in this week ' s edition of the journal science. ( editing by kevin gray and vicki allen )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5133455314488697, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:954bdf7e-7951-42c2-a6f6-6f7912bad693>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.286165"}
{"text": "this \u201c the best \u2026 \u201d list is a companion to the best sites to learn about the u. s. financial crisis. those sites tried to explain how we got into this mess. the resources on this list share what is happening to us as a result. these sites try to give a picture of the recession \u2019 s effects throughout the world. these sites, all relatively accessible to english language learners, are divided into three sections. the first are some narrative reports on what is occurring. the second are interactive charts or graphs that show \u201c the numbers. \u201d the third are multimedia presentations giving a human face to the recession ( of course, most of my students are experiencing that human face directly in their own lives ). here are my picks for the best sites to learn about the recession : voice of america \u2019 s special english has a report ( with audio support for the text ) titled trying to live with a recession in the world \u2019 s largest economy. breaking new english has a lesson ( again, with audio support for the text ) called huge u. s. job losses spark recession fears. esl podcast blog has an engaging report on ways a recession affects society cbbc has a good report on the recession in the united kingdom. charts & graphs : where does your state rank? is a map from cnn showing the recession \u2019 s effect across the united states. layoffs pile - up is a graph from the wall street journal showing what economic sectors are experiencing the worst job loss. usa today has a very complete analysis on jobs loss and growth in the united states. the national conference of state legislatures also has an interactive map on the effects of the recession in all fifty states. these would require some teacher explanation, but are intriguing nevertheless. they \u2019 re are two infographics showing how the proposed economic stimulus would be used \u2014 one from the washington post and the other from credit loan. cnn has a new interactive on the compromise that the senate and house just agreed to. the obamameter is a regularly updated visual representation of different aspects of the u. s. economy. it would be accessible to intermediate english language learners with some explanation. finviz shows the stock market in a vivid color - code. the economy tracker from cnn shows the latest economic data on a map, and combines that with personal stories of those affected. the geography of a recession comes from the new york times and shows, in detail, unemployment rates throughout the united states. maplibs has a color - coded world map that shows international financial centers. the key is the color \u2014 if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4387732960389721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96f462cf-90d3-4dee-acd5-263d2ee58f50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.297477"}
{"text": "those affected. the geography of a recession comes from the new york times and shows, in detail, unemployment rates throughout the united states. maplibs has a color - coded world map that shows international financial centers. the key is the color \u2014 if it \u2019 s shown in red then it \u2019 s down, if it \u2019 s shown in green then it \u2019 s up. the sacramento bee has a scary map of unemployment in california. economic reality check is from cnn and provide short facts about different aspects of the recession. the sacramento bee has just published an income gap interactive graphic. it \u2019 s based on sacramento data, but i suspect the information is similar across the united states. it vividly, and in a way that \u2019 s accessible to english language learners, shows how long it takes for different people ( by occupation, ethnicity, and educational background ) to earn $ 100, 000. msnbc has developed what they call an adversity index. it \u2019 s an animated map that \u201c measures the economic health of 381 metro areas and all 50 states. \u201d it \u2019 s pretty intriguing, though would probably require some initial explanation before english language learners could fully decipher it. right below the adversity map, you can also find a \u201c map : recession - resistant areas \u201d that highlights communities in the u. s. that have escaped the recession \u2019 s effects. the san francisco chronicle published a simple and very accessible chart today titled unemployment characteristics. it \u201c breaks down \u201d unemployment data by race, gender, and education background. great depression comparison is an excellent interactive comparing the depression to our present recession. here \u2019 s a very accessible infographic that shows the change in unemployment in major us cities over the past year. the associated press has an economic stress index which shows, in an interactive graphic form, what is happening to every county in the united states economically. it measures bankruptcies, home foreclosures, and unemployment, and then interprets it into what they call a \u201c stress index. \u201d the new york times has published an interactive graphic titled broad unemployment across the u. s. it shows both the official unemployment rate, and what the rate would be if it included \u201c ipart - time workers who want to work full time, as well some people who want to work but have not looked for a job in the last four weeks. \u201d moody \u2019 s has put together an impressive and accessible global recession map showing how all the economies in the world are going. \u201c food assistance \u201d is a very simple and visual infographic from good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47336828387613694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96f462cf-90d3-4dee-acd5-263d2ee58f50>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.298389"}
{"text": "not looked for a job in the last four weeks. \u201d moody \u2019 s has put together an impressive and accessible global recession map showing how all the economies in the world are going. \u201c food assistance \u201d is a very simple and visual infographic from good magazine tracking the rise of food stamps over the past year. times of crisis is an extraordinary interactive timeline showing the critical events of the economic recession over the past 365 days. the geography of jobs is an excellent animated map demonstrating the loss of jobs in different parts of the united states during the recession. flowing data has some maps that very visually show where unemployment has increased over the past few years. the unemployed states of america, a nice infographic ( in terms of accessibility, not because it shares good news ) how the great recession reshaped the u. s. job market, an informative ( and a bit \u201c busy \u201d looking ) interactive from the wall street journal. \u201c america \u2019 s 35 hardest - hit cities \u201d is a very accessible infographic showing the communities around the u. s. with the highest unemployment rates. quite a few of them are located right here in california \u2019 s central valley. comparing this recession to previous ones : job changes is a new york times graphic that very clearly shows we \u2019 re not doing so great right now. \u201c how the great recession has changed life in america \u201d is an interactive from the pew center. who \u2019 s hurting? is a wall street journal interactive showing which economic sector is losing / gaining jobs how do americans feel about the recession? is an infographic from mint. it has some interesting information, and a teacher could ask similar questions of their students. \u201c decline and fall of the california job market \u201d is a very good interactive from the sacramento bee showing the chronological progress of the monthly unemployment rate for each county in the state over the past three years. visual economics has published two good infographics in one place : \u201c cities that have missed the recovery \u201d and \u201c cities that are having a great recovery. \u201d \u201c how the recession has changed us \u201d is what i think is a pretty amazing infographic from the atlantic. where are the jobs? is a very good interactive infographic from the washington post showing which economic sectors are increasing jobs and which are not doing so well. good has just published a very good series of infographics explaining the economy. it \u2019 s called all about the benjamins. videos & slideshows : boomtown to bust is a new york times slideshow on the recession \u2019 s effect in florida. the sacramento bee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45045825998066436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96f462cf-90d3-4dee-acd5-263d2ee58f50>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.299301"}
{"text": "very good series of infographics explaining the economy. it \u2019 s called all about the benjamins. videos & slideshows : boomtown to bust is a new york times slideshow on the recession \u2019 s effect in florida. the sacramento bee has a series of photos chronicling the economic downturn. long lines of job seekers continue is a slideshow from the washington post. downturn leaves more families homeless is another slideshow from the washington post. the wall street journal has excerpts from recent songs that have been written about the recession. following a closing, the struggle to find work is another slideshow from the new york times. a community facing hunger is a video from the new york times. out of work in china is a video showing the effects of the recession in that country. a painful return is a slideshow discussing the recession \u2019 s effects in china. tough times for summitville tiles is a wall street journal slideshow about the closing of a factory. black thursday in france is a wall street journal slideshow about protests in that country demanding that the government do more to stop the recession. ohio town faces economic collapse is a slideshow from pixcetra. the american economy : down and out is a slideshow from time magazine. tough times in cleveland is another time slideshow. an audio slideshow from the new york times called in economic vise, pontiac struggles. there goes retirement is an online video from the wall street journal. the progressive magazine the nation has a useful slideshow called the great recession. it \u2019 s a bit ideological, but provides a different kind of analysis and response to the recession. it also includes links to articles that would not be accessible to ell \u2019 s. however, the images, teacher modifications of the articles, and lesson ideas provided by them could offer some good opportunities for student discussion and higher order thinking. the faces of the unemployed is a slideshow from the new york times. searching for a job is a series of photos from the sacramento bee. looking for work is an audio slideshow from reuters. desperately seeking a salary is another audio slideshow from reuters. job seekers flood local job fair is a slideshow from the sacramento bee. recession hits the saddle is a slideshow from the new york times. auto town struggles with unemployment is a slideshow from the new york times. dark stores from time magazine. the new york times has an audio slideshow about people looking for work in the state of tennessee. inside california \u2019 s tent cities is the newest addition to this list. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5055941400746427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96f462cf-90d3-4dee-acd5-263d2ee58f50>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.300245"}
{"text": "a slideshow from the new york times. dark stores from time magazine. the new york times has an audio slideshow about people looking for work in the state of tennessee. inside california \u2019 s tent cities is the newest addition to this list. it \u2019 s a new york times slideshow on the growing number of homeless encampments around the united states, particularly here in sacramento ( which was recently featured on oprah winfrey \u2019 s show ) and in fresno. the death of the american mall is a slideshow from the wall street journal. stimulus watch is a site that doesn \u2019 t really fit into any of the categories on this list, but it \u2019 s intriguing. it supposedly lists all the projects different governmental projects have proposed to do with stimulus money, and then people can vote which ones they think are best. they \u2019 re categorized by community, so they \u2019 re very accessible. the only drawback to it is since it \u2019 s a wiki, even though all the projects are listed, many don \u2019 t have detailed information yet on what the project entails. nevertheless, its interactivity could offer some good possibilities for student engagement. how do you feel about the economy? is a great interactive graphic \u2014 especially for english language learners \u2014 from the new york times. you \u2019 re supposed to be able to enter a word that indicates how you \u2019 re filling, and you \u2019 re given many choices. it \u2019 s a good opportunity for vocabulary development. picturing the recession is yet another exceptional interactive from the new york times. it \u2019 s composed of photos contributed by readers, including captions, divided by topic or location. adapting to job loss is a slideshow from the washington post. survival strategies is a new interactive feature from the new york times. people offer brief ideas on how they \u2019 re saving money now in the recession. readers can vote on which ones they think are best. you have to register in order to vote, offer suggestions, or contribute your own. forced from home is a slideshow from the wall street journal. ghost factories is a slideshow from the new york times. \u201c the long - term unemployed \u201d is a multimedia interactive from the wall street journal. \u201c america out of work \u201d is ongoing series of video interviews the los angeles times is doing with the unemployed. america at work is slideshow from the atlantic. as always, feedback is welcome.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4607927257215904, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96f462cf-90d3-4dee-acd5-263d2ee58f50>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.301126"}
{"text": "even though the cnc machines require little human intervention in the development process of the end desired product, human intervention is still needed when it comes to the computer software programming for the cnc machines. a cnc machine programmer must understand the programming, so that they are capable of accurately telling the machine what to do. cnc machines a programmed through a sentence like structure that is written in a code that it understands. each axes that the machine uses, requires instructions for the development of the final project. if you forget to program one of the axes, the product will not turn out ; in the same terms, if you program wrong, the axes will do what the program tells them and not what you want them to do. a cnc machine operator helps on the other end. the programmer writes the code for the machine, but the operator is responsible for downloading the program into the machine and getting the machine set up to properly do the job. the operator may have to set up the tools in the tool holder for the machine, position the material that is needed for the job in the machine, and then start the machine. if the cnc machine operator is experienced, they will begin to learn the different sounds that the machine makes and will be able to tell just by the sound whether there is a problem with the machine. a more experienced cnc machine operator is required to do this type of work. once the machine completes the program and the work progress is done, operators may be switched. at this point in time, a less experienced operator can take over from here. usually cnc machine operators will start out at the lower level and gradually work their way up as they become more experienced in this type of machining. experienced cnc machine operators can detect program flaws and can usually make the modifications to the program themselves. if they notice that the end product is not to the specifications needed, they can fix the problem in the program and continue on with the job. they will not have to take the time to contact the programmer and wait for the program to be fixed. limited input from the operator is needed to operate a cnc machine. it is because of this reason that one operator may be able to watch multiple machines. the machines do all of the work and only one person is required to do the set up of the machines. this enables companies to employ fewer people and saves them in the payroll department. cnc machine operators must adhere to safety precautions just like they would in any other machine shop. even though the cnc machines are usually completely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44765144056601464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fae3d9-96ed-4021-b56b-1a1cd193073d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.303542"}
{"text": "a nuzzle of the neck, a stroke of the wrist, a brush of the knee \u2014 these caresses often signal a loving touch, but can also feel highly aversive, depending on who is delivering the touch, and to whom. interested in how the brain makes connections between touch and emotion, neuroscientists at the california institute of technology ( caltech ) have discovered that the association begins in the brain \u2019 s primary somatosensory cortex, a region that, until now, was thought only to respond to basic touch, not to its emotional quality. \u201c we demonstrated for the first time that the primary somatosensory cortex \u2014 the brain region encoding basic touch properties such as how rough or smooth an object is \u2014 also is sensitive to the social meaning of a touch, \u201d explains michael spezio, a visiting associate at caltech who is also an assistant professor of psychology at scripps college in claremont, california. \u201c it was generally thought that there are separate brain pathways for how we process the physical aspects of touch on the skin and for how we interpret that touch emotionally \u2014 that is, whether we feel it as pleasant, unpleasant, desired, or repulsive. our study shows that, to the contrary, emotion is involved at the primary stages of social touch. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5142977486046412, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61b0ef59-2917-4404-a0f0-f46353e5a062>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.304779"}
{"text": "we have in this chapter to consider why the females of many birds have not acquired the same ornaments as the male ; and why, on the other hand, both sexes of many other birds are equally, or almost equally, ornamented? in the following chapter we shall consider the few cases in which the female is more conspicuously coloured than the male. in my origin of species * i briefly suggested that the long tail of the peacock would be inconvenient and the conspicuous black colour of the male capercailzie dangerous, to the female during the period of incubation : and consequently that the transmission of these characters from the male to the female offspring had been checked through natural selection. i still think that this may have occurred in some few instances : but after mature reflection on all the facts which i have been able to collect, i am now inclined to believe that when the sexes differ, the successive variations have generally been from the first limited in their transmission to the same sex in which they first arose. since my remarks appeared, the subject of sexual colouration has been discussed in some very interesting papers by mr. wallace, * ( 2 ) who believes that in almost all cases the successive variations tended at first to be transmitted equally to both sexes ; but that the female was saved, through natural selection, from acquiring the conspicuous colours of the male, owing to the danger which she would thus have incurred during incubation. * fourth edition, 1866, p. 241. * ( 2 ) westminster review, july, 1867. journal of travel, vol. i., 1868, p. 73. this view necessitates a tedious discussion on a difficult point, namely, whether the transmission of a character, which is at first inherited by both sexes can be subsequently limited in its transmission to one sex alone by means of natural selection. we must bear in mind, as shewn in the preliminary chapter on sexual selection, that characters which are limited in their development to one sex are always latent in the other. an imaginary illustration will best aid us in seeing the difficulty of the case ; we may suppose that a fancier wished to make a breed of pigeons, in which the males alone should be coloured of a pale blue, whilst the females retained their former slaty tint. as with pigeons characters of all kinds are usually transmitted to both sexes equally, the fancier would have to try to convert this latter form of inheritance into sexually - limited transmission. all that he could do would be to persevere in selecting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5157067320861513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.339178"}
{"text": "the female soemmerring pheasant with her short tail were crossed with the male common pheasant, there can be no doubt that the male hybrid offspring would have a much longer tail than that of the pure offspring of the common pheasant. on the other hand, if the female common pheasant, with a tail much longer than that of the female soemmerring pheasant, were crossed with the male of the latter, the male hybrid offspring would have a much shorter tail than that of the pure offspring of soemmerring ' s pheasant. * * temminck says that the tail of the female phasianus soemmerringii is only six inches long, planches coloriees, vol. v., 1838, pp. 487 and 488 : the measurements above given were made for me by mr. sclater. for the common pheasant, see macgillivray, history of british birds, vol. i., pp. 118 - 121. our fancier, in order to make his new breed with the males of a pale - blue tint, and the females unchanged, would have to continue selecting the males during many generations ; and each stage of paleness would have to be fixed in the males, and rendered latent in the females. the task would be an extremely difficult one, and has never been tried, but might possibly be successfully carried out. the chief obstacle would be the early and complete loss of the pale - blue tint, from the necessity of reiterated crosses with the slaty female, the latter not having at first any latent tendency to produce pale - blue offspring. on the other hand, if one or two males were to vary ever so slightly in paleness, and the variations were from the first limited in their transmission to the male sex, the task of making a new breed of the desired kind would be easy, for such males would simply have to be selected and matched with ordinary females. an analogous case has actually occurred, for there are breeds of the pigeon in belgium * in which the males alone are marked with black striae. so again mr. tegetmeier has recently shewn * ( 2 ) that dragons not rarely produce silver - coloured birds, which are almost always hens ; and he himself has bred ten such females. it is on the other hand a very unusual event when a silver male is produced ; so that nothing would be easier, if desired, than to make a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46637956041081324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.340992"}
{"text": "coloured birds, which are almost always hens ; and he himself has bred ten such females. it is on the other hand a very unusual event when a silver male is produced ; so that nothing would be easier, if desired, than to make a breed of dragons with blue males and silver females. this tendency is indeed so strong that when mr. tegetmeier at last got a silver male and matched him with one of the silver females, he expected to get a breed with both sexes thus coloured ; he was however disappointed, for the young male reverted to the blue colour of his grandfather, the young female alone being silver. no doubt with patience this tendency to reversion in the males, reared from an occasional silver male matched with a silver hen, might be eliminated, and then both sexes would be coloured alike ; and this very process has been followed with success by mr. esquilant in the case of silver turbits. * dr. chapius, le pigeon voyageur belge, 1865, p. 87. * ( 2 ) the field, sept., 1872. with fowls, variations of colour, limited in their transmission to the male sex, habitually occur. when this form of inheritance prevails, it might well happen that some of the successive variations would be transferred to the female, who would then slightly resemble the male, as actually occurs in some breeds. or again, the greater number, but not all, of the successive steps might be transferred to both sexes, and the female would then closely resemble the male. there can hardly be a doubt that this is the cause of the male pouter pigeon having a somewhat larger crop, and of the male carrier pigeon having somewhat larger wattles, than their respective females ; for fanciers have not selected one sex more than the other, and have had no wish that these characters should be more strongly displayed in the male than in the female, yet this is the case with both breeds. the same process would have to be followed, and the same difficulties encountered, if it were desired to make a breed with the females alone of some new colour. lastly, our fancier might wish to make a breed with the two sexes differing from each other, and both from the parent species. here the difficulty would be extreme, unless the successive variations were from the first sexually limited on both sides, and then there would be no difficulty. we see this with the fowl ; thus the two sexes of the pencilled hamburghs differ greatly from each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5314949265711038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.341858"}
{"text": "difficulty would be extreme, unless the successive variations were from the first sexually limited on both sides, and then there would be no difficulty. we see this with the fowl ; thus the two sexes of the pencilled hamburghs differ greatly from each other, and from the two sexes of the aboriginal gallus bankiva ; and both are now kept constant to their standard of excellence by continued selection, which would be impossible unless the distinctive characters of both were limited in their transmission. the spanish fowl offers a more curious case ; the male has an immense comb, but some of the successive variations, by the accumulation of which it was acquired, appear to have been transferred to the female ; for she has a comb many times larger than that of the females of the parent species. but the comb of the female differs in one respect from that of the male, for it is apt to lop over ; and within a recent period it has been ordered by the fancy that this should always be the case, and success has quickly followed the order. now the lopping of the comb must be sexually limited in its transmission, otherwise it would prevent the comb of the male from being perfectly upright, which would be abhorrent to every fancier. on the other hand, the uprightness of the comb in the male must likewise be a sexually - limited character, otherwise it would prevent the comb of the female from lopping over. from the foregoing illustrations, we see that even with almost unlimited time at command, it would be an extremely difficult and complex, perhaps an impossible process, to change one form of transmission into the other through selection. therefore, without distinct evidence in each case, i am unwilling to admit that this has been effected in natural species. on the other hand, by means of successive variations, which were from the first sexually limited in their transmission, there would not be the least difficulty in rendering a male bird widely different in colour or in any other character from the female ; the latter being left unaltered, or slightly altered, or specially modified for the sake of protection. as bright colours are of service to the males in their rivalry with other males, such colours would be selected whether or not they were transmitted exclusively to the same sex. consequently the females might be expected often to partake of the brightness of the males to a greater or less degree ; and this occurs with a host of species. if all the successive variations were transmitted equally to both sexes, the females would be indistinguishable from the males", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.572572055258292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.342762"}
{"text": "to partake of the brightness of the males to a greater or less degree ; and this occurs with a host of species. if all the successive variations were transmitted equally to both sexes, the females would be indistinguishable from the males ; and this likewise occurs with many birds. if, however, dull colours were of high importance for the safety of the female during incubation, as with many ground birds, the females which varied in brightness, or which received through inheritance from the males any marked accession of brightness, would sooner or later be destroyed. but the tendency in the males to continue for an indefinite period transmitting to their female offspring their own brightness, would have to be eliminated by a change in the form of inheritance ; and this, as shewn by our previous illustration, would be extremely difficult. the more probable result of the long - continued destruction of the more brightly - coloured females, supposing the equal form of transmission to prevail would be the lessening or annihilation of the bright colours of the males, owing to their continual crossing with the duller females. it would be tedious to follow out all the other possible results ; but i may remind the reader that if sexually limited variations in brightness occurred in the females, even if they were not in the least injurious to them and consequently were not eliminated, yet they would not be favoured or selected, for the male usually accepts any female, and does not select the more attractive individuals ; consequently these variations would be liable to be lost, and would have little influence on the character of the race ; and this will aid in accounting for the females being commonly duller - coloured than the males. in the eighth chapter instances were given, to which many might here be added, of variations occurring at various ages, and inherited at the corresponding age. it was also shewn that variations which occur late in life are commonly transmitted to the same sex in which they first appear ; whilst variations occurring early in life are apt to be transmitted to both sexes ; not that all the cases of sexually - limited transmission can thus be accounted for. it was further shewn that if a male bird varied by becoming brighter whilst young, such variations would be of no service until the age for reproduction had arrived, and there was competition between rival males. but in the case of birds living on the ground and commonly in need of the protection of dull colours, bright tints would be far more dangerous to the young and inexperienced than to the adult males. consequently the males which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5574229664757693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.343803"}
{"text": "was competition between rival males. but in the case of birds living on the ground and commonly in need of the protection of dull colours, bright tints would be far more dangerous to the young and inexperienced than to the adult males. consequently the males which varied in brightness whilst young would suffer much destruction and be eliminated through natural selection ; on the other hand, the males which varied in this manner when nearly mature, notwithstanding that they were exposed to some additional danger, might survive, and from being favoured through sexual selection, would procreate their kind. as a relation often exists between the period of variation and the form of transmission, if the bright - coloured young males were destroyed and the mature ones were successful in their courtship, the males alone would acquire brilliant colours and would transmit them exclusively to their male offspring. but i by no means wish to maintain that the influence of age on the form of transmission, is the sole cause of the great difference in brilliancy between the sexes of many birds. when the sexes of birds differ in colour, it is interesting to determine whether the males alone have been modified by sexual selection, the females having been left unchanged, or only partially and indirectly thus changed ; or whether the females have been specially modified through natural selection for the sake of protection. i will therefore discuss this question at some length, even more fully than its intrinsic importance deserves ; for various curious collateral points may thus be conveniently considered. before we enter on the subject of colour, more especially in reference to mr. wallace ' s conclusions, it may be useful to discuss some other sexual differences under a similar point of view. a breed of fowls formerly existed in germany * in which the hens were furnished with spurs ; they were good layers, but they so greatly disturbed their nests with their spurs that they could not be allowed to sit on their own eggs. hence at one time it appeared to me probable that with the females of the wild gallinaceae the development of spurs had been checked through natural selection, from the injury thus caused to their nests. this seemed all the more probable, as wing - spurs, which would not be injurious during incubation, are often as well developed in the female as in the male ; though in not a few cases they are rather larger in the male. when the male is furnished with leg - spurs the female almost always exhibits rudiments of them, - the rudiment sometimes consisting of a mere scale, as in gallus. hence it might be argued that the females had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5199013453177876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.344744"}
{"text": "larger in the male. when the male is furnished with leg - spurs the female almost always exhibits rudiments of them, - the rudiment sometimes consisting of a mere scale, as in gallus. hence it might be argued that the females had aboriginally been furnished with well - developed spurs, but that these had subsequently been lost through disuse or natural selection. but if this view be admitted, it would have to be extended to innumerable other cases ; and it implies that the female progenitors of the existing spur - bearing species were once encumbered with an injurious appendage. * bechstein, naturgeschichte deutschlands, 1793, b. iii., 339. in some few genera and species, as in galloperdix, acomus, and the javan peacock ( pavo muticus ), the females, as well as the males, possess well - developed leg - spurs. are we to infer from this fact that they construct a different sort of nest from that made by their nearest allies, and not liable to be injured by their spurs ; so that the spurs have not been removed? or are we to suppose that the females of these several species especially require spurs for their defence? it is a more probable conclusion that both the presence and absence of spurs in the females result from different laws of inheritance having prevailed, independently of natural selection. with the many females in which spurs appear as rudiments, we may conclude that some few of the successive variations, through which they were developed in the males, occurred very early in life, and were consequently transferred to the females. in the other and much rarer cases, in which the females possess fully developed spurs, we may conclude that all the successive variations were transferred to them ; and that they gradually acquired and inherited the habit of not disturbing their nests. the vocal organs and the feathers variously modified for producing sound, as well as the proper instincts for using them, often differ in the two sexes, but are sometimes the same in both. can such differences be accounted for by the males having acquired these organs and instincts, whilst the females have been saved from inheriting them, on account of the danger to which they would have been exposed by attracting the attention of birds or beasts of prey? this does not seem to me probable, when we think of the multitude of birds which with impunity gladden the country with their voices during the spring. * it is a safer conclusion that, as vocal and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4795472786341262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.345627"}
{"text": "of birds or beasts of prey? this does not seem to me probable, when we think of the multitude of birds which with impunity gladden the country with their voices during the spring. * it is a safer conclusion that, as vocal and instrumental organs are of special service only to the males during their courtship, these organs were developed through sexual selection and their constant use in that sex alone - the successive variations and the effects of use having been from the first more or less limited in transmission to the male offspring. * daines barrington, however, thought it probable ( philosophical transactions, 1773, p. 164 ) that few female birds sing, because the talent would have been dangerous to them during incubation. he adds, that a similar view may possibly account for the inferiority of the female to the male in plumage. many analogous cases could be adduced ; those for instance of the plumes on the head being generally longer in the male than in the female, sometimes of equal length in both sexes, and occasionally absent in the female, - these several cases occurring in the same group of birds. it would be difficult to account for such a difference between the sexes by the female having been benefited by possessing a slightly shorter crest than the male, and its consequent diminution or complete suppression through natural selection. but i will take a more favourable case, namely the length of the tail. the long train of the peacock would have been not only inconvenient but dangerous to the peahen during the period of incubation and whilst accompanying her young. hence there is not the least a priori improbability in the development of her tail having been checked through natural selection. but the females of various pheasants, which apparently are exposed on their open nests to as much danger as the peahen, have tails of considerable length. the females as well as the males of the menura superba have long tails, and they build a domed nest, which is a great anomaly in so large a bird. naturalists have wondered how the female menura could manage her tail during incubation ; but it is now known * that she \" enters the nest head first, and then turns round with her tail sometimes over her back, but more often bent round by her side. thus in time the tail becomes quite askew, and is a tolerable guide to the length of time the bird has been sitting. \" both sexes of an australian kingfisher ( tanysiptera sylvia ) have the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4962255307445163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.346563"}
{"text": "by her side. thus in time the tail becomes quite askew, and is a tolerable guide to the length of time the bird has been sitting. \" both sexes of an australian kingfisher ( tanysiptera sylvia ) have the middle tail - feathers greatly lengthened, and the female makes her nest in a hole ; and as i am informed by mr. r. b. sharpe these feathers become much crumpled during incubation. * mr. ramsay, in proc. zoolog. soc., 1868, p. 50. in these two latter cases the great length of the tail - feathers must be in some degree inconvenient to the female ; and as in both species the tail - feathers of the female are somewhat shorter than those of the male, it might be argued that their full development had been prevented through natural selection. but if the development of the tail of the peahen had been checked only when it became inconveniently or dangerously great, she would have retained a much longer tail than she actually possesses ; for her tail is not nearly so long, relatively to the size of her body, as that of many female pheasants, nor longer than that of the female turkey. it must also be borne in mind that, in accordance with this view, as soon as the tail of the peahen became dangerously long, and its development was consequently checked, she would have continually reacted on her male progeny, and thus have prevented the peacock from acquiring his present magnificent train. we may therefore infer that the length of the tail in the peacock and its shortness in the peahen are the result of the requisite variations in the male having been from the first transmitted to the male offspring alone. we are led to a nearly similar conclusion with respect to the length of the tail in the various species of pheasants. in the eared pheasant ( crossoptilon auritum ) the tail is of equal length in both sexes, namely sixteen or seventeen inches ; in the common pheasant it is about twenty inches long in the male and twelve in the female ; in soemmerring ' s pheasant, thirty - seven inches in the male and only eight in the female ; and lastly in reeve ' s pheasant it is sometimes actually seventy - two inches long in the male and sixteen in the female. thus in the several species, the tail of the female differs much in length, irrespectively of that of the male ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4706278047690744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.348709"}
{"text": "' s pheasant it is sometimes actually seventy - two inches long in the male and sixteen in the female. thus in the several species, the tail of the female differs much in length, irrespectively of that of the male ; and this can be accounted for, as it seems to me, with much more probability, by the laws of inheritance, - that is by the successive variations having been from the first more or less closely limited in their transmission to the male sex than by the agency of natural selection, resulting from the length of tail being more or less injurious to the females of these several allied species. we may now consider mr. wallace ' s arguments in regard to the sexual colouration of birds. he believes that the bright tints originally acquired through sexual selection by the males would in all, or almost all cases, have been transmitted to the females, unless the transference had been checked through natural selection. i may here remind the reader that various facts opposed to this view have already been given under reptiles, amphibians, fishes and lepidoptera. mr. wallace rests his belief chiefly, but not exclusively, as we shall see in the next chapter, on the following statement, * that when both sexes are coloured in a very conspicuous manner, the nest is of such a nature as to conceal the sitting bird ; but when there is a marked contrast of colour between the sexes, the male being gay and the female dull - coloured, the nest is open and exposes the sitting bird to view. this coincidence, as far as it goes, certainly seems to favour the belief that the females which sit on open nests have been specially modified for the sake of protection ; but we shall presently see that there is another and more probable explanation, namely, that conspicuous females have acquired the instinct of building domed nests oftener than dull - coloured birds. mr. wallace admits that there are, as might have been expected, some exceptions to his two rules, but it is a question whether the exceptions are not so numerous as seriously to invalidate them. * journal of travel, edited by a. murray, vol. i., 1868, p. 78. there is in the first place much truth in the duke of argyll ' s remark * that a large domed nest is more conspicuous to an enemy, especially to all tree - haunting carnivorous animals, than a smaller open nest. nor must we forget that with many birds which build open nests, the male sits on the eggs and aids the female in feeding the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5231335804119688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.349699"}
{"text": "nest is more conspicuous to an enemy, especially to all tree - haunting carnivorous animals, than a smaller open nest. nor must we forget that with many birds which build open nests, the male sits on the eggs and aids the female in feeding the young : this is the case, for instance, with pyranga aestiva, * ( 2 ) one of the most splendid birds in the united states, the male being vermilion, and the female light brownish - green. now if brilliant colours had been extremely dangerous to birds whilst sitting on their open nests, the males in these cases would have suffered greatly. it might, however, be of such paramount importance to the male to be brilliantly coloured, in order to beat his rivals, that this may have more than compensated some additional danger. * journal of travel, edited by a. murray, vol. i., 1868, p. 281. * ( 2 ) audubon, ornithological biography, vol. i., p. 233. mr. wallace admits that with the king - crows ( dicrurus ), orioles, and pittidae, the females are conspicuously coloured, yet build open nests ; but he urges that the birds of the first group are highly pugnacious and could defend themselves ; that those of the second group take extreme care in concealing their open nests, but this does not invariably hold good ; * and that with the birds of the third group the females are brightly coloured chiefly on the under surface. besides these cases, pigeons which are sometimes brightly, and almost always conspicuously coloured, and which are notoriously liable to the attacks of birds of prey, offer a serious exception to the rule, for they almost always build open and exposed nests. in another large family, that of the humming - birds, all the species build open nests, yet with some of the most gorgeous species the sexes are alike ; and in the majority, the females, though less brilliant than the males, are brightly coloured. nor can it be maintained that all female humming - birds, which are brightly coloured, escape detection by their tints being green, for some display on their upper surfaces red, blue, and other colours. * ( 2 ) * jerdon, birds of india, vol. ii., p. 108. gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., p. 463. * ( 2 ) for instance, the female eupetomena macroura has the head and tail dark blue with reddish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4503643854297331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.350659"}
{"text": "., p. 108. gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., p. 463. * ( 2 ) for instance, the female eupetomena macroura has the head and tail dark blue with reddish loins ; the female lampornis porphyrurus is blackish - green on the upper surface, with the lores and sides of the throat crimson ; the female eulampis jugularis has the top of the head and back green, but the loins and the tail are crimson. many other instances of highly conspicuous females could be given. see mr. gould ' s magnificent work on this family. in regard to birds which build in holes or construct domed nests, other advantages, as mr. wallace remarks, besides concealment are gained, such as shelter from the rain, greater warmth, and in hot countries protection from the sun ; * so that it is no valid objection to his view that many birds having both sexes obscurely coloured build concealed nests. * ( 2 ) the female horn - bill ( buceros ), for instance, of india and africa is protected during incubation with extraordinary care, for she plasters up with her own excrement the orifice of the hole in which she sits on her eggs, leaving only a small orifice through which the male feeds her ; she is thus kept a close prisoner during the whole period of incubation ; * ( 3 ) yet female horn - bills are not more conspicuously coloured than many other birds of equal size which build open nests. it is a more serious objection to mr. wallace ' s view, as is admitted by him, that in some few groups the males are brilliantly coloured and the females obscure, and yet the latter hatch their eggs in domed nests. this is the case with the grallinae of australia, the superb warblers ( maluridae ) of the same country, the sun - birds ( nectariniae ), and with several of the australian honey - suckers or meliphagidae. * ( 4 ) * mr. salvin noticed in guatemala ( ibis, 1864, p. 375 ) that humming - birds were much more unwilling to leave their nests during very hot weather, when the sun was shining brightly, as if their eggs would be thus injured, than during cool, cloudy, or rainy weather. * ( 2 ) i may specify, as instances of dull - coloured birds building concealed nests, the species belonging to eight australian genera described in gould", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4509093972342016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.351580"}
{"text": "brightly, as if their eggs would be thus injured, than during cool, cloudy, or rainy weather. * ( 2 ) i may specify, as instances of dull - coloured birds building concealed nests, the species belonging to eight australian genera described in gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., pp. 340, 362, 365, 383, 387, 389, 391, 414. * ( 3 ) mr. c. horne, proc. zoolog. soc., 1869. p. 243. * ( 4 ) on the nidification and colours of these latter species, see gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., pp. 504, 527. if we look to the birds of england we shall see that there is no close and general relation between the colours of the female and the nature of the nest which is constructed. about forty of our british birds ( excluding those of large size which could defend themselves ) build in holes in banks, rocks, or trees, or construct domed nests. if we take the colours of the female goldfinch, bullfinch, or black - bird, as a standard of the degree of conspicuousness, which is not highly dangerous to the sitting female, then out of the above forty birds the females of only twelve can be considered as conspicuous to a dangerous degree, the remaining twenty - eight being inconspicuous. * nor is there any close relation within the same genus between a well - pronounced difference in colour between the sexes, and the nature of the nest constructed. thus the male house sparrow ( passer domesticus ) differs much from the female, the male tree - sparrow ( p. montanus ) hardly at all, and yet both build well - concealed nests. the two sexes of the common fly - catcher ( muscicapa grisola ) can hardly be distinguished, whilst the sexes of the pied fly - catcher ( m. luctuosa ) differ considerably, and both species build in holes or conceal their nests. the female blackbird ( turdus merula ) differs much, the female ring - ouzel ( t. torquatus ) differs less, and the female common thrush ( t. musicus ) hardly at all from their respective males ; yet all build open nests. on the other hand, the not very distantly - allied water - ouzel ( cinclus aquaticus ) builds a domed nest, and the sexes differ about as much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47088042225114785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.352408"}
{"text": ") hardly at all from their respective males ; yet all build open nests. on the other hand, the not very distantly - allied water - ouzel ( cinclus aquaticus ) builds a domed nest, and the sexes differ about as much as in the ring - ouzel. the black and red grouse ( tetrao tetrix and t. scoticus ) build open nests in equally well - concealed spots, but in the one species the sexes differ greatly, and in the other very little. * i have consulted, on this subject, macgillivray ' s british birds, and though doubts may be entertained in some cases in regard to the degree of concealment of the nest, and to the degree of conspicuousness of the female, yet the following birds, which all lay their eggs in holes or in domed nests, can hardly be considered, by the above standard, as conspicuous : passer, 2 species ; sturnus, of which the female is considerably less brilliant than the male ; cinclus ; motallica boarula (? ) ; erithacus (? ) ; fruticola, 2 sp. ; saxicola ; ruticilla, 2 sp. ; sylvia, 3 sp. ; parus, 3 sp. ; mecistura anorthura ; certhia ; sitta ; yunx ; muscicapa, 2 sp. ; hirundo, 3 sp. ; and cypselus. the females of the following 12 birds may be considered as conspicuous according to the same standard, viz., pastor, motacilla alba, parus major and p. caeruleus, upupa, picus, 4 sp., coracias, alcedo, and merops. notwithstanding the foregoing objections, i cannot doubt, after reading mr. wallace ' s excellent essay, that looking to the birds of the world, a large majority of the species in which the females are conspicuously coloured ( and in this case the males with rare exceptions are equally conspicuous ), build concealed nests for the sake of protection. mr. wallace enumerates * a long series of groups in which this rule bolds good ; but it will suffice here to give, as instances, the more familiar groups of kingfishers, toucans, trogons, puff - birds ( capitonidae ), plantain - eaters ( musophagae, woodpeckers, and parrots. mr. wallace believes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4694882127697212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.353274"}
{"text": "more familiar groups of kingfishers, toucans, trogons, puff - birds ( capitonidae ), plantain - eaters ( musophagae, woodpeckers, and parrots. mr. wallace believes that in these groups, as the males gradually acquired through sexual selection their brilliant colours, these were transferred to the females and were not eliminated by natural selection, owing to the protection which they already enjoyed from their manner of nidification. according to this view, their present manner of nesting was acquired before their present colours. but it seems to me much more probable that in most cases, as the females were gradually rendered more and more brilliant from partaking of the colours of the male, they were gradually led to change their instincts ( supposing that they originally built open nests ), and to seek protection by building domed or concealed nests. no one who studies, for instance, audubon ' s account of the differences in the nests of the same species in the northern and southern united states, * ( 2 ) will feel any great difficulty in admitting that birds, either by a change ( in the strict sense of the word ) of their habits, or through the natural selection of so - called spontaneous variations of instinct, might readily be led to modify their manner of nesting. * journal of travel, edited by a. murray, vol. i., p. 78. * ( 2 ) see many statements in the ornithological biography. see also some curious observations on the nests of italian birds by eugenio bettoni, in the atti della societa italiana, vol. xi., 1869, p. 487. this way of viewing the relation, as far as it holds good, between the bright colours of female birds and their manner of nesting, receives some support from certain cases occurring in the sahara desert. here, as in most other deserts, various birds, and many other animals, have had their colours adapted in a wonderful manner to the tints of the surrounding surface. nevertheless there are, as i am informed by the rev. mr. tristram, some curious exceptions to the rule ; thus the male of the monticola cyanea is conspicuous from his bright blue colour, and the female almost equally conspicuous from her mottled brown and white plumage ; both sexes of two species of dromolaea are of a lustrous black ; so that these three species are far from receiving protection from their colours, yet they are able to survive,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48860249303585745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.354208"}
{"text": "equally conspicuous from her mottled brown and white plumage ; both sexes of two species of dromolaea are of a lustrous black ; so that these three species are far from receiving protection from their colours, yet they are able to survive, for they have acquired the habit of taking refuge from danger in holes or crevices in the rocks. with respect to the above groups in which the females are conspicuously coloured and build concealed nests, it is not necessary to suppose that each separate species had its nidifying instinct specially modified ; but only that the early progenitors of each group were gradually led to build domed or concealed nests, and afterwards transmitted this instinct, together with their bright colours, to their modified descendants. as far as it can be trusted, the conclusion is interesting, that sexual selection together with equal or nearly equal inheritance by both sexes, have indirectly determined the manner of nidification of whole groups of birds. according to mr. wallace, even in the groups in which the females, from being protected in domed nests during incubation, have not had their bright colours eliminated through natural selection, the males often differ in a slight, and occasionally in a considerable degree from the females. this is a significant fact, for such differences in colour must be accounted for by some of the variations in the males having been from the first limited in transmission to the same sex ; as it can hardly be maintained that these differences, especially when very slight, serve as a protection to the female. thus all the species in the splendid group of the trogons build in holes ; and mr. gould gives figures * of both sexes of twenty - five species, in all of which, with one partial exception, the sexes differ sometimes slightly, sometimes conspicuously, in colour, - the males being always finer than the females, though the latter are likewise beautiful. all the species of kingfishers build in holes, and with most of the species the sexes are equally brilliant, and thus far mr. wallace ' s rule holds good ; but in some of the australian species the colours of the females are rather less vivid than those of the male ; and in one splendidly - coloured species, the sexes differ so much that they were at first thought to be specifically distinct. * ( 2 ) mr. r. b. sharpe, who has especially studied this group, has shewn me some american species ( ceryle ) in which the breast of the male is belted with black. again, in carcineutes, the difference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49794648224367355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.355143"}
{"text": "mr. r. b. sharpe, who has especially studied this group, has shewn me some american species ( ceryle ) in which the breast of the male is belted with black. again, in carcineutes, the difference between the sexes is conspicuous : in the male the upper surface is dull - blue banded with black, the lower surface being partly fawn - coloured, and there is much red about the head ; in the female the upper surface is reddish - brown banded with black, and the lower surface white with black markings it is an interesting fact, as shewing how the same peculiar style of sexual colouring often characterises allied forms, that in three species of dacelo the male differs from the female only in the tail being dull - blue banded with black, whilst that of the female is brown with blackish bars ; so that here the tail differs in colour in the two sexes in exactly the same manner as the whole upper surface in the two sexes of carcineutes. * see his monograph of the trogonidae, 1st edition. * ( 2 ) namely, cyanalcyon. gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., p. 133 ; see, also, pp. 130, 136. with parrots, which likewise build in holes, we find analogous cases : in most of the species, both sexes are brilliantly coloured and indistinguishable, but in not a few species the males are coloured rather more vividly than the females, or even very differently from them. thus, besides other strongly - marked differences, the whole under surface of the male king lory ( aprosmictus scapulatus ) is scarlet, whilst the throat and chest of the female is green tinged with red : in the euphema splendida there is a similar difference, the face and wing coverts moreover of the female being of a paler blue than in the male. * in the family of the tits ( parinae ), which build concealed nests, the female of our common blue tomtit ( parus caeruleus ), is \" much less brightly coloured \" than the male : and in the magnificent sultan yellow tit of india the difference is greater. * ( 2 ) * every gradation of difference between the sexes may be followed in the parrots of australia. see gould, op. cit., vol. ii., pp. 14 - 102. * ( 2 ) macgillivray ' s british", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47290644869883136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.355979"}
{"text": "every gradation of difference between the sexes may be followed in the parrots of australia. see gould, op. cit., vol. ii., pp. 14 - 102. * ( 2 ) macgillivray ' s british birds, vol. ii., p. 433. jerdon, birds of india, vol. ii., p. 282. again, in the great group of the woodpeckers, * the sexes are generally nearly alike, but in the megapicus validus all those parts of the head, neck, and breast, which are crimson in the male are pale brown in the female. as in several woodpeckers the head of the male is bright crimson, whilst that of the female is plain, it occurred to me that this colour might possibly make the female dangerously conspicuous, whenever she put her head out of the hole containing her nest, and consequently that this colour, in accordance with mr. wallace ' s belief, had been eliminated. this view is strengthened by what malherbe states with respect to indopicus carlotta ; namely, that the young females, like the young males, have some crimson about their heads, but that this colour disappears in the adult female, whilst it is intensified in the adult male. nevertheless the following considerations render this view extremely doubtful : the male takes a fair share in incubation, * ( 2 ) and would be thus almost equally exposed to danger ; both sexes of many species have their heads of an equally bright crimson ; in other species the difference between the sexes in the amount of scarlet is so slight that it can hardly make any appreciable difference in the danger incurred ; and lastly, the colouring of the head in the two sexes often differs slightly in other ways. * all the following facts are taken from m. malherbe ' s magnificent monographie des picidees, 1861. * ( 2 ) audubon ' s ornithological biography, vol. ii., p. 75 ; see also the ibis, vol. i., p. 268. the cases, as yet given, of slight and graduated differences in colour between the males and females in the groups, in which as a general rule the sexes resemble each other, all relate to species which build domed or concealed nests. but similar gradations may likewise be observed in groups in which the sexes as a general rule resemble each other, but which build open nests. as i have before instanced the australian parrots,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47143736553540777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.356845"}
{"text": "relate to species which build domed or concealed nests. but similar gradations may likewise be observed in groups in which the sexes as a general rule resemble each other, but which build open nests. as i have before instanced the australian parrots, so i may here instance, without giving any details, the australian pigeons. * it deserves especial notice that in all these cases the slight differences in plumage between the sexes are of the same general nature as the occasionally greater differences. a good illustration of this fact has already been afforded by those kingfishers in which either the tail alone or the whole upper surface of the plumage differs in the same manner in the two sexes. similar cases may be observed with parrots and pigeons. the differences in colour between the sexes of the same species are, also, of the same general nature as the differences in colour between the distinct species of the same group. for when in a group in which the sexes are usually alike, the male differs considerably from the female, he is not coloured in a quite new style. hence we may infer that within the same group the special colours of both sexes when they are alike, and the colours of the male, when he differs slightly or even considerably from the female, have been in most cases determined by the same general cause ; this being sexual selection. * gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. ii., pp. 109 - 149. it is not probable, as has already been remarked, that differences in colour between the sexes, when very slight, can be of service to the female as a protection. assuming, however, that they are of service, they might be thought to be cases of transition ; but we have no reason to believe that many species at any one time are undergoing change. therefore we can hardly admit that the numerous females which differ very slightly in colour from their males are now all commencing to become obscure for the sake of protection. even if we consider somewhat more marked sexual differences, is it probable, for instance, that the head of the female chaffinch, - the crimson on the breast of the female bullfinch, - the green of the female greenfinch, - the crest of the female golden - crested wren, have all been rendered less bright by the slow process of selection for the sake of protection? i cannot think so ; and still less with the slight differences between the sexes of those birds which build concealed nests. on the other hand, the differences in colour between the sexes, whether great or small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5078274067658104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.357750"}
{"text": "slow process of selection for the sake of protection? i cannot think so ; and still less with the slight differences between the sexes of those birds which build concealed nests. on the other hand, the differences in colour between the sexes, whether great or small, may to a large extent be explained on the principle of the successive variations, acquired by the males through sexual selection, having been from the first more or less limited in their transmission to the females. that the degree of limitation should differ in different species of the same group will not surprise any one who has studied the laws of inheritance, for they are so complex that they appear to us in our ignorance to be capricious in their action. * * see remarks to this effect in variation of animals and plants under domestication, vol. ii., chap. xii. as far as i can discover there are few large groups of birds in which all the species have both sexes alike and brilliantly coloured, but i hear from mr. sclater, that this appears to be the case with the musophagae or plantain - eaters. nor do i believe that any large group exists in which the sexes of all the species are widely dissimilar in colour : mr. wallace informs me that the chatterers of s. america ( cotingidae ) offer one of the best instances ; but with some of the species, in which the male has a splendid red breast, the female exhibits some red on her breast ; and the females of other species shew traces of the green and other colours of the males. nevertheless we have a near approach to close sexual similarity or dissimilarity throughout several groups : and this, from what has just been said of the fluctuating nature of inheritance, is a somewhat surprising circumstance. but that the same laws should largely prevail with allied animals is not surprising. the domestic fowl has produced a great number of breeds and sub - breeds, and in these the sexes generally differ in plumage ; so that it has been noticed as an unusual circumstance when in certain sub - breeds they resemble each other. on the other hand, the domestic pigeon has likewise produced a vast number of distinct breeds and sub - breeds, and in these, with rare exceptions, the two sexes are identically alike. therefore if other species of gallus and columba were domesticated and varied, it would not be rash to predict that similar rules of sexual similarity and dissimilarity, depending on the form of transmission, would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5312361026033989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.358608"}
{"text": "are identically alike. therefore if other species of gallus and columba were domesticated and varied, it would not be rash to predict that similar rules of sexual similarity and dissimilarity, depending on the form of transmission, would hold good in both cases. in like manner the same form of transmission has generally prevailed under nature throughout the same groups, although marked exceptions to this rule occur. thus within the same family or even genus, the sexes may be identically alike, or very different in colour. instances have already been given in the same genus, as with sparrows, flycatchers, thrushes and grouse. in the family of pheasants the sexes of almost all the species are wonderfully dissimilar, but are quite alike in the eared pheasant or crossoptilon auritum. in two species of chloephaga, a genus of geese, the male cannot be distinguished from the females, except by size ; whilst in two others, the sexes are so unlike that they might easily be mistaken for distinct species. * * the ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 122. the laws of inheritance can alone account for the following cases, in which the female acquires, late in life, certain characters proper to the male, and ultimately comes to resemble him more or less completely. here protection can hardly have come into play. mr. blyth informs me that the females of oriolus melanocephalus and of some allied species, when sufficiently mature to breed, differ considerably in plumage from the adult males ; but after the second or third moults they differ only in their beaks having a slight greenish tinge. in the dwarf bitterns ( ardetta ), according to the same authority, \" the male acquires his final livery at the first moult, the female not before the third or fourth moult ; in the meanwhile she presents an intermediate garb, which is ultimately exchanged for the same livery as that of the male. \" so again the female falco peregrinus acquires her blue plumage more slowly than the male. mr. swinhoe states that with one of the drongo shrikes ( dicrurus macrocercus ) the male, whilst almost a nestling, moults his soft brown plumage and becomes of a uniform glossy greenish - black ; but the female retains for a long time the white striae and spots on the axillary feathers ; and does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5117292551593196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.360032"}
{"text": "male, whilst almost a nestling, moults his soft brown plumage and becomes of a uniform glossy greenish - black ; but the female retains for a long time the white striae and spots on the axillary feathers ; and does not completely assume the uniform black colour of the male for three years. the same excellent observer remarks that in the spring of the second year the female spoon - bill ( platalea ) of china resembles the male of the first year, and that apparently it is not until the third spring that she acquires the same adult plumage as that possessed by the male at a much earlier age. the female bombycilla carolinensis differs very little from the male, but the appendages, which like beads of red sealing - wax ornament the wing - feathers, * are not developed in her so early in life as in the male. in the male of an indian parrakeet ( paloeornis javanicus ) the upper mandible is coral - red from his earliest youth, but in the female, as mr. blyth has observed with caged and wild birds, it is at first black and does not become red until the bird is at least a year old, at which age the sexes resemble each other in all respects. both sexes of the wild turkey are ultimately furnished with a tuft of bristles on the breast, but in two - year - old birds the tuft is about four inches long in the male and hardly apparent in the female ; when, however, the latter has reached her fourth year, it is from four to five inches in length. * ( 2 ) * when the male courts the female, these ornaments are vibrated, and \" are shewn off to great advantage, \" on the outstretched wings : a. leith adams, field and forest rambles, 1873, p. 153. * ( 2 ) on ardetta, translation of cuvier ' s regne animal, by mr. blyth, footnote, p. 159. on the peregrine falcon, mr. blyth, in charlesworth ' s mag. of nat. hist., vol. i., 1837, p. 304. on dicrurus, ibis, 1863, p. 44. on the platalea, ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 366. on the bombycilla, audubon ' s ornitholog. biography, vol. i., p. 229", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47192707722401106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.361292"}
{"text": "44. on the platalea, ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 366. on the bombycilla, audubon ' s ornitholog. biography, vol. i., p. 229. on the palaeornis, see, also, jerdon, birds of india, vol. i., p. 263. on the wild turkey, audubon, ibid., vol. i., p. 15 ; but i hear from judge caton that in illinois the female very rarely acquires a tuft. analogous cases with the females of petrcocssyphus are given by mr. r. sharpe, proeedings of the zoological society, 1872, p. 496. these cases must not be confounded with those where diseased or old females abnormally assume masculine characters, nor with those where fertile females, whilst young, acquire the characters of the male, through variation or some unknown cause. * but all these cases have so much in common that they depend, according to the hypothesis of pangenesis, on gemmules derived from each part of the male being present, though latent, in the female ; their development following on some slight change in the elective affinities of her constituent tissues. * of these latter cases mr. blyth has recorded ( translation of cuvier ' s regne animal, p. 158 ) various instances with lanius, ruticilla, linaria, and anas. audubon has also recorded a similar case ( ornitholog. biography, vol. v., p. 519 ) with pyranga aestiva. a few words must be added on changes of plumage in relation to the season of the year. from reasons formerly assigned there can be little doubt that the elegant plumes, long pendant feathers, crests, & c., of egrets, herons, and many other birds, which are developed and retained only during the summer, serve for ornamental and nuptial purposes, though common to both sexes. the female is thus rendered more conspicuous during the period of incubation than during the winter ; but such birds as herons and egrets would be able to defend themselves. as, however, plumes would probably be inconvenient and certainly of no use during the winter, it is possible that the habit of moulting twice in the year may have been gradually acquired through natural selection for the sake of casting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4850529727209688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.362187"}
{"text": ". as, however, plumes would probably be inconvenient and certainly of no use during the winter, it is possible that the habit of moulting twice in the year may have been gradually acquired through natural selection for the sake of casting off inconvenient ornaments during the winter. but this view cannot be extended to the many waders, whose summer and winter plumages differ very little in colour. with defenceless species, in which both sexes, or the males alone, become extremely conspicuous during the breeding - season, - or when the males acquire at this season such long wing or tail - feathers as to impede their flight, as with cosmetornis and vidua, - it certainly at first appears highly probable that the second moult has been gained for the special purpose of throwing off these ornaments. we must, however, remember that many birds, such as some of the birds of paradise, the argus pheasant and peacock, do not cast their plumes during the winter ; and it can hardly be maintained that the constitution of these birds, at least of the gallinaceae, renders a double moult impossible, for the ptarmigan moults thrice in the year. * hence it must be considered as doubtful whether the many species which moult their ornamental plumes or lose their bright colours during the winter, have acquired this habit on account of the inconvenience or danger which they would otherwise have suffered. * see gould ' s birds of great britain. i conclude, therefore, that the habit of moulting twice in the year was in most or all cases first acquired for some distinct purpose, perhaps for gaining a warmer winter covering ; and that variations in the plumage occurring during the summer were accumulated through sexual selection, and transmitted to the offspring at the same season of the year ; that such variations were inherited either by both sexes or by the males alone, according to the form of inheritance which prevailed. this appears more probable than that the species in all cases originally tended to retain their ornamental plumage during the winter, but were saved from this through natural selection, resulting from the inconvenience or danger thus caused. i have endeavoured in this chapter to shew that the arguments are not trustworthy in favour of the view that weapons, bright colours, and various ornaments, are now confined to the males owing to the conversion, by natural selection, of the equal transmission of characters to both sexes, into transmission to the male sex alone. it is also doubtful whether the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4981651540328774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.363107"}
{"text": "color = \" # ffffff \" size = \" 2 \" > back to regional news digest saturday, september 19, 1998 last modified at 3 : 24 a. m. on saturday, september 19, 1998 state gets more rain, except in plains albuquerque ( ap ) - slightly higher averages of rain in new mexico this summer masked big differences in precipitation levels statewide, the national weather service said. the state ' s june - through - august average was 5 percent wetter than normal. but while summer rains fell on the western and northern parts of the state, the eastern plains were dry, said charlie liles, head of the weather service ' s albuquerque office. liles said you could draw a line south from clayton and las vegas, n. m., through cloudcroft to see the demarkation : it mostly was dry to the southeast and wet in the northwest. part of weather systems that steered rain away from texas did the same to eastern new mexico. \" the dry east and southeast plains shows the westward expansion of the texas drought that has taken place the past three to four months, \" liles said. ce clovisn got 61 percent less rain this summer, he said. monsoons caused an unusually wet july across the rest of the state but then stopped in august, said dave gutzler, a climate researcher at the university of new mexico. jal, in the southeast, was the driest spot for the three - month period, with just 1. 43 inches of rain, 72 percent below normal. the wettest spot was black lake near angel fire, with 14. 53 inches, liles said. albuquerque was two percent below normal with 3. 42 inches, while socorro was nearly 50 percent above normal with 5. 6 inches. santa fe had 33 percent more rain at 7. 15 inches, while las cruces was 47 percent below normal at 2. 37 inches.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36511153760689147, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0057e9c8-4a05-4d1f-9ef8-63a69171c58d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.364814"}
{"text": "use of biomedical engineering and music for k - 12 math / science education the study proposes the use of biomedical engineering ( bme ) ph. d. track graduate students to assist middle and high school teachers to teach math / science skills, by providing additional tools and training to optimize their use. the emphasis is on the use of disciplinary knowledge to enhance how people learn with the aid of computer technology ; showing the students the importance of this knowledge to solve real world problems. three school districts have committed to participate in a cross - disciplinary education program ( shelby county, shades mountain independent, and the alabama school of fine arts ). students from uab \u2019 s biomedical engineering ( bme ) and the alabama school of fine arts ( asfa ) departments will develop, implement, and evaluate the four interventions used to enhance math / science skills. - music education - math / science kits and six - week projects - science fair project development - a technology of fine arts class when the cost - effectiveness of each intervention has been determined, decisions whether to expand the intervention, within each school system will be made. information about successful programs would be made available, on the internet or other media, to interested groups. trained personnel from this project would serve as facilitators for these groups. - investigators : a. eberhardt, r. thompson, m. froning, d. kilpadi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.524634104185571, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21551b17-525a-4ee3-a648-637e7f0b7928>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.366115"}
{"text": "the list is the origin of culture. it ' s part of the history of art and literature. what does culture want? to make infinity comprehensible. it also wants to create order \u2014 not always, but often. and how, as a human being, does one face infinity? how does one attempt to grasp the incomprehensible? through lists, through catalogs, through collections in museums and through encyclopedias and dictionaries. there is an allure to enumerating how many women don giovanni slept with : it was 2, 063, at least according to mozart ' s librettist, lorenzo da ponte. we also have completely practical lists \u2014 the shopping list, the will, the menu \u2014 that are also cultural achievements in their own right. \u2026 at first, we think that a list is primitive and typical of very early cultures, which had no exact concept of the universe and were therefore limited to listing the characteristics they could name. but, in cultural history, the list has prevailed over and over again. it is by no means merely an expression of primitive cultures. a very clear image of the universe existed in the middle ages, and there were lists. a new worldview based on astronomy predominated in the renaissance and the baroque era. and there were lists. and the list is certainly prevalent in the postmodern age. it has an irresistible magic. \u2026 we like lists because we don ' t want to die. here is much more. make sure you read the quotation under the photo ; i don ' t want to reproduce it on a family blog. i wonder if this interview was translated from some other language, given the difference between \" lists \" and \" enumeration. \" here is an important mr post : jeffrey lonsdale writes. i thank cardiff garcia for the pointer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5262639655250071, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:677a2991-3cf1-4c15-8111-a72e57592df6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.367887"}
{"text": "see also the dr. math faq : order of operations browse high school basic algebra stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : solving simple linear equations. positive / negative integer rules. completing the square. direct and indirect variation. inequalities and negative numbers. - normalization [ 08 / 01 / 2001 ] how do i figure out : 90 + 70 + 88 + 94 + x / 5 = 85? - the nth root of n [ 11 / 28 / 2000 ] is the nth root of n ( a whole number other than 1 ) ever a rational - number of equations needed in a simultaneous linear system [ 10 / 29 / 2003 ] could you tell me why we need the same number of equations as variables in order to get a unique solution to a system of simultaneous linear equations? - number * sum of remaining four numbers [ 04 / 03 / 2003 ] find 5 numbers such that when each number is multiplied by the sum of the remaining 4 numbers, the following values will result : 152, 245, 297, 320, 360. - objects in a pyramid [ 7 / 8 / 1996 ] objects are stacked in a triangular pyramid... how many objects are in the nth layer from the top? - old test questions answered [ 1 / 23 / 1995 ] i am studying for my midterm, and i ' ve come across two questions that i got wrong and don ' t understand why.... - one variable equations with decimals [ 02 / 11 / 1997 ] how do you solve 8. 25x + 3 = 17. 5 + x? - open sentence, statement [ 09 / 18 / 2001 ] what is an open sentence? - operator precedence [ 08 / 13 / 2003 ] since the following statement is true : ( 1 + 1 ) * * ( 5 - 2 ) is 8, why is the following statement true and not false : 2 * * 1 + 1 is 3 and not 4, and 3 * 1 * * 3 is 3 and not 27... '? - ordering exponents and variables [ 04 / 08 / 2000 ] is there a rule for putting terms in descending order if the variables have the same exponent? what about negative exponents and descending - ordering products, powers, and parameters of trigonometric functions [ 10 / 31 / 2010 ] a student wants to know how to unambiguously interpret strings of trigonometric functions, multiplication, and exponentiation. doctor peterson digs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48669879622201184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7308a886-f8d1-4f71-a8ac-74e6e4712804>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.372859"}
{"text": "- ordering products, powers, and parameters of trigonometric functions [ 10 / 31 / 2010 ] a student wants to know how to unambiguously interpret strings of trigonometric functions, multiplication, and exponentiation. doctor peterson digs into a history book - - as well as another math doctor ' s conversation - - to illuminate the vagaries of the - order in linear expressions [ 11 / 20 / 2001 ] can you give me a convincing argument as to why, in an equation such as y = 13 - 7x, where y is a function of x, it should be written as y = - 7x + 13? - order of operations [ 05 / 19 / 1999 ] given a, b, x, and y, find ax / by. - order of operations with percentages [ 04 / 05 / 2001 ] why does the order of operations exclude percentage, square roots, etc.? - other ways to get the quadratic formula [ 02 / 19 / 2010 ] doctor jacques shares two ways to derive [ - b + / - sqrt ( b ^ 2 - 4ac ) ] / 2a without explicitly completing the square. - pairs of odd integers [ 09 / 24 / 1997 ] find all pairs of odd integers a and b that satisfy the equation : a + 128b = 3ab. - parabola with horizontal or vertical axis [ 05 / 03 / 2001 ] how can i find the focus and directrix of a parabola whose axis is either horizontal or vertical, like 2x ^ 2 = - y? - parabolic golf shot equations [ 01 / 24 / 2002 ] does the ball reach the green? - parallel and perpendicular lines [ 01 / 14 / 1999 ] how do you tell without graphing whether the graphs of these equations are parallel, perpendicular, or neither? - parallel lines [ 12 / 31 / 1998 ] what are some ways of proving lines parallel - geometrically and - parametric form for equation of a line [ 6 / 30 / 1996 ] how can you convert an equation such as y = - 3x / 4 + 7 / 2 to parametric - parity [ 8 / 2 / 1996 ] how do i determine if the given function is odd, even or neither? what ' s the symmetry of the graph? - partial fractions [ 01 / 29 / 1998 ] how do i express 3 / 1 - ( x ^ 3 ) in partial fractions? - pascal ' s triangle pattern [ 04 / 22 / 1999 ] what pattern does multiplying each entry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46509897123720745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7308a886-f8d1-4f71-a8ac-74e6e4712804>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.373733"}
{"text": "- partial fractions [ 01 / 29 / 1998 ] how do i express 3 / 1 - ( x ^ 3 ) in partial fractions? - pascal ' s triangle pattern [ 04 / 22 / 1999 ] what pattern does multiplying each entry by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... in order, and adding the products yield? - perfect square : solving two equations [ 6 / 14 / 1996 ] x ^ 2 + 5 is a perfect square, and x ^ 2 - 5 is a perfect square. - perimeter equals area in a triangle [ 4 / 2 / 1996 ] when will the area and perimeter of a right triangle be numerically - picture frame, triangle measurements [ 5 / 20 / 1996 ] my teacher gave us ten questions to answer and i could do all except two : 1 ) a framed rectangular picture is 35cm long and 25cm wide... 2 ) the base of a triangle is 9cm more than the perpendicular height... - plus or minus sign [ 03 / 08 / 2002 ] what does this equation mean : y = + - k? the - sign is directly under the - point equidistant from 3 other points [ 04 / 11 / 1999 ] how do you find a point that is equidistant from three other points? - point on a line [ 03 / 23 / 2001 ] can you please tell me a formula to find if a point exists on a line? both are in x, y form. - polynomial brain - twisters [ 12 / 4 / 1995 ] i ' m stumped on some similar polynomial problems... - polynomial degrees and definition of a field [ 03 / 02 / 1998 ] the degree of polynomials added together, and definition of a field. - polynomial factoring rules [ 04 / 02 / 1997 ] how do i apply the polynomial factoring rules to t ^ 21 + 1 and 25y ^ 2 - 144 = - polynomial problem [ 3 / 11 / 1995 ] a remainder of 9 results when the polynomial p ( x ) is divided by x - 2, a remainder of - 3 when p ( x ) is divided by x + 2, and a remainder of 3 when divided by x - 1. find the remainder when p ( x ) is divided by ( x - 2 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x - - population and percentage [ 03 / 07 / 1999 ] given population data, find the number of women in two different years. - positive unit fractions [ 10 / 02 / 2002 ] find five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5171379711721358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7308a886-f8d1-4f71-a8ac-74e6e4712804>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.374549"}
{"text": "- 2 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x - - population and percentage [ 03 / 07 / 1999 ] given population data, find the number of women in two different years. - positive unit fractions [ 10 / 02 / 2002 ] find five different positive unit fractions whose sum is 1. ( a unit fraction is a fraction whose numerator is 1. all denominators must also be natural numbers. ) - precedence of unary operators [ 09 / 01 / 99 ] the pemdas rule for order of operations ignores unary operators. can you explain the proper precedence for them, and give an example showing how not knowing the rule can cause an incorrect result? - preparing for an algebra test [ 11 / 1 / 1995 ] a 9th grade math student asks for help preparing for final exams. what is the difference between the terms : solve and simplify? how do you find the gradient in a graph? - prize money [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] if first prize wins $ 1, 000 out of $ 6, 000 and twentieth prize wins $ 100, how much money do second through nineteenth place win? is this a - probability of a function having complex roots [ 05 / 11 / 2000 ] what is the probability that the function f ( x ) = x ^ 2 + px + q = 0 will have complex roots when p and q lie between 0 and 1?... when p and q lie between 0 and 5?... when p and q are greater than 0?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5583723929480163, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7308a886-f8d1-4f71-a8ac-74e6e4712804>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.375041"}
{"text": "hydrocele operation : aka hydroceles, hydrocele sac, swollen testicle, hydrocelectomy what is it? hydrocele operations or hydrocele surgery is to release fluid that forms in a sac within the scrotum. typically hydroceles develop when the testicle passes into the scrotum but the passage through which this occur fails to close properly. fluid can accumulate in this passage from the abdomen, and then enters the scrotum causing it to swell. this can cause one or both sides of the scrotum to swell and the testicle itself to swell or become damage and inflamed. fluid can also block the tube where sperm typically flow from. hydroceles are more common in newborn boys but are not exclusive to newborn boys. to diagnose a hydrocele typically a doctor will look for swelling in the scrotum caused primarily by fluid build up or will look for something solid like a fluid - filled sac in the scrotum. typically fluid is removed from the hydrocele sac during a procedure called a hydrocelectomy. for the most part this is a straightforward and uncomplicated procedure that may produce a moderate amount of soreness for a few days following the procedure. the long - term benefits far outweigh any short - term soreness. many times the patient is a young patient under the age of 10 or in many cases a newborn baby that is born with a hydrocele defect. usually a surgery takes placed under general anesthesia. a surgeon will make a small incision in the scrotum that will allow fluid to be drained from the scrotum and then seal the passage from the scrotum to the abdomen. usually the incision is then closed with stitches that will dissolve on their own so they do not have to be removed later. alternatives to surgery there are no known alternatives to this surgery currently. before the operation prior to the operation the doctor will confirm a fluid filled sac exists by placing a light to the scrotum which will light up the testicles, veins in the scrotum and the fluid filled sac which will appear clear to the light. a doctor will also perform a comprehensive medical history and check any medications the patient is currently taking. patients are advised not to eat or drink anything up to 12 hours before the procedure because it is performed under general anesthesia. after the operation - at home once the operation is complete the patient will recover usually for a few hours in a day bed. the procedure is usually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4576295009341213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57d92190-6ad1-4d8c-aca4-713307cec119>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.380162"}
{"text": "to eat or drink anything up to 12 hours before the procedure because it is performed under general anesthesia. after the operation - at home once the operation is complete the patient will recover usually for a few hours in a day bed. the procedure is usually performed on an outpatient basis meaning the patient can usually go home on the same day. most of the time it is best to wear looser fitting close that will prevent irritation and discomfort on leaving. there are some risks associated with this procedure as there are with any procedure including a small risk of infection. other risks including the risk of bleeding during or after the procedure, and a risk of a blood clot forming in the area of the procedure. the doctor may accidentally damage the scrotum or the tissues surrounding this area too. anytime a patient undergoes general anesthesia there are risks associated with this too including a risk of pneumonia following surgery. the nurse or doctor will encourage the patient to take deep breaths to clear the lungs following surgery. many people especially younger children undergoing this operation may report feeling nauseous or dizzy following the procedure, a side effect largely associated with the general anesthesia. these complications are usually temporary however and resolve within a couple of days of treatment. a hydrocele procedure is generally performed to relieve fluid build up around the testicle or within the scrotum. this procedure is relatively simple with few complications. the primary risks include a risk of infection and risk of rupture or nicks to nearby tissues or structures. if you work with a competent health professional you reduce your odds of complications. because these surgeries are often performed on younger individuals it pays to ask someone if they have experience working on youths or pediatric patients. you may need to pay a small amount extra to work with someone that specializes in pediatrics or even geriatrics if you are over 50 or 60 and have a fluid - filled sac in the scrotum that you require surgery for. regardless of where you go or who you see make sure they practice safe hygiene practices to ensure your safety and wellness. estimated costs for hydrocele operation the cost of surgery varies widely and may depend partly on the patient \u2019 s age and overall health and wellness. patients that do not require extensive health accommodations or hospital stays are likely to have to pay the least in adjunctive healthcare therapy. that said you should always be prepared to foot the bill for extra expenses including any complications that may rise from treatment. health insurance may offset some of these costs. keep in mind there may be separate fees associated with anesthesia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44268501445823144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57d92190-6ad1-4d8c-aca4-713307cec119>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.381092"}
{"text": "welcome to medlibrary. org. for best results, we recommend beginning with the navigation links at the top of the page, which can guide you through our collection of over 14, 000 medication labels and package inserts. for additional information on other topics which are not covered by our database of medications, just enter your topic in the search box below : chromatography [ | kr\u0259\u028am\u0259 | t\u0252gr\u0259fi ] ( from greek \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 chroma \" color \" and \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd graphein \" to write \" ) is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. the mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase. the various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. the separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. subtle differences in a compound ' s partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation. chromatography may be preparative or analytical. the purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for more advanced use ( and is thus a form of purification ). analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. the two are not mutually exclusive. chromatography, literally \" color writing \", was first employed by russian - italian scientist mikhail tsvet in 1900. he continued to work with chromatography in the first decade of the 20th century, primarily for the separation of plant pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenes, and xanthophylls. since these components have different colors ( green, orange, and yellow, respectively ) they gave the technique its name. new types of chromatography developed during the 1930s and 1940s made the technique useful for many separation processes. chromatography technique developed substantially as a result of the work of archer john porter martin and richard laurence millington synge during the 1940s and 1950s. they established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several chromatographic methods : paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. researchers found that the main principles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5511197709665824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.399359"}
{"text": "development of several chromatographic methods : paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. researchers found that the main principles of tsvet ' s chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below. advances are continually improving the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of increasingly similar molecules. chromatography terms - the analyte is the substance to be separated during chromatography. - analytical chromatography is used to determine the existence and possibly also the concentration of analyte ( s ) in a sample. - a bonded phase is a stationary phase that is covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wall of the column tubing. - a chromatogram is the visual output of the chromatograph. in the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. - plotted on the x - axis is the retention time and plotted on the y - axis a signal ( for example obtained by a spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer or a variety of other detectors ) corresponding to the response created by the analytes exiting the system. in the case of an optimal system the signal is proportional to the concentration of the specific analyte separated. - a chromatograph is equipment that enables a sophisticated separation e. g. gas chromatographic or liquid chromatographic separation. - chromatography is a physical method of separation that distributes components to separate between two phases, one stationary ( stationary phase ), while the other ( the mobile phase ) moves in a definite direction. - the eluate is the mobile phase leaving the column. - the eluent is the solvent that carries the analyte. - an eluotropic series is a list of solvents ranked according to their eluting power. - an immobilized phase is a stationary phase that is immobilized on the support particles, or on the inner wall of the column tubing. - the mobile phase is the phase that moves in a definite direction. it may be a liquid ( lc and capillary electrochromatography ( cec ) ), a gas ( gc ), or a supercritical fluid ( supercritical - fluid chromatography,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5795262748639654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.400240"}
{"text": "a definite direction. it may be a liquid ( lc and capillary electrochromatography ( cec ) ), a gas ( gc ), or a supercritical fluid ( supercritical - fluid chromatography, sfc ). the mobile phase consists of the sample being separated / analyzed and the solvent that moves the sample through the column. in the case of hplc the mobile phase consists of a non - polar solvent ( s ) such as hexane in normal phase or polar solvents in reverse phase chromotagraphy and the sample being separated. the mobile phase moves through the chromatography column ( the stationary phase ) where the sample interacts with the stationary phase and is separated. - preparative chromatography is used to purify sufficient quantities of a substance for further use, rather than analysis. - the retention time is the characteristic time it takes for a particular analyte to pass through the system ( from the column inlet to the detector ) under set conditions. see also : kovats ' retention index - the sample is the matter analyzed in chromatography. it may consist of a single component or it may be a mixture of components. when the sample is treated in the course of an analysis, the phase or the phases containing the analytes of interest is / are referred to as the sample whereas everything out of interest separated from the sample before or in the course of the analysis is referred to as waste. - the solute refers to the sample components in partition chromatography. - the solvent refers to any substance capable of solubilizing another substance, and especially the liquid mobile phase in liquid chromatography. - the stationary phase is the substance fixed in place for the chromatography procedure. examples include the silica layer in thin layer chromatography chromatography is based on the concept of partition coefficient. any solute partitions between two immiscible solvents. when we make one solvent immobile ( by adsorption on a solid support matrix ) and another mobile it results in most common applications of chromatography. if matrix support is polar ( e. g. paper, silica etc. ) it is forward phase chromatography, and if it is non polar ( c - 18 ) it is reverse phase. techniques by chromatographic bed shape column chromatography column chromatography is a separation technique in which the stationary bed is within a tube.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5471209735507971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.401088"}
{"text": "mixture travel different distances according to how strongly they interact with the stationary phase as compared to the mobile phase. the specific retention factor ( rf ) of each chemical can be used to aid in the identification of an unknown substance. paper chromatography paper chromatography is a technique that involves placing a small dot or line of sample solution onto a strip of chromatography paper. the paper is placed in a jar containing a shallow layer of solvent and sealed. as the solvent rises through the paper, it meets the sample mixture, which starts to travel up the paper with the solvent. this paper is made of cellulose, a polar substance, and the compounds within the mixture travel farther if they are non - polar. more polar substances bond with the cellulose paper more quickly, and therefore do not travel as far. thin layer chromatography thin layer chromatography ( tlc ) is a widely employed laboratory technique and is similar to paper chromatography. however, instead of using a stationary phase of paper, it involves a stationary phase of a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, alumina, or cellulose on a flat, inert substrate. compared to paper, it has the advantage of faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different adsorbents. for even better resolution and to allow for quantification, high - performance tlc can be used. displacement chromatography the basic principle of displacement chromatography is : a molecule with a high affinity for the chromatography matrix ( the displacer ) competes effectively for binding sites, and thus displace all molecules with lesser affinities. there are distinct differences between displacement and elution chromatography. in elution mode, substances typically emerge from a column in narrow, gaussian peaks. wide separation of peaks, preferably to baseline, is desired for maximum purification. the speed at which any component of a mixture travels down the column in elution mode depends on many factors. but for two substances to travel at different speeds, and thereby be resolved, there must be substantial differences in some interaction between the biomolecules and the chromatography matrix. operating parameters are adjusted to maximize the effect of this difference. in many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5499238122648585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.402922"}
{"text": "maximize the effect of this difference. in many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative scale, are operational complexity, due to gradient solvent pumping, and low throughput, due to low column loadings. displacement chromatography has advantages over elution chromatography in that components are resolved into consecutive zones of pure substances rather than \u201c peaks \u201d. because the process takes advantage of the nonlinearity of the isotherms, a larger column feed can be separated on a given column with the purified components recovered at significantly higher concentrations. techniques by physical state of mobile phase gas chromatography gas chromatography ( gc ), also sometimes known as gas - liquid chromatography, ( glc ), is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. gas chromatography is always carried out in a column, which is typically \" packed \" or \" capillary \" ( see below ). gas chromatography is based on a partition equilibrium of analyte between a solid stationary phase ( often a liquid silicone - based material ) and a mobile gas ( most often helium ). the stationary phase is adhered to the inside of a small - diameter glass tube ( a capillary column ) or a solid matrix inside a larger metal tube ( a packed column ). it is widely used in analytical chemistry ; though the high temperatures used in gc make it unsuitable for high molecular weight biopolymers or proteins ( heat denatures them ), frequently encountered in biochemistry, it is well suited for use in the petrochemical, environmental monitoring and remediation, and industrial chemical fields. it is also used extensively in chemistry research. liquid chromatography liquid chromatography ( lc ) is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. liquid chromatography can be carried out either in a column or a plane. present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ). in hplc the sample is forced by a liquid at high pressure ( the mobile phase ) through a column that is packed with a stationary phase composed of irregularly or spherically shaped particles, a porous monolithic layer, or a porous membrane. hplc is historically divided into two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.560233913804396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.403797"}
{"text": "a liquid at high pressure ( the mobile phase ) through a column that is packed with a stationary phase composed of irregularly or spherically shaped particles, a porous monolithic layer, or a porous membrane. hplc is historically divided into two different sub - classes based on the polarity of the mobile and stationary phases. methods in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase ( e. g., toluene as the mobile phase, silica as the stationary phase ) are termed normal phase liquid chromatography ( nplc ) and the opposite ( e. g., water - methanol mixture as the mobile phase and c18 = octadecylsilyl as the stationary phase ) is termed reversed phase liquid chromatography ( rplc ). ironically the \" normal phase \" has fewer applications and rplc is therefore used considerably more. specific techniques under this broad heading are listed below. affinity chromatography affinity chromatography is based on selective non - covalent interaction between an analyte and specific molecules. it is very specific, but not very robust. it is often used in biochemistry in the purification of proteins bound to tags. these fusion proteins are labeled with compounds such as his - tags, biotin or antigens, which bind to the stationary phase specifically. after purification, some of these tags are usually removed and the pure protein is obtained. affinity chromatography often utilizes a biomolecule ' s affinity for a metal ( zn, cu, fe, etc. ). columns are often manually prepared. traditional affinity columns are used as a preparative step to flush out unwanted biomolecules. however, hplc techniques exist that do utilize affinity chromatogaphy properties. immobilized metal affinity chromatography ( imac ) is useful to separate aforementioned molecules based on the relative affinity for the metal ( i. e. dionex imac ). often these columns can be loaded with different metals to create a column with a targeted affinity. supercritical fluid chromatography supercritical fluid chromatography is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. techniques by separation mechanism ion exchange chromatography ion exchange chromatography ( usually referred to as ion chromatography ) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges. it is usually performed in columns but can also be useful in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5578261344304504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.404709"}
{"text": "exchange chromatography ion exchange chromatography ( usually referred to as ion chromatography ) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges. it is usually performed in columns but can also be useful in planar mode. ion exchange chromatography uses a charged stationary phase to separate charged compounds including anions, cations, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. in conventional methods the stationary phase is an ion exchange resin that carries charged functional groups that interact with oppositely charged groups of the compound to retain. ion exchange chromatography is commonly used to purify proteins using fplc. size - exclusion chromatography size - exclusion chromatography ( sec ) is also known as gel permeation chromatography ( gpc ) or gel filtration chromatography and separates molecules according to their size ( or more accurately according to their hydrodynamic diameter or hydrodynamic volume ). smaller molecules are able to enter the pores of the media and, therefore, molecules are trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase. the average residence time in the pores depends upon the effective size of the analyte molecules. however, molecules that are larger than the average pore size of the packing are excluded and thus suffer essentially no retention ; such species are the first to be eluted. it is generally a low - resolution chromatography technique and thus it is often reserved for the final, \" polishing \" step of a purification. it is also useful for determining the tertiary structure and quaternary structure of purified proteins, especially since it can be carried out under native solution conditions. expanded bed adsorption ( eba ) chromatographic separation expanded bed adsorption ( eba ) chromatographic separation captures a target protein from a crude feed stream when it passes through a chromatography column system containing adsorbent beads. with this technique the crude feedstock can be treated directly in the chromatographic column, avoiding the traditional clarification and pre - treatment steps. eba chromatographic separation is highly scalable, from laboratory - based 1 cm diameter columns to large production columns up to 2 meter in diameter. these columns can typically handle feed stock throughput of more than 1, 000, 000 liter per day with a production capacity of 1000 mt protein per year. special techniques reversed - phase chromatography reversed - phase chromatography ( r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5317440687897832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.405590"}
{"text": ". these columns can typically handle feed stock throughput of more than 1, 000, 000 liter per day with a production capacity of 1000 mt protein per year. special techniques reversed - phase chromatography reversed - phase chromatography ( rpc ) is any liquid chromatography procedure in which the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase. it is so named because in normal - phase liquid chromatography, the mobile phase is significantly less polar than the stationary phase. hydrophobic molecules in the mobile phase tend to adsorb to the relatively hydrophobic stationary phase. hydrophilic molecules in the mobile phase will tend to elute first. two - dimensional chromatography in some cases, the chemistry within a given column can be insufficient to separate some analytes. it is possible to direct a series of unresolved peaks onto a second column with different physico - chemical ( chemical classification ) properties. since the mechanism of retention on this new solid support is different from the first dimensional separation, it can be possible to separate compounds that are indistinguishable by one - dimensional chromatography. the sample is spotted at one corner of a square plate, developed, air - dried, then rotated by 90\u00b0 and usually redeveloped in a second solvent system. simulated moving - bed chromatography pyrolysis gas chromatography pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis in which the sample is heated to decomposition to produce smaller molecules that are separated by gas chromatography and detected using mass spectrometry. pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum. the sample is put into direct contact with a platinum wire, or placed in a quartz sample tube, and rapidly heated to 600 \u2013 1000 \u00b0c. depending on the application even higher temperatures are used. three different heating techniques are used in actual pyrolyzers : isothermal furnace, inductive heating ( curie point filament ), and resistive heating using platinum filaments. large molecules cleave at their weakest points and produce smaller, more volatile fragments. these fragments can be separated by gas chromatography. pyrolysis gc chromatograms are typically complex because a wide range of different decomposition products is formed. the data can either be used as fingerprint to prove material identity or the gc / ms data is used to identify individual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5195595058118617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.406469"}
{"text": "pyrolysis gc chromatograms are typically complex because a wide range of different decomposition products is formed. the data can either be used as fingerprint to prove material identity or the gc / ms data is used to identify individual fragments to obtain structural information. to increase the volatility of polar fragments, various methylating reagents can be added to a sample before pyrolysis. besides the usage of dedicated pyrolyzers, pyrolysis gc of solid and liquid samples can be performed directly inside programmable temperature vaporizer ( ptv ) injectors that provide quick heating ( up to 30 \u00b0c / s ) and high maximum temperatures of 600 \u2013 650 \u00b0c. this is sufficient for some pyrolysis applications. the main advantage is that no dedicated instrument has to be purchased and pyrolysis can be performed as part of routine gc analysis. in this case quartz gc inlet liners have to be used. quantitative data can be acquired, and good results of derivatization inside the ptv injector are published as well. fast protein liquid chromatography fast protein liquid chromatography ( fplc ) is a term applied to several chromatography techniques which are used to purify proteins. many of these techniques are identical to those carried out under high performance liquid chromatography, however use of fplc techniques are typically for preparing large scale batches of a purified product. countercurrent chromatography countercurrent chromatography ( ccc ) is a type of liquid - liquid chromatography, where both the stationary and mobile phases are liquids. the operating principle of ccc equipment requires a column consisting of an open tube coiled around a bobbin. the bobbin is rotated in a double - axis gyratory motion ( a cardioid ), which causes a variable gravity ( g ) field to act on the column during each rotation. this motion causes the column to see one partitioning step per revolution and components of the sample separate in the column due to their partitioning coefficient between the two immiscible liquid phases used. there are many types of ccc available today. these include hsccc ( high speed ccc ) and hpccc ( high performance ccc ). hpccc is the latest and best performing version of the instrumentation available currently. chiral chromatography chiral chromatography involves the separation of stereoisomers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5299121027640942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.407293"}
{"text": "ccc ) and hpccc ( high performance ccc ). hpccc is the latest and best performing version of the instrumentation available currently. chiral chromatography chiral chromatography involves the separation of stereoisomers. in the case of enantiomers, these have no chemical or physical differences apart from being three - dimensional mirror images. conventional chromatography or other separation processes are incapable of separating them. to enable chiral separations to take place, either the mobile phase or the stationary phase must themselves be made chiral, giving differing affinities between the analytes. chiral chromatography hplc columns ( with a chiral stationary phase ) in both normal and reversed phase are commercially available. see also - iupac nomenclature for chromatography iupac recommendations 1993, pure & appl. chem., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 819 \u2013 872, 1993. - still, w. c. ; kahn, m. ; mitra, a. j. org. chem. 1978, 43 ( 14 ), 2923 \u2013 2925. doi : 10. 1021 / jo00408a041 - laurence m. harwood, christopher j. moody ( 13 june 1989 ). experimental organic chemistry : principles and practice ( illustrated ed. ). wileyblackwell. pp. 180 \u2013 185. isbn 978 - 0 - 632 - 02017 - 1 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - christian b. anfinsen, john tileston edsall, frederic middlebrook richards advances in protein chemistry. science 1976, 6 - 7. - displacement chromatography 101. sachem, inc. austin, tx 78737 - pascal bailon, george k. ehrlich, wen - jian fung and wolfgang berthold, an overview of affinity chromatography, humana press, 2000. isbn 978 - 0 - 89603 - 694 - 9 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ], isbn 978 - 1 - 60327 - 261 - 2 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - iupac nomenclature for chromatography - chromedia on line database and community for chromatography practitioners ( paid subscription required ) - library 4 science : chrom - ed series - overlapping peaks program \u2013 learning by simulations - chromatography videos \u2013 mit ocw \u2013 digital lab techniques manual - chromato", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.527970305148743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51ca50ec-be73-4d62-b6f9-64c6eb0ad47f>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.408044"}
{"text": "other proposed treatments it is one of the cardinal principles of natural medicine that treatment should aim not only to treat illness but also to enhance wellness. according to this ideal, a proper course of treatment should improve your sense of general well - being, enhance your immunity to illness, raise your physical stamina, and increase mental alertness, as well as resolve the specific condition you took it for. unfortunately, while there can be little doubt that this is a laudable goal, it is easier to laud it than to achieve it. conventional medicine tends to focus on treating diseases rather than increasing wellness, not as a matter of philosophical principle, but because it is easier to accomplish. probably the strongest force affecting wellness is genetics. beyond that, common sense steps endorsed by all physicians include increasing exercise, reducing stress, improving diet, getting enough sleep, and living a life of moderation without bad habits, such as smoking or overeating. beyond this, however, it is difficult to make strong affirmations, and the optimum forms of diet and exercise and other aspects of lifestyle remain unclear. in fact, they may always remain unclear, as it is impossible to perform double - blind, placebo - controlled studies on most lifestyle habits. ( for information on why such studies are irreplaceable see \" why does this database depend on double - blind studies? \" ) principal proposed natural treatments in order to function at our best, we need good nutrition. however, the modern diet often fails to provide people with sufficient amounts of all the necessary nutrients. for this reason, use of a multivitamin / multimineral supplement might be expected to enhance overall health and well - being, and preliminary double - blind trials generally support this view. for more information, see the article on general nutritional support. the herb panax ginseng has an ancient reputation as a healthful \u201c tonic. \u201d according to a more modern concept developed in the former ussr, ginseng functions as an \u201c adaptogen. \u201d this term is defined as follows : an adaptogen helps the body adapt to stresses of various kinds, whether heat, cold, exertion, trauma, sleep deprivation, toxic exposure, radiation, infection, or psychologic stress. in addition, an adaptogen causes no side effects, is effective in treating a wide variety of illnesses, and helps return an organism toward balance no matter what may have gone wrong. from a modern scientific perspective, it is not truly clear that such things as adaptogens actually exist. however, there is some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5445322133173672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39bb84af-9a63-43d7-b933-3bee4727c361>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.412818"}
{"text": "binge eating disorder \" signs and symptoms \" to date, there has been some degree of confusion as to what exactly the term \" binge eating \" really means. although the professional community still has yet to define [ or quantify ] what constitutes a binge - eating episode, it ' s reasonable to assume the signs and symptoms listed below are a good barometer of what is characteristic binge eating. in many respects, binge eating disorder [ bed ] is similar to bulimia without the compensatory behaviors. in addition, the term compulsive overeating may be \" interchangeable \" with bed - although some compulsive overeaters have a pattern of eating constantly [ \" grazing \" ] rather than experiencing episodes of binge eating per se. signs and symptoms binge eating / compulsive overeating [ coe ] - preoccupation with food. - rapid consumption of food in significant excess of nutritional need - sneaking or hoarding food - even immediately after meals. - feeling ashamed or fearful when confronted about the problem. - excessive concern about weight and body shape. - sense of \" losing control \" during binge episode. - feeling lonely, depressed, worried, self preoccupied - spending a great deal of time alone / social isolation - alternating between binge eating and \" dieting \" treating bed at milestones as with many other eating disorders, the characteristics of a binge eating disorder appear to mimic [ inherent among ] other dependencies or addictions - whether to a substance or set of behaviors. in fact, the most recent committee of the american psychiatric association \" officially \" included bed as a bona fide disorder [ disease ]. the link below lists the criteria for \" dependency \" and requires only three of the several criteria \" fit \" for a diagnosis of dependency [ aka addiction ] to be considered. the program offered at milestones is comprised of two primary components, making the treatment experience unique in comparison to other programs. the first is the setting - utilizing apartment - style residences affording residential participants an opportunity to experience treatment in a \" real world \" environment. participants grocery shop with our dietitian within the community, learn to prepare their own meals per the prescribed [ meal ] food / meal plan they have formulated with the dietitian, attend a full schedule of groups and individual therapies at our clinical campus [ near the residential complex ], attend local community support groups in the evenings, and visit with our physicians and clinical staff regularly throughout their stay. in effect, the experience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49293061597767107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26e14fdc-9941-4f09-a1d7-7e7a78349e4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.417783"}
{"text": ", attend a full schedule of groups and individual therapies at our clinical campus [ near the residential complex ], attend local community support groups in the evenings, and visit with our physicians and clinical staff regularly throughout their stay. in effect, the experience is one of providing a supportive and structured setting without the restrictive elements of a \" hospital \" or institutional facility. a key element in providing the support necessary to begin recovery is remaining in the company of other participants during the initial phase of the treatment. this provides both a form of supervision and a deterrent from the behavior often associated with binge eating : namely eating in isolation or alone. secondly, milestones approaches treatment from a more \" holistic \" perspective. doing so is best described by the acronym \" serf \" - spirituality, exercise, rest, and food plan. spirituality need not equate with any religious or spiritual beliefs imposed on or by anyone. in fact, spirituality at milestones simply is left up to the individual to cultivate with his or her own working definition. for most, it is a belief in a \" higher power \" and still for others it may be a return to some of their original religious beliefs. for everyone, it is an individual journey. exercise is individualized and represents collaboration between the resident and clinical team. it is meant to be in the service of restoring and maintaining a healthy body rather than an \" intensive \" means of controlling body weight. rest is simply about finding the correct balance in recovery between work and play and narrowing the gap between an \" all or none \", \" feast or famine \" approach to daily living. the food plan suggested by milestones is a blend of structured eating and a combination of healthy, whole foods that are bought and prepared by participants with the guidance and supervision of our dietitian and ancillary staff. in brief participants select their own preferences within the guidelines of their individual food plans. the guidelines require participants to abstain from \" junk foods \" and eliminate most highly processed [ sugar and flour laden ] food products as well as weigh and measure portions per their food plan while in residence. it is important to mention most participants who seek treatment for most eating disorders may have a tendency to focus on \" trading in the binging and / or \" purging \" to become better at restricting or \" losing weight \" and as such, it is important to understand the predisposition to replace one form of an eating disorder for another. acknowledging this is helpful to maintaining the prescribed treatment plan both during and after the residential treatment experience.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5396311928084536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26e14fdc-9941-4f09-a1d7-7e7a78349e4e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.418697"}
{"text": "a reference resource life before the presidency herbert clark hoover was born on august 10, 1874. for the first nine years of his life, he lived in the small town of west branch, iowa, the place of his birth. his quaker father, jessie clark hoover, a blacksmith and farm equipment salesman, suffered a heart attack and died when herbert was six years old. three years later, the boy ' s mother, huldah minthorn hoover, developed pneumonia and also passed away, orphaning herbert, his older brother theodore, and little sister mary. passed around among relatives for a few years, hoover ended up with his uncle, dr. john minthorn, who lived in oregon. the young hoover was shy, sensitive, introverted, and somewhat suspicious, characteristics that developed, at least in part, in reaction to the loss of his parents at such a young age. he attended friends pacific academy in newberg, oregon, earning average to failing grades in all subjects except math. determined, nevertheless, to go to the newly established stanford university in palo alto, california, hoover studied hard and barely passed the university ' s entrance exam. he went on to major in geology and participated in a host of extracurricular activities, serving as class treasurer of the junior and senior student bodies and managing the school baseball and football teams. to pay his tuition, hoover worked as a clerk in the registration office and showed considerable entrepreneurial skill by starting a student laundry service. career and monetary success during the summers, hoover worked as a student assistant on geological survey teams in arkansas, california, and nevada. after his graduation in 1895, he looked hard to find work as a surveyor but ended up laboring seventy hours a week at a gold mine near nevada city, california, pushing ore carts. luck came his way with an office job in san francisco, putting him in touch with a firm in need of an engineer to inspect and evaluate mines for potential purchase. hoover then moved to australia in 1897 and china in 1899, where he worked as a mining engineer until 1902. a string of similar jobs took him all over the world and helped hoover become a giant in his field. he opened his own mining consulting business in 1908 ; by 1914, hoover was financially secure, earning his wealth from high - salaried positions, his ownership of profitable burmese silver mines, and royalties from writing the leading textbook on mining engineering. his wife, lou henry hoover, traveled with him everywhere he went. herbert and lou met in college, where she was the sole female geology major at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4173894297011372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:494a31b6-e8c3-42b2-bcba-79889bce2dfd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.426212"}
{"text": ", his ownership of profitable burmese silver mines, and royalties from writing the leading textbook on mining engineering. his wife, lou henry hoover, traveled with him everywhere he went. herbert and lou met in college, where she was the sole female geology major at stanford. he proposed to her by cable from australia as he prepared to move to china ; she accepted by return wire and they married in 1899. the couple was in china during the boxer rebellion of 1900, a time when lou helped nurse wounded western diplomats and soldiers while herbert assisted in the fighting to defend tianjin, a city near the uprising. by the time the couple returned home to america in 1917, lou had learned to shoot a gun and had mastered eight languages. over the course of his career as a mining engineer and businessman, hoover ' s intellect and understanding of the world matured considerably. hoover was raised a quaker and although he rarely went to meeting as an adult, he internalized that faith ' s belief in the power of the individual, the importance of freedom, and the value of \" conscientious work \" and charity. hoover also applied the ethos of engineering to the world in general, believing that scientific expertise, when employed thoughtfully and properly, led to human progress. hoover worked comfortably in a capitalist economy but believed in labor ' s right to organize and hoped that cooperation ( between labor and management and among competitors ) might come to characterize economic relations. during these years, hoover repeatedly made known to friends his desire for public service. politically, hoover identified with the progressive wing of the republican party, supporting theodore roosevelt ' s third - party bid in 1912. world war i brought hoover to prominence in american politics and thrust him into the international spotlight. in london when the war broke out, he was asked by the u. s. consul to organize the evacuation of 120, 000 americans trapped in europe. germany ' s devastating invasion of belgium led hoover to pool his money with several wealthy friends to organize the committee for the relief of belgium. working without direct government support, hoover raised millions of dollars for food and medicine to help desperate belgians. in 1917, after the united states entered the war, president woodrow wilson asked hoover to run the u. s. food administration. hoover performed quite admirably, guiding the effort to conserve resources and supplies needed for the war and to feed america ' s european allies. hoover even became a household name during the war ; nearly all americans knew that the verb \" to hooverize \" meant the rationing of household materials. after the armistice treaty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4930317560141743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:494a31b6-e8c3-42b2-bcba-79889bce2dfd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.428355"}
{"text": "resources and supplies needed for the war and to feed america ' s european allies. hoover even became a household name during the war ; nearly all americans knew that the verb \" to hooverize \" meant the rationing of household materials. after the armistice treaty was signed in november 1918, officially ending world war i, wilson appointed hoover to head the european relief and rehabilitation administration. in this capacity, hoover channeled 34 million tons of american food, clothing, and supplies to war - torn europe, aiding people in twenty nations. his service during world war i made hoover one of the few republicans trusted by wilson. because of hoover ' s knowledge of world affairs, wilson relied him at the versailles peace conference and as director of the president ' s supreme economic council in 1918. the following year, hoover founded the hoover library on war, revolution, and peace at stanford university as an archive for the records of world war i. this privately endowed organization later became the hoover institution, devoted to the study of peace and war. no isolationist, hoover supported american participation in the league of nations. he believed, though, that wilson ' s stubborn idealism led congress to reject american participation in the league. secretary of commerce in 1920, hoover emerged as a contender for the republican presidential nomination. his run was blocked, however, by fellow a californian, senator hiram johnson, who objected to hoover ' s support for the league. republican warren harding won the white house in 1920 and appointed hoover as his secretary of commerce, a position that hoover retained under harding ' s successor, president calvin coolidge. under hoover ' s leadership, the department of commerce became as influential and important a government agency as the departments of state and treasury. hoover encouraged research into measures designed to counteract harmful business cycles. he supported government regulation of new industries like aviation and radio. he brought together more than one hundred different industries and convinced them to adopt standardized tools, hardware, building materials, and automobile parts. finally, he aggressively pursued international trade opportunities for american business. to win these reforms, hoover strengthened existing agencies in the commerce department, like the bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, or simply established new ones, like the bureau of standards, for the standardization project. he also formed commissions that brought together government officials, experts, and leaders of the relevant economic sectors to work towards reform. the initiatives hoover supported as commerce secretary \u2014 and the ways in which he pursued them \u2014 reveal his thinking about contemporary life in the united states and about the federal government ' s role in american society. hoover hoped to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4538101766067357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:494a31b6-e8c3-42b2-bcba-79889bce2dfd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.429356"}
{"text": "relevant economic sectors to work towards reform. the initiatives hoover supported as commerce secretary \u2014 and the ways in which he pursued them \u2014 reveal his thinking about contemporary life in the united states and about the federal government ' s role in american society. hoover hoped to create a more organized economy that would regularize the business cycle, eliminating damaging ebbs and flows and generating higher rates of economic growth. he believed that eradicating waste and improving efficiency would achieve some of these results \u2014 thus, his support for standardization and for statistical research into the workings of the economy. he also believed that the american economy would be healthier if business leaders worked together, and with government officials and experts from the social sciences, in a form of private - sector economic planning. this stance led him to support trade associations \u2014 industry - wide cooperative groups wherein information on prices, markets, and products could be exchanged among competitors \u2014 which hoover saw as a middle way between competition and monopoly. he insisted, though, that participation in these associations remain voluntary and that the government merely promote and encourage, rather than require, their establishment. hoover hoped that these innovations would strengthen what he saw as the central component of the american experience : individualism. in 1922, hoover published a small book, entitled american individualism, that examined the western intellectual tradition ' s major social philosophies, including individualism, socialism, communism, capitalism, and autocracy. hoover concluded that individualism was the superior principle around which to organize society. he rejected the laissez - faire capitalism of the right and the socialism and communism of the left because he believed that these ideologies hindered rather than helped the individual. instead, hoover sought a \" balance of perspective \" between right and left that theoretically would create and maintain opportunities for americans to succeed. through enterprises like those he championed as commerce secretary, hoover believed the federal government could facilitate the creation of political, social, and economic conditions in which individual americans could flourish. hoover ' s positions and thinking placed him solidly in the progressive camp of the republican party. as secretary of commerce, hoover emerged as a potential running - mate for coolidge in the 1924 presidential election, though that effort fell short. hoover ' s reputation with the american people reached its peak in 1927, when he took charge of relief efforts following disastrous floods along the mississippi river. the episode displayed hoover at his best : as a humanitarian and leader with the ability to solve problems. when coolidge announced in 1927 that he would not seek reelection, hoover became the leading candidate for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.488265389169629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:494a31b6-e8c3-42b2-bcba-79889bce2dfd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.430328"}
{"text": "december 4 is a very special day for the mining industry. this is the feast day of barbara, patron saint for miners and blasters, and globally for all the professions that relate to fire ( firemen, fireworks specialists, etc. ) from her tragic story, which appeared later to be a legend, \" the belief became widespread that barbara could control lightning and other manifestations of flame and fire. (... ) miners later developed the use of gunpowder for disintegrating rock, involving manifestations similar to thunder claps and lightning flashes. this led to their need for special protection against accidents from the use of explosives (... ) \" ( source : the legend of saint barbara, patron saint of mines in infomine. com ) saint barbara remains a vivid part of mining traditions and heritage. in europe, a statue of saint barbara always stands at the entrance of a tunnel construction site. a lot of mining countries still honor saint barbara, from latin america to asia. many extraction sites have been named after saint barbara ( compania minera santa barbara s. a. in chile, complejo minero santa barbara in mexico, barbara experimental coal mine in poland, st barbara ' s southern cross in australia, etc. ), thereby keeping alive the reputation of saint barbara as our patron saint.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46516370890177117, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a000566e-4a70-4760-87f7-1d99f604d6ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.431581"}
{"text": "if it wasn \u2019 t for earthquakes, humans wouldn \u2019 t have innovated architecture they wouldn \u2019 t have looked into new ways of building homes, but the problem is that we got good at it \u2013 good to the points our homes won \u2019 t be destroyed frequently enough aka they won \u2019 t evolute frequently. if you look around you, there is very few free space - and in those spots you find big centers being eradicated everyday \u2013 safe and resistant enough \u2013 specially to earthquakes \u2013 what on earth will take down those inefficient dumb primitive beton monsters and make room for better buildings in the future? so the problem behind this is the ever expanding gap between technology and architecture : our homes will always be behind technology / progress \u2013 they will be always less optimal. i can only imagine how better the earth will be if our houses were \u201c smart \u201d or modern enough \u2013 it is not science fiction \u2013 the way we build stuff is very retarded to say the least when it comes to the material used, energy saving, what a home can \u201c do \u201d and it is just not possible \u201c business wise \u201d to say : ok, let us destroy and rebuild. before, nature took care of this, slowly and \u201c less painfully \u201d as little earthquakes happened, our primitive cities got \u201c devastated \u201d, we rebuilt them in a better way but the costs were small. we kept gradually improving till our cities became resistant to medium / high earthquakes. we reached this point of the graph where things slow down, become stable \u2013 it is cool not to have the tragedy and misery of earthquakes, but on the other hand there is the hidden and expensive cost of stability and non - progress. it is invisible and super slow but as devastating in its effect as that 2 minutes tragedy called earthquake our homes are costing the earth dearly and suffocating it \u2013 we need earthquakes to give engineers another better large - scale chance / try. before i start sounding too embarrassingly enthusiastic about earthquakes and destruction, here is a link on list of earthquakes \u2013 it has - main lists of earthquakes - historical earthquakes ( before 1901 ) - list of 20th century earthquakes ( 1901 \u2013 2000 ) - list of 21st century earthquakes ( 2001 \u2013 present ) - lists of earthquakes by country - largest earthquakes by magnitude - deadliest earthquakes on record enjoy the read! read more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4342626866286393, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:232a566f-fd11-4f6c-a2c2-97a9dce2484f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.433766"}
{"text": "deep - space communication improved with electromagnetic radiation antenna - robert c. dye - technology transfer - ( 505 ) 667 - 3404 electromagnetic radiation antenna has potential for deep - space communication - directed energy - long - range communications - medicine ( oncology ) - radar imaging applications are countermeasure - resistant - communications can be spatially - encrypted - 4 - dimensional volumes of energy can be aimed at a single space - time point for directed energy applications - nonspherical decay of the cusp enables low - power communications and propagation over great distances los alamos national laboratory ( lanl ) researchers have developed the lightslinger, a completely new type of antenna that produces tightly - focused packets of electromagnetic radiation fundamentally different from the emissions of conventional transmitters. the device has potential applications in radar, directed - energy ( non - kinetic kill ), secure communications, ultra - long - range communications ( e. g., deep - space ), medicine ( oncology ) and astrophysics. the lightslinger functions by producing a moving polarization pattern in a ring of alumina. by careful timing of voltages applied to electrodes that surround the alumina, the polarization pattern can be made to move superluminally, i. e., faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. nobel laureate vitaly ginzberg showed both that such superluminal polarization patterns do not violate the principles of special relativity and that they emit electromagnetic radiation. once a source travels faster than the waves that it emits, it can make contributions at multiple retarded times to a signal received instantaneously at a distance. this effect is already well known in acoustics ; when a supersonic airplane accelerates through the speed of sound, a violent \u201c sonic boom \u201d is heard many miles away, even if the airplane itself is rather quiet. the lightslinger enables the same thing to be done with electromagnetic radiation ; i. e., a relatively low - power source can make an \u201c electromagnetic boom \u201d, an intense concentration of radiowaves at a great distance. the \u201c electromagnetic boom \u201d is due to temporal focusing, that is, focusing in the time domain. because of this effect, part of the emitted radiation possesses an intensity that decays with distance r as 1 / r rather than as the conventional inverse square law, 1 / r2. these nonspherically - decaying wavepackets represent a game - changing technology in the applications of electromagnetic radiation. development stage : working prototype patent status : patent pending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5989238002508012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79bc5d65-38cf-489f-b8c5-6800ff88c6f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.436015"}
{"text": "this insightful research by respected israeli scholar nurit peled - elhanan will confirm what palestinian researchers have always known : israel ' s prevailing culture of racism, fundamentalism, support for war crimes, and apartheid against palestinians is mainly a product of an educational system that indoctrinates jewish - israeli students with militant colonial values and extreme racism that turn them into \" monsters \" once in uniform. guardian : academic claims israeli school textbooks contain bias \" nurit peled - elhanan of hebrew university says textbooks depict palestinians as ' terrorists, refugees and primitive farmers \" \" peled - elhanan, a professor of language and education at the hebrew university of jerusalem, has studied the content of israeli school books for the past five years, and her account, palestine in israeli school books : ideology and propaganda in education, is to be published in the uk this month. she describes what she found as racism \u2013 but, more than that, a racism that prepares young israelis for their compulsory military service. \" people don ' t really know what their children are reading in textbooks, \" she said. \" one question that bothers many people is how do you explain the cruel behaviour of israeli soldiers towards palestinians, an indifference to human suffering, the inflicting of suffering. people ask how can these nice jewish boys and girls become monsters once they put on a uniform. i think the major reason for that is education. so i wanted to see how school books represent palestinians. \" in \" hundreds and hundreds \" of books, she claims she did not find one photograph that depicted an arab as a \" normal person \". the most important finding in the books she studied \u2013 all authorised by the ministry of education \u2013 concerned the historical narrative of events in 1948, the year in which israel fought a war to establish itself as an independent state, and hundreds of thousands of palestinians fled the ensuing conflict. the killing of palestinians is depicted as something that was necessary for the survival of the nascent jewish state, she claims. \" those who see this as an aberration of zionism seem to lack sufficient understanding of what zionism really is and the central role it plays as a patently racist ideology in justifying ethnic cleansing and racist domination over palestinians. one should not wonder then why, at the height of the israeli massacre in gaza 2008 - 09, a tel aviv university poll ( reported in the jerusalem post, jan. ' 09 ) of jewish - israeli opinion showed a shocking 94 % support for the assault, despite full knowledge of the enormous suffering this israeli aggression had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4709027092065756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:678fe9bf-3c2f-442f-8e14-46356c50951b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.439147"}
{"text": "massacre in gaza 2008 - 09, a tel aviv university poll ( reported in the jerusalem post, jan. ' 09 ) of jewish - israeli opinion showed a shocking 94 % support for the assault, despite full knowledge of the enormous suffering this israeli aggression had inflicted upon the 1. 5 million palestinians incarcerated in the gaza \" prison camp \" and of the massive destruction of their civilian infrastructure. as in every other colonial system, only sustained and effective pressure from within as well as from without can put an end to this downward spiral of criminality, impunity and unspoken racism. more bds is needed to end israeli occupation, colonialism and apartheid. other than the obvious benefits to indigenous palestinians, suffering more than six decades of this three - tiered system of israeli oppression, an end to this system of oppression may well transform most israelis from colonial \" monsters \" into normal humans. ( ed note : nurit peled - elhanan is author of palestine in israeli school books : ideology and propaganda in education. international publisher i. b. tauris description : \" she analyzes the presentation of images, maps, layouts and use of language in history, geography and civic studies textbooks, and reveals how the books might be seen to marginalize palestinians, legitimize israeli military action and reinforce jewish - israeli territorial identity. this book provides a fresh scholarly contribution to the israeli - palestinian debate, and will be relevant to the fields of middle east studies and politics more widely. \" )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45716924299822725, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:678fe9bf-3c2f-442f-8e14-46356c50951b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.439688"}
{"text": "historical aerial photographs prior to the trial, jan schlichtmann, the plaintiffs attorney, hired a consulting firm to acquire and analyze historic aerial photographs of the riley 15 - acre property to estimate the times when the various drums, barrels, and debris piles first appeared. the consultants took this analysis and compared it to the 1985 field mapping of the debris piles, drums, and tanks on the 15 - acre property by john drobinski, a geologist hired by schlichtmann. drobinski ' s field map can be downloaded from the trial documents collection and excerpts of his deposition can be downloaded from the trial testimony collection. what are aerial photographs and how are they used? aerial photographs like the ones shown below routinely are taken by the u. s. department of agriculture and u. s. geological survey to make topographic maps, record temporal changes in crop patterns, map geology and mineral resources, and evaluate floodplains. a specialized aircraft with sophisticated cameras is used to take photographs using black & white or color infrared film. the aircraft flies along flight lines that overlap slightly while the camera takes photographs at time intervals that allow the images to overlap. because of the overlap is from two different positions in the sky, the overlapping portions of adjacent images can be viewed in 3 - d. a stereoscope is needed to see the images in 3 - d, which produces a static visual image that is similar to looking at a 3 - d movie using red and blue glasses. thus, tree tops and buildings appear to be higher than surrounding ground, whereas stream channels and wetlands appear to be lower. aerial photographs of the woburn wells g and h area the collection below is a subset of those compiled by maura metheny for her dissertation research at ohio state university. four sets of photographs ( may 1954, may 1969, april 1981, and march 1986 ) are suitable for 3 - d viewing. to do this, print the images on high - quality paper or photographic paper and view them under a stereoscope. an inexpensive plastic ' pocket ' stereoscope works well. the sequence of images below document changes in land use, construction of municipal wells g and h and other structures, changes in the wetland, and the appearance of drums and underground storage tanks along the access road between salem street and olympia avenue on the west side of the river. detailed information about the dates, resolution, scales, and ordering numbers of the sets of aerial photographs shown below is available in this excel file ( excel 19kb jan22 07 ). - may 13, 1954 photographs : 2414", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4647224008547292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a34828e1-9706-4e67-be65-8fb8a94ec846>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.443384"}
{"text": "of the river. detailed information about the dates, resolution, scales, and ordering numbers of the sets of aerial photographs shown below is available in this excel file ( excel 19kb jan22 07 ). - may 13, 1954 photographs : 2414, 2415, 2416, 2417 northern image full resolution ( 28. 5mb mar14 07 ) north - central image full resolution ( 29. 3mb mar14 07 ) south - central image full resolution ( 28. 3mb mar14 07 ) southern image full resolution ( 28. 5mb mar14 07 ) - april 29, 1963 photographs : 278, 279 western image full resolution ( 288kb mar15 07 ) eastern image full resolution ( 208kb mar15 07 ) - april 6, 1965 photograph : 233 full resolution ( 269kb mar15 07 ) - may 1, 1969 photographs : 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687 south image full resolution ( 288kb mar15 07 ) south - central image full resolution ( 284kb mar15 07 ) north - central image full resolution ( 281kb mar15 07 ) north image full resolution ( 273kb mar15 07 ) - july 3, 1971 photograph : 126 full resolution ( 377kb mar15 07 ) - april 23, 1978 photographs : 104 north and south north images full resolution ( 73kb mar15 07 ) south image full resolution ( 77kb mar15 07 ) - april 13, 1981 photographs : 19 - 5, 19 - 6, 19 - 7 south image full resolution ( 205kb mar15 07 ) middle image full resolution ( 196kb mar15 07 ) north image full resolution ( 196kb mar15 07 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4361010977276071, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a34828e1-9706-4e67-be65-8fb8a94ec846>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.443996"}
{"text": "two teachers at norview high school in norfolk, va were recently put on administrative leave by the school after a parent complained about a video that she saw in government class. the video informed its audience on how to assert their constitutional rights during various encounters with police, such as during a car or house search. it was accompanied by a one page handout about a person \u2019 s rights when stopped and arrested by the police. when the girl came home after school that day, she told her mother \u201c you won \u2019 t believe what we are learning in government. they are teaching us how to hide our drugs. \u201d the woman promptly called the school to complain about what was taught to her daughter, and the teachers were subsequently suspended. there are two things that are rather irksome about these series of events. first, why are parents are so ready to jump to conclusions and act on those assumptions? it \u2019 s a little hard to believe that teachers would be lecturing their students on the best way to hide drugs from the police. if the girl \u2019 s mother had just inquired as to what was actually taught that day, it would have been clear that this was government class as usual, just an exercise in educating youth on the constitution. second, and more importantly, why are schools eager to appease parents at the drop of a hat? these are institutions filled with education professionals : teachers know what their students should learn and what the appropriate materials for teaching them are. a school \u2019 s administration should trust that the teacher is making reasonable choices as to how a child is taught and with what. in response to a parent \u2019 s complaint, they should first research the allegations. the administration at norview high school, for instance, could have a gotten a copy of the leaflet given to students. they also could have watched the video to see if anything inappropriate was shown. instead, the school acquiesced to the demands of one uninformed parent. sometimes, mother doesn \u2019 t know what \u2019 s best. that \u2019 s why we have schools and teachers. unfortunately, this is not a new problem. schools all over the country have bowed down to raging parents over something they don \u2019 t think is appropriate for their child. it \u2019 s a distressing thought that a parent \u2019 s misunderstanding about a certain book or a particular lesson in school can translate into a child \u2019 s incomplete education. learning about an individual \u2019 s constitutional rights enhances one \u2019 s education and can even make for a better citizen. school administrators need to have more confidence in themselves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4672975311094598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4dee370-849c-4c50-bca2-fa569742a920>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.446433"}
{"text": "jim lake and maria rivera, at the university of california - los angeles ( ucla ), report their finding in the sept. 9 issue of the journal nature. scientists refer to both bacteria and archaea as \" prokaryotes \" - - a cell type that has no distinct nucleus to contain the genetic material, dna, and few other specialized components. more - complex cells, known as \" eukaryotes, \" contain a well - defined nucleus as well as compartmentalized \" organelles \" that carry out metabolism and transport molecules throughout the cell. yeast cells are some of the most - primitive eukaryotes, whereas the highly specialized cells of human beings and other mammals are among the most complex. \" a major unsolved question in biology has been where eukaryotes came from, where we came from, \" lake said. \" the answer is that we have two parents, and we now know who those parents were. \" further, he added, the results provide a new picture of evolutionary pathways. \" at least 2 billion years ago, ancestors of these two diverse prokaryotic groups fused their genomes to form the first eukaryote, and in the processes two different branches of the tree of life were fused to form the ring of life, \" lake said. the work is part of an effort supported by the national science foundation - - the federal agency that supports research and education across all disciplines of science and engineering - - to re - examine historical schemes for classifying earth ' s living creatures, a process that was once based on easily observable traits. microbes, plants or animals wer contact : leslie fink national science foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5277760599912864, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:baf824b2-7e06-471a-8510-efd5abab1567>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.450039"}
{"text": "sudden death syndrome - - an umbrella term for a range of heart conditions that can lead to cardiac arrest - - is notorious for striking those who seem most fit. that is because the condition, thought to be largely hereditary, is often triggered by overexertion. tragically for some, the first symptom can be cardiac arrest. it ' s possible, though costly, to screen for sds. in fact, after soccer prodigy john marshall died of a sudden heart attack at age 16 in 1994, the day before he was set to join everton, testing became compulsory for professional athletes in several countries. good thing, especially for those who don ' t have the means that professional athletes do, that a doctor at tel aviv university may have just made testing for the condition far simpler and more affordable. \" there is such a significant overlap between what ' s normal and abnormal on an ecg [ electrocardiogram ] that we need additional screening parameters, \" dr. sami viskin, a cardiologist at the sackler faculty of medicine, said yesterday in a university press release. \" this test, when done on people with strong symptoms, can really give... doctors a yardstick to compare those at risk for sudden death syndrome to those who would otherwise go on to live a healthy life. \" named after the doctor, the viskin test is easy on the patient, who simply undergoes a baseline ecg while resting in the supine position, and is then asked to stand quickly and remain still during continuous ecg recording. \u2026 read more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4722404948162139, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fedc1ae-d9da-4da5-9da7-31e4b337c8fc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.451591"}
{"text": "the test team views the use of a pulley as an intermediate step only, and has planned to shift to a reliance on windlasses like those that apparently were used to hoist sails on egyptian ships. \" the whole approach has been to downgrade the technology, \" gharib said. \" we first wanted to show that a kite could raise a huge weight at all. now that we ' re raising larger and larger stones, we ' re also preparing to replace the steel scaffolding with wooden poles and the steel pulleys with wooden pulleys like the ones they may have used on egyptian ships. \" for gharib, the idea of accomplishing heavy tasks with limited manpower is appealing from an engineer ' s standpoint because it makes more logistical sense. \" you can imagine how hard it is to coordinate the activities of hundreds if not thousands of laborers to accomplish an intricate task, \" said gharib. \" it ' s one thing to send thousands of soldiers to attack another army on a battlefield. but an engineering project requires everything to be put precisely into place. \" i prefer to think of the technology as simple, with relatively few people involved, \" he explained. gharib and graff came up with a way of building a simple structure around the obelisk, with a pulley system mounted in front of the stone. that way, the base of the obelisk would drag on the ground for a few feet as the kite lifted the stone, and the stone would be quite stable once it was pulled upright into a vertical position. if the obelisk were raised with the base as a pivot, the stone would tend to swing past the vertical position and fall the other way. the top of the obelisk is tied with ropes threaded through the pulleys and attached to the kite. the operation is guided by a couple of workers using ropes attached to the pulleys. no one has found any evidence that the ancient egyptians moved stones or any other objects with kites and pulleys. but clemmons has found some tantalizing hints that the project is on the right track. on a building frieze in a cairo museum, there is a wing pattern in bas - relief that does not resemble any living bird. directly below are several men standing near vertical objects that could be ropes. gharib ' s interest in the project is mainly to demonstrate that the technique may be viable. \" we ' re not egyptologists, \" he said. \" we ' re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4662766844296294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7989d2d3-3e6d-4a4d-ad8e-e7b19882a89a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.455027"}
{"text": "facilitator ' s guide for the beloved community a film by pamela calvert / plain speech at the fenceline of canada ' s \" chemical valley, \" girls are being born at twice the rate of boys. how do you stay in the home you love when the price you pay may be your children ' s future? planning a screening topics and issues relevant to the beloved community as you plan your screening, you might consider speakers, panelists, or discussion leaders who have expertise in one or more of the following - children ' s health - community organizing - corporate social responsibility - endocrine disruptors - environmental justice - green chemistry - human rights - native culture, history & land rights - precautionary principle - reproductive health - toxic exposure & health impacts - workplace health and safety as you plan your event a screening of the beloved community can be used to spark interest in any of the topics listed above, as well as to inspire individual and community action. using the checklist below will help ensure a high quality and high impact event. set realistic goals. will you host a single screening or use the film to spur ongoing efforts? will you steer a panel or discussion toward a specific topic or let the participants pursue whatever issues they choose? be sure to include your event partners in the decision making process. being clear about your goals will make it much easier to structure the event, target publicity, and evaluate results. structure your event to match your goals. do you need an outside facilitator? if your goal is to share information beyond what is included in the film, are there local experts on the topic who should be present? how many participants do you want? ( large groups are appropriate for information exchange. small groups allow for more intensive dialogue and action plans. ) arrange to involve all stakeholders. it is especially important that people be allowed to speak for themselves. we encourage you to seek out ' unlikely alliances ' and push your own comfort zone, going out of your way to invite representatives of all the constituencies with a potential stake in building a healthy and sustainable community. once the group is assembled, make sure that all participants have a chance to be heard and are treated with respect. choose an accessible venue. if you are bringing together different constituencies, is your venue ' neutral territory '? is it in a part of town that is reachable by various kinds of transportation? does the physical configuration of the room allow for the kind of discussion you hope to have? can everyone easily see the screen and hear the film? is the room comfortable?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4724862036981431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3b68342-7f9a-4821-8e28-91910e265a4c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.459086"}
{"text": "it in a part of town that is reachable by various kinds of transportation? does the physical configuration of the room allow for the kind of discussion you hope to have? can everyone easily see the screen and hear the film? is the room comfortable? leave time for feelings. when the lights come up, people may have a strong emotional response to the film. this is where people make the empathetic connections that make all the following work possible, so it ' s important to encourage that personal response before moving on to questions of strategy. the conversation will naturally flow into \" what do we do now? \" leave time to plan for action. if you want your screening to have lasting impact, it is important to leave time to plan action. people will be looking for something that is immediate, concrete, and local. planning next steps can help people leave the room feeling energized and optimistic, even when the discussion has been difficult. it ' s also important to be prepared to facilitate networking. provide a sign - in sheet at the door so people can share contact information like email addresses. let participants know exactly how that information will ( and won ' t ) be shared. let participants know whether or not press will be present. facilitating a discussion of the beloved community people who feel safe, encouraged, respected and challenged are likely to share openly and thoughtfully. as a facilitator you can encourage that kind of participation. here ' s how : view the film before your event. this will both give yourself time to reflect so you aren ' t dealing with raw emotions at the same time that you are trying to facilitate a discussion, as well as letting you check the dvd and equipment to make sure there are no technical glitches. you may want to refer to the discussion guide to get you started. you don ' t need to be an expert on globalization or environmental justice to lead an event, but knowing the basics can help you keep a discussion on track and gently correct misstatements of fact. prior to your event, take time to check the background information and suggested resources in the film guide handout. be clear about your role. being a facilitator is not the same as being a teacher. a teacher ' s job is to convey specific information. in contrast, a facilitator remains neutral, helping move the discussion along without imposing her or his views on the dialogue. know who might be present. it isn ' t always possible to know exactly who might attend a screening, but if you know what kinds of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46697280244316386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3b68342-7f9a-4821-8e28-91910e265a4c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.460121"}
{"text": "refraction and acceleration name : christopher s. why is it that when light travels from a more dense to a less dense medium, its speed is higher? i ' ve read answers to this question in your archives but, sadly, still don ' t get it. one answer ( jasjeet s bagla ) says that we must not ask the question because light is massless, hence questions of acceleration don ' t make sense. it does, however, seem to be ok to talk about different speeds of light. if you start at one speed and end at a higher one, why is one not allowed to talk about acceleration? bagla goes on to say that it depends on how the em fields behave in a given medium. it begs the question : what is it about, say, perspex and air that makes light accelerate, oops, travel at different speeds? if you ' re dealing with the same ray of light, one is forced to speak of acceleration, no? what other explanation is there for final velocity > initial velocity? arthur smith mentioned a very small \" evanescent \" component that travels ahead at c. where can i learn more about this? sorry for the long question. i understand that f = ma and if there is no m, you cannot talk about a, but, again, you have one velocity higher than another for the same thing. i need to know more than \" that ' s just the way em fields are! \" an explanation that satisfies me relates to travel through an interactive medium. when light interacts with an atom, the photon of light is absorbed and then emitted. for a moment, the energy of the light is within the atom. this causes a slight delay. light travels at the standard speed of light until interacting with another atom. it is absorbed and emitted, causing another slight delay. the average effect is taking more time to travel a meter through glass than through air. this works like a slower speed. an individual photon does not actually slow down. it gets delayed repeatedly by the atoms of the medium. a more dense medium has more atoms per meter to dr. ken mellendorf illinois central college congratulations! on not being willing to accept \" that is just the way em fields are! \" the answer to your inquiry is not all that simple ( my opinion ), but i won ' t try to do so in the limited space allowed here, not to say my own limitations of knowledge. like so many \" simple \" physics questions, i find the most lucid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5991432918736448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2b35c16-35c7-477e-80c7-8dded3739ec4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.464761"}
{"text": "is not all that simple ( my opinion ), but i won ' t try to do so in the limited space allowed here, not to say my own limitations of knowledge. like so many \" simple \" physics questions, i find the most lucid, but accurate, explanation in richard feynman ' s, \" lectures on physics \" which most libraries will have. volume i, chapter 31 - 1 through 31 - 6, which describes refraction, dispersion, diffraction. the \" answer \" has to do with how matter alters the electric field of incident radiation, but i won ' t pretend to be able to do a better job than feynman. the answer is that you are not dealing with the same ray of light. in vacuum a photon just keeps going at the speed of light. in a medium, however, it interacts with the atoms, often being absorbed while bumping an atomic or molecular motion into a higher energy state. the excited atom / molecule then can jump to a lower energy state, emitting a photon while doing so. this can obviously make light appear to travel slower in a in detail, it is a very complicated question, requiring at least a graduate course in electromagnetism to begin to understand. why, for example do the emitted photons tend to travel in the same direction? best, richard j. plano click here to return to the physics archives update : june 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6262009207897916, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2b35c16-35c7-477e-80c7-8dded3739ec4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.465301"}
{"text": "attempts to relay mail by issuing a predefined combination of smtp commands. the goal of this script is to tell if a smtp server is vulnerable to mail relaying. an smtp server that works as an open relay, is a email server that does not verify if the user is authorised to send email from the specified email address. therefore, users would be able to send email originating from any third - party email address that they want. the checks are done based in combinations of mail from and rcpt to commands. the list is hardcoded in the source file. the script will output all the working combinations that the server allows if nmap is in verbose mode otherwise the script will print the number of successful tests. the script will not output if the server requires authentication. if debug is enabled and an error occurrs while testing the target host, the error will be printed with the list of any combinations that were found prior to the error. use this to change the ip address to be used ( default is the target ip address ) define the destination email address to be used ( without the domain, default is relaytest ) or smtp - open - relay. domain define the domain to be used in the anti - spam tests and ehlo command ( default is nmap. scanme. org ) define the source email address to be used ( without the domain, default is antispam ) smbdomain, smbhash, smbnoguest, smbpassword, smbtype, smbusernamesee the documentation for the smbauth library. nmap - - script smtp - open - relay. nse [ - - script - args smtp - open - relay. domain = < domain >, smtp - open - relay. ip = < address >,... ] - p 25, 465, 587 < host > host script results : | smtp - open - relay : server is an open relay ( 1 / 16 tests ) | _ mail from : < email @ example. com > - > rcpt to : < firstname. lastname @ example. org > author : arturo ' buanzo ' busleiman license : same as nmap - - see http : / / nmap. org / book / man - legal. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5161413629848881, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2fc62870-a21f-42bb-90f1-0b5d5c8d75a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.467275"}
{"text": "how much fun is it to be a child in your home? do you ever stop to think about how the house looks from their point of view? my task for this week is to conduct a child \u2019 s eye audit of our living space, to try and make the rooms more child - and play - friendly. the audit need only take a few minutes and might suggest simple changes to make to improve the play space. to conduct a child \u2019 s eye audit, sit or kneel down so you \u2019 re at your child \u2019 s eye - level and consider the following things. 1. safety first. most importantly, the room needs to be safe and it \u2019 s useful t0 review this aspect of your home from time to time as children grow taller, become more mobile or more adventurous. think about what your child can reach, what you don \u2019 t want them to reach and make any necessary adjustments. 2. child \u2019 s eye view. sit back for a minute on the floor and scan the room. what \u2019 s visible to your child at their height, and what \u2019 s not? you might display all their lovely paintings on the wall and fridge door \u2013 but are they too high for your child to actually see? is their view just of empty walls? hang some art work at a lower level or set up a low shelf or table with a display of things they can enjoy. 3. within reach. consider how accessible your toys are. do you have an enabling environment where your child can independently help themselves to toys and resources to use in their play or is everything out of reach? try to find a balance so you can keep the space tidy whilst still allowing free access. open shelving and low baskets work well for us with some materials such as paint stored higher up. 4. ring the changes. do you always have they same toys out? sometimes putting away familiar toys and bringing out some forgotten ones can spark new creativity and fun. don \u2019 t have a complete change of resources though, as children do like to know where favourite toys are. with christmas on the way now is a good time to have a toy audit, donating ones your child has grown out of to the charity shop and getting ideas for their christmas list. 5. invitation to play. do you have any toys that never get played with, or activities that you child rarely takes part in? what can you change to make things more inviting? if you \u2019 d like to encourage some more reading, perhaps you could set up a cosy reading corner or story tent \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4396622700992435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1607610-8673-4722-9f25-b0d9f0cf0ce3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.474326"}
{"text": "never get played with, or activities that you child rarely takes part in? what can you change to make things more inviting? if you \u2019 d like to encourage some more reading, perhaps you could set up a cosy reading corner or story tent \u2013 with comfy cushions, a basket of tempting books and a favourite teddy to share with? if your toy kitchen has been ignored for a while, add some new resources to catch your child \u2019 s eye : a muffin tin and paper cake cases, some jars of real dried pasta, a recipe book from your shelf or lay the table for a birthday tea and surprise your child with a new play possibility. do you sometimes review things from your child \u2019 s point of view? what changes have you made to make your space more child - and play - friendly? leave a comment and share an idea with us. i \u2019 m writing this at one o \u2019 clock in the afternoon and the sky is grey and the rain is tumbling down. it \u2019 s making me think about how the weather affects our play, and particularly i \u2019 m thinking about how much time we spend outdoors in autumn and winter. i don \u2019 t think there \u2019 s any question that playing outside is wonderful for children : the fresh air, the feeling of space, the sensory benefits of being in nature. i certainly know with my own two girls, and all the children i \u2019 ve looked after, that if we \u2019 re having a grumpy sort of day, getting outside \u2013 in the garden, park or just for a walk \u2013 most often is all that \u2019 s needed to lighten everyone \u2019 s mood. but it \u2019 s getting colder now, and windy and rainy and dark. if you \u2019 re the type who is happy to be outside all the time in all weathers, i really do salute you. i however am naturally inclined to prefer a hot cup of coffee and a warm blanket inside! we do play outside everyday, whatever the weather, but there \u2019 s no denying we play outdoors less in winter \u2013 which i \u2019 m guessing is the same for lots of you? so, i \u2019 m resolving to put more thought into getting out there and planning on bringing you some posts over the next few months that inspire us to venture out. i \u2019 d also like to invite you to share your ideas too. the play academy carnival on friday is open to any of your posts and i \u2019 d also love to hear from you if you \u2019 d like to write a guest post here. ( on any play subject in fact,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4624114971557175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1607610-8673-4722-9f25-b0d9f0cf0ce3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.475250"}
{"text": "you to share your ideas too. the play academy carnival on friday is open to any of your posts and i \u2019 d also love to hear from you if you \u2019 d like to write a guest post here. ( on any play subject in fact, not just on playing outside. you can e - mail me cathy ( at ) nurturestore ( dot ) co ( dot ) uk if you have an idea you \u2019 d like to write about ). to start us off, my top three tips for getting outside, whatever the weather are \u2026 - keep yourself warm. if you \u2019 re wearing the right clothes, you \u2019 re much more likely to enjoy your time outside. pretty much all the children i know don \u2019 t care if it \u2019 s cold, windy or raining \u2013 they are active kids and just love being outside. so, to help everyone enjoy themselves outside, and to stop you cutting short the children \u2019 s outdoor fun because you \u2019 ve had enough, my first tip is to make sure you are wearing the right clothes. layer up, don \u2019 t forget your hat and gloves and make sure you are cosy. - get active. we \u2019 re going to shift our outdoor play away from fairy gardens and dinosaur world \u2019 s and include lots more active games. hopscotch, skipping, what \u2019 s the time mr. wolf are great fun and will keep everyone on the move. - audit your outdoor space. now is a good time to review your garden and get it ready for the colder months. think about what you play outside and re - locate things or make changes to suit the weather. we \u2019 ll move the sandpit and den to under our covered area and make sure there are lots of props outside ready to spark active play ( bikes, balls, kites, hula hoops ). we \u2019 re not likely to do as much water play outside, so i \u2019 ll be thinking of ways to bring this inside. what about you \u2013 are you an all weather family? how do you promote lots of outdoor play, whatever the weather? back in january i resolved to make 2010 our year of play. i \u2019 ve been thinking about this again this month as l has started at school. in last week \u2019 s play academy link - up i talked about wanting to make sure the girls still have lots of opportunity for playing, as well as schooling. so this weeks twitter tips are dedicated to having a playful return to school. the twitter tips get tweeted on a friday at 8. 30pm and in previous weeks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4295671271503194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1607610-8673-4722-9f25-b0d9f0cf0ce3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.476255"}
{"text": "sure the girls still have lots of opportunity for playing, as well as schooling. so this weeks twitter tips are dedicated to having a playful return to school. the twitter tips get tweeted on a friday at 8. 30pm and in previous weeks they \u2019 ve started great twitter conversations, with people swapping ideas. the main thing i love about blogging is it being a forum to get inspiration and encouragement from others, so please feel free to add your own ideas in the comments or on our facebook page. join in, swap ideas, go play! how to have a playful back to school # goplay twitter tip # 1if you \u2019 re using after school clubs check how playful they are : do they offer free play after a structured school day # goplay twitter tip # 2make the school run fun : cycle, scoot or play i - spy. leave a little earlier to let the kids play a bit before class # goplay twitter tip # 3 set up a play invitation in the morning to entice the kids to play before they switch on the tv # goplay twitter tip # 4 rediscover some old school favourites such as conkers or fortune tellers # goplay twitter tip # 5 consider how many clubs to join so after school play time isn \u2019 t lost in a busy schedule. # goplay twitter tip # 6 encourage playground fun by packing a skipping rope in the book bag. ready for ten has a great skipping tutuorial # goplay twitter tip # 7 plan family time for the weekend : it doesn \u2019 t have to be expensive or extravagant but do make sure it happens. # goplay twitter tip # 8 consider screen time. could your kids live without tv for an hour, a day, a week? what could they play instead? # goplay twitter tip # 9 locate the park nearest your school and stop off any day day you can on the way home. enjoy some # playoutdoors # goplay twitter tip # 10 instead of only setting up a homework area set up a play area too. add untoys & let them # goplay how do you feel about the balance between school and play time? how do you manage homework at the weekend? do your kids attend a playful school? happily shared with top ten tuesday. use the linky below to add your post to the play academy our summer holidays are drawing to a close and my little is starting school on monday ( oh my! ). i feel very strongly that our play should keep going. b is moving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42409103737041454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1607610-8673-4722-9f25-b0d9f0cf0ce3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.478228"}
{"text": ". use the linky below to add your post to the play academy our summer holidays are drawing to a close and my little is starting school on monday ( oh my! ). i feel very strongly that our play should keep going. b is moving up to the juniors and although her school offers are great curriculum including play, art, music, drama and experiments i think it \u2019 s inevitable that her lessons will become more and more about schooling. september always feels like the start of the year to me, so i \u2019 m keeping in mind my resolution to make 2010 our year of play, and we \u2019 ll certainly be limiting our after school clubs and weekend commitments to allow plenty of time for playing. how do you feel about finding a balance between schooling ( or home educating ) and play? i \u2019 m looking forward to getting even more inspiration from your play academy ideas this week \u2013 hope you \u2019 ll add a link. 1. add your post to the linky below. remember to link to the individual post rather than your homepage. if you are not a blogger please visit the nurturestore facebook page and share your photo there. 2. go and visit some of the other blogs on the linky. leave a comment and say hi. get ideas. tell them you \u2019 re visiting from the play academy. 3. add a link back from your own post to this play academy \u2013 your readers can then come and get ideas too. you can use the play academy badge if you like. ( grab the code from the column on the left. ) 4. come back next friday and swap some more play ideas. the next play academy linky will be friday 10th september.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4605422409646224, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1607610-8673-4722-9f25-b0d9f0cf0ce3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.478981"}
{"text": "this collection consists of digital images of the correspondence of john muir from 1856 - 1914. the vast majority of the letters were sent and received by muir, although the collection also includes some correspondence of selected family members and colleagues. muir \u2019 s correspondence offers a unique first - hand perspective on his thoughts and experiences, as well as those of his correspondents, which include many notable figures in scientific, literary, and political circles of the 19th and early 20th centuries. the correspondence forms part of the john muir papers microfilm set that filmed letters located at over 35 institutions. a scottish - born journalist and naturalist, john muir ( 1838 - 1914 ) studied botany and geology at the university of wisconsin ( 1861 - 1863 ). he worked for awhile as a mill hand at the trout broom factory in meaford, canada ( 1864 - 1866 ), then at an indianapolis carriage factory ( 1866 - 1867 ), until an accident temporarily blinded him and directed his thoughts toward full - time nature study. striking out on foot for south america, muir walked to the gulf of mexico ( september 1867 - january 1868 ), but a long illness in florida led him to change his plans and turn his interests westward. muir arrived by ship at san francisco ( march 1868 ), walked to the sierra nevada mountains and began a five year wilderness sojourn ( 1868 - 1873 ) during which he made his year - round home in the yosemite valley. working as a sheepherder and lumberman when he needed money for supplies, muir investigated the length and breadth of the sierra range, focusing most of his attention on glaciation and its impact on mountain topography. he began to publish newspaper articles about what he saw in the california mountains and these articles brought him to the attention of such intellectuals as asa gray and ralph waldo emerson, both of whom sought him out during their visits to california. encouraged by jeanne carr, wife of his one - time botany professor, ezra s. carr, muir took up nature writing as a profession ( 1872 ). he set up winter headquarters in oakland and began a pattern of spring and summer mountaineering followed by winter writing based upon his travel journals that he held to until 1880. his treks took him to mount shasta ( 1874, 1875 & 1877 ), the great basin ( 1876, 1877, 1878 ), southern california and the coast range ( 1877 ), and southern alaska ( 1879 ). muir found that he could finance his modest bachelor lifestyle with revenue from contributions published in various san francisco newspapers and magazines. during this period he launched the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44769161273058344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f2a750f-0c38-4b95-86ad-7af20a393eac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.482706"}
{"text": "topics covered : ideal solutions instructor / speaker : moungi bawendi, keith nelson the following content is provided under a creative commons license. your support will help mit opencourseware continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. to make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of mit courses, visit mit opencourseware at ocw. mit. edu. professor : so. in the meantime, you ' ve started looking at two phase equilibrium. so now we ' re starting to look at mixtures. and so now we have more than one constituent. and we have more than one phase present. right? so you ' ve started to look at things that look like this, where you ' ve got, let ' s say, two components. both in the gas phase. and now to try to figure out what the phase equilibria look like. of course it ' s now a little bit more complicated than what you went through before, where you can get pressure temperature phase diagrams with just a single component. now we want to worry about what ' s the composition. of each of the components. in each of the phases. and what ' s the temperature and the pressure. total and partial pressures and all of that. so you can really figure out everything about both phases. and there are all sorts of important reasons to do that, obviously lots of chemistry happens in liquid mixtures. some in gas mixtures. some where they ' re in equilibrium. all sorts of chemical processes. distillation, for example, takes advantage of the properties of liquid and gas mixtures. where one of them might be richer, will be richer, and the more volatile of the components. that can be used as a basis for purification. you mix ethanol and water together so you ' ve got a liquid with a certain composition of each. the gas is going to be richer and the more volatile of the two, the ethanol. so in a distillation, where you put things up in the gas, more of the ethanol comes up. you could then collect that gas, right? and re - condense it, and make a new liquid. which is much richer in ethanol than the original liquid was. then you could make, then you could put some of them up into the gas phase. where it will be still richer in ethanol. and then you could collect that and repeat the process. so the point is that properties of liquid gas, two - component or multi - component mixtures like this can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6051240499873883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.507264"}
{"text": "of them up into the gas phase. where it will be still richer in ethanol. and then you could collect that and repeat the process. so the point is that properties of liquid gas, two - component or multi - component mixtures like this can be exploited. basically, the different volatilities of the different components can be exploited for things like purification. also if you want to calculate chemical equilibria in the liquid and gas phase, of course, now you ' ve seen chemical equilibrium, so the amount of reaction depends on the composition. so of course if you want reactions to go, then this also can be exploited by looking at which phase might be richer in one reactant or another. and thereby pushing the equilibrium toward one direction or the other. ok. so. we ' ve got some total temperature and pressure. and we have compositions. so in the gas phase, we ' ve got mole fractions ya and yb. in the liquid phase we ' ve got mole fractions xa and xb. so that ' s our system. one of the things that you established last time is that, so there are the total number of variables including the temperature and the pressure. and let ' s say the mole fraction of a in each of the liquid and gas phases, right? but then there are constraints. because the chemical potentials have to be equal, right? chemical potential of a has to be equal in the liquid and gas. same with b. those two constraints reduce the number of independent variables. so there ' ll be two in this case rather than four independent variables. if you control those, then everything else will follow. what that means is if you ' ve got a, if you control, if you fix the temperature and the total pressure, everything else should be determinable. no more free variables. and then, what you saw is that in simple or ideal liquid mixtures, a result called raoult ' s law would hold. which just says that the partial pressure of a is equal to the mole fraction of a in the liquid times the pressure of pure a over the liquid. and so what this gives you is a diagram that looks like this. if we plot this versus xb, this is mole fraction of b in the liquid going from zero to one. then we could construct a diagram of this sort. so this is the total pressure of a and b. the partial pressures are given by these lines. so this is our pa star and pb star. the pressures over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5831583003650295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.508159"}
{"text": "going from zero to one. then we could construct a diagram of this sort. so this is the total pressure of a and b. the partial pressures are given by these lines. so this is our pa star and pb star. the pressures over the pure liquid a and b at the limits of mole fraction of b being zero and one. so in this situation, for example, a is the more volatile of the components. so it ' s partial pressure over its pure liquid. at this temperature. is higher than the partial pressure of b over its pure liquid. a would be the ethanol, for example and b the water in that mixture. ok. then you started looking at both the gas and the liquid phase in the same diagram. so this is the mole fraction of the liquid. if you look and see, well, ok now we should be able to determine the mole fraction in the gas as well. again, if we note total temperature and pressure, everything else must follow. and so, you saw this worked out. relation between p and ya, for example. the result was p is pa star times pb star over pa star plus pb star minus pa star times ya. and the point here is that unlike this case, where you have a linear relationship, the relationship between the pressure and the liquid mole fraction isn ' t linear. we can still plot it, of course. so if we do that, then we end up with a diagram that looks like the following. now i ' m going to keep both mole fractions, xb and yb, i ' ve got some total pressure. i still have my linear relationship. and then i have a non - linear relationship between the pressure and the mole fraction in the gas phase. so let ' s just fill this in. here is pa star still. here ' s pb star. of course, at the limits they ' re still, both mole fractions they ' re zero and one. ok. i believe this is this is where you ended up at the end of the last lecture. but it ' s probably not so clear exactly how you read something like this. and use it. it ' s extremely useful. you just have to kind of learn how to follow what happens in a diagram like this. and that ' s what i want to spend some of today doing. is just, walking through what ' s happening physically, with a container with a mixture of the two. and how does that correspond to what gets read off the diagram under different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5812745934436354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.508995"}
{"text": ". and that ' s what i want to spend some of today doing. is just, walking through what ' s happening physically, with a container with a mixture of the two. and how does that correspond to what gets read off the diagram under different conditions. so. let ' s just start somewhere on a phase diagram like this. let ' s start up here at some point one, so we ' re in the pure - well, not pure, you ' re in the all liquid phase. it ' s still a mixture. it ' s not a pure substance. pa star, pb star. there ' s the gas phase. so, if we start at one, and now there ' s some total pressure. and now we ' re going to reduce it. what happens? we start with a pure - with an all - liquid mixture. no gas. and now we ' re going to bring down the pressure. allowing some of the liquid to go up into the gas phase. so, we can do that. and once we reach point two, then we find a coexistence curve. now the liquid and gas are going to coexist. so this is the liquid phase. and that means that this must be xb. and it ' s xb at one, but it ' s also xb at two, and i want to emphasize that. so let ' s put our pressure for two. and if we go over here, this is telling us about the mole fraction in the gas phase. that ' s what these curves are, remember. so this is the one that ' s showing us the mole fraction in the liquid phase. this nonlinear one in the gas phase. so that means just reading off it, this is xb, that ' s the liquid mole fraction. here ' s yb. the gas mole fraction. they ' re not the same, right, because of course the components have different volatility. a ' s more volatile. so that means that the mole fraction of b in the liquid phase is higher than the mole fraction of b in the gas phase. because a is the more volatile component. so more, relatively more, of a, the mole fraction of a is going to be higher up in the gas phase. which means the mole fraction of b is lower in the gas phase. so, yb less than xb if a is more volatile. ok, so now what ' s happening physically? well, we started at a point where we only had the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5967107888087338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.510498"}
{"text": "which means the mole fraction of b is lower in the gas phase. so, yb less than xb if a is more volatile. ok, so now what ' s happening physically? well, we started at a point where we only had the liquid present. so at our initial pressure, we just have all liquid. there ' s some xb at one. that ' s all there is, there isn ' t any gas yet. now, what happened here? well, now we lowered the pressure. so you could imagine, well, we made the box bigger. now, if the liquid was under pressure, being squeezed by the box, right then you could make the box a little bit bigger. and there ' s still no gas. that ' s moving down like this. but then you get to a point where there ' s just barely any pressure on top of the liquid. and then you keep expanding the box. now some gas is going to form. so now we ' re going to go to our case two. we ' ve got a bigger box. and now, right around where this was, this is going to be liquid. and there ' s gas up here. so up here is yb at pressure two. here ' s xb at pressure two. liquid and gas. so that ' s where we are at point two here. now, what happens if we keep going? let ' s lower the pressure some more. well, we can lower it and do this. but really if we want to see what ' s happening in each of the phases, we have to stay on the coexistence curves. those are what tell us what the pressures are. what the partial pressure are going to be in each of the phases. in each of the two, in the liquid and the gas phases. so let ' s say we lower the pressure a little more. what ' s going to happen is, then we ' ll end up somewhere over here. in the liquid, and that ' ll correspond to something over here in the gas. so here ' s three. so now we ' re going to have, that ' s going to be xb at pressure three. and over here is going to be yb at pressure three. and all we ' ve done, of course, is we ' ve just expanded this further. so now we ' ve got a still taller box. and the liquid is going to be a little lower because some of it has evaporated, formed the gas phase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5721867654189373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.511876"}
{"text": "' ve done, of course, is we ' ve just expanded this further. so now we ' ve got a still taller box. and the liquid is going to be a little lower because some of it has evaporated, formed the gas phase. so here ' s xb at three. here ' s yb at three, here ' s our gas phase. now we could decrease even further. and this is the sort of thing that you maybe can ' t do in real life. but i can do on a blackboard. i ' m going to give myself more room on this curve, to finish this illustration. there. beautiful. so now we can lower a little bit further, and what i want to illustrate is, if we keep going down, eventually we get to a pressure where now if we look over in the gas phase, we ' re at the same pressure, mole fraction that we had originally in the liquid phase. so let ' s make four even lower pressure. what does that mean? what it means is, we ' re running out of liquid. so what ' s supposed to happen is a is the more volatile component. so as we start opening up some room for gas to form, you get more of a in the gas phase. but of course, and the liquid is richer in b. but of course, eventually you run out of liquid. you make the box pretty big, and you run out, or you have the very last drop of liquid. so what ' s the mole fraction of b in the gas phase? it has to be the same as what it started in in the liquid phase. because after all the total number of moles of a and b hasn ' t changed any. so if you take them all from the liquid and put them all up into the gas phase, it must be the same. so yb of four. once you just have the last drop. so then yb of four is basically equal to xb of one. because everything ' s now up in the gas phase. so in principle, there ' s still a tiny, tiny bit of xb at pressure four. well, we could keep lowering the pressure. we could make the box a little bigger. then the very last of the liquid is going to be gone. and what ' ll happen then is, we ' re all here. there ' s no more liquid. we ' re not going down on the coexistence curve any more. we don ' t have a liquid gas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5853627121937783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.512770"}
{"text": "going to be gone. and what ' ll happen then is, we ' re all here. there ' s no more liquid. we ' re not going down on the coexistence curve any more. we don ' t have a liquid gas coexistence any more. we just have a gas phase. of course, we can continue to lower the pressure. and then what we ' re doing is just going down here. so there ' s five. and five is the same as this only bigger. and so forth. ok, any questions about how this works? it ' s really important to just gain facility in reading these things and seeing, ok, what is it that this is telling you. and you can see it ' s not complicated to do it, but it takes a little bit of practice. ok. now, of course, we could do exactly the same thing starting from the gas phase. and raising the pressure. and although you may anticipate that it ' s kind of pedantic, i really do want to illustrate something by it. so let me just imagine that we ' re going to do that. let ' s start all in the gas phase. up here ' s the liquid. pa star, pb star. and now let ' s start somewhere here. so we ' re down somewhere in the gas phase with some composition. so it ' s the same story, except now we ' re starting here. it ' s all gas. and we ' re going to start squeezing. we ' re increasing the pressure. and eventually here ' s one, will reach two, so of course here ' s our yb. we started with all gas, no liquid. so this is yb of one. it ' s the same as yb of two, i ' m just raising the pressure enough to just reach the coexistence curve. and of course, out here tells us xb of two, right? so what is it saying? we ' ve squeezed and started to form some liquid. and the liquid is richer in component b. maybe it ' s ethanol water again. and we squeeze, and now we ' ve got more water in the liquid phase than in the gas phase. because water ' s the less volatile component. it ' s what ' s going to condense first. so the liquid is rich in the less volatile of the components. now, obviously, we can continue in doing exactly the reverse of what i showed you. but all i want to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5929631123077167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.513597"}
{"text": "component. it ' s what ' s going to condense first. so the liquid is rich in the less volatile of the components. now, obviously, we can continue in doing exactly the reverse of what i showed you. but all i want to really illustrate is, this is a strategy for purification of the less volatile component. once you ' ve done this, well now you ' ve got some liquid. now you could collect that liquid in a separate vessel. so let ' s collect the liquid mixture with xb of two. so it ' s got some mole fraction of b. so we ' ve purified that. but now we ' re going to start, we ' ve got pure liquid. now let ' s make the vessel big. so it all goes into the gas phase. then lower p. all gas. so we start with yb of three, which equals xb of two. in other words, it ' s the same mole fraction. so let ' s reconstruct that. so here ' s p of two. and now we ' re going to go to some new pressure. and the point is, now we ' re going to start, since the mole fraction in the gas phase that we ' re starting from is the same number as this was. so it ' s around here somewhere. that ' s yb of three equals xb of two. and we ' re down here. in other words, all we ' ve done is make the container big enough so the pressure ' s low and it ' s all in the gas phase. that ' s all we have, is the gas. but the composition is whatever the composition is that we extracted here from the liquid. so this xb, which is the liquid mole fraction, is now yb, the gas mole fraction. of course, the pressure is different. lower than it was before. great. now let ' s increase. so here ' s three. and now let ' s increase the pressure to four. and of course what happens, now we ' ve got coexistence. so here ' s liquid. here ' s gas. so, now we ' re over here again. there ' s xb at pressure four. pure still in component b. we can repeat the same procedure. collect it. all liquid, put it in a new vessel. expand it, lower the pressure, all goes back into the gas phase. do it all again. and the point is, what you ' re doing is walking along", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5859091904849248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.514448"}
{"text": "the same procedure. collect it. all liquid, put it in a new vessel. expand it, lower the pressure, all goes back into the gas phase. do it all again. and the point is, what you ' re doing is walking along here. here to here. then you start down here, and go from here to here. from here to here. and you can purify. now, of course, the optimal procedure, you have to think a little bit. because if you really do precisely what i said, you ' re going to have a mighty little bit of material each time you do that. so yes it ' ll be the little bit you ' ve gotten at the end is going to be really pure, but there ' s not a whole lot of it. because, remember, what we said is let ' s raise the pressure until we just start being on the coexistence curve. so we ' ve still got mostly gas. little bit of liquid. now, i could raise the pressure a bit higher. so that in the interest of having more of the liquid, when i do that, though, the liquid that i have at this higher pressure won ' t be as enriched as it was down here. now, i could still do this procedure. i could just do more of them. so it takes a little bit of judiciousness to figure out how to optimize that. in the end, though, you can continue to walk your way down through these coexistence curves and purify repeatedly the component b, the less volatile of them, and end up with some amount of it. and there ' ll be some balance between the amount that you feel like you need to end up with and how pure you need it to be. any questions about how this works? so purification of less volatile components. now, how much of each of these quantities in each of these phases? so, pertinent to this discussion, of course we need to know that. if you want to try to optimize a procedure like that, of course it ' s going to be crucial to be able to understand and calculate for any pressure that you decide to raise to, just how many moles do you have in each of the phases? so at the end of the day, you can figure out, ok, now when i reach a certain degree of purification, here ' s how much of the stuff i end up with. well, that turns out to be reasonably straightforward to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5513951902389312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.515282"}
{"text": "phases? so at the end of the day, you can figure out, ok, now when i reach a certain degree of purification, here ' s how much of the stuff i end up with. well, that turns out to be reasonably straightforward to do. and so what i ' ll go through is a simple mathematical derivation. and it turns out that it allows you to just read right off the diagram how much of each material you ' re going to end up with. so, here ' s what happens. this is something called the lever rule. how much of each component is there in each phase? so let ' s consider a case like this. let me draw yet once again, just to get the numbering consistent. with how we ' ll treat this. so we ' re going to start here. and i want to draw it right in the middle, so i ' ve got plenty of room. and we ' re going to go up to some pressure. and somewhere out there, now i can go to my coexistence curves. liquid. and gas. and i can read off my values. so this is the liquid xb. so i ' m going to go up to some point two, here ' s xb of two. here ' s yb of two. great. now let ' s get these written in. so let ' s just define terms a little bit. na, nb. or just our total number of moles. ng and n liquid, of course, total number of moles. in the gas and liquid phases. so let ' s just do the calculation for each of these two cases. we ' ll start with one. that ' s the easier case. because then we have only the gas. so at one, all gas. it says pure gas in the notes, but of course that isn ' t the pure gas. it ' s the mixture of the two components. so. how many moles of a? well it ' s the mole fraction of a in the gas. times the total number of moles in the gas. let me put one in here. just to be clear. and since we have all gas, the number of moles in the gas is just the total number of moles. so this is just ya at one times n total. let ' s just write that in. and of course n total is equal to na plus nb. so now let ' s look at condition two. now we have to look a little more carefully", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5682174677714152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.516109"}
{"text": "this is just ya at one times n total. let ' s just write that in. and of course n total is equal to na plus nb. so now let ' s look at condition two. now we have to look a little more carefully. because we have a liquid gas mixture. so na is equal to ya at pressure two. times the number of moles of gas at pressure two. plus xa, at pressure two, times the number of moles of liquid at pressure two. now, of course, these things have to be equal. the total number of moles of a didn ' t change, right? so those are equal. then ya of two times ng of two. plus xa of two times n liquid of two, that ' s equal to ya of one times n total. which is of course equal to ya of one times n gas at two plus n liquid at two. i suppose i could be, add that equality. of course, it ' s an obvious one. but let me do it anyway. the total number of moles is equal to na plus nb. but it ' s also equal to n liquid plus n gas. and that ' s all i ' m taking advantage of here. and now i ' m just going to rearrange the terms. so i ' m going to write ya at one minus ya at two, times ng at two, is equal to, and i ' m going to take the other terms, the xa term. xa of two minus ya of one times n liquid at two. so i ' ve just rearranged the terms. and i ' ve done that because now, i think i omitted something here. ya of one times ng. no, i forgot a bracket, is what i did. ya of one there. and i did this because now i want to do is look at the ratio of liquid to gas at pressure two. so, ratio of i ' ll put it gas to liquid, that ' s ng of two over n liquid at two. and that ' s just equal to xa of two minus ya at one minus ya at one minus ya at two. so what does it mean? it ' s the ratio of these lever arms. that ' s what it ' s telling me. i can look, so i raise the pressure up to two. and so here ' s xb at two, here ' s yb at two. and i ' m here somewhere. and this little amount and this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5498881703329155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.516918"}
{"text": "it ' s telling me. i can look, so i raise the pressure up to two. and so here ' s xb at two, here ' s yb at two. and i ' m here somewhere. and this little amount and this little amount, that ' s that difference. and it ' s just telling me that ratio of those arms is the ratio of the total number of moles of gas to liquid. and that ' s great. because now when i go back to the problem that we were just looking at, where i say, well i ' m going to purify the less volatile component by raising the pressure until i ' m at coexistence starting in the gas phase. raise the pressure, i ' ve got some liquid. but i also want some finite amount of liquid. but i don ' t want to just, when i get the very, very first drop of liquid now collected, of course it ' s enriched in the less volatile component. but there may be a minuscule amount, right? so i ' ll raise the pressure a bit more. i ' ll go up in pressure. and now, of course, when i do that the amount of enrichment of the liquid isn ' t as big as it was if i just raised it up enough to barely have any liquid. then i ' d be out here. but i ' ve got more material in the liquid phase to collect. and that ' s what this allows me to calculate. is how much do i get in the end. so it ' s very handy. you can also see, if i go all the way to the limit where the mole fraction in the liquid at the end is equal to what it was in the gas when i started, what that says is that there ' s no more gas left any more. in other words, these two things are equal. if i go all the way to the point where i ' ve got all the, this is the amount i started with, in the pure gas phase, now i keep raising it all the way. until i ' ve got the same mole fraction in the liquid. of course, we know what that really means. that means that i ' ve gone all the way from pure gas to pure liquid. and the mole fraction in that case has to be the same. and what this is just telling us mathematically is, when that happens this is zero. that means i don ' t have any gas left. yeah. professor : no. because, so it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.600896086505662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.517761"}
{"text": "mole fraction in that case has to be the same. and what this is just telling us mathematically is, when that happens this is zero. that means i don ' t have any gas left. yeah. professor : no. because, so it ' s the mole fraction in the gas phase. but you ' ve started with some amount that it ' s only going to go down from there. professor : yeah. yeah. any other questions? ok. well, now what i want to do is just put up a slightly different kind of diagram, but different in an important way. namely, instead of showing the mole fractions as a function of the pressure. and i haven ' t written it in, but all of these are at constant temperature, right? i ' ve assumed the temperature is constant in all these things. now let ' s consider the other possibility, the other simple possibility, which is, let ' s hold the pressure constant and vary the temperature. of course, you know in the lab, that ' s usually what ' s easiest to do. now, unfortunately, the arithmetic gets more complicated. it ' s not monumentally complicated, but here in this case, where you have one linear relationship, which is very convenient. from raoult ' s law. and then you have one non - linear relationship there for the mole fraction of the gas. in the case of temperature, they ' re both, neither one is linear. nevertheless, we can just sketch what the diagram looks like. and of course it ' s very useful to do that, and see how to read off it. and i should say the derivation of the curves isn ' t particularly complicated. it ' s not particularly more complicated than what i think you saw last time to derive this. there ' s no complicated math involved. but the point is, the derivation doesn ' t yield a linear relationship for either the gas or the liquid part of the coexistence curve. ok, so we ' re going to look at temperature and mole fraction phase diagrams. again, a little more complicated mathematically but more practical in real use. and this is t. and here is the, sort of, form that these things take. so again, neither one is linear. up here, now, of course if you raise the temperatures, that ' s where you end up with gas. if you lower the temperature, you condense and get the liquid. so, this is ta star. tb star. so now i want to stick with a as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5972901760914038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.518824"}
{"text": "course if you raise the temperatures, that ' s where you end up with gas. if you lower the temperature, you condense and get the liquid. so, this is ta star. tb star. so now i want to stick with a as the more volatile component. at constant temperature, that meant that pa star is bigger than pb star. in other words, the vapor pressure over pure liquid a is higher than the vapor pressure over pure liquid b. similarly, now i ' ve got constant pressure and really what i ' m looking at, let ' s say i ' m at the limit where i ' ve got the pure liquid. or the pure a. and now i ' m going to, let ' s say, raise the temperature until i ' m at the liquid - gas equilibrium. that ' s just the boiling point. so if a is the more volatile component, it has the lower boiling point. and that ' s what this reflects. so higher pb star a corresponds to lower ta star a. which is just the boiling point of pure a. so, this is called the bubble line. that ' s called the dew line. all that means is, let ' s say i ' m at high temperature. i ' ve got all gas. right no coexistence, no liquid yet. and i start to cool things off. just to where i just barely start to get liquid. what you see that as is, dew starts forming. a little bit of condensation. if you ' re outside, it means on the grass a little bit of dew is forming. similarly, if i start at low temperature, all liquid now i start raising the temperature until i just start to boil. i just start to see the first bubbles forming. and so that ' s why these things have those names. so now let ' s just follow along what happens when i do the same sort of thing that i illustrated there. i want to start at one point in this phase diagram. and then start changing the conditions. so let ' s start here. so i ' m going to start all in the liquid phase. that is, the temperature is low. here ' s xb. and my original temperature. now i ' m going to raise it. so if i raise it a little bit, i reach a point at which i first start to boil. start to find some gas above the liquid. and if i look right here, that ' ll be my composition. let me raise it a little farther", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5698886626748705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.519676"}
{"text": "if i raise it a little bit, i reach a point at which i first start to boil. start to find some gas above the liquid. and if i look right here, that ' ll be my composition. let me raise it a little farther, now that we ' ve already seen the lever rule and so forth. i ' ll raise it up to here. and that means that out here, i suppose i should do here. so, here is the liquid mole fraction at temperature two. xb at temperature two. this is yb at temperature two. the gas mole fraction. so as you should expect, what ' s going to happen here is that the gas, this is going to be lower in b. a, that means that the mole fraction of a must be higher in the gas phase. that ' s one minus yb. so xa is one minus - - ya, which is one minus yb higher in gas phase. than xa, which is one minus xb. in other words, the less volatile component is enriched up in the gas phase. now, what does that mean? that means i could follow the same sort of procedure that i indicated before when we looked at the pressure mole fraction phase diagram. namely, i could do this and now i could take the gas phase. which has less of b. it has more of a. and i can collect it. and then i can reduce the temperature. so it liquefies. so i can condense it, in other words. so now i ' m going to start with, let ' s say i lower the temperature enough so i ' ve got basically pure liquid. but its composition is the same as the gas here. because of course that ' s what that liquid is formed from. i collected the gas and separated it. so now i could start all over again. except instead of being here, i ' ll be down here. and then i can raise the temperature again. to some place where i choose. i could choose here, and go all the way to hear. a great amount of enrichment. but i know from the lever rule that if i do that, i ' m going to have precious little material over here. so i might prefer to raise the temperature a little more. still get a substantial amount of enrichment. and now i ' ve got, in the gas phase, i ' ll further enriched in component a. and again i can collect the gas. condense it. now i ' m out here somewhere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.565023380786261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.520498"}
{"text": "more. still get a substantial amount of enrichment. and now i ' ve got, in the gas phase, i ' ll further enriched in component a. and again i can collect the gas. condense it. now i ' m out here somewhere, i ' ve got all liquid and i ' ll raise the temperature again. and i can again keep walking my way over. and that ' s what happens during an ordinary distillation. each step of the distillation walks along in the phase diagram at some selected point. and of course what you ' re doing is, you ' re always condensing the gas. and starting with fresh liquid that now is enriched in more volatile of the components. so of course if you ' re really purifying, say, ethanol from an ethanol water mixture, that ' s how you do it. ethanol is the more volatile component. so a still is set up. it will boil the stuff and collect the gas and and condense it. and boil it again, and so forth. and the whole thing can be set up in a very efficient way. so you have essentially continuous distillation. where you have a whole sequence of collection and condensation and reheating and so forth events. so then, in a practical way, it ' s possible to walk quite far along the distillation, the coexistence curve, and distill to really a high degree of purification. any questions about how that works? ok. i ' ll leave till next time the discussion of the chemical potentials. but what we ' ll do, just to foreshadow a little bit, what i ' ll do at the beginning of the next lecture is what ' s at the end of your notes here. which is just to say ok, now if we look at raoult ' s law, it ' s straightforward to say what is the chemical potential for each of the substances in the liquid and the gas phase. of course, it has to be equal. given that, that ' s for an ideal solution. we can gain some insight from that. and then look at real solutions, non - ideal solutions, and understand a lot of their behavior as well. just from starting from our understanding of what the chemical potential does even in a simple ideal mixture. so we ' ll look at the chemical potentials. and then we ' ll look at non - ideal solution mixtures next time. see you then.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6204814420972486, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:246f9a12-fd35-40fa-8257-b07bf8d92857>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.521313"}
{"text": "topics covered : encapsulation, inheritance, shadowing instructor : prof. eric grimson, prof. john guttag operator : the following content is provided under a creative commons license. your support will help mit opencourseware continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. to make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of mit courses, visit mit opencourseware at ocw. mit. edu. professor : last lecture we were talking about classes, and object - oriented programming, and we ' re going to come back to it today. i ' m going to remind you, we were talking about it because we suggested it is a really powerful way of structuring systems, and that ' s really why we want to use it, it ' s a very common way of structuring systems. so today i ' m going to pick up on a bunch of more nuanced, or more complex if you like, ways of leveraging the power of classes. but we ' re going to see a bunch of examples that are going to give us a sense. i ' m going to talk about inheritance, we ' re going to talk about shadowing, we ' re going to talk about iterators. but before get to it, i want to start by just highlighting, sort of, what was the point of classes? so i ' ll remind you. a class, i said, was basically a template for an abstract data type. and this was really to drive home this idea of modularity. i want the ability to say, i ' ve got a set of things that naturally belong together, i ' m going to cluster them together, i want to treat it like it ' s a primitive, i want to treat it like it ' s a float or an int or a string. is this going to be a point or a segment or something different like that. so it ' s really a way, as i said, of just trying to cluster data together. and this is a notion of modularity slash abstraction where i ' m treating them as primitives. but the second thing we talked about is that we also have a set of methods, using the special name method because we ' re talking classes. but basically functions that are designed to deal with this data structure. we ' re trying to group those together as well. so we cluster data and methods. second key thing we said was, in the ideal case, which unfortunately python isn ' t, but we ' ll come back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6178352973564343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.552513"}
{"text": "to deal with this data structure. we ' re trying to group those together as well. so we cluster data and methods. second key thing we said was, in the ideal case, which unfortunately python isn ' t, but we ' ll come back to that, in the ideal case, we would have data hiding, and by data hiding, which is sort of a version of encapsulation, what we meant was that you could only get to the internal pieces of that data structure through a proscribed method. proscribed meaning it ' s something i set up. so data hiding saying, you would only access the parts through a method. and as we said, unfortunately python does not enforce this. meaning that i could create one of these data structures, ideally i ' d have a method, that i ' m going to see some examples of that i used to get the parts out, unfortunately in python you could take the name the instance dot some internal variable you ' ll get it back. it is exposed. and this is actually just not a good idea. so i suggested in my very bad humor, that you practice computational hygiene and you only use appropriate methods to get the parts out. ok didn ' t laugh the joke last time, you ' re not going to laugh at it this time, i don ' t blame you. all right, and then the last piece of this is that we said the class is a template. when we call that class, it makes an instance. so class is used to make instances, meaning particular versions, of that structure, and we said inside the instances we have a set of attributes. internal variables, methods, that are going to belong to that structure. ok, so with that in mind, here ' s what i want to do. i ' m going to show you a set of examples, and i want to warn you ahead of time, the code handout today is a little longer than normal because we want to build essentially an extended example of a sequence of examples of classes. we ' re going to see the idea, of which we ' re gonna talk about, of inheritance or hierarchy, in which we can have classes that are specializations of other classes. we ' re gonna see how we can inherit methods, how we can shadow methods, how we can use methods in a variety of ways. so this is a way of suggesting you may find it more convenient to put notes on the code handout rather than in your own notes. do whatever you like, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.596461426531711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.553392"}
{"text": "we can shadow methods, how we can use methods in a variety of ways. so this is a way of suggesting you may find it more convenient to put notes on the code handout rather than in your own notes. do whatever you like, but i just wanted to alert you, we ' re going to go through a little more code than normal. so, the little environment i ' m going to build is an environment of people. i ' ll build a simple little simulation of people. so i ' m going to start off with the first class, which i ' ve got up on the screen, and it ' s on your handout as well, which is i ' m going to build an instance, or a class rather, of persons. i ' m going to draw a diagram, which i ' m gonna try and see if i can do well, over here, of the different objects we ' re going to have. so i ' ve got, a class, and by the way a class is an object. instances are also objects, but classes are objects. we ' re gonna see why we want that in a second. because i ' m gonna build an object, sorry a class, called a person. now, let ' s walk through some of the pieces here. the first one is, there ' s something a little different. remember last time we had that keyword class and then a name, that name, in this case, person says this is the name for the class, and then we would have just had the semicolon and a bunch of internal things. here i ' ve got something in parens, and i want to stress this is not a variable. all right, this is not a def, this is a class. i ' m going to come back to it, but what this is basically saying is that the person class is going to inherit from another class, which in this case is just the built - in python object class. hold on to that thought, it ' s going to make more sense when we look at a little more interesting example, but i want to highlight that. all right now, if we do this, as i said before, we can create a version of a person, let me just call it per, person. ok? and what we said last time is, when we wanted to create an instance inside of this class definition, we ' ve got one of those built - in things called init. i ' m gonna again remind you, some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5729331785786869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.554393"}
{"text": "person. ok? and what we said last time is, when we wanted to create an instance inside of this class definition, we ' ve got one of those built - in things called init. i ' m gonna again remind you, some of the methods we have, underbar underbar init is going to be the thing that creates the instance. actually slightly misspeaking, actually python creates the instance, but it ' s one thing that fills it in. so in this case, i ' m going to give it 2 arguments : frank foobar now, you might have said, wait a minute, init here has 3 arguments : self, family name, and first name. so again, just to remind you, what we said happens here is that when i call this class, person, i ' m creating an instance. we ' ll draw a little instance diagram down here. i ' m going to give it the name per. and i should have said inside of person, we ' ve got a set of things. we ' ve got our underbar underbar init, we ' ve got, what else do i have up there? family name. and a bunch of other methods, down to say. what happens inside of python is, when we called the class definition, person, it creates an instance, there it is. think of it as a pointer to a spot in memory, and then what we do is, we call, or find, that init method, up here, and we apply it. and the first argument self, points to the instance. so this object here is what self looks at. now you can see what init ' s going to do. it says, oh, inside of self, which is pointing to here, let me bind a variable, which was, can read that very carefully, it ' s family underbar name, to the value i passed in, which was 4. same thing with first name. ok, so the reason i ' m stressing this is, self we do not supply explicitly, it is supplied as pointing to the instance, it ' s giving us that piece of memory. and that is what then gets created. so here ' s, now, the instance for per. ok, and i put a little label on there, i ' m going to call that an isalink, because it is an instance of that class. god bless you. all right, so once we got this, let ' s look at what we can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5470060016816741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.555202"}
{"text": "and i put a little label on there, i ' m going to call that an isalink, because it is an instance of that class. god bless you. all right, so once we got this, let ' s look at what we can do with person. that ' s why i built person here. and as i said, i ' ve already bound basically, those two pieces. if i want to get a value out, i can give person, or per, rather, this instance, a messaging. in this case i want to get family, what did i say, family name out, now, again i want to stress, what is happening here? per is an instance, it ' s this thing here. when i say per dot family name, i ' m sending it a message, in essence what that does is, it says, from here it ' s going to go up the chain to this class object and find the appropriate method, which was family name. it is then going to apply that to self, which points to this instance. and that allows it, therefore, is you can see on the code, to look up under self, what ' s the binding for family name, and print it back up. so self is always going to point to the instance i want and i can use it. ok what else do we have in here? we can get the first name, that ' s not particularly interesting. we ' ve got 2 other special methods : that ' s cmp and str. all right, cmp is our comparison method. and since i, i was about to say i blew it last time, i misspoke last time, a wonderful phrase that politicians like to use, i misspoke last time. let me clarify again what cmp will do. underbar underbar cmp is going to be the method you ' re going to use to compare two instances of an object. now, let ' s back up for second. if i wanted to test equality, in fact i could use underbar underbar eq, under under. it ' s natural to think about an equality tester as returning a boolean, it ' s either gonna be true or false, because something ' s either equal to or not. in many languages, comparisons also return booleans, which is why i went down this slippery slope. for many languages, either it ' s greater than or it ' s not. but python is different. python use cmp, in fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.582357459151049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.556002"}
{"text": ". in many languages, comparisons also return booleans, which is why i went down this slippery slope. for many languages, either it ' s greater than or it ' s not. but python is different. python use cmp, in fact it has a built in cmp, which is what we ' re relying on here. where am i, right there. and what cmp returns is 1 of 3 values. given 2 objects, it says if the first one is less than the second one, it returns - 1, if it ' s equal it returns 0, if it ' s greater than, it returns 1. so it allows you this broader range of comparisons. and if you think about it, cmp, you could apply on integers, you could apply it on floats, apply it on strings. so it ' s overloaded, it has the ability to do all of those. and in this case what we ' re saying is, given 2 objects, let ' s create a tuple of the first, sorry, family and first name of ourselves, and other is another object, family and first name of that, and then just use cmp to compare them. all right, so it ' s going to use the base pieces. ok, so it gives me a way of doing comparisons. and str we saw last time as well, this is cmp does comparison, and str is our printed representation. ok. so what we ' ve got now, is a simple little class. we ' ve also got two methods there. i want to look at them, we ' re gonna come back to them, but they start to highlight things we can do with our classes. so i ' ve built one simple version of it here, which is per. and notice i ' ve got another method, right up here, called say. and say takes two arguments, for the moment the second argument, or the first argument ' s, not going to make a lot of sense, but say takes two arguments besides itself. it ' s going to take another object to which it ' s saying something and the thing to say. since i only have one object here, i ' m going to have person talk to himself. you may have met a few other undergraduates who have this behavior. i ' ll have him talk to himself and say, just some random message the faculty members occasionally worry about. ok, what does this thing do? now you ' re going to see some of the power of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5397126749300074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.556845"}
{"text": "undergraduates who have this behavior. i ' ll have him talk to himself and say, just some random message the faculty members occasionally worry about. ok, what does this thing do? now you ' re going to see some of the power of this. again, remember, i ' m down here, i ' m sending this the message say, it ' s going to go up the chain to find the say message in person. and what does say do, it says given another object and some string, it ' s going to return, oh, and interesting things, part of which you can ' t see on the screen. first what it does, is it gets first name of self. remember self is pointing to this instance, so it ' s simply looks up that binding, which is frank. it ' s going to create a string in which it adds to that the family name of self, and then another thing that says to, and then ah, i ' m now going to send a message to the other object, saying give me your first name. going to add that to the second piece, and you can see in this case it happens to be the same first and family name. and then at the end of it, which you can ' t see here but you can see in your handout, i just append the whole string, so it spits it out. what ' s the point of this, other than i can get it to say things? notice, i can now reference values of the instance. but i can also get values of other instances, by sending in a message. and that ' s why we have that form right there. and then it glued all together. if you think about this for a second, you might say, wait a minute, actually you might have said wait a minute a while ago, why am i just using the variable name there in the function over here? well in fact, i could ' ve used the function here, first name open close, right? it would have done the same thing. but because i know i ' m inside the instance, it ' s perfectly reasonable to just look up the value. ok, i could have, although i don ' t want you to do it, have done the same thing there and used underbar, sorry, first name underbar, sorry, first underbar name, but that ' s really breaking this contract that i want to happen. i should send the message to get the method back out. so again the standard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5357889756251337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.557641"}
{"text": "there and used underbar, sorry, first name underbar, sorry, first underbar name, but that ' s really breaking this contract that i want to happen. i should send the message to get the method back out. so again the standard practices is if you know you ' re inside the object, you can just access the values. if you ' re doing it with any other objects, send it a message to get it out. ok, now, that gives you an ability to say, let ' s look at one more example here, and then we ' re going to start building our hierarchy, which is, that this person can also sing. and we ' ve got a little sing method here. and notice what it does, it ' s going to sing to somebody, i guess you ' re part of the chorallaries. you ' re going to sing something, and notice what it does, it ' s simply going to use its say method, but add at the end of whatever ' s being said, just tra la la at the end. so this is now an example of a method using another method. why would you want that? it ' s nice modularly. i have one method that ' s doing saying, i have another method that ' s just building on it. so if i have is person sing to themselves, not a highly recommended activity, it would help if i had it sing to itself, not sing to sing, sorry about that. notice what it does. looks like exactly like a say method, except it ' s got tra la la at the end. don ' t worry i ' m not going to sing to you. i ' ll simply say the words. power of this, other than the silly examples. you see how i can access variables of the instance, how i can access variables of other instances, going to come back to that, and how i can use versions of my own methods to implement other methods. in this case sing is using say as part of what it wants to get out. ok, so we got a simple little example. now, let ' s start adding some other pieces to this. ok, and what do i want to add. find my spot here. ok, we ' re going to add an mit person. sorry, machine is - - do this, let ' s go down. ok so i ' m going to add an mit person. look at the code for second. aha! notice what this says. mit person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.531414644402858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.558453"}
{"text": "to add an mit person. sorry, machine is - - do this, let ' s go down. ok so i ' m going to add an mit person. look at the code for second. aha! notice what this says. mit person says it inherits from person. that is, that ' s the first thing in parens up there. it says, you know, class of mit person is person. what that is saying is, that this is a specialization of the person class. or another way of saying it is, we have a super class, in this case it ' s person. and we have a subclass, in this case its mit person. and we ' re going to walk through some examples, but what it says is that that subclass of mit person can inherit the attributes of the person class. can inherit the methods, it can inherit variables. ok, what does mit person do? well, here ' s 1 of the new things it does. it has a local variable called next id num, which is initially set to 0. see that up there. and then it ' s got some methods, it ' s got an init method, a get id method, a few other things. ok, let ' s run this. in particular, i go back down to this one. let me just uncomment this and do it here. assuming my machine will do what i want it to do, which it really doesn ' t seem to want to do today. try one more time. thank you, yep. still not doing it for me, john. ok, we type it. no idea what python doesn ' t like me today, but it doesn ' t. so we ' re gonna define p 1, i ' ve lost my keyboard, indeed i have. try one more time. p 1 mit person, see how fast i can type here - - ok, now, let ' s look at what the code does, because again it ' s going to highlight some things. i called mit person, push this up slightly, it ' s going to create an instance down here, i called p 1. and when i would do that, i ' m gonna initialize it. so i ' ve got, right up here, an initializer, init for mit person, takes in the family name and the first name. notice what it does. huh. it says, if i ' m sitting here at mit person, i ' m going to go up and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5103205870055321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.559261"}
{"text": "here, an initializer, init for mit person, takes in the family name and the first name. notice what it does. huh. it says, if i ' m sitting here at mit person, i ' m going to go up and inherit from person its init function and call it. and what am i calling it on? i ' m calling it on self, which is pointing to this object, so i ' ve still got it, and then i ' m then going to apply the base initialization. and that does exactly what you ' d expect, which is just going to create a binding for family name down here. as well as some other things. so this is an example of inheritance. mit person inherits the init method from person, can get access to by simply referring to it, and i refer to it right there. and it ' s take the person class, get its init and apply it to my instance plus those things. so i ' m just using the same piece of code notice the second thing it does. it says inside of self, i ' m going to bind the local variable id name to the value of next id name in mit person. self is down here, id num, sorry, not id name. i ' m going to bind that to the value that i find my going up to here, which is 0, and having done that, i simply increment that value. ok? so what has this done? it says i now have captured in the class, a local variable that i can keep track of. and when i use it, every time i generate an example, let me build another one. i make p 2 another mit person. ok, i can do things like saying, what is the id number for each of these. first one is 0, second one is 1, which makes sense, right? i ' m just incrementing a global variable. now, things i want you to see about this. now that i ' ve got a beginning of a hierarchy, i have this notion of inheritance. i can ask a function inside one class to use a function from a class that it can reach by going up the chain. i just did it there. i can ask it to go get values of variables, right, so that looks good. what else do we have in person or mit person? well, we can get the id number, we just did. we have a thing to do with this string. notice it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5392047718485042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.560742"}
{"text": "get values of variables, right, so that looks good. what else do we have in person or mit person? well, we can get the id number, we just did. we have a thing to do with this string. notice it ' s going to print out something a little different. in fact, there ' s a kind of funky form there. which just says, if i want to print it out, i ' m gonna create, what this says to do is, i ' m gonna create an output template that has that structure to it, but where i see that percent s i ' m going to substitute this value for the first one, that value for the second. so if i say, what is p 1? it says ok, mit person fred smith. on the other hand, if i said, what is per, which is that thing i build earlier, it had a different string method, which is just print out person, those pieces. all right, one last piece to this and we ' re going to add to it. suppose i want fred to say something. say something to jane. ok, he said it. where ' s the say method? ok, fred is an instance of an mit person. where ' s the say method? well, there isn ' t one there, but again, that ' s where the hierarchy comes in. fred is this object here, i ' m sending it the message say. that turns into going up the chain to this object, which is the class object, and saying find a say method and apply it to that instance. fudge - knuckle, it ain ' t here. don ' t worry about it, because it says if i can ' t find one there, i ' m going to go up the chain to this method, sorry to this class, and look for a method there. which there was one, i have a say method. it ' s going to use that say method. apply to it. well, you might say, ok, what happens if it isn ' t there? well, that ' s where, remember i defined person to be an instance of an object, it will go up the chain one last time to the base object in python to see is there a method there or not. probably isn ' t a say method for an object, so at that point it ' s going to raise an exception or throw an error. but now you again see this idea that the inheritance lets you capture methods. now you might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5505312030273455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.561703"}
{"text": "there or not. probably isn ' t a say method for an object, so at that point it ' s going to raise an exception or throw an error. but now you again see this idea that the inheritance lets you capture methods. now you might say, why not just put a say method inside of mit person? well, if you wanted it to do something different, that would be the right thing to do. but the whole notion here ' s that i ' m capturing modularity, i ' ve got base methods up in my base class. if i just want to use them i ' m just going to inherit them by following that chain, if you like, basically up the track. ok, so we ' ve got an mit person, we can use that. let ' s add a little bit more to our hierarchy here. i ' m going to create, if i can do this right, a specialization of an mit person, which is an undergraduate. a special kind of mit person. all right, so if i go back up here, even though my thing is not going to let me do it, let ' s build an undergraduate. ok, there ' s the class definition for an undergrad. we ' re just starting to see some of the pieces, right, so in an undergraduate, where am i here, an undergraduate. ok, it ' s also got an initialization function. so if i call undergrad, i ' m gonna make an undergrad here, again let me go back down here, line ug 2 it ' s making undergrad, jane doe. now, what happens when i do the initialization here? notice what goes on. it simply calls the person initialization method. all right, so i ' m down here. i ' m going to call the person initialization method, what did do? sorry, the mit person method, it calls the person method. just walking up the chain, that ' s going to do exactly what i did with all the other ones, so i now have a family name and a first name. so i can, for example, say family name and get it back out. all right? and then, other things that i can do, well i can set what year the person ' s in, i can figure out what year they ' re in, there ' s this unfortunate overflow error if you ' ve hung around too long, but that ' s not going to happen to you. and i ' ve now got a say method", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5511048802016172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.562585"}
{"text": "in, i can figure out what year they ' re in, there ' s this unfortunate overflow error if you ' ve hung around too long, but that ' s not going to happen to you. and i ' ve now got a say method here, so let ' s look what happens if i ask the undergraduate to say something. ok, it ' s not a realistic dialogue i know, but, what did this method do? i asked this object to do a say. and notice what it does. it simply passes it back up to mit person. there ' s that inheritance again. it ' s saying, i ' m going to have my base say method say something. i ' m going to say it to a person, but all i ' m going to do because undergraduates in my experience, at least, are always very polite, i ' m going to put \" excuse me but \" at the front of it. ok, what am i trying to show you here? i know the jokes are awful, but what am i trying to show you here? that i can simply pass up the chain to get it. in fact, what method does the final say here? what class does it come from? person class, yes, thank you. it goes all the way up to person, right, because mit person didn ' t have a say. so i can simply walk up the chain until i find the method i want to have. now this is an example of shadowing. not a great example, but it ' s a beginning example of shadowing, in that this same method for an undergraduate, shadows the base say method, it happens to call it, but it changes it. it puts \" excuse me but \" at the front, before it goes on to do something. now again, i could have decided here to actually copy what the original say method did, stitch all the other things together. but again, that loses my modularity. i ' d really to only have to change it in one place. so by putting my say method up in person, i can add these nuances to it, and it lets me have something that has that variation. if i decide i want to change what say does, i only have to change it in one place. it is in the person class definition, and everything else will follow through for free. ok, so now i ' ve got an undergrad, right? let ' s look at a couple of variations of what happens here. so first of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.532795238032953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.563458"}
{"text": ". it is in the person class definition, and everything else will follow through for free. ok, so now i ' ve got an undergrad, right? let ' s look at a couple of variations of what happens here. so first of all, i can - - yes? professor 2 : shadowing here is often sometimes called overriding. professor : yes, thank you, because i ' m going to do a pure example of shadowing in a second, john right. also called overriding. part of the reason i like the phrase shadow is, if you think about it as looking at it from this direction, you see this version of init before you see the other ones, or you see that version of say, but it is overriding the base say example. ok, so i can say, what does p 1, sorry, yes, what does undergrad look like? and i said wait a minute, mit person, not undergrad, is that right? well, where ' s the str method? i didn ' t define one in undergrad, so it again tracks up the chain and finds the str method here, so it ' s ok undergrads are mit people most the time, so it ' s perfectly fine. ok, now, i have built into this also these cmp methods. so i ' ve got two examples. i ' ve got undergrad, or ug. and then i ' ve got poor old frank foobar back there, per person. so suppose i want to compare them? what do you think happens here? compare sounds weird, right, i compare an undergraduate to a person. i don ' t know what that ' s doing, some kind of weird psychological thing, but what do you think happens in terms of the code here if i run this. i know it ' s a little hard because you got a lot of code to look at. do i have a cmp method defined somewhere? yeah. so, it ' s hard to know what it ' s going to do, but let ' s look at it. hmm. now sometimes i type things and i got errors i don ' t expect, this one i did expect. so what happened here? well let ' s talk about what happens if i do that comparison i was doing, what was i doing? ug greater than per? what unwinds into is, i ' m going to send to ug, that instance, a cmp method. this is really going to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5794155076412661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.564293"}
{"text": "if i do that comparison i was doing, what was i doing? ug greater than per? what unwinds into is, i ' m going to send to ug, that instance, a cmp method. this is really going to become something like ug dot under under cmp under under applied to per. i think that ' s close. what does that do? it says starting in ug, i ' m going to look for the first cmp method i could find, which is actually sitting here. i had a cmp method in mit person. if you look at your code, what does it do? it looks up the id numbers to compare them. well the, ug has an id number because it was created along this chamber. remember per over here was just created as a person. it doesn ' t have an id number, so that ' s why it complaints. ok, happens if i do that? compare per to ug. how many people think i get an error? wow. how many people think i ' m going to get either true or false out of this? a few brave hands. why? can i ask you, please? why do you think i ' m going to get a, doesn ' t matter whether it ' s true or false, why am i going to have something work this time that didn ' t work last time? professor : yeah, exactly. and in case you didn ' t hear it, thank you, great answer, sorry, terrible throw. in this case i ' m using per, that ' s the first part, so it ' s not symmetric. it ' s gonna use per to do the look up. and as it was said there, per over here goes up and finds a cmp method here which it can apply. in that case, it simply looked at, remember, it took the tuples of first and last name which are both defined here, and did some comparison on that. so this is a way of again pointing out to you that the things are not always symmetric, and i have to be careful about where do i find the methods as i want to use them. ok? all right. let ' s add, i ' m gonna do two more classes here. let ' s add one more class, some people debate whether these are really people or not, but we ' re going to add a class called a professor. ok. now what am i doing? i ' m creating another version of class down here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5539308422253088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.565087"}
{"text": "let ' s add one more class, some people debate whether these are really people or not, but we ' re going to add a class called a professor. ok. now what am i doing? i ' m creating another version of class down here. which again is an instance, or a subclass, sorry, not an instance, a subclass of an mit person. i see that because i built it to be there. again i ' ve got an initialization that ' s going to call the person initialization, which we know is going to go up - - i keep saying that - - going to call the mit person initialization, which is going to go up and call this one. so again i ' m going to be able to find names. and i do a couple of other different things here. i ' m gonna pass in a rank, full professor, associate professor, assistant professor, which i ' m just going to bind locally. but i ' m gonna add one other piece here, which is i ' m gonna add a little dictionary on teaching. so when i create a professor, i ' m gonna associate with it a dictionary that says, what have you been teaching? and then notice the methods i create. i ' ve got a method here called add teaching, takes, obviously a pointer to the instance. a term, which will just be a string, and a subject. and let ' s look at what it does right here. ok. in fact the call i ' m going to make, i ' m not certain i ' m going to be able to get away with it, my machine is still wonderfully broken, all right, it is, let me just show you what the calls would look like. as you can see here i ' m not going to be able to do them. but i ' m going to add teaching, as a method call with this with a string for term, and a subject number. what is this going to do? yeah, i know i ' m just worried if i restart python, i may not be able to pull the thing back in, so i ' m going to try and wing it, john, and see if i can make it happen. right, what does that teaching do? it ' s got one of those try except methods. so what does it say it ' s going to do? it ' s going to go into the dictionary associated with teaching, under the value of term, and get out a list. and it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5288936087643646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.566033"}
{"text": "s got one of those try except methods. so what does it say it ' s going to do? it ' s going to go into the dictionary associated with teaching, under the value of term, and get out a list. and it ' s going to append to the end of the list the new subject. so it ' s going to be stored in there, is then going to be term, and a list of what i taught, in case i teach more than one thing each term. it ' s going to do that, but notice it ' s a try. if in fact there is no term currently in the dictionary, started out empty, it ' s going to throw an error, sorry, not throw an error, it ' s going to raise an exception. which is a key error, in which case notice what i ' m going to do, i ' m not going to treat it as an error. i ' m simply going to say, in that case, just start off with an empty, with an initial list with just that subject in and put it in the dictionary. as i add more things in, i ' ll just keep adding things to this dictionary under that term. and if i want to find out what i ' m doing, well i can use get teaching, which says given the term, find the thing in the dictionary under that term and return it. if i get an error, i ' m going to raise it, which says there is nothing for that term, and in that case i guess i ' m just going to return none. ok? and then the other two pieces we ' re going to have here, and we want to look at a little more carefully, i just wanted to show you that example, is a professor can lecture, and a professor can say something. look at the say method, because this now add one more nuance to what we want to do here. and i think in interest of making this go, let me actually, since i ' m not going to get my machine to do this right, let me create a couple of professors. if i look at what that is, it ' s an mit person because i didn ' t have any separate string thing there, and we will create a more important professor. what rank do you want, john? do you want to stay full? professor 2 : undergraduate. professor : undergraduate, right, a lot more fun i agree. sorry about that, and we can again just see what that looks like.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5357379180985211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.566863"}
{"text": "professor. what rank do you want, john? do you want to stay full? professor 2 : undergraduate. professor : undergraduate, right, a lot more fun i agree. sorry about that, and we can again just see what that looks like. and that of course, we ' ll print out, he ' s also an mit person. but now here ' s what i want to do. i want to say something to my good colleague professor guttag. actually i ' m going to start a separate - - i ' m going to say something to a smart undergraduate. so if i say, remember we have ug defined as an undergraduate, let me do something a little different here. well let, me do it that way. it says, i don ' t understand why you say you were enjoying 6. 00. not a good thing to say, right, but if i say to my good colleague professor guttag. i have to spell say right, i know, i need help with this, what can i say? we flatter each other all the time. it ' s part of what makes us feel good about ourselves. why is the sky blue? i enjoyed your paper, but why is the sky blue? ok, terrible examples, but what ' s going on here? one more piece that i want to add. here ' s my say method for professor, and now i ' m actually taking advantage of to whom i am saying something. notice again, what does it do? there ' s the self argument, that ' s just pointing to the instance of me. i ' m passing in another argument, going to call it to who, in one case it was ug, in one case it was guttag. and then the thing i want to say, ah, look what it does, it says, check the type. and the type is going to take that instance, i had an instance, for example, of a professor down here, and it ' s going to pick up what type of object it is. so if the type of the person i ' m speaking to is undergrad, let ' s pause for second. remember i started away back saying we ' re building abstract data types. well, here ' s a great example of how i ' m using exactly that, right? i ' ve got int, i ' ve got float, i now have ug, it ' s a type. so it ' s says if the object to whom i ' m speaking is an under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6007583432066488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.567692"}
{"text": "i ' m using exactly that, right? i ' ve got int, i ' ve got float, i now have ug, it ' s a type. so it ' s says if the object to whom i ' m speaking is an undergrad, then use the same method from person where i ' m going to put this on the front. on the other hand, if the object to whom i ' m speaking is a professor, then i ' m going to tag this on the front and use the underlying say method. on the other hand, if i ' m speaking to somebody else, i ' m just going to go lecture. all right, and when a professor lectures, they just put it ' s obvious on the end of things, as you may have noticed. what ' s the point i want you to see here? i ' m now using the instances to help me to find what the code should do. i ' m looking at the type. if the type is this, do that. if the type is this, do something different, ok? and i can now sort of build those pieces up. ok, i said one more class. notice what we ' re doing. i know they ' re silly examples, but, sorry, they are cleverly designed examples to highlight key points. what i ' m trying to do is show you how we have methods inherit methods, how have message shadow methods, how we have methods override methods, how we can use instances as types to define what the method should do. let me show you one last class, because i ' m gonna have one more piece that we want to use. and the last class is, sort of, once you ' ve got a set of professors, you can have an aggregate of them. and i don ' t know, if a group of geese are gaggle, i don ' t know what a set of professors are, john. flamers? i, you know, we ' ve got to figure out what the right collective noun here is. we ' re going to call them a faculty for lack of a better term, right? now the reason i want to show you this example is, this class, notice, it only is going to inherit from object. it actually makes sense. this is going to be a collection of things, but it ' s not a subclass of a particular kind of person. and what i want the faculty to do, is to be able to gather together a set of faculty. so if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5489037494325483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.568537"}
{"text": "sense. this is going to be a collection of things, but it ' s not a subclass of a particular kind of person. and what i want the faculty to do, is to be able to gather together a set of faculty. so if i go down here, grab this for second, and pull it down so you can see it. it looks like i ' m not going to be able to run this because my machine is broken, but basically i ' m gonna define a set of professors, and then i ' m gonna create a new class called faculty. there ' s the definition of it. it ' s got an init. you can kind of see what it does. it ' s going to set up an internal variable called names, which is initially an empty list, internal variable called ids, which is empty, an internal variable called members, which is empty, and another special variable called place, which we ' re going to come back to in a second, initially bound to none. ok, i ' ve got a method called add which i ' m going to use down here to add professors to the course 6 faculty. here ' s what i want to add to do. first of all, notice i ' m going to check the type. if this is not a professor, i ' m gonna raise an error, a type error, it ' s the wrong type of object to pass in. the second thing i ' m gonna do is say, if that ' s okay, then let me go off and get the id number. now remember, that ' s right up here, so i ' m asking the instance of the professor to go up and get the id number. and i want to make sure i only have one instance of each professor in my faculty, so if the id number is in the list of ids already, i ' m going to raise an error, sorry, raise an exception as well, saying i ' ve got a duplicate id. ok? and the reason that ' s going to come up is, notice what i do now. inside of the instant self, i take the variable names and i add to it the family name of the person i just added. ok, notice the form. i ' m using the method, there ' s the parens to get the family name of the person. i ' m just adding it to the list. i ' ve got the id number, i ' ve added the ids, and i add the object itself into members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5470539301032439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.569377"}
{"text": ", there ' s the parens to get the family name of the person. i ' m just adding it to the list. i ' ve got the id number, i ' ve added the ids, and i add the object itself into members. so as i do this, what am i doing? i ' m creating a list, actually several lists : a list of ids, a list of the actual instances, and a list of the family names. and as a cost i want to add, that ' s why i can check and see, is this in here already or not? now, the last reason i want to do this is, i want to be able to support things like that. this is now different, right, this instance is a collection. i want to be able to do things like, for all the things in that collection, do something, like print out the family names. and to do that, i need two special forms : iter and next. ok, now let me see if i can say this cleanly. whenever i use a for, in structure, even if it was on just a normal list you built, what python is doing is returning an, what is called an iterator. which is something that we talked earlier. it ' s keeping track of where are you in the list, and how do i get to the next thing in the list? i ' m going to do the same thing here, and i ' m going to create it for this particular structure. so this little thing iter, when i call a for something in, one of these instances, it calls iter, and notice what it does. it initializes place to 0. that was that variable i had up there. that ' s basically saying i ' m at the beginning of the list. it ' s a pointer to the beginning of the list, and it returns self. just gives me back a pointer to the instance. that now allows me at each step in that loop to call next. and what does next do? next says, check to see if that value is too long, if it ' s longer than, for example, the list of names, raise an exception called stop iteration, which the for loop will use to say ok, i ' m done. i ' m going to break out of the for loop. otherwise, what am i going to do? i ' ll increment place by 1, that ' s going to move me to the next place in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5018399394584298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.570373"}
{"text": "ok, i ' m done. i ' m going to break out of the for loop. otherwise, what am i going to do? i ' ll increment place by 1, that ' s going to move me to the next place in the list, and then in this case i ' ll just return the instance itself, right? members is a list of instances, place i ' ve incremented by 1, i take 1 off of it, i get to it. so iter and next work together. iter creates this method, that ' s going to give you a pointer to the place in the structure, and then next literally walks along the structure giving you the next element and returning elements in turn so you can do something with it. right, so now what that says is, i can have classes that just have local variables. i can have classes that get methods from other variables, and i can also have classes that are collections. and i ' ve supported that by adding in this last piece. ok once you have all of that, in principle we could start doing some fun things. so let ' s see what happens if we try and make all of this go. and let me, since i ' m not going to be able to run it, let me simply do it this way. if i have my undergraduate, ug. i can - - sorry, let ' s not do it that way - - i can have undergraduate say things like - - all right, what did i just do wrong here? do i not have undergrad defined? i do. oh, i didn ' t have grimson, sorry, it ' s me, isn ' t it? thank you. the undergraduate very politely asks why he didn ' t understand, you can have the professor respond. again, it simply puts a different thing into there. on the other hand, if professor guttag asks me something about understanding, i say i really like this paper on, you do not understand, it ' s a deep paper on programming languages 5, i think, john, isn ' t it? what else can you do with this thing, right? you can have an undergraduate talk to an undergraduate, in which case they ' re still polite. or you could have - - sorry, let me do that the other way - - you could also have an undergraduate simply talk to a normal person. all right, but the good news is you know eventually you get it done, and when you ' re really done you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5693466819988855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.571183"}
{"text": "- - sorry, let me do that the other way - - you could also have an undergraduate simply talk to a normal person. all right, but the good news is you know eventually you get it done, and when you ' re really done you can have the undergraduate be really happy about this, and so she sings to herself. ok it ' s a little silly, but notice what we ' ve just illustrated. and this is where i want to pull it together. with a simple set of classes, and the following abilities, an ability to inherit methods from subclasses, sorry from superclasses, that is having this hierarchy of things. i can create a fairly complex kind of interaction. i can take advantage of the types of the objects to help me decide what to do. and if you think about that, i know it sounds very straightforward, but you would do exactly that if you were writing earlier code to deal with some numerical problem. all right, if the thing is an integer, do this, if it ' s a float, do that, if it ' s a string, do something else. i ' m now giving you exactly the same ability, but the types now can be things that you could create. and what i ' ve also got is now the ability to inherit those methods as they go up the chain. so another way of saying it is, things that you want to come away from here, are, in terms of these classes. we now have this idea of encapsulation. i ' m gathering together data that naturally belongs as a unit, and i ' m gathering together with it methods that apply to that unit. just like we would have done with float or int. ideally, we data hide, we don ' t happen to do it here, which is too bad. basically we ' ve got the idea of encapsulation. the second thing we ' ve got is this idea of inheritance. inheritance both meaning i can inherit attributes or field values. i can inherit methods by moving up the chain. i can also the shadow or override methods, so that i can specialise. and i do all of that with this nice hierarchy of classes. so what hopefully you ' ve seen, between these two lectures, and we ' re going to come back to it in some subsequent lectures, is that this is now a different way of just structuring a computational system. now, you ' ll also get arguments, polite arguments from faculty members or other experts about which is a better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5785061330300745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:356021a3-01be-42dc-ae50-e22e74e8edfd>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.571993"}
{"text": "on monday the american library association will announce the winner of its highest award for a picture book, named for the great english illustrator randolph caldecott ( 1846 \u2013 1886 ). why was caldecott so important? here \u2019 s an answer from maurice sendak, who won the caldecott medal for where the wild things are : \u201c caldecott \u2019 s work heralds the beginning of the modern picture book. he devised an ingenious juxtaposition of picture and word, a counterpoint that had never happened before. words are left out \u2013 but the picture says it. pictures are left out \u2013 but the word says it. in short, it is the invention of the picture book. \u201d * * * \u201c my favorite example of caldecott \u2019 s fearless honesty is the final page of hey diddle diddle. after we read, \u2018 and the dish ran away with the spoon, \u2019 accompanied by a drawing of the happy couple, there is the shock of turning the page and finding a picture of the dish broken into ten pieces \u2013 obviously dead \u2013 and the spoon being hustled away by her angry parents. there are no words that suggest such an end to the adventure ; it is purely a caldecottian invention. apparently, he could not resist enlarging the dimensions of this jaunty nursery rhyme by adding a last sorrowful touch. \u201d maurice sendak in caldecott & co. : notes on books & pictures ( farrar, straus and giroux, 1988 ), a collection of sendak \u2019 s reviews and other writing for adults. the first quote comes from his essay \u201c randolph caldecott \u201d and the second from his acceptance speech for the 1964 caldecott medal. sendak is one of the few great picture - book artists who is also a great critic. caldecott & co. has only a dozen pages of pictures but doesn \u2019 t need more, because sendak makes you see books without them. ( c ) 2008 janice harayda. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.419056488656661, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58173a97-2e2e-475a-a66c-15b07e6cedae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.576429"}
{"text": "a main character \u2019 s name often gives you the first clue to what a novel is \u201c about, \u201d especially when it \u2019 s also the title of the book. a good example turns up in olive kitteridge, the collection of linked short stories that won the 2009 pulitzer prize for fiction. a just - picked olive is as bitter \u2014 and the color olive is as drab \u2014 as the title character of the book appears at first to be. the salt added during curing removes the bitterness just as love, the salt in this book, removes some of olive \u2019 s. in ireland a kitter is a left - handed person. and olive is at least metaphorically left - handed : she \u2019 s out of sync with others in her coastal town in maine. a surname database says of kitter : \u201c this is an olde english or anglo - saxon pre 10th century name which derives from the word \u2018 cyta \u2019 and is a nickname of the medieval period generally given to one of fairly violent attitudes. \u201d olive \u2019 s views of life are \u201c fairly violent, \u201d especially in the first story, when they are so angry they verge on caricature. may 29, 2009 what \u2019 s in a character \u2019 s name? \u2018 olive kitteridge \u2019 leave a comment \u00bb no comments yet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49680201360983745, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13555330-9462-4be5-bb21-d21bfedac74b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.578299"}
{"text": "talk : 20. 109 ( f12 ) pre - proposal : engineering viral magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermic cancer therapy - this is a brainstorming page. you are very welcome to write any crazy / non - crazy / inventive / conventional / knowledgeable ideas or information you may have about our project. some key words : magnetic nanoparticles ( mnp ), viruses, magnetic hyperthermia, bioengineering what is magnetic hyperthermia? how it works? under an alternating magnetic field, mnp releases heat due to relaxation of magnetic moments ( hysteresis ). this can cause an increase in temperature to the range of 41c to 47c. since tumor cells are more heat sensitive than normal cells, they will be killed by this thermal dissipation. here is an interesting tidbit from a paper i was reading : \" in addition to the expected tumor cell death, hyperthermia treatment has also induced unexpected biological responses, such as tumor - specific immune responses as a result of heat - shock protein expression. these results suggest that hyperthermia is able to kill not only local tumors exposed to heat treatment, but also tumors at distant sites, including metastatic cancer cells. \" ( kobayashi ) - clinical trials in prostate cancer - shows promising results when coupled with irradiation on breast cancer ( mouse ) current limitations ( this information will help us shape and define the problem. ) ( 1 ) to achieve the necessary rise in temperature with minimal dose of mnp. - in other words, this means : - high specific loss power / specific absorption rate ( slp ) of the mnp. - why is higher applied dosage bad? > leads to unnecessary heat dissipation ( 2 ) lack of knowledge about the metabolism, clearance, and toxicity of mnp. biomedical potentials of mnp - could be used as early detection for the following using mri : - drug delivery - cellular labeling and tissue targeting - purifying and separating cells and dnas - transfection by magnetic nanoparticles - tissue repair - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) types of relevant viruses 1. tobacco mosaic virus ( tmv ) - 18nmx300nm, helical - can withstand high temperatures up to 50c for 30mins ( conventional hyperthermia involves heating up to 50c from an external source - safe for human consumption - mann group has active research on it - 2130 molecules of coat protein 2. m13 bacteriophage -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5791850518690027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02670295-3a47-4d18-b098-38a53e1f91ab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.585179"}
{"text": "50c for 30mins ( conventional hyperthermia involves heating up to 50c from an external source - safe for human consumption - mann group has active research on it - 2130 molecules of coat protein 2. m13 bacteriophage - 6. 6nmx880nm, helical ( length is too long - pose an issue in targeting cells ) - lots of research done by the belcher group, including attaching mnps to m13 for imaging purposes - we are familiar with the system 3. cowpea chlorotic mottle virus ( ccmv ) - 26nm, icosahedral 4. cowpea mosaic virus ( cpmv ) - 27nm, icosahedral 5. brome mosaic virus ( bmv ) - 28nm, icosahedral 6. turnip yellow mosaic virus ( tymv ) - 30nm, icosahedral current work in viral mnp attachment attachment of mnps to m13 phage for in vivo imaging of prostate cancer what we propose to do see flowchart sketch. - identifying / screening for appropriate virus vehicles and tumor - specific anchoring sequencse - developing / engineering viral mnps - in vivo testing for efficacy of engineered vmnps in mouse tumor cells. we will start with using ferritin ( fe3o4 ) as the mnp. stage 1 : virus hunt - we need to investigate how the selected virus ( likely one of the following : tmv, m13, ccmv, cpmv, bmv or tpmv ) interacts with mammalian cells in vivo. stage 2 : screening for mnp binding site on virus - we will start by using fe3o4 as our mnp of interest. with this, a protein coat screen of the selected virus for a protein coat that can bind with our mnp is necessary. stage 3 : screening for tumor - specific sequence binding site on virus - we need to do a protein coat or rna screen of the virus for a region that can bind with a tumor - specific peptide sequence. if necessary, we might need to screen tumors for unique short sequences on their cell surfaces. stage 4 : virus engineering - we can now engineer wild - type viruses using specific protein coats or rna regions isolated in stage 2 and 3 to produce the viral mnp of interest. stage 5 : in vivo testing - perform an in vivo experiment by injecting the engineered viral mnps into the circulatory system of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5335740497521136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02670295-3a47-4d18-b098-38a53e1f91ab>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.586080"}
{"text": "specific protein coats or rna regions isolated in stage 2 and 3 to produce the viral mnp of interest. stage 5 : in vivo testing - perform an in vivo experiment by injecting the engineered viral mnps into the circulatory system of mice that have developed tumors. by subjecting these mice to an alternating magnetic field under standard hyperthermia conditions and measuring the change in tumor size, we will be able to quantify the efficacy of using viral mnps in magnetic hyperthermia. - experimenting with double layer mnp to increase response - target other cancerous cells - experiment with other types of viruses quantitative goals ( we can quantify with ic50 value ) - currently, with the aid of 10gy radiation, the hyperthermia treatment successfully accumulated less than 0. 3mg fe / g tissue. dosage : 0. 2mg fe per gram of mouse. say mouse is 25g, so 5mg total dosage injected. so 1 % efficiency with the aid of radiation. ( mnp sizes used : 70nm and 120nm ; murine flank breast tumors were 150mm3 ) from http : / / manalis - lab. mit. edu / publications / grover % 20pnas % 202011. pdf, we estimated that a typical cell has an average density of 1. 1g / ml. since the murine flank breast tumors were 150mm3, and 0. 25mg fe / g of tumor was detected in the tumors, we can calculate that only a total of 0. 0495mg of fe is accumulated in the tumors. this gives a % efficacy of 1 %. - south korean experiment : 75ug of mnps were injected. - from belcher lab ' s paper, what is the % efficacy of using m13? - \" the actual rotations of the nanoparticles are disordered because the microviscosity of the local environment in cancer cells is not constant, and effective elasticity depends on the binding conditions between nanoparticles and membranes. \" - but this is actually present because when treatment is done with individual mnps, one side of the mnp is always bound to the targeted cell, so direction is never constant! - gupta ak, naregalkar rr, vaidya vd, and gupta m. recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. future medicine. 2007. 2 ( 1 ), 23 - 39. - bakoglidis kd, simeonidis k", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5526477194873298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02670295-3a47-4d18-b098-38a53e1f91ab>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.586953"}
{"text": "##d, and gupta m. recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. future medicine. 2007. 2 ( 1 ), 23 - 39. - bakoglidis kd, simeonidis k, sakellari d, g. stefanou, and angelakeris m. size - dependent mechanisms in ac magnetic hyperthermia response of iron - oxide nanoparticles. ieee transactions on magnetics. 2012. 48 : 1320 - 1323. - great layman ' s way of explaining magnetic hyperthermia http : / / trialx. com / curetalk / 2012 / 11 / cancer - treatment - multifunctional - magnetic - nanoparticles - for - molecular - imaging - and - hyperthermia / - a. j. giustini, a. a. petryk, s. m. cassim, j. a. tate, i. baker, p. j. hoopes. magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia in cancer treatment. nano life 2010 ; 01 : 17. - d. ghosh, y. lee, s. thomas, a. g. kohli, d. s. yun, a. m. belcher, k. a. kelly. m13 - templated magnetic nanoparticles for targeted in vivo imaging of prostate cancer. nat. nanotechnol. 2012 ; 7 ( 10 ) : 677 \u2013 82. - add more references as deem appropriate 11 / 29 from professor angela belcher : - look at nature nano belcher lab paper - need to do very good characterization of materials using tem, elemental analysis, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5351593298846593, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02670295-3a47-4d18-b098-38a53e1f91ab>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.587483"}
{"text": "sleep apnea is a condition in which breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep. the time period for which the breathing stops or decreases is usually between 10 and 30 seconds. when these episodes occur repeatedly, sleep apnea can seriously disrupt the quality of sleep. there are three types of respiratory events : - obstructive apnea \u2014 caused by a temporary, partial, or complete blockage of the airway - central apnea \u2014 caused by a temporary failure to make an effort to breathe - mixed apnea \u2014 combination of the first two types these factors increase your chance of developing sleep apnea. tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors : - sex : male - large neck circumference - age : middle to older age - family history of apnea structural abnormalities of the nose, throat, or other part of the respiratory tract. examples include : - severely enlarged tonsils - deviated nasal septum - medicines : sedatives and sleeping aids - alcohol consumption - fatigue and sleepiness during waking hours - loud snoring - breathing that stops during the night ( noticed by the partner ) - repeated waking at night - unrefreshing sleep - morning headaches - poor concentration or problems with memory - irritability or short temper people with chronic untreated sleep apnea may be at risk for : an overnight sleep study is used to help diagnose sleep apnea. overnight sleep study ( polysomnography ) this test helps detect the presence and severity of sleep apnea. during sleep, it measures your : - eye and muscle movements - brain activity ( electroencephalogram ) - heart rate - breathing ( pattern and depth ) - percent saturation of your red blood cells with oxygen there are a number of treatment options for sleep apnea, including : - lose weight if you are overweight. - avoid using sedatives, sleeping pills, alcohol, and nicotine, which tend to make the condition worse. - try sleeping on your side instead of your back. - place pillows strategically so you are as comfortable as possible. - for daytime sleepiness, practice safety measures, such as avoiding driving or operating potentially hazardous equipment. continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap ) entails wearing a mask over your nose and / or mouth during sleep. an air blower forces enough constant and continuous air through your air passages to prevent the tissues from collapsing and blocking the airway. in some cases, dental appliances that help keep the tongue or jaw in a more forward position may help. in some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5219509739253574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da610566-65f7-4f92-a0b9-cbf818d8ece0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.590606"}
{"text": ". an air blower forces enough constant and continuous air through your air passages to prevent the tissues from collapsing and blocking the airway. in some cases, dental appliances that help keep the tongue or jaw in a more forward position may help. in some cases, surgery may be recommended. it is most often beneficial in pediatric patients. types of surgery that may be done to treat severe cases of sleep apnea include : - uvulopalatopharyngoplasty \u2014 the doctor removes excess soft tissue from the nose and / or throat. - maxillomandibular advancement \u2014 the jawbone is repositioned forward. - tracheotomy \u2014 for life - threatening cases of sleep apnea, an opening is made in the windpipe to allow for normal breathing. bariatric surgery may help with weight loss in some people who are obese. this surgery may reduce many of the complications that are related to obesity, including sleep apnea. only used in central apnea, acetazolamide ( diamox ) may help improve the ability to regulate breathing. overall, there is not a lot of evidence to support the use of medicines to treat sleep apnea. supplemental oxygen may be given if blood levels of oxygen fall too low during sleep, even after opening the airway. you may be able to prevent the onset of sleep apnea by maintaining a healthy weight. avoid alcohol, nicotine, and sedatives, which may contribute to airway obstruction. - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 93 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40906416237920507, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da610566-65f7-4f92-a0b9-cbf818d8ece0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.591196"}
{"text": "kristensen, hanne l. and thorup - kristensen, kristian ( 2006 ) roots below one meters depth are important for nitrate uptake by annual crops. [ r\u00f8dder under 1 meters dybde er vigtige for et - arige afgr\u00f8ders optagelse af nitrat. ] in : cd - rom \" the american society of agronomy - crop science society of america - soil science society of america international annual meetings, november 12 - 16, 2006, indianapolis, usa. no. 205 - 9., cd - rom \" the american society of agronomy - crop science society of america - soil science society of america international annual meetings, november 12 - 16, 2006, indianapolis, usa., no. abstract no. 205 - 9.. the root depths of annual crops vary from 0. 2 m to more than 2 m depending on root growth rate and length of growing season. however, studies of root growth and n uptake are often restricted to a depth of 1 m or less, as root biomass is assumed to be negligible below this depth. we have studied the importance of root growth and n uptake to a depth of 2. 5 m in fully grown field vegetables and cover crops by use of minirhizotrons and deep point placement of 15n. deep rooted crucifereous crops were found to have high root densities to a depth of 1. 5 - 2 m and high 15n uptake to this depth. the work shows that knowledge of the interactions between root growth and soil n below a depth of 1 m are important to understand crop n uptake and nitrate leaching from agro - ecosystems. | eprint type : | | conference paper, poster, etc. | | type of presentation : | | paper | | subjects : | | soil > nutrient turnover | crop husbandry > crop combinations and interactions crop husbandry > production systems > vegetables | research affiliation : | | denmark > darcof iii ( 2005 - 2010 ) > vegqure - organic cropping systems for vegetable production | denmark > au - aarhus university > au, djf - faculty of agricultural sciences | deposited by : | | kristensen, ph. d. hanne l. | | deposited on : | | 28 nov 2007 | | last modified : | | 12 apr 2010 07 : 35 | | refereed : | | peer - reviewed and accepted | repository staff only : item control page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4858619003342365, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2b3502d-1c86-4ed7-9c72-a55bc162b976>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.595061"}
{"text": "we had a running joke in science ed that kids get so overexposed to discrepant events involving density and air pressure that they tend to try to explain anything and everything they don ' t understand with respect to science in terms of those two concepts. why do we have seasons? ummm... air pressure? why did dr. smith use that particular research design? ummm... density? i think we need another catch - all explanation. i suggest index of refraction. to simplify greatly, index of refraction describes the amount of bending a light ray will undergo as it passes from one medium to another ( it ' s also related to the velocity of light in both media, but i do want to keep this simple ). if the two media have significantly different indices, light passing from one to the other at an angle ( not perpendicularly, in which case there is no bending ) will be bent more than if indices of the two are similar. the first four data points are from hyperphysics, the final one from wikipedia... glass has a wide range of compositions and thus indices of refraction. water at 20 c : 1. 33 typical soda - lime glass : close to 1. 5 since glycerine and glass have similar ior, light passing from one to the other isn ' t bent ; as long as both are transparent and similarly colored, each will be effectively \" invisible \" against the other. so, why does it rain? umm... index of refraction? a bright moon impact 12 hours ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6049736594975766, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7eeb7ef3-3122-42f0-86c8-01da8f3d7396>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.596474"}
{"text": "by justin moyer the washington post \u2014 defense secretary leon panetta signed an order thursday allowing women the same opportunities as men to serve in combat, including formerly off - limits assignments on attack submarines and in the navy seals. just two weeks before the announcement, researchers from san diego ' s naval health research center published a study suggesting that some recent mothers deployed on the battlefield may be more prone to depression after seeing action. \" women who deploy and report combat - associated exposures after childbirth are significantly more likely to screen positive for maternal depression than are women who did not deploy after childbirth, \" concluded the study, titled \" is military deployment a risk factor for maternal depression? \" and appearing in the journal of women ' s health. \" it is also possible, \" the report noted, \" that giving birth and leaving a young child, in addition to the experience of combat, contribute to postdeployment depression. \" the study included eight co - authors, five of them associated with the naval health research center, a research and development laboratory within the department of defense. it was based on surveys of more than 1, 600 women who \" gave birth during active duty service. \" not all branches of the armed forces showed the same results. \" participants who served in the army had an increased risk of maternal depression ; army service members tend to be deployed longer and more frequently than personnel serving in the navy and air force, \" the study found. of course, you don ' t have to be a mom to experience depression on the front line. the report points out that \" the increased rate of depression is primarily attributed to experiencing combat while deployed, \" not just to whether a solider is also a parent.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43994306421670537, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a5aeb9f-2d6c-45df-aca0-8ea28cde7f62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.598061"}
{"text": "an introduction to 127. 0. 0. 1 127. 0. 0. 1 is an ip address utilized for a looplock network connection. what does this mean? if a user tries to connect to this ip address, they will be sent back to their computer. the address is also known as a localhost. the localhost is the computer. how the localhost works if the command is relayed to the localhost, you would be hooked up to the system where the commands were sent out. for instance, suppose the computer is called \" joker \". if you telnet from the joker computer to the localhost, a message will appear. it will attempt to hook up to the localhost is employed in lieu of the computer hostname to be linked to. this ip address is the most wisely used localhost address. however, you can actually use any ip address provided it starts with 127. this means 127. *. *. * can be used as a localhost. establishing a connection with the loopback address is similar to creating a connection with remote network computers. the only difference is you don ' t have to deal with network for this reason it is widely utilized by software developers. it is also used by system administrators. it is often used for testing programs and apps. if the connection is ipv4, the computer ' s loopback address will be the 127. *. *. *. the subnet mask is typically 255. 0. 0. 0. this ip addresses 127. *. *. *. are defined in rfc 330 as special - use ipv4 addresses. the 127. 0. 0. 0 / 8 block is defined as the net host loopback address. if a higher level protocol sends a datagram anywhere in the block, it will be looped in the host. this is typically implemented with the 127. 0. 0. 1 / 32 for looplock. however, addresses in the block must not be visible anywhere else in the network. there is also a localhost ipv6 version. in rfc 3513, it is defined as internet protocol version 6 ( ipv6 ) addressing architecture : : 1 / 128. more information about the localhost in simple terms, the localhost means the computer. it is the hostname allocated loopback network interface address. the name is likewise a domain name. this will help prevent confusion with the hostname definition. in ipv6, the loopback ip address", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5361481604594478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cfb12fb-ebfd-4e6a-8720-c551d7e97801>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.601386"}
{"text": "municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self - governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. with the notable exception of the city of london corporation, the term has fallen out of favour in the united kingdom, but the concept remains central to local government in the united kingdom, as well as former british colonies such as india and canada. municipal charters a city charter or town charter ( generically, municipal charter ) is a legal document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. the concept developed in europe during the middle ages and is considered to be a municipal version of a constitution. traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system. townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. towns were often \" free \", in the sense that they were directly protected by the king or emperor, and were not part of a feudal fief. today the process for granting charters is determined by the type of government of the state in question. in monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the crown or the state authorities acting on behalf of the crown. in federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the lower level of government such as a state or province. by country in brazil, municipal corporations are called municipios and are created by means of local legislation at state level, or after passing a referendum vote of the affected population. all municipal corporations must also abide by an organic municipal law which is passed and amended ( when needed ) at municipal level. in canada charters are granted by provincial authorities. in germany, municipal corporations existed since antiquity and through medieval times, until they became out of favour during the absolutism. in order to strengthen the public spirit the city law of prussia dated 19 november 1808 picked up this concept. it is the basis of today ' s municipal law. in india a municipal corporation is a local government body that administers a city of population 10, 00, 000 or more. under the panchayati raj system, it interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of the district it is located in. the largest municipal corporations in india currently are mumbai, followed by delhi, kolkata, bangalore, chennai, hyderabad, ahmedabad, surat and pune. the corporation of chennai is the oldest municipal corporation in the world outside uk. the municipal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4926328769070609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff2d2b6b-aa78-4bda-ba69-e90f18d28bfb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.605340"}
{"text": "is located in. the largest municipal corporations in india currently are mumbai, followed by delhi, kolkata, bangalore, chennai, hyderabad, ahmedabad, surat and pune. the corporation of chennai is the oldest municipal corporation in the world outside uk. the municipal corporation consists of members elected from the wards of the city. the mayor and deputy mayor are elected by the public. a municipal commissioner, who is from the indian administrative service is appointed to head the administrative staff of the municipal corporation, implement the decisions of the corporation and prepare its annual budget. the municipal corporation is responsible for roads, public transportation, water supply, records of births and deaths ( delegated from central government births and deaths registration act ), sanitation that includes waste management, sewage, drainage and flood control, public safety services like fire and ambulance services, gardens and maintenance of buildings. the sources of income of the corporation are property tax, entertainment tax, octroi ( now abolished from many cities ) and usage fees for utilities. republic of ireland in ireland, municipal corporations existed in boroughs since medieval times. the corporation of dublin, officially styled the right honourable the lord mayor, aldermen, and burgesses of the city of dublin had existed since the 13th century. corporations were established under the royal charter establishing the city or borough. the municipal corporations ( ireland ) act 1840 abolished all but ten of the boroughs and their corporations. the local government ( ireland ) act 1898 created two different types of borough, county boroughs had essentially equal status to counties - these comprised dublin, cork, limerick, and waterford ( as well as belfast and derry, which are now in northern ireland ). the other boroughs were non - county boroughs. the local government act 2001 abolished the title of municipal corporation. corporations of county boroughs ( renamed cities ) were renamed city councils. non county boroughs were abolished, but those towns which were previously non - county boroughs were allowed to use the title of borough council. royal charters remain in force for ceremonial and civic purposes only. south africa from the beginning of american colonial rule, philippines cities were formally established through laws enacted by the various national legislatures in the country. the philippine commission gave the city of manila its charter in 1901, while the city of baguio was established by the philippine assembly which was composed by elected members instead of appointed ones. during the commonwealth era, the national assembly established an additional ten cities. since achieving independence from the united states in 1946 the philippine congress has established 124 more cities ( as of september 2007 ), the majority of which required the holding of a pleb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40688976917919445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff2d2b6b-aa78-4bda-ba69-e90f18d28bfb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.606334"}
{"text": "| gallium metal is silver - white and melts at approximately body temperature ( wikipedia image ). | | atomic number : | | 31 | | atomic radius : | | 187 pm ( van der waals ) | | atomic symbol : | | ga | | melting point : | | 29. 76 \u00b0c | | atomic weight : | | 69. 72 | | boiling point : | | 2204 \u00b0c | | electron configuration : | | [ ar ] 4s23d104p1 | | oxidation states : | | 3 | from the latin word gallia, france ; also from latin, gallus, a translation of \" lecoq, \" a cock. predicted and described by mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by lecoq de boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in koh. gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much 1. 5 percent gallium. it is one of four metals - - mercury, cesium, and rubidium - - which can be liquid near room temperature and, thus, can be used in high - temperature thermometers. it has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures. there is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification. ultra - pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. the metal expands 3. 1 percent on solidifying ; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, because they may break as the metal solidifies. high - purity gallium is attacked only slowly by mineral acids. gallium wets glass or porcelain and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass. it is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid - state devices such as transistors. magnesium gallate containing divalent impurities, such as mn + 2, is finding use in commercial ultraviolet - activated powder phosphors. gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low - melting alloys.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5180905403226441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:317a0fc8-b8f1-4147-a9ac-f69a1f176048>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.608628"}
{"text": "from oxford university press : there is a broad consensus among scholars that the idea of human rights was a product of the enlightenment but that a self - conscious and broad - based human rights movement focused on international law only began after world war ii. in this narrative, the nineteenth century ' s absence is conspicuous - - few have considered that era seriously, much less written books on it. but as jenny martinez shows in this novel interpretation of the roots of human rights law, the foundation of the movement that we know today was a product of one of the nineteenth century ' s central moral causes : the movement to ban the international slave trade. originating in england in the late eighteenth century, abolitionism achieved remarkable success over the course of the nineteenth century. martinez focuses in particular on the international admiralty courts, which tried the crews of captured slave ships. the courts, which were based in the caribbean, west africa, cape town, and brazil, helped free at least 80, 000 africans from captured slavers between 1807 and 1871. here then, buried in the dusty archives of admiralty courts, ships ' logs, and the british foreign office, are the foundations of contemporary human rights law : international courts targeting states and non - state transnational actors while working on behalf the world ' s most persecuted peoples - - captured west africans bound for the slave plantations of the americas. fueled by a powerful thesis and novel evidence, martinez ' s work will reshape the fields of human rights history and international human rights law. - forces us to fundamentally rethink the origins of human rights activism - filled with fascinating stories of captured slave ship crews brought to trial across the atlantic world in the nineteenth century - shows how the prosecution of the international slave trade was crucial to the development of modern international law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5035230322533706, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec191471-6e59-4d54-afce-3997eab364e0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.611030"}
{"text": "phantom phone calls ospri. net - alleged contact with the dead has occurred universally throughout history, taking various forms ; as dreams, waking visions and auditory hallucinations, either spontaneous or induced through trance. in many cultures, the spirits of the dead have been sought for their wisdom, advice and knowledge of the future. the dead also seem to initiate their own communication, using whatever means seem to be most effective. with the advent of electromagnetic technology, mysterious messages have been communicated by telegraph, wireless, phonographs and radio. a curious phenomenon of modern times is the communication via the telephone. phone calls from the dead seem to be random and occasional occurrences that happen without explanation. the great majority are exchanges between persons who shared a close emotional tie while both were living : spouses, parents and children, siblings, and occasionally friends and other relatives. most communications are \" intention \" calls, initiated by the deceased to impart a message, such as farewell upon death, a warning of impending danger, or information the living needs to carry out a task. for example, actress ida lupino ' s father, stanley, who died intestate in london during world war ii, called lupino six months after his death to relate information concerning his estate, the location of some unknown but important papers. some calls appear to have no other purpose than to make contact with the living ; many of these occur on emotionally charged \" anniversary \" days, such as mothers day or fathers day, a birthday or holiday. in a typical \u201d anniversary \u201d call, the dead may do nothing more than repeat a phrase over and over, such as \" hello, mom, is that you? \" persons who have received phone calls from the dead report that the voices are exactly the same as when the deceased was living, furthermore, the voice often uses pet names and words. the telephone usually rings normally, although some recipients say that the ring sounded flat and abnormal. in many cases, the connection is bad, with a great deal of static and line noise, and occasionally the faint voices of the other persons are heard, as though lines have been crossed. in many cases, the voice of the dead one is difficult to hear and grows fainter as the call goes on. sometimes, the voice just fades away but the line remains open, and the recipient hangs up after giving up on further communication. sometimes the call is terminated by the dead and the recipient hers the click of disengagement, other times, the line simply goes dead. the phantom phone calls typically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5255609301479602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6d4bada-2535-41ff-b2c6-f0357a52e392>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.616031"}
{"text": "line remains open, and the recipient hangs up after giving up on further communication. sometimes the call is terminated by the dead and the recipient hers the click of disengagement, other times, the line simply goes dead. the phantom phone calls typically occur when the recipient is in a passive state of mind. if the recipient knows the caller is dead, the shock is great and the phone call very brief, invariably, the caller terminates the call after a few seconds or minutes, or the line goes dead. if the recipient does not know the caller is dead, a lengthy conversation of up to 30 minutes or so may take place, during which the recipient is not aware of anything amiss. in a minority of cases, the call is placed person - to - person, long - distance with the assistance of a mysterious operator. checks with the telephone company later turn up no evidence of a call being places. similar phone calls from the dead are \" intention \" phone calls occurring between two living persons. such calls are much rarer than calls from the dead. in a typical \" intention \" call, the caller thinks about making the call but never does, the recipient nevertheless receives a call. in some cases, emergencies precipitate phantom calls, a surgeon is summoned by a nurse to the hospital to perform an emergency operation, a priest is called by a \" relative \" to give last rites to a dying man and so forth. some persons who claim to have had ufo encounters report receiving harassing phantom phone calls. the calls are received soon after the witness returns home, or within a day or two of the encounter, in many cases, the calls come before the witness has shared the experience with anyone, stranger still, they are often placed to unlisted phone numbers. the unidentified caller warns the witness not to talk and to \" forget \" what he or she saw. phone calls allegedly may be placed to the dead as well. the caller does not find out until sometime after the call that the person on the other end has been dead. in one such case, a woman dreamed of a female friend she had not seen for several years. in the disturbing dream, she witnessed the friend sliding down into a pool of blood. upon awakening, she worried that the dream was a portent of trouble, and called the friend. she was relieved when the friend answered. the friend explained that she had been in the hospital, had been released and was due to be readmitted in a few days. she demurred when the woman offered to visit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5128792166649556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6d4bada-2535-41ff-b2c6-f0357a52e392>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.616957"}
{"text": "and called the friend. she was relieved when the friend answered. the friend explained that she had been in the hospital, had been released and was due to be readmitted in a few days. she demurred when the woman offered to visit, saying she would call later. the return call never came. the woman called her friend again, to be told by a relative that the friend has been dead for six months at the time the conversation took place. in several cases studied by researchers, the deceased callers make reference to an anonymous \u201d they \u201d and caution that there is little time to talk. the remarks imply that communication between the living and the dead is not only difficult, but not necessarily desirable. most phone calls from the dead occur within 24 hours of the death of the caller. most short calls come from those who have been dead seven days or less : most lengthy calls come from those who have been dead several months. one of the longest death - intervals on record is two years. in a small number of cases, the callers are strangers who say they are calling on behalf of a third party, whom the recipient later discovered is dead. several theories exist as to the origin of phantom phone calls. ( 1 ) they are indeed placed by the dead, who somehow manipulate the telephone mechanisms and circuitry : ( 2 ) they are deceptions of elemental - type spirits who enjoy playing tricks on the living : ( 3 ) they are psychokinetic acts caused subconsciously by the recipient, whose intense desire to communicate with the dead creates a type of hallucinatory experience : ( 4 ) they are entirely fantasy created by the recipient. for the most part, phantom phone calls are not seriously regarded by parapsychologists. in the early 20th century, numerous devices were built by investigators in hopes of capturing ghostly voices : many of them were modifications of the telegraph and wireless. thomas alva edison, whose parents were spiritualists, believed that a telephone could be invented that would connect the living to the dead. he verified that he was working on such a device, but apparently it never was completed before his death. \" psychic telephone \" experiments were conducted in the 1940 ' s in england and america. interest in the phenomenon waned until the 1960 \u2019 s, following the findings of konstantin raudive that ghostly voices could be captured on electromagnetic tape.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5290522403649642, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6d4bada-2535-41ff-b2c6-f0357a52e392>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.617921"}
{"text": "researchers at ut southwestern medical center have found that fluctuations in internal body temperature regulate the body ' s circadian rhythm, the 24 - hour cycle that controls metabolism, sleep and other bodily functions. a light - sensitive portion of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( scn ) remains the body ' s \" master clock \" that coordinates the daily cycle, but it does so indirectly, according to a study published by ut southwestern researchers in the oct. 15 issue of science. the scn responds to light entering the eye, and so is sensitive to cycles of day and night. while light may be the trigger, the ut southwestern researchers determined that the scn transforms that information into neural signals that set the body ' s temperature. these cyclic fluctuations in temperature then set the timing of cells, and ultimately tissues and organs, to be active or inactive, the study showed. scientists have long known that body temperature fluctuates in warm - blooded animals throughout the day on a 24 - hour, or circadian, rhythm, but the new study shows that temperature actually controls body cycles, said dr. joseph takahashi, chairman of neuroscience at ut southwestern and senior author of the study. \" small changes in body temperature can send a powerful signal to the clocks in our bodies, \" said dr. takahashi, an investigator with the howard hughes medical institute. \" it takes only a small change in internal body temperature to synchronize cellular ' clocks ' throughout the body. \" daily changes in temperature span only a few degrees and stay within normal healthy ranges. this mechanism has nothing to do with fever or environmental temperature, dr. takahashi said. this system might be a modification of an ancient circadian control system that first developed in other organisms, including cold - blooded animals, whose daily biological cycles are affected by external temperature changes, dr. takahashi said. \" circadian rhythms in plants, simple organisms and cold - blooded animals are very sensitive to temperature, so it makes sense that over the course of evolution, this primordial mechanism could have been modified in warm - blooded animals, \" he said. in the current study, the researchers focused on cultured mouse cells and tissues, and found that genes related to circadian functions were controlled by temperature fluctuations. scn cells were not temperature - sensitive, however. this finding makes sense, dr. takahashi said, because if the scn, as the master control mechanism, responded to temperature cues, a disruptive feedback loop could result, he said. explore further : now we know why old scizoph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5631787932852734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:896eff09-96fc-4a88-806f-0afe2beec059>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.620193"}
{"text": "major section : break - rewrite example : ( brr @ : target ) ; the term being rewritten ( brr @ : unify - subst ) ; the unifying substitutionwhere general form : ( brr @ : symbol ) : symbolis one of the following keywords. those marked with * probably require an implementor ' s knowledge of the system to use effectively. they are supported but not well documented. more is said on this topic following the table. : symbol ( brr @ : symbol ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - in general : target the term to be rewritten. this term is an instantiation of the left - hand side of the conclusion of the rewrite - rule being broken. this term is in translated form! thus, if you are expecting ( equal x nil ) - - and your expectation is almost right - - you will see ( equal x ' nil ) ; similarly, instead of ( cadr a ) you will see ( car ( cdr a ) ). in translated forms, all constants are quoted ( even nil, t, strings and numbers ) and all macros are expanded. : unify - subst the substitution that, when applied to : target, produces the left - hand side of the rule being broken. this substitution is an alist pairing variable symbols to translated (! ) terms. : wonp t or nil indicating whether the rune was successfully applied. ( brr @ : wonp ) returns nil if evaluated before : evaling the rule. : rewritten - rhs the result of successfully applying the rule or else nil if ( brr @ : wonp ) is nil. the result of successfully applying the rule is always a translated (! ) term and is never nil. : failure - reason some non - nil lisp object indicating why the rule was not applied or else nil. before the rule is : evaled, ( brr @ : failure - reason ) is nil. after : evaling the rule, ( brr @ : failure - reason ) is nil if ( brr @ : wonp ) is t. rather than document the various non - nil objects returned as the failure reason, we encourage you simply to evaluate ( brr @ : failure - reason ) in the contexts of interest. alternatively, study the acl2 function tilde -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5569912078052003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:460fe123-8906-4320-9cc8-f581b79ced1f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.625217"}
{"text": "t. rather than document the various non - nil objects returned as the failure reason, we encourage you simply to evaluate ( brr @ : failure - reason ) in the contexts of interest. alternatively, study the acl2 function tilde - @ - failure - reason - phrase. : lemma * the rewrite rule being broken. for example, ( access rewrite - rule ( brr @ : lemma ) : lhs ) will return the left - hand side of the conclusion of the rule. : type - alist * a display of the type - alist governing : target. elements on the displayed list are of the form ( term type ), where term is a term and type describes information about term assumed to hold in the current context. the type - alist may be used to determine the current assumptions, e. g., whether a is a consp. : ancestors * a stack of frames indicating the backchain history of the current context. the theorem prover is in the process of trying to establish each hypothesis in this stack. thus, the negation of each hypothesis can be assumed false. each frame also records the rules on behalf of which this backchaining is being done and the weight ( function symbol count ) of the hypothesis. all three items are involved in the heuristic for preventing infinite backchaining. exception : some frames are ` ` binding hypotheses ' ' ( equal var term ) or ( equiv var ( double - rewrite term ) ) that bind variable var to the result of rewriting term. : gstack * the current goal stack. the gstack is maintained by rewrite and is the data structure printed as the current ` ` path. ' ' thus, any information derivable from the : path brr command is derivable from gstack. for example, from gstack one might determine that the current term is the second hypothesis of a certain rewrite rule. brr @ - expressionsare used in break conditions, the expressions that determine whether interactive breaks occur when monitored runes are applied. see monitor. for example, you might want to break only those attempts in which one particular term is being rewritten or only those attempts in which the binding for the variable ais known to be a consp. such conditions can be expressed using acl2 system functions and the information provided by brr @. unfortunately, digging some of this information out of the internal data structures may be awkward or may, at least", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5898317157849992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:460fe123-8906-4320-9cc8-f581b79ced1f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.626106"}
{"text": "hibiscus rosa - sinensis ' the path ' chinese hibiscus, tropical hibiscus among the showiest flowering plants. plants typically bear funnel - shaped blossoms, often with prominent stamens. the many species offer a wide range of flower colors. probably from tropical asia ; tropical hibiscus has been in cultivation for centuries, and is among the most flamboyant flowering shrubs. it reaches 30 ft. tall and 15 to 20 ft. wide in hawaii, but more typical size on mainland is 8 to 15 ft. tall, 5 to 8 ft. wide. glossy leaves vary somewhat in size and texture depending on variety. growth habit may be dense and dwarfish or loose and open. summer flowers are single or double, 4 to 8 in. wide. colors range from white through pink to red, from yellow and apricot to orange. individual flowers last only a day, but the plant blooms continuously. provide overhead protection where winter lows frequently drop below 30\u00b0f / - 1\u00b0c. where temperatures go much lower, grow in containers and shelter indoors over winter ; or treat as annual, setting out fresh plants each spring. hibiscus also makes a good houseplant. this shrub requires excellent drainage ; if necessary, improve soil for best drainage or set plants in raised beds or containers. can be used as screen, espalier, or specimen. to develop good branch structure, prune poorly shaped young plants when you set them out in spring. to keep a mature plant growing vigorously, prune out about a third of old wood in early spring. pinching out tips of stems in spring and summer increases flower production. all varieties susceptible to aphids. there are thousands of selections. ' the path ' gorgeous, ruffled, single, buttercup yellow flowers with a bright pink center on a bushy, upright shrub that grows 6 \u2013 8 ft. tall, 4 \u2013 5 ft. wide. large, frilly, single, bright orange flowers with white central eye edged in red. strong - growing, erec... double golden flowers with petals that shade to carmine orange toward base. plant is bushy and upright... this 6 \u2013 8 ft. - tall variety has big, single, soft pink flowers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42732785501583204, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5277efa-9a67-4a7c-b0ba-6e91839cf993>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.630355"}
{"text": "outside of the academic environment, a harsh and seemingly ever - growing debate has appeared, concerning how mass media distorts the political agenda. few would argue with the notion that the institutions of the mass media are important to contemporary politics. in the transition to liberal democratic politics in the soviet union and eastern europe the media was a key battleground. in the west, elections increasingly focus around television, with the emphasis on spin and marketing. democratic politics places emphasis on the mass media as a site for democratic demand and the formation of \u201c public opinion \u201d. the media are seen to empower citizens, and subject government to restraint and redress. yet the media are not just neutral observers but are political actors themselves. the interaction of mass communication and political actors \u2014 politicians, interest groups, strategists, and others who play important roles \u2014 in the political process is apparent. under this framework, the american political arena can be characterized as a dynamic environment in which communication, particularly journalism in all its forms, substantially influences and is influenced by it. according to the theory of democracy, people rule. the pluralism of different political parties provides the people with \u201c alternatives, \u201d and if and when one party loses their confidence, they can support another. the democratic principle of \u201c government of the people, by the people, and for the people \u201d would be nice if it were all so simple. but in a medium - to - large modern state things are not quite like that. today, several elements contribute to the shaping of the public \u2019 s political discourse, including the goals and success of public relations and advertising strategies used by politically engaged individuals and the rising influence of new media technologies such as the internet. a naive assumption of liberal democracy is that citizens have adequate knowledge of political events. but how do citizens acquire the information and knowledge necessary for them to use their votes other than by blind guesswork? they cannot possibly witness everything that is happening on the national scene, still less at the level of world events. the vast majority are not students of politics. they don \u2019 t really know what is happening, and even if they did they would need guidance as to how to interpret what they knew. since the early twentieth century this has been fulfilled through the mass media. few today in united states can say that they do not have access to at least one form of the mass media, yet political knowledge is remarkably low. although political information is available through the proliferation of mass media, different critics support that events are shaped and packaged, frames are constructed by politicians and news caste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47264778843356636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e07102a9-36b0-40bd-b081-74ec346f923a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.633274"}
{"text": "for many years, unesco and china have collaborated closely in the field of world heritage. among the 35 chinese properties on the world heritage list, there are 25 cultural, 6 natural and 4 mixed sites. china is working with the countries of central asia ( kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, turkmenistan and uzbekistan ) on a serial world heritage nomination of the silk roads. like the country itself, china \u2019 s intangible cultural heritage is of extremely vast. the kun qu opera was proclaimed a masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity in 2001, and the guqin and its music in 2003. the uyghur muqam of xinjiang and the urtiin duu \u2013 traditional folk long song ( the latter was submitted together with mongolia ) were awarded this distinction in 2005. a number of field projects have been devoted to endangered languages. with regard to cultural diversity, the cultural approach to the prevention and treatment of hiv and aids is being studied by officials. crafts that make it possible to maintain traditional techniques - frequently the preserve of women - as well as community economic development are being promoted in some regions. china also collaborates with unesco in the area of dialogue through the programme on intercultural dialogue in central asia. in the framework of this programme, china is a member of the international institute for central asian studies, which was created to encourage intellectual cooperation among the member states of the region.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4804827705325034, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc55b8b0-4ef7-4eb4-bd14-4eaf3e257462>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.634773"}
{"text": "the bible gives us a clear picture of foolish behavior and its consequences. it \u2019 s important for us to recognize these traits in others \u2014 and in ourselves. dealing appropriately with people who behave foolishly requires prayer and wisdom. but remember, that foolish person is not in your life by accident, and you can by god \u2019 s grace respond to him or her in a christ - like manner. characteristics of foolish behavior 1. denying, disregarding, or rebelling against god. the fool says in his heart \u201c there is no god \u201d ( psalm 14 : 1 ). 2. slandering, lying, deceiving the one who conceals hatred has lying lips, and whoever utters slander is a fool 3. quick - tempered a fool shows his annoyance at once, but a prudent man overlooks an insult ( proverbs 12 : 16 ). 4. acts impetuously and without regard for consequences in everything the prudent acts with knowledge, but a fool flaunts his folly. ( proverbs 13 : 16 ). one who is wise is cautious and turns away from evil, but a fool is reckless and careless. 5. talks endlessly, brags, spouts off frequently. a fool takes no pleasure in understanding, but only in expressing his opinion the wise lay up knowledge, but the mouth of a fool brings ruin near. ( proverbs 10 : 14 ). a fool \u2019 s mouth is his ruin, and his lips are a snare to his soul. ( proverbs 18 : 7 ). 6. refuses advice, accountability and / or discipline a fool despises his father \u2019 s instruction, but whoever heeds reproof is prudent a rebuke goes deeper into a man of understanding than a hundred blows into a fool 7. handles money recklessly of what use is money in the hand of a fool, since he has no desire to get wisdom? in the house of the wise are stores of choice food and oil, but a foolish man devours all he has ( proverbs 21 : 20 ). 8. quarrels frequently, picks fights, is contentious fools get into constant quarrels ; they are asking for a beating ( proverbs 18 : 6 nlt ). a fool gives full vent to his anger, but a wise man keeps himself under control 9. lazy, lacks focus and ambition foolish people refuse to work and almost starve ( ecclesiastes 4 : 5 ). a wise person thinks much about death", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4445200568885315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:838d869f-2d2f-432a-b380-608aa039f4f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.639322"}
{"text": "fool gives full vent to his anger, but a wise man keeps himself under control 9. lazy, lacks focus and ambition foolish people refuse to work and almost starve ( ecclesiastes 4 : 5 ). a wise person thinks much about death, while the fool thinks only about having a good time now ( ecclesiastes 7 : 4 ). fools are so exhausted by a little work that they have no strength for even the simplest tasks ( ecclesiastes 10 : 15 ). 10. never learns from past experience as a do returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly ( proverbs 26 : 11 ). you cannot separate fools from their foolishness, even though you grind them like grain with mortar and pestle ( proverbs 27 : 22 ). how are we to respond to foolish behavior? 1. first and most importantly, we pray for them. 2. second, watch your attitude and motivation toward these foolish people : principle # 1 \u2013 don \u2019 t be surprised if they refuse good advice. don \u2019 t waste your breath on fools, for they will despise the wisest advice ( proverbs 23 : 9 ). principle # 2 \u2013 don \u2019 t give them honor or luxury. it is not fitting for a fool to live in luxury \u2013 how much worse for a slave to rule over princes! like snow in summer or rain in harvest, honor is not fitting for a fool ( proverbs 26 : 1 ). principle # 3 \u2013 don \u2019 t argue with foolish people. don \u2019 t have anything to do with foolish and stupid arguments, because you know they produce quarrels. and the lord \u2019 s servant must not quarrel ; instead, he must be kind to everyone, able to teach, not resentful ( 2 tim. 2 : 23 - 24 ). principle # 4 \u2013 protect yourself from the resentment and anger caused by foolish people. a stone is heavy and sand is weighty, but the resentment caused by a fool is heavier than both ( proverbs 27 : 3 ). stay away from a foolish man, for you will not find knowledge on his lips ( proverbs 14 : 7 ). are you encouraged here? i personally invite you to subscribe and get the latest posts sent to your inbox. also, connect with us on facebook and twitter and get updates that are not posted here on the blog. linking up with : the modest mom, we are now selling lilla rose! ( 30 % discount on soon to be retired items )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42488369307360163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:838d869f-2d2f-432a-b380-608aa039f4f0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.640145"}
{"text": "each year more than 4 million homeless pets are killed as a result of overpopulation, but families who adopt from animal shelters or rescue groups can help preserve these lives and support the growing trend of socially responsible holiday shopping. best friends animal society encourages families this holiday season to give the precious gift of life by adopting homeless pets rather than buying from breeders, pet stores or online retailers. also, resist the urge to surprise a friend or family member with a living gift. choosing the right pet is an extremely personal decision, one that should be made carefully by the adults who will be caring for the animal for its 15 - to 20 - year lifetime. instead, offer an adoption gift certificate paired with a basket of pet care items or stuffed animal for the holiday itself, and then let the person or family choose the actual pet that feels right to them. once you \u2019 ve decided to adopt, keep in mind that welcoming a pet into your life is a big decision and requires important preparation. best friends offers tips and advice to help make a smooth transition at home : * determine roles and responsibilities \u2013 before bringing home a new pet, discuss what roles and responsibilities each family member will take on. who will be in charge of feeding, walks, changing the litter box and taking your pet for regular visits to the vet? giving each family member a specific task will help everyone feel involved, especially young children. * prep the house \u2013 adding a pet to the house means adding new items to your shopping lists. for dogs, the basics are a collar and leash, chew toys, a kennel and dog bed. cats need a litter box and litter, a scratching post and a carrying crate for transportation. also don \u2019 t forget food and toys. * have your pet spayed / neutered \u2013 spaying or neutering is one of the greatest gifts you can provide your pet and community. it not only helps control the overabundance of pets, but can also help prevent medical and behavioral problems from developing. most shelters include this with the adoption package or can recommend a local veterinarian in your area, so check with the staff at the shelter before you leave. * research community rules and resources \u2013 do a little research on what identification ( tags, microchips, etc. ) you might need for your pet. scout out the local dog parks and runs for future outdoor fun, and make sure you know where emergency vet clinics or animal hospitals are located. * set limits \u2013 having pre - determined rules will create consistency in training and help make the home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4139697451388286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cefe5610-f57c-40d2-938e-5283619dbcb4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.645721"}
{"text": "taking play seriously by robin marantz henig published : february 17, 2008 on a drizzly tuesday night in late january, 200 people came out to hear a psychiatrist talk rhapsodically about play - - not just the intense, joyous play of children, but play for all people, at all ages, at all times. ( all species too ; the lecture featured touching photos of a polar bear and a husky engaging playfully at a snowy outpost in northern canada. ) stuart brown, president of the national institute for play, was speaking at the new york public library ' s main branch on 42nd street. he created the institute in 1996, after more than 20 years of psychiatric practice and research persuaded him of the dangerous long - term consequences of play deprivation. in a sold - out talk at the library, he and krista tippett, host of the public - radio program ' ' speaking of faith, ' ' discussed the biological and spiritual underpinnings of play. brown called play part of the ' ' developmental sequencing of becoming a human primate. if you look at what produces learning and memory and well - being, play is as fundamental as any other aspect of life, including sleep and dreams. ' ' the message seemed to resonate with audience members, who asked anxious questions about what seemed to be the loss of play in their children ' s lives. their concern came, no doubt, from the recent deluge of eulogies to play. educators fret that school officials are hacking away at recess to make room for an increasingly crammed curriculum. psychologists complain that overscheduled kids have no time left for the real business of childhood : idle, creative, unstructured free play. public health officials link insufficient playtime to a rise in childhood obesity. parents bemoan the fact that kids don ' t play the way they themselves did - - or think they did. and everyone seems to worry that without the chance to play stickball or hopscotch out on the street, to play with dolls on the kitchen floor or climb trees in the woods, today ' s children are missing out on something essential. the success of ' ' the dangerous book for boys ' ' - - which has been on the best - seller list for the last nine months - - and its step - by - step instructions for activities like folding paper airplanes is testament to the generalized longing for play ' s good old days. so were the questions after stuart brown ' s library talk ; one woman asked how her children will learn trust, empathy and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4925729008995502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:316c7af5-14e1-4d0b-9576-753e17ef2cc5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.649569"}
{"text": "step - by - step instructions for activities like folding paper airplanes is testament to the generalized longing for play ' s good old days. so were the questions after stuart brown ' s library talk ; one woman asked how her children will learn trust, empathy and social skills when their most frequent playing is done online. brown told her that while video games do have some play value, a true sense of ' ' interpersonal nuance ' ' can be achieved only by a child who is engaging all five senses by playing in the three - dimensional world. this is part of a larger conversation americans are having about play. parents bobble between a nostalgia - infused yearning for their children to play and fear that time spent playing is time lost to more practical pursuits. alarming headlines about u. s. students falling behind other countries in science and math, combined with the ever - more - intense competition to get kids into college, make parents rush to sign up their children for piano lessons and test - prep courses instead of just leaving them to improvise on their own ; playtime versus r? m? uilding. discussions about play force us to reckon with our underlying ideas about childhood, sex differences, creativity and success. do boys play differently than girls? are children being damaged by staring at computer screens and video games? are they missing something when fantasy play is populated with characters from hollywood ' s imagination and not their own? most of these issues are too vast to be addressed by a single field of study ( let alone a magazine article ). but the growing science of play does have much to add to the conversation. armed with research grounded in evolutionary biology and experimental neuroscience, some scientists have shown themselves eager - - at times perhaps a little too eager - - to promote a scientific argument for play. they have spent the past few decades learning how and why play evolved in animals, generating insights that can inform our understanding of its evolution in humans too. they are studying, from an evolutionary perspective, to what extent play is a luxury that can be dispensed with when there are too many other competing claims on the growing brain, and to what extent it is central to how that brain grows in the first place. scientists who study play, in animals and humans alike, are developing a consensus view that play is something more than a way for restless kids to work off steam ; more than a way for chubby kids to burn off calories ; more than a frivolous luxury. play, in their view, is a central part of neurological growth and development -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5357792738118983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:316c7af5-14e1-4d0b-9576-753e17ef2cc5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.650595"}
{"text": "financial accounting - ch 1 & 2 | four principal activities of business firms : | | 1. establishing goals and strategies | | what are the 2 sources financing comes from? | | 1. owners | | investments are made in the following : | | 1. land, buildings, equipment | 2. patents, licenses, contractual rights 3. stock and bonds of other organizations 5. accounts receivable | what are the 4 areas for conducting operations? | | 1. purchasing | | what are the 4 commonly used conventions in financial statements? | | 1. the accounting period | 2. the number of reporting periods 3. the monetary amounts 4. the terminology and level of detail in the financial statements | common financial reporting conventions, accounting period | | the length of time covered by the financial statements. ( the most common interval for external reporting is the fiscal year ). | | common financial reporting conventions, number of reporting periods | | the number of reporting periods included in a given financial statement presentation, both u. s. gaap and ifrs require firms to include results for multiple reporting periods in each report. | | common financial reporting conventions, monetary amounts | | this includes measuring units, like thousands, millions, or billions, and the currency, such as dollars ( $ ), euros ( \u20ac ), or swedish kronor ( sek ) | | common financial reporting conventions, terminology and level of detail in the financial statements | | u. s. gaap and ifrs contain broad guidance on what the financial statements must contain, but neither system completely specifies the level of detail or the names of accounts. therefore, some variation occurs. | | characteristics of a balance sheet | | a balance sheet : | 1. is also known as a statement of financial position ; 2. provides information at a point in time ; 3. lists the firm ' s assets, liabilities, and shareholders ' equity and provides totals and subtotals ; and 4. can be represented as the basic accounting equation. assets = liabilities + shareholders ' equity | accounting equation components | | 1. assets | 3. share holder ' s equity | assets | | assets are economic resources with the potential to provide future economic benefits to a firm. | examples : cash, accounts receivable, inventories, buildings, equipment, intangible assets ( like patents ) | liabilities | | liabilities are creditors ' claims for funds, usually because they have provided funds, or goods and services, to the firm. | examples : accounts payable, une", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4799755632168719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b12dbf-26a3-4290-b6e6-e08368916e2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.662425"}
{"text": "buildings, equipment, intangible assets ( like patents ) | liabilities | | liabilities are creditors ' claims for funds, usually because they have provided funds, or goods and services, to the firm. | examples : accounts payable, unearned income, notes payable, buildings, accrued salaries | shareholders ' equity | | shareholders ' equity shows the amounts of funds owners have provided and, in parallel, their claims on the assets of a firm. | examples : common stock, contributed capital, retained earnings | what are the separate sections on a balance sheet ( balance sheet classification ) | | 1. current assets represent assets that a firm expects to turn into cash, or sell, or consume within approximately one year from the date of the balance sheet ( i. e., accounts receivable and inventory ). | 2. current liabilities represent obligations a firm expects to pay within one year ( i. e., accounts payable and salaries payable ). 3. non - current assets are typically held and used for several years ( i. e., land, buildings, equipment, patents, long - term security investments ). 4. noncurrent liabilities and shareholders ' equity are sources of funds where the supplier of funds does not expect to receive them all back within the next year. | income statement | | 1. sometimes called the statement of profit and loss by firms applying ifrs | 2. provides information on profitability 3. may use the terms net income, earnings, and profit interchangeably 4. reports amounts for a period of time 5. typically one year 6. is represented by the basic income equation : net income = revenues - expenses | revenues | | ( also known as sales, sales revenue, or turnover, a term used by some firms reporting under ifrs ) measure the inflows of assets ( or reductions in liabilities ) from selling goods and providing services to customers. | | expenses | | measure the outflow of assets ( or increases in liabilities ) used in generating revenues. | | relationship between the balance sheet and the income statement | | 1. the income statement links the balance sheet at the beginning of the period with the balance sheet at the end of the period. | 2. retained earnings is increased by net income and decreased by dividends. | statement of cash flows | | the statement of cash flows ( also called the | cash flow statement ) reports information about cash generated from or used by : 2. investing, and 3. financing activities during specified time periods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5195382979152157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b12dbf-26a3-4290-b6e6-e08368916e2a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.663386"}
{"text": "and decreased by dividends. | statement of cash flows | | the statement of cash flows ( also called the | cash flow statement ) reports information about cash generated from or used by : 2. investing, and 3. financing activities during specified time periods. the statement of cash flows shows where the firm obtains or generates cash and where it spends or uses cash. | classification of cash flows | | 1. operations : | cash from customers less cash paid in carrying out the firm ' s operating activities cash paid to acquire noncurrent assets less amounts from any sale of noncurrent assets cash from issues of long - term debt or new capital less dividends | inflows and outflows of cash | | the relationship of the statement of cash flows to the balance sheet and income statement | | - the statement of cash flows explains the change in cash between the beginning and the end of the period, and separately displays the changes in cash from operating, investing, and financing activities. | - in addition to sources and uses of cash, the statement of cash flows shows the relationship between net income and cash flow from operations. | statement of shareholders ' equity | | this statement displays components of shareholders ' equity, including common shares and retained earnings, and changes in those components. | | other items in annual reports | | financial reports provide additional explanatory material in the schedules and notes to the financial statements. | | who are the 4 main groups of people involved with the financial reporting process | | 1. managers and governing boards of reporting entities. | 2. accounting standard setters and regulatory bodies. 3. independent external auditors. 4. users of financial statements. | what is the securities and exchange commission ( sec )? | | an agency of the federal government, that has the legal authority to set acceptable accounting standards and enforce securities laws. | | what is the financial accounting standards board ( fasb )? | | a private - sector body comprising five voting members, to whom the sec has delegated most tasks of u. s. financial accounting standard - setting. | | gaap | | 1. common terminology includes the pronouncements of the fasb ( and its predecessors ) in the compilation of accounting rules, procedures, and practices known as generally accepted accounting principles ( gaap ). | 2. recently, the fasb launched its codification project which organizes all of u. s gaap by topic ( for example, revenues ), eliminates duplications, and corrects inconsistencies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4451347102171058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b12dbf-26a3-4290-b6e6-e08368916e2a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.664321"}
{"text": "principles ( gaap ). | 2. recently, the fasb launched its codification project which organizes all of u. s gaap by topic ( for example, revenues ), eliminates duplications, and corrects inconsistencies. | fasb board members make standard - setting decisions guided by a conceptual framework that addresses : | | 1. objectives of financial reporting. | 2. qualitative characteristics of accounting information including the relevance, reliability, and comparability of data. 3. elements of the financial statements. 4. recognition and measurement issues. | sarbanes - oxley act of 2002. | | concerns over the quality of financial reporting have led, and continue to lead, to government initiatives in the united states. | sarbanes - oxley act of 2002 established the public company accounting oversight board ( pcaob ), which is responsible for monitoring the quality of audits of sec registrants. | international financial reporting standards ( ifrs ) | | - the international accounting standards board ( iasb ) is an independent accounting standard - setting entity with 14 voting members from a number of countries. standards set by the iasb are international financial reporting standards ( ifrs ). | - the fasb and iasb boards are working toward converging their standards, based on an agreement reached in 2002 and updated since then. | auditor ' s opinion | | firms whose common stock is publicly traded are required to get an opinion by an independent auditor who : | 1. assesses the effectiveness of the firm ' s internal control system for measuring and reporting business transactions 2. assesses whether the financial statements and notes present fairly a firm ' s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles | basic accounting conventions and concepts | | 1. materiality is the qualitative concept that financial reports need not include items that are so small as to be meaningless to users of the reports. | 2. the accounting period convention refers to the uniform length of accounting reporting periods. 3. interim reports are often prepared for periods shorter than a year. however, preparing interim reports does not eliminate the need to prepare an annual report. | cash vs. accrual accounting | | cash basis | a firm measures performance from selling goods and providing services as it receives cash from customers and makes cash expenditures to providers of goods and services. a firm recognizes revenue when it sells goods or renders services and recognizes expenses in the period when the firm recognizes the revenues that the costs helped produce.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4939910056680946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b12dbf-26a3-4290-b6e6-e08368916e2a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.665292"}
{"text": "and providing services as it receives cash from customers and makes cash expenditures to providers of goods and services. a firm recognizes revenue when it sells goods or renders services and recognizes expenses in the period when the firm recognizes the revenues that the costs helped produce. | what is an account? how do you name accounts? | | - an account represents an amount on a line of a balance sheet or income statement ( i. e., cash, accounts receivable, etc. ). | - there is not a master list to define these accounts since they are customized to fit each specific business ' s needs. - accountants typically follow a conventional naming system for accounts, which increases communication. | what accounts make up the typical balance sheet? | | current assets and current liabilities ( balance sheet classifications ) | | receipt or payment of assets that the firm expects will occur within one year or one operating cycle. | | noncurrent assets and noncurrent liabilities ( balance sheet classifications ) | | firm expects to collect or pay these more than one year after the balance sheet date. | | duality effects of the balance sheet equation ( assets = liabilites + shareholders ' equity ) | | any single event or transaction will have one of the following four effects or some combination of these effects : | 1. increase an asset and increase either a liability or shareholders ' equity. 2. decrease an asset and decrease either a liability or shareholders ' equity. 3. increase one asset and decrease another asset. 4. increase one liability or shareholders ' equity and decrease another liability or shareholders ' equity. a t - account is a device or convention for organizing and accumulating the accounting entries of transactions that affect an individual account, such as cash, accounts receivable, bonds payable, or additional paid - in capital. | t - account conventions : assets | | t - account conventions : liabilities | | t - account conventions : shareholders ' equity | | debit vs. credit | while t - accounts are useful to help analyze how individual transactions flow and accumulate within various accounts, journal entries formalize the reasoning that supports the transaction. the attached standardized format indicates the accounts and amounts, with debits on the first line and credits ( indented ) on the second line : | revenue or sales : | ( common income statement terms ) | assets received in exchange for goods sold and services rendered. | | cost of goods sold : | ( common income statement terms ) | the cost of products sold. | | selling, general, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47652528773237934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b12dbf-26a3-4290-b6e6-e08368916e2a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.666349"}
{"text": "or sales : | ( common income statement terms ) | assets received in exchange for goods sold and services rendered. | | cost of goods sold : | ( common income statement terms ) | the cost of products sold. | | selling, general, and administrative ( sg & a ) : | ( common income statement terms ) | costs incurred to sell products / services as well as costs of administration. | | research and development ( r & d ) expense : | ( common income statement terms ) | costs incurred to create / develop new products, processes, and services. | | interest income : | ( common income statement terms ) | income earned on amounts lent to others or from investments in interest - yielding securities. | | unique relationships exist between the balance sheet and the income statement | | important account differences | | 1. balance sheet accounts are permanent accounts in the sense that they remain open, with nonzero balances, at the end of the reporting period. | 2. in contrast, income statement accounts are temporary accounts in the sense that they start a period with a zero balance, accumulate information during the reporting period, and have a zero balance at the end of the reporting period. | the financial statement relationships can be summarized as : | - after preparing the end - of - period income statement, the accountant transfers the balance in each temporary revenue and expense account to the retained earnings account. - this procedure is called closing the revenue and expense accounts. after transferring to retained earnings, each revenue and expense account is ready to begin the next period with a zero balance. | expense and revenue transactions | | dividend declaration and payment | | issues of capital stock | | posting | | 1. after each transaction is recognized by a journal entry, the information is transferred in the accounting system via an activity known as posting. | 2. the balance sheet ledger accounts ( or permanent accounts ) where these are posted begin each period with a balance equal to the ending balance of the previous period. 3. the income statement ledger accounts ( or temporary accounts ) have zero beginning balances. | adjusting entries | | there are some journal entries that are not triggered by a transaction or exchange. | - rather, journal entries known as adjusting entries, result from the passage of time at the end of an accounting period or are used to correct errors ( more commonly known as correcting entries ). | four basic types of adjusting entries | | 1. unearned revenues | | closing process | | 1. after adjusting and correcting entries are made, the income statement can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5034217776818307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b12dbf-26a3-4290-b6e6-e08368916e2a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.667288"}
{"text": "to correct errors ( more commonly known as correcting entries ). | four basic types of adjusting entries | | 1. unearned revenues | | closing process | | 1. after adjusting and correcting entries are made, the income statement can be prepared. | 2. once completed, it is time to transfer the balance in each temporary revenue and expense account to the retained earnings account. this is known as the closing process. 3. each revenue account is reduced to zero by debiting it and each expense account is reduced to zero by crediting it. 4. the offset account \u2014 retained earnings \u2014 is credited for the amount of total revenues and debited for the amount of total expenses. 5. thus, the balance of ending retained earnings for a period shows the difference between total revenues and total expenses. | preparation of the balance sheet | | 1. after the closing process is completed, the accounts with nonzero balances are all balance sheet accounts. | 2. we can use these accounts to prepare the balance sheet as at the end of the period. 3. the retained earnings account will appear with all other balance sheet accounts and now reflects the cumulative effect of transactions affecting that account. | final step in preparing financial statements : the cash flow statement | | 1. the statement of cash flows describes the sources and uses of cash during a period and classifies them into operating, investing, and financing activities. | 2. it provides a detailed explanation for the change in the balance of the cash account during that period. 3. two approaches can be used to prepare this statement : direct and indirect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4564095172598315, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b12dbf-26a3-4290-b6e6-e08368916e2a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.667870"}
{"text": "intel demonstrated a wireless electric power system that could revolutionize modern life by eliminating chargers, wall outlets and eventually batteries all together by 2050. intel chief technology officer justin rattner demonstrated a wireless energy resonant link at intel \u2019 s 2008 developer \u2019 s forum. during the demo electricity was sent wirelessly to a lamp on stage, lighting a 60 watt bulb that uses more power than a typical laptop computer. most importantly, the electricity was transmitted without zapping anything or anyone that got between the sending and receiving units. \u201c the trick with wireless power is not can you do it ; it \u2019 s can you do it safely and efficiently, \u201d according to intel researcher josh smith. \u201c it turns out the human body is not affected by magnetic fields ; it is affected by elective fields. so what we are doing is transmitting energy using the magnetic field not the electric field. \u201d examples of potential applications include airports, offices or other buildings that could be rigged to supply power to laptops, mobile telephones or other devices toted into them. the technology could also be built into plugged in computer components, such as monitors, to enable them to broadcast power to devices left on desks or carried into rooms, according to mr. smith. - duracell, energizer, texas instruments and motorola mobility in attendance at the international wireless power summit ( prweb. com ) - british start - up working to bring wireless charging to the racetrack ( wheels. blogs. nytimes. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5581101952581009, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43d4b460-a138-4381-addd-d0464250f94f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.669288"}
{"text": "by roger fox i doubt the keystone project is even a real long term goal by transcanada,. certainly in the big picture keystone is only a single chapter in a much larger book. if you read this diary you will risk information overload, you will be offered numerous disparate data points that at first glance may seem unconnected. you will need to digest all the information offered, and then analyze. crude is is classified by the american petroleum institute ( api ) into light, medium, heavy and extra heavy crudes, by api gravity. if its api gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water ; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks. the albert tar sands contain crudes of api 10 or less that is called extra heavy or bitumen. heavy oil is defined as having an api gravity below 22. 3, medium oil is defined as having an api gravity between 22. 3 \u00b0api and 31. 1 \u00b0api, light crude oil is defined as having an api gravity higher than 31. 1. at a production rate of 3 million barells a day the tar sands can last for 170 years. this would also mean a hole in the ground visible from orbit. the keystone pipeline is only one of a couple of handfuls of pipeline proposals over the last decade in the western us, canada and alaska. alaskan nat gas is largely unexploited, and is used locally on the north slope. its estimated that 70 trillion cubic feet of nat gas can be found in alaska, a lot of it in the north slope area. there are at least 3 major proposals for nat gas pipelines from the north slope area and the adjacent mackenzie river delta in canada. 2 of these projects point right at alberta. transcanada and exxon mobil are partnered in the alaska gas pipeline proposal that will directly link nat gas production in the north slope of alaska thru alberta to the us mid west. this project may be the same as the denali proposal, and was reintroduced to thesenate in feb, of 2011. there also at least 2 variations. additionally there is the dempster lateral. - > next page : follow the routes south", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5367376627803235, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba49b9f2-b352-4b64-9909-4785d5b6527b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.672552"}
{"text": "| easton ' s bible dictionary | baalah of the well, ( joshua 19 : 8, probably the same as baal, mentioned in 1 chronicles 4 : 33, a city of simeon. int. standard bible encyclopedia ba ' - a - lath - be ' - er ba ` alath be ' er \" lady ( mistress ) of the well \" ; ( joshua 19 : 8 ( in 1 chronicles 4 : 33, baal ) ) : in jos this place is designated \" ramah of the south, \" i. e. of the negeb, while in 1 samuel 30 : 27 it is described as ramoth of the negeb. it must have been a prominent hill ( ramah = \" height \" ) in the far south of the negeb and near a well be ' er. the site is unknown though conder suggests that the shrine kubbet el baul may retain the old name. baalath - beer ( 2 occurrences ) joshua 19 : 8 and all the villages that were round about these cities to baalath - beer, ramah of the south. this is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of simeon according to their families. ( asv bbe dby jps wbs ylt nas ) 1 chronicles 4 : 33 and all the small places round these towns, as far as baalath - beer, the high place of the south. these were their living - places, and they have lists of their generations. ( bbe )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38760499024188855, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38961357-af4d-4931-975b-8aa63d52a04c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.673752"}
{"text": "a risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition. it is possible to develop melanoma with or without the risk factors listed below. however, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing melanoma. if you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk. risk factors for melanoma include : the occurrence of melanoma has been linked with exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation. therefore, exposing your skin to uv rays from the sun or tanning lamps increases your odds of developing melanoma. people who live in sunny climates are exposed to more sunlight. people who live at high altitudes, where the sunlight is strongest, are exposed to more uv radiation. blistering sunburns, even as a child, also increase the risk of developing melanoma. having melanoma once increases your risk of developing it again. having many moles or large moles increases your risk of melanoma. also, irregular moles are more likely to turn into melanoma than normal moles. irregular moles are characterized by : - being larger than normal moles - being variable in color - having irregular borders - any pigmented spot in the nail beds - changing in size and / or shape most melanomas are diagnosed in young adults and older adults. family members of people with melanoma are at greater risk of developing the disease than people with no family history of the disease. people with a disease called xeroderma pigmentosa ( xp ) are at a very increased risk of developing melanoma. this rare disease does not allow patients to repair sun - damaged dna, therefore any sun exposure will result in damage and mutations that become melanomatous. it is not unusual for these people to develop hundreds of melanomas on their skin. similarly, people with hereditary dysplastic nevus syndrome or familial atypical multiple mole melanoma ( fammm ) syndrome are also at increased risk for developing melanoma. caucasians are more likely than black, hispanic and asian people to develop melanoma. most people who develop melanoma tend to burn rather than tan when exposed to sunlight. these people tend to have fair skin, freckles, red or blonde hair, or blue - colored eyes. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 04 / 2013 - - update date : 04 / 08 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48742608282587807, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:daae388f-a51e-4b8b-9f5a-339ad966b48f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.680004"}
{"text": "w hy is it important for scientists to contribute to science education? our nation has failed to meet important educational challenges, and our children are ill prepared to respond to the demands of today? s world. results of the third international mathematics and science study ( timss ) - - and its successor, timss - r - - show that the relatively strong international performance of u. s. 4th graders successively deteriorates across 8th - and 12th - grade cohorts. related studies indicate that u. s. prek - 12 curricula lack coherence, depth, and continuity and cover too many topics superficially. by high school, unacceptably low numbers of students show motivation or interest in enrolling in physics ( only one - quarter of all students ) or chemistry ( only one - half ). we are rapidly approaching universal participation at the postsecondary level, but we still have critical science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ( stem ) workforce needs and too few teachers who have studied science or mathematics. science and engineering degrees as a percentage of the degrees conferred each year have remained relatively constant at about 5 %. in this group, women and minorities are gravely underrepresented. the consequences of these conditions are serious. the u. s. department of labor estimates that 60 % of the new jobs being created in our economy today will require technological literacy, yet only 22 % of the young people entering the job market now actually possess those skills. by 2010, all jobs will require some form of technological literacy, and 80 % of those jobs haven? t even been created yet. we must prepare our students for a world that we ourselves cannot completely anticipate. this will require the active involvement of scientists and engineers. how is nsf seeking to encourage scientists to work on educational issues? the nsf strategic plan includes two relevant goals : to develop \" a diverse, internationally competitive, and globally engaged workforce of scientists, engineers, and well - prepared citizens \" and to support \" discovery across the frontiers of science and engineering, connected to learning, innovation, and service to society. \" to realize both of these goals, our nation? s scientists and engineers must care about the educational implications of their work and explore educational issues as seriously and knowledgeably as they do their research questions. the phrase \" integration of research and education \" conveys two ideas. first, good research generates an educational asset, and we must effectively use that asset. second, we need to encourage more scientists and engineers to pursue research careers that focus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5242473007280817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21bc3a09-e45d-497b-add1-4880324aff25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.688268"}
{"text": "research questions. the phrase \" integration of research and education \" conveys two ideas. first, good research generates an educational asset, and we must effectively use that asset. second, we need to encourage more scientists and engineers to pursue research careers that focus on teaching and learning within their own disciplines. all proposals submitted to nsf for funding must address two merit criteria : intellectual merit and broader impacts. in everyday terms, our approach to evaluating the broader impact of proposals is built on the philosophy that scientists and engineers should pay attention to teaching and value it, and that their institutions should recognize, support, and reward faculty, as well as researchers in government and industry, who take their role as educators seriously and approach instruction as a scholarly act. we think of education very broadly, including formal education ( k - graduate and postdoctoral study ) and informal education ( efforts to promote public understanding of science and research outside the traditional educational environment ). what does it mean to take education seriously and explore it knowledgeably? any scholarly approach to education must be intentional, be based on a valid body of knowledge, and be rigorously assessed. that is, our approach to educational questions must be a scholarly act. nsf actively invests in educational reform and models that encourage scientists and engineers to improve curriculum, teaching, and learning in science and mathematics at all levels of the educational system from elementary school to graduate study and postdoctoral work. we recognize that to interest faculty and practicing scientists and engineers in education, we must support research that generates convincing evidence that changing how we approach the teaching of science and mathematics will pay off in better learning and deeper interest in these fields. here are a few of the most recent efforts to stimulate interest in education that might be of interest to next wave readers. ( for more information, go to the nsf education and human resources directorate ' s web site. ) the gk - 12 program supports fellowships and training to enable stem graduate students and advanced undergraduates to serve in k - 12 schools as resources in stem content and applications. outcomes include improved communication and teaching skills for the fellows, increased content knowledge for prek - 12 teachers, enriched prek - 12 student learning, and stronger partnerships between higher education and local schools. the centers for learning and teaching ( clt ) program is a \" comprehensive, research - based effort that addresses critical issues and national needs of the stem instructional workforce across the entire spectrum of formal and informal education. \" the goal of the clt program is to support the development of new approaches to the assessment of learning, research on learning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5713942403301753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21bc3a09-e45d-497b-add1-4880324aff25>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.689304"}
{"text": "- based effort that addresses critical issues and national needs of the stem instructional workforce across the entire spectrum of formal and informal education. \" the goal of the clt program is to support the development of new approaches to the assessment of learning, research on learning within the disciplines, the design and development of effective curricular materials, and research - based approaches to instruction - - and through this work to increase the number of people who do research on education in the stem fields. this year ( fy 02 ) we are launching some prototype higher education centers to reform teaching and learning in our nation ' s colleges and universities through a mix of research, faculty development and exploration of instructional practices that can promote learning. like other nsf efforts, the centers incorporate a balanced strategy of attention to people, ideas and tools. we hope to encourage more science and engineering faculty to work on educational issues in both k - 12 and in postsecondary education. if you are interested in these issues and want to pursue graduate or postdoctoral study, or want to develop a research agenda on learning in stem fields, find the location and goals of the currently funded centers and also check later this summer to find out which higher education clt prototypes are funded. the following solicitations all involve the integration of research and education as well as attention to broadening participation in stem careers : the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics talent expansion program ( step ) program seeks to increase the number of students ( u. s. citizens or permanent residents ) pursuing and receiving associate or baccalaureate degrees in established or emerging fields within stem. the faculty early career development ( career ) program recognizes and supports the early career development activities of those teacher - scholars who are most likely to become the academic leaders of the 21st century. the course, curriculum, and laboratory improvement ( ccli ) program seeks to improve the quality of stem education for all students and targets activities affecting learning environments, course content, curricula, and educational practices. ccli offers three tracks : educational materials development, national dissemination, and adaptation and implementation. the integrative graduate education and research training ( igert ) program addresses the challenges of preparing ph. d. scientists and engineers with the multidisciplinary backgrounds and the technical, professional, and personal skills needed for the career demands of the future. the vertical integration of research and education in the mathematical sciences ( vigre ) program supports institutions with ph. d. - granting departments in the mathematical sciences in carrying out innovative educational programs, at all levels, that are integrated with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5327837039580134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21bc3a09-e45d-497b-add1-4880324aff25>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.690302"}
{"text": "file compression is to perform some algorithm on the file that reduces it in size but the reverse of the algorithm will return it to its original form. in data files, the compression and decompression must be lossless which means that the data must be returned to its exact form. there are various methods to do this : some hardware implementations and some software. the most popular ones that are implemented in hardware usually use a limpel - ziv algorithm to look for repeating sequences over a set span of data ( the run ) and replace that with special identifying information. compression does save space but may take extra time ( latency ). video and music data are typically already compressed. the compression rates are usually very high because of the data and the fact that a lossy compression algorithm is used. it can be lossy ( meaning that all bits may not be decompressed exactly ) because it won ' t be noticeable with video or music. zip files are the result of software compression. another compression round on already compressed data will probably not yield any substantial gain. evaluator group, inc. editor ' s note : do you agree with this expert ' s response? if you have more to share, post it in our storage networking forum at http : / / searchstorage. discussions. techtarget. com / webx? 50 @ @. ee83ce4 or e - mail us directly at firstname. lastname @ example. org. this was first published in december 2001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5586164942465943, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89cf800c-2b77-4614-98f0-40e3877e109f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.691685"}
{"text": "may 20, 2009 the cook islands are closely associated to new zealand. air new zealand is the only air carrier that flies directly from the u. s. to the cook islands. as you will see below, the cook islands use the nzd as their currency. despite some 90, 000 visitors a year to the capital island, rarotonga, the cook islands are largely unspoiled by tourism. there are no high - rise hotels, only four beach buggies and very little hype. the cook islands offer a rare opportunity for an authentic island holiday. there are a total of 15 islands in the heart of the south pacific spread over 850, 000 square miles with a population of approximately 15, 000. the islands most visited are rarotonga and aitutaki which are only 140 miles apart. cook island history ru, from tupua \u2019 i in french polynesia, is believed to have landed on aitutaki, and tangiia, also from french polynesia, is believed to have arrived on rarotonga around 800 ad. similarly, the northern islands were probably settled by expeditions from samoa and tonga. cook island climate cooled by the gentle breezes of the pacific, the climate of these islands is sunny and pleasant. roughly speaking, there are two seasons : from november through may the climate is hot and humid, and from june through october the climate is warm and dry. most of the rain falls during the hot season, but there are also many lovely sunny days during these months, with refreshing trade - winds. cook island geography the cook islands consists of two main groups, one in the north and one in the south. the southern group is nine \u201c high \u201d islands mainly of volcanic origin although some are virtually atolls. the majority of the population lives in the southern group. the northern group comprises six true atolls. cook island southern group aitutaki, atiu, mangaia, manuae, mauke, mitiaro, palmerston, rarotonga ( the capital island ), takutea. cook island northern group manihiki, nassau, tongareva ( penrhyn ) also known as mangarongaro, pukapuka, rakahanga, suwarrow cook island time zones rarotonga and aitutaki are in the same time zone. cook island currency new zealand dollar. cook island language english and cook island maori. call the \u201c island travel gal \u201d at 800 644 - 6659 or email email @ example. com to secure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4073915976839183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38abe3cc-4023-4e24-87a6-103174cbb29c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.697162"}
{"text": "classroom activities for teaching sedimentary geologythis collection of teaching materials allows for the sharing of ideas and activities within the community of geoscience teachers. do you have a favorite teaching activity you ' d like to share? please help us expand this collection by contributing your own teaching materials. subject : sedimentary geology results 1 - 4 of 4 matches chemical and physical weathering field and lab experiment : development and testing of hypotheses part of activities lisa greer, washington and lee university this exercise combines an integrated field and laboratory experiment with a significant scientific writing assignment to address chemical and physical weathering processes via hypothesis development, experimental... demystifying the equations of sedimentary geology part of activities larry lemke, wayne state university this activity includes three strategies to help students develop a deeper comfort level and stronger intuitive sense for understanding mathematical expressions commonly encountered in sedimentary geology. each can... digital sandstone tutorial part of activities kitty milliken, university of texas at austin, the the tutorial petrographic image atlas is designed to give students more exposure to petrographic features than they can get during organized laboratory periods. red rock and concretion models from earth to mars : teaching diagenesis part of activities margie chan, university of utah this activity teaches students concepts of terrestrial diagenesis ( cementation, fluid flow, porosity and permeability, concretions ) and encourages them to apply those concepts to new or unknown settings, including...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5276048209625708, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4b8146e-83a2-43e4-8f2c-b3c235ae8afb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.698608"}
{"text": "- exam wrappers. as david thompson describes the process, \" exam wrappers required students to reflect on their performance before and after seeing their graded tests. \" the first four questions, completed just prior to receiving their graded test, asked students to report the time they spent preparing for the test, their methods of preparation, and their predicted test grade. after reviewing their graded test, students completed the final three reflection questions, including a categorization of test mistakes and a list of changes to implement in preparation for the next test. thompson then collected and made copies of the wrappers returned them to the students several days later, reminding them to consider what they planned to do differently or the same in preparation for the upcoming test. thompson reports that each reflection exercise required only 8 - 10 minutes of class time. clara hardy and others also describes uses exam wrappers. - reading reflections. as karl wirth writes, reading reflections, effectively outlined by david bressoud ( 2008 ), are designed to address some of the challenges students face with college - level reading assignments. students submit online reading reflections ( e. g., using moodle or blackboard ) after completing each reading assignment and before coming to class. in each reflection, students summarize the important concepts of the reading and describe what was interesting, surprising, or confusing to them. the reading reflections not only encourage students to read regularly before class, but they also promote content mastery and foster student development of monitoring, self - evaluation, and reflection skills. for the instructor, reading reflections facilitate \" just - in - time \" teaching and provide invaluable insights into student thinking and learning. according to wirth, expert readers are skilled at using a wide range of strategies during all phases of reading ( e. g., setting goals for learning, monitoring comprehension during reading, checking comprehension, and self - reflection ), but most college instruction simply assumes the mastery of such metacognitive skills. - knowledge surveys. many members of the group were influenced by karl wirth ' s work on \" knowledge surveys \" as a central strategy for helping students think about their thinking. knowledge surveys involve simple self - reports from students about their knowledge of course concepts and content. in knowledge surveys, students are presented with different facets of course content and are asked to indicate whether they know the answer, know some of the answer, or don ' t know the answer. faculty can use these reports to gauge how confident students feel in their understanding of course material at the beginning or end of a course, before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5105289347962538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d6abf05-e21c-4917-ab95-cb9f3fd306aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.702701"}
{"text": "asked to indicate whether they know the answer, know some of the answer, or don ' t know the answer. faculty can use these reports to gauge how confident students feel in their understanding of course material at the beginning or end of a course, before exams or papers, or even as graduating seniors or alumni. kristin bonnie ' s report relates how her students completed a short knowledge survey ( 6 - 12 questions ) online ( via google forms ) on the material covered in class that week. rather than providing the answer to each question, students indicated their confidence in their ability to answer the question correctly ( i know ; i think i know ; i don ' t know ). students received a small amount of credit for completing the knowledge survey. she used the information to review material that students seemed to struggle with. in addition, a subset of these questions appeared on their exam \u2013 the knowledge survey therefore served as a review sheet. wirth notes that the surveys need not take much class time and can be administered via paper or the web. the surveys can be significant for clarifying course objectives, structure, and design. for students, knowledge surveys achieve several purposes : they help make clear course objectives and expectations, are useful as study guides, can serve as a formative assessment tool, and, perhaps most critically, aid in their development of self - assessment and metacognitive skills. for instructors, the surveys help them assess learning gains, instructional practices, and course design.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47910829962397017, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d6abf05-e21c-4917-ab95-cb9f3fd306aa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.703245"}
{"text": "free the cans! working together to reduce waste in a blog about how people share, it \u2019 s worth the occasional reference to the bizarre ways that people don \u2019 t share. is it safe to say we live in a society that places great value on independence, private property, personal space, and privacy? even sometimes extreme value? is that why people at an 8 - unit apartment building in oakland, ca have separate caged stalls for eight separate trash cans? i know it \u2019 s not nice to stare, but i walked by these incarcerated cans and could not help myself. i returned with my camera, so that i could share my question with the world : why can \u2019 t people share trash cans or a single dumpster? or, at the very least, why can \u2019 t the cans share driveway space? the zero waste movement has come to the bay area and it calls for a new use for these eight cages. here are my suggestions : - turn two of those cages into compost bins. fill one with grass, leaves, and vegetable scraps, let it decompose for six months, then start filling the second bin in the meantime. - put in a green can, which is what oakland uses to collect milk cartons, pizza boxes, yard trimmings, and all food to send it to the municipal composting facility. if your city doesn \u2019 t do this yet, tell them it \u2019 s a great idea and they could be as cool and cutting edge as oakland. - put in one or two recycling cans for glass, plastic, cardboard, paper, aluminum, etc. - put out a free stuff box for unwanted clothing and household items. the neighbors could sort through it each week, and later put it out on the curb for passers - by to explore. take what \u2019 s left to goodwill or a comparable donation spot. - put in a few small bins for various items that can be recycled, such asbatteries and electronics, which can then be taken to an electronics recycling center every month or two. styrofoam can be brought to a local packaging store or ceramics business that accepts used packaging material. or, if you accumulate a bunch of plastic bags, take them to a store or to some other place that accepts used ones. - put in one trash can. by the time you compost, recycle, re - use, redistribute, and take a few other measures to reduce your waste, you \u2019 ll have almost no trash each week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4605930560164894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c970d9a2-a5ce-4050-9ea3-58d7bbd609a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.705487"}
{"text": "excerpts for thames : the biography the river as fact it has a length of 215 miles, and is navigable for 191 miles. it is the longest river in england but not in britain, where the severn is longer by approximately 5 miles. nevertheless it must be the shortest river in the world to acquire such a famous history. the amazon and the mississippi cover almost 4, 000 miles, and the yangtze almost 3, 500 miles ; but none of them has arrested the attention of the world in the manner of the thames. it runs along the borders of nine english counties, thus reaffirming its identity as a boundary and as a defence. it divides wiltshire from gloucestershire, and oxfordshire from berkshire ; as it pursues its way it divides surrey from middlesex ( or greater london as it is inelegantly known ) and kent from essex. it is also a border of buckinghamshire. it guarded these once tribal lands in the distant past, and will preserve them into the imaginable future. there are 134 bridges along the length of the thames, and forty - four locks above teddington. there are approximately twenty major tributaries still flowing into the main river, while others such as the fleet have now disappeared under the ground. its \" basin, \" the area from which it derives its water from rain and other natural forces, covers an area of some 5, 264 square miles. and then there are the springs, many of them in the woods or close to the streams beside the thames. there is one in the wood below sinodun hills in oxfordshire, for example, which has been described as an \" everlasting spring \" always fresh and always renewed. the average flow of the river at teddington, chosen because it marks the place where the tidal and non - tidal waters touch, has been calculated at 1, 145 millions of gallons ( 5, 205 millions of litres ) each day or approximately 2, 000 cubic feet ( 56. 6 cubic metres ) per second. the current moves at a velocity between 1u2 and 23u4 miles per hour. the main thrust of the river flow is known to hydrologists as the \" thalweg \" ; it does not move in a straight and forward line but, mingling with the inner flow and the variegated flow of the surface and bottom waters, takes the form of a spiral or helix. more than 95 per cent of the river ' s energy is lost in turbulence and friction. the direction of the flow of the thames is therefore quixotic. it might be assumed that it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4462447913946471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8589dab-6a33-4d56-9c69-99faf059b9e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.716382"}
{"text": "bottom waters, takes the form of a spiral or helix. more than 95 per cent of the river ' s energy is lost in turbulence and friction. the direction of the flow of the thames is therefore quixotic. it might be assumed that it would move eastwards, but it defies any simple prediction. it flows north - west above henley and at teddington, west above abingdon, south from cookham and north above marlow and kingston. this has to do with the variegated curves of the river. it does not meander like the euphrates, where according to herodotus the voyager came upon the same village three times on three separate days, but it is circuitous. it specialises in loops. it will take the riparian traveller two or three times as long to cover the same distance as a companion on the high road. so the thames teaches you to take time, and to view the world from a different vantage. the average \" fall \" or decline of the river from its beginning to its end is approximately 17 to 21 inches ( 432 to 533 mm ) per mile. it follows gravity, and seeks out perpetually the simplest way to the sea. it falls some 600 feet ( 183 m ) from source to sea, with a relatively precipitous decline of 300 feet ( 91. 5 m ) in the first 9 miles ; it falls 100 ( 30. 4 m ) more in the next 11 miles, with a lower average for the rest of its course. yet averages may not be so important. they mask the changeability and idiosyncrasy of the thames. the mean width of the river is given as 1, 000 feet ( 305 m ), and a mean depth of 30 feet ( 9 m ) ; but the width varies from 1 or 2 feet ( 0. 3 to 0. 6 m ) at trewsbury to 51u2 miles at the nore. the tide, in the words of tennyson, is that which \" moving seems asleep, too full for sound and foam. \" on its flood inward it can promise benefit or danger ; on its ebb seaward it suggests separation or adventure. it is one general movement but it comprises a thousand different streams and eddies ; there are opposing streams, and high water is not necessarily the same thing as high tide. the water will sometimes begin to fall before the tide is over. the average speed of the tide lies between 1 and 3 knots ( 1. 15 and 3. 45 miles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5081824631337143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8589dab-6a33-4d56-9c69-99faf059b9e4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.717216"}
{"text": "opposing streams, and high water is not necessarily the same thing as high tide. the water will sometimes begin to fall before the tide is over. the average speed of the tide lies between 1 and 3 knots ( 1. 15 and 3. 45 miles per hour ), but at times of very high flow it can reach 7 knots ( 8 miles per hour ). at london bridge the flood tide runs for almost six hours, while the ebb tide endures for six hours and thirty minutes. the tides are much higher now than at other times in the history of the thames. there can now be a difference of some 24 feet ( 7. 3 m ) between high and low tides, although the average rise in the area of london bridge is between 15 and 22 feet ( 4. 5 and 6. 7 m ). in the period of the roman occupation, it was a little over 3 feet ( 0. 9 m ). the high tide, in other words, has risen greatly over a period of two thousand years. the reason is simple. the south - east of england is sinking slowly into the water at the rate of approximately 12 inches ( 305 mm ) per century. in 4000 bc the land beside the thames was 46 feet ( 14 m ) higher than it is now, and in 3000 bc it was some 31 feet ( 9. 4 m ) higher. when this is combined with the water issuing from the dissolution of the polar ice - caps, the tides moving up the lower reaches of the thames are increasing at a rate of 2 feet ( 0. 6 m ) per century. that is why the recently erected thames barrier will not provide protection enough, and another barrier is being proposed. the tide of course changes in relation to the alignment of earth, moon and sun. every two weeks the high \" spring \" tides reach their maximum two days after a full moon, while the low \" neap \" tides occur at the time of the half - moon. the highest tides occur at the times of equinox ; this is the period of maximum danger for those who live and work by the river. the spring tides of late autumn and early spring are also hazardous. it is no wonder that the earliest people by the thames venerated and propitiated the river. the general riverscape of the thames is varied without being in any sense spectacular, the paraphernalia of life ancient and modern clustering around its banks. it is in large part now a domesticated river, having been tamed and controlled by many generations. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4791722961983809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8589dab-6a33-4d56-9c69-99faf059b9e4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.718063"}
{"text": "of the thames is varied without being in any sense spectacular, the paraphernalia of life ancient and modern clustering around its banks. it is in large part now a domesticated river, having been tamed and controlled by many generations. it is in that sense a piece of artifice, with some of its landscape deliberately planned to blend with the course of the water. it would be possible to write the history of the thames as a history of a work of art. it is a work still in slow progress. the thames has taken the same course for ten thousand years, after it had been nudged southward by the glaciation of the last ice age. the british and roman earthworks by the sinodun hills still border the river, as they did two thousand years before. given the destructive power of the moving waters, this is a remarkable fact. its level has varied over the millennia - - there is a sudden and unexpected rise at the time of the anglo - saxon settlement, for example - - and the discovery of submerged forests testifies to incidents of overwhelming flood. its appearance has of course also altered, having only recently taken the form of a relatively deep and narrow channel, but its persistence and identity through time are an aspect of its power. yet of course every stretch has its own character and atmosphere, and every zone has its own history. out of oppositions comes energy, out of contrasts beauty. there is the overwhelming difference of water within it, varying from the pure freshwater of the source through the brackish zone of estuarial water to the salty water in proximity to the sea. given the eddies of the current, in fact, there is rather more salt by the essex shore than by the kentish shore. there are manifest differences between the riverine landscapes of lechlade and of battersea, of henley and of gravesend ; the upriver calm is in marked contrast to the turbulence of the long stretches known as river of london and then london river. after new bridge the river becomes wider and deeper, in anticipation of its change. the rural landscape itself changes from flat to wooded in rapid succession, and there is a great alteration in the nature of the river from the cultivated fields of dorchester to the thick woods of cliveden. from godstow the river becomes a place of recreation, breezy and jaunty with the skiffs and the punts, the sports in port meadow and the picnic parties on the banks by binsey. but then by some change of light it becomes dark green, surrounded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4696855206709609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8589dab-6a33-4d56-9c69-99faf059b9e4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.718933"}
{"text": "becomes a place of recreation, breezy and jaunty with the skiffs and the punts, the sports in port meadow and the picnic parties on the banks by binsey. but then by some change of light it becomes dark green, surrounded by vegetation like a jungle river ; and then the traveller begins to see the dwellings of oxford, and the river changes again. oxford is a pivotal point. from there you can look upward and consider the quiet source ; or you can look downstream and contemplate the coming immensity of london. in the reaches before lechlade the water makes its way through isolated pastures ; at wapping and rotherhithe the dwellings seem to drop into it, as if overwhelmed by numbers. the elements of rusticity and urbanity are nourished equally by the thames. that is why parts of the river induce calm and forgetfulness, and others provoke anxiety and despair. it is the river of dreams, but it is also the river of suicide. it has been called liquid history because within itself it dissolves and carries all epochs and generations. they ebb and flow like water. the river as metaphor the river runs through the language, and we speak of its influence in every conceivable context. it is employed to characterise life and death, time and destiny ; it is used as a metaphor for continuity and dissolution, for intimacy and transitoriness, for art and history, for poetry itself. in the principles of psychology ( 1890 ) william james first coined the phrase \" stream of consciousness \" in which \" every definite image of the mind is steeped... in the free water that flows around it. \" thus \" it flows \" like the river itself. yet the river is also a token of the unconscious, with its suggestion of depth and invisible life. the river is a symbol of eternity, in its unending cycle of movement and change. it is one of the few such symbols that can readily be understood, or appreciated, and in the continuing stream the mind or soul can begin to contemplate its own possible immortality. in the poetry of john denham ' s \" cooper ' s hill \" ( 1642 ), the thames is a metaphor for human life. how slight its beginning, how confident its continuing course, how ineluctable its destination within the great ocean : hasting to pay his tribute to the sea, like mortal life to meet eternity. the poetry of the thames has always emphasised its affiliations with human purpose and with human realities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5375247881710026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8589dab-6a33-4d56-9c69-99faf059b9e4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.719841"}
{"text": "course, how ineluctable its destination within the great ocean : hasting to pay his tribute to the sea, like mortal life to meet eternity. the poetry of the thames has always emphasised its affiliations with human purpose and with human realities. so the personality of the river changes in the course of its journey from the purity of its origins to the broad reaches of the commercial world. the river in its infancy is undefiled, innocent and clear. by the time it is closely pent in by the city, it has become dank and foul, defiled by greed and speculation. in this regress it is the paradigm of human life and of human history. yet the river has one great advantage over its metaphoric companions. it returns to its source, and its corruption can be reversed. that is why baptism was once instinctively associated with the river. the thames has been an emblem of redemption and of renewal, of the hope of escaping from time itself. when wordsworth observed the river at low tide, with the vista of the \" mighty heart \" of london \" lying still, \" he used the imagery of human circulation. it is the image of the river as blood, pulsing through the veins and arteries of its terrain, without which the life of london would seize up. sir walter raleigh, contemplating the thames from the walk by his cell in the tower, remarked that the \" blood which disperseth itself by the branches or veins through all the body, may be resembled to these waters which are carried by brooks and rivers overall the earth. \" he wrote his history of the world ( 1610 ) from his prison cell, and was deeply imbued with the current of the thames as a model of human destiny. it has been used as the symbol for the unfolding of events in time, and carries the burden of past events upon its back. for raleigh the freight of time grew ever more complex and wearisome as it proceeded from its source ; human life had become darker and deeper, less pure and more susceptible to the tides of affairs. there was one difference raleigh noticed in his history, when he declared that \" for this tide of man ' s life, after it once turneth and declineth, ever runneth with a perpetual ebb and falling stream, but never floweth again. \" the thames has also been understood as a mirror of morality. the bending rushes and the yielding willows afford lessons in humility and forbearance ; the humble weeds along its banks have been praised for their lowliness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5259486298131553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8589dab-6a33-4d56-9c69-99faf059b9e4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.720702"}
{"text": "never floweth again. \" the thames has also been understood as a mirror of morality. the bending rushes and the yielding willows afford lessons in humility and forbearance ; the humble weeds along its banks have been praised for their lowliness and absence of ostentation. and who has ventured upon the river without learning the value of patience, of endurance, and of vigilance? john denham makes the thames the subject of native discourse in a further sense : though deep, yet clear ; though gentle, yet not dull ; strong without rage ; without o ' erflowing, full. this suggests that the river represents an english measure, an aesthetic harmony to be sought or wished for, but in the same breath denham seems to be adverting to some emblem of englishness itself. the thames is a metaphor for the country through which it runs. it is modest and moderate, calm and resourceful ; it is powerful without being fierce. it is not flamboyantly impressive. it is large without being too vast. it eschews extremes. it weaves its own course without artificial diversions or interventions. it is useful for all manner of purposes. it is a practical river. when robert menzies, an erstwhile australian prime minister, was taken to runnymede he was moved to comment upon the \" secret springs \" of the \" slow english character. \" this identification of the land with the people, the characteristics of the earth and water with the temperament of their inhabitants, remains a poignant one. there is an inward and intimate association between the river and those who live beside it, even if that association cannot readily be understood. from the hardcover edition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5298148802907214, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c8589dab-6a33-4d56-9c69-99faf059b9e4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.721319"}
{"text": "teach your child the importance of good sportsmanship. not too long ago, my 10 - year - old daughter ' s indoor soccer team finished their game and lined up to do the traditional end - of - game walk with the other team. if your own child has ever played in a team sport, you likely have seen this walk a hundred times before. win or lose, each member of the team is expected to essentially tell the other players they did well and good game. this is a classic way to end a game on a positive note and to exhibit good sportsmanship, win or lose. the opposing team in this case, however, had a unique way of showing their good sportsmanship. they all licked their hands before holding them out for our own girls to \" low - five \" as they walked down the line. our girls saw this, and they refused to touch the other girls ' slimy, slobbery, germ - ridden hands. you may be wondering if our girls ' team beat this other team. the truth is that they beat the other team pretty harshly, but there is no score that would justify the level of poor sportsmanship that the other team exhibited. as a parent, i can only hope the parents or coach on the other team reprimanded their girls for this unsportsmanlike behavior. this is not the kind of behavior any parent would be proud to see in their own child. however, this is just one of many ways unsportsmanlike behavior is exhibited. from tears on the field to pushing, shoving, \" trash talking \" and more, there are many different behaviors that are associated with poor sportsmanship. the fact is that good sportsmanship is a quality that can play a role in your child ' s ability to react to other situations throughout life. competition may occur on the field, but it also plays a part in the college admission process, a run for a place on the school board, the job application process and so much more. teaching your child how to be a good sport now can help him or her to handle wins and losses throughout life with grace. so how can you help your child build a healthy \" win - or - lose \" attitude? a positive parental role model no parent takes pride in seeing other players, either from their child ' s own team or on the opposing team, be better than their own child. parents simply want their child to be the best. however, somewhere between the desire to see your kid to aim for the stars and the truth of reality is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.450833253029752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efad95cf-5021-4697-ab61-7e73bd8414e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.725071"}
{"text": "child ' s own team or on the opposing team, be better than their own child. parents simply want their child to be the best. however, somewhere between the desire to see your kid to aim for the stars and the truth of reality is the fact that there always will be someone or some team that is better. as a parent, you can talk negatively about these better players or better teams, or you can talk positively about them. you can use these interactions with better competition to point out areas where your own child can improve and to teach your child to respect those with skills and talents that are worthy of respect. this is a great opportunity to teach your child to turn lemons into lemonade. you win some, you lose some very few children really are the best at what they do. there is always someone who either is better now or who is working hard to be better in the near future. a team that was on top this season may not be the top team the next season. while you want your child to work hard and strive to win, it is unrealistic to expect a child or his or her team to win all of the time. children will inevitably be disappointed after a loss. this is understandable and justified, especially if he or she has been working hard and did his or her personal best. as a parent, your response to a loss is every bit as important as your response to a win. the fact is that an entire team can play their best, and they may simply be out - matched. teaching kids that losses do happen, even when they try their hardest, can help them to cope with their defeat. show them that you are proud of their performance and effort at each game rather than letting the tally mark under the \" w \" column dictate this. a lesson learned the fact is that a child or a team simply will not improve very quickly when they are blowing out the competition on a regular basis. to be the best, you have to play the best. you have to be challenged by the best, and sometimes this means a loss will occur. within each game, whether a win or loss, lies an opportunity for growth, development and improvement. after each game, regardless of the outcome, talk to your child about what he or she did well and what he or she thinks could have been done better. rather than tell your child what you think, ask your child his or her personal opinion on the matter and what the coach said. then, remind your child that these are areas that he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4688189074303432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efad95cf-5021-4697-ab61-7e73bd8414e7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.726131"}
{"text": "groundhogs, as a species, have a large range in size. there are the medium - sized rodents i grew up with, averaging around 4 kg, and groundhogs \u2014 like a certain phil \u2014 that are probably more like 14 kg. this is the likely source of my earlier confusion, as that ' s a huge discrepancy in size. evidently, it ' s all in the diet, much like humans. where i grew up, in rural northern minnesota, we called the groundhog a woodchuck ; i thought that the groundhog was some fat cat, east coast, liberal rodent. as it would turn out, they are actually one in the same creature \u2014 marmota monax, a member of the squirrel family. woodchucks spend a lot of their time in burrows. it is their safe haven from their many predators, and they are quick to flee to it at the first sign of danger. they will sometimes emit a loud whistle on their way to alert others in the area that something is awry. groundhogs enjoy raiding our gardens and digging up sod, thereby destroying what we ' ve spent countless hours toiling upon. look for groundhog signs. you might not even know there is a groundhog around until your garden has been devoured or your tractor damaged by a collapsed groundhog den. things to look for are large nibble marks on your prized veggies, gnaw marks on the bark of young fruit trees, root vegetables pulled up ( or their tops trimmed off ), groundhog - sized holes ( 25 \u2013 30 cm ) anywhere near your garden, or mounds of dirt near said holes. if you see these signs, take action. don ' t wait or it will be too late! if you know it will be a problem and do nothing, you can ' t blame the animal. set groundhog traps. this technique takes some skill as you need to be able to pick a spot in the path of the animal, camouflage it, and mask your strong human scent. setting a spring trap, whether coil or long - spring, is usually just a matter of compressing the springs and setting a pin that keeps the jaws open into the pan or trigger. make sure your trap is anchored securely with a stake. check your traps often, and dispatch the animal quickly and humanely. shooting them in the head or a hearty whack to the head with club will do the trick. if you can ' t deal with this, you have no business", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4316454654149738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:077623b0-183e-4d40-bf5d-168228829785>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.733123"}
{"text": ". check your traps often, and dispatch the animal quickly and humanely. shooting them in the head or a hearty whack to the head with club will do the trick. if you can ' t deal with this, you have no business setting traps. call a professional. guns kill groundhogs. i have never shot a groundhog. i rarely have had problems with them, and they move so damned fast it is difficult to get a shot off. if i had to, i know how i would do it. first, be sure it is legal in your area, and be sure to follow gun safety protocols. after that, it ' s just a matter of learning where your target is going to be comfortable and let their guard down. i would follow their tracks back to their den, find a spot downwind to sit with a clear shooting lane, and make sure nothing you shouldn ' t hit with a bullet is down range. then, i would wait, my sights set on the den, until the groundhog stuck its head up \u2014 quick and easy. demolish the groundhog burrows. if you find a couple holes around your yard, they are likely the entrances to an elaborate tunnel maze carved into the earth beneath you. about all you can do, short of digging the whole mess up, is to try and fill it in from the top side. first, fill it with a bunch of rocks and then soil \u2014 make sure to really pack it in. this will make it difficult for the groundhog to reclaim its hole without a lot of work. you probably want to do this in tandem with other control methods such as trapping, shooting, or fumigating to prevent the groundhog from just digging a new hole. do some landscaping and build barriers. as with the control of many pests, it is advisable to keep a yard free of brush, undercover, and dead trees. these types of features are attractive to groundhogs as cover, and without it, they are less likely to want to spend time there. if you want to keep a groundhog out of an area, consider a partially buried fence. this will require a lot of work, but it is going to help a lot. make sure it extends up at least a meter, and that it is buried somewhere around 30 cm deep. angle the fencing outward 90 degrees when you bury it, and it will make digging under it a very daunting task for your furry friend. try using fumigants to kill groundhogs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39702141495644283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:077623b0-183e-4d40-bf5d-168228829785>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.733969"}
{"text": "it is buried somewhere around 30 cm deep. angle the fencing outward 90 degrees when you bury it, and it will make digging under it a very daunting task for your furry friend. try using fumigants to kill groundhogs. what is nice about this product is that you can kill the animal and bury it all in one stroke. the best time to do this is in the spring when the mother will be in the den with her still helpless young. also, the soil will likely be damp, which helps a lot. you should definitely follow the directions on the package, but the way they usually work is that you cover all but one exit, set off the smoke bomb, shove it down the hole, and quickly cover it up. check back in a day or two to see if there is any sign of activity, and if so, do it again or consider a different control method. it is important that you don ' t do this if the hole is next to your house or if there is any risk of a fire. poisons are a last resort. i am not a fan of poisons because it is difficult to target what will eat said poison in the wild. also, you are left with the issue of where the groundhog will die and how bad it will smell if it is somewhere under your house. or, if it is outside somewhere, who will be affected by eating the dead animal? where does it end? if you want to use poison, you ' re on your own. use live traps. this is a good option for those of you not too keen on killing things. try jamming the door open and leaving bait inside for the taking a couple of times so they get used to it. then, set it normally and you ' ve got your groundhog ( or a neighborhood cat ). now what? the relocation is just as important ; you need to choose a place that is far away from other humans and can likely support a groundhog. good luck. predator urine. the idea is simple : form a perimeter around an area you want to protect. if the groundhog doesn ' t recognize the smell as a natural predator, it is probably not going to work too well. look for brands that have wolf and bobcat urine. apply regularly, or as the manufacturer recommends. remember, if it rains, the urine has probably washed away. repellents. another popular method involves pepper - based repellents. these deter groundhogs by tasting horrible and burning their mucous membranes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4230964847997346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:077623b0-183e-4d40-bf5d-168228829785>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.735857"}
{"text": "in my next few blogs, i will provide an overview of voltage source converter ( vsc ) hvdc technology and its suitability for smart grids operation and control discussed. vsc hvdc is based upon transistor technology and was developed in the 1990 \u2032 s. the switching element is the insulated gate bipolar thyristor ( igbt ), which can be switched on and off by applying a suitable voltage to the gate ( steering electrode ). because of the more switching operations, and the nature of the semiconductor devices itself, the converter losses are generally higher than those of hvdc classic converters. vsc hvdc is commonly used with underground or submarine cables with a transfer capacity in the range of 10 \u2013 1000 mw, and is suitable to serve as a connection to a wind farm or supply a remote load. vsc hvdc technology has very fast steer and control functionality and is suitable for meshed networks. it is characterised by compactness of the converter stations, due to the reduced need for ac harmonic filters and reactive power compensation. power flow reversal in vsc systems is achieved by reversal of the current, whereas in hvdc classic systems the voltage polarity has to change. an important consequence of this voltage source behavior is the ability to use cheaper and easier to install xlpe cables, instead of the mass - impregnated cables that are needed for hvdc classic. currently, only twelve vsc hvdc projects are in service. a few examples include : estlink, which connects estonia to finland ( 350 mw ), and borwin1, connecting an offshore wind farm to northern germany ( 400 mw ). both are equipped with \u00b1150 kv submarine cables, and the trans bay project in california ( 400 mw ) that consists of 90 km \u00b1200 kv submarine cable. most projects have submarine cable, but some projects include long lengths of underground cable, such as murraylink ( 220 mw, 177 km underground cable ), and nord e. on 1 ( 400 mw, 75km underground cable ). the 500 mw east - west interconnector between ireland and great britain, operating at \u00b1200 kv, is scheduled to go into service in 2012. a 2000 mw 65 km cable interconnector \u00b1320kv as part of the trans european network \u2014 between spain and france \u2014 is scheduled for commissioning in 2013, and will represent the highest power rating for a vsc hvdc system installed at this time. make sure to check back next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5495411046623883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b22bc99-05e4-4dcf-9143-3715cd5724d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.738176"}
{"text": "the operations layer defines the operational processes and procedures necessary to deliver information technology ( it ) as a service. this layer leverages it service management concepts that can be found in prevailing best practices such as itil and mof. the main focus of the operations layer is to execute the business requirements defined at the service delivery layer. cloud - like service attributes cannot be achieved through technology alone and require a high level of it service management maturity. change management process is responsible for controlling the life cycle of all changes. the primary objective of change management is to eliminate or at least minimize disruption while desired changes are made to services. change management focuses on understanding and balancing the cost and risk of making the change versus the benefit of the change to either the business or the service. driving predictability and minimizing human involvement are the core principles for achieving a mature service management process and ensuring changes can be made without impacting the perception of continuous availability. standard ( automated ) change non - standard ( mechanized ) change it is important to note that a record of all changes must be maintained, including standard changes that have been automated. the automated process for standard changes should include the creation and population of the change record per standard policy in order to make sure auditability. automating changes also enables other key principles such as : the service asset and configuration management process is responsible for maintaining information on the assets, components, and infrastructure needed to provide a service. critical configuration data for each component, and its relationship to other components, must be accurately captured and maintained. this configuration data should include past and current states and future - state forecasts, and be easily available to those who need it. mature service asset and configuration management processes are necessary for achieving predictability. a virtualized infrastructure adds complexity to the management of configuration items ( cis ) due to the transient nature of the relationship between guests and hosts in the infrastructure. how is the relationship between cis maintained in an environment that is potentially changing very frequently? a service comprises software, platform, and infrastructure layers. each layer provides a level of abstraction that is dependent on the layer beneath it. this abstraction hides the implementation and composition details of the layer. access to the layer is provided through an interface and as long as the fabric is available, the actual physical location of a hosted vm is irrelevant. to provide infrastructure as a service ( iaas ), the configuration and relationship of the components within the fabric must be understood, whereas the details of the configuration within the vms hosted by the fabric are irrelevant. the configuration management system (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5082079057339005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:809862ce-ee94-40a5-8400-9b6e42bd25fc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.752476"}
{"text": "is irrelevant. to provide infrastructure as a service ( iaas ), the configuration and relationship of the components within the fabric must be understood, whereas the details of the configuration within the vms hosted by the fabric are irrelevant. the configuration management system ( cms ) will need to be partitioned, at a minimum, into physical and logical ci layers. two configuration management databases ( cmdbs ) might be used ; one to manage the physical cis of the fabric ( facilities, network, storage, hardware, and hypervisor ) and the other to manage the logical cis ( everything else ). the cms can be further partitioned by layer, with separate management of the infrastructure, platform, and software layers. the benefits and trade - offs of each approach are summarized below. cms partitioned by layer cms partitioned into physical and logical table 2 : configuration management system options partitioning logical and physical ci information allows for greater stability within the cms, because cis will need to be changed less frequently. this means less effort will need to be expended to accurately maintain the information. during normal operations, mapping a vm to its physical host is irrelevant. if historical records of a vm \u2019 s location are needed, ( for example, for auditing or root cause analysis ) they can be traced through change logs. the physical or fabric cmdb will need to include a mapping of fault domains, upgrade domains, and live migration domains. the relationship of these patterns to the infrastructure cis will provide critical information to the fabric management system. the release and deployment management processes are responsible for making sure that approved changes to a service can be built, tested, and deployed to meet specifications with minimal disruption to the service and production environment. where change management is based on the approval mechanism ( determining what will be changed and why ), release and deployment management will determine how those changes will be implemented. the primary focus of release and deployment management is to protect the production environment. the less variation is found in the environment, the greater the level of predictability \u2013 and, therefore, the lower the risk of causing harm when new elements are introduced. the concept of homogenization of physical infrastructure is derived from this predictability principle. if the physical infrastructure is completely homogenized, there is much greater predictability in the release and deployment process. while complete homogenization is the ideal, it may not be achievable in the real world. homogenization is a continuum. the closer an environment gets to complete homogeneity,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5444833670364315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:809862ce-ee94-40a5-8400-9b6e42bd25fc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.753447"}
{"text": "predictability in the release and deployment process. while complete homogenization is the ideal, it may not be achievable in the real world. homogenization is a continuum. the closer an environment gets to complete homogeneity, the more predictable it becomes and the fewer the risks. full homogeneity means not only that identical hardware models are used, but all hardware configuration is identical as well. when complete hardware homogeneity is not feasible, strive for configuration homogeneity wherever possible. figure 2 : homogenization continuum the scale unit concept drives predictability in capacity planning and agility in the release and deployment of physical infrastructure. the hardware specifications and configurations have been pre - defined and tested, allowing for a more rapid deployment cycle than in a traditional data center. similarly, known quantities of resources are added to the data center when the capacity plan is triggered. however, when the scale unit itself must change ( for example, when a vendor retires a hardware model ), a new risk is introduced to the private cloud. there will likely be a period where both n and n - 1 versions of the scale unit exist in the infrastructure, but steps can be taken to minimize the risk this creates. work with hardware vendors to understand the life cycle of their products and coordinate changes from multiple vendors to minimize iterations of the scale unit change. also, upgrading to the new version of the scale unit should take place one fault domain at a time wherever possible. this will make sure that if an incident occurs with the new version, it can be isolated to a single fault domain. homogenization of the physical infrastructure means consistency and predictability for the vms regardless of which physical host they reside on. this concept can be extended beyond the production environment. the fabric can be partitioned into development, test, and pre - production environments as well. eliminating variability between environments enables developers to more easily optimize applications for a private cloud and gives testers more confidence that the results reflect the realities of production, which in turn should greatly improve testing efficiency. the virtualized infrastructure enables workloads to be transferred more easily between environments. all vms should be built from a common set of component templates housed in a library, which is used across all environments. this shared library includes templates for all components approved for production, such as vm images, the gold os image, server role templates, and platform templates. these component templates are downloaded from the shared library and become the building blocks of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5649623523168565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:809862ce-ee94-40a5-8400-9b6e42bd25fc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.754399"}
{"text": "shared library includes templates for all components approved for production, such as vm images, the gold os image, server role templates, and platform templates. these component templates are downloaded from the shared library and become the building blocks of the development environment. from development, these components are packaged together to create a test candidate package ( in the form of a virtual hard disk ( vhd ) that is uploaded to the library. this test candidate package can then be deployed by booting the vhd in the test environment. when testing is complete, the package can again be uploaded to the library as a release candidate package \u2013 for deployment into the pre - production environment, and ultimately into the production environment. since workloads are deployed by booting a vm from a vhd, the release management process occurs very quickly through the transfer of vhd packages to different environments. this also allows for rapid rollback should the deployment fail ; the current release can be deleted and the vm can be booted off the previous vhd. virtualization and the use of standard vm templates allow us to rethink software updates and patch management. as there is minimal variation in the production environment and all services in production are built with a common set of component templates, patches need not be applied in production. instead, they should be applied to the templates in the shared library. any services in production using that template will require a new version release. the release package is then rebuilt, tested, and redeployed, as shown below. figure 3 : the release process this may seem counter - intuitive for a critical patch scenario, such as when an exploitable vulnerability is exposed. but with virtualization technologies and automated test scripts, a new version of a service can be built, tested, and deployed quite rapidly. variation can also be reduced through standardized, automated test scenarios. while not every test scenario can or should be automated, tests that are automated will improve predictability and facilitate more rapid test and deployment timelines. test scenarios that are common for all applications, or the ones that might be shared by certain application patterns, are key candidates for automation. these automated test scripts may be required for all release candidates prior to deployment and would make sure further reduction in variation in the production environment. knowledge management is the process of gathering, analyzing, storing, and sharing knowledge and information within an organization. the goal of knowledge management is to make sure that the right people have access to the information they need to maintain a private cloud. as operational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5035409533524517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:809862ce-ee94-40a5-8400-9b6e42bd25fc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.755302"}
{"text": ". knowledge management is the process of gathering, analyzing, storing, and sharing knowledge and information within an organization. the goal of knowledge management is to make sure that the right people have access to the information they need to maintain a private cloud. as operational knowledge expands and matures, the ability to intelligently automate operational tasks improves, providing for an increasingly dynamic environment. an immature approach to knowledge management costs organizations in terms of slower, less - efficient problem solving. every problem or new situation that arises becomes a crisis that must be solved. a few people may have the prior experience to resolve the problem quickly and calmly, but their knowledge is not shared. immature knowledge management creates greater stress for the operations staff and usually results in user dissatisfaction with frequent and lengthy unexpected outages. mature knowledge management processes are necessary for achieving a service provider \u2019 s approach to delivering infrastructure. past knowledge and experience is documented, communicated, and readily available when needed. operating teams are no longer crisis - driven as service - impacting events grow less frequent and are quickly resolves when they do occur. when designing a private cloud, development of the health model will drive much of the information needed for knowledge management. the health model defines the ideal states for each infrastructure component and the daily, weekly, monthly, and as - needed tasks required to maintain this state. the health model also defines unhealthy states for each infrastructure component and actions to be taken to restore their health. this information will form the foundation of the knowledge management database. aligning the health model with alerts allows these alerts to contain links to the knowledge management database describing the specific steps to be taken in response to the alert. this will help drive predictability as a consistent, proven set of actions will be taken in response to each alert. the final step toward achieving a private cloud is the automation of responses to each alert as defined in the knowledge management database. once these responses are proven successful, they should be automated to the fullest extent possible. it is important to note, though, that automating responses to alerts does not make them invisible and forgotten. even when alerts generate a fully automated response they must be captured in the service management system. if the alert indicates the need for a change, the change record should be logged. similarly, if the alert is in response to an incident, an incident record should be created. these automated workflows must be reviewed regularly by operations staff to make sure the automated action achieves the expected result. finally, as the environment changes over time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5608008576422592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:809862ce-ee94-40a5-8400-9b6e42bd25fc>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.756300"}
{"text": ", if the alert is in response to an incident, an incident record should be created. these automated workflows must be reviewed regularly by operations staff to make sure the automated action achieves the expected result. finally, as the environment changes over time, or as new knowledge is gained, the knowledge management database must be updated along with the automated workflows that are based on that knowledge. the goal of incident management is to resolve events that are impacting, or threaten to impact, services as quickly as possible with minimal disruption. the goal of problem management is to identify and resolve root causes of incidents that have occurred as well as identify and prevent or minimize the impact of incidents that may occur. pinpointing the root cause of an incident can become more challenging when workloads are abstracted from the infrastructure and their physical location changes frequently. additionally, incident response teams may be unfamiliar with virtualization technologies ( at least initially ) which could also lead to delays in incident resolution. finally, applications may have neither a robust health model nor expose all of the health information required for a proactive response. all of this may lead to an increase in reactive ( user initiated ) incidents which will likely increase the mean - time - to - restore - service ( mtrs ) and customer dissatisfaction. this may seem to go against the resiliency principle, but note that virtualization alone will not achieve the desired resiliency unless accompanied by highly mature it service management ( itsm ) maturity and a robust automated health monitoring system. the drive for resiliency requires a different approach to troubleshooting incidents. extensive troubleshooting of incidents in production negatively impacts resiliency. therefore, if an incident cannot be quickly resolved, the service can be rolled back to the previous version, as described under release and deployment. further troubleshooting can be done in a test environment without impacting the production environment. troubleshooting in the production environment may be limited to moving the service to different hosts ( ruling out infrastructure as the cause ) and rebooting the vms. if these steps do not resolve the issue, the rollback scenario could be initiated. minimizing human involvement in incident management is critical for achieving resiliency. the troubleshooting scenarios described earlier could be automated, which will allow for identification and possible resolution of the root much more quickly than non - automated processes. but automation may mask the root cause of the incident. careful consideration should be given to determining which troubleshooting steps should be automated and which require human analysis. human analysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4841418805252916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:809862ce-ee94-40a5-8400-9b6e42bd25fc>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.757260"}
{"text": "identification and possible resolution of the root much more quickly than non - automated processes. but automation may mask the root cause of the incident. careful consideration should be given to determining which troubleshooting steps should be automated and which require human analysis. human analysis of troubleshooting if a compute resource fails, it is no longer necessary to treat the failure as an incident that must be fixed immediately. it may be more efficient and cost effective to treat the failure as part of the decay of the resource pool. rather than treat a failed server as an incident that requires immediate resolution, treat it as a natural candidate for replacement on a regular maintenance schedule, or when the resource pool reaches a certain threshold of decay. each organization must balance cost, efficiency, and risk as it determines an acceptable decay threshold \u2013 and choose among these courses of action : the benefits and trade - off of each of the options are listed below : option 4 is the least desirable, as it does not take advantage of the resiliency and cost reduction benefits of a private cloud. a well - planned resource pool and reserve capacity strategy will account for resource decay. option 1 is the most recommended approach. a predictable maintenance schedule allows for better procurement planning and can help avoid conflicts with other maintenance activities, such as software upgrades. again, a well - planned resource pool and reserve capacity strategy will account for resource decay and minimize the risk of exceeding critical thresholds before the scheduled maintenance. option 3 will likely be the only option for self - contained scale unit scenarios, as the container must be replaced as a single scale unit when the decay threshold is reached. the goal of request fulfillment is to manage requests for service from users. users should have a clear understanding of the process they need to initiate to request service and it should have a consistent approach for managing these requests. much like any service provider, it should clearly define the types of requests available to users in the service catalog. the service catalog should include an sla on when the request will be completed, as well as the cost of fulfilling the request, if any. the types of requests available and their associated costs should reflect the actual cost of completing the request and this cost should be easily understood. for example, if a user requests an additional vm, its daily cost should be noted on the request form, which should also be exposed to the organization or person responsible for paying the bill. it is relatively easy to see the need for adding resources, but more difficult to see when a resource is no longer needed. a process for identifying and removing unused v", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5051327366391911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:809862ce-ee94-40a5-8400-9b6e42bd25fc>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.758228"}
{"text": ", which should also be exposed to the organization or person responsible for paying the bill. it is relatively easy to see the need for adding resources, but more difficult to see when a resource is no longer needed. a process for identifying and removing unused vms should be put into place. there are a number of strategies to do this, depending on the needs of a given organization, such as : the benefits and trade - offs of each of these approaches are detailed below : option 4 affords the greatest flexibility, while still working to minimize server sprawl. when a user requests a vm, they have the option of setting an expiration date with no reminder ( for example, if they know they will only be using the workload for one week ). they could set an expiration deadline with a reminder ( for example, a reminder that the vm will expire after 90 days unless they wish to renew ). lastly, the user may request no expiration date if they expect the workload will always be needed. if the last option is chosen, it is likely that underutilized vms will still be monitored and owners notified. finally, self - provisioning should be considered, if appropriate, when evaluating request fulfillment options to drive towards minimal human involvement. self - provisioning allows great agility and user empowerment, but it can also introduce risks depending on the nature of the environment in which these vms are introduced. for an enterprise organization, the risk of bypassing formal build, stabilize, and deploy processes may or may not outweigh the agility benefits gained from the self - provisioning option. without strong governance to make sure each vm has an end - of - life strategy, the fabric may become congested with vm server sprawl. the pros and cons of self - provisioning options are listed in the next diagram : the primary decision point for determining whether to use self - provisioning is the nature of the environment. allowing developers to self - provision into the development environment greatly facilitates agile development, and allows the enterprise to maintain release management controls as these workloads are moved out of development and into test and production environments. a user - led community environment isolated from enterprise mission - critical applications may also be a good candidate for self - provisioning. as long as user actions are isolated and cannot impact mission critical applications, the agility and user empowerment may justify the risk of giving up control of release management. again, it is essential that in such a scenario, expiration timers are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44060347897784696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:809862ce-ee94-40a5-8400-9b6e42bd25fc>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.759141"}
{"text": "##ing. as long as user actions are isolated and cannot impact mission critical applications, the agility and user empowerment may justify the risk of giving up control of release management. again, it is essential that in such a scenario, expiration timers are included to prevent server sprawl. the goal of access management is to make sure authorized users have access to the services they need while preventing access by unauthorized users. access management is the implementation of security policies defined by information security management at the service delivery layer. maintaining access for authorized users is critical for achieving the perception of continuous availability. besides allowing access, access management defines users who are allowed to use, configure, or administer objects in the management layer. from a provider \u2019 s perspective, it answers questions like : from a consumer \u2019 s perspective, it answers questions such as : access management is implemented at several levels and can include physical barriers to systems such as requiring access smartcards at the data center, or virtual barriers such as network and virtual local area network ( vlan ) separation, firewalling, and access to storage and applications. taking a service provider \u2019 s approach to access management will also make sure that resource segmentation and multi - tenancy is addressed. resource pools may need to be segmented to address security concerns around confidentiality, integrity, and availability. some tenants may not wish to share infrastructure resources to keep their environment isolated from others. access management of shared infrastructure requires logical access control mechanisms such as encryption, access control rights, user groupings, and permissions. dedicated infrastructure also relies on physical access control mechanisms, where infrastructure is not physically connected, but is effectively isolated through a firewall or other mechanisms. the goal of systems administration is to make sure that the daily, weekly, monthly, and as - needed tasks required to keep a system healthy are being performed. regularly performing ongoing systems administration tasks is critical for achieving predictability. as the organization matures and the knowledge management database becomes more robust and increasingly automated, systems administration tasks is no longer part of the job role function. it is important to keep this in mind as an organization moves to a private cloud. staff once responsible for systems administration should refocus on automation and scripting skills \u2013 and on monitoring the fabric to identify patterns that indicate possibilities for ongoing improvement of existing automated workflows.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065055148818285, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:809862ce-ee94-40a5-8400-9b6e42bd25fc>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.760109"}
{"text": "published may 2008 properly located digital signage in high traffic areas on school campuses provides students and faculty with a convenient resource to stay up to date about the latest school news and activities. signage in education by anthony d. coppedge technology gets high marks. digital media and communications have come to play a vital role in people \u2019 s everyday lives, and a visit to the local k - 12 school, college or university campus quickly illustrates the many ways in which individuals rely on audio and visual technologies each day. the shift from analog media to digital, represented by milestones ranging from the replacement of the walkman by the mp3 player to the dtv transition currently enabling broadcasts beyond the home to mobile devices, has redefined the options that larger institutions, including those in our educational system, have for sharing information across the campus and facilities. flexible and efficient digital signage, in particular, is proving to be a flexible and efficient tool for delivering specific and up - to - date information within the educational environment. as a high - resolution, high - impact medium, it lives up to the now - widespread expectation that visual media be crisp and clear, displayed on a large screen. although the appeal of implementing digital signage networks does stem, in part, from plummeting screen prices and sophisticated content delivery systems, what \u2019 s equally or more important is that digital signage provides valuable information to the people who need it, when and where they need it. on school campuses \u2014 whether preschool, elementary, high school or post - secondary institutions \u2014 it does so effectively, for both educational purposes and for the security and safety of staff, administration and the student body as a whole. school campuses have begun leveraging digital signage technology in addition to, or in place of, printed material, such as course schedules, content and location ; time - sensitive school news and updates ; maps and directions ; welcome messages for visitors and applicants ; and event schedules. digital signage simplifies creation and delivery of multiple channels of targeted content to different displays on the network. although a display in the college admissions office might provide prospective students with a glimpse into student life, for example, another display outside a lab or seminar room might present the courses or lectures scheduled for that space throughout the day. this model of a distribution concept illustrates a school distributing educational content over a public tv broadcast network. at the k - 12 level, digital signage makes it easy to deliver information such as team or band practice schedules, or to post the cafeteria menu and give students information encouraging sound food choices. digital signage in the preschool and day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5234306682772687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f104f5b-67cc-4de8-87a7-62cb466de5d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.771317"}
{"text": "public tv broadcast network. at the k - 12 level, digital signage makes it easy to deliver information such as team or band practice schedules, or to post the cafeteria menu and give students information encouraging sound food choices. digital signage in the preschool and daycare setting makes it easy for teachers and caregivers to share targeted educational programming with their classes. among the most striking benefits of communicating through digital signage is the quality of the pictures and the flexibility with which images, text and video can be combined in one or more windows to convey information. studies have shown that dynamic signage is noticed significantly more often than are static displays and, furthermore, that viewers are more likely to remember that dynamic content. though most regularly updated digital signage content tends to be text - based, digital signage networks also have the capacity to enable the live campus - wide broadcast of key events : a speech by a visiting dignitary, the basketball team \u2019 s first trip to the state or national tournament, or even the proceedings at commencement and graduation. when time is short, it \u2019 s impractical to gather the entire student body in one place or there simply isn \u2019 t the time or means to deliver the live message in any other way. the ability to share critical information to the entire school community, clearly and without delay, has made digital signage valuable as a tool for emergency response and communications. parents, administrators, teachers and students today can \u2019 t help but be concerned about the school \u2019 s ability to respond quickly and effectively to a dangerous situation, whether the threat be from another person, an environmental hazard, an unpredictable weather system or some other menace. digital signage screens installed across a school campus can be updated immediately to warn students and staff of the danger, and to provide unambiguous instructions for seeking shelter or safety : where to go and what to do. although early digital signage systems relied on ip - based networks and point - to - point connections between a player and each display, current solutions operate on far less costly and much more scalable platforms. broadcast - based digital signage models allow content to be distributed remotely from a single data source via transport media, such as digital television broadcast, satellite, broadband and wimax. the staff member responsible for maintaining the digital signage network can use popular content creation toolsets to populate both dynamic and static displays. this content is uploaded to a server that, in turn, feeds the digital signage network via broadcast, much like datacasting, to the receive site for playout. by slotting specific content into predefined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.533311857105198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f104f5b-67cc-4de8-87a7-62cb466de5d1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.772414"}
{"text": "both dynamic and static displays. this content is uploaded to a server that, in turn, feeds the digital signage network via broadcast, much like datacasting, to the receive site for playout. by slotting specific content into predefined display templates, each section with its own playlist, the administrator can schedule display of multiple elements simultaneously or a single - window static, video or animated display. the playlist enables delivery of the correct elements to the targeted display both at the scheduled time and in the appropriate layout. in networks with multicast - enabled routers, the administrator can schedule unique content for displays in different locations. in the case of delivering emergency preparedness or response information across a campus, content can be created through the same back - office software used for day - to - day digital signage displays. within the broadcast - based model, three components ensure the smooth delivery of content to each display. a transmission component serves as a content hub, allocating bandwidth and inserting content into the broadcast stream based on the schedule dictated by the network \u2019 s content management component. content is encapsulated into ip packets that, in turn, are encapsulated into mpeg2 packets for delivery. generic content distribution model for digital signage solution. the content management component of the digital signage network provides for organization and scheduling of content, as well as targeting of that content to specific receivers. flexibility in managing the digital signage system enables distribution of the same emergency message across all receivers and associated displays, or the delivery of select messages to particular displays within the larger network. with tight control over the message being distributed, school administrators can immediately provide the information that students and staff in different parts of the campus need to maintain the safest possible environment. receivers can be set to confirm receipt of content, in turn assuring administrative and emergency personnel that their communications are, in fact, being conveyed as intended. on the receiving end, the third component of the system, content, is extracted from the digital broadcast stream and fed to the display screen. the relationships that many colleges and universities share with public tv stations provide an excellent opportunity for establishing a digital signage network. today, the deployed base of broadcast - based content distribution systems in public tv stations is capable of reaching 50 % of the us population. these stations \u2019 dtv bandwidth is used not only for television programming, but also to generate new revenues and aggressively support public charters by providing efficient delivery of multimedia content for education, homeland security and other public services. educational institutions affiliated with such broadcasters already have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5105479421769725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f104f5b-67cc-4de8-87a7-62cb466de5d1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.773625"}
{"text": "these stations \u2019 dtv bandwidth is used not only for television programming, but also to generate new revenues and aggressively support public charters by providing efficient delivery of multimedia content for education, homeland security and other public services. educational institutions affiliated with such broadcasters already have the technology, and much of the necessary infrastructure, in place to launch a digital signage network. in taking advantage of the public broadcaster \u2019 s content delivery system, the college or university also can tap into the station \u2019 s existing links with area emergency response agencies. as digital signage technology continues to evolve, educational institutions will be able to extend both urgent alerts and more mundane daily communications over text and email messaging. smart content distribution systems will push consistent information to screens of all sizes, providing messages not only to displays, but also to the cell phones and pdas so ubiquitous in us schools. the continued evolution of mph technology will support this enhancement in delivery of messages directly to each student. mph in - band mobile dtv technology leverages atsc dtv broadcasts to enable extensions of digital signage and broadcast content directly to personal devices, whether stationary or on the move. rather than rely on numerous unrelated systems, such as ringing bells, written memos and intercom announcements, schools can unify messaging and its delivery, in turn reducing the redundancy involved in maintaining communications with the student body. an effective digital signage network provides day - to - day benefits for an elementary school, high school, college or university while providing invaluable emergency communications capabilities that increasingly are considered a necessity, irrespective of whether they get put to the test. the selection of an appropriate digital signage model depends, of course, on the needs of the organization. educational institutions share many of the same concerns held by counterparts in the corporate world, and key among those concerns is the simple matter of getting long - term value and use out of their technical investments. however, before even addressing the type of content the school wishes to create and distribute, the systems integrator, consultant or other av and media professional should work with the eventual operators of the digital signage network to identify and map out the existing workflow. once the system designer, integrator or installer has evaluated how staff currently work in an emergency to distribute information, he then can adjust established processes and adapt them to the digital signage model. the administrative staff who will be expected to update or import schedules to the digital signage system will have a much lower threshold of acceptance for a workflow that is completely unfamiliar or at odds with all their previous experience.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5188722355384477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f104f5b-67cc-4de8-87a7-62cb466de5d1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.774629"}
{"text": "adapt them to the digital signage model. the administrative staff who will be expected to update or import schedules to the digital signage system will have a much lower threshold of acceptance for a workflow that is completely unfamiliar or at odds with all their previous experience. an intuitive, easy - to - use system is more likely to be used in an emergency if it has become familiar in everyday practice. turnkey digital signage solutions provide end - to - end functionality without forcing users and integrators to work with multiple systems and interfaces. the key in selecting a vendor lies in ensuring that they share the same vision and are moving in the same direction as the end user. in addition to providing ease of use, digital signage solutions for the education market also must provide a high level of built - in security, preventing abuse or misuse by hackers, or by those without the knowledge, experience or authority to distribute content over the network. because the network is a conduit for emergency messaging, its integrity must be protected. so, the installer must not only identify the number of screens to be used and where, but also determine who gets access to the system and how that access remains secure. scalable systems that can grow in number of displays or accommodate infrastructure improvements and distribution of higher - bandwidth content will provide the long - term utility that makes the investment worthwhile. by going into the project with an understanding of existing infrastructure, such as cabling, firewalls, etc., and the client \u2019 s goals, the professional is equipped to advise the customer as to the necessity, options and costs for enhancing or improving on that infrastructure. as with any other significant deployment of av technology, the installation of a digital signage network also requires knowledge of the site, local building codes, the availability of power and so forth. ralph bachofen, senior director of product management and marketing, triveni digital, has more than 15 years of experience in voice and multimedia over internet protocol ( ip ), telecommunications and the semiconductor business. the infrastructure requirements of a school in deploying a digital signage network will vary, depending on the type of content being delivered through the system. hd and streaming content clearly are bandwidth hogs, whereas tickers and other text - based messages put a low demand on bandwidth. most facilities today are equipped with gigabit ethernet networks that can handle the demands of live video delivery and lighter content. however, even bandwidth - heavy video can be delivered by less robust networks, as larger clips can be \u201c trickled \u201d over time to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5176503939509562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f104f5b-67cc-4de8-87a7-62cb466de5d1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.775580"}
{"text": "today are equipped with gigabit ethernet networks that can handle the demands of live video delivery and lighter content. however, even bandwidth - heavy video can be delivered by less robust networks, as larger clips can be \u201c trickled \u201d over time to the site, as long as storage on the unit is adequate. there is no set standard for the bandwidth required, just as there is no single way to use a digital signage solution. it all depends on how the system will be used, and that \u2019 s an important detail to address up front. most digital signage solutions feature built - in content - creation tools and accept content from third - party applications, as well. staff members who oversee the system thus can use familiar applications to create up - to - date content for the school \u2019 s digital signage network. this continuity in workflow adds to the value and efficiency of the network in everyday use, reducing the administrative burden while serving as a safeguard in the event of an emergency. for educational institutions, the enormous potential of the digital signage network can open new doors for communicating with students and staff, but only if it is put to use effectively. comprehensive digital signage solutions offer ease of use to administration, deliver clear and useful messaging on ordinary days and during crises, and feature robust design and underlying technology that supports continual use well into the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4975071222326378, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f104f5b-67cc-4de8-87a7-62cb466de5d1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.776085"}
{"text": "how we found the missing memristor the memristor - - the functional equivalent of a synapse - - could revolutionize circuit design image : bryan christie design thinking machine this artist ' s conception of a memristor shows a stack of multiple crossbar arrays, the fundamental structure of r. stanley williams ' s device. because memristors behave functionally like synapses, replacing a few transistors in a circuit with memristors could lead to analog circuits that can think like a human brain. it \u2019 s time to stop shrinking. moore \u2019 s law, the semiconductor industry \u2019 s obsession with the shrinking of transistors and their commensurate steady doubling on a chip about every two years, has been the source of a 50 - year technical and economic revolution. whether this scaling paradigm lasts for five more years or 15, it will eventually come to an end. the emphasis in electronics design will have to shift to devices that are not just increasingly infinitesimal but increasingly capable. earlier this year, i and my colleagues at hewlett - packard labs, in palo alto, calif., surprised the electronics community with a fascinating candidate for such a device : the memristor. it had been theorized nearly 40 years ago, but because no one had managed to build one, it had long since become an esoteric curiosity. that all changed on 1 may, when my group published the details of the memristor in nature. combined with transistors in a hybrid chip, memristors could radically improve the performance of digital circuits without shrinking transistors. using transistors more efficiently could in turn give us another decade, at least, of moore \u2019 s law performance improvement, without requiring the costly and increasingly difficult doublings of transistor density on chips. in the end, memristors might even become the cornerstone of new analog circuits that compute using an architecture much like that of the brain. for nearly 150 years, the known fundamental passive circuit elements were limited to the capacitor ( discovered in 1745 ), the resistor ( 1827 ), and the inductor ( 1831 ). then, in a brilliant but underappreciated 1971 paper, leon chua, a professor of electrical engineering at the university of california, berkeley, predicted the existence of a fourth fundamental device, which he called a memristor. he proved that memristor behavior could not be duplicated by any circuit built using only the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.560245182560672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.798249"}
{"text": "professor of electrical engineering at the university of california, berkeley, predicted the existence of a fourth fundamental device, which he called a memristor. he proved that memristor behavior could not be duplicated by any circuit built using only the other three elements, which is why the memristor is truly fundamental. memristor is a contraction of \u201d memory resistor, \u201d because that is exactly its function : to remember its history. a memristor is a two - terminal device whose resistance depends on the magnitude and polarity of the voltage applied to it and the length of time that voltage has been applied. when you turn off the voltage, the memristor remembers its most recent resistance until the next time you turn it on, whether that happens a day later or a year later. think of a resistor as a pipe through which water flows. the water is electric charge. the resistor \u2019 s obstruction of the flow of charge is comparable to the diameter of the pipe : the narrower the pipe, the greater the resistance. for the history of circuit design, resistors have had a fixed pipe diameter. but a memristor is a pipe that changes diameter with the amount and direction of water that flows through it. if water flows through this pipe in one direction, it expands ( becoming less resistive ). but send the water in the opposite direction and the pipe shrinks ( becoming more resistive ). further, the memristor remembers its diameter when water last went through. turn off the flow and the diameter of the pipe \u201d freezes \u201d until the water is turned back on. that freezing property suits memristors brilliantly for computer memory. the ability to indefinitely store resistance values means that a memristor can be used as a nonvolatile memory. that might not sound like very much, but go ahead and pop the battery out of your laptop, right now \u2014 no saving, no quitting, nothing. you \u2019 d lose your work, of course. but if your laptop were built using a memory based on memristors, when you popped the battery back in, your screen would return to life with everything exactly as you left it : no lengthy reboot, no half - dozen auto - recovered files. but the memristor \u2019 s potential goes far beyond instant - on computers to embrace one of the grandest technology challenges : mimicking the functions of a brain. within a decade, memristors could let us emulate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6022872236777963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.799179"}
{"text": "recovered files. but the memristor \u2019 s potential goes far beyond instant - on computers to embrace one of the grandest technology challenges : mimicking the functions of a brain. within a decade, memristors could let us emulate, instead of merely simulate, networks of neurons and synapses. many research groups have been working toward a brain in silico : ibm \u2019 s blue brain project, howard hughes medical institute \u2019 s janelia farm, and harvard \u2019 s center for brain science are just three. however, even a mouse brain simulation in real time involves solving an astronomical number of coupled partial differential equations. a digital computer capable of coping with this staggering workload would need to be the size of a small city, and powering it would require several dedicated nuclear power plants. memristors can be made extremely small, and they function like synapses. using them, we will be able to build analog electronic circuits that could fit in a shoebox and function according to the same physical principles as a brain. a hybrid circuit \u2014 containing many connected memristors and transistors \u2014 could help us research actual brain function and disorders. such a circuit might even lead to machines that can recognize patterns the way humans can, in those critical ways computers can \u2019 t \u2014 for example, picking a particular face out of a crowd even if it has changed significantly since our last memory of it. the story of the memristor is truly one for the history books. when leon chua, now an ieee fellow, wrote his seminal paper predicting the memristor, he was a newly minted and rapidly rising professor at uc berkeley. chua had been fighting for years against what he considered the arbitrary restriction of electronic circuit theory to linear systems. he was convinced that nonlinear electronics had much more potential than the linear circuits that dominate electronics technology to this day. chua discovered a missing link in the pairwise mathematical equations that relate the four circuit quantities \u2014 charge, current, voltage, and magnetic flux \u2014 to one another. these can be related in six ways. two are connected through the basic physical laws of electricity and magnetism, and three are related by the known circuit elements : resistors connect voltage and current, inductors connect flux and current, and capacitors connect voltage and charge. but one equation is missing from this group : the relationship between charge moving through a circuit and the magnetic flux surrounded by that circuit \u2014 or more subtly, a mathematical doppelganger defined by faraday \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6082501796750943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.800079"}
{"text": "and capacitors connect voltage and charge. but one equation is missing from this group : the relationship between charge moving through a circuit and the magnetic flux surrounded by that circuit \u2014 or more subtly, a mathematical doppelganger defined by faraday \u2019 s law as the time integral of the voltage across the circuit. this distinction is the crux of a raging internet debate about the legitimacy of our memristor [ see sidebar, \u201d resistance to memristance \u201d ]. chua \u2019 s memristor was a purely mathematical construct that had more than one physical realization. what does that mean? consider a battery and a transformer. both provide identical voltages \u2014 for example, 12 volts of direct current \u2014 but they do so by entirely different mechanisms : the battery by a chemical reaction going on inside the cell and the transformer by taking a 110a \u00bf \u00bf v ac input, stepping that down to 12 v ac, and then transforming that into 12 v dc. the end result is mathematically identical \u2014 both will run an electric shaver or a cellphone, but the physical source of that 12 v is completely different. conceptually, it was easy to grasp how electric charge could couple to magnetic flux, but there was no obvious physical interaction between charge and the integral over the voltage. chua demonstrated mathematically that his hypothetical device would provide a relationship between flux and charge similar to what a nonlinear resistor provides between voltage and current. in practice, that would mean the device \u2019 s resistance would vary according to the amount of charge that passed through it. and it would remember that resistance value even after the current was turned off. he also noticed something else \u2014 that this behavior reminded him of the way synapses function in a brain. even before chua had his eureka moment, however, many researchers were reporting what they called \u201d anomalous \u201d current - voltage behavior in the micrometer - scale devices they had built out of unconventional materials, like polymers and metal oxides. but the idiosyncrasies were usually ascribed to some mystery electrochemical reaction, electrical breakdown, or other spurious phenomenon attributed to the high voltages that researchers were applying to their devices. as it turns out, a great many of these reports were unrecognized examples of memristance. after chua theorized the memristor out of the mathematical ether, it took another 35 years for us to intentionally build the device at hp labs, and we only really understood the device about two years ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6042599095259595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.801019"}
{"text": "examples of memristance. after chua theorized the memristor out of the mathematical ether, it took another 35 years for us to intentionally build the device at hp labs, and we only really understood the device about two years ago. so what took us so long? it \u2019 s all about scale. we now know that memristance is an intrinsic property of any electronic circuit. its existence could have been deduced by gustav kirchhoff or by james clerk maxwell, if either had considered nonlinear circuits in the 1800s. but the scales at which electronic devices have been built for most of the past two centuries have prevented experimental observation of the effect. it turns out that the influence of memristance obeys an inverse square law : memristance is a million times as important at the nanometer scale as it is at the micrometer scale, and it \u2019 s essentially unobservable at the millimeter scale and larger. as we build smaller and smaller devices, memristance is becoming more noticeable and in some cases dominant. that \u2019 s what accounts for all those strange results researchers have described. memristance has been hidden in plain sight all along. but in spite of all the clues, our finding the memristor was completely serendipitous. in 1995, i was recruited to hp labs to start up a fundamental research group that had been proposed by david packard. he decided that the company had become large enough to dedicate a research group to long - term projects that would be protected from the immediate needs of the business units. packard had an altruistic vision that hp should \u201d return knowledge to the well of fundamental science from which hp had been withdrawing for so long. \u201d at the same time, he understood that long - term research could be the strategic basis for technologies and inventions that would directly benefit hp in the future. hp gave me a budget and four researchers. but beyond the comment that \u201d molecular - scale electronics \u201d would be interesting and that we should try to have something useful in about 10 years, i was given carte blanche to pursue any topic we wanted. we decided to take on moore \u2019 s law. at the time, the dot - com bubble was still rapidly inflating its way toward a resounding pop, and the existing semiconductor road map didn \u2019 t extend past 2010. the critical feature size for the transistors on an integrated circuit was 350 nanometers ; we had a long way to go before atomic sizes would become a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6170014940945103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.801875"}
{"text": "resounding pop, and the existing semiconductor road map didn \u2019 t extend past 2010. the critical feature size for the transistors on an integrated circuit was 350 nanometers ; we had a long way to go before atomic sizes would become a limitation. and yet, the eventual end of moore \u2019 s law was obvious. someday semiconductor researchers would have to confront physics - based limits to their relentless descent into the infinitesimal, if for no other reason than that a transistor cannot be smaller than an atom. ( today the smallest components of transistors on integrated circuits are roughly 45 nm wide, or about 220 silicon atoms. ) that \u2019 s when we started to hang out with phil kuekes, the creative force behind the teramac ( tera - operation - per - second multiarchitecture computer ) \u2014 an experimental supercomputer built at hp labs primarily from defective parts, just to show it could be done. he gave us the idea to build an architecture that would work even if a substantial number of the individual devices in the circuit were dead on arrival. we didn \u2019 t know what those devices would be, but our goal was electronics that would keep improving even after the devices got so small that defective ones would become common. we ate a lot of pizza washed down with appropriate amounts of beer and speculated about what this mystery nanodevice would be. we were designing something that wouldn \u2019 t even be relevant for another 10 to 15 years. it was possible that by then devices would have shrunk down to the molecular scale envisioned by david packard or perhaps even be molecules. we could think of no better way to anticipate this than by mimicking the teramac at the nanoscale. we decided that the simplest abstraction of the teramac architecture was the crossbar, which has since become the de facto standard for nanoscale circuits because of its simplicity, adaptability, and redundancy. the crossbar is an array of perpendicular wires. anywhere two wires cross, they are connected by a switch. to connect a horizontal wire to a vertical wire at any point on the grid, you must close the switch between them. our idea was to open and close these switches by applying voltages to the ends of the wires. note that a crossbar array is basically a storage system, with an open switch representing a zero and a closed switch representing a one. you read the data by probing the switch with a small voltage. like everything else at the nanoscale, the switches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5737953968919114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.802734"}
{"text": "that a crossbar array is basically a storage system, with an open switch representing a zero and a closed switch representing a one. you read the data by probing the switch with a small voltage. like everything else at the nanoscale, the switches and wires of a crossbar are bound to be plagued by at least some nonfunctional components. these components will be only a few atoms wide, and the second law of thermodynamics ensures that we will not be able to completely specify the position of every atom. however, a crossbar architecture builds in redundancy by allowing you to route around any parts of the circuit that don \u2019 t work. because of their simplicity, crossbar arrays have a much higher density of switches than a comparable integrated circuit based on transistors. but implementing such a storage system was easier said than done. many research groups were working on such a cross - point memory \u2014 and had been since the 1950s. even after 40 years of research, they had no product on the market. still, that didn \u2019 t stop them from trying. that \u2019 s because the potential for a truly nanoscale crossbar memory is staggering ; picture carrying around the entire library of congress on a thumb drive. one of the major impediments for prior crossbar memory research was the small off - to - on resistance ratio of the switches ( 40 years of research had never produced anything surpassing a factor of 2 or 3 ). by comparison, modern transistors have an off - to - on resistance ratio of 10 000 to 1. we calculated that to get a high - performance memory, we had to make switches with a resistance ratio of at least 1000 to 1. in other words, in its off state, a switch had to be 1000 times as resistive to the flow of current as it was in its on state. what mechanism could possibly give a nanometer - scale device a three - orders - of - magnitude resistance ratio? we found the answer in scanning tunneling microscopy ( stm ), an area of research i had been pursuing for a decade. a tunneling microscope generates atomic - resolution images by scanning a very sharp needle across a surface and measuring the electric current that flows between the atoms at the tip of the needle and the surface the needle is probing. the general rule of thumb in stm is that moving that tip 0. 1 nm closer to a surface increases the tunneling current by one order of magnitude. we needed some similar mechanism by which we could change the effective spacing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6173355294642401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.803586"}
{"text": "needle is probing. the general rule of thumb in stm is that moving that tip 0. 1 nm closer to a surface increases the tunneling current by one order of magnitude. we needed some similar mechanism by which we could change the effective spacing between two wires in our crossbar by 0. 3 nm. if we could do that, we would have the 1000 : 1 electrical switching ratio we needed. our constraints were getting ridiculous. where would we find a material that could change its physical dimensions like that? that is how we found ourselves in the realm of molecular electronics. conceptually, our device was like a tiny sandwich. two platinum electrodes ( the intersecting wires of the crossbar junction ) functioned as the \u201d bread \u201d on either end of the device. we oxidized the surface of the bottom platinum wire to make an extremely thin layer of platinum dioxide, which is highly conducting. next, we assembled a dense film, only one molecule thick, of specially designed switching molecules. over this \u201d monolayer \u201d we deposited a 2 - to 3 - nm layer of titanium metal, which bonds strongly to the molecules and was intended to glue them together. the final layer was the top platinum electrode. the molecules were supposed to be the actual switches. we built an enormous number of these devices, experimenting with a wide variety of exotic molecules and configurations, including rotaxanes, special switching molecules designed by james heath and fraser stoddart at the university of california, los angeles. the rotaxane is like a bead on a string, and with the right voltage, the bead slides from one end of the string to the other, causing the electrical resistance of the molecule to rise or fall, depending on the direction it moves. heath and stoddart \u2019 s devices used silicon electrodes, and they worked, but not well enough for technological applications : the off - to - on resistance ratio was only a factor of 10, the switching was slow, and the devices tended to switch themselves off after 15 minutes. our platinum devices yielded results that were nothing less than frustrating. when a switch worked, it was spectacular : our off - to - on resistance ratios shot past the 1000 mark, the devices switched too fast for us to even measure, and having switched, the device \u2019 s resistance state remained stable for years ( we still have some early devices we test every now and then, and we have never seen a significant change in resistance ). but our fantastic results were inconsistent. worse yet, the success or failure of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5870708349631374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.804512"}
{"text": "\u2019 s resistance state remained stable for years ( we still have some early devices we test every now and then, and we have never seen a significant change in resistance ). but our fantastic results were inconsistent. worse yet, the success or failure of a device never seemed to depend on the same thing. we had no physical model for how these devices worked. instead of rational engineering, we were reduced to performing huge numbers of edisonian experiments, varying one parameter at a time and attempting to hold all the rest constant. even our switching molecules were betraying us ; it seemed like we could use anything at all. in our desperation, we even turned to long - chain fatty acids \u2014 essentially soap \u2014 as the molecules in our devices. there \u2019 s nothing in soap that should switch, and yet some of the soap devices switched phenomenally. we also made control devices with no molecule monolayers at all. none of them switched. we were frustrated and burned out. here we were, in late 2002, six years into our research. we had something that worked, but we couldn \u2019 t figure out why, we couldn \u2019 t model it, and we sure couldn \u2019 t engineer it. that \u2019 s when greg snider, who had worked with kuekes on the teramac, brought me the chua memristor paper from the september 1971 ieee transactions on circuits theory. \u201d i don \u2019 t know what you guys are building, \u201d he told me, \u201d but this is what i want. \u201d to this day, i have no idea how greg happened to come across that paper. few people had read it, fewer had understood it, and fewer still had cited it. at that point, the paper was 31 years old and apparently headed for the proverbial dustbin of history. i wish i could say i took one look and yelled, \u201d eureka! \u201d but in fact, the paper sat on my desk for months before i even tried to read it. when i did study it, i found the concepts and the equations unfamiliar and hard to follow. but i kept at it because something had caught my eye, as it had greg \u2019 s : chua had included a graph that looked suspiciously similar to the experimental data we were collecting. the graph described the current - voltage ( i - v ) characteristics that chua had plotted for his memristor. chua had called them \u201d pinched - hysteresis loops \u201d ; we called our i - v characteristics \u201d bow ties. \u201d a pinched hyst", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5781128823871615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.805442"}
{"text": "voltage ( i - v ) characteristics that chua had plotted for his memristor. chua had called them \u201d pinched - hysteresis loops \u201d ; we called our i - v characteristics \u201d bow ties. \u201d a pinched hysteresis loop looks like a diagonal infinity symbol with the center at the zero axis, when plotted on a graph of current against voltage. the voltage is first increased from zero to a positive maximum value, then decreased to a minimum negative value and finally returned to zero. the bow ties on our graphs were nearly identical [ see graphic, \u201d bow ties \u201d ]. that \u2019 s not all. the total change in the resistance we had measured in our devices also depended on how long we applied the voltage : the longer we applied a positive voltage, the lower the resistance until it reached a minimum value. and the longer we applied a negative voltage, the higher the resistance became until it reached a maximum limiting value. when we stopped applying the voltage, whatever resistance characterized the device was frozen in place, until we reset it by once again applying a voltage. the loop in the i - v curve is called hysteresis, and this behavior is startlingly similar to how synapses operate : synaptic connections between neurons can be made stronger or weaker depending on the polarity, strength, and length of a chemical or electrical signal. that \u2019 s not the kind of behavior you find in today \u2019 s circuits. looking at chua \u2019 s graphs was maddening. we now had a big clue that memristance had something to do with our switches. but how? why should our molecular junctions have anything to do with the relationship between charge and magnetic flux? i couldn \u2019 t make the connection. two years went by. every once in a while i would idly pick up chua \u2019 s paper, read it, and each time i understood the concepts a little more. but our experiments were still pretty much trial and error. the best we could do was to make a lot of devices and find the ones that worked. but our frustration wasn \u2019 t for nothing : by 2004, we had figured out how to do a little surgery on our little sandwiches. we built a gadget that ripped the tiny devices open so that we could peer inside them and do some forensics. when we pried them apart, the little sandwiches separated at their weakest point : the molecule layer. for the first time, we could get a good look at what was going on inside. we were in for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6082747506686432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.806396"}
{"text": "them and do some forensics. when we pried them apart, the little sandwiches separated at their weakest point : the molecule layer. for the first time, we could get a good look at what was going on inside. we were in for a shock. what we had was not what we had built. recall that we had built a sandwich with two platinum electrodes as the bread and filled with three layers : the platinum dioxide, the monolayer film of switching molecules, and the film of titanium. but that \u2019 s not what we found. under the molecular layer, instead of platinum dioxide, there was only pure platinum. above the molecular layer, instead of titanium, we found an unexpected and unusual layer of titanium dioxide. the titanium had sucked the oxygen right out of the platinum dioxide! the oxygen atoms had somehow migrated through the molecules and been consumed by the titanium. this was especially surprising because the switching molecules had not been significantly perturbed by this event \u2014 they were intact and well ordered, which convinced us that they must be doing something important in the device. the chemical structure of our devices was not at all what we had thought it was. the titanium dioxide \u2014 a stable compound found in sunscreen and white paint \u2014 was not just regular titanium dioxide. it had split itself up into two chemically different layers. adjacent to the molecules, the oxide was stoichiometric tio 2, meaning the ratio of oxygen to titanium was perfect, exactly 2 to 1. but closer to the top platinum electrode, the titanium dioxide was missing a tiny amount of its oxygen, between 2 and 3 percent. we called this oxygen - deficient titanium dioxide tio 2 - x, where x is about 0. 05. because of this misunderstanding, we had been performing the experiment backward. every time i had tried to create a switching model, i had reversed the switching polarity. in other words, i had predicted that a positive voltage would switch the device off and a negative voltage would switch it on. in fact, exactly the opposite was true. it was time to get to know titanium dioxide a lot better. they say three weeks in the lab will save you a day in the library every time. in august of 2006 i did a literature search and found about 300 relevant papers on titanium dioxide. i saw that each of the many different communities researching titanium dioxide had its own way of describing the compound. by the end of the month, the pieces had fallen into place. i finally knew how our device worked. i knew why we had a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5577879597795791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.807362"}
{"text": ". i saw that each of the many different communities researching titanium dioxide had its own way of describing the compound. by the end of the month, the pieces had fallen into place. i finally knew how our device worked. i knew why we had a memristor. the exotic molecule monolayer in the middle of our sandwich had nothing to do with the actual switching. instead, what it did was control the flow of oxygen from the platinum dioxide into the titanium to produce the fairly uniform layers of tio 2 and tio 2 - x. the key to the switching was this bilayer of the two different titanium dioxide species [ see diagram, \u201d how memristance works \u201d ]. the tio 2 is electrically insulating ( actually a semiconductor ), but the tio 2 - x is conductive, because its oxygen vacancies are donors of electrons, which makes the vacancies themselves positively charged. the vacancies can be thought of like bubbles in a glass of beer, except that they don \u2019 t pop \u2014 they can be pushed up and down at will in the titanium dioxide material because they are electrically charged. now i was able to predict the switching polarity of the device. if a positive voltage is applied to the top electrode of the device, it will repel the ( also positive ) oxygen vacancies in the tio 2 - x layer down into the pure tio 2 layer. that turns the tio 2 layer into tio 2 - x and makes it conductive, thus turning the device on. a negative voltage has the opposite effect : the vacancies are attracted upward and back out of the tio 2, and thus the thickness of the tio 2 layer increases and the device turns off. this switching polarity is what we had been seeing for years but had been unable to explain. on 20 august 2006, i solved the two most important equations of my career \u2014 one equation detailing the relationship between current and voltage for this equivalent circuit, and another equation describing how the application of the voltage causes the vacancies to move \u2014 thereby writing down, for the first time, an equation for memristance in terms of the physical properties of a material. this provided a unique insight. memristance arises in a semiconductor when both electrons and charged dopants are forced to move simultaneously by applying a voltage to the system. the memristance did not actually involve magnetism in this case ; the integral over the voltage reflected how far the dopants had moved and thus how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5807361406314078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.808457"}
{"text": "both electrons and charged dopants are forced to move simultaneously by applying a voltage to the system. the memristance did not actually involve magnetism in this case ; the integral over the voltage reflected how far the dopants had moved and thus how much the resistance of the device had changed. we finally had a model we could use to engineer our switches, which we had by now positively identified as memristors. now we could use all the theoretical machinery chua had created to help us design new circuits with our devices. triumphantly, i showed the group my results and immediately declared that we had to take the molecule monolayers out of our devices. skeptical after years of false starts and failed hypotheses, my team reminded me that we had run control samples without molecule layers for every device we had ever made and that those devices had never switched. and getting the recipe right turned out to be tricky indeed. we needed to find the exact amounts of titanium and oxygen to get the two layers to do their respective jobs. by that point we were all getting impatient. in fact, it took so long to get the first working device that in my discouragement i nearly decided to put the molecule layers back in. a month later, it worked. we not only had working devices, but we were also able to improve and change their characteristics at will. but here is the real triumph. the resistance of these devices stayed constant whether we turned off the voltage or just read their states ( interrogating them with a voltage so small it left the resistance unchanged ). the oxygen vacancies didn \u2019 t roam around ; they remained absolutely immobile until we again applied a positive or negative voltage. that \u2019 s memristance : the devices remembered their current history. we had coaxed chua \u2019 s mythical memristor off the page and into being. emulating the behavior of a single memristor, chua showed, requires a circuit with at least 15 transistors and other passive elements. the implications are extraordinary : just imagine how many kinds of circuits could be supercharged by replacing a handful of transistors with one single memristor. the most obvious benefit is to memories. in its initial state, a crossbar memory has only open switches, and no information is stored. but once you start closing switches, you can store vast amounts of information compactly and efficiently. because memristors remember their state, they can store data indefinitely, using energy only when you toggle or read", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6083930205714458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.809486"}
{"text": ", and no information is stored. but once you start closing switches, you can store vast amounts of information compactly and efficiently. because memristors remember their state, they can store data indefinitely, using energy only when you toggle or read the state of a switch, unlike the capacitors in conventional dram, which will lose their stored charge if the power to the chip is turned off. furthermore, the wires and switches can be made very small : we should eventually get down to a width of around 4 nm, and then multiple crossbars could be stacked on top of each other to create a ridiculously high density of stored bits. greg snider and i published a paper last year showing that memristors could vastly improve one type of processing circuit, called a field - programmable gate array, or fpga. by replacing several specific transistors with a crossbar of memristors, we showed that the circuit could be shrunk by nearly a factor of 10 in area and improved in terms of its speed relative to power - consumption performance. right now, we are testing a prototype of this circuit in our lab. and memristors are by no means hard to fabricate. the titanium dioxide structure can be made in any semiconductor fab currently in existence. ( in fact, our hybrid circuit was built in an hp fab used for making inkjet cartridges. ) the primary limitation to manufacturing hybrid chips with memristors is that today only a small number of people on earth have any idea of how to design circuits containing memristors. i must emphasize here that memristors will never eliminate the need for transistors : passive devices and circuits require active devices like transistors to supply energy. the potential of the memristor goes far beyond juicing a few fpgas. i have referred several times to the similarity of memristor behavior to that of synapses. right now, greg is designing new circuits that mimic aspects of the brain. the neurons are implemented with transistors, the axons are the nanowires in the crossbar, and the synapses are the memristors at the cross points. a circuit like this could perform real - time data analysis for multiple sensors. think about it : an intelligent physical infrastructure that could provide structural assessment monitoring for bridges. how much money \u2014 and how many lives \u2014 could be saved? i \u2019 m convinced that eventually the memristor will change circuit design", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5526700545353216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc30d469-0a3c-4993-a11a-95b648c6e637>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.811098"}
{"text": "mercury in the morning the planet mercury - - the planet closest to the sun - - is just peeking into view in the east at dawn the next few days. it looks like a fairly bright star. it ' s so low in the sky, though, that you need a clear horizon to spot it, and binoculars wouldn ' t hurt. mercury is a bit of a puzzle. it has a big core that ' s made mainly of iron, so it ' s quite dense. because mercury is so small, the core long ago should ' ve cooled enough to form a solid ball. yet the planet generates a weak magnetic field, hinting that the core is still at least partially molten. the solution to this puzzle may involve an iron \" snow \" deep within the core. the iron in the core is probably mixed with sulfur, which has a lower melting temperature than iron. recent models suggest that the sulfur may have kept the outer part of the core from solidifying - - it ' s still a hot, thick liquid. as this mixture cools, though, the iron \" freezes \" before the sulfur does. small bits of solid iron fall toward the center of the planet. this creates convection currents - - like a pot of boiling water. the motion is enough to create a \" dynamo \" effect. like a generator, it produces electrical currents, which in turn create a magnetic field around the planet. observations earlier this year by the messenger spacecraft seem to support that idea. but messenger will provide much better readings of what ' s going on inside mercury when it enters orbit around the planet in 2011. script by damond benningfield, copyright 2008 for more skywatching tips, astronomy news, and much more, read stardate magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4961009170077665, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0a1999f-a775-4afc-bcfd-ee6ff6243a0b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.812746"}
{"text": "in 1962 president john f. kennedy \u2019 s administration narrowly averted possible nuclear war with the ussr, when cia operatives spotted soviet surface - to - surface missiles in cuba, after a six - week gap in intelligence - gathering flights. in their forthcoming book blind over cuba : the photo gap and the missile crisis, co - authors david barrett and max holland make the case that the affair was a close call stemming directly from a decision made in a climate of deep distrust between key administration officials and the intelligence community. using recently declassified documents, secondary materials, and interviews with several key participants, the authors weave a story of intra - agency conflict, suspicion, and discord that undermined intelligence - gathering, adversely affected internal postmortems conducted after the crisis peaked, and resulted in keeping congress and the public in the dark about what really happened. we asked barrett, a professor of political science at villanova university, to discuss the actual series of events and what might have happened had the cia not detected soviet missiles on cuba. the actual sequence of events... \u201c some months after the cuban missile crisis, an angry member of the armed services committee of the house of representatives criticized leaders of the kennedy administration for having let weeks go by in september and early october 1962, without detecting soviet construction of missile sites in cuba. it was an intelligence failure as serious as the u. s. ignorance that preceded the japanese attack on pearl harbor in 1941, he said. secretary of defense robert mcnamara aggressively denied that there had been an american intelligence failure or ineptitude with regard to cuba in late summer 1962. mcnamara and others persuaded most observers the administration \u2019 s performance in the lead - up to the crisis had been almost flawless, but the legislator was right : the cia had not sent a u - 2 spy aircraft over western cuba for about a six week period. there were varying reasons for this, but the most important was that the kennedy administration did not wish to have a u - 2 \u201c incident. \u201d sending that aircraft over cuba raised the possibility that soviet surface - to - air missiles might shoot one down. since it was arguably against international law for the u. s. to send spy aircrafts over another country, should one be shot down, there would probably be the same sort of uproar as happened in may 1960, when the soviet union shot down an american u - 2 flying over its territory. furthermore, most state department and cia authorities did not believe that the ussr would put nuclear - armed missiles into cuba that could strike the u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5191923828702993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7da5e687-07e2-4c8f-9fac-fe3f58c7017a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.819581"}
{"text": "happened in may 1960, when the soviet union shot down an american u - 2 flying over its territory. furthermore, most state department and cia authorities did not believe that the ussr would put nuclear - armed missiles into cuba that could strike the u. s. therefore, the cia was told, in effect, not even to request permission to send u - 2s over western cuba. this, at a time when there were growing numbers of reports from cuban exiles and other sources about suspicious soviet equipment being brought into the country. as we now know, the soviets were constructing missile sites on what cia deputy director richard helms would call \u201c the business end of cuba, \u201d i. e., the western end, in the summer / autumn of 1962. fortunately, by mid - october, the cia \u2019 s director, john mccone, succeeded in persuading president john f. kennedy to authorize one u - 2 flight over that part of cuba and so it was that agency representatives could authoritatively inform jfk on october 16th that the construction was underway. the cia had faced white house and state department resistance for many weeks about this u - 2 matter. \" what could have happened... \u201c what if mccone had not succeeded in persuading the president that the u. s. needed to step up aerial surveillance of cuba in mid - october? what if a few more weeks had passed without that crucial october 14 u - 2 flight and its definitive photography of soviet missile site construction? remember to check out blind over cuba : the photo gap and the missile crisis, which is being published this fall! if mccone had been told \u201c no \u201d in the second week of october, perhaps it would have taken more human intelligence, trickling in from cuba, about such soviet activity before the president would have approved a risky u - 2 flight. the problem jfk would have faced then is that there would have been a significant number of operational medium - range missile launch sites. those nuclear - equipped missiles could have hit the southern part of the u. s. meanwhile, the soviets would also have progressed further in construction of intermediate missile sites ; such missiles could have hit most of the continental united states. if jfk had not learned about soviet nuclear - armed missiles until, say, november 1st, what would the u. s. have done? there is no definitive answer to that question, but i think it \u2019 s fair to say that the president would have been under enormous pressure to authorize \u2014 quickly - - a huge u. s. air", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4685793139306228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7da5e687-07e2-4c8f-9fac-fe3f58c7017a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.821706"}
{"text": "if you have ever used the windows copy ( ctrl + c ) to copy objects to the clipboard and then the windows paste ( ctrl + v ) to copy / paste autocad object ( s ), then you know that those clipboard object ( s ) will have the lower left - hand corner of their extents as the base point ( not very precise )... and this always reminds me of some of the graphic editing applets ( e. g. : paint or even the wonderful autocad button editor! ) that have you draw a circle like a rectangle. ( annoying to say the least! ) with autocad you can use the keyboard shortcut of ( ctrl + shft + c ) to pick a base point for your clipboard object ( s ). copybase is the actual command, and then you can paste to a precise point in the destination autocad dwg file using the keyboard shortcut of ( ctrl + shift + v ). this is the pasteblock command or you can also use the pasteorig command if the copybased object ( s ) go in the same exact spot in the receiving dwg file. also it is important to note : if you do use the ctrl + shift + v pasteblock method and want to leave it as a block, autocad will assign a name for the block, which is something like \" a $ c11a06afd \" or \" a $ c1f7a5022 \"... either use the rename command, or use explode or xplode, also watch your layers, with regards to the object ( s ) original layers and where this new \" block \" is being inserted... or where they go if they are exploded vs. xploded. ( i will save that for a whole different post ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46047611379176934, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab6efc59-895c-4b89-90f1-13b1d77a46de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.823437"}
{"text": "the neighbor squirrel these busy fluffballs have lost their fear of most predators - and they help plant pecan trees. by sheryl smith - rodgers have you ever watched an eastern fox squirrel ( sciurus niger ) bury an acorn or pecan? a nuzzle here, another there, then he hurriedly pushes the leaves and grass over the site before scampering up the closest tree. minutes later, he ' s back with another nut. over the course of three months, that industrious squirrel can bury several thousand pecans. come winter, when food ' s scarce, he ' ll find them again with his excellent sense of smell. some will escape his appetite, though, and sprout into saplings, which is how many native nut trees get planted. eastern fox squirrels - the state ' s most common and wide - ranging squirrel and a popular game animal, too - occur in forests and riparian habitats. they also easily adapt to cities and neighborhoods, where they ' ve lost most of their fear of natural predators. \" playing the call of a red - tailed hawk didn ' t phase squirrels on campus, \" reports bob mccleery, a wildlife lecturer at texas a & m university, who has studied urban squirrels in college station. \" when we played a coyote call in the navasota river bottom, a squirrel immediately flattened itself in the crotch of a tree for a good five minutes. \" when agitated, fox squirrels - whose fur closely resembles that of a gray fox - bark and jerk their long, bushy tails, which they use for balance when scampering on utility lines and other high places. tails provide warmth and protection, too. \" in the summer, i ' ve seen them lying down with their tails over their heads to block the sun, \" mccleery says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40278430961964795, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3cb858ec-4357-48a5-9912-c7929ec225af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.825987"}
{"text": "ragtime and blues fused \u2018 all that jazz \u2019 by laura szepesi published : sunday, march 17, 2013, 7 : 09 p. m. updated : monday, march 18, 2013 editor ' s note : thursday marks the 85th birthday of well - known connellsville jazz trombonist harold betters. we salute him with this four - part series, starting today with a brief history of jazz music. in 1979, actor roy scheider brought the life of broadway dancer / director bob fosse to the big screen in the film \u201c all that jazz. \u201d \u201c all \u201d is the perfect way to describe jazz music. jazz was born around 1900 in new orleans \u2014 about the same time as the earliest music recordings became available to the public. it grew out of ragtime, which many sources claim is the first true american music. like jazz, ragtime has southern roots, but was also flavored by the southern midwest. it was popular from the late 1800s to around 1920. it developed in african american communities, a mix of march music ( from composers such as john philip sousa ), black songs and dances including the cakewalk. ragtime : dance on eventually, ragtime spread across the united states via printed sheet music, but its roots were as live dance music in the red light districts of large cities such as st. louis and new orleans. ernest hogan is considered ragtime ' s father. he named it ragtime because of the music ' s lively ragged syncopation. ragtime faded as jazz ' s following grew. however, composers enjoyed major success in ragtime ' s early years. scott joplin ' s 1899 \u201c maple leaf rag \u201d was a hit, as was his \u201c the entertainer, \u201d which was resurrected as a top 5 hit when it was featured in the 1974 movie \u201c the sting \u201d starring robert redford and paul newman. born of ragtime, jazz was also heavily influenced by the blues. blues originated in the late 1800s, but in the deep south. it is an amalgam of negro spirituals, work songs, shouts, chants and narrative lyrics. fused with blues like jazz, the blues comes in many forms : delta, piedmont, jump and chicago blues. its popularity grew after world war ii when electric guitars \u2014 rather than acoustic guitars \u2014 became popular. by the early 1970s, blues had formed another hybrid : blues rock. while ragtime is jangly and spirited, the blues takes after its name : blue, or melancholy. its name is traced to 1912 when hart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42208695378812416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9adf6dc2-8439-48ef-addd-49274751b0af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.830407"}
{"text": "than acoustic guitars \u2014 became popular. by the early 1970s, blues had formed another hybrid : blues rock. while ragtime is jangly and spirited, the blues takes after its name : blue, or melancholy. its name is traced to 1912 when hart ward copyrighted the first blues song, \u201c dallas blues. \u201d jazz \u2014 as a mix of ragtime and blues \u2014 has fused into many styles since its emergence. in the 1910s, new orleans jazz was the first to take off. in the 1930s and 1940s, big band swing, kansas city jazz and bebop prevailed. other forms include cool jazz and jazz rock ; today, there ' s even cyber jazz. jazz : always changing the late jazz trombone player j. j. johnson summed jazz up as restless. \u201c it won ' t stay put... and never will, \u201d he was quoted as saying, according to various sources. johnson ' s sentiment is heartily endorsed by connellsville jazz trombonist harold betters. betters turns 85 years old this week. he will share decades of his memories about music and growing up in connellsville as his march 21 birthday approaches. laura szepesi is a freelance writer. tuesday : just how did harold betters decide to play the trombone? - uniontown police investigate shooting injury - upper tyrone family helps pet overcome paralysis - several fayette boroughs have contested races - recap of the death of connellsville police officer mccray robb in 1882 - connellsville police officer recognized 131 years after death - fayette county man accused of receiving stolen property, multiple drug offenses - connellsville set to debut model - railroad train in 2014 - connellsville airport will remain open - connellsville mayoral candidate joshua dewitt held for trial in chop shop case - south connellsville man charged in pedestrian accident - connellsville council to make appointments, reappointments you must be signed in to add comments to comment, click the sign in or sign up at the very top of this page. subscribe today! click here for our subscription offers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4741166903614673, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9adf6dc2-8439-48ef-addd-49274751b0af>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.831992"}
{"text": "welcome to bsa troop 51 based out of waterford, mi. please take a look around and have a great day. how scouting started in the united states one day in 1909 in london, england, an american visitor, william d. boyce, lost his way in a dense fog. he stopped under a street lamp and tried to figure out where he was. a boy approached him and asked if he could be of help. you certainly can, said boyce. he told the boy that he wanted to find a certain business office in the center of the city. i \u2019 ll take you there, said the boy. when they got to the destination, mr. boyce reached into his pocket for a tip. but the boy stopped him. no thank you, sir. i am a scout. i won \u2019 t take anything for helping. a scout? and what might that be? asked boyce. the boy told the american about himself and about his brother scouts. boyce became very interested. after finishing his errand, he had the boy take him to the british scouting office. at the office, boyce met lord robert baden - powell, the famous british general who had founded the scouting movement in great britain. boyce was so impressed with what he learned that he decided to bring scouting home with him. on february 8, 1910, boyce and a group of outstanding leaders founded the boy scouts of america. from that day forth, scouts have celebrated february 8, as the birthday of scouting in the united states. what happened to the boy who helped mr. boyce find his way in the fog? no one knows. he had neither asked for money nor given his name, but he will never be forgotten. his good turn helped bring the scouting movement to our country. in the british scout training center at gilwell park, england, scouts from the united states erected a statue of an american buffalo in honor of this unknown scout. one good turn to one man became a good turn to millions of american boys. such is the power of a good turn. hence the scout slogan : do a good turn daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4139536450318709, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9318ce26-85fd-4349-bf3d-da8b89c27837>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.833829"}
{"text": "the diagnosis of trichotillomania ( tm ) is synonymous with the act of recurrently pulling one \u2019 s own body hair resulting in noticeable thinning or baldness. ( american psychiatric association, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2000, p. 674 ) sites of hair pulling can include any area of the body in which hair is found, but the most common sites are the scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows, and the pubis area. ( kraemer, 1999, p. 298 ) the disorder itself is categorized in the dsm - iv - tr as an \u201c impulse control disorder not elsewhere classified \u201d along with disorders like pathological gambling, pyromania, kleptomania, and intermittent explosive disorder. although tm was previously considered to be a rare disorder, more recent research indicates that prevalence rates of tm may be as high as 2 % of the general population. ( kraemer, 1999, p. 298 ) this prevalence rate is significantly higher than the lifetime prevalence rate of. 6 % that is cited as a potential baseline among college students the dsm - iv - tr. ( 4th ed., text rev. ; dsm - iv - tr ; american psychiatric association, 2000, p. 676 ) the condition appears to be more common among women and the period of onset is typically in childhood or adolescence. ( kraemer, 1999, p. 298 ) as is customary with most dsm - iv - tr diagnoses, the act of hair pulling cannot be better accounted for by another mental disorder ( like delusions, for example ) or a general medical condition. like every disorder in the dsm - iv - tr, the disturbance must cause significant distress or impairment in functioning. ( 4th ed., text rev. ; dsm - iv - tr ; american psychiatric association, 2000, p. 675 ) alopecia is a key concept that must be understood in order to complete the differential diagnosis of tm. alopecia is a condition of baldness in the most general sense. ( shiel, jr. & stoppler, 2008, p. 14 ) other medically related causes of alopecia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of tm, especially when working with an individual who deny pulling their hair. the common suspects include male - pattern baldness, discoid lupus erythematosus ( dle ), lichen planopilaris ( also known as acuminatus ), folliculitis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4730991942344205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7947504d-63b5-4a37-bd58-19d265d90077>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.847142"}
{"text": "deny pulling their hair. the common suspects include male - pattern baldness, discoid lupus erythematosus ( dle ), lichen planopilaris ( also known as acuminatus ), folliculitis decalvans, pseudopelade of brocq, and alopecia mucinosa ( follicular mucinosis ). ( 4th ed., text rev. ; dsm - iv - tr ; american psychiatric association, 2000, p. 676 ) comprehensive coverage of these medical conditions is beyond the scope of this article \u2013 all of the aforementioned confounding variables can be eliminated by a general practitioner. there are a number of idiosyncratic features associated with tm that bear mentioning. although the constellation of features covered here is not sufficient to warrant a diagnosis in isolation, they can aid in the differential diagnosis process. alopecia, regardless of the cause, has been known to lead sufferers to tremendous feats of avoidance so that the hair loss remains undetected. simply avoiding social functions or other events where the individual ( and their attendant hair loss ) might be uncovered is a common occurrence. in cases where individual \u2019 s focus of attention is on the head or scalp, it is not uncommon for affected individuals to attempt to hide hair loss by adopting complimentary hair styles or wearing other headwear ( e. g., hats, wigs, etc ). these avoidance behaviors will be the target of exposure and response prevention later in this article. in addition to avoidant behavior and elaborate attempts to \u201c cover it up, \u201d individuals with tm frequently present with clinically significant difficulty in areas such as self - esteem and mood. comorbidity, or the presence of one or more disorders in the addition to a primary diagnosis, is the rule not the exception in the stereotypical presentation of tm. mood disorders ( like depression ) are the most common ( 65 % ) \u2013 anxiety ( 57 % ), chemical use ( 22 % ), and eating disorders ( 20 % ) round out the top four mostly likely candidates for comorbidity. ( kraemer, 1999, p. 298 ) these comorbidity rates are not overly surprising since they parallel prevalence rates across the wider population \u2013 perhaps with the notable exception of the high rate of comorbid eating disorders. we can speculate about the source of comorbidity \u2013 one possible hypothesis is that a few people who suffer tm also suffer from a persistent cognitive dissonance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4844459882047831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7947504d-63b5-4a37-bd58-19d265d90077>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.848002"}
{"text": "perhaps with the notable exception of the high rate of comorbid eating disorders. we can speculate about the source of comorbidity \u2013 one possible hypothesis is that a few people who suffer tm also suffer from a persistent cognitive dissonance associated with having happy - go - lucky personality trait which leads them \u201c let the chips fall where they may. \u201d they are individuals prone to impulsivity, but they are subdued and controlled the shame, guilt, frustration, fear, rage, and helplessness associated with the social limitations placed on them by the disorder. ( ingram, 2012, p. 269 ) on the topic of personality, surprisingly enough, research suggests that personality disorders do not share significant overlap with tm. this includes borderline personality disorder ( bpd ) despite the fact that bpd is often associated with self - harming behavior. ( kraemer, 1999, p. 299 ) differentiating tm from obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ) can be challenging in some cases. tm is similar to ocd because there is a \u201c sense of gratification \u201d or \u201c relief \u201d when pulling the hair out. unlike individuals with ocd, individuals with tm do not perform their compulsions in direct response to an obsession and / or according to rules that must be rigidly adhered to. ( 4th ed., text rev. ; dsm - iv - tr ; american psychiatric association, 2000, p. 676 ) there are, however, observed similarities between ocd and tm regarding phenomenology, neurological test performance, response to ssri \u2019 s, and contributing elements of familial and / or genetic factors. ( kraemer, 1999, p. 299 ) due to the large genetic component contributions of both disorders, obtaining a family history ( vis - a - vis a detailed genogram ) is highly recommended. the comprehensive genogram covering all mental illness can be helpful in the discovery the comorbid conditions identified above as well. there is some suggestion that knowledge of events associated with onset is \u201c intriguing, but unnecessary for successful treatment. \u201d ( kraemer, 1999, p. 299 ) i call shenanigans. there is a significant connection between the onset of tm and the patient enduring loss, perceived loss, and / or trauma. time is well spent exploring the specific environmental stressors that precipitated the disorder. although ignoring circumstances surrounding onset might be prudent when employing strict behavioral treatment paradigms,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4581133721979687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7947504d-63b5-4a37-bd58-19d265d90077>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.848821"}
{"text": "and the patient enduring loss, perceived loss, and / or trauma. time is well spent exploring the specific environmental stressors that precipitated the disorder. although ignoring circumstances surrounding onset might be prudent when employing strict behavioral treatment paradigms, it seems like a terrible waste of time to endure suffering without identifying some underlying meaning or purpose that would otherwise be missed if we overlook onset specifics. \u201c everything can be taken from a man but one thing : the last of human freedoms \u2013 to choose one \u2019 s attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one \u2019 s own way. \u201d ( frankl, 1997, p. 86 ) if we acknowledge that all behavior is purposeful, then we must know and understand the circumstances around onset if we will ever understand the purpose of said behavior. i liken this to a difference in professional opinion and personal preference because either position can be reasonably justified, but in the end the patient should make the ultimate decision about whether or not to explore onset contributions vis - a - vis \u201c imagery dialogue \u201d or a similar technique. ( young, klosko, & weishaar, 2003, p. 123 ) if such imagery techniques are unsuccessful or undesired by the client, a psychodynamic conversation between \u201c internal parts of oneself \u201d can add clarity to the persistent inability of the client to delay gratification. ( ingram, 2012, p. 292 ) such explorations are likely to be time consuming, comparatively speaking, and should not be explored with patients who are bound by strict eap requirements or managed care restrictions on the type and length of treatment. comorbid developmental disabilities and cognitive deficits may preclude this existential exploration. i employ the exploration of existential issues of origin in the interest of increasing treatment motivation, promoting adherence, enhancing the therapeutic milieu, and thwarting subsequent lapses by anchoring cognitive dissonance to a concrete event. tm represents a behavioral manifestation of a fixed action patterns ( faps ) that is rigid, consistent, and predicable. faps are generally thought to have evolved from our most primal instincts as animals \u2013 they are believed to contain fundamental behavioral \u2018 switches \u2019 that enhance the survivability of the human species. ( lambert & kinsley, 2011, p. 232 ) the nature of faps that leads some researchers to draw parallels to tm is that faps appear to be qualitatively \u201c ballistic. \u201d it \u2019 s an \u201c all or nothing \u201d reaction that is comparable to an action potential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5191312637701857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7947504d-63b5-4a37-bd58-19d265d90077>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.849683"}
{"text": ". 232 ) the nature of faps that leads some researchers to draw parallels to tm is that faps appear to be qualitatively \u201c ballistic. \u201d it \u2019 s an \u201c all or nothing \u201d reaction that is comparable to an action potential traveling down the axon of a neuron. once they are triggered they are very difficult to suppress and may have a tendency to \u201c kindle \u201d other effects. ( lambert & kinsley, 2011, p. 233 ) there are some unique considerations when it comes to assessing a new patient with tm. because chewing on or ingesting the hair is reported in nearly half of tm cases, the attending clinician should always inquire about oral manipulation and associated gastrointestinal pain associated with a connected hair mass in the stomach or bowel ( trichobezoar ). motivation for change should be assessed and measured because behavioral interventions inherently require a great deal of effort. family and social systems should not be ignored since family dynamics can exacerbate symptomatlogy vis - a - vis pressure to change ( negative reinforcement ), excessive attention ( positive reinforcement ), or both. ( kraemer, 1999, p. 299 ) what remains to be seen is the role of stress in the process of \u201c triggering \u201d a tm episode. some individuals experience an \u201c itch like \u201d sensation as a physical antecedent that remits once the hair is pulled. this \u201c itch like \u201d sensation is far from universal. some clinicians and researchers believe that the abnormal grooming behavior found in tm is \u201c elicited in response to stress \u201d with the necessary but not sufficient condition of \u201c limited options for motoric behavior and tension release. \u201d ( kraemer, 1999, p. 299 ) although this stress hypothesis may materialize as a tenable hypothesis in some cases, it \u2019 s by no means typical. most people diagnosed with tm report that the act of pulling typically occurs during affective states of relaxation and distraction. most individuals whom suffer from tm do not report clinically significant levels of anxiety as the \u201c trigger \u201d of bouts of hair pulling. we could attribute this to an absence of insight regarding anxiety related triggers or, perhaps anxiety simply does not play a significant role in the onset and maintenance of hair pulling episodes. regardless of the factors that trigger episodes, a comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment that includes environmental stressors ( past, present and anticipated ) should be explored. the options for treatment of tm are limited at best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5277119653212492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7947504d-63b5-4a37-bd58-19d265d90077>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.850546"}
{"text": "and maintenance of hair pulling episodes. regardless of the factors that trigger episodes, a comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment that includes environmental stressors ( past, present and anticipated ) should be explored. the options for treatment of tm are limited at best. ssris have demonstrated some potential in the treatment of tm, but more research is needed before we can consider ssris as a legitimate first - line treatment. ssris are worth a shot as an adjunct treatment in cases of chronic, refractory, or treatment resistant tm. i would consider recommending a referral to a psychiatrist ( not a general practitioner ) for a medication review due in part to the favorable risk profile of the most recent round of ssris. given the high rate of comorbidity with mood and anxiety disorders \u2013 if either is anxiety or depression are comorbid, ssris will likely be recommended regardless. killing two birds with one stone is the order of the day, but be mindful that some medication can interfere with certain treatment techniques like imaginal or in vivo exposure. ( ledley, marx, & heimberg, 2010, p. 141 ) additional research is needed before anxiolytic medications can be recommended in the absence of comorbid anxiety disorders ( especially with children ). hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion in combination with other behavioral interventions may be helpful for some individuals, but i don \u2019 t know enough about it at this time to recommend it. call me skeptical, or ignorant, but i prefer to save the parlor tricks for the circus \u2026 habit reversal is no parlor trick. my goal isn \u2019 t to heal the patient ; that would create a level of dependence i am not comfortable with \u2026 my goal is to teach clients how to heal themselves. okay, but how? the combination of competing response training, awareness / mindfulness training, relaxation training, contingency management, cognitive restructuring, and generalization training is the best hope for someone who seeks some relief from tm. collectively i will refer to this collection of techniques as habit reversal. competing response training is employed in direct response to hair pulling or in situations where hair pulling might be likely. in the absence of \u201c internal restraints to impulsive behavior, \u201d artificial circumstances are created by identifying substitute behaviors that are totally incompatible with pulling hair. ( ingram, 2012, p. 292 ) just like a compulsive gambling addict isn \u2019 t in any danger if spends all his money on rent, someone with tm is much less likely to pull hair if they are doing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43119487445093097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7947504d-63b5-4a37-bd58-19d265d90077>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.851478"}
{"text": "pulling hair. ( ingram, 2012, p. 292 ) just like a compulsive gambling addict isn \u2019 t in any danger if spends all his money on rent, someone with tm is much less likely to pull hair if they are doing something else with their hands. antecedents, or triggers, are sometimes referred to as discriminative stimuli. ( ingram, 2012, p. 230 ) \u201c we sense objects in a certain way because of our application of priori intuitions \u2026 \u201d ( pirsig, 1999, p. 133 ) altering the underlying assumptions entrenched in maladaptive priori intuitions is the core purpose of awareness and mindfulness training. \u201c there is a lack of constructive self - talk mediating between the trigger event and the behavior. the therapist helps the client build intervening self - messages : slow down and think it over ; think about the consequences. \u201d ( ingram, 2012, p. 221 ) the connection to contingency management should be self evident. utilizing a customized self - monitoring record, the patient begins to acquire the necessary insight to \u201c spot \u201d maladaptive self talk. \u201c spotting \u201d is not a new or novel concept \u2013 it is central component of abraham low \u2019 s revolutionary self help system recovery international. ( abraham low self - help systems, n. d. ) the customized self - monitoring record should invariably include various data elements such as precursors, length of episode, number of hairs pulled, and a subjective unit of distress representing the level of \u201c urge \u201d or desire to pull hair. ( kraemer, 1999 ) the act of recording behavior ( even in the absence of other techniques ) is likely to produce significant reductions in tm symptomatlogy. ( persons, 2008, p. 182 - 201 ) perhaps more importantly, associated activities, thoughts, and emotions that may be contributing to the urge to pull should be codified. ( kraemer, 1999, p. 300 ) in session, this record can be reviewed and subsequently tied to \u201c high risk circumstances \u201d and \u201c priori intuitions \u201d involving constructs such as anger, frustration, depression, and boredom. relaxation training is a critical component if we subscribe to the \u201c kindling \u201d hypothesis explained previously. relaxation is intended to reduce the urges that inevitably trigger the habit. examples abound, but diaphragmatic breathing, progressive relaxation, and visualization are all techniques that can be employed in isolation or in conjunction with each other. contingency management is inexorably tied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5141012798035578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7947504d-63b5-4a37-bd58-19d265d90077>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.852308"}
{"text": "urges that inevitably trigger the habit. examples abound, but diaphragmatic breathing, progressive relaxation, and visualization are all techniques that can be employed in isolation or in conjunction with each other. contingency management is inexorably tied to the existential anchor of cognitive dissonance described above. my emphasis on this element is where my approach might differ from some other clinicians. \u201c you are free to do whatever you want, but you are responsible for the consequences of everything that you do. \u201d ( ingram, 2012, p. 270 ) this might include the client writing down sources of embarrassment, advantages of controlling the symptomatlogy of tm, etc. ( kraemer, 1999 ) the moment someone with pyromania decides that no fire worth being imprisoned, they will stop starting fires. the same holds true with someone who acknowledges the consequences of pulling their hair. how do we define success? once habit reversal is successfully accomplished in one setting or situation, the client needs to be taught how to generalize that skill to other contexts. a hierarchical ranking of anxiety provoking situations can be helpful in this process since self - paced graduated exposure is likely to increase tolerability for the anxious client. ( ingram, 2012, p. 240 ) if skills are acquired, and generalization occurs, we can reasonably expect a significant reduction in tm symptomatlogy. the challenges are significant, cognitive behavioral therapy is much easier said than done. high levels of treatment motivation are required for the behavioral elements, and moderate to high levels of insight are exceptionally helpful for the cognitive elements. in addition, this is an impulse control disorder \u2026 impulsivity leads to treatment noncompliance and termination. the combination of all the above, in addition to the fact that tm is generally acknowledged as one of the more persistent and difficult to treat disorders, prevents me from providing any prognosis other than \u201c this treatment will work as well as the client allows it to work. \u201d abraham low self - help systems. ( n. d. ). recovery international terms and definitions. retrieved august 2, 2012, from http : / / www. lowselfhelpsystems. org / system / recovery - international - language. asp american psychiatric association. ( 2000 ). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed., text rev. ). washington, dc : author. frankl, v. e. ( 1997 ). man \u2019 s search for meaning ( rev. ed. ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5301419351549939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7947504d-63b5-4a37-bd58-19d265d90077>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.853203"}
{"text": "2000 ). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed., text rev. ). washington, dc : author. frankl, v. e. ( 1997 ). man \u2019 s search for meaning ( rev. ed. ). new york, ny : pocket books. ingram, b. l. ( 2012 ). clinical case formulations : matching the integrative treatment plan to the client ( 2nd ed. ). hoboken, nj : john wiley & sons. kraemer, p. a. ( 1999 ). the application of habit reversal in treating trichotillomania. psychotherapy : theory, research, practice, training, 36 ( 3 ), 298 - 304. doi : 10. 1037 / h0092314 lambert, k. g., & kinsley, c. h. ( 2011 ). clinical neuroscience : psychopathology and the brain ( 2nd ed. ). new york : oxford university press. ledley, d. r., marx, b. p., & heimberg, r. g. ( 2010 ). making cognitive - behavioral therapy work : clinical process for new practitioners ( 2nd ed. ). new york, ny : guilford press. persons, j. b. ( 2008 ). the case formulation approach to cognitive - behavior therapy. new york, ny : guilford press. pirsig, r. m. ( 1999 ). zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance : an inquiry into values ( 25th anniversary ed. ). new york : quill. shiel, w. c., jr., & stoppler, m. c. ( eds. ). ( 2008 ). webster \u2019 s new world medical dictionary ( 3rd ed. ). hoboken, nj : wiley publishing. young, j. e., klosko, j. s., & weishaar, m. e. ( 2003 ). schema therapy : a practitioner \u2019 s guide. new york : guilford press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5287989874357224, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7947504d-63b5-4a37-bd58-19d265d90077>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.853853"}
{"text": "science announced that it is taking viewers further inside nasa ' s latest mission to mars with the exclusive world premiere of i. am. mars : reach for the stars tonight, september 19, 2012, at 10 pm et / pt. the special documents the artistic and technical process behind \" reach for the stars, \" will. i. am ' s newest single that became the first song ever to be broadcast from another planet to earth. in what is being hailed as \" the most complex mars mission to date, \" nasa ' s curiosity spacecraft successfully landed on the red planet on august 6, 2012. since then the curiosity rover has returned stunning photographs and valuable information about the martian surface that is helping scientists determine if it has the ability to support life. recently, curiosity also returned will. i. am ' s new song \" reach for the stars \" as - for the first time in history - recorded music was broadcast from a planet to earth. i. am. mars : reach for the stars profiles will. i. am ' s passion for science and his belief in inspiring the next generation of scientists through stem ( science, technology, engineering and math ) education. i. am. mars : reach for the stars also gives viewers a window into his creative process, as well as the recording of the song with a full children ' s choir and orchestra. in addition, viewers also go inside the engineering challenges nasa faced in uploading the song to curiosity, and the hard work required to make the historic 700 million mile interplanetary broadcast a reality. \" between mars landing 2012 : the new search for life and i. am. mars : reach for the stars, science is consumed with the bold exploration of the red planet, \" said debbie myers, general manager and executive vice president of science. \" we hope our viewers are as inspired as we are by the creativity, imagination and daring of both will. i. am and nasa. \" i. am. mars will be distributed to schools nationwide through discovery education ' s digital streaming services. science and discovery education will also work with affiliates to promote i. am. mars ' educational resources for use in schools and with community organizations, brining the magic of mars to life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4437555110467274, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc8f8d73-112d-4456-ae20-1bdc4072b3b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.855782"}
{"text": "| ufdc home | | | help | | the florida geological survey digital collection includes historic resources from the florida geological survey ( fgs ). fgs is an office which reports directly to the deputy secretary for land & recreation in the florida department of environmental protection. the mission of the fgs is to collect, interpret, disseminate, store and maintain geologic data, thereby contributing to the responsible use and understanding of florida \u2019 s natural resources, and to conserve the state of florida \u2019 s oil and gas resources and minimize environmental impacts from exploration and production operations. historic resources from the florida geological survey digital collection includes historic fgs : for a list of all publications, historic through current, see the fgs website. florida geological survey fossil collection in the florida museum of natural history the florida geological survey fossil vertebrate collection ( fgs ) was started during the 1910s and was originally housed in tallahassee. under the direction of e. h. sellards, herman gunter, and s. j. olsen, the fgs collection was the primary source of fossil vertebrate descriptions from florida until the early 1960s. world - renown paleontologists such as george g. simpson, edwin h. colbert, and henry f. osborn wrote scientific papers about specimens in the fgs collection in addition to sellards and olsen. in 1976 the entire fgs fossil vertebrate collection was transferred to the florida museum of natural history with support from a national science foundation grant. the uf / fgs collection is composed of about 22, 000 specimens assigned to about 10, 000 catalogue numbers, and almost all of them were collected in florida. the majority of specimens in the uf / fgs collection are mammals, followed by reptiles, birds, and a relatively small number of amphibians and fish. although there are some sites that are unique to the uf / fgs collection, many of the sites overlap with holdings in the main uf and uf / pb collections. the major strengths of the uf / fgs collection are historically important samples from the early miocene thomas farm locality, the middle miocene and early pliocene deposits of the bone valley region, polk county, and from the late pleistocene vero locality, indian river county. researchers using the uf / fgs database should be aware that when the catalogue data for the fgs collection was first transferred from the original file cards to a computerized database in the late 1980s, relatively little effort was made to correct or improve entries. the nature of specimen was not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4462175676634518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c55bd2af-b611-49c7-a047-f008d4bbc8b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.859934"}
{"text": "##gs database should be aware that when the catalogue data for the fgs collection was first transferred from the original file cards to a computerized database in the late 1980s, relatively little effort was made to correct or improve entries. the nature of specimen was not indicated on many of the cards, locality information was sometimes vague, and many employed taxonomic names that are no longer in use. while some corrections have subsequently been made to this database, limitations of time and resources have prevented an exhaustive clean - up. also, when sellards left florida for texas in the 1920s, he transferred some, but not all, of the holotypes in the fgs collection that he had named to the usnm collection, smithsonian institution, washington, d. c. united states geological survey water management districts of florida for information about the florida geological survey : dr. jon arthur florida geological survey 903 west tennessee street tallahassee, fl 32304 - 7000 phone : ( 850 ) 488 - 4191 fax : ( 850 ) 488 - 8086 acknowledging or crediting the florida geological survey as creative entity or information source the florida geological survey is providing many of its publications ( state documents ) for the purpose of digitization and internet distribution. if you cite or use portions of these electronic documents, which the florida geological survey ( an office of the florida department of environmental protection ) is making available to the public with the kind assistance of the university of florida \u2019 s digital library center, we ask that you acknowledge or credit the florida geological survey as the information source : i. e. \u201c courtesy of the florida department of environmental protection \u2019 s florida geological survey \u201d further, since florida geological survey publications were developed using public funds, no proprietary rights may be attached to fgs publications wholly or in part, nor may fgs publications be sold to the u. s. government or the florida state government as part of any procurement of products or services. our publications are disseminated to citizens \u201c as is \" for general public information purposes ; many of them reflect the state of knowledge at the time of their publication and they may or may not have been updated by more recent publications. our electronic documents should not be altered or manipulated ( largely or in part ) and then republished or reposted on websites for commercial resale. fgs publications committee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49986215005265505, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c55bd2af-b611-49c7-a047-f008d4bbc8b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.861004"}
{"text": "welcome to jane addams hull - house museum the jane addams hull - house museum serves as a dynamic memorial to social reformer jane addams, the first american woman to receive the nobel peace prize, and her colleagues whose work changed the lives of their immigrant neighbors as well as national and international public policy. the museum preserves and develops the original hull - house site for the interpretation and continuation of the historic settlement house vision, linking research, education, and social engagement the museum is located in two of the original settlement house buildings - the hull home, a national historic landmark, and the residents ' dining hall, a beautiful arts and crafts building that has welcomed some of the world ' s most important thinkers, artists and activists. the museum and its many vibrant programs make connections between the work of hull - house residents and important contemporary social issues. founded in 1889 as a social settlement, hull - house played a vital role in redefining american democracy in the modern age. addams and the residents of hull - house helped pass critical legislation and influenced public policy on public health and education, free speech, fair labor practices, immigrants \u2019 rights, recreation and public space, arts, and philanthropy. hull - house has long been a center of chicago \u2019 s political and cultural life, establishing chicago \u2019 s first public playground and public art gallery, helping to desegregate the chicago public schools, and influencing philanthropy and culture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45131933782771816, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f01a8af6-2422-47f6-a2f8-477c864a7d08>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.863747"}
{"text": "introduction to principles of chemistry and fundamentals of inorganic and biochemistry. structure and chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, biochemistry of enzymes, metabolism, body fluids and radiation effects. on - line materials includes the course syllabus, copies of the lecture slides and animations, interactive periodic table, chapter summaries and practice exams. this course is targeted towards health science majors. introduction to principles of chemistry. this course is targeted towards chemistry majors. laboratory experiments to develop techniques in organic chemistry and illustrate principles. on - line materials include step - by - step prelabs for many of the experiments that students will be conducting. theoretical principles of quantitative and instrumental analysis. emphasis is placed on newer analytical tools and equipment. intermediate level course. includes a discussion of the structure, function and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. in addition, there is a review of enzymes, dna and rna. this course stresses theory and application of modern chromatographic methods. on - line materials include the course syllabus, copies of course lecture slides and animations. a ' short course ' covering the use of a mass spectrometer as a gc detector. basic instrumentation, data treatment and spectral interpretation methods will be discussed. on - line materials include copies of course lecture slides and tables to assist in the interpretation of mass spectra. coverage of statistical methods in analytical chemistry. course includes basic statistics, experimental design, modeling, exploratory data analysis and other multivariate techniques. on - line materials include the course syllabus, homework problems and copies of the lecture slides. a survey of the basic equipment, data and methodology of analytical methods that rely on radioisotopic materials. on - line materials include the course syllabus, homework problems. copies of the lecture slides and animations. why i missed the exam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5307698649379204, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:841e4baa-add2-400d-b3cc-719e93276b6c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.865723"}
{"text": "now that we \u2019 ve said a lot about individual operators on vector spaces, i want to go back and consider some other sorts of structures we can put on the space itself. foremost among these is the idea of a bilinear form. this is really nothing but a bilinear function to the base field :. of course, this means that it \u2019 s equivalent to a linear function from the tensor square :. instead of writing this as a function, we will often use a slightly different notation. we write a bracket, or sometimes, if we need to specify which of multiple different inner products under consideration. another viewpoint comes from recognizing that we \u2019 ve got a duality for vector spaces. this lets us rewrite our bilinear form as a linear transformation. we can view this as saying that once we pick one of the vectors, the bilinear form reduces to a linear functional, which is a vector in the dual space. or we could focus on the other slot and define. we know that the dual space of a finite - dimensional vector space has the same dimension as the space itself, which raises the possibility that or is an isomorphism from to. if either one is, then both are, and we say that the bilinear form is nondegenerate. we can also note that there is a symmetry on the category of vector spaces. that is, we have a linear transformation defined by. this makes it natural to ask what effect this has on our form. two obvious possibilities are that and that. in the first case we \u2019 ll call the bilinear form \u201c symmetric \u201d, and in the second we \u2019 ll call it \u201c antisymmetric \u201d. in terms of the maps and, we see that composing with the symmetry swaps the roles of these two functions. for symmetric bilinear forms,, while for antisymmetric bilinear forms we have. this leads us to consider nondegenerate bilinear forms a little more. if is an isomorphism it has an inverse. then we can form the composite. if is symmetric then this composition is the identity transformation on. on the other hand, if is antisymmetric then this composition is the negative of the identity transformation. thus, the composite transformation measures how much the bilinear transformation diverges from symmetry. accordingly, we call it the asymmetry of the form. finally, if we \u2019 re working over a finite - dimensional vector space we can pick a basis for, and get a matrix for.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6117858633237931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bf09a24-c60d-45a0-b8e6-cc02ddac7ed6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.868062"}
{"text": "the gram - schmidt process now that we have a real or complex inner product, we have notions of length and angle. this lets us define what it means for a collection of vectors to be \u201c orthonormal \u201d : each pair of distinct vectors is perpendicular, and each vector has unit length. in formulas, we say that the collection is orthonormal if. these can be useful things to have, but how do we get our hands on them? it turns out that if we have a linearly independent collection of vectors then we can come up with an orthonormal collection spanning the same subspace of. even better, we can pick it so that the first vectors span the same subspace as. the method goes back to laplace and cauchy, but gets its name from j\u00f8rgen gram and erhard schmidt. we proceed by induction on the number of vectors in the collection. if, then we simply set this \u201c normalizes \u201d the vector to have unit length, but doesn \u2019 t change its direction. it spans the same one - dimensional subspace, and since it \u2019 s alone it forms an orthonormal collection. now, lets assume the procedure works for collections of size and start out with a linearly independent collection of vectors. first, we can orthonormalize the first vectors using our inductive hypothesis. this gives a collection which spans the same subspace as ( and so on down, as noted above ). but isn \u2019 t in the subspace spanned by the first vectors ( or else the original collection wouldn \u2019 t have been linearly independent ). so it points at least somewhat in a new direction. to find this new direction, we define this vector will be orthogonal to all the vectors from to, since for any such we can check where we use the orthonormality of the collection to show that most of these inner products come out to be zero. so we \u2019 ve got a vector orthogonal to all the ones we collected so far, but it might not have unit length. so we normalize it : and we \u2019 re done.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6416442429043461, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a2ad899-7ba0-4bfc-9276-c5c5c0845fe6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.869980"}
{"text": "sarin was developed in 1938 in germany as a pesticide. its name is derived from the names of the chemists involved in its creation : schrader, ambros, rudriger and van der linde. sarin is a colorless non - persistent liquid. the vapor is slightly heavier than air, so it hovers close to the ground. under wet and humid weather conditions, sarin degrades swiftly, but as the temperature rises up to a certain point, sarin \u2019 s lethal duration increases, despite the humidity. sarin is a lethal cholinesterase inhibitor. doses which are potentially life threatening may be only slightly larger than those producing least effects. signs and symptoms overexposure may occur within minutes or hours, depending upon the dose. they include : miosis ( constriction of pupils ) and visual effects, headaches and pressure sensation, runny nose and nasal congestion, salivation, tightness in the chest, nausea, vomiting, giddiness, anxiety, difficulty in thinking, difficulty sleeping, nightmares, muscle twitches, tremors, weakness, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, involuntary urination and defecation, with severe exposure symptoms progressing to convulsions and respiratory failure. breath until respiratory protective mask is donned. if severe signs of agent exposure appear ( chest tightens, pupil constriction, in coordination, etc. ), immediately administer, in rapid succession, all three nerve agent antidote kit ( s ), mark i injectors ( or atropine if directed by a physician ). injections using the mark i kit injectors may be repeated at 5 to 20 minute intervals if signs and symptoms are progressing until three series of injections have been administered. no more injections will be given unless directed by medical personnel. in addition, a record will be maintained of all injections given. if breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. mouth - to - mouth resuscitation should be used when mask - bag or oxygen delivery systems are not available. do not use mouth - to - mouth resuscitation when facial contamination exists. if breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. seek medical attention immediately. contact : immediately flush eyes with water for 10 - 15 minutes, then don respiratory protective mask. although miosis ( pinpointing of the pupils ) may be an early sign of agent exposure, an injection will not be administered when miosis is the only sign present. instead, the individual will be taken immediately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5221416659738572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ba4236f-2dbb-4dce-b113-18fc0fa8af10>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.872359"}
{"text": "interagency coordinating council \" the mission of the utah interagency coordinating council for infants and toddlers with special needs is to assure that each infant and young child with special needs will have the opportunity to achieve optimal health and development within the context of the family. \" introduction to icc : interagency coordinating council for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families what is early intervention? baby watch early intervention is a statewide, comprehensive, coordinated, interagency, multidisciplinary system, which provides early intervention services to infants and toddlers, younger than three years of age, with developmental delay or disability, and their families. early intervention is the \" baby \" piece of special education. the program is authorized through the individuals with disabilities act ( idea ), part c, ( early intervention program for infants and toddlers with disabilities ). in 1987, utah ' s governor designated the department of health ( doh ) as the \" lead agency \" for the early intervention program. utah was one of the very first states in the nation to fully implement its early intervention program after securing the approval of the state legislature. at present, there are 16 early intervention programs that serve more than 2, 000 children per month in the state. it is anticipated that the demand for these services will continually increase. what is an interagency coordinating council ( icc )? the creation of an icc was established with the passage of federal law p. l. 99 - 457 in october 1986. developers of the legislation recognized the need for a group outside of the lead agency to \" advise and assist \" in the development of such a system. the independent nature of the icc is one feature that gives the group the potential for making a contribution to the development of the service system. another feature of the regulations is the multidisciplinary and the multi - constituency representation on the icc. by specifying what types of members should be included on the icc, the legislation enables states to bring together consumer, clinical, political, and administrative communities. this merging of a variety of communities facilitates the building of bridges between the involved agencies. in addition, the committee has provided a broader vision of the service system based upon the participation and contributions of all relevant providers and consumers. the icc, a body required by statute to be appointed by each state ' s governor, is to be an important participant in the development of a well - coordinated service system ( federal interagency coordinating council, june, 1989 ). each state icc determines, in conjunction with the lead agency, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4662528183517511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca8c9151-949c-43e8-9c9b-d2e43029f3ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.876022"}
{"text": "appointed by each state ' s governor, is to be an important participant in the development of a well - coordinated service system ( federal interagency coordinating council, june, 1989 ). each state icc determines, in conjunction with the lead agency, the nature of the roles and tasks it chooses to perform at various policy stages. the utah icc is an interagency group whose membership represents the statewide early childhood services community. it is comprised of up to 25 members. the purpose of the utah icc is to advise and assist the lead agency in the division of community and family health services, bureau of children with special health care needs in the udoh. much of the work of the icc is accomplished in standing committees and ad hoc task force meetings that perform long range planning, study specific issues and make appropriate actions. a member of the icc chairs each committee. what role does the icc play? the council functions as a planning body at the systems level and advocates for children birth to three years of age and their families with or at - risk for a developmental disability. the council acts in three major roles : ( 1 ) advisor : providing advice to the lead agency, governor and the state legislature on issues related to the development of a coordinated system of early intervention services for children with or at - risk for a developmental disability and their families. the federal law defines the council membership and the program in order to give it a unique view of the \" service systems \". the parent component of the council gives it a perspective which may be different from that presented by state agencies which are represented on the council. the council can use its special vantage point to be recognized as a source of information for the lead agency, governor, and legislators, as well as other key decision makers in the state. ( 2 ) negotiator : working as an advocate to encourage a particular course of action by the state. a major activity of the council is to \" review and comment on the annual state plan for services for children birth to three years \" as part of its overall responsibility to assess the service system as it exists in the state. this information as well as interagency coordination is another important goal of the program and puts the council in a position to be effective in making changes in how services are provided in the state. with agency and provider representatives on the council, communication can more easily be effected and gaps between agencies can hopefully be bridged. ( 3 ) capacity builder : enhancing the ability of the overall service system to address service needs. in this role, the council works", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4925261262230362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca8c9151-949c-43e8-9c9b-d2e43029f3ed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.878267"}
{"text": "on august 9, 2011, the canadian ice service ( cis ) reported that the petermann ice island - a ( pii - a ) appeared to be grounded off the east coast of newfoundland, east of the city of st. anthony. the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ) on nasa \u2019 s terra satellite captured this natural - color image of the ice island and its surroundings on august 14, 2011. clouds hide much of the region, and white lines delineate coasts and borders. pii - a appears as an irregularly shaped white body east of st. anthony. what look like small fragments of ice appear immediately west and north of the ice island. the cis had reported for weeks that the ice island was losing mass due to melting and calving, so a continued loss of ice is consistent with cis reports. pii - a is a remnant of a much larger ice island that calved off the petermann glacier in northwestern greenland on august 5, 2010. over the course of the following year, that ice island fragmented into smaller pieces, which continued drifting. other fragments of the original ice island were in baffin bay and lancaster sound as of august 9, according to the cis. - canadian ice service ( 2011, august 9 ). petermann ice island updates. accessed august 15, 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4503650887076177, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c058ae56-08dd-48a3-bf10-e5d80e3b6477>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.886935"}
{"text": "the press release doesn \u2019 t contain any pictures, and really doesn \u2019 t do this new web tool justice, so i \u2019 ve added some screencaps. in a nutshell, the new iswa site lets you arrange graphical packages of solar images and plots oncsreen for simultaneous evaluation. stuff that had been scattered over several solar related websites is now in one interface. pretty cool. \u2013 anthony when nasa \u2019 s satellite operators need accurate, real - time space - weather information, they turn to the community coordinated modeling center ( ccmc ) of the space weather laboratory at nasa \u2019 s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md. the ccmc \u2019 s newest and most advanced space - weather science tool is the integrated space weather analysis ( iswa ) system. the iswa is a robust, integrated system provides information about space weather conditions past, present, and future and, unlike many other programs currently in use, has an interface that the user can customize to suit a unique set of data requirements. \u201c the iswa space - weather data analysis system offers a unique level of customization and flexibility to maintain, modify, and add new tools and data products as they become available, \u201d says marlo maddox, iswa system chief developer at nasa goddard. iswa draws together information about conditions from the sun to the boundary of the sun \u2019 s influence, known as the heliosphere. the iswa systems digests information from spacecraft including the national oceanic and atmospheric administration \u2019 s ( noaa ) geostationary operational environmental satellites ( goes ), nasa \u2019 s solar terrestrial relations observatory ( stereo ), the joint european space agency and nasa mission solar and heliospheric observatory ( soho ), and nasa \u2019 s advanced composition explorer ( ace ). citizen scientists and science enthusiasts can also use the data, models, and tools of the iswa system. similar to the way in which armchair astronomers have used soho data to discover comets, enthusiasts will find the iswa system a wonderful resource for increasing their familiarity with the concept of space weather. \u201c we are continuously evolving the iswa system, and we hope that it will benefit not only nasa satellite operators, but also that it may also help space - weather forecasting at other agencies such as the air force weather agency and noaa, \u201d says michael hesse, chief of the space weather laboratory at nasa goddard. space - weather information tends to be scattered over various web sites. nasa goddard space physicist antti pulkkinen says the iswa system represents \u201c the most comprehensive single interface", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5087417091877394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee290d5b-d6ca-45b4-9106-2c14f262df50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.902529"}
{"text": "\u201d says michael hesse, chief of the space weather laboratory at nasa goddard. space - weather information tends to be scattered over various web sites. nasa goddard space physicist antti pulkkinen says the iswa system represents \u201c the most comprehensive single interface for general space - weather - related information, \u201d providing data on past and current space - weather events. the system allows the user to configure or design custom displays of the information. the system compiles data about conditions on the sun, in earth \u2019 s magnetosphere \u2014 the protective magnetic field that envelops our planet \u2014 and down to earth \u2019 s surface. it provides a user interface to provide nasa \u2019 s satellite operators and with a real - time view of space weather. in addition to nasa, the iswa system is used by the air force weather agency. access to space - weather information that combines data from state - of - the - art space - weather models with concurrent observations of the space environment provides a powerful tool for users to obtain a personalized \u201c quick look \u201d at space - weather information, detailed insight into space - weather conditions, as well as tools for historical analysis of the space - weather \u2019 s impact. development of the iswa system has been a joint activity between the office of the chief engineer at nasa headquarters and the applied engineering and technology directorate and the science and exploration directorate at nasa goddard. the iswa system is located at nasa goddard. the community coordinated modeling center is funded by the heliophysics division in the science mission directorate at nasa headquarters, and the national science foundation. layout selector tool :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5147020421956299, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee290d5b-d6ca-45b4-9106-2c14f262df50>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.903366"}
{"text": "by john carter when abraham lincoln died from an assassin \u2019 s bullet on april 15, 1865, edwin stanton remarked to those gathered around his bedside, \u201c now he belongs to the ages. \u201d one of the meanings implied in stanton \u2019 s famous statement is that lincoln would not only be remembered as an iconic figure of the past, but that his spirit would also play a significant role in ages to come. the oscar - nominated movie \u201c lincoln, \u201d which chronicles the struggle to pass the 13th amendment abolishing slavery, has turned our attention again to lincoln \u2019 s legacy and his relevance amid our nation \u2019 s present divisions and growing pains. here is some of the wit and wisdom of abraham lincoln worth pondering : \u201c as for being president, i feel like the man who was tarred and feathered and ridden out of town on a rail. to the man who asked him how he liked it, he said, \u2018 if it wasn \u2019 t for the honor of the thing, i \u2019 d rather walk. \u2019 \u201d \u201c i desire so to conduct the affairs of this administration that if at the end, when i come to lay down the reins of power, i have lost every other friend on earth, i shall at least have one friend left, and that friend shall be down inside of me. \u201d \u201c should my administration prove to be a very wicked one, or what is more probable, a very foolish one, if you the people are true to yourselves and the constitution, there is but little harm i can do, thank god. \u201d \u201c bad promises are better broken than kept. \u201d \u201c i am not at all concerned that the lord is on our side in this great struggle, for i know that the lord is always on the side of the right ; but it is my constant anxiety and prayer that i and this nation may be on the lord \u2019 s side. \u201d \u201c i have never had a feeling, politically, that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the declaration of independence. \u201d \u201c those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves ; and, under a just god, cannot long retain it. \u201d \u201c as i would not be a slave, so i would not be a master. this expresses my idea of democracy. \u201d \u201c the probability that we may fail in the struggle ought not to deter us from the support of a cause we believe to be just. \u201d \u201c the true rule, in determining to embrace or reject anything, is not whether it have any evil in it, but whether it have more evil than good.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3959459417510182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d53f9812-f42b-4039-a509-209a2d5aac9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.909964"}
{"text": "ought not to deter us from the support of a cause we believe to be just. \u201d \u201c the true rule, in determining to embrace or reject anything, is not whether it have any evil in it, but whether it have more evil than good. there are few things wholly evil or wholly good. \u201d \u201c some of our generals complain that i impair discipline and subordination in the army by my pardons and respites, but it makes me rested, after a hard day \u2019 s work, if i can find some good excuse for saving a man \u2019 s life, and i go to bed happy as i think how joyful the signing of my name will make him ( a deserter ) and his family. \u201d \u201c i have been driven many times to my knees by the overwhelming conviction that i had nowhere else to go. \u201d in addition, lincoln \u2019 s gettysburg address and his second inaugural speech are ever relevant. and you may wish to add your own favorites to these. paul \u2019 s advice to us in philippians 4 : 8 is to \u201c fill your minds with those things that are good and deserve praise : things that are true, noble, right, pure, lovely, and honorable. \u201d as we celebrate his birthday on the 12th, lincoln \u2019 s words more than meet this standard! john carter is a weatherford resident whose column, \u201c notes from the journey, \u201d is published weekly in the weatherford democrat.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.452777496799539, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d53f9812-f42b-4039-a509-209a2d5aac9b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.911522"}
{"text": "taking every precaution japan takes measures to prevent sars ( june 9, 2003 ) as severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ), a new type of pneumonia, rages in wide areas of asia and other places, the japanese government has been busy taking measures to prevent an outbreak from occurring in japan. the government has urged people to take caution in traveling to affected areas, and it has been making every effort to prevent sars from entering japan. in addition, work is progressing on a system in which medical institutions, national and local governments, and corporations will act together to prevent the spread of sars in the event of an outbreak in japan. as a result of these efforts, as of june 9, there have been no confirmed or probable cases of sars in japan. | medical staff practice using an isolator. ( jiji ) plans already developed for dealing with patients on may 1 the government brought the heads of the relevant ministries and agencies together for a first - ever meeting devoted to sars in order to decide what measures should be taken in the event that someone in japan is found to be infected with the virus. the group decided to call on people returning from china to stay at home for 10 days, which is believed to be the incubation period for the disease. taking this into consideration, the ministry of health, labor, and welfare made plans for taking action in the event of an outbreak. it decided to give local governments the authority to direct people believed likely to be infected, or \" probable patients, \" to hospitalize themselves. in the event that a patient refuses, the local governments are empowered to forcibly hospitalize the person. local governments are readying themselves to accept patients. according to a survey conducted by the nihon keizai shimbun in early may, all of the nation ' s 47 prefectures had already completed action plans spelling out what measures would be taken in the event of an outbreak. in addition, some 250 medical institutions around the country have made such preparations as setting up \" negative air - pressure rooms \" to prevent the virus from spreading within the hospital or to the outside. local governments in such places as kitakyushu city, hokkaido, and mie prefecture have been purchasing capsules called isolators to be used when suspected sars patients are moved, and they have conducted drills on how to use them with volunteers playing the role of patients. in may a foreign traveler who had been to japan was found to be infected with sars. when this was discovered, the government and local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43011237957468884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366d573-5d03-4927-bd6a-353a5c4ca06f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.915906"}
{"text": "patients are moved, and they have conducted drills on how to use them with volunteers playing the role of patients. in may a foreign traveler who had been to japan was found to be infected with sars. when this was discovered, the government and local authorities quickly implemented emergency measures, as a result of which no secondary infections occurred. according to a survey conducted by the asahi shimbun, 28 local governments out of the 47 prefectures and 13 major cities in japan, nearly half the total, were rethinking their plans to cope with a potential sars outbreak in light of this news. fukushima prefecture decided to check whether visitors from abroad have come from an area to which the world health organization recommends postponing travel. it will also make use of the local hotels association to determine the previous whereabouts of such guests. kagawa prefecture, meanwhile, which had previously only planned for people who had come in close contact with sars patients, defined as having been within 2 meters, has created an action plan for checking on people who have had even a low possibility of coming in contact with a carrier. public and private sectors taking action the japanese government is stepping up its efforts to take rapid, nationwide measures to prevent sars infection. the ministry of health, labor, and welfare has accelerated revision of the infectious disease law, for example. and while local governments are the first line of defense in tracking the path of infection and following up on people who may have been exposed, the national government will become directly involved in the event that infection spreads outside of a local area. japan is also actively engaged in international cooperation aimed at preventing the spread the private sector has also been taking action to prevent the spread of sars and to reassure travelers. west japan railway co. ( jr west ) has set up a sars - response headquarters and is considering disinfecting affected carriages in the event that an infected person is found to have been onboard a certain train at a certain time. the company also decided to publicly release information on the time and route traveled by any sars patients. orient ferry, which runs a ferry route from shimonoseki to china ' s qingdao, has since late april requested that all passengers and crew fill out health questionnaires, and the company has trained staff for what to do in the event that a passenger falls ill with sars while onboard. the terminal in qingdao, the shuttle bus, and the inside of the ship are all disinfected every day. meanwhile, some companies have taken the step", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45103894089543084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366d573-5d03-4927-bd6a-353a5c4ca06f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.916873"}
{"text": "to do in the event that a passenger falls ill with sars while onboard. the terminal in qingdao, the shuttle bus, and the inside of the ship are all disinfected every day. meanwhile, some companies have taken the step of postponing scheduled business trips to affected areas, and, in response to requests by the government, airlines and ship operators whose vessels operate in japan are distributing health questionnaires to their staff and passengers. japan has avoided sars so far, and there is every reason to be confident that the country will remain free of the disease. even if an outbreak did occur, the concerted efforts of local and national governments and private enterprises to prepare for such an eventuality suggest that it would be handled quickly and efficiently. note : the government ' s \" measures upon entry / return to japan \" for travelers heading to japan can be found here. ( http : / / www. mofa. go. jp / policy / health _ c / sars / measure0521. html ) related web sites the ministry of health, labor, and welfare world health organization west japan railway co. ( jr west ) copyright ( c ) 2004 web japan. edited by japan echo inc. based on domestic japanese news sources. articles presented here are offered for reference purposes and do not necessarily represent the policy or views of the japanese government. ( november 19, 2002 ) give blood and enjoy ( september 25, 2002 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.426281009234455, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366d573-5d03-4927-bd6a-353a5c4ca06f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.917443"}
{"text": "protecting your skin and checking it for changes are keys to preventing another melanoma or catching one in an early, treatable stage. exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) rays produced by the sun increases your risk of melanoma. here \u2019 s how to protect your skin from the sun \u2019 s uv rays : - cover your skin with clothing, including a shirt and a hat with a broad brim. - when outside, try to sit in shady areas. - avoid exposing your skin to the sun between 10 : 00 a. m. and 2 : 00 p. m. standard time or 11 : 00 a. m. and 3 : 00 p. m. daylight saving time. - use sunscreens with a sun protection factor ( spf ) of 15 or more on skin that will be exposed to the sun. - wear sunglasses with 99 % or 100 % uv absorption to protect your eyes. - don ' t use sun lamps or tanning booths. check your skin regularly and have someone help you check areas you can \u2019 t see, such as your back and buttocks, scalp, underneath the breasts of women, and the backs of the legs. if you notice a new, changing or an irregular - looking mole, show it to a doctor experienced in recognizing skin cancers, such as a dermatologist. this may include large, irregular shape with a border that is not smooth and even, more than one color, or irregular texture. your doctor may monitor the mole or recommend removing it contact your doctor if you discover a mole that is new has changed or looks suspicious : large or of irregular shape, color, or texture. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 04 / 2013 - - update date : 04 / 09 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41281883505880573, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb7c4ed1-acfb-48af-a77a-40cd6a725c8e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.918909"}
{"text": "archaeological site of rehman dheri department of archaeology and museums property names are listed in the language in which they have been submitted by the state party. the archaeological site of rehman dheri consists of a rectangular shaped mound covering some twenty two hectares and standing 4. 5 metres above the surrounding field. the final occupational phase of the site is clearly visible on the surface of the mound by eye and also through air photographs. it consisted of a large walled rectangular area with a grid iron network of streets and lanes dividing the settlement into regular blocks. walls delineating individual buildings and street frontages are clearly visible in the early morning dew or after rain and it is also possible to identify the location of a number of small - scale industrial areas within the site marked, as they are, by eroding kilns and scatters of slag. the surface of the mound is littered with thousands of shreds and artefacts, slowly eroding out of room fills. the archaeological sequence at the site of rehman dheri is over 4. 5 metres deep, and covers a sequence of over 1, 400 years beginning at c. 3, 300 bc. the site represents following periods : i c. 3300 - 3850 bc ii c. 2850 - 2500 bc iii c. 2500 - 1900 bc it is generally accept that the settlement received its formal plan in its earliest phases and that subsequent phases replicated the plan over time. although its excavators have cut a number of deep trenches or soundings into the lower levels, the areas exposed have been too limited to undertake a study of change in layout and the spatial distribution of craft activities. it was abandoned at the beginning of the mature indus phase by the middle of the third millennium bc and subsequent activities, greatly reduced, are only recorded on the neighbouring archaeological mound, hisam dheri. the plan of the early harappan settlement is therefore undisturbed by later developments and, as such, represents the most exceptionally preserved example of the beginning of urbanisation in south asia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4302035747680056, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:113e3986-b949-4542-97da-d6842557b2f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.920749"}
{"text": "- weak drug regulatory control and enforcement ; - scarcity and / or erratic supply of basic medicines ; - unregulated markets and distribution chains ; - high drug prices and / or - significant price differentials. at national level, governments, law enforcement agencies, heath professionals, the pharmaceutical industry, importers, distributors, and consumer organizations should adopt a shared responsibility in the fight against counterfeit drugs. cooperation between countries, especially trading partners is very useful for combating counterfeiting. cooperation should include the timely and appropriate exchange of information and the harmonization of measures to prevent the spread of counterfeit medicines. the world health organization has developed and published guidelines, guidelines for the development of measures to combat counterfeit medicines. these guidelines provide advice on measures that should be taken by the various stakeholders and interested parties to combat counterfeiting of medicines. governments and all stakeholders are encouraged to adapt or adopt these guidelines in their fight against counterfeiting of medicines. - guidelines for the development of measures to combat counterfeit medicines - rapid alert system for counterfeit medicines communication and advocacy - creating public awareness patients and consumers are the primary victims of counterfeit medicines. in order to protect them from the harmful effects of counterfeit medicines it is necessary to provide them with appropriate information and education on the consequences of counterfeit medicines. patients and consumers expect to get advice from national authorities, health - care providers, health professionals and others from where they should buy or get their medicines ; what measures they should take in case they come across such medicines or are affected by the use of such medicines. ministries of health, national medicines regulators, health professional associations, nongovernmental organizations and other stakeholders have the responsibility to participate in campaign activities targeting patients and consumers to promote awareness of the problem of counterfeit medicines. posters, brochures, radio and television programmes are useful means for disseminating messages and advice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5105974180221835, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ffdac17-ada1-42bf-b987-66bc26ca97f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.922714"}
{"text": "click the picture above to see three larger pictures show birthplace location | previous | | ( alphabetically ) | | next | | biographies index | | version for printing | lipman bers, always known as lipa, was born into a jewish family. his parents isaac bers and bertha weinberg were teachers, his mother being head at an elementary school in riga where teaching was in yiddish while his father was head at the yiddish high school in riga. born in 1914, lipa ' s early years were much affected by the political and military events taking place in russia. latvia had been under russian imperial rule since the 18th century so world war i meant that there were evacuations from riga. the russian revolution which began in october 1917 caused fighting between the red army and the white army and for the next couple of years various parts of russia came first under the control of one faction then of the other. lipa ' s family went to petrograd, the name that st petersburg had been given in 1914 when there was strong anti - german feeling in russia, but lipa was too young to understand the difficulties that his parents went through at this time. at the end of world war i in 1918, latvia regained its independence although this was to be short - lived. lipa spent some time back in riga, but he also spent time in berlin. his mother took him to berlin while she was training at the psychoanalytic institute. during his schooling mathematics became his favourite subject and he decided that it was the subject he wanted to study at university. he studied at the university of zurich, then returned to riga and studied at the university there. at this time europe was a place of extreme politics and, in 1934, latvia became ruled by a dictator. lipa was a political activist, a social democrat who argued strongly for human rights. he was at this time a soap - box orator putting his views across strongly both in speeches and in writing for an underground newspaper. strongly opposed to dictators and strongly advocating democracy it was clear that his criticism of the latvian dictator could not be ignored by the authorities. a warrant was issued for his arrest and, just in time, he escaped to prague. his girl friend mary kagan followed him to prague where they married on 15 may 1938. there were a number of reasons why bers chose to go to prague at this time. firstly he had to escape from latvia, secondly prague was in a democratic country, and thirdly his aunt lived there so he could obtain permission to study at the charles university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.419498184629692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e3ce5d6-a76b-4e22-8892-e1280e29f3f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.934052"}
{"text": "a number of reasons why bers chose to go to prague at this time. firstly he had to escape from latvia, secondly prague was in a democratic country, and thirdly his aunt lived there so he could obtain permission to study at the charles university without having to find a job to support himself. one should also not underestimate the fact that by this stage his mathematical preferences were very much in place and karl loewner in prague looked the ideal supervisor. indeed bers did obtain his doctorate which was awarded in 1938 from the charles university of prague where he wrote a thesis on potential theory under karl loewner ' s supervision. at the time bers was rather unhappy with loewner : - lipa spoke of feeling neglected, perhaps even not encouraged, by loewner and said that only in retrospect did he understand loewner ' s teaching method. he gave to each of his students the amount of support needed... it is obvious that lipa did not appear too needy to loewner. in 1938 czechoslovakia became an impossible country for someone of jewish background. equally dangerous was the fact that bers had no homeland since he was a wanted man in latvia, and was a left wing academic. with little choice but to escape again, bers fled to paris where his daughter ruth was born. however, the war followed him and soon the nazi armies began occupying france. bers applied for a visa to the usa and, while waiting to obtain permission, he wrote two papers on green ' s functions and integral representations. just days before paris surrendered to the advancing armies, bers and his family moved from paris to a part of france not yet under attack from the advancing german armies. at last he received the news that he was waiting for, the issue of american visas for his family. in 1940 bers and his family arrived in the united states and joined his mother who was already in new york. there was of course a flood of well qualified academics arriving in the united states fleeing from the nazis and there was a great scarcity of posts, even for the most brilliant, so he was unemployed until 1942, living with other unemployed refugees in new york. during this time he continued his mathematical researches. after this he was appointed research instructor at brown university where, as part of work relevant to the war effort, he studied two - dimensional subsonic fluid flow. this was important at that time since aircraft wings were being designed for planes with jet engines capable of high speeds. between 1945 and 1949 bers worked at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4842438884889129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e3ce5d6-a76b-4e22-8892-e1280e29f3f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.934937"}
{"text": "as part of work relevant to the war effort, he studied two - dimensional subsonic fluid flow. this was important at that time since aircraft wings were being designed for planes with jet engines capable of high speeds. between 1945 and 1949 bers worked at syracuse university, first at assistant professor, later as associate professor. gelbart wanted to build up the department at syracuse and attracting both bers and loewner was an excellent move. here bers began work on the problem of removability of singularities of non - linear elliptic equations. his major results in this area were announced by him at the international congress of mathematicians in 1950 and his paper isolated singularities of minimal surfaces was published in the annals of mathematics in 1951. courant writes : - the nonparametric differential equation of minimal surfaces may be considered the most accessible significant example revealing typical qualities of solutions of non - linear partial differential equations. with a view to such a general objective, [ bers ] has studied singularities, branch - points and behaviour in the large of minimal surfaces. abikoff writes in that this paper is : -... a magnificent synthesis of complex analytic techniques which relate the different parameterisations of minimal surfaces to the representations of the potential function for subsonic flow and thereby achieves the extension across the singularity. bers then became a member of the institute for advanced study at princeton where he began work on teichmuller theory, pseudoanalytic functions, quasiconformal mappings and kleinian groups. he was set in the right direction by an inequality he found in a paper of lavrentev who attributed the inequality to ahlfors. in a lecture he gave in 1986 bers explained what happened next : - i was in princeton at the time. ahlfors came to princeton and announced a talk on quasiconformal mappings. he spoke at the university so i went there and sure enough, he proved this theorem. so i came up to him after the talk and asked him \" where did you publish it? \", and he said \" i didn ' t \". \" so why did lavrentev credit you with it? \" ahlfors said \" he probably thought i must know it and was too lazy to look it up in the literature \". when bers met lavrentev three years later he asked him the same questions and, indeed, ahlfors had been correct in guessing why lavrentev had credited him. bers continued in his 1986 lecture :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5583377689722543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e3ce5d6-a76b-4e22-8892-e1280e29f3f7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.935791"}
{"text": "the literature \". when bers met lavrentev three years later he asked him the same questions and, indeed, ahlfors had been correct in guessing why lavrentev had credited him. bers continued in his 1986 lecture : - i immediately decided that, first of all, if quasiconformal mappings lead to such powerful and beautiful results and, secondly, if it is done in this gentlemanly spirit - where you don ' t fight over priority - this is something that i should spend the rest of my life studying. it is ironic, given bers strong political views on human rights, that he should find that teichmuller, a fervent nazi, had already made stunning contributions. in one of his papers on teichmuller theory, bers quotes plutarch : - it does not of necessity follow that, if the work delights you with its grace, the one who wrought it is worthy of your esteem. in 1951 bers went to the courant institute in new york, where he was a full professor, and remained there for 13 years. during this time he wrote a number of important books and surveys on his work. he published theory of pseudo - analytic functions in 1953 which protter, in a review, described as follows : - the theory of pseudo - analytic functions was first announced by [ bers ] in two notes. these lecture notes not only contain proofs and extensions of the results previously announced but give a self - contained and comprehensive treatment of the subject. the author sets as his goal the development of a function theory for solutions of linear, elliptic, second order partial differential equations in two independent variables ( or systems of two first - order equations ). one of the chief stumbling blocks in such a task is the fact that the notion of derivative is a hereditary property for analytic functions while this is clearly not the case for solutions of general second order elliptic equations. another classic text was mathematical aspects of subsonic and transonic gas dynamics published in 1958 : - it should be said, even though this is taken for granted by everybody in the case of professor bers, that the survey is masterly in its elegance and clarity. in 1958 bers address the international congress of mathematicians in edinburgh, scotland, where he lectured on spaces of riemann surfaces and announced a new proof of the measurable riemann mapping theorem. in his talk bers summarised recent work on the classical problem of moduli for compact riemann surfaces and sketched a proof of the te", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5861501617350388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e3ce5d6-a76b-4e22-8892-e1280e29f3f7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.936637"}
{"text": "on spaces of riemann surfaces and announced a new proof of the measurable riemann mapping theorem. in his talk bers summarised recent work on the classical problem of moduli for compact riemann surfaces and sketched a proof of the teichmuller theorem characterizing extremal quasiconformal mappings. he showed that the teichmuller space for surfaces of genus g is a ( 6g - 6 ) - cell, and showed how to construct the natural complex analytic structure for the teichmuller space. bers was a guggenheim fellow in 1959 - 60, and a fulbright fellow in the same academic year. from 1959 until he left the courant institute in 1964, bers was chairman of the graduate department of mathematics. in 1964 bers went to columbia university where he was to remain until he retired in 1984. he was chairman of the department from 1972 to 1975. he was appointed davies professor of mathematics in 1972, becoming emeritus davies professor of mathematics in 1982. during this period bers was visiting miller research professor at the university of california at berkeley in 1968. tilla weinstein describes in bers as a lecturer : - lipa ' s courses were irresistible. he laced his lectures with humorous asides and tasty tidbits of mathematical gossip. he presented intricate proofs with impeccable clarity, pausing dramatically at the few most critical steps, giving us a chance to think for ourselves and to worry that he might not know what to do next. then, just as the silence got uncomfortable, he would describe the single most elegant way to complete the argument. jane gilman describes bers ' character : - underneath the force of bers ' personality and vivacity was the force of his mathematics. his mathematics had a clarity and beauty that went beyond the actual results. he had a special gift for conceptualising things and placing them in the larger context. in bers life is summed up by abikoff as follows : - lipa possessed a joy of life and an optimism that is difficult to find at this time and that is sorely missed. those of us who experienced it directly have felt an obligation to pass it on. that, in addition to the beauty of his own work, is lipa ' s enduring gift to us. we have yet to say something about bers ' great passion for human rights. in fact this was anything but a sideline in his life and one could consider that he devoted himself full - time to both his mathematical work and to his work as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5237175227640467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e3ce5d6-a76b-4e22-8892-e1280e29f3f7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.938431"}
{"text": ". we have yet to say something about bers ' great passion for human rights. in fact this was anything but a sideline in his life and one could consider that he devoted himself full - time to both his mathematical work and to his work as a social reformer. perhaps his views are most clearly expressed by quoting from an address he gave in 1984 when awarded an honorary degree by the state university of new york at stony brook : - by becoming a human rights activist... you do take upon yourself certain difficult obligations.... i believe that only a truly even - handed approach can lead to an honest, morally convincing, and effective human rights policy. a human rights activist who hates and fears communism must also care about the human rights of latin american leftists. a human rights activist who sympathises with the revolutionary movement in latin america must also be concerned about human rights abuses in cuba and nicaragua. a devout muslim must also care about human rights of the bahai in iran and of the small jewish community in syria, while a jew devoted to israel must also worry about the human rights of palestinian arabs. and we american citizens must be particularly sensitive to human rights violations for which our government is directly or indirectly responsible, as well as to the human rights violations that occur in our own country, as they do. bers received many honours for his contributions in addition to those we have mentioned above. he was elected to the american academy of arts and sciences, to the finnish academy of sciences, and to the american philosophical society. he served the american mathematical society in several capacities, particularly as vice - president ( 1963 - 65 ) and as president ( 1975 - 77 ). the american mathematical society awarded him their steele prize in 1975. he received the new york mayor ' s award in science and technology in 1985. he was an honorary life member of the new york academy of sciences, and of the london mathematical society. article by : j j o ' connor and e f robertson click on this link to see a list of the glossary entries for this page list of references ( 5 books / articles ) | | some quotations ( 3 ) | | mathematicians born in the same country | | honours awarded to lipman bers | ( click below for those honoured in this way ) | ams colloquium lecturer | | 1971 | | ams steele prize | | 1975 | | american maths society president | | 1975 - 1976 | | lms honorary member | | 1984 | other web sites | previous | | ( alphabetically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5006133613007362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e3ce5d6-a76b-4e22-8892-e1280e29f3f7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.939381"}
{"text": "x2 / 3 + y2 / 3 = a2 / 3 x = a cos3 ( t ), y = a sin3 ( t ) click below to see one of the associated curves. | definitions of the associated curves | | evolute | | involute 1 | | involute 2 | | inverse curve wrt origin | | inverse wrt another circle | | pedal curve wrt origin | | pedal wrt another point | | negative pedal curve wrt origin | | negative pedal wrt another point | | caustic wrt horizontal rays | | caustic curve wrt another point | the astroid only acquired its present name in 1836 in a book published in vienna. it has been known by various names in the literature, even after 1836, including cubocycloid and paracycle. the length of the astroid is 6a and its area is 3\u03c0a2 / 8. the gradient of the tangent t from the point with parameter p is - tan ( p ). the equation of this tangent t is x sin ( p ) + y cos ( p ) = a sin ( 2p ) / 2 let t cut the x - axis and the y - axis at x and y respectively. then the length xy is a constant and is equal to a. it can be formed by rolling a circle of radius a / 4 on the inside of a circle of radius a. it can also be formed as the envelope produced when a line segment is moved with each end on one of a pair of perpendicular axes. it is therefore a glissette. other web site : | main index | | famous curves index | | previous curve | | next curve | | history topics index | | birthplace maps | | mathematicians of the day | | anniversaries for the year | | societies, honours, etc | | search form | the url of this page is :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5251615092562628, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:367a0525-d005-4467-93f1-a7ac123614d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.940955"}
{"text": "the machete blades turned red with heat in the fire that the rubber workers built on a liberia plantation, thomas unnasch remembers from a visit in the 1980s. this was how the men tried to quell the intense itchiness that comes with river blindness, a rare tropical disease. \" you can imagine how bad the itching must be, that running a red - hot machete up and down your back would be a relief, but it was, \" said unnasch, whose laboratory works on diagnostic tests for the disease. about 18 million people have river blindness worldwide, according to the world health organization, but more than 99 % of cases of this disease are found in africa. it goes by the technical name \" onchocerciasis, \" and it spreads through small black flies that breed in fast - flowing, highly oxygenated waters. when an infected fly bites a person, it drops worm larvae in the skin, which can then grow and reproduce in the body. unlike malaria, river blindness is not fatal, but it causes a \" miserable life, \" said moses katabarwa, senior epidemiologist for the atlanta - based carter center ' s river blindness program, which has been leading an effort to eliminate the disease in the americas and several african countries. some strains cause blindness, while others come with more severe skin disease. with time, generally all strains of the disease can lead to rough \" lizard \" skin, depigmented \" leopard skin \" and hanging groins. another big problem among patients is itching, which happens when the worms die inside a person. in southwest uganda, the locals call the disease \" obukamba, \" referring to the symptoms of distorted skin appearance and itchiness, katabarwa said. in western uganda, he said, \" the fly is called ' embwa fly ' or dog fly, for it bites like a dog! \" there is no vaccine for river blindness, but there is a drug, called ivermectin that paralyzes and kills the offspring of adult worms, according to the mayo clinic. it may also slow the reproduction of adult female worms, so there are fewer of them in the skin, blood and eyes. the pharmaceutical company merck has been donating the treatment, under the brand name mectizan, since 1985. great strides have been made against this disease. in the americas, it was eliminated in colombia in 2007 and in ecuador in 2009.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3727719202755846, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:415cd5cc-0228-4449-a777-4a0bb2194449>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.943127"}
{"text": "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or adhd is a common childhood illness. people who are affected can have trouble with paying attention, sitting still and controlling their impulses. there are three types of adhd. the most common type of adhd is when people have difficulties with both attention and hyperactivity. this is called adhd combined type. some people only have difficulty with attention and organization. this is adhd inattentive subtype or attention deficit disorder ( add ). other people have only the hyperactive and impulsive symptoms. this is adhd hyperactive subtype. it is a health condition involving biologically active substances in the brain. studies show that adhd may affect certain areas of the brain that allow us to solve problems, plan ahead, understand others ' actions, and control our impulses. many children and adults are easily distracted at times or have trouble finishing tasks. if you suspect that your child has adhd, it is important to have your child evaluated by his or her doctor. in order for your child \u2019 s doctor to diagnose your child with adhd, the behaviors must appear before age 7 and continue for at least six months. the symptoms must also create impairment in at least two areas of the child ' s life - in the classroom, on the playground, at home, in the community, or in social settings. many children have difficulties with their attention but attention problems are not always cue to adhd. for example, stressful life events and other childhood conditions such as problems with schoolwork caused by a learning disability or anxiety and depression can interfere with attention. according to the national institute of mental health, adhd occurs in an estimated 3 to 5 percent of preschool and school - age children. therefore, in a class of 25 to 30 children, it is likely that at least one student will have this condition. adhd begins in childhood, but it often lasts into adulthood. several studies done in recent years estimate that 30 to 65 percent of children with adhd continue to have symptoms into adolescence and adulthood. no one knows exactly what causes adhd. there appears to be a combination of causes, including genetics and environmental influences several different factors could increase a child ' s likelihood of having the disorder, such as gender, family history, prenatal risks, environmental toxins and physical differences in the brain seem to be involved. a child with adhd often shows some of the following : difficulties with attention : - trouble paying attention - inattention to details and makes careless mistakes - easily distracted -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4932343550168257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40aae48c-b422-4ff3-a8dc-88f9431d1a4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.948947"}
{"text": "risks, environmental toxins and physical differences in the brain seem to be involved. a child with adhd often shows some of the following : difficulties with attention : - trouble paying attention - inattention to details and makes careless mistakes - easily distracted - losing things such as school supplies - forgetting to turn in homework - trouble finishing class work and homework - trouble listening - trouble following multiple adult commands - difficulty playing quietly - inability to stay seated - running or climbing excessively - always \" on the go \" - talks too much and interrupts or intrudes on others - blurts out answers the good news is that effective treatment is available. the first step is to have a careful and thorough evaluation with your child \u2019 s primary care doctor or with a qualified mental health professional. with the right treatment, children with adhd can improve their ability to pay attention and control their behavior. the right care can help them grow, learn, and feel better about themselves. medications : most children with adhd benefit from taking medication. medications do not cure adhd. medications can help a child control his or her symptoms on the day that the pills are taken. medications for adhd are well established and effective. there are two main types : stimulant and non - stimulant medications. stimulants include methylphenidate, and amphetamine salts. non - stimulant medications include atomoxetine. for more information about the medications used to treat adhd, please see the parent med guide. before medication treatment begins, your child ' s doctor should discuss the benefits and the possible side effects of these medications. your child \u2019 s doctor should continue to monitor your child for improvement and side effects. a majority of children who benefit from medication for adhd will continue to benefit from it as teenagers. in fact, many adults with adhd also find that medication can be helpful. therapy and other support : a psychiatrist or other qualified mental health professional can help a child with adhd. the psychotherapy should focus on helping parents provide structure and positive reinforcement for good behavior. in addition, individual therapy can help children gain a better self - image. the therapist can help the child identify his or her strengths and build on them. therapy can also help a child with adhd cope with daily problems, pay better attention, and learn to control aggression. a therapist may use one or more of the following approaches : behavior therapy, talk therapy, social skills training, family support groups. sometimes children and parents wonder when children can stop taking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4811012271361361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40aae48c-b422-4ff3-a8dc-88f9431d1a4e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.949878"}
{"text": "with daily problems, pay better attention, and learn to control aggression. a therapist may use one or more of the following approaches : behavior therapy, talk therapy, social skills training, family support groups. sometimes children and parents wonder when children can stop taking adhd medication. if you have questions about stopping adhd medication, consult your doctor. many children diagnosed with adhd will continue to have problems with one or more symptoms of this condition later in life. in these cases, adhd medication can be taken into adulthood to help control their symptoms. for others, the symptoms of adhd lessen over time as they begin to \" outgrow \" adhd or learn to compensate for their behavioral symptoms. the symptom most apt to lessen over time is hyperactivity. some signs that your child may be ready to reduce or stop adhd medication are : - your child has been symptom - free for more than a year while on medication, - your child is doing better and better, but the dosage has stayed the same, - your child ' s behavior is appropriate despite missing a dose or two, - or your child has developed a newfound ability to concentrate. the choice to stop taking adhd medication should be discussed with the prescribing doctor, teachers, family members, and your child. you may find that your child needs extra support from teachers and family members to reinforce good behavior once the medication is stopped. without treatment, a child with adhd may fall behind in school and have trouble with friendships. family life may also suffer. untreated adhd can increase strain between parents and children. parents often blame themselves when they can ' t communicate with their child. the sense of losing control can be very frustrating. teenagers with adhd are at increased risk for driving accidents. adults with untreated adhd have higher rates of divorce and job loss, compared with the general population. luckily, safe and effective treatments are available which can help children and adults help control the symptoms of adhd and prevent the unwanted consequences.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4096433483810175, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40aae48c-b422-4ff3-a8dc-88f9431d1a4e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.950622"}
{"text": "weights linked to lower diabetes risk weight gains weight training, and not just cardio workouts, is linked to a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, according to a us study. \" we all know that aerobic exercise is beneficial for diabetes - many studies have looked at that - but no studies have looked at weight training, \" says study leader frank hu, at the harvard school of public health. \" this study suggests that weight training is important for diabetes, and probably as important as aerobic training. \" hu and his colleagues, whose report was published in the archives of internal medicine, used data on more than 32, 000 male health professionals, who answered questionnaires every two years from 1990 to 2008. on average, four out of 1000 men developed type 2 diabetes every year, the researchers found. the risk of getting the blood sugar disorder was only half as high for men who did cardio, or aerobic, workouts - say brisk walking, jogging or playing tennis - at least 150 minutes a week, as for those who didn ' t do any cardio exercise. men who did weight training for 150 minutes or more had a risk reduction of a third compared to those who never lifted weights, independently of whether or not they did aerobic exercise. exercise is beneficial whereas weight training increases muscle mass and can reduce abdominal obesity, it tends not to cut overall body mass, says hu. the results don ' t prove that working out staves off diabetes, because many men who stay fit may also be healthier in other ways, but the researchers did their best to account for such potential differences, including age, smoking and diet. \" i think the benefits of weight training are real, \" says hu. \" any type of exercise is beneficial for diabetes prevention, but weight training can be incorporated with aerobic exercise to get the best results. \" along with an appropriate diet, exercise is also important for people who already have type 2 diabetes and can help control high blood sugar, he adds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44684602222116415, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa576bb7-fea9-461f-8ee3-962a8a33a7f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.952489"}
{"text": "arctic meltdown not caused by nature rapid loss of arctic sea ice - 80 per cent has disappeared since 1980 - is not caused by natural cycles such as changes in the earth ' s orbit around the sun, says dr karl. the situation is getting rather messy with regard to the ice melting in the arctic. now the volume of the ice varies throughout the year, rising to its peak after midwinter, and falling to its minimum after midsummer, usually in the month of september. over most of the last 1, 400 years, the volume of ice remaining each september has stayed pretty constant. but since 1980, we have lost 80 per cent of that ice. now one thing to appreciate is that over the last 4. 7 billion years, there have been many natural cycles in the climate \u2014 both heating and cooling. what ' s happening today in the arctic is not a cycle caused by nature, but something that we humans did by burning fossil fuels and dumping slightly over one trillion tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere over the last century. so what are these natural cycles? there are many many of them, but let ' s just look at the milankovitch cycles. these cycles relate to the earth and its orbit around the sun. there are three main milankovitch cycles. they each affect how much solar radiation lands on the earth, and whether it lands on ice, land or water, and when it lands. the first milankovitch cycle is that the orbit of the earth changes from mostly circular to slightly elliptical. it does this on a predominantly 100, 000 - year cycle. when the earth is close to the sun it receives more heat energy, and when it is further away it gets less. at the moment the orbit of the earth is about halfway between \" nearly circular \" and \" slightly elliptical \". so the change in the distance to the sun in each calendar year is currently about 5. 1 million kilometres, which translates to about 6. 8 per cent difference in incoming solar radiation. but when the orbit of the earth is at its most elliptical, there will be a 23 per cent difference in how much solar radiation lands on the earth. the second milankovitch cycle affecting the solar radiation landing on our planet is the tilt of the north - south spin axis compared to the plane of the orbit of the earth around the sun. this tilt rocks gently between 22. 1 degrees and 24. 5 degrees from the vertical. this cycle has a period of about 41, 000 years. at the moment we are roughly halfway in the middle \u2014 we '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5035361834207992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a4ac59c-d59d-470b-adad-88e5e1c8a45a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.956112"}
{"text": "of the earth around the sun. this tilt rocks gently between 22. 1 degrees and 24. 5 degrees from the vertical. this cycle has a period of about 41, 000 years. at the moment we are roughly halfway in the middle \u2014 we ' re about 23. 44 degrees from the vertical and heading down to 22. 1 degrees. as we head to the minimum around the year 11, 800, the trend is that the summers in each hemisphere will get less solar radiation, while the winters will get more, and there will be a slight overall cooling. the third milankovitch cycle that affects how much solar radiation lands on our planet is a little more tricky to understand. it ' s called ' precession '. as our earth orbits the sun, the north - south spin axis does more than just rock gently between 22. 1 degrees and 24. 5 degrees. it also \u2014 very slowly, just like a giant spinning top \u2014 sweeps out a complete 360 degrees circle, and it takes about 26, 000 years to do this. so on january 4, when the earth is at its closest to the sun, it ' s the south pole ( yep, the antarctic ) that points towards the sun. so at the moment, everything else being equal, it ' s the southern hemisphere that has a warmer summer because it ' s getting more solar radiation, but six months later it will have a colder winter. and correspondingly, the northern hemisphere will have a warmer winter and a cooler summer. but of course, \" everything else \" is not equal. there ' s more land in the northern hemisphere but more ocean in a southern hemisphere. the arctic is ice that is floating on water and surrounded by land. the antarctic is the opposite \u2014 ice that is sitting on land and surrounded by water. you begin to see how complicated it all is. we have had, in this current cycle, repeated ice ages on earth over the last three - million years. during an ice age, the ice can be three kilometres thick and cover practically all of canada. it can spread through most of siberia and europe and reach almost to where london is today. of course, the water to make this ice comes out of the ocean, and so in the past, the ocean level has dropped by some 125 metres. from three million years ago to one million years ago, the ice advanced and retreated on a 41, 000 - year cycle. but from one million years ago until the present, the ice has advanced and retreated on a 100, 000 - year cycle. what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5091525130174364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a4ac59c-d59d-470b-adad-88e5e1c8a45a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.957018"}
{"text": "black holes growing faster than expected black hole find existing theories on the relationship between the size of a galaxy and its central black hole are wrong according to a new australian study. the discovery by dr nicholas scott and professor alister graham, from melbourne ' s swinburne university of technology, found smaller galaxies have far smaller black holes than previously estimated. central black holes, millions to billions of times more massive than the sun, reside in the core of most galaxies, and are thought to be integral to galactic formation and evolution. however astronomers are still trying to understand this relationship. scott and graham combined data from observatories in chile, hawaii and the hubble space telescope, to develop a data base listing the masses of 77 galaxies and their central supermassive black holes. the astronomers determined the mass of each central black hole by measuring how fast stars are orbiting it. existing theories suggest a direct ratio between the mass of a galaxy and that of its central black hole. \" this ratio worked for larger galaxies, but with improved technology we ' re now able to examine far smaller galaxies and the current theories don ' t hold up, \" says scott. in a paper to be published in the astrophysical journal, they found that for each ten - fold decrease in a galaxy ' s mass, there was a one hundred - fold decrease in its central black hole mass. \" that was a surprising result which we hadn ' t been anticipating, \" says scott. the study also found that smaller galaxies have far denser stellar populations near their centres than larger galaxies. according to scott, this also means the central black holes in smaller galaxies grow much faster than their larger counterparts. black holes grow by merging with other black holes when their galaxies collide. \" when large galaxies merge they double in size and so do their central black holes, \" says scott. \" but when small galaxies merge their central black holes quadruple in size because of the greater densities of nearby stars to feed on. \" somewhere in between the findings also solve the long standing problem of missing intermediate mass black holes. for decades, scientists have been searching for something in between stellar mass black holes formed when the largest stars die, and supermassive black holes at the centre of galaxies. \" if the central black holes in smaller galaxies have lower mass than originally thought, they may represent the intermediate mass black hole population astronomers have been hunting for, \" says graham. \" intermediate sized black holes are between ten thousand and a few hundred thousand times the mass of the sun, and we think we '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5164726172883376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e617c5fd-d556-4d43-be1f-042e7e7f2c60>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.959427"}
{"text": "hoodoos may be seismic gurus hoodoo prediction towering chimney - like sedimentary rock spires known as hoodoos may provide an indication of an area ' s past earthquake activity. the research by scientists including dr rasool anooshehpoor, from the united states nuclear regulatory commission, may provide scientists with a new tool to test the accuracy of current hazard models. hoodoo formations are often found in desert regions, and are common in north america, the middle east and northern africa. they are caused by the uneven weathering of different layers of sedimentary rocks, that leave boulders or thin caps of hard rock perched on softer rock. by knowing the strengths of different types of sedimentary layers, scientists can determine the amount of stress needed to cause those rocks to fracture. the united states geological survey ( usgs ) use seismic hazard models to predict the type of ground motion likely to occur in an area during a seismic event. but, according to anooshehpoor, these models lack long term data. \" existing hazard maps use models based on scant data going back a hundred years or so, \" says anooshehpoor. \" but earthquakes have return periods lasting hundreds or thousands of years, so there is nothing to test these hazard models against. \" the researchers examined two unfractured hoodoos within a few kilometres of the garlock fault, which is an active strike - slip fault zone in california ' s red rock canyon. their findings are reported in the bulletin of the seismological society of america. \" although we can ' t put a precise age on hoodoos because of their erosion characteristics, we can use them to provide physical limits on the level of ground shaking that could potentially have occurred in the area, \" says anooshehpoor. the researchers developed a three - dimensional model of each hoodoo and determined the most likely place where each spire would fail in an earthquake. they then tested rock samples similar to the hoodoo pillars to measure their tensile strength and compared their results with previously published data. usgs records suggest at least one large magnitude earthquake occurred along the fault in the last 550 years, resulting in seven metres of slip, yet the hoodoos are still standing. this finding is consistent with a median level of ground motion associated with the large quakes in this region, says anooshehpoor. \" if an earthquake occurred with a higher level of ground motion, the hoodoos would have collapsed, \" he says. \" nobody can predict earthquakes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.491317888074083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85a979cb-9571-4e06-b38a-2f79912abb44>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.963090"}
{"text": "now, it is common knowledge these days that hitler ' s final great offensive in the last years of wwii was the ardennes offensive of 1944 / 45, also known as the battle of the bulge. what was not appreciated at the time by the allied high command was just how desperately short of vital supplies the third reich armies actually were. the ardennes offensive was hitler ' s bold attempt to capture and hold the allied army ' s massive supply of brussels sprouts, vital - of course - for the full functioning of any army. german intelligence were aware that the american army was - in particular - massing huge quantities of the vital brussels sprouts just behind their frontlines in preparedness for their own massive push - and - of course - in time for christmas. the german ' s audacious plan would have succeeded if the allies had not quickly worked out that it was their stockpiles of brussels sprouts that were under immediate threat. the bold plan put forward by the allied generals was a heavy gamble, but it paid off. they ordered their front - line chefs to begin boiling their entire stocks of brussels sprouts, and - most importantly - to keep them boiling well past a state of fully preparedness. so, when the weather altered and the wind direction changed, it blew the smell of over - cooked brussels sprouts straight into the faces of the advancing germans. then the reich troops knew that they would not be able to replenish their stocks of brussels sprouts and any sprouts that they did capture from the allied frontline kitchens would be overcooked to the point of inedibility. later in this series, we will discuss the major strategic role that brussels sprouts have played in world history, such as hadrian building a wall to protect the roman empire ' s most northern supplies of brussels sprouts from the northern barbarians, thus thwarting the barbarian ' s fiendish plan to deep - fry the roman ' s entire stockpiles of sprouts. then there was, also, napoleon ' s retreat from moscow when his over - long supply line of brussels sprouts direct from france broke down. even when his troops could get sprouts, they were of poor quality - dry, wizened and frozen solid. of course, this led to a massive collapse of morale. eventually, the lack of good quality sprouts forced a massive retreat where thousands of french troops died from a pitiful lack of sprouts. and, of course,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4419238393271477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e42f564-b487-459a-9400-a0404ff31bff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.965505"}
{"text": "books yellow, red, and green and blue, all true, or just as good as true, and here ' s the blue book just for you! hard is the path from a to z, and puzzling to a curly head, yet leads to books \u2014 green, yellow and red. for every child should understand that letters from the first were planned to guide us into fairy land so labour at your alphabet, for by that learning shall you get to lands where fairies may be met. and going where this pathway goes, you too, at last, may find, who knows? the garden of the singing rose. as to whether there are really any fairies or not, that is a difficult question. the editor never saw any himself, but he knew several people who have seen them - in the highlands - and heard their music. if ever you are in nether lochaber, go to the fairy hill, and you may hear the music your - self, as grown - up people have done, but you must go on a fine day. this book has been especially re - published to raise funds for : the great ormond street hospital children \u2019 s charity by buying this book you will be donating to this great charity that does so much good for ill children and which also enables families to stay together in times of crisis. and what better way to help children than to buy a book of fairy tales. some have not been seen in print or heard for over a century. 33 % of the publisher \u2019 s profit from the sale of this book will be donated to the gosh children \u2019 s charity. yesterdays books for todays charities little red riding hood once upon a time there lived in a certain village a little country girl, the prettiest creature was ever seen. her mother was excessively fond of her ; and her grandmother doted on her still more. this good woman had made for her a little red riding - hood ; which became the girl so extremely well that everybody called her little red riding - hood. one day her mother, having made some custards, said to her : \" go, my dear, and see how thy grandmamma does, for i hear she has been very ill ; carry her a custard, and this little pot of butter. \" little red riding - hood set out immediately to go to her grandmother, who lived in another village. as she was going through the wood, she met with gaffer wolf, who had a very great mind to eat her up, but he dared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46215556900398114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:417be69e-3827-4c17-971c-f3410cf2c856>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.970226"}
{"text": "\" little red riding - hood set out immediately to go to her grandmother, who lived in another village. as she was going through the wood, she met with gaffer wolf, who had a very great mind to eat her up, but he dared not, because of some faggot - makers hard by in the forest. he asked her whither she was going. the poor child, who did not know that it was dangerous to stay and hear a wolf talk, said to him : \" i am going to see my grandmamma and carry her a custard and a little pot of butter from my mamma. \" \" does she live far off? \" said the wolf. \" oh! aye, \" answered little red riding - hood ; \" it is beyond that mill you see there, at the first house in the village. \" \" well, \" said the wolf, \" and i ' ll go and see her too. i ' ll go this way and you go that, and we shall see who will be there soonest. \" the wolf began to run as fast as he could, taking the nearest way, and the little girl went by that farthest about, diverting herself in gathering nuts, running after butterflies, and making nosegays of such little flowers as she met with. the wolf was not long before he got to the old woman ' s house. he knocked at the door \u2014 tap, tap. \" your grandchild, little red riding - hood, \" replied the wolf, counterfeiting her voice ; \" who has brought you a custard and a little pot of butter sent you by mamma. \" the good grandmother, who was in bed, because she was somewhat ill, cried out : \" pull the bobbin, and the latch will go up. \" the wolf pulled the bobbin, and the door opened, and then presently he fell upon the good woman and ate her up in a moment, for it was above three days that he had not touched a bit. he then shut the door and went into the grandmother ' s bed, expecting little red riding - hood, who came some time afterward and knocked at the door \u2014 tap, tap. little red riding - hood, hearing the big voice of the wolf, was at first afraid ; but believing her grandmother had got a cold and was hoarse, answered : \" \u2019 tis your grandchild, little red riding - hood, who has brought you a custard and a little pot of butter mamma sends you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43930416186277477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:417be69e-3827-4c17-971c-f3410cf2c856>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.971056"}
{"text": "at first afraid ; but believing her grandmother had got a cold and was hoarse, answered : \" \u2019 tis your grandchild, little red riding - hood, who has brought you a custard and a little pot of butter mamma sends you. \" the wolf cried out to her, softening his voice as much as he could : \" pull the bobbin, and the latch will go up. \" little red riding - hood pulled the bobbin, and the door opened. the wolf, seeing her come in, said to her, hiding himself under the bed - clothes : \" put the custard and the little pot of butter upon the stool, and come and lie down with me. \" little red riding - hood undressed herself and went into bed, where, being greatly amazed to see how her grandmother looked in her night - clothes, she said to her : \" grandmamma, what great arms you have got! \" \" that is the better to hug thee, my dear. \" \" grandmamma, what great legs you have got! \" \" that is to run the better, my child. \" \" grandmamma, what great ears you have got! \" \" that is to hear the better, my child. \" \" grandmamma, what great eyes you have got! \" \" it is to see the better, my child. \" \" grandmamma, what great teeth you have got! \" \" that is to eat thee up. \" and, saying these words, this wicked wolf fell upon little red riding - hood, and tried to start eating her. red riding hood screamed \u201c someone help me! \u201d over and over again. the woodcutter, who was felling trees nearby, heard red riding hood \u2019 s screams for help and ran to the cottage. he burst in to find the wolf trying to eat red riding hood. he swung his axe, and with one blow killed the bad wolf for which red riding hood was ever so grateful. great book! really interesting read! was great to see a published version of jewish tales! arrived very quickly too - great service! a thrilling book about a chase across the us! a great story, my son loved it! quick and convenient delivery! stories of the famous spice route across asia! great to see a volume of phillipine folklore stories in print, only one i ' ve found on the web! we deliver to destinations all over the world, and here at abela, we have some of the best rates in the book industry. we charge shipping dependant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4226326137516184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:417be69e-3827-4c17-971c-f3410cf2c856>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.972414"}
{"text": "what exactly does \" desecration \" mean? is it just flag burning \u2014 or does it also include smearing the flag with dirt? how about dropping it on the ground? and why should law enforcement get to decide who to arrest for such desecration? free expression and the right to dissent are among the core principles which the american flag represents. the first amendment must be protected most when it comes to unpopular speech. failure to do so fails the very notion of freedom of expression. our democracy is strong because we tolerate all peaceful forms of expression, no matter how uncomfortable they make us feel, or how much we disagree. if we take away the right to dissent - no matter how unpopular - what freedom will be sacrificed next? make a difference your support helps the aclu defend free speech and a broad range of civil liberties. burn the flag or burn the constitution? ( 2011 blog ) : sadly, congress is once again considering an amendment to the u. s. constitution banning desecration of the american flag and, in doing so, testing our political leaders ' willingness to defend what is arguably one of america ' s most sacred principles \u2014 protecting political speech. flag amendment defeated, first amendment stands unscathed ( 2003 ) : on june 27, 2006, the senate voted down the proposed flag desecration amendment by the slimmest margin ever. the vote was 66 - 34, just one vote short of the two - thirds needed to approve a constitutional amendment. reasons to oppose the flag desecration amendment ( 2004 resource ) : talking points on opposing the flag desecration amendment background on the flag desecration amendment ( 2004 resource ) fight for the flag - resources ( 2006 resource )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48946842978959165, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbe1a6ba-f0ca-4f88-86c8-7605d31dcf07>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.974073"}
{"text": "first, an object is placed on the platform of the printer upon \u2013 a petrie dish for example. then the printer must check the height of the object to make sure everything is calibrated correctly. mr. carvalho placed a paper card on the platform of the 3d - bioplotter to demonstrate how the machine works. mr. carvalho then talked us through the printing process. to begin, a liquefied material \u2013 in this case a silicone paste \u2013 is pressed through a needle - like tip by applying air pressure. the needle moves in all three dimensions which means it is able to create a three dimensional object. the printer is called \u2018 bioplotter \u2019 because the unique aspect of this machine is its use of biomaterials to make implants or other objects for biomedical application. some of the implants which are made using the 3d bioplotter are intended to dissolve in the body. the materials which are used in this application include plla, plga, and silicone. implants made with thermoplastics \u2013 as they are mostly water and co2 \u2013 are removed by the body naturally in around a week or two. other materials, such as ceramic paste, may also be used to print implants. the implants printed using ceramic paste do not dissolve. instead, the body uses this material to create new bone. this actually speeds up the process of the body \u2019 s regeneration. the 3dbioplotter also prints hydrogels \u2013 such as collagen or alginate. these materials can have human cells actually added to them. thus human cells may be printed directly with this machine. every thursday is # 3dthursday here at adafruit! the diy 3d printing community has thrilled us at adafruit with its passion and dedication to making solid objects from digital models. recently, we have noticed that our community integrating electronics projects into 3d printed enclosures, brackets, and sculptures, so each thursday we celebrate and highlight these bold pioneers! have you take considered building a 3d project around an arduino or other microcontroller? how about printing a bracket to mount your raspberry pi to the back of your hd monitor? and don \u2019 t forget the countless el wire and led projects that are possible when you are modeling your projects! the adafruit learning system has dozens of great tools to get you well on your way to creating incredible works of engineering, interactive art, and design with your 3d printer! if you have a cool", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.475273666871328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73055da5-4336-4490-8edc-b8121ae20961>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.977572"}
{"text": "re - inventing the planned city monday, march 12, 2012 tau and mit launch pilot project to re - think 50 ' s era \" new towns \" a bird ' s - eye view of kiryat gat in response to population growth, many \" new towns \" or planned cities were built around the world in the 1950s. but according to dr. tali hatuka, head of tel aviv university ' s laboratory for contemporary urban design ( lcud ) at the department of geography and the human environment, these cities are a poor fit for modern lifestyles \u2014 and it ' s time to innovate. tau has launched a pilot project, in collaboration with a team from the massachusetts institute of technology led by prof. eran ben - joseph, to revitalize this aging model. last month, a team of five tau and 11 mit graduate students visited kiryat gat, a mid - sized town in the south of israel. home to branches of industrial giants hewlett - packard company and intel, kiryat gat was chosen as a \" laboratory \" for re - designing outmoded planned civic spaces. based on smart technologies, improved transportation, use of the city ' s natural surroundings, and a reconsideration of the current use of city space, the team ' s action plan is designed to help kiryat gat emerge as a new, technologically - advanced planned city \u2014 a prototype that could be applied to similar urban communities. planning a future for the mid - sized city the project, jointly funded by tau ' s vice president for research and mit ' s misti global seed funds, will create a new planning model that could reshape the future of kiryat gat and similar cities across the world which are often overlooked in academia and practical planning. \" our goal is to put a spotlight on these kinds of towns and suggest innovative ways of dealing with their problems, \" says tau student roni bar. mit ' s alice shay, who visited israel for the first time for the project, believes that kiryat gat, a city that massive urbanization has left behind, is an ideal place for the team to make a change. \" the city is at a catalyst point \u2014 an exciting moment where good governance and energy will give it the capacity to implement some of these new projects. \" to tackle the design and planning challenges of the city, the team of students focused on four themes : the \" mobile city, \" which looked at transport and accessibility ; the \" mediated city,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4791697597356739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08c12af3-3a0e-45eb-852d-5a9c514658cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.981317"}
{"text": "it the capacity to implement some of these new projects. \" to tackle the design and planning challenges of the city, the team of students focused on four themes : the \" mobile city, \" which looked at transport and accessibility ; the \" mediated city, \" dealing with technological infrastructure ; the \" compact city, \" which reconsidered the use of urban space and population growth ; and the \" natural city, \" which integrated environmental features into the urban landscape. finding common ground ultimately, the team \u2019 s goal is to create a more flexible city model that encourages residents and workers to be a more active part of the urban fabric of the city, said dr. hatuka. the current arrangement of dedicated industrial, residential, and core zones is out of step with a 21st century lifestyle, in which people work, live, and spend their leisure time in the same environment. \" much of the past discourse about the design of sustainable communities and ' eco - cities ' has been premised on using previously undeveloped land, \" says prof. ben - joseph. \" in contrast, this project focuses on the ' retrofitting ' of an existing environment \u2014 a more likely approach, given the extent of the world ' s already - built infrastructure. \" the students from tau and mit have become a truly cohesive team, and their diversity of background helps challenge cultural preconceptions, bar says. \" they ask many questions that help us to rethink things we took for granted. \" shay agrees. \" tali and eran have created an incredible collaboration, encouraging us all to exchange ideas. our contexts are different but there is a common urban design language. \" the team estimates that they will be able to present the updated model of the city early next year. the next step is further exploring the project ' s key themes at a march meeting at mit. and while the project has provided an exceptional educational experience for all involved, ideas are already leaping off the page and into the city ' s urban fabric. \" in the next two months, the mayor of kiryat gat would like to push this model forward and implement the initial steps that we have offered, \" says an enthusiastic dr. hatuka.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4960560420455411, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08c12af3-3a0e-45eb-852d-5a9c514658cb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.982120"}
{"text": "elderly people are at increased risk of food - borne illness because as they age, their immune systems become weaker. in fact, the website for the centers for disease control estimates that each year about 48 million people get sick, 128, 000 are hospitalized and 3, 000 die from food - borne diseases. the most severe cases tend to occur in the very old. the good news is that food poisoning can be prevented if you follow proper home food safety practices. ruth frechman, a registered dietitian and spokesperson for the american dietetic association, spoke with agingcare. com about home food safety for elderly people. \" since older adults are at particular risk for food - borne illness, good food safety habits are extremely crucial. \" ms. frechman says three common cooking and food preparation mistakes can result in unsafe food and potential food poisoning. bacteria in raw meat and poultry juices can be spread to other foods, utensils and surfaces.. \" to prevent cross - contamination, keep raw foods separate from ready - to - eat foods and fresh vegetables, \" she says. \" for example, use two cuttings boards : one strictly for raw meat, poultry and seafood ; the other for ready - to - eat foods like breads and vegetables. \" she recommends washing cutting boards thoroughly in hot soapy water after each use or placing them in the dishwasher. use a bleach solution or other sanitizing solution and rinse with clean water. always wash your hands after handling raw meat. leaving food out too long leaving food out too long at room temperature can cause bacteria to grow to dangerous levels that can cause illness. \" many people think it ' s okay to leave food sitting out for a few hours, \" ms. frechman says. \" but that ' s a dangerous habit. food should not be left out for more than two hours. and if it ' s over 90 degrees, like at an outdoor summer barbecue, food should not be out for more than one hour. \" its common knowledge that meat should be cooked to proper temperatures. however, most people don ' t know that even leftovers that were previously cooked should be re - heated to a certain temperature. ms. frechman says re - heating foods to the proper temperature can kill many harmful bacteria. leftovers should be re - heated to at least 165 degrees fahrenheit. \" harmful bacteria are destroyed when food is cooked to proper temperatures, \" she says. \" that ' s why a food thermometer comes in handy not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4246015137692157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa1546c3-bbdd-441b-a8ad-eb263ea80d04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.984631"}
{"text": "what is hiv? and what is aids? find answers to some common questions in this section. how is hiv transmitted - and how is it not transmitted? find out the answers in this section. worried you might have hiv? have an hiv test - it ' s the only way to know for sure. hiv treatment is not a cure, but it is keeping millions of people well. start learning about it in this section. in this section we have answered some of the questions you might have if you have just found out you have hiv. find healthcare services and support. a series of illustrated leaflets designed to support conversations between professionals and people with hiv. our award - winning series of patient information booklets. each title provides a comprehensive overview of one aspect of living with hiv. twice - monthly email newsletter on the practical aspects of delivering hiv treatment in resource - limited settings. our regular newsletter, providing in - depth discussion of the latest research across the hiv sector. free to people personally affected by hiv. find contact details for over 3000 key organisations in more than 190 countries an instant guide to hiv & aids in countries and regions around the world the most comprehensive listing of hiv - related services in the uk pre - exposure prophylaxis ( prep ) \u2013 free webinar 18 april 2013as part of its european hiv prevention work, nam is collaborating... learning the basics about hepatitis c 05 april 2013if you are familiar with nam \u2019 s patient information materials, hopefully you... treatment as prevention \u2013 free webinar 20 march 2013as part of its european hiv prevention work, nam is collaborating...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4891719070292371, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77e4b735-9163-48f4-84c1-c755c8c2ff0e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.986135"}
{"text": "in preparation for christmas, i read stephen nissenbaum ' s 1998 \" the battle for christmas, \" a thorough exploration of this season. the book ' s title will be deceiving, because it has nothing to do with the recent sacred - vs. - secular christmas quarrels. nissenbaum explores the myriad ways that christmas has evolved in our nation. it turns out we ' ve been jockeying for more than 300 years over what this holiday means. in colonial america our faith - filled ancestors banned christmas altogether, outlawing it in some colonies. until the 1760s, one could not even find an almanac that would print the word \" christmas \" on the date dec. 25. this opposition was because christmas had become a drunken spectacle where gangs of poor young men roamed the streets, making merry and engaging in acts of petty rowdyism, vaguely like today ' s new year ' s eve. it was customary and permissible for these gangs to knock on doors of strangers to demand gifts. ( \" so give us some figgy pudding.... \" ) our nation ' s first \" battle \" for christmas was the movement to domesticate the holiday, a battle that nissenbaum suggests involved merchants, the middle and upper classes and the church. merchants began linking christmas and the purchase of manufactured gifts as early as the 1830s as society began to stress family celebrations in front of a tree and with santa visiting every home. in case you think that your complaining will reverse the commercialism of this holiday, according to nissenbaum that complaint first emerged in the 1830s. complain if you must, but don ' t expect results. nissenbaum so thoroughly explores clement moore ' s \" ' twas the night before christmas \" that one learns why saint nick touches the side of his nose and why his pipe is a short one. nissenbaum contends that the ascendance of santa claus, the emergence of the christmas tree and even the giving of gifts contribute to this gradual process of making christmas a less revolutionary, more predictable holiday. he explores dickens and scrooge, christmas parties for poor children and even the complicated master - slave relationship at christmas leading up to and immediately following the civil war. if you prefer to maintain that christmas was a pure season of private devotion and public worship until sears, roebuck, wal - mart and the supreme court got involved, don ' t read this book. ditto if you enjoy lamenting that \" they ' ve taken christmas away from us, \" nissenbaum might say that a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44574357749017424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc291606-3625-4033-97fb-f0d3e531c2bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.990135"}
{"text": "heal our planet earth secondary and universities educational outreach : secondary ( high ) schools and universities anthony marr from the hope foundation \u2019 s main point was the wild tigers. he believes that something must be done to keep these animals alive. \" if we let this go, life will be less beautiful and worth less living, \" anthony marr quoted. the money that he receives as a conservationist is donated to help out the endangered species. he makes many trips to india to help them find other solutions to their problems. if the people living in india keep living the way they \u2019 ve done, india will soon become a desert. changes need to be made and people need to adapt to these changes. i agree with anthony \u2019 s beliefs. even if tigers are bred, it does not make a difference, because they cannot survive on their own. no matter what humans do, it still will not change the fact that one of god \u2019 s creations is becoming destroyed. no animals should be killed for the purpose of human needs. it is not necessary to kill tigers to sell products and make money because of silly beliefs that of they eat this then something will happen. there are so many alternatives. humans need food, but they do not have to consume so much meat. every time they eat meat, a precious animal is being killed. animals do not kill us and eat us, then why should we do the same? more solutions need to be found and more people need to become more involved in saving the beauty of the world. go on to student - 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4260190032898816, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:285c3b9d-ca3c-48fd-8ece-77b958f31b4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.991617"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia the chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion ( negatively charged ion ) cl\u2212. the salts of hydrochloric acid hcl contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. an example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula nacl. in water, it dissolves into na + and cl\u2212 ions. the word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atoms are covalently bonded in the molecule. this means that chlorides can be either inorganic or organic compounds. the simplest example of an inorganic covalently bonded chloride is hydrogen chloride, hcl. a simple example of an organic covalently bonded chloride is chloromethane ( ch3cl ), often called methyl chloride. other examples of inorganic covalently bonded chlorides which are used as reactants are : - phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, and thionyl chloride - all three are reactive chlorinating reagents which have been used in a laboratory. - disulfur dichloride ( scl2 ) - used for vulcanization of rubber. chloride ions have important physiological roles. for instance, in the central nervous system the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of gaba relies on the entry of cl\u2212 into specific neurons. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5402413455775658, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e76b8fd-c479-45d7-8ee7-faf61495aecb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.992992"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved. design aspects specified by the industrial designer may include the overall shape of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. the use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. product design is focused on products only, while industrial design has a broader focus on concepts, products and processes. in addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns. product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. various schools of industrial design and / or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges ( product styling ) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design. in the us, the field of industrial design hit a high - water mark of popularity in the late 30 ' s and early 40 ' s, with several industrial designers becoming minor celebrities. raymond loewy, norman bel geddes, and henry dreyfuss remain the best known. in the uk, the term \" industrial design \" increasingly implies design with considerable engineering and technology awareness alongside human factors - a \" total design \" approach, promoted by the late stuart pugh ( university of strathclyde ) and others. famous industrial designers - egmont arens ( 1888 - 1966 ) - norman bel geddes ( 1893 - 1958 ) - henry dreyfuss ( 1904 - 1972 ) - charles and ray eames ( 1907 - 1978 ) and ( 1912 - 1988 ) - harley j. earl ( 1893 - 1969 ) - virgil exner ( 1909 - 1973 ) - buckminster fuller ( 1895 - 1983 ) - kenneth grange ( 1929 - ) - michael graves ( 1934 - ) - walter adolph gropius ( 1883 - 1969 ) - jonathan ive ( 1967 - ) - arne jacobsen ( 1902 - 1971 ) - raymond loewy ( 1893 - 1986 ) - ludwig mies van der rohe ( 1886 - 1969 ) - laszlo moholy -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5410348255587436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a466a758-3d7d-477a-8ae7-30c1404a9da8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:53:59.997832"}
{"text": "dr. carl auer von welsbach ( 1858 - 1929 ) had a rare double talent of understanding how to pursue fundamental science and, at the same time, of commercializing himself successfully as a inventor and discoverer. he discovered 4 elements ( neodymium, praseodymium, ytterbium, and lutetium ). he invented the incandescent mantle, that helped gaslighting at the end of the 19th century to a renaissance. he developed the ferrocerium - it ` s still used as a flint in every disposable lighter. he was an eminent authority, and great expert in the field of rare earths ( lanthanoides ). he invented the electric metal filament light bulb which is used billions of times today. additionally, all his life he took active part in different fields, from photography to ornithology. his personal qualities are remembered highly by the people of althofen, he not only had an excellent mind but also a big heart. these qualities ensured him a prominent and lasting place not only in austria ` s science and industrial history. 9th of sept. 1858 : born in vienna, son of therese and alois ritter auer von welsbach ( his father was director of the imperial printing office the \" staatsdruckerei \" ). 1869 - 73 : went to the secondary school in mariahilf, ( then changed to the secondary school in josefstadt. ) 1873 - 77 : went to secondary school in josefstadt, graduation. 1877 - 78 : military service, became a second lieutenant. 1878 - 80 : inscribed into the technical university of vienna ; studies in math, general organic and inorganic chemistry, technical physics and thermodynamics with the professors winkler, bauer, reitlinger ; and pierre. 1880 - 82 : changed to the university of heidelberg ; lectures on inorganic experimental chemistry and lab. experiments with prof. bunsen, introduction to spectral analysis and the history of chemistry, mineralogy and physics. 5th of feb. 1882 : promotion to doctor of philosophy at the ruperta - carola - university in heidelberg. 1882 : return to vienna as unpaid assistant in prof. lieben ` s laboratory ; work with chemical separation methods for investigations on rare earth elements. 1882 - 1884 : publications : \" ueber die erden des gadolinits von ytterby \", \" ueber die seltenen erden \". 1885 : the first separation of the element \" didymium \" with help from a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48111414979565076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f684139c-4f94-4f1f-821a-2847edc6ba5b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.007361"}
{"text": "- 1884 : publications : \" ueber die erden des gadolinits von ytterby \", \" ueber die seltenen erden \". 1885 : the first separation of the element \" didymium \" with help from a newly developed separation method from himself, based on the fractioned crystalisation of a didym - ammonium nitrat solution. after the characteristical colouring, auer gave the green components the name praseodymium, the pink components the name neodidymium. in time the latter element was more commonly known as neodymium. 1885 - 1892 : work on gas mantle for the incandescent lighting. development of a method to produce gas mantle ( \" auerlicht ) based on the impregnation from cottontissue by means, measures, methods of liquids, that rare earth has been absolved in and the ash from the material in a following glow process. production of the first incandescent mantle out of lanthanum oxide, in which the gas flame is surrounded from a stocking ; definite improvement in light emmission, but lack of stability in humidity. continuous improvements in the chemical composition of the incandescent mantel \" auerlicht \", experimentations of lanthanum oxide - magnesium oxide - variations. 18th of sept. 1885 : the patenting of a gas burner with a \" actinophor \" incandescent mantle made up of 60 % magnesium oxide, 20 % lanthanum oxide and 20 % yttrium oxide ; in the same year, the magnesium oxide part was replaced with zirconium oxide and the constitution of a second patent with reference to the additional use of the light body in a spirits flame. 9th of april 1886 : introduction the name \" gasgluehlicht \" through the journalist motiz szeps after the successful presentation from the actinophors in the lower austrian trade union ; regular production of the impregnation liquid, called \" fluid \", at the chemical institute. 1887 : the acquisition of the factory wurth & co. for chemical - pharmaceutical products in atzgersdorf and the industrial production of the light bodies. 1889 : the beginning of sales problems because of the defaults with the earlier incandescent mantle, ie. it ` s fragility, the short length of use, as well as having an unpleasant, cold, green coloured light, and the relatively high price. the factory in atzgersdorf closes. the development of fraction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5167004008637572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f684139c-4f94-4f1f-821a-2847edc6ba5b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.008183"}
{"text": "ethics of dementia research what are clinical trials and how are they controlled / governed? a clinical trial is a biomedical / health - related study into the effects on humans of a new medical treatment ( medicine / drug, medical device, vaccine or new therapy ), sometimes called an investigational medicinal product ( imp ). before a new drug is authorised and can be marketed, it must pass through several phases of development including trial phases in which its safety, efficacy, risks, optimal use and / or benefits are tested on human beings. existing drugs must also undergo clinical testing before they can be used to treat other conditions than that for which they were originally intended. organisations conducting clinical trials in the european union must, if they wish to obtain marketing authorisation, respect the requirements for the conduct of clinical trials. these can be found in the clinical trials directive ( \u201c directive 2001 / 20 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 4 april 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the member states relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use \u201d ). there are also guidelines to ensure that clinical trials are carried out in accordance with good clinical practice. these are contained in the \u201c commission directive 2005 / 28 / ec of 8 april 2005 laying down principles and detailed guidelines for good clinical practice as regards investigational medicinal products for human use, as well as the requirements for authorisation of the manufacturing or importation of such products \u201d ( also known as the good clinical practice or gcp for short ). this document provides more concrete guidelines and lends further support to the clinical trials directive. the london - based european medicines agency ( ema ) has published additional, more specific guidelines which must also be respected. these include guidelines on inspection procedures and requirements related to quality, safety and efficacy. copies of the above - mentioned documents in 22 languages can be found at : http : / / ec. europa. eu / enterprise / pharmaceuticals / clinicaltrials / clinicaltrials _ en. htm the protection of people participating in clinical trials ( and in most cases in other types of research ) is further promoted by provisions of : - the european convention on human rights and biomedicine ( oviedo convention, act 2619 / 1998 ), - the additional protocol to the oviedo convention concerning biomedical research - the nuremberg code of 1949, - the revised helsinki declaration of the world medical association regarding ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, - the belmont report of 18 april 1979", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5143169399671765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.034212"}
{"text": "), - the additional protocol to the oviedo convention concerning biomedical research - the nuremberg code of 1949, - the revised helsinki declaration of the world medical association regarding ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, - the belmont report of 18 april 1979 on the ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. what are the different phases of trials? testing an experimental drug or medical procedure is usually an extremely lengthy process, sometimes lasting several years. the overall procedure is divided into a series of stages ( known as phases ) which are described below. clinical testing on humans can only begin after a pre - clinical phase, involving laboratory studies ( in vitro ) and tests on animals, which has shown that the experimental drug is considered safe and effective. whilst a certain amount of testing can be carried out by means of computer modelling and by isolating cells and tissue, it becomes necessary at some point in time to test the drug on a living creature. animal testing is an obligatory stage in the process of obtaining regulatory approval for new drugs and medicines, and hence a legal requirement ( eu directive 2001 / 83 / ec relating to medicinal products for human use ). the necessity of carrying out prior testing on animals is also stated in the world medical association \u2019 s \u201c ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. in order to protect the well - being of research animals, researchers are guided by three principles which are called the 3rs : reduce the number of animals used to a minimum refine the way that experiments are carried out so that the effect on the animal is minimised and animal welfare is improved replace animal experiments with alternative ( non - animal ) techniques wherever possible. in addition, most countries will have official regulatory bodies which control animal research. most animals involved in research are mice. however, no animal is sufficiently similar to humans ( even genetically modified ones ) to make human testing unnecessary. for this reason, the experimental drug must also be tested on humans. the main phases of clinical trials clinical trials on humans can be divided into three main phases ( literally, phase i, ii and iii ). each phase has specific objectives ( please see below ) and the number of people involved increases as the trial progresses from one phase to the next. phase i trials phase 1 trials are usually the first step in testing a new drug or treatment on humans after successful laboratory and animal testing. they are usually quite small scale and usually involve healthy subjects or sub - groups of patients who share a particular characteristic. the aims of these trials are : - to assess the safety of experimental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5089246085479355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.035221"}
{"text": "new drug or treatment on humans after successful laboratory and animal testing. they are usually quite small scale and usually involve healthy subjects or sub - groups of patients who share a particular characteristic. the aims of these trials are : - to assess the safety of experimental drugs, - to evaluate any possible side effects, - to determine a safe dose range, - to see how the body reacts to the drug ( how it is absorbed, distributed and eliminated from the body, the effects that it has on the body and the effects it has on biomarkers ). dose ranging, sometimes called dose escalation, studies may be used as a means to determine the most appropriate dosage, but the doses administered to the subjects should only be a fraction of those which were found to cause harm to animals in the pre - clinical studies. the process of determining an optimal dose in phase i involves quite a high degree of risk because this is the first time that the experimental treatment or drug has been administered to humans. moreover, healthy people \u2019 s reactions to drugs may be different to those of the target patient group. for this reason, drugs which are considered to have a potentially high toxicity are usually tested on people from the target patient group. there are a few sequential approaches to phase i trials e. g. single ascending dose studies, multiple ascending dose studies and food effect. in single ascending dose studies ( sad ), a small group of subjects receive a very low dose of the experimental drug and are then observed in order to see whether that dose results in side effects. for this reason, trials are usually conducted in hospital settings. if no adverse side effects are observed, a second group of subjects are given a slightly higher dose of the same drug and also monitored for side - effects. this process is repeated until a dose is reached which results in intolerable side effects. this is defined as the maximum tolerated dose ( mtd ). multiple ascending dose studies ( mad ) are designed to test the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple doses of the experimental drug. a group of subjects receives multiple doses of the drug, starting at the lowest dose and working up to a pre - determined level. at various times during the period of administration of the drug, and particularly whenever the dose is increased, samples of blood and other bodily fluids are taken. these samples are analysed in order to determine how the drug is processed within the body and how well it is tolerated by the body. food effect studies are investigations into the effect of food intake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5168450033840781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.036186"}
{"text": ", samples of blood and other bodily fluids are taken. these samples are analysed in order to determine how the drug is processed within the body and how well it is tolerated by the body. food effect studies are investigations into the effect of food intake on the absorption of the drug into the body. this involves two groups of subjects being given the same dose of the experimental drug but for one of the groups when fasting and for the other after a meal. alternatively, this could be done in a cross - over design whereby both groups receive the experimental drug in both conditions in sequence ( e. g. when fasting and on another occasion after a meal ). food effect studies allow researchers to see whether eating before the drug is given has any effect on the absorption of the drug by the body. phase ii trials having demonstrated the initial safety of the drug ( often on a relatively small sample of healthy individuals ), phase ii clinical trials can begin. phase ii studies are designed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of a treatment or drug in people who have the condition that the drug is intended to treat. they are sometimes called therapeutic exploratory trials and tend to be larger scale than phase i trials. phase ii trials can be divided into phase iia and phase iib although sometimes they are combined. phase iia is designed to assess dosing requirements i. e. how much of the drug should patients receive and up to what dose is considered safe? the safety assessments carried out in phase i can be repeated on a larger subject group. as more subjects are involved, some may experience side effects which none of the subjects in the phase i experienced. the researchers aim to find out more about safety, side effects and how to manage them. phase iib studies focus on the efficacy of the drug i. e. how well it works at the prescribed doses. researchers may also be interested in finding out which types of a specific disease or condition would be most suitable for treatment. phase ii trials can be randomised clinical trials which involve one group of subjects being given the experimental drug and others receiving a placebo and / or standard treatment. alternatively, they may be case series which means that the drug \u2019 s safety and efficacy is tested in a selected group of patients. if the researchers have adequately demonstrated that the experimental drug ( or device ) is effective against the condition for which it is being tested, they can proceed to phase iii. phase iii trials phase iii trials are the last stage before clinical approval for a new drug or device. by this stage, there will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5248181700801402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.037244"}
{"text": "drug ( or device ) is effective against the condition for which it is being tested, they can proceed to phase iii. phase iii trials phase iii trials are the last stage before clinical approval for a new drug or device. by this stage, there will be convincing evidence of the safety of the drug or device and its efficacy in treating people who have the condition for which it was developed. such studies are carried out on a much larger scale than for the two previous phases and are often multinational. several years may have passed since the original laboratory and animal testing. the main aims of phase iii trials are : to demonstrate that the treatment or drug is safe and effective for use in patients in the target group ( i. e. in people for whom it is intended ) to monitor side effects to test different doses or different ways of administering the drug to determine whether the drug could be used at different stages of the disease. to provide sufficient information as a basis for marketing approval researchers may also be interested in showing that the experimental drug works for additional groups of people with conditions other than that for which the drug was initially developed. for example, they may be interested in testing a drug for inflammation on people with alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the drug would have already have proven safe and obtained marketing approval but for a different condition, hence the need for additional clinical testing. open label extension trails open label extension studies are often carried out immediately after a double blind randomised clinical trial of an unlicensed drug. the aim of the extended study is to determine the safety and tolerability of the experimental drug over a longer period of time, which is generally longer than the initial trial and may extend up until the drug is licensed. participants all receive the experimental drug irrespective of which arm of the previous trial they were in. consequently, the study is no longer blind in that everybody knows that each participant is receiving the experimental drug but the participants and researchers still do not know which group participants were in during the initial trial. post - marketing surveillance studies ( phase iv ) after the three phases of clinical testing and after the treatment has been approved for marketing, there may be a fourth phase to study the long - term effects of drugs or treatment or to study the impact of another factor in combination with the treatment ( e. g. whether a particular drug reduces agitation ). usually, such trials are sponsored by pharmaceutical companies and described as pharmacovigilance. they are not as common as the other types of trials ( as they are not necessary for marketing permission ). however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47105272475854515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.038233"}
{"text": "whether a particular drug reduces agitation ). usually, such trials are sponsored by pharmaceutical companies and described as pharmacovigilance. they are not as common as the other types of trials ( as they are not necessary for marketing permission ). however, in some cases, the ema grants restricted or provisional marketing authorisation, which is dependent on additional phase iv trails being conducted. expanded access to a trial sometimes, a person might be likely to benefit from a drug which is at various stages of testing but does not fulfil the conditions necessary for participation in the trial ( e. g. s / he may have other health problems ). in such cases and if the person has a life - threatening or serious condition for which there is no effective treatment, s / he may benefit from \u201c expanded access \u201d use of the drug. there must, however, be evidence that the drug under investigation has some likelihood of being effective for that patient and that taking it would not constitute an unreasonable risk. the use of placebo and other forms of comparison the main purpose of clinical drug studies is to distinguish the effect of the trial drug from other influences such as spontaneous change in the course of the disease, placebo effect, or biased observation. a valid comparison must be made with a control. the american food and drugs administration recognises different types of control namely, - active treatment with a known effective therapy or - no treatment, - historical treatment ( which could be an adequately documented natural history of the disease or condition, or the results of active treatment in comparable patients or populations ). the ema considers three - armed trials ( including the experimental medicine, a placebo and an active control ) as a scientific gold standard and that there are multiple reasons to support their use in drug development. participants in clinical trials are usually divided into two or more groups. one group receives the active treatment with the experimental substance and the other group receives a placebo, a different drug or another intervention. the active treatment is expected to have a positive curative effect whereas the placebo is expected to have zero effect. with regard to the aim to develop more effective treatments, there are two possibilities : 1. the experimental substance is more effective than the current treatment or 2. it is more effective than no treatment at all. according to article 11 of the international ethical guidelines for biomedical research ( iegbr ) of 2002, participants allocated to the control group in a trial for a diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive intervention should receive an established effective intervention but it may in some circumstances be considered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49608197586172276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.039283"}
{"text": "article 11 of the international ethical guidelines for biomedical research ( iegbr ) of 2002, participants allocated to the control group in a trial for a diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive intervention should receive an established effective intervention but it may in some circumstances be considered ethically acceptable to use a placebo ( i. e. no treatment ). in article 11 of the iegbr, reasons for the use of placebo are : 1. that there is no established intervention 2. that withholding an established effective intervention would expose subjects to, at most, temporary discomfort or delay in relief of symptoms 3. that use of an established effective intervention as comparator would not yield scientifically reliable results and use of placebo would not add any risk of serious or irreversible harm to the subjects. november 2010, ema / 759784 / 2010 committee for medicinal products for human use the use of placebo and the issue of irreversible harm it has been suggested that clinical trials are only acceptable in ethical terms if there is uncertainty within the medical community as to which treatment is most suitable to cure or treat a disease ( national bioethics commission of greece, 2005 ). in the case of dementia, whilst there is no cure, there are a few drugs for the symptomatic treatment of dementia. consequently, one could ask whether it is ethical to deprive a group of participants of treatment which would have most likely improved their condition for the purpose of testing a potentially better drug ( national bioethics commission of greece, 2005 ). can they be expected to sacrifice their own best interests for those of other people in the future? it is also important to ask whether not taking an established effective intervention is likely to result in serious or irreversible harm. in the 2008 amended version of the helsinki declaration ( world medical association, 1964 ), the possible legitimate use of placebo and the need to protect subjects from harm are addressed. \u201c 32. the benefits, risks, burdens and effectiveness of a new intervention must be tested against those of the best current proven intervention, except in the following circumstances : the use of placebo, or no treatment, is acceptable in studies where no current proven intervention exists ; or where for compelling and scientifically sound methodological reasons the use of placebo is necessary to determine the efficacy or safety of an intervention and the patients who receive placebo or no treatment will not be subject to any risk of serious or irreversible harm. extreme care must be taken to avoid abuse of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48968029585967365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.040243"}
{"text": "use of placebo is necessary to determine the efficacy or safety of an intervention and the patients who receive placebo or no treatment will not be subject to any risk of serious or irreversible harm. extreme care must be taken to avoid abuse of this option. \u201d ( wma, 1964 with amendments up to 2008 ) the above is also quite similar to the position supported by the presidential commission for the study of bioethical issues ( pcsbi ) ( 2011 ). in its recently published report entitled \u201c moral science : protecting participants in human subjects research \u201d, the presidential commission argues largely in favour of a \u201c middle ground \u201d for ethical research, citing the work of emanuel and miller ( 2001 ) who state : \u201c a placebo - controlled trial can sometimes be considered ethical if certain methodological and ethical standards are met. it these standards cannot be met, then the use of placebos in a clinical trial is unethical. \u201d ( emanuel and miller, 2001 cited in pcsbi, 2011, p. 89 ). one of the standards mentioned is the condition that withholding proven effective treatment will not cause more than minimal harm. the importance of placebo groups for drug development the ethical necessity to include a placebo arm in a clinical trial may differ depending on the type of drug being developed and whether other comparable drugs exist. for example, a placebo arm would be absolutely necessary in the testing of a new compound for which no drug has yet been developed. this would be combined with comparative arms involving other alternative drugs which have already been proven effective. for studies involving the development of a drug based on an existing compound, a comparative trial would be necessary but not necessarily with a placebo arm, or at least with a smaller placebo arm nevertheless, the ema emphasises the value of placebo - controlled trials in the development of new medicinal products even in cases where a proven effective drug exists : \u201c forbiddingplacebo - controlled trials in therapeutic areas where there are proven, therapeutic methods would preclude obtaining reliable scientific evidence for the evaluation of new medicinal products, and be contrary to public health interest as there is a need for both new products and alternatives to existing medicinal products. \u201d ( ema, 2001 ). in 2001, concerns were raised about the interpretation of paragraph 29 of the 2000 version of the helsinki declaration in which prudence was called for in the use of placebo in research trials and it was advised that placebo should only be used in cases where there was no proven therapy for the condition under investigation. a document clarify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4806220569078581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.041230"}
{"text": "2000 version of the helsinki declaration in which prudence was called for in the use of placebo in research trials and it was advised that placebo should only be used in cases where there was no proven therapy for the condition under investigation. a document clarifying the position of the wma regarding the use of placebo was issued by the wma in 2001 in which it was made clear that the use of placebo might be ethically acceptable even if proven therapy was available. the current version of this statement is article 32 of the 2008 revised helsinki declaration ( quoted in sub - section 7. 2. 1 ). the pcsbi ( 2011 ) highlight the importance of ensuring that the design of clinical trials enables the researchers to resolve controversy and uncertainty over the merits of the trial drug and whether the trial drug is better than an existing drug if there is one. they suggest that studies which cannot resolve such questions or uncertainty are likely to be ignored by the scientific community and this would be unethical as it would mean that people had been unnecessarily exposed to risk without there being any social benefit. reasons for participation people with dementia who take part in clinical trials may do so for a variety of reasons. one possible reason is that they hope to receive some form of treatment that will improve their condition or even result in a cure. this is sometimes called the \u201c therapeutic misconception \u201d. in such cases, clinical trials may seem unethical in that advantage is being taken of the vulnerability of some of the participants. on the other hand, the possibility of participating in such a trial may help foster hope which may even enable a person to maintain their morale. a review of 61 studies on attitudes to trials has shed some light on why people participate in clinical trials ( edwards, lilford and hewison, 1998 ). in this review, it was found that over 60 % of participants in seven studies stated that they did or would participate in clinical trials for altruistic reasons. however, in 4 studies, over 70 % of people stated that they participated out of self - interest and in two studies over 50 % of people stated that they would participate in such a study out of self - interest. as far as informed consent is concerned, in two studies ( which were also part of this review ) 47 % of responding doctors thought that few patients were actually aware that they were taking part in a clinical trial. on the other hand, an audit of four further studies revealed that at least 80 % of participants felt that they had made an autonomous decision.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5132811309661633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.042296"}
{"text": "47 % of responding doctors thought that few patients were actually aware that they were taking part in a clinical trial. on the other hand, an audit of four further studies revealed that at least 80 % of participants felt that they had made an autonomous decision. there is no proof whether such perceptions were accurate or not. the authors conclude that self - interest was more common than altruism amongst the reasons given for participating in clinical trials but draw attention to the poor quality of some of the studies reviewed thereby suggesting the need for further research. it should not be necessary for people to justify why they are willing to participate in clinical trials. reasons for participating in research are further discussed in section 3. 2. 4 insofar as they relate to end - of - life research. in a series of focus groups organised in 8 european countries plus israel and covering six conditions including dementia, helping others was seen as the main reason why people wanted to take part in clinical trials ( bartlam et al., 2010 ). in a us trial of anti - inflammatory medication in alzheimer \u2019 s disease in which 402 people were considered eligible, of the 359 who accepted, their main reasons for wanting to participate were altruism, personal benefit and family history of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. random assignment to study groups as people are randomly assigned to the placebo or the active treatment group, everyone has an equal chance of receiving the active ingredient or whichever other control groups are included in the study. there are possible advantages and drawbacks to being in each group and people are likely to have preferences for being a particular study group but randomization means that allocation is not in any way linked to the best interests of each participant from a medical perspective. this is not an ethical issue provided that each participant fully understands that the purpose of research is not to provide a tailor - made response to an individual \u2019 s medical condition and that while some participants benefit from participation, others do not. there are, however, medical issues to consider. in the case in double - blind studies, neither the participant nor the investigator knows to which groups a participant has been allocated. consequently, if a participant encounters medical problems during the study, it is not immediately known whether this is linked to the trial drug or another unrelated factor, but the problems must be addressed and possible contraindications avoided, which may necessitate \u201c de - blinding \u201d ( dubois, 2008 ). although many people would perhaps like to benefit from a new drug which is more effective than existing drugs, people have different ideas about what is an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4848434270185533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.043461"}
{"text": "contraindications avoided, which may necessitate \u201c de - blinding \u201d ( dubois, 2008 ). although many people would perhaps like to benefit from a new drug which is more effective than existing drugs, people have different ideas about what is an acceptable risk and different reasons for taking part in clinical trials. people who receive the placebo are not exposed to the same potential risks as those given the experimental drug. on the other hand, they have no possibility to benefit from the advantages the drug may offer. those receiving a drug commonly considered as the standard therapy are not necessarily better off than those receiving a placebo as some participants may already know that they do not respond well to the accepted treatment ( dubois, 2008 ). if people who participate in a clinical trial are not informed which arm of the trial they were in, valuable information is lost which might have otherwise contributed towards to treatment decisions made after the clinical trial. taylor and wainwright ( 2005 ) suggest that \u201c unblinding \u201d should occur at the end of all studies and so as not to interfere with the analysis of data, this could be done by a person who is totally independent of the analysis. this would, however, have implications for open label extended trials as in that case participants, whilst better equipped to give informed consent would have more information than the researchers and this might be conveyed to researchers in anad hocmanner. open label extension trails open label extension studies ( mentioned in sub - section 7. 1. 8 ) seem quite fair as they give each participant the opportunity to freely consent to continuing with the study in the full knowledge that s / he will receive the experimental drug. however, taylor and wainwright ( 2005 ) have highlighted a couple of ethical concerns linked to the consent process, the scientific value of such studies and issues linked to access to drugs at the end of the prior study. with regard to consent, they argue that people may have had a positive or negative experience of the trial but do not know whether this was due to the experimental drug, another drug or a placebo. they may nevertheless base their decision whether to continue on their experience so far. for those who were not taking the experimental drug, their experience in the follow - up trial may turn out to be very different. also, if they are told about the possibility of the open label extension trial when deciding whether or not to take part in the initial trial ( i. e. with the implication that whatever group they are ascribed to, in the follow - up study they will be guaranteed the experimental drug ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5070513473465585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.045252"}
{"text": "possibility of the open label extension trial when deciding whether or not to take part in the initial trial ( i. e. with the implication that whatever group they are ascribed to, in the follow - up study they will be guaranteed the experimental drug ), this might induce them to participate in the initial study which could be considered as a form of subtle coercion. finally, researchers may be under pressure to recruit as they can only recruit people in an open label extended trial who took part in the initial study. this may lead them in turn to put pressure ( even inadvertently ) on participants to continue with the study. the scientific validity of open label extension trials is questioned by taylor and wainwright ( 2005 ) on the grounds that people from the experimental arm of the first study who did not tolerate the drug would be unlikely to participate in the extension trial and this would lead to bias in the results. in addition, open - label trials often lack a precise duration other than \u201c until the drug is licensed \u201d which casts doubt on there being a valid research purpose. the above authors suggest that open label extension studies are dressed up marketing activities which lack the ethical justification for biomedical research which is the prospect of finding new ways of benefiting people \u2019 s health. however, it could be argued that the aim of assessing long - term tolerability of a new drug is a worthwhile pursuit and if conducted in a scientific manner could be considered as research. moreover, not all open label extension trials are open - ended with regard to their duration. the main problem in interpreting open label extension studies is that little is known about the natural course of the disease. protecting participants \u2019 well - being at the end of the clinical trial some people who participate in a clinical trial and who receive the experimental drug experience an improvement in their condition. this is to be hoped even if benefit to the health of individuals is not the aim of the study. however, at the end of the study, the drug is not yet licenced and there is no legal right to continue taking it. this could be psychologically disturbing to the participants in the trial and also to their families who may have seen a marked improvement in their condition. taylor and wainwright ( 2005 ) suggest that the open label trials may serve the purpose of prescribing an unlicensed drug on compassionate grounds, which whilst laudable, should not be camouflaged as scientific research. rather governments should take responsibility and set up the appropriate legal mechanisms to make it possible for participants whose medical condition merits prolonged treatment with the experimental drug to have access", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4809871229864219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.046287"}
{"text": "drug on compassionate grounds, which whilst laudable, should not be camouflaged as scientific research. rather governments should take responsibility and set up the appropriate legal mechanisms to make it possible for participants whose medical condition merits prolonged treatment with the experimental drug to have access to it. minimising pain and discomfort certain procedures to which people with dementia or their representatives consent may by burdensome or painful or simply worrying but in accordance with the principles of autonomy or justice / equity, people with dementia have the right to participate. the fact that they have made an informed decision to participate and are willing to tolerate such pain or burden does not release researchers from the obligation to try to minimise it. for example, if repeated blood samples are going to be necessary, an indwelling catheter could be inserted under local anaesthetic to make it easier or medical staff should provide reassurance about the use of various scanning equipment which might be worrying or enable the person \u2019 s carer to be present. in order to minimize fear, trained personnel are needed who have experience dealing with people with dementia. the advice of the carer, if there is one, could also be sought. drug trials in countries with less developed safeguards clinical trials are sometimes carried out in countries where safeguards are not well developed and where the participants and even the general population are likely to have less possibility to benefit from the results of successful trials. for example, some countries have not signed the convention for the protection of human rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application of biology and medicine ( 1997 ) ( referred to in section 188. 8. 131. 52 ). the participants in those countries may be exposed to possible risks but have little chance of future medical benefit if the trial is successful. yet people in countries with stricter safeguards for participants ( which are often richer countries ) stand to benefit from their efforts and from the risks they take, as they are more likely to be able to afford the drugs once developed. this raises ethical issues linked to voluntariness because there may be, in addition to the less developed safeguards, factors which make participation in such trials more attractive to potential participants. such practices also represent a lack of equity in the distribution of risk, burden and possible benefit within society and could be interpreted as using people as a means to an end. parallels can also be drawn to the situation whereby people in countries where stem cell research is banned profit from the results of studies carried out in countries where it is permitted or to the results of studies carried out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5208290857190558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.047226"}
{"text": "as using people as a means to an end. parallels can also be drawn to the situation whereby people in countries where stem cell research is banned profit from the results of studies carried out in countries where it is permitted or to the results of studies carried out in countries where research ethics are slack or inexistent. for a detailed discussion of the ethical issues linked to the involvement in research of people in other countries, particularly lower and middle income countries where standards of protection may by lower, please refer to the afore - mentioned report by the presidential commission for the study of bioethical issues. - researchers should consider including a placebo arm in clinical trials when there are compelling and sound methodological reasons for doing so. - researchers should ensure that patients are aware that the aim of a randomised controlled trial is to test a hypothesis and provide generalizable knowledge leading to the development of a medical drug or procedure. they should explain how this differs from medical treatment and care which are aimed at enhancing the health and wellbeing of individual patients and where there is a reasonable expectation that this will be successful. - researchers should ensure that potential participants understand that they may be allocated to the placebo group. - it should not be presumed that the treating doctor or contact person having proposed the participant for a trial has been successful in communicating the above information. - researchers conducting clinical trials may need training in how to ensure effective communication with people with dementia. - appropriate measures should be taken by researchers to minimize fear, pain and discomfort of participants. - all participants should, when possible, preferably have the option of receiving the experimental drug ( if proven safe ) after completion of the study. - pharmaceutical companies should not be discouraged from carrying out open - label extension studies but this should not be the sole possibility for participants to access the trial drug after the end of the study if it is proving beneficial to them. - in multi - centre clinical trials, where data is transferred to another country in which data protection laws are perhaps less severe, the data should be treated as stated in the consent form signed by the participant. last updated : jeudi 29 mars 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5205225162751204, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.048157"}
{"text": "united kingdom - scotland restrictions of freedom mental health ( care and treatment ) ( scotland ) act 2003 the act was designed to modernise and improve the use of compulsory measures in mental health care. it reflects the general move over the last two decades towards care and treatment in the community rather than in hospitals or other residential settings. the title reflects the philosophy of the legislation with the focus on \u2018 care \u2019 and \u2018 treatment \u2019. in basic terms, the act provides for the protection of people with a mental disorder in a hospital or community setting. it contains mechanisms for dealing with offenders who have a mental disorder and so interacts with the criminal justice system. the act covers individuals who are defined as having a \u2018 mental disorder \u2019. the term includes mental illness, personality disorder and learning disability. the majority of cases involving compulsory measures have been in relation to people diagnosed with a mental illness. however, the mental welfare commission for scotland monitors the use of compulsory measures and has found increasing use of emergency or short term measures being used for people aged over 75 years with a diagnosis of dementia. detention ( involuntary internment ) the act deals with several forms of compulsion in relation to a person with mental disorder where : there is a significant risk to the person \u2019 s health, safety or welfare or the safety of any other person ( what is a significant risk is a question of judgement for health and social care professionals. the tribunal will test this assessment during an appeal or on an application for a compulsory treatment order ). treatment is available to prevent the person \u2019 s condition from deteriorating or to relieve its symptoms or effects compulsory admission is necessary because the person will not agree to admission and / or treatment ; and the person \u2019 s ability to make decisions about the provision of medical treatment is significantly impaired because of mental disorder. types of order emergency detention ( 72 hours ) short term detention ( 28 days and can be extended ) compulsory treatment order ( 6 months \u2013 can be extended ) mental health tribunals the act introduced a new system of mental health tribunals with a number of functions, including considering applications for orders and appeals against orders. this is detention in a psychiatric hospital for up to 72 hours if necessary. it does not authorise any medical treatment. in an emergency, common law powers might be used. a registered medical practitioner can sign an emergency detention certificate if s / he believes that a person \u2019 s ability to make decisions about medical treatment is significantly impaired because of mental disorder. this authorises the removal of the individual to a specific hospital. before signing the certificate the medical practitioner must be satisfied that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4609240847622205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca6ee1dd-37e5-4f09-89d9-c924539ff0e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.054507"}
{"text": "certificate if s / he believes that a person \u2019 s ability to make decisions about medical treatment is significantly impaired because of mental disorder. this authorises the removal of the individual to a specific hospital. before signing the certificate the medical practitioner must be satisfied that : there is an urgent need to detain the person in hospital to access the medical treatment s / he needs if the person was not detained, there would be a significant risk to his or her health, safety, or welfare or the safety of another person, and any delay caused by starting the short term detention procedure is undesirable. if any treatment is needed the short - term detention procedure must generally be used. short term detention this may be used where it is necessary to detain an individual with mental disorder who cannot be treated voluntarily and without the treatment the person would be at risk of significant harm. to obtain a certificate the approved medical practitioner must consult and gain the approval of a mental health officer whatever the circumstances. compulsory treatment order compulsory treatment orders ( ctos ) are granted by the mental health tribunal. they last for 6 months, can be extended by the responsible medical officer for a further six months and then extended annually. the tribunal reviews them at least every two years. therefore, they can restrict or deprive liberty for long periods of time. the mental welfare commission for scotland looks at how these orders are used for people of different ages and genders to see if there are any trends. over recent years, the number of new orders has come down. the use of ctos for people aged 65 and over has increased for people with dementia in recent years. \u2018 de facto detention \u2019 practitioners must be careful that they are not using excessive coercion to prevent people from leaving hospital when they wish to. they must take care to document situations where they have concerns if an informal patient wishes to leave. the tribunal can, under section 291 of the 2003 act, order that an informal patient is being unlawfully detained. people with dementia pose a difficult problem. the tribunal has ruled that a person with dementia is unlawfully detained in a general hospital when prevented from leaving. it can be appropriate to redirect someone and dissuade him / her from leaving but repeatedly thwarting a determined effort to leave is likely to a significant deprivation of liberty, and the patient should be formally detained. adults with incapacity ( scotland ) act 2000 scottish incapacity laws were reformed with the introduction of the adults with incapacity ( scotland ) act in 2000. this act covers people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4906181822252643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca6ee1dd-37e5-4f09-89d9-c924539ff0e6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.055520"}
{"text": "deprivation of liberty, and the patient should be formally detained. adults with incapacity ( scotland ) act 2000 scottish incapacity laws were reformed with the introduction of the adults with incapacity ( scotland ) act in 2000. this act covers people with a mental disorder who lack some or all capacity to make decisions or act in their own interests. it recognises that capacity is not all or nothing but is \u2018 decision specific \u2019. the act introduced a number of measures to authorise someone else to make decisions on behalf of the person with incapacity, on the basis of a set of principles on the face of the act. these are fundamental. any action or decision - must benefit the person - must be the least restrictive of the person \u2019 s liberty in order to gain that benefit - must take account of the person \u2019 s past and present wishes ( s / he must be given assisted to communicate by whatever means is appropriate to the individual ) - must follow consultation with relevant others as far as practicable - must encourage and support the person to maintain existing skills and develop new skills. the individual may, whilst competent, appoint one or more persons to act their financial ( continuing ) and or welfare attorney. this must be registered with the office of the public guardian. it does not allow the attorney to detain the grantor in a psychiatric hospital. if the person refuses to comply with the attorney the attorney has no compulsory powers to detain. where there is concern for the person \u2019 s safety the attorney can apply to the court for a welfare guardianship order. powers can be granted to allow the guardian to decide on the accommodation of the person and other powers such as who they can consort with. where the welfare guardian has powers over accommodation s / he is able to restrict the freedom of the person by placing them in a care home against their will. however, whether this amounts to deprivation of liberty under the european court of human rights ruling will depend on a number of other circumstances and the accumulative impact of which would need to be considered ( patrick and smith, 2009 ; mental welfare commission for scotland, 2011 ). with regard to the issue of non - compliance, if the person on guardianship, for example, runs away, the guardian can apply to the court under s70 for an order to require the person to return. because there is no automatic review of welfare guardianship orders there is concern that the adults with incapacity ( scotland ) act 2000 may not be compliant with the european convention on human rights. the act states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44501692182397107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca6ee1dd-37e5-4f09-89d9-c924539ff0e6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.056487"}
{"text": "an order to require the person to return. because there is no automatic review of welfare guardianship orders there is concern that the adults with incapacity ( scotland ) act 2000 may not be compliant with the european convention on human rights. the act states that the order should be for a standard 3 years but can be more or less at the discretion of the court. however, there has been a practice of orders being granted for indefinite periods and this has given rise to concern in relation to certain groups. however, for people with dementia, who have a progressive brain disorder, an indefinite order may be deemed appropriate. the scottish law commission is currently undertaking a review of the adults with incapacity ( scotland ) act 2000 in relation to deprivation of liberty issues. it has established an advisory group of key stakeholders, including alzheimer scotland, and will be reporting in due course. the road traffic act of 1991 contains a few articles relating to offences involving driving when unfit to do so, e. g. : - a person who causes the death of another person by driving a mechanically propelled vehicle dangerously on a road or other public place is guilty of an offence. - a person who drives a mechanically propelled vehicle dangerously on a road or other public place is guilty of an offence. - if a person drives a mechanically propelled vehicle on a road or other public place without due care and attention, or without reasonable consideration for other persons using the road or place, he ( or she ) is guilty of an offence. - according to the provisions of this act, a person is regarded as driving dangerously if the way s / he drives falls far below what would be expected of a competent and careful driver and it would be obvious to a competent and careful driver that driving in that way would be dangerous. a person who has been diagnosed with dementia must inform the driver and vehicle licensing authority ( dvla ). failure to do could lead to a fine of up to \u00a31, 000. moreover, a person who had an accident but did not previously inform the dvla of his / her dementia might not be covered by his / her insurance company. once the dvla has been informed of that someone has dementia, they send a questionnaire to the person and request a medical report. a driving assessment may also be required. the medical advisers at the dvla then decide whether the person can continue driving ( alzheimer scotland, 2003 ). patrick, h. and smith, n. ( 2009 ), adult protection and the law in scotland, bloomsbury professional. mental welfare commission for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4537655781940888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca6ee1dd-37e5-4f09-89d9-c924539ff0e6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.057392"}
{"text": "our opinion on... - executive summary - necessity for a response - genetic testing - general principles - other considerations the present paper constitutes the input of alzheimer europe and its member organisations to the ongoing discussions within europe about genetic testing ( in the context of alzheimer ' s disease and other forms of dementia ). alzheimer europe would like to recall some general principles which guide this present response : - having a gene associated with alzheimer ' s disease or another form of dementia does not mean that a person has the disease. - people who have a gene linked to alzheimer ' s disease or another form of dementia have the same rights as anyone else. - genetic testing does not only affect the person taking the test. it may also reveal information about other relatives who might not want to know. - no genetic test is 100 % accurate. - the extent to which health cover is provided to citizens by the state social security system and / or privately contracted by individuals differs from one country to the next. on the basis of these principles, alzheimer europe has developed the following position with regard to genetic testing : - alzheimer europe firmly believes that the use and / or possession of genetic information by insurance companies should be prohibited. - alzheimer europe strongly supports research into the genetic factors linked to dementia which might further our understanding of the cause and development of the disease and possibly contribute to future treatment. - based on its current information, alzheimer europe does not encourage the use of any genetic test for dementia unless such test has a high and proven success rate either in assessing the risk of developing the disease ( or not as the case may be ) or in detecting the existence of it in a particular individual. - alzheimer europe requests further information on the accuracy, reliability and predictive value of any genetic tests for dementia. - genetic testing should always be accompanied by adequate pre - and post - test counselling. - anonymous testing should be possible so that individuals can ensure that such information does not remain in their medical files against their will. it is extremely important for people with dementia to be diagnosed as soon as possible. in the case of alzheimer \u2019 s disease, an early diagnosis may enable the person concerned to benefit from medication, which treats the global symptoms of the disease and is most effective in the early to mid stages of the disease. most forms of dementia involve the gradual deterioration of mental faculties ( e. g. memory, language and thinking etc. ) but in the early stages, it is still possible for the person affected to make decisions concerning his / her finances and care etc. \u2013 hence the importance of an early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5166887531843976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62210bfc-b709-4c59-93ac-36ec9784506d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.065785"}
{"text": "deterioration of mental faculties ( e. g. memory, language and thinking etc. ) but in the early stages, it is still possible for the person affected to make decisions concerning his / her finances and care etc. \u2013 hence the importance of an early diagnosis. if it were possible to detect dementia before the first symptoms became obvious, this would give people a greater opportunity to make informed decisions about their future lives. this is one of the potential benefits of genetic testing. on the other hand, such information could clearly be used in ways which would be contrary to their personal interests, perhaps resulting in employment discrimination, loss of opportunities, stigmatisation, increased health insurance costs or even loss of health insurance to name but a few examples. the present discussion paper outlines some of the recommendations of alzheimer europe and its member organisations and raises a few points which deserve further clarification and discussion. the necessity for a response by alzheimer europe in the last few years, the issue of genetic testing has been increasingly debated. in certain european countries there are already companies offering such tests. unfortunately, the general public do not always fully understand what the results of such tests imply and there are no regulations governing how they are carried out i. e. what kind of information people receive, how the results are presented, whether there is any kind of counselling afterwards and the issue of confidentiality etc. in order to provide information to people with dementia and other people interesting in knowing about their own state of health and in order to protect them from the unscrupulous use of the results of genetic tests, alzheimer europe has developed the present position paper. these general principles as well as the convention of human rights and biomedicine and the universal declaration on the human genome and human rights dictate alzheimer europe \u2019 s position with regard to genetic testing. alzheimer europe would like to draw a distinction between tests which detect existing alzheimer ' s disease and tests which assess the risk of developing dementia alzheimer ' s disease at some time in the future : - diagnostic testing : familial early onset alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( fad ) is associated with 3 genes. these are the amyloid precursor protein ( app ), presenilin - 1 and presenilin - 2. these genetic mutations can be detected by genetic testing. however, it is important to note that the test only relates to those people with fad ( i. e. about 1 % of all people with alzheimer \u2019 s disease ). in the extremely limited number of families with this dominant genetic disorder, family members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5304429821376855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62210bfc-b709-4c59-93ac-36ec9784506d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.066752"}
{"text": ", it is important to note that the test only relates to those people with fad ( i. e. about 1 % of all people with alzheimer \u2019 s disease ). in the extremely limited number of families with this dominant genetic disorder, family members inherit from one of their parents the part of the dna ( the genetic make - up ), which causes the disease. on average, half the children of an affected parent will develop the disease. for those who do, the age of onset tends to be relatively low, usually between 35 and 60. - assessment for risk testing : whether or not members of one \u2019 s family have alzheimer \u2019 s disease, everyone risks developing the disease at some time. however, it is now known that there is a gene, which can affect this risk. this gene is found on chromosome 19 and it is responsible for the production of a protein called apolipoprotein e ( apoe ). there are three main types of this protein, one of which ( apoe4 ), although uncommon, makes it more likely that alzheimer \u2019 s disease will occur. however, it does not cause the disease, but merely increases the likelihood. for example, a person of 50, would have a 2 in 1, 000 chance of developing alzheimer \u2019 s disease instead of the usual 1 in 1, 000, but might never actually develop it. only 50 % of people with alzheimer \u2019 s disease have apoe4 and not everyone with apoe4 suffers from it. there is no way to accurately predict whether a particular person will develop the disease. it is possible to test for the apoe4 gene mentioned above, but strictly speaking such a test does not predict whether a particular person will develop alzheimer \u2019 s disease or not. it merely indicates that he or she is at greater risk. there are in fact people who have had the apoe4 gene, lived well into old age and never developed alzheimer \u2019 s disease, just as there are people who did not have apoe4, who did develop the disease. therefore taking such a test carries the risk of unduly alarming or comforting somebody. alzheimer europe agrees with diagnostic genetic testing provided that pre - and post - test counselling is provided, including a full discussion of the implications of the test and that the results remain confidential. we do not actually encourage the use of genetic testing for assessing the risk of developing alzheimer ' s disease. we feel that it is somewhat unethical as it does not entail any health benefit and the results cannot actually predict whether a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46245487758543447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62210bfc-b709-4c59-93ac-36ec9784506d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.067718"}
{"text": "remain confidential. we do not actually encourage the use of genetic testing for assessing the risk of developing alzheimer ' s disease. we feel that it is somewhat unethical as it does not entail any health benefit and the results cannot actually predict whether a person will develop dementia ( irrespective of the particular form of apoe s / he may have ). we are totally opposed to insurance companies having access to results from genetic tests for the following reasons : - this would be in clear opposition to the fundamental principle of insurance which is the mutualisation of risk through large numbers ( a kind of solidarity whereby the vast majority who have relatively good health share the cost with those who are less fortunate ). - failure to respect this principle would create an uninsurable underclass and lead to a genetically inferior group. - this in turn could entail the further stigmatisation of people with dementia and their carers. - in some countries, insurance companies manage to reach decisions on risk and coverage without access to genetic data. - we therefore urge governments and the relevant european bodies to take the necessary action to prohibit the use or possession of genetic data by insurance companies. alzheimer europe recognises the importance of research into the genetic determinants of alzheimer \u2019 s disease and other forms of dementia. consequently, - we support the use of genetic testing for the purposes of research provided that the person concerned has given informed consent and that the data is treated with utmost confidentiality ; and - we would also welcome further discussion about the problem of data management. in our opinion, any individual who wishes to take a genetic test should be able to choose to do so anonymously in order to ensure that such information does not remain in his / her medical file. at its annual general meeting in munich on 15 october 2000, alzheimer europe adopted recommendations on how to improve the legal rights and protection of adults with incapacity due to dementia. this included a section on bioethical issues. these recommendations obviously need to guide any response of the organisation regarding genetic testing for people who suspect or fear they may have dementia and also those who have taken the test and did develop dementia. - the adult with incapacity has the right to be informed about his / her state of health. - information should, where appropriate, cover the following : the diagnosis, the person ' s general state of health, treatment possibilities, potential risks and consequences of having or not having a particular treatment, side - effects, prognosis and alternative treatments. - such information should not be withheld solely on the grounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5008363879778331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62210bfc-b709-4c59-93ac-36ec9784506d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.068786"}
{"text": "diagnosis, the person ' s general state of health, treatment possibilities, potential risks and consequences of having or not having a particular treatment, side - effects, prognosis and alternative treatments. - such information should not be withheld solely on the grounds that the adult is suffering from dementia and / or has communication difficulties. attempts should be made to provide information in such a way as to maximise his / her ability to understand, making use of technology and other available techniques to enhance communication. attention should be paid to any possible difficulty understanding, retaining information and communicating, as well as his / her level of education, reasoning capacity and cultural background. care should be taken to avoid causing unnecessary anxiety and suffering. - written as well as verbal information should always be provided as a back - up. the adult should be granted access to his / her medical file ( s ). s / he should also have the opportunity to discuss the contents of the medical file ( s ) with a person of his / her choice ( e. g. a doctor ) and / or to appoint someone to receive information on his / her behalf. - information should not be given against the will of the adult with incapacity. - the confidentiality of information should extend beyond the lifetime of the adult with incapacity. if any information is used for research or statistical purposes, the identity of the adult with incapacity should remain anonymous and the information should not be traceable back to him / her ( in accordance with the provisions of national laws on respect for the confidentiality of personal information ). consideration should be given to access to information where abuse is suspected. - a clear refusal by the adult with incapacity to grant access to information to any third party should be respected regardless of the extent of his / her incapacity, unless this would be clearly against his / her best interests e. g. carers should have provided to them information on a need to know basis to enable them to care effectively for the adult with incapacity. - people who receive information about an adult with incapacity in connection with their work ( either voluntary or paid ) should be obliged to treat such information with confidentiality. people who take genetic tests and do not receive adequate pre and post test counselling may suffer adverse effects. fear of discrimination based on genetic information may deter people from taking genetic tests which could be useful for research into the role of genes in the development of dementia. certain tests may be relevant for more than one medical condition. for example, the apoe test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49365177812966365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62210bfc-b709-4c59-93ac-36ec9784506d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.069832"}
{"text": "about american frontiers about american frontiers : a public lands journey america ' s public lands are a treasured part of our national heritage, representing its grandeur, bountiful promise, and vast natural resources. all citizens share in the rights and the responsibilities of seeing that our public lands are cared for and managed in a way that meets the current and future needs of the american people. to highlight the beauty, the accessibility, and the benefits of our public lands, the public lands interpretive association ( plia ), an albuquerque, new mexico - based non - profit organization that provides interpretive and educational resources to the public, mapped out a canada - to - mexico trek exclusively on public lands, called american frontiers : a public lands journey. the journey, or trek, involved two groups of travelers : one starting north from the mexican border and the second headed south from the canadian. their route lay entirely on public lands, a feat that has never been accomplished before. the trek began on july 31, 2002 and ended two months later when the two teams met in wasatch - cache national forest near salt lake city, utah on september 27. inspired by american frontiers : a public lands journey, national geographic society has designed its geography action! 2002 curriculum around the theme of public lands. aimed at teaching school - aged children the beauty and the benefits of america ' s public lands, geography action! 2002 followed the trekkers along the two - month journey, highlighting the diversity and grandeur of our nation ' s public lands. to demonstrate the different ways people get about on our public lands - - and to stay within the 60 - day limit of the journey - - trek participants utilized numerous modes of transportation for this historic border - to - border journey across america. the hiked and backpacked, rode horses, mountain bikes, atvs and dual sport motorcycles ; rafted, canoed, drove pickup trucks, motorboats and 4wd vehicles, and even spent a few leisurely days on a houseboat. along the route the two teams attended special events, round table discussions, visited schools and communities to learn about public land issues. and, of course, they saw some of the most spectacular scenery of the american west. their journal entries eloquently describe the feelings public lands awoke in them and also the daily routine of the long trek. you ' ll enjoy reading them. three years in the making, american frontiers : a public lands journey has enlisted numerous partners and sponsors including the national geographic society, the department of the interior, the usda forest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4347154999546795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0a31cfd-73e9-4bc0-8d69-4691c2c822f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.072907"}
{"text": "the daily routine of the long trek. you ' ll enjoy reading them. three years in the making, american frontiers : a public lands journey has enlisted numerous partners and sponsors including the national geographic society, the department of the interior, the usda forest service, bureau of land management, usgs, national environmental education and training foundation, fire wise communities, american honda, kodak, the coleman company, and many others. for a full list of our sponsors, please look under \" our sponsors \" on the home page. to learn more about american frontiers, please spend some time on this website, read the team members ' journals, enjoy the photographs ot follow their route on the maps. for more information about american frontiers, please contact the public lands interpretive association, 6501 fourth street, nw, albuquerque, nm 87107 or call our toll - free number 877 - 851 - 8946. you can also email to smaurer @ plia. org everyone inspired by the public lands journey should pay a visit to our public lands. to find out more about recreation opportunities on public lands, please visit the public lands information center online. there, you can find detailed recreation information, interactive recreation maps, and a large selection of guidebooks and maps. all material copyright \u00a92002 - 2013, public lands interpretive association except photographs where ownership is otherwise indicated. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42616579130326615, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b0a31cfd-73e9-4bc0-8d69-4691c2c822f9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.073438"}
{"text": "- historic sites \u201c to a distant and perilous service \u201d westward with the course of empire colonel jonathan drake stevenson took his way in 1846. with him went the denizens of new york \u2019 s tammany wards, oyster cellars, and gin mills \u2014 the future leaders of california. june / july 1979 | volume 30, issue 4 three weeks later, in a millrace on the american river in northern california, john marshall spotted the flicker of gold. by the end of summer, 1849, the los angeles garrison, like every other encampment of the new york volunteers, was abandoned, the harbinger of anglo - saxon civilization scattered to the hills, the coastal towns and villages of california half - deserted. the little port of san francisco had become the focus of world migration. captain folsom, the staff quartermaster, having secured appointment as collector of the port, was on his way to becoming a millionaire. the russ family, purveyors of moroccan leather and holiday fireworks, had opened a jewelry shop and begun assembling an empire of hotels, beer gardens, office buildings, and residential blocks. sergeant john c. pulis, late of lippitt \u2019 s monstrous company f, had become the first sheriff of san francisco. lieutenant edward gilbert was editing the alta california, the leading newspaper in the territory ; captain naglee ( he of the bathtime rebellion ) had founded the territory \u2019 s first bank ; lieutenant hewlett had opened a boardinghouse ; captain frisbee had started a commission agency and was in prospect of marrying the eldest daughter of general vallejo ; lieutenant vermeule, the plague of abel stearns, had set himself up as a lawyer and would soon be elected a delegate to the california constitutional convention and a member of the state legislature ; and the reverend mr. thaddeus m. leavenworth, chaplain to the regiment, had attained the quasi - judicial position of alcalde of san francisco and was granting homesteads and auctioning public lands with a christian generosity that scandalized even his former associates. as for the colonel, he was well on his way to a second career ( and a second marriage and a second family ) as a legal counselor, politician, and founder of a grandiose ghost city called new - york - of - the - pacific, which endures today only in the name of a slough on the edge of san francisco bay. the former new york boys were scattered by then throughout california, styling themselves doctors, lawyers, judges,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3577832850408221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1dd05bbf-f83d-4605-ba5c-81c1a7767a1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.075860"}
{"text": "the scientific world is abuzz with news of the ratification of the existence of the subatomic particle called the higgs boson - or more colloquially, the ' god particle. ' this subatomic particle ' s existence - which was verified recently ( with virtually near certainty ) by experiments at the large hadron collider in switzerland - lends credence to several long - standing physical theories such as the so - called standard model and the big bang theory. the nickname god particle is ironic for two reasons. first, generally, the nuclear physicists who deal with these matters - postulating the fundamental physical laws of the universe and then setting about to either verify or refute them - tend not to be regular church - goers. while there are some highly prominent scientists who balance personal, religious beliefs with professional, scientific quests, most probably go along with the thoughts of the world - famous physicist, stephen hawking : i regard the brain as a computer which will stop working when its components fail. there is no heaven or afterlife for broken down computers ; that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark. [ interview in the guardian, 7 / 9 / 12 ] spontaneous creation is the reason there is something rather than nothing, why the universe exists, why we exist. it is not necessary to invoke god... [ from his book ; the grand design, 2010 ] so it is a bit ironic that physics ' most famous quest has resulted in the discovery of the ' god particle. ' most physicists are quite comfortable having their names associated with famous - even if dead - humans like newton, einstein or the afore - mentioned hawking. one will find few, if any, attributions to deities in the objects that physicists discover and name or the theories they propose. second, and more importantly, the discovery that the god particle really exists does not - as the name suggests - imply that god played some role in the creation of the universe. in fact, quite the opposite. the matter is discussed at some length in the july 9 daily beast by lawrence kraus, a well - known physicist / cosmologist from arizona state university : this term [ god particle ] appeared first in the unfortunate title of a book written by physicist leon lederman two decades ago, and while to my knowledge it was never used by any scientist ( including lederman ) before or since, it has captured the media ' s imagination. what makes this term particularly unfortunate is that nothing could be further from the truth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6262005725033799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed184b23-5659-4b91-97c0-fd818297d417>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.080401"}
{"text": "two decades ago, and while to my knowledge it was never used by any scientist ( including lederman ) before or since, it has captured the media ' s imagination. what makes this term particularly unfortunate is that nothing could be further from the truth. assuming the particle in question is indeed the higgs, it validates an unprecedented revolution in our understanding of fundamental physics and brings science closer to dispensing with the need for any supernatural shenanigans all the way back to the beginning of the universe... if these bold, some would say arrogant, notions derive support from the remarkable results at the large hadron collider, they may reinforce two potentially uncomfortable possibilities : first, that many features of our universe, including our existence, may be accidental consequences of conditions associated with the universe ' s birth ; and second, that creating \" stuff \" from \" no stuff \" seems to be no problem at all - everything we see could have emerged as a purposeless quantum burp in space or perhaps a quantum burp of space itself. humans, with their remarkable tools and their remarkable brains, may have just taken a giant step toward replacing metaphysical speculation with empirically verifiable knowledge. the higgs particle is now arguably more relevant than god. so the term god particle was first used by a scientist, but was picked up and popularized by the media. it ' s catchy and enhances interest in the subject among the public. but like so much else that the media promotes, it is misleading and inappropriate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6303224006143893, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed184b23-5659-4b91-97c0-fd818297d417>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.080965"}
{"text": "acrylic a synthetic fabric often used as a wool substitute. it is warm, soft, holds colors well and often is stain and wrinkle resistant. angora a soft fiber knit from fur of the angora rabbit. angora wool is often combined with cashmere or another fiber to strengthen the delicate structure. dry cleaning is reccommended for angora products. bedford a strong material that is a raised corded fabric ( similar to corduroy ). bedford fabric wears well and is usually washable. boucle a fabric made with boucle yarn ( s ) in wool, rayon and or cotton causing the surface of the fabric to appear looped. brocade an all - over floral, raised pattern produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. burnout process of printing a design on a fabric woven of paired yarns of different fibers. one kind of yarn is burned out or destroyed leaving the ground unharmed. cable knit patterns, typically used in sweaters, where flat knit columns otherwise known as cables are overlapped vertically. cashmere a soft, silky, lightweight wool spun from the kashmir goat. cashmere must be dry - cleaned due to its delicate fibers and is commonly used in sweaters, shawls, outerwear, gloves and scarves for its warmth and soft feel. chiffon a common evening wear fabric made from silk, cotton, rayon or nylon. it ' s delicate in nature and sheer. chintz a printed and glazed fabric made of cotton. chintz is known for its bright colors and bold patterns. corduroy cotton fibers twisted as they are woven to create long, parallel grooves, called wales, in the fabric. this is a very durable material and depending on the width of the wales, can be extremely soft. cotton a natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. it is an inelastic fiber. cotton cashmere a blend of cotton and cashmere fibers, typically 85 % to 15 % respectively, this combination produces an extremely soft yarn with a matte finish. crepe used as a description of surfaces of fabrics. usually designates a fabris that is crimped or crinkled. crinoline a lightweight, plain weave, stiffened fabric with a low yarn count. used to create volume beneath evening or wedding dresses. crochet looping threads with a hooked needle that creates a wide, open knit. typically used on sweaters for warm seasons. denim cotton textile created with a twill weave to create a sturdy fabric.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5457278641135307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a048d3-152b-45eb-ac6e-e7717919a899>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.088981"}
{"text": "volume beneath evening or wedding dresses. crochet looping threads with a hooked needle that creates a wide, open knit. typically used on sweaters for warm seasons. denim cotton textile created with a twill weave to create a sturdy fabric. used as the primary material of blue jeans. dobby woven fabric where the weave of the fabric actually produces the garment ' s design. embroidery detailed needlework, usually raised and created by yarn, silk, thread or embroidery floss. eyelet a form of lace in a thicker material that consists of cut - outs that are integrated and repeated into a pattern. usually applied to garments for warmer seasons. faille a textured fabric with faint ribbing. wears wonderfully for hours holding its shape due to the stiffness of the texture. used in wedding dresses and women ' s clothes. fil ' coupe a small jacquard pattern on a light weight fabric, usually silk, in which the threads connecting each design are cut, creating a frayed look. french terry a knit cloth that contains loops and piles of yarn. the material is very soft, absorbent and has stretch. gabardine a tightly woven twill fabric, made of different fibers such as wool, cotton and silk. georgette a crinkly crepe type material usually made out of silk that consists of tightly twisted threads. georgette is sheer and has a flowy feeling. gingham two different color stripes \" woven \" in pattern to appear checked. glen plaid design of woven, broken checks. a form of traditional plaid. guipure lace a lace without a mesh ground, the pattern in held in place by connecting threads. herringbone a pattern originating from masonry, consists of short rows of slanted parallel lines. the rows are formatted opposing each other to create the pattern. herringbone patterns are used in tweeds and twills. hopsack a material created from cotton or woolthat is loosely woven together to form a coarse fabric. houndstooth a classic design containing two colors in jagged / slanted checks. similar to glen plaid. jacquard a fabric of intricate varigated weave or pattern. typically shown on elegant and more expensive pieces. jersey a type of knit material usually made from cotton and known to be flexible, stretchy, soft and very warm. it is created using tight stitches. knit a knit fabric is made by interlocking loops of one or more yarns either by hand with knitting needles or by machine. linen an exquisite material created from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5481760696054029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a048d3-152b-45eb-ac6e-e7717919a899>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.089865"}
{"text": ", stretchy, soft and very warm. it is created using tight stitches. knit a knit fabric is made by interlocking loops of one or more yarns either by hand with knitting needles or by machine. linen an exquisite material created from the fibers of the flax plant. some linen contain slubs or small knots on the fabric. the material wrinkles very easily and is a light fabric perfect for warm weather. lurex a metallic fiber woven into material to give the garment shine. lycratm lycra is a type of stretch fabric where the fibers are woven into cotton, silk or synthetic fiber blends. these materials are lightweight, comfortable ( need trademark symbol ) and breathable, and the stretch will not wear away. madras originating from madras, india, this fabric is a lightweight, cotton material used for summer clothing. madras usually has a checked pattern but also comes in plaid or with stripes. typically made from 100 % cotton. marled typically found in sweaters, marled yarn occurs when two colored yards are twisted together. matelasse a compound fabric made of cotton, wool or other fibers with quilted character and raised patterns. matte a matte finish has a lusterless surface. merino wool wool sheered from the merino sheep and spun into yarn that is fine but strong. modal a type of rayon that is made from natural fibers but goes through a chemical treatment to ensure it has a high threshold of breakage. modal is soft and breathable which is why it ' s used as a cotton replacement. non - iron a treated cotton that allows our easy care shirts to stay crisp throughout the day and does not need ironing after washing / drying. nylon a synthetic fiber that is versatile, fast drying and strong. it has a high resistance to damage. ombre a color technique that shades a color from light to dark. ottoman a firm, lustrous plain weave fabric with horizontal cords that are larger and rounder than those of the faille. made of wool, silk, cotton and other manufactured fibers. paisley a pattern that consists of crooked teardrop designs in a repetitive manner placket the piece of fabric or cloth that is used as a concealing flap to cover buttons, fasteners or attachments. most commonly seen in the front of button - down shirts. also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. piping binding a seam with decoration. piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.492881345165471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a048d3-152b-45eb-ac6e-e7717919a899>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.090703"}
{"text": "commonly seen in the front of button - down shirts. also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. piping binding a seam with decoration. piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams. pointelle an open - work knitting pattern used on garments to add texture. typically a cooler and general knit sweater. polyester a fabric made from synthetic fibers. polyester is quick drying, easy to wash and holds its shape well. ponte a knit fabric where the fibers are looped in an interlock. the material is very strong and firm. poplin a strong woven fabric, heavier in weight, with ribbing. rayon a manufactured fiber developed originally as an alternative for silk. rayon drapes well and looks luxurious. sateen a cotton fabric with sheen that resembles satin. seersucker slack - tension weave where yarn is bunched together in certain areas and then pulled taught in others to create this summery mainstay. shirring similar to ruching, shirring gathers material to create folds. silk one of the most luxurious fabrics, silk is soft, warm and has shine. it is created from female silkworm ' s eggs. silk shantung a rough plain weave fabric made of uneven yarns to produce a textured effect, made of fibers such silk in which all knots and lumps are retained. space dyed technique of yarn dyeing to produce a multi - color effect on the yarn itself. also known as dip dyed yarn. spandex also known as lycra ( trademark symbol ), this material is able to expand 600 % and still snap back to its original shape and form. spandex fibers are woven with cotton and other materials to make fabrics stretch. tipping similar to edging, tipping includes embellishing a garment at the edges of the piece, hems, collars etc. tissue linen a type of linen that is specifically made for blouses or shirts due to its thinness and sheerness. tweed a loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed which provides warmth and comfortability. twill a fabric woven in a diagonal weave. commonly used for chinos and denim. variegated multi - colored fabrics where colors are splotched or in patches. velour a stretchy knit fabric that looks similar to velvet. very soft to the touch. velvet a soft, silky woven fabric that is similar to velour. velvet is much more expensive than velour due to the amount of thread and steps it takes to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5599139602403838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04a048d3-152b-45eb-ac6e-e7717919a899>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.091522"}
{"text": "dante alighieri was the greatest italian poet and one of the most important european writers. dante live through the years of 1265 \u2013 1321. he has a very unique way of writing and started his works at the age of 35. dante wrote la divina comedia based on the era he live through and all the knowledge of his lifetime was imbedded in his works. in this specific work he writes about a journey which he wishes to better understand the afterlife receive his salvation. throughout his journey virgil was his guide and taught him all about the nine circles of hell and the punishments that the sinners received in each circle. dante was a very powerful writer and his writing has many significant symbols to many different objects. this story is very complex and interesting to read and understand each after dante exits hell with his guide virgil, he arrives into purgatory. purgatory is the in between where dante sees sinners being punished. each sin has a different punishment depending on the sin. purgatory is a place where sinners temporarily get punished in order to purify themselves and be ready for heaven. there these people learn the mistakes they have made and realize the seriousness of their sins and prepare to enter heaven / paradise. virgil guides dante throughout purgatory and leads him to paradise where beatrice will be there to guide him to a very important character of the divine comedy is virgil. virgil is dante \u2019 s guide throughout purgatory. virgil is a very helpful guide and is a poet whom dante looked up to. virgil symbolized human reason and taught dante everything he knows about the inferno and purgatory. virgil is in the first realm of hell, limbo. he is in limbo because he is a pagan and was never baptized. virgil takes dante through each circle and describes each circle, the reason people are there and describes each punishment. virgil protects dante from the leaders of each circle as...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4332343952881843, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5054873-6adf-4f04-95b1-a3fdb4f478b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.093303"}
{"text": "st. anne, patroness of detroit st. anne was named by the vatican as the patron saint of the archdiocese of detroit. we honor the mother of the blessed virgin mary and prayerfully ask for her intercession. one may pray to any saint for any intention, but a patron saint is seen as the particular advocate for a chosen place or activity. st. anne is the mother of the blessed virgin mary. though she is not mentioned by name in the bible, we know of her through early christian writings, the most important of which is the protoevangelium of james, written in about 150 a. d. we are told that anne, the wife of joachim, was advanced in years before her prayers for a child were answered. an angel appeared and told her she would conceive a child who \" shall be spoken of in all the world. \" st. anne ' s feast day is celebrated on july 26. she is known as the patron saint of equestrians, housewives, women in labor, cabinet - makers, and miners. devotion to st. anne became popular in the christian east by the fourth century, and that tradition later spread to the christian west. when the french began to colonize modern - day quebec, they brought their devotion to st. anne with them \u2014 asking for her protection in the new world. this devotion was planted on the banks of the detroit river by the original french - canadian settlers. two days after antoine de la mothe cadillac landed with 51 others in what is now downtown detroit on july 24, 1701, they celebrated mass and began construction of a church named after saint anne. today, ste. anne de detroit church is the second oldest continually operating parish in the united states. as is now recognized by the holy see, the church of detroit was placed under st. anne ' s protection from its very founding.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3999538486385589, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e1cef78-a3fc-4eeb-b94f-f8ec251e2e20>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.096458"}
{"text": "demands for lower cost manufacturing, lighter components, and recycleability are forcing manufacturers to switch from metal components to plastic. while the assembly processes are different, some of the same concerns apply. finding a reliable assembly equipment supplier, defining part requirements, getting them involved early, and choosing the right assembly process are the keys to success. chart outlines the different characteristics, capabilities, and requirements of a variety of plastic welding processes. click for the full - size graphic. appliance components come in all shapes and sizes, and each one has its own unique characteristics that demand an assembly process to fit. ultrasonic, hot - plate, spin, thermal, laser, and vibration welding are the most common plastic assembly methods. choosing the correct method can be difficult. a supplier who has technical knowledge in all of the processes is the best choice. they will have knowledge of all the different process joint designs, can provide assistance in material selection, and can support once the process is in production. part requirement before the design of the plastic part is critical. this will save dollars in tooling costs and help assure that the correct process to achieve the requirements is chosen. all too often, the plastic molds are manufactured, the first parts are assembled, and then quality control determines that the parts will not pass a pressure test. this is too late ; now significant dollars will need to be spent to correct problem. requirements such as a need for pressurization, exposure to extreme cold or heat, cosmetic - part status ( requires no blemishes ), and parts assembled per minute are all factors in determining the correct process and plastic each process has unique plastic - joint design requirements to assure proper weld strength. assembly equipment suppliers can help design the weld area joint design. an example of joint design requirements for ultrasonic assembly is given by guide to ultrasonics from dukane charles, il, u. s. ) : \" mating services should be in intimate contact around the entire joint. the joint should be in one plane, if possible. a small initial contact area should be established between mating halves. a means of alignment is recommended so that mating halves do not misalign during the weld operation. \" obviously, these joint requirements should all be designed into the part prior to machining of the injection molds. what assembly process is correct for a part? as stated earlier, ultrasonic, hot - plate, spin, thermal, vibration, and laser welding are the most common methods used in production today. each method has unique advantages. ultra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49544498730896797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:134c9c22-8518-4641-bb31-a84d5ca3c9d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.101006"}
{"text": "injection molds. what assembly process is correct for a part? as stated earlier, ultrasonic, hot - plate, spin, thermal, vibration, and laser welding are the most common methods used in production today. each method has unique advantages. ultrasonic assembly is a fast, repeatable, and reliable process that allows for sophisticated process control. high - volume small parts that have very tight assembly tolerances lend themselves well to ultrasonic assembly. ultrasonic systems have the capability of exporting relevant assembly process data for spc documentation and fda validation. ultrasonic welding can be easily integrated into automated systems. hot - plate welding can accommodate a wide range of parts sizes and configurations. these machines offer high - reliability hermetic seals and strong mechanical bonds on complex part geometries. the process is fairly simple ; the two parts to be jointed are brought in close proximity to a heated platen until the joint area is in a molten state. the platen is removed and the parts are clamped together until the joint cools off and returns to a solid state. spin welding is a very cost - effective method for joining large, medium, or small circular parts such as washing machine tubs to agitator components. water purification filters, thermal mugs, and irrigation assemblies typically are joined using the spin welding process. careful attention to joint design is critical for parts that require flash - free appearance. assemblies that require inserts at multiple points on multiple planes, like computer or vacuum cleaner housings, typically benefit from thermal insertion / staking. thermal staking is ideal for attachment of non - plastic components to the plastic housing, such as circuit boards and metal brackets. dates coding, embossing, and degating are other uses for thermal presses. thermal welding can be a slower assembly process than ultrasonic, so, depending on the volumes of assemblies required, ultrasonic maybe a better choice. vibration welding physically moves one of the two parts horizontally under pressure to create heat through surface friction. compared to ultrasonic welding, vibration welding operates at much lower frequencies, much higher amplitude, and with greater clamping force. the limitation to vibration welding is simply that the joint must be in a single plane in at least one axis in order to allow the vibration motion. like hot - plate welding, vibration welding is a highly reliable process that can handle large parts in challenging materials or multiple parts per cycle with ease. chain saw housings, blower and pump assemblies, and large refrigerator bins are examples of potential vibration welding applications. cycle times for vibration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5130523981447993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:134c9c22-8518-4641-bb31-a84d5ca3c9d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.101941"}
{"text": "welding is a highly reliable process that can handle large parts in challenging materials or multiple parts per cycle with ease. chain saw housings, blower and pump assemblies, and large refrigerator bins are examples of potential vibration welding applications. cycle times for vibration welds are very short, thus they are ideal for high volume and are easily automated. laser welding is the newest technology of the processes available today. one benefit of laser welding is that the weld joints produce no flash or particulate outside of the joint. assemblies that require absolutely no contamination for particulate, like medical filters, are good candidates. a second benefit is that the assembly is not exposed to heat or vibration. devices that have very sensitive electronic internal components that may be damaged from vibration can now be assembled effectively. laser welding requires the parts to be transmissive and absorbive, specifically how transparent the parts appear to the laser beam. one material transmits the coherent laser light and the other material absorbs the light and converts it to heat. parts that appear black to the human eye can be transparent or opaque at the wavelength of the laser light. clear - to - clear joints and joints that are optically transparent can be readily achieved by use of special coatings. depending on the part geometry, laser welding can be a slower process then vibration or ultrasonic welding. plastic appliance components are the direction of the future - they can be assembled economically and produce functional products. this information is provided by michael johnston, national sales and marketing manager, dukane charles, il, u. s. ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5685723778646012, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:134c9c22-8518-4641-bb31-a84d5ca3c9d3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.102553"}
{"text": "on friday, the department of health and human services ( hhs ) released a new report identifying interventions that can help increase physical activity in youth aged 3 - 17 years across a variety of settings. the primary audiences for the report are policymakers, health care providers, and public health professionals. apta submitted comments in december 2012 on the draft report. physical activity guidelines for americans midcourse report : strategies to increase physical activity among youth summarizes intervention strategies based on the evidence from literature reviews and is organized into 5 settings where youth live, learn, and play : school, preschool and childcare, community, family and home, and primary health care. key findings of the report suggest that : other materials released by hhs include an infographic highlighting opportunities to increase physical activity throughout the day and a youth fact sheet summarizing the report ' s recommendations for youth aged 6 - 17 years. more information can be found at www. health. gov / paguidelines / midcourse /. apta has long supported hhs ' efforts to increase awareness about the benefits of physical activity. it provided input on the 2008 physical activity guidelines for americansrelated to the importance of considering physical activity needs and barriers for people with disabilities. it also served on the physical activity guidelines reaction group. the association also contributes to the be active your way blog. therapists ( pts ) and physical therapist assistants ( ptas ), especially those who have patients with wounds, are encouraged to take steps to protect their most vulnerable patients from carbapenem - resistant enterobacteriaceae ( cre ), a family of germs that have become difficult to treat because they have high levels of resistance to antibiotics. in addition to patients at high risks, pts and ptas should take all necessary precautions to prevent the spread of cre to according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), cre are resistant to all, or nearly all, antibiotics \u2014 even the most powerful drugs of last - resort. cre also have high mortality rates, killing 1 in 2 patients who get bloodstream infections from them. additionally, cre easily transfer their antibiotic resistance to other bacteria. for example, carbapenem - resistant klebsiella can spread its drug - destroying properties to a normal e. coli bacteria, which makes the e. coli resistant to antibiotics also. \" that could create a nightmare scenario since e. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections in healthy people, \" cre are usually transmitted person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44666875571700837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:984179e4-db53-480f-9340-d6d19260bb41>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.107003"}
{"text": "normal e. coli bacteria, which makes the e. coli resistant to antibiotics also. \" that could create a nightmare scenario since e. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections in healthy people, \" cre are usually transmitted person - to - person, often on the hands of health care workers. currently, almost all cre infections occur in people receiving significant medical care. however, their ability to spread and their resistance raises the concern that potentially untreatable infections could appear in otherwise healthy people, including health care providers. includes resources for patients, providers, and facilities. the agency ' s cre prevention toolkit has in - depth recommendations to control cre transmission in hospitals, long - term acute care facilities, and is in the process of updating its infectious disease control webpage to ensure that pts and ptas have the information they need to understand their critical role in helping to halt the spread of cre. look for a follow - up article in news now when the webpage is launched. has selected 9 association members to serve on the pta education feasibility study work group : wendy bircher, pt, edd ( nm ), derek brandes ( wa ), barbara carter, pta ( wi ), martha hinman, pt, edd ( tx ), mary lou romanello, pt, phd, atc ( md ), steven skinner, pt, edd ( ny ), lisa stejskal, pta, maed ( il ), jennifer whitney, pt, dpt, kemg ( ca ), and geneva johnson, pt, phd, fapta ( la ). the work group is addressing the motion feasibility study for transitioning to an entry - level baccalaureate physical therapist assistant degree ( rc 20 - 12 ) from the 2012 house of delegates. the work group will address the first phase of the study, finalizing the study plan and identifying relevant data sources for exploring the feasibility of transitioning the entry - level degree for the pta to a bachelor ' s degree. apta supporting staff members are janet crosier, pt, dpt, med, lead pta services specialist ; janet bezner, pt, phd, vice president of education and governance and administration ; doug clarke, accreditation pta programs manager ; and libby ross, director of than 200 individuals volunteered to serve on the work group by submitting their names to the volunteer interest pool ( vip ). apta expects to engage additional members in the data collection process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4874543922225203, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:984179e4-db53-480f-9340-d6d19260bb41>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.107844"}
{"text": "overview of content related to ' java ' this page provides an overview of 1 article related to ' perl '. note that filters may be applied to display a sub - set of articles in this category ( see faqs on filtering for usage tips ). select this link to remove all filters. perl is a high - level, general - purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. perl was originally developed by larry wall in 1987 as a general - purpose unix scripting language to make report processing easier. since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions and become widely popular amongst programmers. larry wall continues to oversee development of the core language, and its upcoming version, perl 6. perl borrows features from other programming languages including c, shell scripting ( sh ), awk, and sed. the language provides powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary data length limits of many contemporary unix tools, facilitating easy manipulation of text files. perl gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a cgi scripting language, in part due to its parsing abilities. ( excerpt from wikipedia article : perl ) see our ' perl ' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. for visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our ' perl ' usage charts. ariadne contributors most frequently referring to ' perl ' :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4993857438240227, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3467d50d-60b1-442f-8fbb-77a31bf0642b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.109220"}
{"text": "outmaneuvering foodborne pathogens at various locations, ars scientists are doing research to make leafy greens and other fresh produce safer for consumers. produce and leafy greens in the photo are ( clockwise from top ) : romaine lettuce, cabbage, cilantro in a bed of broccoli sprouts, spinach and other leafy greens, green onions, tomatoes, and green leaf lettuce. if pathogens like e. coli o157 : h7 or salmonella had a motto for survival, it might be : \u201c find! bind! multiply! \u201d that pretty much sums up what these food - poisoning bacteria do in nature, moving through our environment to find a host they can bind to and use as a staging area for multiplying and spreading. but ars food - safety scientists in california are determined to find out how to stop these and other foodborne pathogenic bacteria in their tracks, before the microbes can make their way to leafy greens and other favorite salad ingredients like tomatoes and sprouts. the research is needed to help prevent the pathogens from turning up in fresh produce that we typically eat uncooked. that \u2019 s according to robert e. mandrell, who leads the ars produce safety and microbiology research unit. his team is based at the agency \u2019 s western regional research center in albany, california. the team is pulling apart the lives of these microbes to uncover the secrets of their success. it \u2019 s a complex challenge, in part because the microbes seem to effortlessly switch from one persona to the next. they are perhaps best known as residents of the intestines of warm - blooded animals, including humans. for another role, the pathogens have somehow learned to find, bind, and multiply in the world of green plants. sometimes the pathogenic microbes need the help of other microbial species to make the jump from animal inhabitant to plant resident. surprisingly little is known about these powerful partnerships, mandrell says. that \u2019 s why such alliances among microbes are one of several specific aspects of the pathogens \u2019 lifestyles that the albany scientists are investigating. in all, knowledge gleaned from these and other laboratory, greenhouse, and outdoor studies should lead to new, effective, environmentally friendly ways to thwart the pathogens before they have a chance to make us ill. in a greenhouse, microbiologist maria brandl examines cilantro that she uses as a model plant to investigate the behavior of foodborne pathogen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4716480600851941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366eb1a-184b-4885-b5a6-92a6d0c0f67f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.122156"}
{"text": "effective, environmentally friendly ways to thwart the pathogens before they have a chance to make us ill. in a greenhouse, microbiologist maria brandl examines cilantro that she uses as a model plant to investigate the behavior of foodborne pathogens on leaf surfaces. a pathogen targets youngest leaves knowing pathogens \u2019 preferences is essential to any well - planned counter - attack. so microbiologist maria t. brandl is scrutinizing the little - understood ability of e. coli o157 : h7 and salmonella enterica to contaminate the elongated, slightly sweet leaves of romaine lettuce. with a university of california - berkeley colleague, brandl has shown that, if given a choice, e. coli has a strong preference for the young, inner leaves. the researchers exposed romaine lettuce leaves to e. coli and found that the microbe multiplied about 10 times more on the young leaves than on the older, middle ones. one explanation : the young leaves are a better nutrition \u201c buy \u201d for e. coli. \u201c these leaves exude about three times more nitrogen and about one - and - one - half times more carbon than do the middle leaves, \u201d says brandl. scientists have known for decades that plants exude compounds from their leaves and roots that bacteria and fungi can use as food. but the romaine lettuce study, published earlier this year in applied and environmental microbiology, is the first to document the different exudate levels among leaves of the two age classes. it \u2019 s also the first to show that e. coli can do more than just bind to lettuce leaves : it can multiply and spread on them. research assistant danielle goudeau inoculates a lettuce leaf with e. coli o157 : h7 in a biological safety cabinet to study the biology of the human pathogen on leafy greens. adding nitrogen to the middle leaves boosted e. coli growth, brandl found. \u201c in view of the key role of nitrogen in helping e. coli multiply on young leaves, \u201d she says, \u201c a strategy that minimizes use of nitrogen fertilizer in romaine lettuce fields may be worth investigating. \u201d in other studies using romaine lettuce and the popular herb cilantro as models, brandl documented the extent to which e. coli and salmonella are aided by erwinia chrysanthemi, an organism that causes fresh produce to rot. \u201c when compared to plant pathogens, e.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45428268407923694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366eb1a-184b-4885-b5a6-92a6d0c0f67f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.123008"}
{"text": "herb cilantro as models, brandl documented the extent to which e. coli and salmonella are aided by erwinia chrysanthemi, an organism that causes fresh produce to rot. \u201c when compared to plant pathogens, e. coli and salmonella are not as \u2018 fit \u2019 on plants, \u201d brandl says. but the presence of the rot - producing microbe helped e. coli and salmonella grow on lettuce and cilantro leaves. \u201c soft rot promoted formation of large aggregates, called \u2018 biofilms, \u2019 of e. coli and salmonella and increased their numbers by up to 100 - fold, \u201d she notes. the study uncovered new details about genes that the food - poisoning pathogens kick into action when teamed up with plant pathogens such as soft rot microbes. brandl, in collaboration with albany microbiologist craig parker, used a technique known as \u201c microarray analysis \u201d to spy on the genes. \u201c the assays showed that salmonella cells \u2014 living in soft rot lesions on lettuce and cilantro \u2014 had turned on some of the exact same genes that salmonella uses when it infects humans or colonizes the intestines of animals, \u201d she says. some of these activated genes were ones that salmonella uses to get energy from several natural compounds common to both green plants and to the animal intestines that salmonella calls home. using a confocal laser scanning microscope, microbiologist maria brandl examines a mixed biofilm of salmonella enterica ( pink ) and erwinia chrysanthemi ( green ) in soft rot lesions on cilantro leaves ( blue ). a one - two punch to tomatoes salmonella also benefits from the presence of another plant pathogen, specifically, xanthomonas campestris, the culprit in a disease known as \u201c bacterial leaf spot of tomato. \u201d but the relationship between salmonella and x. campestris may be different than the relation of salmonella to the soft rot pathogen. notably, salmonella benefits even if the bacterial spot pathogen is at very low levels \u2014 so low that the plant doesn \u2019 t have the disease or any visible symptoms of it. that \u2019 s among the first - of - a - kind findings that microbiologist jeri d. barak found in her tests with tomato seeds exposed to the bacterial spot microbe and then planted in soil that had been irrigated with water contaminated with s. enterica. in a recent article in pl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45094896443208393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366eb1a-184b-4885-b5a6-92a6d0c0f67f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.123913"}
{"text": "findings that microbiologist jeri d. barak found in her tests with tomato seeds exposed to the bacterial spot microbe and then planted in soil that had been irrigated with water contaminated with s. enterica. in a recent article in plos one, barak reported that s. enterica populations were significantly higher in tomato plants that had also been colonized by x. campestris. in some cases, salmonella couldn \u2019 t bind to and grow on \u2014 or in \u2014 tomato plants without the presence of x. campestris, she found. listeria monocytogenes on this broccoli sprout shows up as green fluorescence. the bacteria are mainly associated with the root hairs. \u201c we think that x. campestris may disable the plant immune response \u2014 a feat that allows both it and salmonella to multiply, \u201d she says. the study was the first to report that even as long as 6 weeks after soil was flooded with salmonella - contaminated water, the microbe was capable of binding to tomato seeds planted in the tainted soil and, later, of spreading to the plant. \u201c these results suggest that any contamination that introduces salmonella from any source into the environment \u2014 whether that source is irrigation water, improperly composted manure, or even insects \u2014 could lead to subsequent crop contamination, \u201d barak says. \u201c that \u2019 s true even if substantial time has passed since the soil was first contaminated. \u201d crop debris can also serve as a reservoir of viable salmonella for at least a week, barak \u2019 s study showed. for her investigation, the debris was composed of mulched, salmonella - contaminated tomato plants mixed with uncontaminated soil. \u201c replanting fields shortly after harvesting the previous crop is a common practice in farming of lettuce and tomatoes, \u201d she says. the schedule allows only a very short time for crop debris to decompose. \u201c our results suggest that fields known to have been contaminated with s. enterica could benefit from an extended fallow period, perhaps of at least a few weeks. \u201d ordinary microbe foils e. coli while the bacterial spot and soft rot microbes make life easier for certain foodborne pathogens, other microbes may make the pathogens \u2019 existence more difficult. geneticist michael b. cooley and microbiologist william g. miller at albany have shown the remarkable effects of one such microbe, enterobacter asburiae. this common, farm - and - garden - friendly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4580466701412147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366eb1a-184b-4885-b5a6-92a6d0c0f67f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.124778"}
{"text": "more difficult. geneticist michael b. cooley and microbiologist william g. miller at albany have shown the remarkable effects of one such microbe, enterobacter asburiae. this common, farm - and - garden - friendly microorganism lives peaceably on beans, cotton, and cucumbers. in one experiment, e. asburiae significantly reduced levels of e. coli and salmonella when all three species of microbes were inoculated on seeds of thale cress, a small plant often chosen for laboratory tests. the study, published in applied and environmental microbiology in 2003, led to followup experiments with green leaf lettuce. in that battle of the microbes, another rather ordinary bacterium, wausteria paucula, turned out to be e. coli \u2019 s new best friend, enhancing the pathogen \u2019 s survival sixfold on lettuce leaves. \u201c it was the first clear example of a microbe \u2019 s supporting a human pathogen on a plant, \u201d notes cooley, who documented the findings in the journal of food protection in 2006. but e. asburiae more than evened the score, decreasing e. coli survival 20 - to 30 - fold on lettuce leaves exposed to those two species of microbes. the mechanisms underlying the competition between e. asburiae and e. coli are still a mystery, says cooley, \u201c especially the competition that takes place on leaves or other plant surfaces. \u201d nevertheless, e. asburiae shows initial promise of becoming a notable biological control agent to protect fresh salad greens or other crops from pathogen invaders. with further work, the approach could become one of several science - based solutions that will help keep our salads safe. \u2014 by marcia wood, agricultural research service information staff. this research is part of food safety, an ars national program ( # 108 ) described on the world wide web at www. nps. ars. usda. gov. to reach scientists mentioned in this article, contact marcia wood, usda - ars information staff, 5601 sunnyside ave., beltsville, md 20705 - 5129 ; phone ( 301 ) 504 - 1662, fax ( 301 ) 504 - 1486. listeria monocytogenes on this radish sprout shows up as green fluorescence. the bacteria are mainly associated with the root hairs. what genes help microbes invade leafy greens? when unwanted microbes form an attachment, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49529450566835664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366eb1a-184b-4885-b5a6-92a6d0c0f67f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.125611"}
{"text": "conventionally associated with plants. listeria is usually thought of as a pathogen of humans. we hadn \u2019 t really expected to see it behaving like a traditional, benign inhabitant of a green plant. \u201c it \u2019 s still a relatively new face for listeria, and requires a whole new way of thinking about it. \u201d in related work, gorski is homing in on genetic differences that may explain the widely varying ability of eight different listeria strains to successfully colonize root hairs of alfalfa sprouts \u2014 and to resist being washed off by water. in a 2004 article in the journal of food protection, gorski, palumbo, and former albany associate kimanh d. nguyen reported those differences. poorly attaching strains formed fewer than 10 listeria cells per sprout during the lab experiment, while the more adept colonizers formed more than 100, 000 cells per sprout. salmonella \u2019 s cling genes colleague jeri d. barak, a microbiologist at albany, led another sprout investigation, this time probing the ability of s. enterica to attach to alfalfa sprouts. from a pool of 6, 000 genetically different salmonella samples, barak, gorski, and coinvestigators found 20 that were unable to attach strongly to sprouts. scientists elsewhere had already identified some genes as necessary for salmonella to successfully invade and attach to the guts of animals such as cows and chickens. in the albany experiments, some of those same genes were disrupted in the salmonella specimens that couldn \u2019 t cling to alfalfa sprouts. their 2005 article in applied and environmental microbiology helped set the stage for followup studies to tease out other genes that salmonella uses when it is living on and in plants. a deeper understanding of those and other genes may lead to sophisticated defense strategies to protect tomorrow \u2019 s salad greens \u2014 and us. \u2014 by marcia wood, agricultural research service information staff. geneticist michael cooley collects a sediment sample to test for e. coli o157 : h7. the pathogen was found near fields implicated in the 2006 outbreak of e. coli o157 : h7 on baby spinach. environmental surveillance exposes a killer it started as a manhunt for a microbe, but it became one of the nation \u2019 s most intensive farmscape searches for the rogue pathogen e. coli o157 : h7. ars microbiologist robert e. mandrell and geneticist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5270678602614444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366eb1a-184b-4885-b5a6-92a6d0c0f67f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.128753"}
{"text": "a manhunt for a microbe, but it became one of the nation \u2019 s most intensive farmscape searches for the rogue pathogen e. coli o157 : h7. ars microbiologist robert e. mandrell and geneticist michael b. cooley of the produce safety and microbiology research unit in albany, california, had already been collaborating in their own small - scale study of potential sources of e. coli o157 : h7 in the state \u2019 s produce - rich salinas valley when, in 2005, they were asked to join another one. the new investigation became a 19 - month surveillance \u2014 by the two scientists and other federal and state experts \u2014 of e. coli in salinas valley watersheds. \u201c it may seem like an obvious concept today, \u201d says mandrell, \u201c but at the time, there was little proof that e. coli contamination of produce before harvest could be a major cause of food - poisoning outbreaks. \u201d mandrell and cooley aided the california food emergency response team, as this food - detective squad was named, in tracing movement of e. coli through the fertile valley. this surveillance showed that e. coli o157 : h7 can travel long distances in streamwater and floodwater. in 2006, e. coli o157 : h7 strains indistinguishable from those causing human illness associated with baby spinach were discovered in environmental samples \u2014 including water \u2014 taken from a salinas valley ranch. wild pigs were added to the list of animal carriers of the pathogen when one of the so - called \u201c outbreak strains \u201d of e. coli o157 : h7 was discovered in their dung. the team documented its work in 2007 in plos one and emerging infectious diseases. the albany scientists used a relatively new technique to detect e. coli o157 : h7 in water. developed at the ars meat animal research center in clay center, nebraska, for animal hides, the method was adapted by the albany team for the outdoor reconnaissance. because of their colleagues \u2019 work, says cooley, \u201c we had the right method at the right time. \u201d \u2014 by marcia wood, agricultural research service information staff. \" outmaneuvering foodborne pathogens \" was published in the july 2008 issue of agricultural research magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44963912262946343, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b366eb1a-184b-4885-b5a6-92a6d0c0f67f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.129664"}
{"text": "protection of subtropical and tropical agriculture commodities and ornamentals from exotic insects location : subtropical horticulture research title : laurel wilt : a global threat to avocado production | ploetz, r - | | smith, j - | | inch, s - | | pena, j - | | evans, e - | | crane, j - | | hulcr, j - | | stelinski, l - | | schnell, r - | submitted to : world avocado congress publication type : proceedings publication acceptance date : november 28, 2011 publication date : february 1, 2012 citation : ploetz, r. c., smith, j. a., inch, s. a., pena, j. e., evans, e. a., crane, j. h., kendra, p. e., hulcr, j., stelinski, l., schnell, r. 2012. laurel wilt : a global threat to avocado production. world avocado congress. 186 - 197 in proceedings vii world avocado congress. 5 - 9 september 2011, cairns, australia. interpretive summary : laurel wilt is a lethal vascular disease of trees in the plant family lauraceae, including avocado. it is caused by a fungal pathogen ( raffaelea lauricola ) that is introduced into host trees by an exotic wood - boring beetle, the redbay ambrosia beetle ( xyleborus glabratus ). the beetle was first detected in georgia in 2002, and since has spread to six states in the southeastern u. s. laurel wilt poses an imminent threat to commercial avocado production in south florida, and a future threat to avocado in california, mexico, central and south america. scientists at the usda - ars subtropical horticulture research station, in collaboration with the university of florida, are conducting multidisciplinary research on the pest complex, including ( 1 ) evaluation of fungicides for laurel wilt, ( 2 ) screening for disease resistant avocado varieties, ( 3 ) determination of pathways for disease transmission, ( 4 ) identification of beetle attractants, repellents, and insecticides, and ( 5 ) assessment of host preferences. information from these studies will be used by avocado growers and by state and federal action agencies engaged in monitoring programs for redbay ambrosia beetle. laurel wilt kills members of the lauraceae plant family", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4346180846377227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5bb6156-473c-456e-b20e-b29dce901e8a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.133900"}
{"text": "5 ) assessment of host preferences. information from these studies will be used by avocado growers and by state and federal action agencies engaged in monitoring programs for redbay ambrosia beetle. laurel wilt kills members of the lauraceae plant family, including avocado. the disease has invaded much of the southeastern usa, and threatens avocado commerce and homeowner production in florida, valuable germplasm in miami ( usda - ars ), and major production and germplasm in california and mesoamerica. laurel wilt is caused by a recently described fungus, raffaelea lauricola, which is vectored by an invasive ambrosia beetle, xyleborus glabratus. current research topics include : disease management with fungicides ; identifying host resistance ; vector mitigation with insecticides and repellents ; host ranges of, and interactions with, the pathogen and vector ; and transmission of r. lauricola via avocado seed, scion material, root grafts and pruning tools. although highly resistant avocado cultivars have not been identified, screening work continues on additional cultivars and new germplasm. effective fungicides ( e. g. triazoles ) have been identified, but cost - effective disease management will depend on improved measures for xylem loading and retention of these chemicals. insecticides have been identified that reduce boring activity of x. glabratus and its attraction to avocado and other hosts, but much remains to be learned about their impact on disease management. although the disease \u2019 s host range is generally restricted to american members of the lauraceae, nonhosts that attract the beetle are known. raffaelela lauricola rapidly colonizes avocado after infection, but to low levels ; tylose and gel induction in the host, rather than xylem obstruction by fungal biomass, are associated with impeded water transport and symptom development. seed and fruit from laurel wilt - affected avocado trees do not appear to be infected by r. lauricola.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4013149283117961, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5bb6156-473c-456e-b20e-b29dce901e8a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.134641"}
{"text": "the nature elephant the karen people have always lived naturally in the forest, and, for many generations have relied on elephants to help them. because elephants are ideal for carrying heavy loads they are essential for transportation through rural areas, and, more recently, for carrying tourists. the karen people simply would not survive without them. the karen people have always used elephants to help carry them through dense parts of the jungle which would be difficult on foot, such as down steep hills to fetch water from the creek, or carrying heavy bags of rice from the fields to the barn. what is little effort for an elephant would be a huge amount of labour for humans. because they are so important to the karen people, elephants are their friends, and are treated with respect. to manage an elephant and gain its trust requires knowledge, love and understanding. this is why the karen people look after their elephants so well, and only certain members of the karen family are trained enough to do this. some of them call elephant - care a kind of black magic, and this black magic is passed down through families. part of the skill of caring for elephants is to ensure the elephant is listened to. karen legend has it that if a female elephant is ignored, it is likely that her eggs will become infected, and therefore she will not be able to continue the elephant family. this serious consequence acts as a grave warning to those handling elephants. a sense of duty, honor and patience are as important to the elephant as they are to the karen people as a whole. the legend of chang karen this is a story about how elephants became so important in the life of the karen hill tribe. the legend goes that once upon a time, there were two brothers living in the forest. one day, their mother needed to leave home for a business, so instructed the two boys to look after the house, be good, and by no means split open the bamboo tree, as it contained many flies. being the mischievous boys they were, as soon as their mother was out of sight, they crept up to the forbidden bamboo and cracked it open, curious to see what would happen. immediately, the room was filled with flies, two of which flew up into each of the boys ' noses. panicking, the boys didn ' t know what to do. soon, they felt their bodies changing. their legs began to itch, and grow longer and wider. their heads began to swell, until they felt the size and shape of footballs. their noses grew longer and their bodies became heavier and more clumsy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4169199755199675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e54319d9-029a-48b0-8d3d-42adb0690b50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.138995"}
{"text": "soon, they felt their bodies changing. their legs began to itch, and grow longer and wider. their heads began to swell, until they felt the size and shape of footballs. their noses grew longer and their bodies became heavier and more clumsy. when their mother returned home, she was shocked to see what had happened to her sons. she offered them cooked rice, but they turned it down with a slow shake of their large heads, their noses swinging from side to side. they were still growing, and were too ashamed of their bad behaviour to eat. the mother offered them water, but they did not want to drink it. soon, when the sons had grown too big for the house, and could now only walk on four legs, they left the house to find grass. this was all they felt like eating. very soon the word spread, and people came from all over the valley to see the mutated boys. their tongues had become too big for them to speak, so the sons had stopped talking. as if to compensate, their ears grew large so they cold hear very, very well. they had become elephant - boys. one day, some workers came to see if the elephant - boys could help them carry heavy loads. they gave them wood and lead them to their workshops, and the elephant - boys were calm and obedient. the workers realised that what was a huge job for them, was little effort for these giant elephant boys. and life continued this way for many generations. this is the remarkable story of how elephants and humans came to work together in harmony, explaining how they can exist together in the forest. elephants and the karen hill tribe people deep in the rich forests of northern thailand, in the bowl of a green valley, lies the karen hill tribe community. making the most of their natural surroundings, this tribe has managed to forge an incredibly simple life in the forest using no modern machinery or medicine. they need only the trees, plants, animals, and are especially reliant on the mighty elephant. the karen people have a strong bond with elephants : their self - sufficient lifestyles are surprisingly similar, and intertwining. wild elephants play a very important role in the karen way of life, as well as the relationships of valley inhabitants, and the magic of the valley.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4487320633454606, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e54319d9-029a-48b0-8d3d-42adb0690b50>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.139822"}
{"text": "why man u? askmen / getty images \" gathering together at old trafford must have given these people something of the sense of community that they had previously known in their villages. \" visiting manchester the other day, i was driving down a nondescript road past dreary shops and offices when i saw the top of a sports stadium poking into the gray sky. it was old trafford. team buses carrying soccer players from more glamorous cities such as barcelona have been known to echo with cries of disgust as they pull in here. the home of manchester united is rainy and underwhelming. the estimated 333 million humans who consider themselves united fans don \u2019 t all know that manchester is a city in england, but many of those who do would probably be surprised to find just how mid - ranking a city it is. yet when united \u2019 s american ruling family, the glazers, sold club shares in august, united was valued at $ 2. 3 billion. that made it the world \u2019 s most valuable sports franchise, ahead of real madrid and baseball \u2019 s new york yankees, according to forbes. in short, united is bigger than manchester. so why on earth did this global behemoth arise precisely here? and how, in the last 134 years, has united shaped soccer, in england and now the world? when a soccer club was created just by the newish railway line in 1878, the manchester location actually helped. the city was then growing like no other on earth. in 1800 it had been a tranquil little place of 84, 000 inhabitants, so insignificant that as late as 1832 it didn \u2019 t have a member of parliament. the industrial revolution changed everything. workers poured in from english villages, from ireland, from feeble economies everywhere ( my own great - grandparents arrived on the boat from lithuania ). by 1900, manchester was europe \u2019 s sixth - biggest city, with 1. 25 million inhabitants. the club by the railway line was initially called newton heath, because the players worked at the newton heath carriage works of the lancashire and yorkshire railway company. they played in work clogs against other work teams. jim white \u2019 s manchester united : the biography nicely describes the l & yr workers as \u201c sucked in from all over the country to service the growing need for locomotives and carriages. \u201d life in manchester then was neither fun nor healthy, white writes. in some neighborhoods, average male life expectancy was just 17. this was still the same brutal city where a few decades before, karl marx \u2019 s pal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38948004083062093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:223e0d4e-5454-48af-94fe-79e339cdb888>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.143085"}
{"text": "the cia, the nsa, the fbi and all other three - letter, intelligence - gathering, secret - keeping agencies mimic and are modeled after secret societies. they gather and filter information by compartmentalizing the organization in a pyramid - like hierarchical structure keeping everyone but the elite on a need - to - know basis. the cia was born from the wwii intelligence arm, the oss ( office of strategic services ), and was funded into permanence by the rockefeller and carnegie foundations, which donated $ 34 million 1945 - 48 alone. nearly every person instrumental in the creation of the cia was already a member of the cfr, including the rockefellers and dulles brothers. in 1945 when the cia was still the oss, they began operation paperclip which brought over 700 nazi scientists directly into the forming cia, nsa, and other high - level government organizations. since it was illegal to even allow these nazis into the us, let alone into top - secret government agencies, the cia convinced the vatican to issue american passports for these 700 + nazi scientists under the pretense that it was to keep them out of the hands of the russians. \u201c after wwii ended in 1945, victorious russian and american intelligence teams began a treasure hunt throughout occupied germany for military and scientific booty. they were looking for things like new rocket and aircraft designs, medicines, and electronics. but they were also hunting down the most precious \u2018 spoils \u2019 of all : the scientists whose work had nearly won the war for germany. the engineers and intelligence officers of the nazi war machine. following the discovery of flying discs ( foo - fighters ), particle / laser beam weaponry in german military bases, the war department decided that nasa and the cia must control this technology, and the nazi engineers that had worked on this technology. there was only one problem : it was illegal. u. s. law explicitly prohibited nazi officials from immigrating to america - - and as many as three - quarters of the scientists in question had been committed nazis. \u201d - operation paperclip casefile : new world order and nazi germany hundreds of nazi mind - control specialists and doctors who performed horrific experiments on prisoners instantly had their atrocious german histories erased and were promoted into high - level american jobs. kurt blome, for instance, was a high - ranking nazi scientist who experimented with plague vaccines on concentration camp prisoners. he was hired by the u. s. army chemical corps to work on chemical warfare projects. major general walter schreiber was a head doctor during nazi concentration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5220805972830065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c4ba0b-5575-4365-9b5c-1164b7bca6d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.154440"}
{"text": "was a high - ranking nazi scientist who experimented with plague vaccines on concentration camp prisoners. he was hired by the u. s. army chemical corps to work on chemical warfare projects. major general walter schreiber was a head doctor during nazi concentration camp prisoner experiments in which they starved, and otherwise tortured the inmates. he was hired by the air force school of medicine in texas. werner von braun was technical director of the nazi peenemunde rocket research center, where the germans developed the v2 rocket. he was hired by the u. s. army to develop guided missiles and then made the first director of nasa! \u201c military intelligence \u2018 cleansed \u2019 the files of nazi references. by 1955, more than 760 german scientists had been granted citizenship in the u. s. and given prominent positions in the american scientific community. many had been longtime members of the nazi party and the gestapo, had conducted experiments on humans at concentration camps, had used slave labor, and had committed other war crimes. in a 1985 expose in the bulletin of the atomic scientists linda hunt wrote that she had examined more than 130 reports on project paperclip subjects - and every one \u2018 had been changed to eliminate the security threat classification. \u2019 a good example of how these dossiers were changed is the case of werner von braun. a september 18, 1947, report on the german rocket scientist stated, \u2018 subject is regarded as a potential security threat by the military governor. \u2019 the following february, a new security evaluation of von braun said, \u2018 no derogatory information is available on the subject \u2026 it is the opinion of the military governor that he may not constitute a security threat to the united states. \u2019 \u201d - operation paperclip casefile : new world order and nazi germany shortly after operation paperclip came operation mockingbird, during which the cia trained reporters and created media outlets to disseminate their propaganda. one of project mockingbird \u2019 s lead roles was played by philip graham who would become publisher of the washington post. declassified documents admit that over 25 organizations and 400 journalists became cia assets which now include major names like abc, nbc, cbs, ap, reuters, time, newsweek and more. in 1953 the iranian coup classified as operation ajax was the cia \u2019 s first successful overthrow of a foreign government. in 1951 iran parliament and prime minister dr. mohammed mosaddeq voted for nationalizing their oil industry which upset western oil barons like the rockefellers. on april 4th, 1953, cia director allen dulles transferred $ 1 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4557767041618942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c4ba0b-5575-4365-9b5c-1164b7bca6d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.155352"}
{"text": "foreign government. in 1951 iran parliament and prime minister dr. mohammed mosaddeq voted for nationalizing their oil industry which upset western oil barons like the rockefellers. on april 4th, 1953, cia director allen dulles transferred $ 1 million to iranian general fazlollah zahedi to be used \u201c in any way that would bring about the fall of mosaddeq. \u201d coup leaders first planted anti - mosaddeq propaganda throughout the iranian press, held demonstrations, and bribed officials. then they began committing terror attacks to blame on mosaddeq hoping to bring public sentiment away from their hero. they machine - gunned civilians, bombed mosques, and then passed out pamphlets saying, \u201c up with mosaddeq, up with communism, down with allah. \u201d zahedi \u2019 s coup took place between august 15th and 19th after which the cia sent $ 5 million more for helping their new government consolidate power. soon america controlled half of iran \u2019 s oil production and american weapons merchants moved in making almost $ 20 billion off iran in the next 20 years. \u201c in 1953 the central intelligence agency working in tandem with mi6 overthrew the democratically - elected leader of iran dr. mohammed mosaddeq. mosaddeq had been educated in the west, was pro - america, and had driven communist forces out of the north of his country shortly after being elected in 1951. mosaddeq then nationalized the oil fields and denied british petroleum a monopoly. the cia \u2019 s own history department at cia. gov details how u. s. and british intelligence agents carried out terror attacks and then subsequently blamed them on mosaddeq \u2026 the provocations included propaganda, demonstrations, bribery, agents of influence, and false flag operations. they bombed the home of a prominent religious leader and blamed it on moseddeq. they attacked mosques, machine - gunned crowds, and then handed out thousands of handbills claiming that moseddeq had done it \u2026 dr. mohammed moseddeq, who was incarcerated for the duration of his life, fared better than any of his ministers who were executed just days after the successful coup for crimes that mi6 and the cia had committed. \u201d - alex jones, \u201c terrorstorm \u201d dvd in 1954 the cia performed its second coup d \u2019 etat overthrow of a foreign democracy ; this time it was guatemala, whose popular leader jacobo arbenz guzman, had recently nationalized 1. 5 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4366177241295576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c4ba0b-5575-4365-9b5c-1164b7bca6d5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.156194"}
{"text": "- alex jones, \u201c terrorstorm \u201d dvd in 1954 the cia performed its second coup d \u2019 etat overthrow of a foreign democracy ; this time it was guatemala, whose popular leader jacobo arbenz guzman, had recently nationalized 1. 5 million acres of land for the peasants. before this, only 2. 2 % of guatemala \u2019 s land - owners owned 70 % of the land, which included that of united fruit co. whose board of directors were friends with the dulles brothers and wanted to keep guatemala a banana republic. so once again the cia sent in propagandists and mercenaries, trained militia groups, bombed the capital, and installed their puppet dictator castillo armas, who the gave united fruit co. and the other 2. 2 % land - owners everything back. military dictators ruled guatemala for the next 30 years killing over 100, 000 citizens. guatemalan coroners were reported saying they could not keep up with the bodies. the cia called it operation success. \u201c the cia has overthrown functioning democracies in over twenty countries. \u201d - john stockwell, former cia official they always follow the same strategy. first, globalist interests are threatened by a popular or democratically elected foreign leader ; leaders who help their populations nationalize foreign - owned industries, protect workers, redistribute wealth / land and other such actions loved by the lower and middle - class majority, hated by the super - rich minority. next, the cia identifies and co - operates with opposition militia groups within the country, promising them political power in trade for american business freedom. then they are hired, trained and funded to overthrow the current administration through propaganda, rigged elections, blackmail, infiltration / disruption of opposition parties, intimidation, torture, economic sabotage, death squads and assassinations. eventually the cia - backed militia group stages a coup and installs their corporate sympathizer - dictator and the former leaders are propagated as having been radicals or communists and the rest of the world is taught to shrug and view american imperialism as necessary world policing. the cia has now evolved this whole racket into a careful science which they teach at the infamous \u201c school of the americas. \u201d they also publish books like \u201c the freedom fighter \u2019 s manual \u201d and \u201c the human resource exploitation training manual \u201d teaching methods of torture, blackmail, interrogation, propaganda and sabotage to foreign military officials. starting in 1954 the cia ran operations attempting to overthrow the communist north vietnamese government, while supporting the ngo dinh diem regime in south vietnam. from 1957 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4671853005266532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c4ba0b-5575-4365-9b5c-1164b7bca6d5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.157212"}
{"text": "\u201d teaching methods of torture, blackmail, interrogation, propaganda and sabotage to foreign military officials. starting in 1954 the cia ran operations attempting to overthrow the communist north vietnamese government, while supporting the ngo dinh diem regime in south vietnam. from 1957 - 1973 the cia conducted what has been termed \u201c the secret war \u201d in laos during which they carried out almost one coup per year in an effort to overthrow their democracy. after several unsuccessful attempts, the us began a bombing campaign, dropping more explosives and planting more landmines on laos during this secret war than during all of world war ii. untold thousands died and a quarter of the laotian people became refugees often living in caves. right up to the present, laotians are killed / maimed almost daily from unexploded landmines. in 1959 the us helped install \u201c papa doc \u201d duvalier, the haitian dictator whose factions killed over 100, 000. in 1961 cia operation mongoose attempted and failed to overthrow fidel castro. also in 1961 the cia assassinated the dominican republic \u2019 s leader rafael trujillo, assassinated zaire \u2019 s democratically - elected patrice lumumba, and staged a coup against ecuador \u2019 s president jose velasco, after which us president jfk fired cia director allen dulles. in 1963 the cia was back in the dominican republic and ecuador performing military coups overthrowing juan bosch and president arosemana. in 1964 another cia - funded / armed coup overthrew brazil \u2019 s democratically - elected joao goulart replacing him with dictator general castelo branco, cia - trained secret police, and marauding death squads. in 1965 the cia performed coups in indonesia and zaire and installed oppressive military dictators ; general suharto in indonesia would then go on to slaughter nearly a million of his countrymen. in 1967 a cia - backed coup overthrew the government of greece. in 1968 they helped capture che guevara in bolivia. in 1970 they overthrew cambodia \u2019 s popular prince sahounek, an action that greatly strengthened the once minor opposition khmer rouge party who went on to murder millions. in 1971 they backed a coup in bolivia and installed dictator hugo banzer who went on torture and murder over 2000 of his political opponents. in 1973 they assassinated chile \u2019 s democratically - elected salvador allende and replaced him with general augusto pinochet who murdered thousands of his civilians. on and on it goes ; the association for responsible dissent put out a report estimating that by 1987, 6 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4748622501770357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c4ba0b-5575-4365-9b5c-1164b7bca6d5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.158144"}
{"text": "assassinated chile \u2019 s democratically - elected salvador allende and replaced him with general augusto pinochet who murdered thousands of his civilians. on and on it goes ; the association for responsible dissent put out a report estimating that by 1987, 6 million people worldwide had died resulting from cia covert ops. since then there have been many untold millions more. \u201c throughout the world, on any given day, a man, woman or child is likely to be displaced, tortured, killed or disappeared, at the hands of governments or armed political groups. more often than not, the united states shares the blame. \u201d - amnesty international annual report on u. s. military aid and human rights, 1996 1979 - 1989 cia operation cyclone, with joint funding from britain \u2019 s mi6, heavily armed and trained over 100, 000 afghani mujahideen ( \u201c holy warriors \u201d ) during the soviet war in afghanistan. with the help of the pakistani isi ( inter - services intelligence ), billions of dollars were given to create this islamic army. selig harrison from the woodrow wilson international centre for scholars stated, \u201c the cia made a historic mistake in encouraging islamic groups from all over the world to come to afghanistan. the us provided $ 3 billion [ now many more billion ] for building up these islamic groups, and it accepted pakistan \u2019 s demand that they should decide how this money should be spent \u2026 today that money and those weapons have helped build up the taliban \u2026 [ who ] are now making a living out of terrorism. \u201d \u201c the united states has been part and parcel to supporting the taliban all along, and still is let me add \u2026 you have a military government in pakistan now that is arming the taliban to the teeth \u2026 let me note ; that [ us ] aid has always gone to taliban areas \u2026 and when people from the outside try to put aid into areas not controlled by the taliban, they are thwarted by our own state department \u2026 pakistan [ has ] initiated a major resupply effort, which eventually saw the defeat, and caused the defeat, of almost all of the anti - taliban forces in afghanistan. \u201d - congressional rep. dana rohrbacher, the house international relations committee on global terrorism and south asia, 2000 british foreign secretary robin cook stated before the house of commons that \u201c al qaeda \u201d is not actually a terrorist group, but a database of international mujahadden and arms dealers / smugglers used by the cia to funnel arms, money, and guerrillas. the word \u201c al qaeda \u201d itself literally translates to \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43990315463876645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c4ba0b-5575-4365-9b5c-1164b7bca6d5>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.159021"}
{"text": "\u201c al qaeda \u201d is not actually a terrorist group, but a database of international mujahadden and arms dealers / smugglers used by the cia to funnel arms, money, and guerrillas. the word \u201c al qaeda \u201d itself literally translates to \u201c the database. \u201d not only did the cia create the taliban and al - qaeda, they continued funding them right up to the 9 / 11 attacks blamed on them. for example, four months prior to 9 / 11, in may, 2001, colin powell gave another $ 43 million in aid to the taliban. \u201c not even the corporate us media could whitewash these facts and so explained it away by alleging that us officials had sought cooperation from pakistan because it was the original backer of the taliban, the hard - line islamic leadership of afghanistan accused by washington of harboring bin laden. then the so called \u2018 missing link \u2019 came when it was revealed that the head of the isi was the principal financier of the 9 / 11 hijackers... pakistan and the isi is the go between of the global terror explosion. pakistan ' s military - intelligence apparatus, which literally created and sponsored the taliban and al qaeda, is directly upheld and funded by the cia. these facts are not even in dispute, neither in the media nor in government. therefore when we are told by the neocon heads of the new world order that they are doing everything in their power to dismantle the global terror network what we are hearing is the exact opposite of the truth. they assembled it, they sponsored it and they continue to fund it. as any good criminal should, they have a middleman to provide plausible deniability, that middleman is the isi and the military dictatorship of pakistan. \u201d - steve watson, \u201c u. s. intel officer : al qaeda leadership allowed to operate freely \u201d ( http : / / www. infowars. net / articles / july2007 / 160707isi. htm ) in a late 1980 \u2019 s newsweek article, outspoken opponent of president bush and recently assassinated pakistani prime minister benazir bhutto, told george bush sr., \u201c you are creating a frankenstein, \u201d concerning the growing islamist movement. she also came out in 2007 to say that osama bin laden was already long dead having been murdered by omar sheikh. she was murdered herself a month after the interview, only two weeks before the pakistani 2008 general elections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48844172301845235, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c4ba0b-5575-4365-9b5c-1164b7bca6d5>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.159872"}
{"text": "deciphering the function and regulation of auts2 university of california, san francisco autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex genetic and environmental causes. many gene mutations have been associated with autism ; however, they explain only a small part of the genetic cause for this disorder. 98 % of our genome does not encode for protein and is thus termed noncoding. in this noncoding space are gene regulatory sequences that tell genes when, where and at what amount to turn on or off. mutations in these gene regulatory elements could thus be an important cause of autism. despite the potential importance of these noncoding gene regulatory regions in autism susceptibility, very few studies have been performed trying to implicate them in this disorder. this pilot study focuses on a strong autism candidate gene, the autism susceptibility candidate 2 ( auts2 ) gene. mutations in its regulatory elements have been associated with autism and its function is not well known. using both zebrafish and mice as the model organisms, the project aims to identify noncoding gene regulatory sequences of auts2. the fellow will then look to see if any individuals with autism have mutations in the regulatory regions identified. they will also reduce the expression of this gene in zebrafish and look for abnormalities to further clarify its function. this study promises to further our understanding of how differences in the noncoding region of the genome can lead to autism. it also aims to advance our understanding of a gene of unknown function that has been implicated in autism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5315420928038114, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b119f23a-e8b4-478b-8b57-2472864187b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.162197"}
{"text": "by mike bennighof, ph. d. during the 1700s, european armies grew enormously in size. the seven years \u2019 war of 1756 \u2013 1763 heightened the trend, and by the end of the napoleonic wars field armies had become enormous. forces of 100, 000 or even more, unheard of a century before, were not at all unusual by 1815. the french army introduced the concept of a corps d \u2019 armee, a body of infantry, cavalry and artillery plus essential services. the corps could fight alone or in cooperation with other corps, and included all necessary combat and administrative elements. by the end of the napoleonic wears, all participants had organized their troops into corps, usually made up of varying numbers of divisions and during the years after 1815, some nations kept their corps structure in place during peacetime, using them to administer recruiting, training and other non - combat functions. this would speed mobilization and keep the staffs employed. the size and composition of corps also became regularized, with each usually having the same number and types of subordinate by the middle of the 19th century, an army corps had become defined as the number of troops that could be deployed from a single road in less than two hours : roughly 20, 000 men. that rule of thumb had been badly exceeded as extra troops were added : cavalry, engineers, artillerymen, light infantry, medical services, supply columns and more. the prussian corps organization used in the 1866 austro - prussian war had been introduced as part of war minister albrecht von roon \u2019 s reforms starting in 1860. in 1859, the prussian army mobilized its four army corps for war on the side of austria against france. the mobilization found many troops untrained, officers of poor quality and supply services either insufficient or non - existent. it also showed just how unwieldy the army \u2019 s corps organization would prove in action. the german confederation, which included both austria and prussia along with 36 other german states, had adopted a corps of four divisions. each division consisted in turn of two or three brigades, each brigade with two regiments of two battalions each plus one of light infantry. all told, a german division would go to war with 10 or 15 battalions, a corps with between 40 and 60. roon rationalized this organization ; in battle, he believed, a general was most efficient with fewer maneuver elements to command. a new - model prussian infantry corps would have two divisions. each division in turn had two brigades, and each of them had two regiments. the regiments would be larger,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4732409032287547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d84fe71-cb98-4aca-863d-b31baad541c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.166121"}
{"text": ", he believed, a general was most efficient with fewer maneuver elements to command. a new - model prussian infantry corps would have two divisions. each division in turn had two brigades, and each of them had two regiments. the regiments would be larger, with three battalions rather than the former two, as a regimental colonel was expected to control all three by line of sight. a brigade commander only had to control the two regiments under his command. at the division level, things got more complex. the division controlled two brigades, plus an artillery detachment of four six - gun batteries. these would usually be parceled out to the brigades in action. during peacetime the division was responsible for either a pioneer battalion or a light infantry battalion ; during wartime these would be held in the corps reserve. the corps controlled the two infantry divisions, plus attachments of artillery and cavalry. this varied from four to seven batteries ( six guns each ) and two to five cavalry regiments. austria also reformed its corps organization in 1860, based on the lessons of the 1859 war. an austrian corps had included two or three divisions, each in turn of two or three five - battalion brigades. each brigade included the four field battalions of a single regiment plus a light infantry battalion : usually jagers but in a few cases grenzers ( croatian border troops ) or volunteer student battalions. austrian generals performed poorly in the 1859 war, and the reform commission appointed after the war recommended using fewer of them. in particular, it pointed out that the small brigades made regimental colonels superfluous. a peacetime regiment had contained four field battalions and a grenadier battalion ; now they would have three field battalions, a fourth reserve battalion and in wartime a fifth training battalion. two of these three - battalion regiments would be grouped in a brigade along with a light infantry battalion and an eight - gun artillery battery. it was a powerful and flexible organization, led by a major general ( austria did not have a \u201c brigadier general \u201d rank and this was the imperial army \u2019 s equivalent ). the larger brigades required fewer light infantry battalions, allowing the role to be filled exclusively by jagers. the organization became less flexible at the larger echelons. an austrian corps included four infantry brigades, a cavalry regiment and a brigade - sized artillery reserve as well as engineer, supply and medical units. the new arrangement required fewer general officers, which had been the goal. but handling six maneuver elements proved beyond the capability of most austrian corps staffs in 1866, and the intermediate stage of division headquarters gave austria \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4605483361317394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d84fe71-cb98-4aca-863d-b31baad541c3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.167051"}
{"text": "viewed against a dangerous and costly backdrop, clear team communication is obviously essential to create a safe, productive and effective work environment on the ramp. tractor operators and wing walkers need to warn each other of impending dangers. the tractor operator needs to keep the flight deck informed of ground movement. and all ground personnel should at least be able to hear the flight deck and each other during a pushback. ramp workers can do much more without the wire, the shouting or the hand signals. a typical wireless pushback and towing configuration uses a portable transceiver for continuous two - way communication among one or more wing walkers and the tractor operator during aircraft movement. the tractor operator is free to concentrate on correct maneuvering, and all crew members can warn others instantly of impending dangers. to optimize the flow of communication and minimize chatter, the system is configured so that all team members can hear the pilot, but only the tractor operator can talk directly to the flight deck. because wireless communication increases coordination and enables real - time verbal warnings, it decreases the risk of accidents, shortens turn - around times, and increases the likelihood of hitting flight slots. in addition to pushbacks and towing, wireless team communication systems can also be used to improve safety and efficiency during deicing, cargo and maintenance operations. in a deicing configuration, a wireless system connects the driver and the basket, and the system itself can be connected to two - way radios enabling communication with remote users. communication between the driver and the basket takes place on open microphone over a 1. 9ghz ( 1. 8ghz in the eu ) encrypted frequency while also allowing radio monitoring and transmitting with a push to - talk button on the headsets. systems can be configured to enable multiple deicing crews to communicate while working on the same aircraft - further improving efficiency. additional configurations are available for maintenance teams and are scalable to almost any size. choosing a wireless communication system wireless headset systems are available in a wide variety of configurations and price ranges. to ensure a system meets the diverse needs of ground support, consider the following factors carefully : is the system truly wireless? a number of so - called \u201c wireless \u201d systems actually require a wire from the headset to a radio or belt pack. while these systems allow freedom of movement, a belt pack or radio wire creates many of the same problems inherent in hardwire systems, particularly tangled cords. moreover, belt packs generally have less than half the transmission range of self - contained systems worn on the head. does the system use dect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49775886435514494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64b6024d-747e-42b4-94a5-ce98e783c943>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.170166"}
{"text": "a belt pack or radio wire creates many of the same problems inherent in hardwire systems, particularly tangled cords. moreover, belt packs generally have less than half the transmission range of self - contained systems worn on the head. does the system use dect or bluetooth technology? transmission technology can dramatically affect how well wireless systems perform in the field. systems that employ bluetooth technology generally have a limited range and are subject to radio frequency interference from nearby devices. look for systems that use digital enhanced cordless telecommunications technology. dect units generally offer up to 30 times more coverage and are less subject to interference than bluetooth. dect transmissions also have multipath capability, meaning the signal will bounce up, over and around objects in order to establish the best possible connection. dect signals are also digitally encoded to ensure privacy. is the system full - duplex or half - duplex? half - duplex systems allow communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time. that \u2019 s a walkie - talkie. on the other hand, full - duplex systems allow communication in both directions simultaneously. full - duplex capabilities are an important safety consideration because they allow the parties to speak and hear others at the same time. is the system radio - compatible? communication during pushback and towing is generally confined to the flight deck, wing walkers and tractor operator ; however, other ground support functions may benefit from the ability to communicate with remote users over a two - way radio. look for a system with maximum radio - interface flexibility.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5344225293073946, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64b6024d-747e-42b4-94a5-ce98e783c943>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.170715"}
{"text": "issued from the woods of the loess hills a few miles east of natchez, mississippi, usa april 29, 2012 | cattle egrets among cattle as in mexico, around here if you pass by a pasture you ' re likely to see cattle egrets standing among or on the cows, as shown at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429eg. jpg. cattle egrets in their breeding plumage, like the ones in the picture, can be distinguished from other white egrets and herons by the patches of light orange - brown on their crests and chests. nonbreeding cattle egrets can be all white, and then their relatively thick, yellow beaks and thicker, shorter necks separate them from similar - sized, white herons and egrets found here, such as snowy egrets and juvenile little blue herons. i remember the first time cattle egrets were spotted in the rural part of western kentucky where i grew up, possibly in 1963. their appearance was so unusual that a farmer not particularly interested in nature called my parents and said that a whole flock of big white birds had appeared in his pasture, and we went up to take a look. i was in college before i learned that they were cattle egrets, bubulcus ibis. my ornithology teacher told how the birds were undergoing one of the fastest and most widely ranging expansions of distribution ever seen among birds. originally cattle egrets were native to southern spain and portugal, tropical and subtropical africa and humid tropical and subtropical asia. in the late 1800s they began expanding their range into southern africa, and were first sighted in the americas, on the boundary of guiana and suriname, in 1877, apparently having flown across the atlantic ocean. they didn ' t get permanently established there until the 1930s, though, but then they began expanding into much of the rest of the americas, reaching western kentucky around the early 60s. the species appears still to be expanding northward in western north america, but in the northeast it seems to be in decline. though they can turn up as far north as southern canada, coast to coast, mostly they breed in the us southeast. the wikipedia expert says that cattle egrets eat ticks and flies from cattle. they do that, but anyone who watches our birds awhile sees that mainly as the cattle move around they stir up creatures in the grass, which the egrets prey on. the cows ' fresh manure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3661686081057027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed524a66-2327-4328-a7fc-f00a0d14d470>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.182444"}
{"text": "/ 12 / 120429cg. jpg. what are those things below the wings looking like needles with droplets of water at their ends? those are \" halteres, \" which commonly occur among the fly order of insects, the diptera. though their purpose isn ' t known with certainty, it ' s assumed that they help control flight, enabling flies to make sudden mid - air changes in direction. from the evolutionary perspective, halteres are modified back wings. most insects have two pairs, or four, wings, but not the diptera, as the name implies - - di - ptera, as they say \" two - wings \" in classical greek. admiring the white oak in that picture i ' m holding a leaf so you can see its underside, much paler than other leaves ' topsides. the tree ' s gray bark of narrow, vertical blocks of scaly plates is shown at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429qc. jpg. i ' m accustomed to seeing white oaks on relatively dry upland soils so i was a little surprised when the tree in the picture showed up on a stream bank growing among sycamores. in fact, white oaks are fairly rare around here, completely absent in many upland forests where i ' d expect them to be. years ago i mentioned this in a newsletter and a local reader responded that in this region white oaks were wiped out many years ago by people cutting them as lumber and, more importantly, using them in the whisky distilling business. the online flora of north america says that \" in the past quercus alba was considered to be the source of the finest and most durable oak lumber in america for furniture and shipbuilding. \" there beside the stream, last year ' s crop of our white oak ' s acorns had been washed away, but this season ' s were there in their first stages of growth, as seen at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429qb. jpg. traditionally early north americans regarded the inner bark of white oaks as highly medicinal. extracts made from soaking the inner bark in water are astringent ( puckery ) and were used for gargling, and the old herbals describe the extract as tonic, stimulating and antiseptic. other listed uses include for \" putrid sore throat, \" diphtheria, hemorrhages, spongy or bleeding gums, and hemorrhoids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4649958761700409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed524a66-2327-4328-a7fc-f00a0d14d470>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.184420"}
{"text": "old herbals describe the extract as tonic, stimulating and antiseptic. other listed uses include for \" putrid sore throat, \" diphtheria, hemorrhages, spongy or bleeding gums, and hemorrhoids. many applications suggest adding a bit of capsicum, or hot pepper, to the extract. basically the notion seems to be that the bark ' s tannin - - the puckery element - - does the main medicinal service. other oaks actually have more tannin than white oak, but medicines made with them can be too harsh. white oak extracts seem to have just the right amount. the same tannin situation exists with regard to the edibility of acorns. the acorns of other oaks contain more tannin so they require more time and effort to make them edible. white oak acorns have much less tannin, but even still there ' s enough to make them too bitter for humans to eat without treatment, which traditionally has been leaching acorn pulp in running water. by the way, instructions for the kitchen leaching of acorn pulp appear at http : / / www. ehow. com / how _ 8427141 _ leach - acorns. html. american holly flowering american hollies are a different species from the english holly often planted as ornamentals. american holly bears larger leaves and produces fewer fruits. hollies come in male or female trees ( they ' re dioecious ), and you can tell from the flowers in the upper, left of the above picture that here we have a male tree. a close - up of a male flower with its four out - thrusting stamens is at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429hp. jpg. on a female flower the stamens would be rudimentary and there ' d be an ovary - - the future fruit - - in the blossom ' s center. maybe because people are so used to seeing english hollies planted up north often it ' s assumed that they ' re northern trees. in fact, american holly is mainly native to the us southeast, though along the coastal plain it reaches as far north as southern connecticut. around here it ' s strictly an understory tree. the fruits are mildly toxic but you must eat a lot of them to get sick. birds, deer, squirrels and other animals eat the fruits, which are drupes bearing several hard \" stones. \" no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3933489397402026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed524a66-2327-4328-a7fc-f00a0d14d470>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.185269"}
{"text": "s strictly an understory tree. the fruits are mildly toxic but you must eat a lot of them to get sick. birds, deer, squirrels and other animals eat the fruits, which are drupes bearing several hard \" stones. \" no critter seems to relish them, though, saving them mostly to serve as \" emergency food \" when other foods run out. that might explain why we see hollies holding their red fruits deep into the winter. \" beggar ' s lice \" on my socks several kinds of plants produce stickery little fruits like that and they all can be called beggar ' s lice. when i tracked down the plant attaching its fruits to me, it was what ' s shown at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429my. jpg. several beggar ' s - lice - producing plants are similar to that, so before being sure what i really had i had to \" do the botany. \" here are details i focused on : leaves and stems were hairy, and leaves were rounded toward the base, sometimes clasping the stem, as shown at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429mw. jpg. a close - up of a \" beggar ' s louse \" is shown stuck in my arm hairs at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429mx. jpg. that last picture is sort of tricky. for, you expect the thing stuck to you to be a fruit with hooked spines, but the thing in the picture isn ' t a fruit. it ' s actually a baglike calyx surrounding much smaller fruit - like things. i crumbled some calyxes between my fingers and part of what resulted is shown at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429mv. jpg. the four shiny things are not seeds. maybe you ' ve seen that the ovary of most mint flowers is divided into four more - or - less distinct parts. each of those parts is called a nutlet, and that ' s what you ' re seeing. but other plant families beside the mint produce nutlets. our beggar ' s - louse - producing plant is myosotis discolor, a member of the borage family, the boraginaceae, which on the phylogenetic tree of life is adjacent to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4431602950882242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed524a66-2327-4328-a7fc-f00a0d14d470>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.186042"}
{"text": "families beside the mint produce nutlets. our beggar ' s - louse - producing plant is myosotis discolor, a member of the borage family, the boraginaceae, which on the phylogenetic tree of life is adjacent to the mint family. myosotis discolor is an invasive from europe that so far has set up residence here and there in eastern and western north america, but so far seems to be absent in the center. the english name is often given as changing forget - me - not, because myosotis is the forget - me - not genus, and in latin dis - color says \" two - colored, \" apparently referring to the fact that the flowers can be white or blue, though all i ' ve seen here are white. but, this rangy little plant you never notice until its calyxes stick to you seems to have nothing to do with forget - me - nots, unless you look at technical features. i think some editor must have made up the name \" changing forget - me - not. \" our plant very clearly is one of several \" beggar ' s lice. \" oats along the road a spikelet plucked from the panicle is shown at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429ov. jpg. the same spikelet opened to show the florets inside the glumes at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n / 12 / 120429ou. jpg. this is oat grass, avena sativa, the same species producing the oats of oatmeal. oat spikelets differ from those of the vast majority of other grasses by the very large, boat - shaped glumes subtending the florets. glumes are analogous to a regular flower ' s calyx, so in that last picture of a spikelet, the glumes are the two large, green - and - white striped items at the left in the photograph. the vast majority of grass spikelets bear glumes much shorter than the florets above them. also, notice that the slender, stiff, needlelike item, the awn, arises from a floret inside the spikelet and not from a glum. remember that you can review grass flower terminology at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / fl _ grass. htm. the spikelets of most oat plants don ' t bear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4563862081729125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed524a66-2327-4328-a7fc-f00a0d14d470>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.186796"}
{"text": "the spikelet and not from a glum. remember that you can review grass flower terminology at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / fl _ grass. htm. the spikelets of most oat plants don ' t bear needlelike awns. you ' re likely to see both awned and awnless kinds growing as weeds in our area. when i first saw the awns i thought this might be one of the \" wild oat \" species, for several species reside in the oat genus avena, and one of those grows wild in the us southeast. however, florets of the other species bear long, brownish hairs, and you can see that ours are hairless, or \" glabrous. \" the other species ' awns also are twisted, but regular oat awns, when present, are rigid and straight. both oat species are native to eurasia. how did that oat plant make its way to the side of our isolated mississippi backroad? near where the grass grew there was a large game farm where exotic animals are kept so hunters can pay high fees to kill them. i ' m betting that the animals are fed oats. our plant was in an often - flooded spot downstream from the farm, so maybe an oat grain had washed there. that ' s a roadcut through a special kind of very fine - grained clay called loess. the word loess derives from the german lo\u00df. a deep mantel of loess was deposited here at the end of the last ice age about 10, 000 years ago. deep loess deposits occur in a narrow band of upland immediately east of the mississippi river over most of its entire course. the loess region sometimes is called the loess hills. loess profoundly affects the area ' s ecology. for one thing, the farther east you go from the mississippi river, the thinner the loess is, the poorer and more acidic the soil becomes, and the more pines you get instead of broadleaf deciduous trees. loess is so important here, and so interesting, that years ago i developed a web portal called \" loess hills of the lower mississippi valley, \" at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / loess / loess. html. i had hoped to engage local folks in an effort to recognize the loess hills as a very interesting, scenic and biologically important, distinct region with ecotourism potential, but nothing ever came from it. at that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043873388709339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed524a66-2327-4328-a7fc-f00a0d14d470>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.187609"}
{"text": "/ loess. html. i had hoped to engage local folks in an effort to recognize the loess hills as a very interesting, scenic and biologically important, distinct region with ecotourism potential, but nothing ever came from it. at that site you can learn how \" loess \" can be pronounced, how it came to exist here, what ' s special about it, and much more. one thing special about loess is that it erodes into vertical - sided roadcuts as in the picture. people such as road engineers who try to create gentle slopes are doomed to failure. i wish my farming maya friends in the yucatan, who must deal with very thin, rocky soil, could see the thick mantel of rich loess we have here. no more emailed newsletters from now on, to read the newsletters you ' ll just have to remember to check out the most recently issued edition at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / n /. today ' s newsletter is there now waiting for readers, with stories about cattle egrets, mating box turtles, craneflies, flowering holly trees, beggar ' s lice and more. if you ' re on facebook you can find the facebook newsletter page by searching for \" jim conrad ' s naturalist newsletter. \" the weekly message left there will link to individual pages with images embedded in text. in today ' s message, for instance, you can click on \" cattle egrets \" and see a regular web page with text and a photo. i ' ve configured my facebook page to have a subscribe tab but so far one hasn ' t appeared. my impression is that if you \" like \" the newsletter page, each week you ' ll receive a message with its link. maybe not. i ' m still figuring it out. so, this is the end of eleven years of weekly delivered emails. at first i was upset and annoyed, and thought of writing the 2, 158 subscribers suggesting that complaints be made to fatcow at email @ example. com. however, something interesting has happened. last week about a dozen subscribers accepted my invitation to check out the newsletter ' s facebook page. when they \" liked \" the page, i got to see their pictures, or at least their avatars. there were all kinds of folks, old and young, skinny and fat, white and brown, serious and joking, one fellow on a boat in maine, a lady in india with a dot, or bindi, in the middle of her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4906457966704423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed524a66-2327-4328-a7fc-f00a0d14d470>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.188502"}
{"text": "##s. there were all kinds of folks, old and young, skinny and fat, white and brown, serious and joking, one fellow on a boat in maine, a lady in india with a dot, or bindi, in the middle of her forehead, someone ' s baby picture... what an amazing thing that all these people were interested in what i ' d written! so, in a way, fatcow. com ' s treatment has been a gift. it ' s resensitized me to my readership. also, it ' s nudged me into a mental space where now i ' m mentally prepared for the whole backyardnature. net site to be removed permanently, for whatever reason they come up with. that extra sense of independence means a lot to me. now if need be i ' m ready to write newsletters and just keep them in my computer, or write them in a notebook hidden in my trailer, or write them on leaves that i let float down the mississippi river. i ' ve already learned how to make ink from oak galls. so, we ' re evolving here. i ' m yielding when it ' s clear that the forces against us control critical resources, but i ' m ready to experiment with new possibilities as they appear, and i continue to think, feel and write about the world around us, and share when i ' m allowed to. good luck in your own evolutions. and thanks for these years of weekly inviting me into your lives. best wishes to all newsletter readers, to subscribe or unsubscribe to this newsletter, go to www. backyardnature. net / news / natnat. php. post your own backyard - nature observations and thoughts at http : / / groups. google. com / group / backyard - nature / all previous newsletters are archived at www. backyardnature. net / n /. visit jim ' s backyard nature site at www. backyardnature. net", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4702312958014756, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed524a66-2327-4328-a7fc-f00a0d14d470>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.190255"}
{"text": "the town\u00b4s history although written differently, tolz was mentioned for the first time in the records of 1180. in 1331, it was granted extensive \" marktrechte \", e. g. the right to hold a market. in the 13th and 14th century many workshops ( e. g. limeburners and raftsmen ) settled in this area. a great fire destroyed large parts of the town in 1453, but with generous noble support reconstruction soon began. thanks to the location at the river isar, the rafting and also brewery trade the town soon flourished. 22 breweries could be counted in 1721. tolz became also famous for arts and crafts with the beautiful coloured chests, cases and beds. in 1845, iodine was found close to tolz. therefore, market town markt tolz became bad ( = the german word for spa resorts ) in 1899. in 1906, it was recognized as town and in 1969 it got the rating \" heilklimatischer kurort \", which means that its climate is beneficial to health. what is more, in 2005, it also got the title \" moorheilbad \", that means it is acknowledged as mineral and medicinal mud - bath spa. the town\u00b4s coat of arms the town\u00b4s coat of arms. the town\u00b4s flag with the colours black and gold.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4030501959698012, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d411514d-c8d6-4b8e-8dbe-4a8df14e66fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.191636"}
{"text": "guest author - heather thomas in most wild species, birds display dominance within the flock to determine their place or roll within that flock. males display and vocalize to win their choice of female. the term \u201c pecking order \u201d comes from natural bird behavior. dominant behavior is natural and expected in the wild. we must be cautious, as humans, not to project our sense of right and wrong onto our feathered companions. similar to birds that still live in the wild, your bird may be only a few generations removed from the wild and will display natural behavior tendencies. understanding these basic characteristics helps you understand how to interact with your bird and creates a happier flock experience for all. the lunging or biting bird one must be cautious to label \u201c bad \u201d behavior as dominant behavior. lunging and biting are most often caused by fear. changing a bird \u2019 s environment too drastically such as cage placement, a new cage, rearranging the furniture in a room or even something as simple as changing the drapery on the window next to their cage can cause even a friendly bird to become seemingly aggressive. it is important to consider environmental changes before labeling your bird \u2019 s behavior as dominant. typical dominant behavior that manifests itself as biting or lunging would be a bird that loves to sit only on your shoulder and bites you when you attempt to remove them. protecting a favorite person or place in your home by lunging or biting at others who happen to come too close would also be correctly labeled as dominant behavior. the bully bird you may have a situation where you keep more than one bird in a cage. if you have a flock that works well together you will be able to tell who the dominant male is but it will not adversely affect your flock. if you have a dominant male that is a bully, you may observe him forcing other birds off of their perch or guarding a food dish and not letting anyone else eat from it. in worst - case scenarios, your bully will single out a victim and force that bird to dwell at the bottom of the cage or even injure and possibly kill this weaker bird. if you have a dominant bully, it is best to remove him from the cage and keep him in a cage by himself or with his mate. the anti - social bird as much as you try your bird has no interest in becoming your friend. this bird often flutters around its cage to avoid your hand or takes to flight to escape your reach. i find this behavior often typical of a bird with unclipped wings. there are people who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4869122401283406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41e51805-6ce5-4e0e-812d-f25764378578>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.199956"}
{"text": "bird has no interest in becoming your friend. this bird often flutters around its cage to avoid your hand or takes to flight to escape your reach. i find this behavior often typical of a bird with unclipped wings. there are people who keep birds that believe it is cruel to clip a bird \u2019 s wings. i will cover this topic in depth at a later time but here will touch on effects not clipping your bird \u2019 s wings has on dominance. by the very act of keeping a bird as a pet, you are choosing to take this wonderful winged creature and transform it into your friend or companion. if you take this action, it changes the purpose of the animal. if you allow your bird to retain the ability of flight, you are permitting your bird to escape your reach and do whatever it wants. this may be fine, if you want a wild bird as a pet. however, if you want a friendly bird, you want a bird dependent on you, a bird that does not fly away just because it wants to. for a well - mannered bird, keep the flock mentality where you are the dominant bird. if you want a bird that respects you, you must maintain dominance. this is not achieved by cruel discipline. observe your bird and be consistent with your expectations and interaction within your flock. do not allow unacceptable dominant behavior to take root in your avian friend.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44383839798871777, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41e51805-6ce5-4e0e-812d-f25764378578>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.200699"}
{"text": "( bpt ) - everyone, including moms and doctors, can agree that a good night of sleep is necessary for good health, high energy, and an individual \u2019 s overall well - being. not getting enough good sleep \u2013 or rapid eye movement sleep \u2013 can affect the mind and body \u2019 s ability to react appropriately to outside factors, the national sleep foundation reports. creating the perfect sleep environment is the first step toward ensuring a good night of sleep. march, the first month of spring, is also national sleep awareness month, and it aims to remind everyone why a good night of zzz \u2019 s is so important. one in four adults in the united states experience occasional sleepiness, difficulty falling asleep, or waking up feeling un - refreshed at least a few times per week, according to the national sleep foundation. fortunately, you can implement these tips this spring, and create a comfortable sleeping environment in your home for both you and your family. * eliminate distractions \u2013 electronics. noises. lights. many items, such as laptops, tvs and cellphones, commonly found in bedrooms can cause distractions and prevent a person from entering rem sleep. remove these items from the room. also, consider running a fan or white noise machine to create a soft sound barrier, which will help muffle unexpected sounds like a person flushing the toilet or an engine rumbling loudly on the street outside. * establish comfort \u2013 creating a sleep - conducive environment is an important factor in making the most out of every minute you sleep. cuddle up each night with soft linens and create a calming atmosphere in the bedroom. to do this, try adding downy infusions lavender serenity liquid fabric softener when washing your sheets and sleepwear this season, to make your linens and sleepwear silky, soft and soothing. it will help lull you right into bed. with downy you can wake up to a great scent and start the day off on the right side of the bed. * be routine \u2013 the human body reacts favorably to familiar and repeated movements. so consider following a routine every night, whether it \u2019 s taking a warm bath, reading a chapter in a book or journaling. the national sleep foundation advises against watching tv or using electronics as part of this routine because electronics can hinder quality sleep. * stay active \u2013 sleep is needed to give the body energy to get through its daily activities. conversely, daily activities are needed to tire the body out for a good night of sleep. consider adding physical activities into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4789353277222551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83500816-72c7-4a5a-8edd-7e72cbd48886>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.203297"}
{"text": "tuscaloosa, located at the falls of the black warrior river in west central alabama, is the the fifth - largest city in alabama with a population of 90, 468, and the seat of tuscaloosa county. it is named for the choctaw chieftain tuskalusa ( meaning black warrior ), who battled and was defeated by hernando de soto in 1540 in the battle of mauvila. best known as the home of the university of alabama, tuscaloosa is also the center of industry, commerce, healthcare, and education for the region commonly known as west alabama. the area at the fall line of what would be later known as the black warrior river had long been well known to the various indian tribes whose shifting fortunes brought them to west alabama. the river shoals at tuscaloosa represented the southernmost site on the river which could be forded under most conditions. inevitably, a network of indian trails converged upon the place, the same network which, in the first years of the 19th century began to lead a few white frontiersmen to the area. the pace of white settlement increased greatly after the war of 1812, and a small assortment of log cabins soon arose near the large creek village at the fall line of the river, which the settlers named in honor of the legendary chief tuscaloosa. in 1817, alabama became a territory, and on december 13, 1819, the territorial legislature incorporated the town of tuscaloosa, exactly one day before the united states congress admitted alabama to the union as a state. from 1826 to 1846 tuscaloosa was the capital of alabama. during this period, in 1831, the university of alabama was established. the town ' s population and economy grew rapidly until the departure of the capital to montgomery caused a rapid decline in population. establishment of the bryce state hospital for the insane in tuscaloosa in the 1850s helped restore the city ' s fortunes. during the civil war following alabama ' s secession from the union, several thousand men from tuscaloosa fought in the confederate armies. during the last weeks of the war, a brigade of union troops raiding the city burned the campus of the university of alabama. tuscaloosa, too, suffered much damage from the battle and shared fully in the south ' s economic sufferings which followed the defeat. the construction of a system of locks and dams on the black warrior river by the u. s. army corps of engineers in the 1890s opened up an inexpensive link to the gulf sea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40560530995884103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2ed6c85-f348-40de-9aa5-65969c027430>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.217779"}
{"text": "fully in the south ' s economic sufferings which followed the defeat. the construction of a system of locks and dams on the black warrior river by the u. s. army corps of engineers in the 1890s opened up an inexpensive link to the gulf seaport of mobile, stimulating especially the mining and metallurgical industries of the region. by the advent of the 20th century, the growth of the university of alabama and the mental health - care facilities in the city, along with strong national economy fueled a steady growth in tuscaloosa which continued unabated for 100 years. manufacturing plants of large firms such as michelin and jvc located in town during the latter half of the 20th century. however, it was the announcement of the addition of the mercedes - benz us international assembly plant in 1993 that best personified the new era of economic prosperity for tuscaloosa. geography and climate according to the u. s. census bureau, tuscaloosa has a total area of 66. 7 square miles. 56. 2 mi\u00b2 of it is land and 10. 5 mi\u00b2 of it ( 15. 7 % ) is water. most of water within the city limits is in lake tuscaloosa, which is entirely in the city limits, and the black warrior river. tuscaloosa lies approximately 60 miles southwest of birmingham, at the fall line of the black warrior river on the boundary between the appalachian highland and the gulf coastal plain approximately 120 miles upriver from its confluence with the tombigbee river in demopolis. consequently, the geography of the area around tuscaloosa is quite diverse, being hilly and forested to the northeast and low - lying and marshy to the southwest. the area experiences a typical southern subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. the gulf of mexico heavily influences the climate by supplying the region with warm, moist air. during the fall, winter and spring seasons, the interaction of this warm, moist air with cooler, drier air from the north along fronts create precipitation. notable exceptions occur during hurricane season where storms may move from due south to due north or even from east to west during land - falling hurricanes. the interaction between low - and high - pressure air masses is most pronounced during the severe weather seasons in the spring and fall. during the summer, the jet streams flows well to the north of the southeastern u. s., and most precipitation is consequently convectional, that is, caused by the warm surface heating the air above. winter lasts from mid - december to late - february ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41968210785322185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2ed6c85-f348-40de-9aa5-65969c027430>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.218769"}
{"text": "summer, the jet streams flows well to the north of the southeastern u. s., and most precipitation is consequently convectional, that is, caused by the warm surface heating the air above. winter lasts from mid - december to late - february ; temperatures range from the mid - 20s to the mid - 50s. on average, the low temperature falls at freezing or below about 50 days a year. while rain is abundant ( an average 5. 09 in. per month from dec. - feb. ), measurable snowfall is rare ; the average annual snowfall is about 0. 6 inches. spring usually lasts from late - february to mid - may ; temperatures range from the mid - 50s to the low - 80s and monthly rainfall amounts average about 5. 05 in. ( 128 mm ) per month. summers last from mid - may to mid - september ; temperatures range from the upper - 60s to the mid - 90s, with temperatures above 100\u00b0f not uncommon, and average rainfall dip slightly to 3. 97 in. per month. autumn, which spans from mid - september to early - december, tends to be similar to spring terms of temperature and precipitation. as of the census of 2000 there were 77, 906 people, 31, 381 households, and 16, 945 families residing in the city. the population density was 1, 385. 2 / mi\u00b2. there were 34, 857 housing units at an average density of 619. 8 / mi\u00b2. the racial makeup of the city was 54 % white and 43 % black or african american. 1. 40 % of the population were hispanic or latino of any race. there were 31, 381 households out of which 23. 9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35. 0 % were married couples living together, 15. 7 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 46. 0 % were non - families. 35. 2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2. 22 and the average family size was 2. 93. in the city the population was spread out with 19. 8 % under the age of 18, 24. 5 % from 18 to 24, 25. 4 % from 25 to 44, 18. 5 % from 45 to 64, and 11. 8 % who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 28 years. for every 100 females there were 90.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45782039972638594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2ed6c85-f348-40de-9aa5-65969c027430>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.219609"}
{"text": "to 24, 25. 4 % from 25 to 44, 18. 5 % from 45 to 64, and 11. 8 % who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 28 years. for every 100 females there were 90. 8 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87. 9 males. the median income for a household in the city was $ 27, 731, and the median income for a family was $ 41, 753. males had a median income of $ 31, 614 versus $ 24, 507 for females. the per capita income for the city was $ 19, 129. about 14. 2 % of families and 23. 6 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 3 % of those under age 18 and 13. 4 % of those age 65 or over. government and politics tuscaloosa has a strong - mayor variant, mayor - council form of government, led by a mayor and a seven - member city council. the mayor is elected by the city at - large and serves four - year terms. council members are elected to single - member districts every four years as well. neither the mayor nor the members of the city council is term - limited. all elected offices are nonpartisan. the mayor administers the day - to - day operations of the city, including overseeing the various city departments, over whom he has hiring and firing power. the mayor also acts as ambassador of the city. the mayor sits in city council meetings and has a tie - breaking vote. the current mayor of tuscaloosa is walter maddox, who was elected to office is september 2005. prior to maddox, alvin a. dupont had served as mayor for 24 years. the city council is a legislative body that considers policy and passes law. the council also passes the budget for mayoral approval. any resolution passed by the council is binding law. the majority of work in the council is done by committee, a usually consisting of a chairman, two other council members, and relevant non - voting city employees. | 3 | | cynthia lee almond | | 2005 | | 7 | | william tinker, iii | | 2005 | tuscaloosa, as the largest county seat in western alabama, serves a hub of state and federal government agencies. in addition to the customary offices associated with the county courthouse, namely two district court judges, six circuit court judges, the district attorney and the public defender, several alabama state government agencies have regional offices in tuscalo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3535470546423505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2ed6c85-f348-40de-9aa5-65969c027430>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.220502"}
{"text": "of state and federal government agencies. in addition to the customary offices associated with the county courthouse, namely two district court judges, six circuit court judges, the district attorney and the public defender, several alabama state government agencies have regional offices in tuscaloosa, such as the alabama department of transportation and the alabama state troopers. also, several federal agencies operate bureaus out of the federal courthouse in tuscaloosa. tuscaloosa is located partially in both the 6th and 7th congressional districts, which are represented by spencer bachus and artur davis respectively. on the state level, the city is split among the 5th, 21st, and 24th senate districts and 62nd, 63rd, and 70th house districts in the alabama state legislature. despite its image as a college town, tuscaloosa boasts a diversified economy based on all sectors of manufacturing and service. 25 % of the labor force in the tuscaloosa metropolitan statistical area is employed by the federal, state, and local government agencies. 16. 7 % is employed in manufacturing ; 16. 4 % in retail trade and transportation ; 11. 6 % in finance, information, and private enterprise ; 10. 3 % in mining and construction ; and 9. 2 % in hospitality. education and healthcare account for only 7. 2 % of the area workforce with the remainder employed in other services. the city ' s industrial base includes elk corporation of alabama, nucor steel tuscaloosa, bf goodrich tire manufacturing, jvc america, phifer incorporated, gulf states paper corporation, and the mercedes - benz u. s. international, inc., assembly plant. health - care and education serve as the cornerstone of tuscaloosa ' s service sector, which includes the university of alabama, dch regional medical center, bryce state mental hospital, the william d. partlow developmental center, and the tuscaloosa va medical center. the university of alabama is the dominant institution of higher learning. enrolling approximately 24, 000 students, ua has been a part of tuscaloosa ' s identity since it opened its doors in 1831. stillman college, which opened in 1875, is a historically black liberal arts college which enrolls approximately 1, 200 students. additionally, shelton state community college, one of the largest in alabama, is located in the city. the school enrolls 8, 000 students from all backgrounds and income levels. the tuscaloosa city school system serves the city. it is overseen by the board of education, which is composed of eight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38842638816636904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2ed6c85-f348-40de-9aa5-65969c027430>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.221423"}
{"text": "in alabama, is located in the city. the school enrolls 8, 000 students from all backgrounds and income levels. the tuscaloosa city school system serves the city. it is overseen by the board of education, which is composed of eight members elected by district and a chairman is elected by a citywide vote. operating with a $ 100 million budget, the system enrolls approximately 10, 300 students. the system consists of 19 schools : 11 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, 3 high schools ( paul bryant high school, central high school, and northridge high school ), and 2 specialty schools ( the tuscaloosa center for technology and oak hill school for special needs students ). in 2002, the system spent $ 6, 313 per pupil, the 19th highest amount of the 120 school systems in the state. tuscaloosa is home to a variety of cultural sites and events reflective of its historical and modern role in alabama and the southeast in general. many of these cultural events are sponsored by the university of alabama. numerous performing arts groups and facilities, historical sites, and museums dedicated to subjects as varying as american art and collegiate football dot the city. during football season the area known as \" the strip \" pulsates with students, alumni, locals and visitors. the tuscaloosa public library is a city / county agency with nearly 200, 000 items on catalog. 46, 857 registered patrons use the library on a regular basis \u2014 roughly 28 % of the population of the county. there are currently with three branches : the main branch on jack warner parkway, the weaver - bolden branch, and the brown branch in taylorville. most of the museums in tuscaloosa are found downtown or on the campus of the university. downtown is the home of children \u2019 s hands - on museum of tuscaloosa and the murphy african - american museum. the alabama museum of natural history and the paul bryant museum are located on the university campus. the westervelt - warner museum of american art is located in northern tuscaloosa at jack warner ' s northriver yacht club. moundville archaeological park and the jones archaeological museum are located 15 miles south of tuscaloosa in moundville. the university alabama also currently fields championship \u2013 caliber teams in football, men ' s baseball, men ' s and women ' s basketball, women ' s gymnastics, and women ' s softball. these teams play in athletics facilities on the university campus, including bryant - denny stadium, coleman coliseum, sewell - thomas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42992531399145456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2ed6c85-f348-40de-9aa5-65969c027430>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.222285"}
{"text": ", men ' s baseball, men ' s and women ' s basketball, women ' s gymnastics, and women ' s softball. these teams play in athletics facilities on the university campus, including bryant - denny stadium, coleman coliseum, sewell - thomas baseball stadium, alabama softball complex, and the ol ' colony golf complex. stillman college fields teams in football, basketball, and other sports. in the past decade, stillman has gone through a renaissance of renovations, including a new football stadium. shelton state fields men ' s and women ' s basketball, baseball, and softball teams, each with on - campus facilities. tuscaloosa is part of the birmingham - tuscaloosa - anniston television market, which is the 40th largest in the nation. all major networks have a presence in the market. wbma - lp is the abc affiliate, wiat - tv is the cbs affiliate, wbrc 6 is the fox affiliate, wvtm - tv is the nbc affiliate, wbiq 10 is the pbs affiliate, wtto is the cw affiliate, and wabm is the mynetworktv affiliate. additionally, wvua - ca, an independent station, is operated by the university of alabama. health and medicine dch regional medical center is the main medical facility in tuscaloosa. other major medical centers in tuscaloosa include the 702 - bed va medical center and the 422 - bed bryce state mental hospital. the city lies at the intersection of u. s. highway 11, u. s. highway 43, and u. s. highway 82, alabama state route 69, alabama state route 215, and alabama state route 216 ) and the duplexed ( conjoined ) i - 20 and i - 59. interstate 359 spurs off from i - 20 / i - 59 and heads northward, ending just shy of the black warrior river in downtown tuscaloosa. tuscaloosa is served by the tuscaloosa transit authority which operates the tuscaloosa trolley system. the tuscaloosa regional airport, is located on the north side of the black warrior river west of downtown northport. barge traffic routinely transports goods along the black warrior river from birmingham and tuscaloosa to the alabama state docks at mobile, on the coast of the gulf of mexico. via the tennessee - tombigbee waterway, the city is connected to the ohio river valley. \" tuscaloosa, alabama. \" wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 26 april 2007, 02 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36734071177302197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2ed6c85-f348-40de-9aa5-65969c027430>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.223150"}
{"text": "... structure and function 2. 1 rate of enzyme mediated... reactions in one direction. rate of enzyme mediated main article : rate of enzyme mediated enzymes can increase reaction rate...... kinetics describe the rate of enzyme mediated reactions for many enzymes. it is named for... to determine the maximum rate of an enzyme mediated reaction, the substrate concentration ( [ s ] )..., the factors that effect the rate of enzyme mediated reactions ( ie. ph, temperature, etc ) are at...... active transport is the mediated transport of biochemicals, and other atomic / molecular substances, across membranes. unlike passive transport, this process requires...... that action potentials do propagate back into the dendrites once initiated in the axon in most neurons. this backpropagating action potential is mediated by the activation of voltage - gated ion channels and can interact with synaptic input to alter the synaptic activity. the structure and branching of...... ) is a process of passive transport ( diffusion ) via which molecules diffuse across membranes, with the help of transport proteins ( mediated small uncharged molecules can easily diffuse across cell membranes. however, due to the hydrophobic nature of the lipids that make...... thousands of other cells. types of signalling neurons communicate with one another across synapses. this communication is usually chemically mediated by rapid secretion of neurotransmitter molecules. pre - synaptic neurons ( i. e. the neurons which release the neurotransmitter ) may produce in the...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49717769480046525, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:163c0111-7620-496e-a3ea-559db37be0fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.224630"}
{"text": "( redirected from george c. marshall george catlett marshall ( december 31, 1880 \u2013 october 16, 1959 ), was an american military leader and statesman best remembered for his leadership in the allied victory in world war ii and for his work establishing the post - war reconstruction effort for europe, which became known as the marshall plan. marshall was born into a middle - class family in uniontown, pennsylvania. while attending virginia military institute he was initiated into the now dormant beta ( ' 01 ) chapter of kappa alpha order. in 1948, he was awarded the distiguished achievement award for his role and contributions during and after wwii. marshall was instrumental in getting the u. s. army and army air corps reorganized and ready for war. marshall wrote the document that would become the central strategy for all allied operations in europe, selected dwight eisenhower as supreme commander in europe, and designed operation overlord, the invasion of normandy. throughout the remainder of the world war ii, marshall coordinated all allied operations in europe and the pacific. he was characterized as the organizer of allied victory by winston churchill. time magazine named marshall man of the year in 1944. after ww ii he was sent to china to negotiate a truce and build a coalition government between the nationalists and communists fighting the chinese civil war. his efforts failed and he was recalled in january 1947. marshall ' retired ' in november 1945 and was named secretary of state in 1947. as such, on june 5, 1947 at a speech at harvard university, he outlined the u. s. government ' s preparedness to contribute to european recovery. the european recovery plan, which became known as the marshall plan, helped europe quickly rebuild and earned marshall the honor of being named time ' s man of the year in 1948 and awarded the nobel peace prize in 1953. in 1949 he resigned from the state department and was named president of the american national red cross. he was named secretary of defense in 1950, but retired from politics for good in 1951 after senator joseph mccarthy implied he was a traitor and denounced him for making decisions that \" aided the communist drive for world domination \". marshall died on october 16, 1959. he married elizabeth carter cole of lexington, virginia in 1902. she died in 1927. 1930 he married katherine boyce tupper brown. after graduating from the virginia military institute in 1901, he entered the u. s. army, where he was to have a long and distinguished career. until world war i, he was posted to various positions in the us and the philippines, and was trained in modern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3851694320291513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c087f88c-2132-484b-93d8-037376115615>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.230168"}
{"text": "the virginia military institute in 1901, he entered the u. s. army, where he was to have a long and distinguished career. until world war i, he was posted to various positions in the us and the philippines, and was trained in modern warfare. during the war he had roles as a planner of both training and operations. between wwi and wwii, he was a key planner and writer in the war department, spent three years in china, and taught at the army war college. he went to france in the summer of 1917 as the director of training and planning for the 1st infantry division. in mid - 1918, he was promoted to american expeditionary forces headquarters, where he was a key planner of american operations. he was instrumental in the design and coordination of the meuse - argonne offensive, which forced germany to sue for peace. in 1919 he became an aide - de - camp to general john j. pershing. between 1920 and 1924, while pershing was army chief of staff, marshall worked in a number of positions in the us army, focusing on training and teaching modern, mechanised warfare. he was promoted to brigadier general in october 1936. in 1939 he was selected by franklin d. roosevelt to be army chief of staff, a position he held until 1945. dates of rank - second lieutenant, united states army : february 2, 1902 - first lieutenant, united states army : march 7, 1907 - captain, united states army : july 1, 1916 - major, national army : august 5, 1917 - lieutenant colonel, national army : january 5, 1918 - colonel, national army : august 27, 1918 - major, regular army ( reverted to permanent rank ) : july 1, 1920 - lieutenant colonel, regular army : august 21, 1923 - colonel, regular army : september 1, 1933 - brigadier general, regular army : october 1, 1936 - major general, regular army : september 1, 1939 - general, regular army, for service as army chief of staff : september 1, 1939 - general of the army, army of the united states : december 16, 1944 - general of the army rank made permanent in the regular army : april 11, 1946 notes about components : - united states army : regular u. s. armed forces prior to world war i - national army : combined conscript and regular united states forces during world war i - regular army : regular volunteer forces after 1930. considered \" career \" professionals - army of the united states : combined draft and regular forces of world war ii. awards and decorations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3860876692700206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c087f88c-2132-484b-93d8-037376115615>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.231045"}
{"text": "national army : combined conscript and regular united states forces during world war i - regular army : regular volunteer forces after 1930. considered \" career \" professionals - army of the united states : combined draft and regular forces of world war ii. awards and decorations \" we are determined that before the sun sets on this terrible struggle, our flag will be recognized throughout the world as a symbol of freedom on the one hand and of overwhelming force on the other. \" - - george marshall ( may 29, 1942, larry i. bland and sharon ritenour stevens, ed. the papers of george catlett marshall, vol 3 pp. 212 - 14. ) \" i couldn ' t sleep nights, george, if you were out of washington. \" - president roosevelt, reported by henry stimson, 1943 \u201c... what a joy it must be to [ marshall ] to see how the armies he called into being by his own genius have won immortal renown. he is the true ' organizer of victory. \u2019 \u201d winston churchill, 1945 \" a man devoted to the daily study of war on several continents with all the ardour of a certified public accountant. \" - alistair cooke, 1959 \" hitherto i had thought of marshall as a rugged soldier and a magnificent organizer and builder of armies - the american carnot. but now i saw that he was a statesman with a penetrating and commanding view of the whole scene. \" - winston churchill | - style = \" text - align : center ; \" | width = \" 30 % \" | preceded by : louis a. johnson | width = \" 40 % \" style = \" text - align : center ; \" | united states secretary of defense | width = \" 30 % \" | succeeded by : robert a. lovett", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44367525568819133, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c087f88c-2132-484b-93d8-037376115615>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.231620"}
{"text": "brookhaven national laboratory was established in 1947 on the eastern end of long island at the former site of the u. s. army \u2019 s camp upton. originally built out of a post - world war ii desire to explore the peaceful applications of atomic energy, the laboratory now has a broader mission : to perform basic and applied research at the frontiers of science, including nuclear and high - energy physics ; physics and chemistry of materials ; nanoscience ; energy and environmental research ; national security and nonproliferation ; neurosciences and medical imaging ; structural biology ; and computational sciences. over its history, brookhaven lab has housed three research reactors, numerous one - of - a - kind particle accelerators, and other cutting - edge research facilities responsible for discoveries leading to many advances for science and society as well as seven nobel prizes. brookhaven was originally conceived, in part, to establish a national laboratory in the northeastern united states to design, construct and operate large scientific machines that individual institutions could not afford to develop on their own. throughout the years, brookhaven \u2019 s scientists and visiting researchers have used these unique facilities to make discoveries in biology, physics, chemistry, geophysics, medicine, and materials science. since brookhaven opened its doors, countless innovations and inventions by staff and visiting scientists have contributed to research in many fields. discoveries made here have shaped our understanding of the atom and the universe, advanced medical imaging techniques, and created new technology and tools for studying microbiology, climate and pollutants, energy storage and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6052624714024077, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed9dbb98-4768-4a07-84b7-372f728fdb7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.233050"}
{"text": "description : over the last thirty years, scholars have begun to explore the implications of an ancient jewish and christian tradition that referred to the \u201c minor prophets \u201d as \u201c the twelve, \u201d \u201c the twelve prophets, \u201d or the \u201c book of the twelve. \u201d scholarly work on the book of the twelve in the last quarter century has focused on two issues in particular : 1 ) developing models regarding how the book of the twelve came to be recorded on a single scroll, and 2 ) isolating unifying elements that transcend the individual writings and take on new significance when the book of the twelve becomes a single collection rather than twelve distinct writings. dr. nogalski \u2019 s comprehensive and accessible commentary offers an overview of the ancient traditions concerning the book of the twelve that lay the foundation for understanding these recent developments. subjects : bible, hebrew bible / old testament, prophetic literature, book of the twelve, literature, micah, nahum, habakkuk, zephaniah, haggai, zechariah, malachi review by lena - sofia tiemeyer read the review citation : lena - sofia tiemeyer, review of james d. nogalski, the book of the twelve, review of biblical literature [ http : / / www. bookreviews. org ] ( 2012 ). adobe acrobat reader all rbl reviews are published in pdf format. to view these reviews, you must have downloaded and installed the free version of adobe acrobat reader. if you do not have the reader or you have an older version of the reader, you can download the most recent version now.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5361997589053411, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:965f2749-d49d-4f5f-9274-82c404b22d4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.235482"}
{"text": "the history of the british isles and its inhabitants, both human and canine, has long been entwined. breed reveals the enduring and affectionate relationship between the british people and their dogs and explores the very beginnings of pedigree dog breeding in britain. this is a \" self delivery \" pack which has been designed specifically for national science and engineering week 2013. the science behind fingeprints is well known! what is not so well known is the link between fingerprints and footprints. right angle events have launched a new education pack called \u2018 toes for turf \u2019 comprising at least 4 hours of fun teaching material linked to key stage 1 - 4 mathematics. we have designed a fantastic scheme especially for national science & engineering week called \" toes for turf \". the science behind fingerprints is well known. what is not so well known is the science behind footprints or \" feet prints \". this activity enables students to take, classify and \" lift \" both fingerprints and foot prints. as the research on footprints is meagre, this scheme will allow students to make some discoveries about the correlation or otherwise between fingerprints and feet prints. we will be running a science club for children from the junior school for 8 weeks before science week. children will be working on projects designed by local scientists and making posters to show what they ' ve done. a competition will be held and prizes will be given for the best posters and projects. during science week we ' ll have a science day for the whole school. local scientists will come to the school and we ' ll have science themed activities all day. imagine you are part of the team planning and designing the first manned mission to mars. your job is to investigate just one problem of the mission, and come up with an idea that might solve it. you \u2019 re asked to create a poster, no bigger than a1 - sized, to explain the problem and your idea. the idea can be anything you like, but it must be based on real - science. the competition is for years 7, 8, or 9. we can accept both individual and team entries. all posters must be received by us by 4pm 12th march 2013. you can hand your posters in through participating schools and stem clubs. primary school competition - teams of four to prepare a 5 minute demo and supporting display on the theme of inventions and discoveries. winning team from each school to compete at chipping campden school primary science conference on march 18th. an egg race type activity will also form part of the competition. a demo lecture will finish the proceedings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5652466732907284, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c09c3e42-af4a-4247-a842-b66c9f9e375c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.239681"}
{"text": "transferable knowledge and a range of intellectual abilities drawn from different modes of inquiry across disciplines are essential components of any liberal education. these courses help students develop important academic capacities for use during their undergraduate career and in the rapidly - changing world they will enter after college. ( one writing - intensive w - 1 course in the fall of the first year ) students will develop writing, reading, speaking, listening, and information literacy skills necessary for collegiate - level academic work. students will develop capacities for independent academic work and become self - regulated learners. ( one course from the list of designated courses ) students will develop a unified understanding of scientific theory and practice in modern natural science. students will demonstrate an understanding of the development of science as an intellectual pursuit and of the ways in which scientific ideas are formulated, modified, and come to be accepted. students will demonstrate skill in the application of scientific techniques and methods, including the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and communication of results. ( one course from the list of designated courses ; not required for class of 2014 ) students will study language as a complex multifunctional phenomenon - as a system for communicating thought and information and as an essential element of human thought processes, perceptions, and self - expression - that allows students to understand different peoples and their communities. students will examine the world, their own culture, and their own language through the lens of a foreign language and culture. integrated perspectives course ( one team - taught interdisciplinary course taken during the sophomore year from the list of designated courses ; not required for class of 2014 ) students will recognize, construct, and evaluate connections among different intellectual methods, ways of learning, and bodies of knowledge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5151907167179469, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad6de8ff-b389-41d5-a5b6-03d0efd5448c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.243726"}
{"text": "what is bone cancer? bone is the framework that supports the body. most bones are hollow. bone marrow is the soft tissue inside hollow bones. the main substance of bone is made up of a network of fibrous tissue onto which calcium salts are laid down. this makes the bone very hard and strong. at each end of the bone is a softer bone - like tissue called cartilage that acts as a cushion between bones. the outside of the bone is covered with a layer of fibrous tissue. the bone itself contains 2 kinds of cells. osteoblasts are cells that form the bone. osteoclasts are cells that dissolve bone. although we think that bone does not change, the truth is that it is very active. new bone is always forming and old bone dissolving. the marrow of some bones is only fatty tissue. in other bones the marrow is a mixture of fat cells and the cells that make blood cells. these blood - forming cells make red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. types of bone tumors most of the time when someone is told they have cancer in their bones, the doctor is talking about a cancer that started somewhere else and then spread to the bone. this is called metastatic cancer ( not bone cancer ). this can happen to people with many different types of advanced cancer, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and many others. under a microscope, theses cancer cells in the bone look like the cancer cells that they came from. if someone has lung cancer that has spread to the bone, the cells there will look and act like lung cancer cells and they will be treated the same way. to learn more about cancer that has spread to bone, please see the american cancer society document bone metastasis, as well as the document on the place where the cancer started ( breast cancer, lung cancer ( non - small cell ), prostate cancer, etc. ). other kinds of cancers that are sometimes called \u201c bone cancers \u201d start in the bone marrow \u2013 in the blood - forming cells \u2013 not the bone itself. these are not true bone cancers. the most common of these is multiple myeloma. certain lymphomas ( which more often start in lymph nodes ) and all leukemias start in bone marrow. to learn more about these cancers, refer to the document for each. a primary bone tumor starts in the bone itself. true ( or primary ) bone cancers are called sarcomas. a sarcoma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48479414442926055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc6f91ff-3151-4cd9-8163-a7274ef9de2f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.250404"}
{"text": "and all leukemias start in bone marrow. to learn more about these cancers, refer to the document for each. a primary bone tumor starts in the bone itself. true ( or primary ) bone cancers are called sarcomas. a sarcoma is a cancer that starts in bone, muscle, tendons, ligaments, fat tissue, or some other tissues in the body. there are different types of bone tumors. their names are based on the bone or tissue that is involved and the kind of cells that make up the tumor. some are cancer ( malignant ). others are not cancer ( benign ). most bone cancers are called sarcomas. benign bone tumors do not spread to other tissues and organs. they can usually be cured by surgery. the information here does not cover benign bone tumors. bone tumors that are cancer ( malignant ) osteosarcoma : osteosarcoma ( also called osteogenic sarcoma ) is the most common true bone cancer. it is most common in young people between the ages of 10 and 30. but about 10 % of cases are people in their 60s and 70s. this cancer is rare during middle age. more males than females get this cancer. these tumors start most often in bones of the arms, legs, or pelvis. this type of bone cancer is not discussed in this document, but is covered in detail in our document, osteosarcoma. chondrosarcoma : this is cancer of the cartilage cells. cartilage is a softer form of bone - like tissue. chondrosarcoma is the second most common true bone cancer. it is rare in people younger than 20. after age 20, the risk of this cancer keeps on rising until about age 75. women get this cancer as often as men. chondrosarcomas can develop in any place where there is cartilage. it most often starts in cartilage of the pelvis, leg, or arm, but it can start in many other places, too. chondrosarcomas are given a grade, which measures how fast they grow. the lower the grade, the slower the cancer grows. when cancer grows slowly, the chance that it will spread is lower and the outlook is better. there are also some special types of chondrosarcoma that respond differently to treatment and have a different outlook for the patient. these special types look different when seen under a microscope. ewing tumor : this cancer is also called ewing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4319198502332916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc6f91ff-3151-4cd9-8163-a7274ef9de2f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.251341"}
{"text": "is better. there are also some special types of chondrosarcoma that respond differently to treatment and have a different outlook for the patient. these special types look different when seen under a microscope. ewing tumor : this cancer is also called ewing sarcoma. it is named after dr. james ewing, the doctor who first described it in 1921. it is the third most common bone cancer. most ewing tumors start in bones, but they can start in other tissues and organs. this cancer is most common in children and teenagers. it is rare in adults older than 30. this type of bone cancer is not discussed in this document, but is covered in detail in our document, ewing family of tumors. malignant fibrous histiocytoma ( mfh ) : this cancer more often starts in the soft tissues around bones ( such as ligaments, tendons, fat, and muscle ) rather than in the bone itself. if it starts in the bones, it most often affects the legs or arms. it usually occurs in older and middle - aged adults. mfh mostly tends to grow into nearby tissues, but it can spread to distant sites, like the lungs. ( another name for this cancer is pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma. ) fibrosarcoma : this is another type of cancer that starts more often in \u201c soft tissues \u201d than it does in the bones. fibrosarcoma usually occurs in older and middle - aged adults. leg, arm, and jaw bones are most often affected. giant cell tumor of bone : this type of bone tumor has both benign ( not cancer ) and malignant forms. the benign form is most common. these don \u2019 t often spread to distant sites, but after surgery they tend to come back where they started. each time they come back after surgery they are more likely to spread to other parts of the body. these tumors often affect the arm or leg bones of young and middle - aged adults. chordoma : this tumor usually occurs in the base of the skull and bones of the spine. it is found most often in adults older than 30. it is about twice as common in men than in women. chordomas tend to grow slowly and usually do not spread to other parts of the body. but they often come back in the same place if they are not removed completely. when they do spread, they tend to go to the lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. last medical review : 12 / 05 / 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4299675703323179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc6f91ff-3151-4cd9-8163-a7274ef9de2f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.252404"}
{"text": "biomass plants generate electricity by burning what otherwise would be waste : brushy undergrowth that ' s been cleared from forests. the u. s. forest service estimates that on california national forest lands alone, there are easily 500, 000 acres per year that should be thinned to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire. but to tom christoff of the placer county air pollution control district it ' s not only about reducing forest fires and producing electricity. he says by burning this waste in controlled emission plant, instead of in smoky piles in the forest : christoff : \" the benefits are huge, on the order of 95 percent reduction on particulate matter, 60 to 70 percent reduction on nitrous oxides, and considerable percentrage on carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. \" christoff says independent studies showed this would lead to demonstrable health benefits. that ' s one of the many reasons placer county is planning to build a 2 megawatt biomass plant on county - owned land just outside truckee. transportation cost is a complicating factor. it ' s much cheaper to burn the biomass in a pile in the forest than to truck it to a facility, says kerri timmer, who works for the state ' s sierra nevada conservancy. timmer : \" and there ' s at this point no guarantee for what price will be paid for the power that ' s generated using the material. so it ' s hard to get all of these commitments lined up to a point where an investor would feel comfortable in putting a lot of money into this up front. \" but recent legislation should help. a bill passed this year requires california ' s three biggest energy producers to purchase 50 megawatts of energy generated from forest biomass power plants. that ' s about enough electricity to power 50, 000 homes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44270953201528424, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2314ad22-4574-4c75-acb6-26aa63855876>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.254655"}
{"text": "the transportation sector is responsible for an enormous amount of pollution, from fuel extraction and processing to greenhouse gas emissions and smog. thankfully, old and new technologies alike can help us clean up our footprint as we get from here to there. here are three options to consider. 1. cargo bike a cool trend in green transportation is the use of cargo bikes ( sometimes called pedicabs ), mainly in cities. the idea is that pedal power transports people or bins of cargo ( see photo above ) \u2014 meaning goods can be delivered and people can get around without the use of fuel. some companies that operate locally are even delivering their goods with bike power. you can create your own cargo bike by hooking a small cart to the back of your bicycle. you can take your recycling to the recycling center or take trips to the store or farmers market and transport your goods home without relying on a vehicle. to learn much more about this trend, see cargo bikes and pedicabs. 2. commuter bicycle to make your daily commute to work \u2014 or even your weekly commute around town to run errands \u2014 there are many great bike options. biking is a win - win : you get great exercise, enjoy fresh air, and can feel great about using a green form of transportation. if you \u2019 ve thought about commuting by bike, but aren \u2019 t sure which bicycle is right for you, check out the tips in what the right bike can do for you. 3. green car if the distance between point a and point b is too great for a bicycle or walking \u2014 and mass transit isn \u2019 t an option \u2014 a car can be a necessity. there have been many great strides made in green car technology over the past decade, and your options ( check out best green cars for some of them ) now extend far beyond the well - known prius hybrid. new all - electric vehicles, such as the nissan leaf, are getting great expert and driver reviews. while the upfront cost of a hybrid or electric vehicle may be prohibitive, the car can pay for itself over time in fuel cost savings and maintenance cost savings ( think no oil changes for an electric car! ). plus, you can take advantage of a $ 7, 500 federal tax credit for the purchase of many green cars \u2014 and be sure to look into what state tax incentives may also be available in your area. you may have heard some common arguments against green cars. probably the most common is that if an electric car runs on electricity generated by a coal -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45906294204438836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a0a6961-4806-438a-bb35-91c953bcb2ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.258180"}
{"text": "green cars \u2014 and be sure to look into what state tax incentives may also be available in your area. you may have heard some common arguments against green cars. probably the most common is that if an electric car runs on electricity generated by a coal - fired power plant, it isn \u2019 t actually cleaner than a regular gas car. the math has been crunched on this issue, and you can find the answers in the article why electric cars are cleaner. there have also been some recent concerns about the safety of electric and hybrid cars ; rumors on this issue were fueled by a chevy volt catching on fire. the green cars on the market today actually have excellent safety ratings, and you can read much more about this issue in the truth about electric car safety. if you do drive a gas - only car, you can still make driving it as clean as possible by hypermiling ( using driving techniques that help you get better gas mileage ). learn how in save gas with hypermiling. what are your favorite means of green transportation? photo by metro pedal power read more : conscious consumer, eco - friendly tips, green, technology, transportation, bicycles, bikes, care2 earth day, cargo bikes, cars, commuting, electric cars, green cars, green transportation, hybrid cars, hybrids, pedicabs, vehicles disclaimer : the views expressed above are solely those of the author and may not reflect those of care2, inc., its employees or advertisers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48345467521177676, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a0a6961-4806-438a-bb35-91c953bcb2ce>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.258727"}
{"text": "common career technical core the common career technical core ( cctc ) is a state - led initiative to establish a set of rigorous, high - quality standards for career technical education ( cte ) that states can adopt voluntarily. the standards have been informed by state and industry standards and developed by a diverse group of teachers, business and industry experts, administrators and researchers. the initiative is being coordinated by the national association of state directors of career technical education consortium ( nasdctec ), which represents the state and territory heads of secondary, postsecondary and adult cte across the nation. forty - two states the district of columbia and palau participated in the development stage of the cctc. the development of the cctc was a multi - step process that incorporated input from approximately 3, 500 individuals representing k - 12 education, business and industry and higher education from across the nation. the process for developing the cctc was informed by : \u2022 high - quality state and industry standards ; \u2022 input and guidance from educators, business and industry and state leaders ; and \u2022 feedback from the public. the cctc includes a set of standards for each of the 16 career clusters\u2122 and their corresponding career pathways that define what students should know and be able to do after completing instruction in a program of study. the cctc also includes an overarching set of career ready practices that apply to all programs of study. the career ready practices include 12 statements that address the knowledge, skills and dispositions that are important to becoming career ready. in june, the nasdctec board of directors voted in full support and approved the cctc that defines common expectations for cte organized by the national career clusters\u2122 framework. learn more about the cctc or share information about the initiative with these resources : an online database of the cctc standards provides an opportunity to create reports specific to the needs of the user. in addition, additional resources including performance elements and sample indicators for the cctc standards are provided as a resource tool in the exploration and understanding of the standards. a public license has been created for the use of the cctc standards and is available to review. representatives from organizations across the nation have expressed support for the cctc. learn who they are and share their statements with others as you work to gain support of and raise awareness about the cctc in your state. a summary of the process used to achieve the outcomes of the cctc. report highlights the steps used, the participation and recommendations for future revisions and engagements associated with the development of the cctc. a summary of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4432063251608723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8cf81d29-853e-46bd-a28d-360d8ef806be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.263066"}
{"text": "heat a room from the floor up under - floor radiant heating involves underlaying the floor with a hot element or tubing that transfers heat into the room via infrared radiation and convection, making forced or blowing air unnecessary. according to the u. s. department of energy ' s energy savers website, radiant heating \" is more efficient than baseboard heating and usually more efficient than forced - air heating because no energy is lost through ducts. \" it is also flexible as it can run off electricity, gas, oil, wood, solar and other sources or combinations thereof can feed radiant systems. and radiant heating is a good choice for those with severe allergies as no potentially irritating particles get blown around the room. several aspects of radiant heating make it more energy efficient. for starters, the uniform heat distribution over the entire surface of a floor heats the lower half of the room, enveloping inhabitants in warmth at a lower overall temperature \u2014 in some cases up to five degrees fahrenheit cooler \u2014 than a conventional heating system. \" radiators and other forms of ' point ' heating circulate heat inefficiently and hence need to run for longer periods to obtain comfort levels, \" reports the residential energy services network ( resnet ). \" they draw cold air across the floor and send warm air up to the ceiling, where it then falls, heating the room from the top down, creating drafts and circulating dust and allergens. \" resnet adds that radiant systems transmit heat on average some 15 percent more efficiently than conventional radiators. the efficiency gains can be magnified significantly with good insulation and a well - designed system. while tearing out old heating systems and / or replacing decent existing flooring might be overkill for the sake of moving to radiant heat, you can certainly consider it if you are embarking on new building projects or contemplating major renovations. according to tlc network ' s green living guide, there are two main types of radiant heating, electric and hydronic. in the former, heated wires installed in the floor radiate heat upward. this type of radiant heat is most commonly used to retrofit a single room \u2014 especially a bathroom or kitchen \u2014 in an older house or building. meanwhile, hydronic radiant heating, whereby heated water is forced through tubes under the floor, is more often designed into a new structure from the get - go and is more energy efficient overall. tlc points out that while radiant heat is definitely more efficient in smaller, snug homes with lower roofs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5685444851513997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:761b4e88-c733-4d9f-80cc-9ddfb64a8ff0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.265626"}
{"text": "on may 15, the house agriculture committee passed its 2013 farm bill. the bill would cut the supplemental nutrition assistance program ( snap, formerly known as the food stamp program ) by almost $ 21 billion over the next decade, eliminating food assistance to nearly 2 million low - income people, mostly working families with children and senior citizens. the bill \u2019 s snap cuts would come on top of an across - the - board reduction in benefits that every snap recipient will experience starting november 1, 2013. the supplemental nutrition assistance program \u2019 s ( snap ) primary purpose is to increase the food purchasing power of eligible low - income households in order to improve their nutrition and alleviate hunger and malnutrition. the program \u2019 s success in meeting this core goal has been well documented. less well understood is the fact that the program has become quite effective in supporting work and that its performance in this area has improved substantially in recent years. the supplemental nutrition assistance program ( snap, formerly known as the food stamp program ) is the nation \u2019 s most important anti - hunger program. in 2012, it helped almost 47 million low - income americans to afford a nutritionally adequate diet in a typical month. nearly 72 percent of snap participants are in families with children ; more than one - quarter of participants are in households with seniors or people with disabilities. snap is the nation \u2019 s most important anti - hunger program. this chartbook highlights some of the key characteristics of the almost 47 million people using the program as well as trends and data on program administration and use. related : snap is effective and efficient snap, the nation \u2019 s most important anti - hunger program, helps roughly 35 million low - income americans to afford a nutritionally adequate diet. wic \u2014 short for the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children \u2014 provides nutritious foods, information on healthy eating, and health care referrals to about 8 million low - income pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children under five. the school lunch and school breakfast programs provide free and reduced - price meals that meet federal nutritional standards to over 22 million school children from low - income families. - introduction to snap the center designs and promotes polices to make the food stamp program more adequate to help recipients afford an adequate diet, more accessible to eligible families and individuals, and easier for states to administer. we also help states design their own food stamp programs for persons ineligible for the federal program. our work on the wic program includes ensuring that sufficient federal funds are provided to serve all eligible applicants and on helping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4645848648829519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc53165f-1d0a-4c12-aaa0-5d50b436cadf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.268250"}
{"text": "religion subject guide guides are designed to help students begin the research process, find reputable sources, and save time. the library catalog for books & other materials to locate books and other materials in ccsf libraries, select the library catalog from the library ' s homepage. you will notice many ways to search, such as title, author, subject, subject keyword, examples of subject searches include : religion, religion and politics, religion and science, buddhism, islam, islam \u2013 united states, prayer, aguaruna indians - - religion include books, sample tests, class notes, and other items that instructors put at the library for class use. the check out time is shorter than regular circulating books. to search for a book on reserve in the library catalog, select either reserves by course or reserves by instructor. when you have located the materials, write down the call number and title and present this to a staff person at the circulation desk. the library collection the library are shelved by call number according to the library of congress classification system. books are arranged on the shelves by subject. areas in the collection to find materials on religion include : call number range | religions. mythology. rationalism | islam, bahai faith. theosophy, etc reference books provide background information and overviews on a given topic. relevant reference books for religion include : man, myth, and magic : the illustrated encyclopedia of mythology, religion, and the unknown. richard cavendish, editor in chief. washington, dc : american psychological association, 2000. bf 31 e52 2000 vols. 1 - 8 rosenberg reference the oxford dictionary of world religions. john bowker, ed. new york : oxford university press, 1997. bl 31 084 1997 rosenberg reference atlas of the world \u2019 s religions. ninian smart, ed. new york : oxford university press, 1999. g 1046. e4 a8 1999 rosenberg reference. taking sides. clashing views on controversial issues in religion. daniel k. judd, ed. guilford, ct : mcgraw - hill, dushkin, c2003. h61. t3577 2003 rosenberg reference. the encyclopedia of american religious history. edward l. queen. new york, ny : facts on file, c1996. bl 2525. q44, 1996 rosenberg reference encyclopedia of american religion and politics. paul a. djupe and laura r. olson. new york : facts on file, c2003. bl 2525. d58 2003 rosenberg reference. electronic reference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4681927867828009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:911bab38-10be-40ec-adec-be604602715f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.273528"}
{"text": ". q44, 1996 rosenberg reference encyclopedia of american religion and politics. paul a. djupe and laura r. olson. new york : facts on file, c2003. bl 2525. d58 2003 rosenberg reference. electronic reference sources from the ccsf ebooks collection for more information about ebooks go to : http : / / www. ccsf. edu / library / ebooks. html encyclopedia of religious rites, rituals, and festivals 2004 encyclopedia of new religious movements 2006 encyclopedia of women and religion in north america 2006 a popular dictionary of buddhism 1997 who ' s who in the old testament together with the apocrypha 2002 the quran : an encyclopedia 2006 for articles in periodical databases databases group together journal, magazine, and newspaper articles by subject. they also usually provide abstracts ( brief summaries ) and the full text of the articles. do you need help identifying the differences between scholarly journal v. popular magazine articles? databases are part of the private, passworded web, so you will need to have a current ccsf id card with a barcode to access those that ccsf subscribes to. all current ccsf student id cards should already have a barcode. more information about obtaining a library bar code. infotrac is a brand name for several databases with coverage from 1980 to the present. most relevant for religion topics is infotrac \u2019 s religion & philosophy database which covers topics in the areas of both religion and philosophy. infotrac \u2019 s expanded academic asap and onefile databases also have useful materials. these databases let you limit your results to articles only from scholarly journals by checking the box \" refereed titles. \" literature resource center literature resource center has traditional reference works, critical information on authors and their works, and current journal articles. it is valuable for biographical information on authors of works relating to religion, and for critical information on both an individual work and an author \u2019 s body of work cq provides lengthy research reports written by the editorial staff of the congressional quarterly co. there are many reports related to religion. some examples are religion in america, evolution versus creationism, prayer and healing, and religious persecution. there are also reports on related moral or ethical issues such as issues of reproductive ethics, teaching values, assisted suicide, designer humans, and the ethics of war. ethnic newswatch is comprised of newspapers, magazines and journals of the ethnic, minority and native press in america. search here for ethnic aspects of topics related to religion. below are some examples of academic / scholarly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5328806214370692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:911bab38-10be-40ec-adec-be604602715f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.274633"}
{"text": "designer humans, and the ethics of war. ethnic newswatch is comprised of newspapers, magazines and journals of the ethnic, minority and native press in america. search here for ethnic aspects of topics related to religion. below are some examples of academic / scholarly web sites on religion. if you use a search engine, such as google, remember to evaluate the quality of the results. web resources for general reference virtual religion index an extensive and well organized index of web resources with useful annotations that speed the targeting and process of research. from rutgers university. voice of the shuttle \u2013 religious studies page links to resources including general studies, specific religions ( christianity, judaism, islam, buddhism, sikkism, etc. ), nonreligious views ( atheism, agnosticism ), issues of law and religion, society and religion, and religious studies courses and departments. from the university of california, santa barbara. encyclopedia of religion and society \u201c full text online of the encyclopedia, with table of contents, covering the spectrum of religions. \u201d the encyclopedia of religion and society is from the hartford institute for religious research, and its editorial board is comprised of a number of respected sociologists of religion. the internet sacred text archive \u201c a freely available archive of electronic texts about religion, mythology, legends and folklore, and occult and esoteric topics \u201d particular focus is on believers \u2019 ( defined very broadly ) sacred texts, including both primary and secondary materials. content evaluation guidelines advice from the medical library association webpages : techniques to apply and questions to ask a uc berkeley - teaching library internet workshops analyzing information sources developed by olin - kroch - uris libraries at cornell university. and citing source a quick and easy check list to use when determining the quality of web documents. prepared by librarians at ccsf. help you may contact the reference desk by phone at ( 415 ) 452 - 5543 or stop by the east and west reference desks at the rosenberg and citing information sources electronic reference service to ccsf students, faculty, staff and registered community users. use this service when you are not in a ccsf library. and web research workshops fifty minute workshops are given throughout the semester on effective methods in searching for books, articles and information on the several useful sources for evaluating the quality of web pages, how to prepare citations for a \" bibliography \" or \" works cited \" list, and how to avoid plagiarism. online writing lab one of the most thorough and easy to navigate writing labs avaialble! research and writing hosted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5443756333309997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:911bab38-10be-40ec-adec-be604602715f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.275604"}
{"text": "february is national teen dating violence awareness & prevention month did you know that in a recent national survey, 1 in 10 teens reported being hit or physically hurt on purpose by a boyfriend or girlfriend at least once in the 12 months prior to the survey? and nearly half of all teens in relationships say they know friends who have been verbally abused. before violence starts, a teen may experience controlling behavior and demands. one partner may tell another what to wear and who to hang out with. over time, the unhealthy behavior may become violent. that ' s why adults need to talk to teens now about the importance of developing healthy, respectful relationships. dating violence can have a negative effect on health throughout life. victims of teen dating violence are more likely to do poorly in school, and report binge drinking, suicide attempts, physical fighting, and current sexual activity. teens who perpetrate dating violence may also carry these patterns of violence into future relationships. cdc ' s division of violence prevention is leading the initiative, dating matters\u2122 : strategies to promote healthy teen relationships. dating matters\u2122 aims to promote respectful, nonviolent dating relationships among youth in high - risk, urban communities. the comprehensive approach will build upon current evidence - based practice and experience to reduce the burden of teen dating violence in these communities. the initiative will support communities as they implement prevention strategies in schools, with families, and in neighborhoods. over the next five years, dating matters\u2122 will be implemented in middle schools and neighborhoods across chicago, illinois, baltimore, maryland, ft. lauderdale, florida, and oakland, california. for more information about each of these communities, view the dating matters\u2122 grantee profiles. learn more about cdc ' s efforts to prevent dating violence : get email updates to receive email updates about this page, enter your email address : - centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd atlanta, ga 30333 tty : ( 888 ) 232 - 6348 - contact cdc - info", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4617084277588153, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d27e0ac9-9661-4138-8e0c-1155b80b1d6f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.278897"}
{"text": "cdc ' s office on disability and health focuses on the prevention of secondary conditions and health promotion among persons with disabilities. emphasis is on scientific support for surveillance of disabilities, cost - effectiveness of prevention strategies focused on secondary conditions and health promotion activities, and identifying risk and protective factors for secondary conditions. this is implemented through providing funds to states for public health activities addressing the needs of persons with disabilities. the program emphasizes secondary conditions which cross diagnostic categories, and focus on broader disability areas. this is a relatively new approach to prevention programs for cdc, which historically focused on the primary prevention of disabling conditions. the program is focusing on activities that will enhance the ability to measure performance in this new area. this performance measure reflects a first step toward building a data collection system that will enable cdc to monitor trends related to health and quality of life among people with disabilities. performance goals and measures performance goal : by 2002, a national network will exist that will provide all states with better access to data on disabilities for their use in analyzing the needs of people with disabling conditions. | fy baseline | | fy 1999 appropriated | | fy 2000 estimate | | 0 ( 1997 ). | | by 1999, the number of states who have begun using the behavioral risk factor surveillance survey ( brfss ) disability module will be increased to 15. | | by 2000, the number of states who have begun using the behavioral risk factor surveillance survey ( brfss ) disability module will be increased to 25. | currently, there is not a data collection system in place that could be used to measure outcomes that focus on actual improvements in the quality of life of people with disabling conditions. as a result, the performance measure that has been selected for this program involves the nationwide implementation of a data collection system by the year 2002. we believe that, although challenging, nationwide implementation of the brfss ' disability module by 2002 is feasible. however, this represents a change in direction for cdc ' s disabilities program, which previously focused on preventing primary disabilities. as part of on - going strategic planning efforts, the program has refocused its efforts on promoting health and improving quality of life among people with disabilities. 1997 is the first year that cdc has funded states to address these issues. as a result, the program is focusing on activities that will enhance the ability to measure performance in this new area. tracking of the implementation of this data collection system will be accomplished through a requirement that all cdc state grantees report on whether they are utilizing the module. the cost of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4875405525454604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a529888e-a478-47b2-8761-75809ef8d263>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.281476"}
{"text": "multistate outbreak of human salmonella chester infections ( final update ) posted september 9, 2010 this outbreak appears to be over. however, salmonella is an important cause of human illness in the united states. more information about salmonella, and steps people can take to reduce their risk of infection, can be found on the cdc salmonella web page. persons infected with the outbreak strain of salmonella chester, united states, by state infections with the outbreak strain of salmonella chester, by week of illness onset cdc collaborated with public health officials in many states, the u. s. department of agriculture ' s food safety and inspection service ( usda / fsis ), and the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) to investigate a multistate outbreak of salmonella serotype chester infections. investigators used dna analysis of salmonella bacteria obtained through diagnostic testing to identify cases of illness that were part of this outbreak. as of 9 : 00 am edt on august 27, 2010, a total of 44 individuals infected with a matching strain of salmonella chester have been reported from 18 states since april 11, 2010. the number of ill people identified in each state with this strain is as follows : ak ( 1 ), ca ( 5 ), co ( 2 ), ga ( 8 ), il ( 1 ), ky ( 1 ), ma ( 2 ), mn ( 2 ), mo ( 1 ), nc ( 1 ), ok ( 1 ), or ( 2 ), sc ( 2 ), tn ( 1 ), tx ( 3 ), ut ( 3 ), va ( 4 ), and wa ( 4 ). among those for whom information is available about when symptoms started, illnesses began between april 4, 2010 and june 16, 2010. case - patients ranged in age from < 1 to 88 years old, and the median age was 36 years. fifty - four percent of patients were female. among the 43 patients with available hospitalization information, 16 ( 37 % ) were hospitalized. no deaths were reported. the outbreak can be visually described with a chart showing the number of people who became ill each day. this chart is called an epidemic curve or epi curve. for more details, please see the salmonella outbreak investigations : timeline for reporting cases. investigation of the outbreak a widely distributed contaminated food product might cause illnesses across the united states. the identity of the contaminated product often is not readily apparent. in outbreaks like this one, identification of the contaminated product requires conducting detailed standardized interviews with persons who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42692321931008614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e80979e4-dc90-433e-87c7-2ff9f0083129>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.287551"}
{"text": "investigation of the outbreak a widely distributed contaminated food product might cause illnesses across the united states. the identity of the contaminated product often is not readily apparent. in outbreaks like this one, identification of the contaminated product requires conducting detailed standardized interviews with persons who were ill. it may also require conducting interviews with non - ill members of the public ( \" controls \" ) to get information about foods recently eaten and other exposures to compare with information from the ill persons. the investigation is often supplemented by laboratory testing of suspected products. collaborative investigative efforts of officials in many local, state, and federal public health, agriculture, and regulatory agencies linked this outbreak to marie callender \u2019 s cheesy chicken & rice single - serve frozen entrees. during june 14 - 18, 2010, cdc and public health officials in multiple states conducted an epidemiologic study by comparing foods eaten by 19 ill and 22 well persons. analysis of this study suggested that eating a marie callender ' s frozen meal was a source of illness. ill persons ( 89 % ) were significantly more likely than well persons ( 14 % ) to report eating a frozen meal. all ill persons ( 100 % ) who ate frozen meals reported eating a marie callender ' s frozen meal. none of the well persons who ate a frozen meal reported eating a marie callender ' s frozen meal. there was insufficient data from this study to implicate a specific frozen meal type. however, many of the ill persons reported eating a marie callender ' s cheesy chicken & rice frozen entree in the week before becoming ill. additionally, two unopened packages of marie callender \u2019 s cheesy chicken & rice single - serve frozen entrees collected from two patients \u2019 homes ( one collected in minnesota on june 18, and one in tennessee on july 19 ) yielded salmonella chester isolates with a genetic fingerprint indistinguishable from the outbreak pattern. on june 17, 2010, conagra foods announced a precautionary recall of marie callender ' s cheesy chicken & rice single - serve frozen entrees after being informed by the cdc of a possible association between this product and the outbreak of salmonella chester infections. on june 17, 2010, usda ' s fsis announced conagra ' s recall. view recalled food package [ pdf - 6 pages ] posted by fsis. clinical features / signs and symptoms most people infected with salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4407789442358938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e80979e4-dc90-433e-87c7-2ff9f0083129>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.288451"}
{"text": "usda ' s fsis announced conagra ' s recall. view recalled food package [ pdf - 6 pages ] posted by fsis. clinical features / signs and symptoms most people infected with salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 \u2013 72 hours after infection. infection is usually diagnosed by culture of a stool sample. the illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days. although most people recover without treatment, severe infections can occur. infants, elderly people, and those with weakened immune systems are more likely than others to develop severe illness. when severe infection occurs, salmonella may spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and then to other body sites and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. more general information about salmonella can be found here under salmonella faqs. advice to consumers - salmonella is sometimes present in raw foods ( e. g., chicken, produce, and spices ) which can be used as ingredients in not - ready - to - eat frozen dinners. - consumers should follow the instructions on the package label of the frozen dinner. conventional ovens are better at cooking foods thoroughly. microwave ovens vary in strength and tend to cook foods unevenly. - if you choose to cook the frozen dinner using a microwave, be sure to : - cook the food for the time specified for your microwave ' s wattage. - let the food \" stand \" for the stated time, so cooking can continue. - use a food thermometer to make sure that it is fully cooked to an internal temperature of 165 degrees fahrenheit. - individuals who think they might have become ill from eating a marie callender ' s frozen dinner should consult their health care providers. - consumers who have marie callender ' s cheesy chicken & rice single - serve frozen entrees in their freezer should discard them or return them to their retailer for a refund. - consumers are urged to read and follow the preparation instructions on the label of all frozen entrees. if the package says \u201c do not microwave, \u201d consumers should follow that instruction and use a conventional oven. consumers should use a food thermometer to make sure the entrees reach at least 165 degrees fahrenheit. - general information : salmonella - description of the steps in a foodborne outbreak investigation - cdc ' s role during a multi - state foodborne outbreak investigation - two minnesota cases of salmonella infection linked to national recall of frozen meals - cooking safely in the microwave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4546300474812194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e80979e4-dc90-433e-87c7-2ff9f0083129>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.289414"}
{"text": "noaa scientists agree the risks are high, but say hansen overstates what science can really say for sure jim hansen at the university of colorado \u2019 s world affairs conference ( photo : tom yulsman ) speaking to a packed auditorium at the university of colorado \u2019 s world affairs conference on thursday, nasa climatologist james hansen found a friendly audience for his argument that we face a planetary emergency thanks to global warming. despite the fact that the temperature rise has so far been relatively modest, \u201c we do have a crisis, \u201d he said. with his characteristic under - stated manner, hansen made a compelling case. but after speaking with two noaa scientists today, i think hansen put himself in a familiar position : out on a scientific limb. and after sifting through my many pages of notes from two days of immersion in climate issues, i \u2019 m as convinced as ever that journalists must be exceedingly careful not to overstate what we know for sure and what is still up for scientific debate. crawling out on the limb, hansen argued that global warming has already caused the levels of water in lake powell and lake mead \u2014 the two giant reservoirs on the colorado river than insure water supplies for tens of millions of westerners \u2014 to fall to 50 percent of capacity. the reservoirs \u201c probably will not be full again unless we decrease co2 in the atmosphere, \u201d he asserted. hansen is arguing that simply reducing our emissions and stabilizing co2 at about 450 parts per million, as many scientists argue is necessary, is not nearly good enough. we must reduce the concentration from today \u2019 s 387 ppm to below 35o ppm. \u201c we have already passed into the dangerous zone, \u201d hansen said. if we don \u2019 t reduce co2 in the atmosphere, \u201c we would be sending the planet toward an ice free state. we would have a chaotic journey to get there, but we would be creating a very different planet, and chaos for our children. \u201d hansen \u2019 s argument ( see a paper on the subject here ) is based on paleoclimate data which show that the last time atmospheric co2 concentrations were this high, the earth was ice free, and sea level was far higher than it is today. \u201c i agree with the sense of urgency, \u201d said peter tans, a carbon cycle expert at the national oceanic and atmospheric administration here in boulder, in a meeting with our ted scripps fellows in environmental journalism. \u201c but i don \u2019 t agree with a lot of the specifics. i don \u2019 t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43784098583636355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9441dcc-dc2a-4077-aac8-1b49394182e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.296338"}
{"text": "like to frame the issue differently, \u201d tans said. \u201c sure, we canot predict what the climate is going to look like in a couple of dcades. there are feedbacks in the system we don \u2019 t understand. in fact, we don \u2019 t even know all the feedbacks... to pick all this apart is extremely difficult \u2014 until things really happen. so i \u2019 m pessimistic. \u201d there is, tans said, \u201c a finite risk of catastrophic climate change. maybe it is 1 in 6, or maybe 1 in 20 or 1 in 3. yet if we had a risk like that of being hit by an asteroid, we \u2019 d know what to do. but the problem here is that we are the asteroid. \u201d tans argues that whether or not we can pin down the degree of risk we are now facing, one thing is obvious : \u201c we have a society based on ever increasing consumption and economic expectations. three percent growth forever is considered ideal. but of course it \u2019 s a disaster. \u201d hoerling says we are living like the easter islanders, who were faced with collapse from over consumption of resources but didn \u2019 t see it coming. like them, he says, we are living in denial. \u201c i think we are in that type of risk, \u201d tans said. \u201c but is that moving people? it moves me. but i was already convinced in 1972. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43154518957998156, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9441dcc-dc2a-4077-aac8-1b49394182e2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.298152"}
{"text": "sponsor a child in guinea - childfund came to guinea : 2005 - population below poverty line : 49 % - news about guinea - children \u2019 s voices : fatoumata from guinea - around the globe with childfund in 31 days : protecting children in guinea - amid violence, work in guinea continues - a family \u2019 s access to resources means hope read more guinea is a significant source of the world \u2019 s major minerals including gold, diamonds, iron ore and bauxite but the country \u2019 s poor infrastructure and political uncertainty prohibits it from developing its economic potential from these and other resources. located in western africa on the north atlantic ocean between guinea - bissau and sierra leone, guinea is smaller than the state of oregon and suffers from a lack of safe water, environmentally damaged mining regions and preventable diseases. \u201c we \u2019 ve brought important knowledge \u2026 to local health workers. \u201d education and early childhood development many children in guinea are not in school, and for younger children, there is often no foundation for later learning. our early childhood development ( ecd ) programs include building ecd centers and supplying them with materials and tools used to train families about child protection and healthy development. more than 3340 children have attended school in our ecd centers and we have educated families in more than 530 homes about how to protect their children and motivate their development. healthier families and children working with the ministry of health, we \u2019 ve brought important knowledge, including information about hiv and aids, to local health workers and have hired and trained 128 community volunteers to educate the community about disease prevention, proper hygiene and more. we also work to make health services affordable. to provide access to safe water and sanitation facilities, we have provided 29 water systems. sponsor a child in guinea today and make a difference in a child \u2019 s life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3859073230386199, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4c34d46-da00-4a99-9491-809f3c94a72e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.300046"}
{"text": "why can some people drink heavily and never become alcoholics when other people get addicted so quickly? contributing factors to the development of alcoholism why some people can use and even abuse alcohol without ever developing alcoholism, and why some people seem unusually susceptible to alcoholism, remains a poorly understood phenomenon. there is a genetic component to alcoholism, and people who grow up in alcoholic homes are far more likely to become alcoholics themselves. children born to alcoholic parents, but raised in homes without alcohol abuse or addiction are also predisposed to alcoholism, so we do know that genetics plays an important role. but all people genetically predisposed to alcoholism do not develop dependencies, and some people with no genetic history of alcoholism end up battling the disease for years. it is now accepted that although a genetic predisposition plays an important influence in the development of the disease, that social and environmental factors are in fact the lager influences towards alcohol abuse or alcoholism. in addition to genetic influences, the mayo clinic considers that there are three additional primary influences to alcohol abuse or alcoholism. emotional states or emotional stressors can induce alcohol abuse and alcoholism people may use alcohol excessively in response to frequent or significant emotional disturbances or stresses. when alcohol is used with enough frequency as an emotional management or stress coping tool the risk of dependency or alcoholism increases greatly. there is also likely a bio physical link with stress and alcohol abuse, and stress hormones have been casually linked to increased alcohol consumption and a greater risk for alcoholism. people who use alcohol to deal with life ' s problems or stresses are at a greater risk to develop alcoholism. the co - presence of a corresponding psychiatric condition people suffering through psychiatric conditions like depression, bi polar disorder, borderline personality disorder or anxiety disorders are at a greatly elevated risk to develop alcohol abuse problems or alcoholism. psychiatric patients often use alcohol or other illicit drugs to self medicate the negative symptoms of an experienced disorder. unfortunately, while intoxication may bring some temporary relief, the long term effects of alcohol abuse almost always worsen experienced psychiatric symptoms. alcoholic psychiatric patients are at a great risk for an accelerated progression of both diseases, and require immediate interventions and treatment. in addition to clinical psychiatric conditions, non clinical, but still significant factors such as low self esteem can also increase the likelihood to alcohol abuse, and ultimately alcoholism. alcohol is rarely an effective long term coping strategy. social environmental factors as a society, largely due to billions of dollars invested in alcohol advertising campaigns, there is a perception of alcohol being associated with glamour, attractiveness and success, and these lingering subconscious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4226108741332585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97c75d00-1e85-4576-b5f7-0d79552f0dbf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.306751"}
{"text": ". alcohol is rarely an effective long term coping strategy. social environmental factors as a society, largely due to billions of dollars invested in alcohol advertising campaigns, there is a perception of alcohol being associated with glamour, attractiveness and success, and these lingering subconscious perceptions may influence people to try alcohol at a young age and continue to drink more than they should throughout life. the immediate environment can also increase the probability of alcoholism. people who socialize, or live romantically with a person who drinks to excess, whether dependent or not, are far more likely to also drink heavily, and put themselves at risk for alcohol abuse and alcoholism. even the neighborhood around the home seems to influence consumption patterns, and people brought up in or who reside in neighborhoods of heavy abuse are also more likely to use and abuse alcohol themselves. nothing about alcoholism is completely understood, and all we know is that the variables that can induce alcohol abuse and ultimately alcoholism are many, and that what may cause alcohol dependence in one, seem to have little influence over another. we all present with an individual risk profile for our susceptibility to the disease, although those people with a genetic history of alcoholism are undoubtedly at an increased risk to develop the disease. regardless of the factors that may induce the occurrence of the disease, the treatments are essentially the same, and alcoholics need intervention, intensive treatment, and long term aftercare therapies. most alcoholics will never be capable of drinking in moderation, and abstinence is the only recommended philosophy of use for people with alcoholic histories. page last updated sep 23, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43544389855760485, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97c75d00-1e85-4576-b5f7-0d79552f0dbf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.307697"}
{"text": "| black - sided meadow katydid - conocephalus nigropleurum | order orthoptera - crickets, grasshoppers & katydids / family tettigoniidae live adult katydids photographed at winfield, dupage county, illinois. size = 15mm insects | spiders | beetles | butterflies | moths | true bugs | flies | bees & wasps katydids are large, usually green insects with long antennae and large wings, eminently capable of flight. most katydids are well - camouflaged in foliage and become virtually invisible amidst greenery the identical color. family tettigoniidae contains about 6000 species in 1070 genera. this from tree of life : \" katydids are found on all continents except antarctica and in an assortment of habitats from tropical forests ( heller 1995 ) and peat bogs ( vickery and kevan 1985 ) to montane alpine zones ' far above the last outposts of trees '. within these habitats, virtually all tettigoniids are associated with vegetation, particularly during inactive periods when the insects retreat into ( or onto ) leaves. order orthoptera - crickets, grasshoppers & katydids there are more than 20, 000 species in the order orthoptera. these diverse insects are found worldwide, although their numbers are concentrated in the tropics. north american insects & spiders explore over 7, 000 close - up photos and information on over 700 species commonly found in north america. live insects & spiders photographed in the wild. insects and spiders | orthoptera index | spiders | beetles | butterflies | moths", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41148485527400613, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:997167fb-2125-4c50-b4ca-9cddd69d2dd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.312596"}
{"text": "anm uses specific ports for its processes. figure a - 1 illustrates a typical anm server deployment in a network. this illustration identifies the protocols and ports used by the different network devices in a typical deployment. \u2022 table a - 1 lists the ports used for anm client ( browser ) or anm server and anm high availability communication. \u2022 table a - 2 lists the ports used for communication between anm and managed devices. figure a - 1 anm server deployment table a - 1 ports used by anm in a network deployment1 default port if anm is configured for access using http ( using anm - installer ). default port if anm is configured for access using https ( using default install option ). mysql database system ( anm ha installation opens this port to communicate with the peer anm ). tcp ( 10444 ) and tcp ( 10445 ) anm license manager ( anm ha installation opens these two ports to communicate with the peer anm ). port used by anm server to communicate to email gateway through smtp. port used by anm server to send out trap notification to external nms application. 1it is highly recommended that you run anm on a stand - alone device. however, if you run anm on a shared device, please note that anm locally opens the following ports for internal communication :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4668817783606753, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5aaa1e56-80e5-4313-ad72-1ec87e308193>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.313879"}
{"text": "study promoter activity using the living colors fluorescent timer, a fluorescent protein that shifts color from green to red over time ( 1 ). this color change provides a way to visualize the time frame of promoter activity, indicating where in an organism the promoter is active and also when it becomes inactive. easily detect the red and green emissions indicating promoter activity with fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. easily characterize promoter activity the fluorescent timer is a mutant form of the dsred fluorescent reporter, containing two amino acid substitutions which increase its fluorescence intensity and endow it with a distinct spectral property : as the fluorescent timer matures, it changes color \u2014 in a matter of hours, depending on the expression system used. shortly after its synthesis, the fluorescent timer begins emitting green fluorescence but as time passes, the fluorophore undergoes additional changes that shift its fluorescence to longer wavelengths. when fully matured the protein is bright red. the protein \u2019 s color shift can be used to follow the on and off phases of gene expression ( e. g., during embryogenesis and cell differentiation ). fluorescent timer under the control of the heat shock promoter hsp16 - 41 in a transgenic c. elegans embryo. the embryo was heat - shocked in a 33\u00b0c water bath. promoter activity was studied during the heat shock recovery period. green fluorescence was observed in the embryo as early as two hr into the recovery period. by 50 hr after heat shock, promoter activity had ceased, as indicated by the lack of green color. ptimer ( left ) is primarily intended to serve as a convenient source of the fluorescent timer cdna. use ptimer - 1 ( right ) to monitor transcription from different promoters and promoter / enhancer combinations inserted into the mcs located upstream of the fluorescent timer coding sequence. without the addition of a functional promoter, this vector will not express the fluorescent timer. detecting timer fluorescent protein you can detect the fluorescent timer with the dsred polyclonal antibody. you can use the dsred1 - c sequencing primer to sequence wild - type dsred1 c - terminal gene fusions, including timer fusions. terskikh, a., et al. ( 2000 ) science290 ( 5496 ) : 1585 \u2013 1588.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5347347262756026, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fee85558-8ff7-41a4-9a52-a042d84e5f3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.318467"}
{"text": "brain matures a few years late in adhd but follows normal pattern a 2007 press release from the national institute of mental health discusses brain development in adhd youths. in some cases, brain development is delayed as much as three years. the full release and related video are available on the nimh site : brain matures a few years late in adhd, but follows normal pattern. autistic spectrum disorders ( asd ) : how to help children with autism learn from dr. lauer and dr. beaulieu ' s talk quick facts about pervasive developmental disorders ( pdd ) / autistic spectrum disorders ( asd ) - autism is a ' spectrum disorder ' meaning that it affects children in different ways and at different times in their development. - typically, delays and learning problems can emerge in several areas of functioning including social functioning, communication skills, motor skills, and overall intellectual potential. - each child has their own learning style that includes specific learning challenges as well as areas of preserved skills and, at times, exceptional abilities. - both autism and asperger ' s disorder are on the same continuum but are distinct in their expression. what are the challenges students with pdd / asd frequently experience? - academic difficulties that can often be misinterpreted as learning disabilities. - problems with executive functioning skills. - difficulty in forming relationships with peers. - emotional difficulties due to learning and social problems such as anxiety, depression, low self - esteem. - fear of new situations and trouble adjusting to changes. - may look like or be misconstrued as attention - deficit - hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ), nonverbal learning disability ( nld ), oppositional - defiant disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder ( ocd ). why choose us to help you? - our evaluations are conducted by neuropsychologists who have been extensively trained in the early detection of autistic spectrum disorders and in the identification of specific patterns of learning strengths and weaknesses that are often associated with this condition. - our evaluations help determine which teaching style is best suited to fit an individuals ' specific learning profile ; we also offer suggestions regarding compensatory educational approached. - we work as a team with other learning professionals, advocates and health professionals to enhance the child ' s potential for success in all settings. ' the design of truly individual treatment plans that exploit strengths and compensate for weaknesses begins with a detailed understanding of how learning is different for children with autism than for those without autism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.457336744590607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b0b7a97-4882-4e06-adc0-44f4bbdc3349>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.321057"}
{"text": "download source - 8 kb this tutorial is based off of the msdn article # id : q194873. but, for a beginner, following these msdn articles can be intimidating to say the least. one of the most often asked questions i see as a visual c + + and visual basic programmer is how to call a vb dll from vc + +. well, i am hoping to show you exactly that today. i am not going to go over the basic details of com as this would take too long, so i am assuming you have an understanding of vb, vc + + and a little com knowledge. it ' s not too hard to learn ; just takes a little time. so let ' s get started. the first thing you need to do is fire up visual basic 6 ( vb 5 should work as well ). with vb running, create a new \" activex dll \" project. rename the project to \" vbtestcom \" and the class to \" clstestclass \". you can do this by clicking in the vb project explorer window on the project1 item ( step 1 ), then clicking in the properties window and selecting the name property ( step 2 ). do the same for the class. click on the class ( step 3 ), then the name property and enter the name mentioned above ( step 4 ). your project so far should look like the folowing right hand side picture : ok, now we are ready to add some code to the vb class. click on the \" tools \" menu, then select the \" add procedure \" menu item. the add procedure window will open up. in this window we need to add some information. first ( step 1 ) make sure the type is set to function. second ( step 2 ) enter a function name called \" countstringlength \". finally hit the ok button and vb will generate the new function in the class. you should have an empty function with which to work. the first thing we will do is specify a return type and an input parameter. edit your code to look like this : public function countstringlength ( byval strvalue as string ) as long what are we doing here? we are taking one parameter, as a string type in this case, then returning the length through the return type, which is a long. we specify the input parameter as byval, meaning vb will make a copy of this variable and use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42705358223672996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5fbb498-1ce4-4861-9a4d-ac9d31394472>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.329413"}
{"text": "? we are taking one parameter, as a string type in this case, then returning the length through the return type, which is a long. we specify the input parameter as byval, meaning vb will make a copy of this variable and use the copy in the function, rather than the default byref, which passes the variable by reference. this way we can be sure that we do not modify the string by accident that was passed to us by the calling program. let ' s add the code now. public function countstringlength ( byval strvalue as string ) as long if strvalue = vbnullstring then countstringlength = 0 countstringlength = len ( strvalue ) in the first line of code we are checking to see if the calling program passed us an empty, or null, string. if so we return 0 as the length. if the user did pass something other than an empty string, then we count it ' s length and return the length back to the calling program. now would be a good time to save your project. accept the default names and put it in a safe directory. we need to compile this project now. go to the file menu and select the \" make vbcomtest. dll... \" menu item. the compiler will produce a file called surprisingly enough : vbcomtest. dll. the compiler will also do us the favor of entering this new dll into the system registry. we have finished the vb side of this project, so let ' s start the vc + + side of it. fire up a copy of vc + +, then select from the menu, \" new project \". the new project window should appear. select a \" win32 console application \" ( step 1 ), then give it a name of \" testvbcom \" ( step 2 ). finally, enter a directory you want to build this project in ( step 3 - your directory will vary from what i have entered ). click on the \" ok \" button and the \" win32 console application - step 1 of 1 \" window will appear. leave everything on this page as the default, and click the \" finish \" button. one final window will appear after this titled \" new project information \". simply click the \" ok \" button here. you should now have an empty win32 console project. press the \" ctrl \" and hit the \" n \" key. another window titled \" new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49366916523360904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5fbb498-1ce4-4861-9a4d-ac9d31394472>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.330329"}
{"text": "will appear after this titled \" new project information \". simply click the \" ok \" button here. you should now have an empty win32 console project. press the \" ctrl \" and hit the \" n \" key. another window titled \" new \" will appear. select the \" c + + source file \" ( step 1 ), then enter the new name for this file called, \" testvbcom. cpp \" ( step 2 - make sure the add to project checkbox is checked and the correct project name is in the drop down combo box ), then click the \" ok \" button to finish. now we are going to get fancy! you need to go to your start menu in windows and navigate to the \" visual studio 6 \" menu and go into the \" microsoft visual studio 6. 0 tools \" sub - menu. in here you will see an icon with the name \" ole view \". click on it. the ole view tool will open up. you will see a window similar to this one : collapse all the trees, if they are not already. this will make it easier to navigate to where we want to go. highlight the \" type libraries \" ( step 1 ) and expand it. you should see a fairly massive listing. we need to locate our vb dll. now, remember what we named the project? right, we need to look for vbtestcom. scroll down until you find this. once you have found it, double click on it. a new window should appear - the \" itypelib viewer \" window. we are only interested in the idl ( interface definition language ) code on the right side of the window. select the entire idl text and hit the \" ctrl \" and \" c \" buttons to copy it to the clipboard. you can close this window and the ole view window now as we are done with the tool. we need to add the contents of the idl file into our vc + + project folder. go to the folder you told vc + + to create your project in and create a new text file there ( if you are in windows explorer, you can right click in the directory and select \" new \" then scroll over following the arrow and select \" text document \" ). rename the text document to \" vbcomtest. idl \". then double click on the new idl file ( vc + + should open it if you named it correctly with an idl extension ). now paste the code in the file by pressing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4193424024033456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5fbb498-1ce4-4861-9a4d-ac9d31394472>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.331175"}
{"text": "document to \" vbcomtest. idl \". then double click on the new idl file ( vc + + should open it if you named it correctly with an idl extension ). now paste the code in the file by pressing the \" ctrl \" and \" v \" keys. the idl text should be pasted into the file. so far, so good. now, this idl file is not going to do us much good until we compile it. that way, vc + + can use the files it generates to talk to the vb dll. let ' s do that now. open a dos window and navigate to the directory you created your vc + + project in. once in that directory, at the prompt you need to type the following to invoke the midl compiler : e : \\ vcsource \\ testvbcom \\ testvbcom \\ midl vbtestcom. idl / h vbtestcom. h hit the \" enter \" key and let midl do its magic. you should see results similar to the following : close the dos window and head back into vc + +. we need to add the newly generated vbtestcom. h and vbtestcom _ i. c files to the project. you can do this by going to the \" project \" menu, then selecting the \" add to project \" item, and scrolling over to the \" files \" menu item and clicking on it. a window titled, \" insert files into project \" will open. select the two files highlighted in the next picture, then select the \" ok \" button. these two files were generated by midl for us, and vc + + needs them in order to talk to the vb dll ( actually vc + + does not need the \" vbcomtest _ i. c \" file in the project, but it is handy have in the project to review ). we are going to add the following code to the \" testvbcom. cpp \" file now, so navigate to that file in vc + + using the \" workspace \" window. open the file by double clicking it and vc + + will display the empty file for editing. now add the following code to the \" testvbcom. cpp \" file : _ clsvbtestclass * ivbtestclass = null ; hr = coinitialize ( 0 ) ; hr = cocreateinstance ( clsid _ clsvbtestclass, _ bs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42689594271871834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5fbb498-1ce4-4861-9a4d-ac9d31394472>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.331983"}
{"text": ". cpp \" file : _ clsvbtestclass * ivbtestclass = null ; hr = coinitialize ( 0 ) ; hr = cocreateinstance ( clsid _ clsvbtestclass, _ bstr _ t bstrvalue ( \" hello world \" ) ; hr = ivbtestclass - > countstringlength ( bstrvalue, cout < < \" the string is : \" < < returnvalue < < \" characters in length. \" < < endl ; hr = ivbtestclass - > release ( ) ; cout < < \" cocreateinstance failed. \" < < endl ; if all the code is entered in correctly, then press the \" f7 \" key to compile this project. once the project has compiled cleanly, then press the \" ctrl \" and the \" f5 \" keys to run it. in the c + + code, we include the midl created \" vbtestcom. h \" file, the \" comdef. h \" file for the _ bstr _ t class support and the \" iostream. h \" file for the \" cout \" support. the rest of the comments should speak for themselves as to what ' s occurring. this simple tutorial shows how well a person can integrate vb and vc + + apps together using com. not too tough actually.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4916587213227043, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5fbb498-1ce4-4861-9a4d-ac9d31394472>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.332591"}
{"text": "1854 - 89 three dollars indian head in 1853 the united states negotiated the \" gadsden purchase \" settlement of a boundary dispute with mexico that resulted in the u. s. acquiring what would become the southern portions of arizona and new mexico for ten million dollars. the following year commodore matthew perry embarked upon his famed expedition to re - open japan to the western world and establish trade. spreading beyond its borders in many ways, a few years earlier the united states had joined the worldwide move to uniform postage rates and printed stamps when the congressional act of march 3, 1845 authorized the first u. s. postage stamps, and set the local prepaid letter rate at five cents. this set the stage for a close connection between postal and coinage history. exactly six years later, the postage rate was reduced to three cents when new york senator daniel s. dickinson fathered legislation that simultaneously initiated coinage of the tiny silver three - cent piece as a public convenience. the large cents then in circulation were cumbersome and unpopular, and the new denomination was designed to facilitate the purchase of stamps without using the hated \" coppers. \" this reasoning was carried a step further when the mint act of february 21, 1853 authorized a three - dollar gold coin. congress and mint director robert maskell patterson were convinced that the new coin would speed purchases of three - cent stamps by the sheet and of the silver three - cent coins in roll quantities. unfortunately, at no time during the 35 - year span of this denomination did public demand justify these hopes. chief engraver james barton longacre chose an \" indian princess \" for his obverse not a native american profile, but actually a profile modeled after the greco - roman venus accroupie statue then in a philadelphia museum. longacre used this distinctive sharp - nosed profile on his gold dollar of 1849 and would employ it again on the indian head cent of 1859. on the three - dollar coin liberty is wearing a feathered headdress of equal - sized plumes with a band bearing liberty in raised letters. she ' s surrounded by the inscription united states of america. such a headdress dates back to the earliest known drawings of american indians by french artist jacques le moyne du morgue ' s sketches of the florida timucua tribe who lived near the tragic french colony of fort caroline in 1562. it was accepted by engravers and medalists of the day as the design shorthand for \" america. \" longacre ' s reverse depicted a wreath of tobacco, wheat, corn and cotton with a plant at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40512931957597076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce5e0d75-e5f8-4ce2-8b94-86d9527d0dd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.337025"}
{"text": "of fort caroline in 1562. it was accepted by engravers and medalists of the day as the design shorthand for \" america. \" longacre ' s reverse depicted a wreath of tobacco, wheat, corn and cotton with a plant at top bearing two conical seed masses. the original wax models of this wreath still exist on brass discs in a midwestern collection and show how meticulous longacre was in preparing his design. encircled by the wreath is the denomination 3 dollars and the date. there are two boldly different reverse types, the small dollars appearing only in 1854 and the large dollars on coins of 1855 - 89. many dates show bold \" outlining \" of letters and devices, resembling a double strike but probably the result of excessive forcing of the design punches into the die steel, causing a hint of their sloping \" shoulders \" to appear as part of the coin ' s design. the high points of the obverse design that first show wear are the cheek and hair above the eye ; on the reverse, check the bow knot and leaves. a total of just over 535, 000 pieces were issued along with 2058 proofs. the first coins struck were the 15 proofs of 1854. regular coinage began on may 1, and that first year saw 138, 618 pieces struck at philadelphia ( no mintmark ), 1, 120 at dahlonega ( d ), and 24, 000 at new orleans ( o ). these two branch mints would strike coins only in 1854. san francisco produced the three - dollar denomination in 1855, 1856, and 1857, again in 1860, and apparently one final piece in 1870. mintmarks are found below the wreath. every u. s. denomination boasts a number of major rarities. the three - dollar gold coinage of 1854 - 1889 is studded with so many low - mintage dates that the entire series may fairly be called rare. in mint state 1878 is the most common date, followed by the 1879, 1888, 1854 and 1889 issues. every other date is very rare in high grade, particularly 1858, 1865, 1873 closed 3 and all the san francisco issues. minuscule mintages were the rule in the later years. proof coins prior to 1859 are extremely rare and more difficult to find than the proof - only issues of 1873 open 3, 1875 and 1876, but many dates are even rarer in the higher mint state grades. this is because at least some proofs were saved by well - heeled collectors while few lower - budget collectors showed any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44610877297020807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce5e0d75-e5f8-4ce2-8b94-86d9527d0dd4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.337905"}
{"text": "- only issues of 1873 open 3, 1875 and 1876, but many dates are even rarer in the higher mint state grades. this is because at least some proofs were saved by well - heeled collectors while few lower - budget collectors showed any interest in higher - grade business strikes of later - date gold. counterfeits are known for many dates ; any suspicious piece should be authenticated. the rarest date of all is the unique 1870 - s, of which only one example was struck for inclusion in the new mint ' s cornerstone. either the coin escaped, or a second was struck as a pocket piece for san francisco mint coiner j. b. harmstead. in any event, one coin showing traces of jewelry use surfaced in the numismatic market in 1907. it was sold to prominent collector william h. woodin, and when thomas l. elder sold the woodin collection in 1911, the coin went to baltimore ' s waldo c. newcomer. later owned by virgil brand, it was next sold by ted and carl brandts of ohio ' s celina coin co. and stack ' s of new york to louis c. eliasberg in 1946 for $ 11, 500. in bowers and merena ' s october 1982 sale of the u. s. gold collection, this famous coin sold for a record $ 687, 500. the three - dollar denomination quietly expired in 1889 along with the gold dollar and nickel three - cent piece. america ' s coinage was certainly more prosaic without this odd denomination gold piece, but its future popularity with collectors would vastly outstrip the lukewarm public reception it enjoyed during its circulating life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.388615641384481, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce5e0d75-e5f8-4ce2-8b94-86d9527d0dd4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.338468"}
{"text": "creature feature : american beech ( fagus grandifolia ) by emma dean, cg science editor though once believed to have a range that covered what would be the continental united states until the glacial period, american beech currently maintains a slightly lesser native geographic habitat, which is still quite impressive. american beech covers the eastern u. s. and canada from florida to quebec, as well as utah. indigenous to north america, european colonists recognized the tree as a relative of the european beech and gathered the beechnuts to extract the oil which is similar to olive oil. the beechnuts, which persist through winter, can become somewhat of a litter problem, but not the leaf litter due to the fact that after turning a lovely bronze color, the leaves stay on the tree throughout winter. as autumn ends and winter begins, the leaves become less bronze and resemble thin, curled parchment paper. due to a shallow root system, grass does not sprout beneath the tree. this is not entirely noticeable because the short trunk allows the branches to nearly touch the ground. its roots are unique, also, in that they routinely develop root suckers, which is when the root system is the site of new growth that then grows upward and out of the ground to form new branches and essentially a clone of the original tree. entire beech groves have been known to grow from the roots of a single tree. american beech is notorious for having incredibly smooth, light grey bark even as it advances in age. though not necessarily beneficial for the tree, american beech is also notorious for being a favorite for carved initials and dates which are preserved indefinitely. - american beech is a larval host as well as a nectar source for early hairstreak. - american beech is at home in the following states : alabama, arkansas, connecticut, delaware, florida, georgia, illinois, indiana, kentucky, louisiana, massachusetts, maryland, maine, michigan, minnesota, missouri, mississippi, north carolina, new hampshire, new jersey, new york, ohio, oklahoma, pennsylvania, rhode island, south carolina, tennessee, texas, utah, virginia, vermont, wisconsin, west virginia and also washington d. c. - this beech is often associated with the extinct passenger pigeon, which consumed beechnuts and roosted in its branches. - a few minor pest issues that affect american beech include powdery mildew, aphids, canker and beech bark disease. - though it has a slow growth rate, american beech will grow to a height between 50 - 70 feet. - the general lifespan for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43200302447732686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03be70af-a8d8-4a7c-a3fd-96a187a05983>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.340774"}
{"text": "accreditation is a form of independent, professional certification that focuses on schools and programs in a particular field. accreditation of universities in the usa therefore assures you and your parents that the school adheres to high quality standards. which means the programs are delivered by qualified faculty and are constantly updated to follow the changes and meet the needs of the relevant industry or working world. attending an accredited school or program is often thought to make you more competitive on the job market. university accreditation in the usa takes place at different levels. at the highest level, governmental and other agencies govern and recognize the accrediting bodies. for instance, the us department of education, the council for higher education association ( chea ) and the association of specialized and professional accreditors ( aspa ) grant power to associations that oversee accreditation at the regional, institutional or program level. regional : the us department of education recognizes 6 distinct higher educational regions, each of which is overseen by a different accrediting body. this is the type of accreditation most commonly referred to and is for a university as a whole, not for individual programs. accreditation by these regional agencies isn ' t automatic : this is voluntary accreditation. institutional : depending on the kind of university or college it is ( e. g., private, public, christian, etc. ) it may also be accredited by institute - type specific agencies. america ' s universities are extremely different in character, size, location and in the programs they offer. therefore a school may be accredited by one or more organizations. specialized : specialized accreditation focuses on specific areas of study and individual university programs. this is sometimes called professional accreditation, because it means specific programs meet the national standards for that field of study. universities in the usa cover a huge range of programs, and each institution usually has a page on its website listing both institutional and individual program accreditation. when assessing quality, international students can also look at whether a school or program has any memberships in, or endorsements by, professional associations which reflect certain standards of quality, but this is not the same as official accreditation. for instance, the american association of state colleges and universities does not accredit programs, but is a national organization committed to maintaining and promoting the quality of america ' s higher education system. regional accrediting agencies for universities in the usa middle states association of colleges and schools, commission on higher education new england association of schools and colleges, commission on institutions of higher education north central association of colleges and schools, the higher learning commission northwest commission on colleges and universities southern association of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5104030949510445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88118f3e-d711-4509-8010-9954e8e6100c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.346082"}
{"text": "in the usa middle states association of colleges and schools, commission on higher education new england association of schools and colleges, commission on institutions of higher education north central association of colleges and schools, the higher learning commission northwest commission on colleges and universities southern association of colleges and schools, commission on colleges western association of schools and colleges, accrediting commission for senior colleges and universities why accreditation? the goal of university accreditation in the usa is to ensure that education provided by institutions of higher education meets acceptable levels of quality. accrediting agencies have no legal control over institutions or programs ; they promote certain standards and approve or renew membership of institutions that apply and meet the accreditation standards or criteria. certain licensing programs may require that you ' ve been through a course of study with specialized accreditation, because it ensures that you have been taught by faculty qualified to teach in that field. the us secretary of education and chea each maintain and publish a list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies, and most institutions attain eligibility for federal funds by holding accredited or pre - accredited status with one of the recognized accrediting agencies. take a virtual tour of a featured campus e - tours allow students to view the facilities and student life at featured universities in the usa, giving you the opportunity to see what the university looks like, as well as facts about the campus, courses, etc. once you \u2019 ve completed your tour you can read the in - depth profile to get more detailed information, or click the request free info link to request specific information such as scholarships and financial aid directly from that institution. click here to view virtual tours of featured universities in the usa request free info! request free info directly from featured featured institutions want to send you more information on their to receive free information directly from the school. to see a complete list of featured schools, note : your request is sent directly to the institution and is not maintained on this website. your privacy is completely protected.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43599181827568906, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88118f3e-d711-4509-8010-9954e8e6100c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.346870"}
{"text": "a bachelor ' s degree earned in the united states usually takes a minimum of four years. degrees are earned by taking a combination of required courses which meet liberal arts distribution requirements ( humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences ), a required number of courses in the major field of study ( called a \" major \" in the united states ), and the balance of courses as electives. each course taken is assigned a value called \" points \" ( also called \" credits \" or \" units \" ). to earn a bachelor ' s degree, one must earn a minimum of 124 points ( usually more ) and, at the same time, meet the distribution and major requirements. advisement on course selection is available in each school at the time of registration. undergraduate studies are offered in three divisions of the university. each division offers a distinct program of studies. the divisions that offer the undergraduate ( b. a. or b. s. ) degree are : college ( cc ) - study of the liberal arts and sciences leading to the b. a. degree traditionally, but not exclusively, for students just out of secondary school, usually between the ages of 17 and 22. with an enrollment of approximately 4, 000, columbia college is the smallest college in the 2. fu foundation school of engineering and applied science ( seas ) - offers the b. s. degree in engineering and applied science fields. 3. school of general studies ( gs ) - offers the b. a. or b. s. degree to students who have had a break of a year or more in their education since high school. all other divisions of the university are graduate schools and, as such, offer degrees beyond the bachelor ' s degree, usually master ' s or doctoral degrees. master ' s degrees take from one to three years to earn depending on the course work and research / writing requirements. ph. d. requirements may vary but usually require one to two years of course work beyond the master ' s degree, comprehensive examinations, a major original contribution to research in the field of study, and oral defense of one ' s research. the research and writing requirement can take from two to five years beyond the course work. a ph. d. candidate should plan on a minimum of four and an average of six years of study to complete the degree requirements. it is not unusual for a student to be at columbia seven or eight years to complete a doctorate. to be admitted to these schools, the applicant must have completed a degree considered in the united states to be equivalent to a u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48667553060190083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:139cb27b-d4c2-4365-afcf-895d3c1e5636>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.350570"}
{"text": "degree requirements. it is not unusual for a student to be at columbia seven or eight years to complete a doctorate. to be admitted to these schools, the applicant must have completed a degree considered in the united states to be equivalent to a u. s. bachelor ' s degree with a strong academic record. there are also other admissions requirements. the columbia schools and programs that offer graduate degrees are : | college of physicians and surgeons | | program in physical therapy | | fu foundation school of engineering and applied science | | school of continuing education | | graduate school of architecture, planning, and preservation | | college of dental medicine | | graduate school of arts and sciences | | school of international and public affairs | | graduate school of business | | school of law | | graduate school of journalism | | school of nursing | | institute of human nutrition | | school of social work | | mailman school of public health | | school of the arts | | program in occupational therapy | the school of continuing education offers, in addition to its masters ' degree program, opportunities for non - degree study at columbia to qualified applicants. both undergraduate and graduate level courses from the university ' s arts and sciences course offerings may be taken for credit. this option is particularly appropriate for international students who wish to visit at columbia for a semester or two. to qualify for an i - 20 to be in f - 1 student status in the u. s., students must register for at least 12 points of credit - bearing coursework each semester. this is usually equivalent to four courses each semester. of particular interest to international students is the school of continuing education ' s american language program. the alp is one of the oldest english as a second language programs in the united states and offers a carefully integrated sequence of courses to students, business and professional people, and international visitors who wish to improve their command of english. there are two institutions which are affiliated with, located adjacent to, and bear the name of columbia university. they are administered separately and applications for admission must be made directly to these institutions. barnard college, columbia university an undergraduate liberal arts college for women affiliated with columbia university. for more information, write to barnard college admissions, 111 milbank, 3009 broadway, new york, ny 10027, u. s. a. teachers college, columbia university a graduate school for students interested in education, offering only the master ' s and doctoral degrees. for more information, write to teachers college admissions, 146 horace mann, 551 west 120 street, new york, ny 100", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4236195854904966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:139cb27b-d4c2-4365-afcf-895d3c1e5636>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.351557"}
{"text": "in the american electoral system, a primary election is an election that determines the nominee for each political party, who then competes for the office in the general election. a presidential primary is a state election that picks the delegates committed to nominate particular candidates for president of the united states. a presidential caucus, as in iowa, requires voters to meet together for several hours in face - to - face meetings that select county delegates, who eventually pick the delegates to the national convention. no other country uses primaries ; they choose their candidates in party conventions. primaries were introduced in the progressive era in the early 20th century to weaken the power of bosses and make the system more democratic. in presidential elections, they became important starting in 1952, when the first - in - the - nation new hampshire primary helped give dwight d. eisenhower the republican nomination, and knocked harry s. truman out of the democratic race because of his poor showing. in 1964, lyndon b. johnson ended his reelection campaign after doing poorly in new hampshire. after 1968, both parties changed their rules to emphasize presidential primaries, although some states still use the caucus system. in recent decades, new hampshire holds the first primary a few days after iowa holds the first caucus. that gives these two states enormous leverage, as the candidates and the media focus there. new hampshire and iowa receive about half of all the media attention given all primaries. the primary allows voters to choose between different candidates of the some political parties, perhaps representing different wings of the party. for example, a republican primary may choose between a range of candidates from moderate to conservative. gallup ' s 2008 polling data indicated a trend in primary elections towards more conservative candidates, despite the more liberal result in the general election. in recent years the primary seasons has come earlier and earlier, as states move up to earlier dates in the hope it will give them more leverage. for example, barry goldwater won the 1964 nomination because he won the last primary in california. the logic is faulty - - in highly contested races the later primaries have more leverage. thus in 2008 california gave up its traditional last - in - the - nation role and joined 20 other states on super tuesday. neither the candidates not the voters paid it much attention. michigan and florida moved up their primaries in defiance of national democratic party rules and were penalized. the result is the primary season is extended, and is far more expensive, and no state gets an advantage - - except for iowa and new hampshire, which now have dates in early january. in late 2009 the two national parties are meeting to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5198924732891532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c66cbd20-f2be-4f73-902d-7b0198351323>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.354430"}
{"text": "2 products found | results per page : 24 48 72 | | in terms of ecologically friendly flooring, bamboo is one of the top contenders. not only is bamboo flooring made from totally renewable resources, but it also is available in a wide variety of design options. for those who desire the look of hardwood flooring but are concerned about the environmental consequences of harvesting trees, bamboo offers the perfect solution. while bamboo is not technically wood flooring, its appearance is close enough to fool even the most discerning eye. why is bamboo flooring considered environmentally friendly? although bamboo is actually a type of grass, it is harder than red oak. it reaches full maturity in just 3 to 5 years rather than several decades and re - growth appears naturally without the need for replanting. harvesting bamboo is actually somewhat required because it is so hardy that leaving it to its own devices would put a strain on the environment. it would be a terrible shame to waste the harvested material, so people have designed many ways to put it to good use from thatched roofs to flooring material. bamboo also has no requirements for irrigation, fertilizers, or pesticides when grown in its natural environment. bamboo is naturally resistant to insects and pests. the lack of need for harsh chemicals during its growth only does more to keep the carbon footprint down. how is bamboo flooring manufactured? there are several steps involved in creating a material suitable for flooring from bamboo. upon harvest, the bamboo is boiled to remove its natural starches and moisture which could become a wonderful environment for termites if not remedied. the outer skin is then removed and the stalk is cut into strips for flooring. these strips are then boiled again to make them even harder or carbonized ; the longer the carbonation process, the darker the color of the final product. when the strips are ready they are formed into flooring either by gluing strips together or gluing a single layer of bamboo strips on top of another solid surface, resulting in either solid bamboo flooring or engineered bamboo flooring respectively. the flooring also goes through other processes to strengthen it further by applying laminate materials to increase scratch resistance. what are the design options with bamboo flooring? - bamboo flooring is available in widths ranging from 3 z inches to 7 inches and thicknesses of 5 / 8 inches and 9 / 16 inches. - finish options for bamboo flooring are available from unfinished and natural from the fsc unfinished bamboo collection to nearly black and a choice of either", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44145572224916424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0d737e4-1962-4d64-87de-fe82bc79661a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.357132"}
{"text": "by karen kaplan 5 : 53 pm est, january 30, 2013 attention dieters : many of the \u201c facts \u201d you think you know about obesity and weight loss are wrong. so says a report published in thursday \u2019 s edition of the new england journal of medicine. an international team of dietitians, doctors and other experts examined more than a dozen ideas about obesity that are widely believed to be true but aren \u2019 t actually supported by reliable medical evidence. it \u2019 s not just dieters who buy into these mistaken notions, the study authors note \u2013 much of this incorrect conventional wisdom is espoused by physicians, academic scientists, government agencies and ( gulp ) the media. seven of these errant ideas were classified as \u201c myths, \u201d meaning they are \u201c beliefs held to be true despite substantial refuting evidence. \u201d another six were categorized as \u201c presumptions, \u201d or \u201c beliefs held to be true for which convincing evidence does not yet confirm or disprove their truth. \u201d without further ado, let \u2019 s get to the myth - busting : eating a little less or exercising a little more will lead to large weight loss over time, as long as those behaviors are sustained. this myth is based on the idea that 3, 500 calories are equal to one pound. that equation was based on short - term experiments. in the long - term, the body compensates in various ways that slow down weight loss. for instance, the equation predicts that a person who burns 100 extra calories per day will lose more than 50 pounds over five years ; in reality, that exercise regimen will cause a person to shed only about 10 pounds ( assuming calorie intake remains the same ). it \u2019 s important to set realistic weight - loss goals so dieters don \u2019 t get frustrated. studies that have examined this reasonable - sounding assumption have found that having realistic goals has no impact on the amount of weight lost. indeed, some studies have found that those who set the most ambitious goals lost the most weight, even if they fell short of their initial expectations. slow, gradual weight loss is easier to sustain than large, rapid weight loss. in fact, clinical trials have found that people who jump - start their diets by dropping a lot of weight in the beginning ( by consuming only 800 to 1, 200 calories per day, for instance ) had the best results in long - term studies. in order to help someone lose weight, you must gauge their readiness to stick to a diet. experimental evidence shows that readiness isn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4800716462408592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47ca9e67-4f25-4611-86c4-df5f69a47bd0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.362047"}
{"text": "consuming only 800 to 1, 200 calories per day, for instance ) had the best results in long - term studies. in order to help someone lose weight, you must gauge their readiness to stick to a diet. experimental evidence shows that readiness isn \u2019 t related to diet results. school p. e. classes help reduce and prevent childhood obesity. while there is certainly some amount of physical education that would help fight childhood obesity, p. e. classes in their current form have not been shown to reduce bmi or obesity in kids on a consistent basis. babies who are breast - fed are less likely to become obese. if you think this is true, you \u2019 re in good company \u2013 the world health organization presented this \u201c fact \u201d in one of its reports. but a randomized, controlled clinical trial that followed 13, 000 children for more than six years found \u201c no compelling evidence \u201d that breastfeeding staves off obesity, according to the new england journal of medicine report. ( the authors did note that breastfeeding has other benefits and should be encouraged anyway. ) you can burn 100 to 300 calories by having sex. in fact, having sex burns calories at about the same rate as walking at a pace of 2. 5 mph. \u201c given that the average bout of sexual activity lasts about 6 minutes, \u201d the authors write, a man in his early to mid - 30s might burn 21 calories. but wait, it gets worse : considering that this man could burn 7 calories just watching tv, the true benefit of having sex is only 14 additional calories burned. the report also says that these widely accepted ideas are just as likely to be false as true : * eating breakfast instead of skipping it will help prevent obesity. * long - term eating and exercise habits are set in early childhood. * regardless of what else you do, eating more fruits and vegetables will lead to weight loss ( or less weight gain ). * yo - yo dieting will take months or years off your life. * snacking will make you gain weight. * the availability of sidewalks, parks and other aspects of the \u201c built environment \u201d influence the prevalence of obesity. how \u2019 s that for a reality check? you can read the full article for yourself here. return to the booster shots blog. follow me on twitter @ latkarenkaplan copyright \u00a9 2013, los angeles times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43571254274335636, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47ca9e67-4f25-4611-86c4-df5f69a47bd0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.362966"}
{"text": "what they are and how to learn more about the appellate courts and the justices who serve on them every four years, more than a third of california \u2019 s 99 court of appeal justices face california voters for retention. in addition, several of the seven justices on the california supreme court face retention elections every four years. these are not contested elections ; no one may run against the justices. instead, the voters simply decide whether the justice shall continue to serve. if a majority of voters cast \" yes \" votes for a particular justice, that justice remains for another term. the code of judicial ethics requires all judges \" to be faithful to the law regardless of partisan interests, public clamor or fear of criticism.... \" the retention election system, adopted by california voters as part of the state constitution, is designed specifically to foster judges \u2019 independence from improper external pressures. because supreme court justices hold statewide offices, voters everywhere in california decide whether to retain them. in contrast, because court of appeal justices serve in districts, voters in each district alone decide whether to retain them. california \u2019 s 99 court of appeal justices are divided among six districts, centered in san francisco, los angeles, sacramento, san diego, fresno, and san jose. supreme and appellate court justices generally do not actively campaign for retention. the only promise they can make voters is to decide appeals impartially and according to the law, without fear or favor toward any individual or group. however, they do seek to provide helpful information to voters. the justices have worked closely and actively with the secretary of state \u2019 s office to help the public learn more about the appellate courts, who the appellate justices are, and what they do. as a consequence, voters everywhere in california can easily get biographical information on every justice who appears on the ballot. as to supreme court justices, the information is contained in the statewide ballot pamphlet sent to all voters by the secretary of state. as to court of appeal justices, the official statewide voter pamphlet does not contain biographical sketches, but does refer voters to an internet website and a toll - free telephone hotline so they may obtain justices \u2019 biographies, either on - line or through receipt of the judicial information bookleton request. the secretary of state \u2019 s internet website and judicial information booklet also include brief descriptions of the appellate courts and how they differ from trial courts. to gain access to these materials, voters may go to the secretary of state \u2019 s internet website at http : / / www. ss. ca. gov / or call the telephone hotline at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4457053367592584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19b4e4f2-853a-4b46-baf8-25a9494b759b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.365734"}
{"text": "boston ' s arnold arboretum : a place for study and recreation - - by looking at boston ' s arnold arboretum : a place for study and recreation, students discover how the first arboretum in the united states became part of the burgeoning urban park movement in the second half of the 19th century. those interested in learning more will find that the internet offers a variety of interesting materials. frederick law olmsted national historic site frederick law olmsted national historic site is a unit of the national park system. visit the park ' s web pages for a detailed history of olmsted as well as information about the olmsted archives that has historic documentation for olmsted - designed landscapes. also featured on the site is the olmsted center for landscape preservation ( oclp ) providing technical assistance to historic properties in cultural landscape research, planning, stewardship and education. national park service ( nps ) historic landscape initiative learn more about the national park service ( nps ) historic landscape initiative. this program promotes responsible preservation practices that protect our nation ' s irreplaceable legacy - - designed landscapes such as parks and gardens, as well as vernacular historic landscapes such as farms and industrial sites. the arnold arboretum of harvard university visit the arnold arboretum website for more information about this research and educational institution. it manages a collection of hardy trees, shrubs, and vines located on 265 acres in boston, massachusetts and associated herbarium and library collections. the grounds were planned and designed by the arboretum ' s first director, charles sprague sargent, in collaboration with the landscape architect, frederick law olmsted as part of boston ' s emerald necklace park system. visit some of the parks created by frederick law olmsted the cultural landscape foundation the cultural landscape foundation is the only not - for - profit foundation in america dedicated to increasing the publicis awareness of the importance and irreplaceable legacy of cultural landscapes. visit their website for more information on what cultural landscapes are and what they represent. also learn about endangered landscapes and grassroots efforts to preserve them. library of congress visit the american memory collection web page to search through the archives for the writings of frederick law olmsted, pictures from his personal collection, and information on his various parks. also search for information on the industrialization of america, the reactionary movements to the consequences, and arnold arboretum. of special note are the environmental and landscape photographs of arnold arboretum. american journal of botany browse the american journal of botany, a journal devoted to the study of plants, for a variety of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4503617362724043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:663377cb-a977-4210-a2cf-52cf8120193b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.368795"}
{"text": "the reactionary movements to the consequences, and arnold arboretum. of special note are the environmental and landscape photographs of arnold arboretum. american journal of botany browse the american journal of botany, a journal devoted to the study of plants, for a variety of articles on botany. the industrial revolution visit the thinkquest junior web pages on the industrial revolution to explore this time period that helped spark the park movement in america. the site provides important facts about the industrial revolution, it offers fun things to do related to the facts learned, and it recommends other sources of information related to the revolution. for further reading students ( or educators ) wishing to learn more about frederick law olmsted, charles sprague sargent, or the arnold arboretum may want to read : ida hay, science in the pleasure ground : a history of arnold arboretum ( boston : northeastern university press, 1995 ) ; witold rybczynski, a clearing in the distance : frederick law olmsted and america in the nineteenth century ( new york : scribner, 1999 ) ; s. b. sutton, charles sprague sargent and the arnold arboretum ( cambridge : harvard university press, 1970 ) ; and cynthia zaitzevsky, frederick law olmsted and the boston park system ( cambridge : belknap press, 1982 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46155210946497194, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:663377cb-a977-4210-a2cf-52cf8120193b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.369264"}
{"text": "what is mead? mead, also known as honey wine, is regarded as the oldest of fermented beverage and has stood the test of time. from the dawn of pre - history to today mead has long been regarded as a delicacy, often referred to as the \" nectar of the gods \". the earliest archaeological evidence for the production of mead dates to around 7000 bc where pottery vessels containing a mixture of mead, rice and other fruits along with organic compounds of fermentation were found in northern china. crafted artisan meadery uses the finest raw, unfiltered, unpastuerized honey as well as fruits, spices, herbs, and other natural ingredients to create an experience that is solely \" mead \". some of our meads are aged on oak and others not... oak does wonders to an already complex mead. our use of honey might make you think that mead is only sweet. while mead can be made as sweet as a dessert wine it can also be made dry... and anywhere in between. yes, you ' ll find a little of \" traditional wine \" and even a little of \" craft beer \" elements but mead is an experience all it ' s own. where other beverages work within the confines of industry standards and style categories mead can be broken down into a few broad categories that allow us to be as creative and unique as we want... there are no rules. traditional traditional mead is purely honey, water, and yeast. traditionals allow the chosen honey to be showcased and the drinker to explore the characteristics of that honey. tupelo, clover, orange blossom, the list is long... there is a wide array of varietal honey available each with it ' s own unique flavor and aroma characteristics. melomel melomels are mead crafted using fruit, honey, water and yeast. fresh and local : any fruit can be used but we tend to stick to fruits that we can source locally to ensure the freshest and best product possible. we build relationships with our vendors and often times find ourselves hauling a trailer load of cider or blueberries back from their family operations. ask us, we ' d love to share with you how to find these great local farms. metheglin metheglins are mead crafted using spices and / or herbs, honey, water and yeast. cinnamon, vanilla and hibiscus are just a few examples of the countless ingredients we can use. the name \" metheglin \" finds it origins in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49067246765734784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f61095d-0f35-4cbb-862b-20ac132b3c03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.371765"}
{"text": "join us on add to favorites discover the beauty, and functionality, of ancient native american pottery! these replicas are a wonderful way to learn more about a culture. pottery in any culture is an age - old practice that was originally practical and eventually became seen as an art form. ancient native american pieces are beautifully decorated ceramics that are not only functional but a pleasure to look at as well. choose a style of pottery from one native nation to replicate. based on the style of the pot, choose an armature such as a recycled container or crumpled aluminum foil. cover this basic form with a thin crayola\u00ae model magic\u00ae layer. add embellishments to your pot by creating ropes, leather cords, feathers, and beads, as appropriate to the culture and time period, and affixing them to your pot. for even edges, cut the compound with crayola scissors. one way to make beads is to cut a long piece of fishing line. make small model magic balls and wrap them around the fishing line about half - way down the length. leave enough fishing line uncovered so you can use it to wrap around the lip of the pot later. try making different shapes of beads and alternating colors to get different patterns. another way to make beads is by wrapping the model magic compound around short pieces of plastic straws. you can then string your beads any way you like. at the end of a string of beads on native pottery, there are often large decorative feathers. roll out model magic compound into feathers. combine different colors for multicolor feathers. then take a craft stick or other modeling tool to etch in the feather \u2019 s vein and the edges. press the feather on the fishing line at the end of your beads. cut off any fishing line that sticks out on the bottom. wrap the extra fishing line around the lip of the pot and tie a knot. you can hide the fishing line by covering the lip with cords or other decorative elements. adorn your pot with a beautiful rope by braiding three long pieces of model magic compound and then wrapping the braid around the lip. add leather - like cords by rolling out long pieces of model magic compound and pressing them a little flat. then twist and hang them on your pot. model magic\u00ae dries to the touch overnight and dries completely in 2 to 3 days. study native american use of animal hides for homes and clothing. add to favorites how do people communicate when the landscape is as barren and forbidding as arctic tundra? make a stone message board in make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4756444982206961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67bf451a-fd43-4295-971e-25c07fdc2b9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.374479"}
{"text": "dinosaur bones \" buried \" by evolutionists! a recent presentation at the 2012 western pacific geophysics meeting in singapore showed c - 14 dates of soft tissue found in dinosaur bones to be in the range from 22, 000 - 39, 000 years old. previously, it has been assumed that dinosaurs died out over 65 million years ago, so these new findings are astonishing and should have made international news. but shortly after the presentation was made at the meeting, the abstract was removed from the meeting \u2019 s website! so it appears that instead of making international news, these findings have been buried. first, let \u2019 s look at what was actually being presented. the organic matter ( collagen ) and hard carbonate bone mineral ( bioapatite ) in the bone samples were analyzed. the samples came from several species of dinosaurs ( acrocanthosaur, hadrosaurus, triceratops and apatosaurus ) taken from various sites in texas, colorado, arkansas and montana. the samples were meticulously handled and cleaned to avoid possible contamination. the carbon - 14 ( c - 14 ) levels in these samples were measured using accelerator mass spectrometry ( ams ). the resultant c - 14 ages obtained from these samples were consistently in the 22, 000 - 39, 000 years range. the fact that the samples were from a variety of species and sites all giving consistent results greatly reduces the chance that the results are from contamination. the theoretical upper limit for c - 14 dating is ten times the half - life, or about 57, 000 years. the proposed practical upper limit for c - 14 dating is between 40, 000 - 50, 000 years. while some samples fell close to the 40, 000 year upper limit, 16 out of 20 ( 80 % ) were aged at 35, 000 years or younger, well within the acceptable upper c - 14 dating limits. while other researchers have found soft tissue in dinosaur bones and c - 14 dates in these ranges, this current study has been the most comprehensive. the fact that there is any collagen at all remaining in these bone samples is amazing, considering that they are supposed to be older than 65 million years. protein just doesn \u2019 t hang around that long! and that there is any c - 14 in them also is reason to possibly question conventional wisdom. but why have we not heard about any of this in the news? shouldn ' t there have been at least a 15 - second blip from one of the media outlets? but the media have been silent and the abstract pulled from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49239588224655206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cb92412-144d-4c9c-b1c1-b3638ba84556>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.377910"}
{"text": "[ note : in japan, it is customary to refer to a person with their last name first. we have retained this practice in the below excerpt from kurosawa \u2019 s text. ] the gate was growing larger and larger in my mind \u2019 s eye. i was location - scouting in the ancient capital of kyoto for rashomon, my eleventh - century period film. the daiei management was not very happy with the project. they said the content was difficult and the title had no appeal. they were reluctant to let the shooting begin. day by day, as i waited, i walked around kyoto and the still - more - ancient capital of nara a few miles away, studying the classical architecture. the more i saw, the larger the image of the rashomon gate became in my mind. at first i thought my gate should be about the size of the entrance gate to toji temple in kyoto. then it became as large as the tengaimon gate in nara, and finally as big as the main two - story gates of the ninnaji and todaiji temples in nara. this image enlargement occurred not just because i had the opportunity to see real gates dating from that period, but because of what i was learning, from documents and relics, about the long - since - destroyed rashomon gate itself. \u201c rashomon \u201d actually refers to the rajomon gate ; the name was changed in a noh play written by kanze nobumitsu. \u201c rajo \u201d indicates the outer precincts of the castle, so \u201c rajomon \u201d means the main gate to the castle \u2019 s outer grounds. the gate for my film rashomon was the main gate to the outer precincts of the ancient capital - - \u2013 - - \u2013 kyoto was at that time called \u201c heian - kyo. \u201d if one entered the capital through the rajomon gate and continued due north along the main thoroughfare of the metropolis, one came to the shujakumon gate at the end of it, and the toji and saiji temples to the east and west, respectively. considering this city plan, it would have been strange had the outer main gate not been the biggest gate of all. there is tangible evidence that it in fact was : the blue roof tiles that survive from the original rajomon gate show that it was large. but, no matter how much research we did, we couldn \u2019 t discover the actual dimensions of the vanished structure. as a result, we had to construct the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4862066089844944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.391969"}
{"text": "blue roof tiles that survive from the original rajomon gate show that it was large. but, no matter how much research we did, we couldn \u2019 t discover the actual dimensions of the vanished structure. as a result, we had to construct the rashomon gate to the city based on what we could learn from looking at extant temple gates, knowing that the original was probably different. what we built as a set was gigantic. it was so immense that a complete roof would have buckled the support pillars. using the artistic device of dilapidation as an excuse, we constructed only half a roof and were able to get away with our measurements. to be historically accurate, the imperial palace and the shujakumon gate should have been visible looking north through our gate. but on the daiei back lot such distances were out of the question, and even if we had been able to find the space, the budget would have made it impossible. we made do with a cut - out mountain to be seen through the gate. even so, what we built was extraordinarily large for an open set. when i took this project to daiei, i told them the only sets i would need were the gate and the tribunal courtyard wall where all the survivors, participants and witnesses of the rape and murder that form the story of the film are questioned. everything else, i promised them, would be shot on location. based on this low - budget set estimate, daiei happily took on the project. later, kawaguchi matsutaro, at that time a daiei executive, complained that they had really been fed a line. to be sure, only the gate set had to be built, but for the price of that one mammoth set they could have had over a hundred ordinary sets. but, to tell the truth, i hadn \u2019 t intended so big a set to begin with. it was while i was kept waiting all that time that my research deepened and my image of the gate swelled to its startling proportions. when i had finished scandal for the shochiku studios, daiei asked if i wouldn \u2019 t direct one more film for them. as i cast about for what to film, i suddenly remembered a script based on the short story \u201c yabu no naka \u201d ( \u201c in a grove \u201d ) by akutagawa ryunosuke. it had been written by hashimoto shinobu, who had been studying under director itami mansaku. it was a very well - written piece, but not long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44431787921521565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.392888"}
{"text": "\u201c in a grove \u201d ) by akutagawa ryunosuke. it had been written by hashimoto shinobu, who had been studying under director itami mansaku. it was a very well - written piece, but not long enough to make into a feature film. this hashimoto had visited my home, and i talked with him for hours. he seemed to have substance, and i took a liking to him. he later wrote the screenplays for ikiru ( 1952 ) and shichinin no samurai ( seven samurai, 1954 ) with me. the script i remembered was his akutagawa adaptation called \u201c male - female. \u201d probably my subconscious told me it was not right to have put that script aside ; probably i was \u2014 without being aware of it \u2013 wondering all the while if i couldn \u2019 t do something with it. at that moment the memory of it jumped out of one of those creases in my brain and told me to give it a chance. at the same time i recalled that \u201c in a grove \u201d is made up of three stories, and realized that if i added one more, the whole would be just the right length for a feature film. then i remembered the akutagawa story \u201c rashomon. \u201d like \u201c in a grove, \u201d it was set in the heian period ( 794 - 1184 ). the film rashomon took shape in my mind. since the advent of the talkies in the 1930s, i felt, we had misplaced and forgotten what was so wonderful about the old silent movies. i was aware of the aesthetic loss as a constant irritation. i sensed a need to go back to the origins of the motion picture to find this peculiar beauty again ; i had to go back into the past. in particular, i believed that there was something to be learned from the spirit of the french avant - garde films of the 1920s. yet in japan at this time we had no film library. i had to forage for old films, and try to remember the structure of those i had seen as a boy, ruminating over the aesthetics that had made them special. rashomon would be my testing ground, the place where i could apply the ideas and wishes growing out of my silent - film research. to provide the symbolic background atmosphere, i decided to use the akutagawa \u201c in a grove \u201d story, which goes into the depths of the human heart as if with a surgeon \u2019 s scalpel, laying bare its dark complexities and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4379230000526529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.394617"}
{"text": "research. to provide the symbolic background atmosphere, i decided to use the akutagawa \u201c in a grove \u201d story, which goes into the depths of the human heart as if with a surgeon \u2019 s scalpel, laying bare its dark complexities and bizarre twists. these strange impulses of the human heart would be expressed through the use of an elaborately fashioned play of light and shadow. in the film, people going astray in the thicket of their hearts would wander into a wider wilderness, so i moved the setting to a large forest. i selected the virgin forest of the mountains surrounding nara, and the forest belonging to the komyoji temple outside kyoto. there were only eight characters, but the story was both complex and deep. the script was done as straightforwardly and briefly as possible, so i felt i should be able to create a rich and expansive visual image in turning it into a film. fortunately, i had as cinematographer a man i had long wanted to work with, miyagawa kazuo ; i had hayasaka to compose the music and matsuyama as art director. the cast was mifune toshiro, mori masayuki, kyo machiko, shimura takashi, chiaki minoru, ueda kichijiro, kato daisuke and honma fumiko ; all were actors whose temperaments i knew, and i could not have wished for a better line - up. moreover, the story was supposed to take place in summer, and we had, ready to hand, the scintillating midsummer heat of kyoto and nara. with all these conditions so neatly met, i could ask nothing more. all that was left was to begin the film. however, one day just before the shooting was to start, the three assistant directors daiei had assigned me came to see me at the inn where i was staying. i wondered what the problem could be. it turned out that they found the script baffling and wanted me to explain it to them. \u201c please read it again more carefully, \u201d i told them. \u201c if you read it diligently, you should be able to understand it because it was written with the intention of being comprehensible. \u201d but they wouldn \u2019 t leave. \u201c we believe we have read it carefully, and we still don \u2019 t understand it at all ; that \u2019 s why we want you to explain it to us. \u201d for their persistence i gave them this simple explanation : human beings are unable to be honest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46199523220670186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.395614"}
{"text": "we believe we have read it carefully, and we still don \u2019 t understand it at all ; that \u2019 s why we want you to explain it to us. \u201d for their persistence i gave them this simple explanation : human beings are unable to be honest with themselves about themselves. they cannot talk about themselves without embellishing. this script portrays such human beings \u2013 the kind who cannot survive without lies to make them feel they are better people than they really are. it even shows this sinful need for flattering falsehood going beyond the grave \u2014 even the character who dies cannot give up his lies when he speaks to the living through a medium. egoism is a sin the human being carries with him from birth ; it is the most difficult to redeem. this film is like a strange picture scroll that is unrolled and displayed by the ego. you say that you can \u2019 t understand this script at all, but that is because the human heart itself is impossible to understand. if you focus on the impossibility of truly understanding human psychology and read the script one more time, i think you will grasp the point of it. after i finished, two of the three assistant directors nodded and said they would try reading the script again. they got up to leave, but the third, who was the chief, remained unconvinced. he left with an angry look on his face. ( as it turned out, this chief assistant director and i never did get along. i still regret that in the end i had to ask for his resignation. but, aside from this, the work went well. ) during the rehearsals before the shooting i was left virtually speechless by kyo machiko \u2019 s dedication. she came in to where i was still sleeping in the morning and sat down with the script in her hand. \u201c please teach me what to do, \u201d she requested, and i lay there amazed. the other actors, too, were all in their prime. their spirit and enthusiasm was obvious in their work, and equally manifest in their eating and drinking habits. they invented a dish called sanzoku - yaki, or \u201c mountain bandit broil, \u201d and ate it frequently. it consisted of beef strips sauteed in oil and then dipped in a sauce made of curry powder in melted butter. but while they held their chopsticks in one hand, in the other they \u2019 d hold a raw onion. from time to time they \u2019 d put a strip of meat on the onion and take a bite out of it. thoroughly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4722208753136965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.396581"}
{"text": "melted butter. but while they held their chopsticks in one hand, in the other they \u2019 d hold a raw onion. from time to time they \u2019 d put a strip of meat on the onion and take a bite out of it. thoroughly barbaric. the shooting began at the nara virgin forest. this forest was infested with mountain leeches. they dropped out of the trees onto us, they crawled up our legs from the ground to suck our blood. even when they had had their fill, it was no easy task to pull them off, and once you managed to rip a glutted leech out of your flesh, the open sore seemed never to stop bleeding. our solution was to put a tub of salt in the entry of the inn. before we left for the location in the morning we would cover our necks, arms and socks with salt. leeches are like slugs \u2014 they avoid salt. in those days the virgin forest around nara harbored great numbers of massive cryptomerias and japanese cypresses, and vines of lush ivy twined from tree to tree like pythons. it had the air of the deepest mountains and hidden glens. every day i walked in this forest, partly to scout for shooting locations and partly for pleasure. once a black shadow suddenly darted in front of me : a deer from the nara park that had returned to the wild. looking up, i saw a pack of monkeys in the big trees about my head. the inn we were housed in lay at the foot of mount wakakusa. once a big monkey who seemed to be the leader of the pack came and sat on the roof of the inn to stare at us studiously throughout our boisterous evening meal. another time the moon rose from behind mount wakakusa, and for an instant we saw the silhouette of a deer framed distinctly against its full brightness. often after supper we climbed up mount wakakusa and formed a circle to dance in the moonlight. i was still young and the cast members were even younger and bursting with energy. we carried out our work with enthusiasm. when the location moved from the nara mountains to the komyoji temple forest in kyoto, it was gion festival time. the sultry summer sun hit with full force, but even though some members of my crew succumbed to heat stroke, our work pace never flagged. every afternoon we pushed through without even stopping for a single swallow of water. when work was over, on the way back to the inn we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44647984802462337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.398668"}
{"text": "force, but even though some members of my crew succumbed to heat stroke, our work pace never flagged. every afternoon we pushed through without even stopping for a single swallow of water. when work was over, on the way back to the inn we stopped at a beer hall in kyoto \u2019 s downtown shijo - kawaramachi district. there each of us downed about four of the biggest mugs of draft beer they had. but we ate dinner without any alcohol and, upon finishing, split up to go about our private affairs. then at ten o \u2019 clock we \u2019 d gather again and pour whiskey down our throats with a vengeance. every morning we were up bright and clear - headed to do our sweat - drenched work. where the komyoji temple forest was too thick to give us the light we needed for shooting, we cut down trees without a moment \u2019 s hesitation or explanation. the abbot of komyoji glared fearfully as he watched us. but as the days went on, he began to take the initiative, showing us where he thought trees should be felled. when our shoot was finished at the komyoji location, i went to pay my respects to the abbot. he looked at me with grave seriousness and spoke with deep feeling. \u201c to be honest with you, at the outset we were very disturbed when you went about cutting down the temple trees as if they belonged to you. but in the end we were won over by your wholehearted enthusiasm. \u2018 show the audience something good. \u2019 this was the focus of all your energies, and you forgot yourselves. until i had the chance to watch you, i had no idea that the making of a movie was a crystallization of such effort. i was very deeply impressed. \u201d the abbot finished and set a folding fan before me. in commemoration of our filming, he had written on the fan three characters forming a chinese poem : \u201c benefit all mankind. \u201d i was left speechless. we set up a parallel schedule for the use of the komyoji location and open set of the rashomon gate. on sunny days we filmed at komyoji ; on cloudy days we filmed the rain scenes at the gate set. because the gate set was so huge, the job of creating rainfall on it was a major operation. we borrowed fire engines and turned on the studio \u2019 s fire hoses to full capacity. but when the camera was aimed upward at the cloudy sky over the gate, the sprinkle of the rain couldn \u2019 t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4570191759189015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.400047"}
{"text": "on it was a major operation. we borrowed fire engines and turned on the studio \u2019 s fire hoses to full capacity. but when the camera was aimed upward at the cloudy sky over the gate, the sprinkle of the rain couldn \u2019 t be seen against it, so we made rainfall with black ink in it. every day we worked in temperatures of more than 85\u00ba fahrenheit, but when the wind blew through the wide - open gate with the terrific rainfall pouring down over it, it was enough to chill the skin. i had to be sure that this huge gate looked huge to the camera. and i had to figure out how to use the sun itself. this was a major concern because of the decision to use the light and shadows of the forest as the keynote of the whole film. i determined to solve the problem by actually filming the sun. these days it is not uncommon to point the camera directly at the sun, but at the time rashomon was being made it was still one of the taboos of cinematography. it was even thought that the sun \u2019 s rays shining directly into your lens would burn the film in your camera. but my cameraman, miyagawa kazuo, boldly defied this convention and created superb images. the introductory section in particular, which leads the viewer through the light and shadow of the forest into a world where the human heart loses its way, was truly magnificent camera work. i feel that this scene, later praised at the venice international film festival as the first instance of a camera entering the heart of a forest, was not only one of miyagawa \u2019 s masterpieces but a world - class masterpiece of black - and - white cinematography. and yet, i don \u2019 t know what happened to me. delighted as i was with miyagawa \u2019 s work, it seems i forgot to tell him. when i said to myself, \u201c wonderful, \u201d i guess i thought i had said \u201c wonderful \u201d to him at the same time. i didn \u2019 t realize i hadn \u2019 t until one day miyagawa \u2019 s old friend shimura takashi ( who was playing the woodcutter in rashomon ) came to me and said, \u201c miyagawa \u2019 s very concerned about whether his camera work is satisfactory to you. \u201d recognizing my oversight for the first time, i hurriedly shouted \u201c one hundred percent! one hundred for camera work! one hundred plus! \u201d there is no end to my recollections of rashomon. if i tried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.447746295604592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.403428"}
{"text": "satisfactory to you. \u201d recognizing my oversight for the first time, i hurriedly shouted \u201c one hundred percent! one hundred for camera work! one hundred plus! \u201d there is no end to my recollections of rashomon. if i tried to write about all of them, i \u2019 d never finish, so i \u2019 d like to end with one incident that left an indelible impression on me. it has to do with the music. as i was writing the script, i heard the rhythms of a bolero in my head over the episode of the woman \u2019 s side of the story. i asked hayasaka to write a bolero kind of music for the scene. when we came to the dubbing of that scene, hayasaka sat down next to me and said, \u201c i \u2019 ll try it with the music. \u201d in his face i saw uneasiness and anticipation. my own nervousness and expectancy gave me a painful sensation in my chest. the screen lit up with the beginning of the scene, and the strains of the bolero music softly counted out the rhythm. as the scene progressed, the music rose, but the image and the sound failed to coincide and seemed to be at odds with each other. \u201c damn it, \u201d i thought. the multiplication of sound and image that i had calculated in my head had failed, it seemed. it was enough to make me break out in a cold sweat. we kept going. the bolero music rose yet again, and suddenly picture and sound fell into perfect unison. the mood created was positively eerie. i felt an icy chill run down my spine, and unwittingly i turned to hayasaka. he was looking at me. his face was pale, and i saw that he was shuddering with the same eerie emotion i felt. from that point on, sound and image proceeded with incredible speed to surpass even the calculations i had made in my head. the effect was strange and overwhelming. and that is how rashomon was made. during the shooting there were two fires at the daiei studios. but because we had mobilized the fire engines for our filming, they were already primed and drilled, so the studios escaped with very minor damage. after rashomon i made a film of dostoevsky \u2019 s the idiot ( hakuchi, 1951 ) for the shochiku studios. this idiot was ruinous. i clashed directly with the studio heads, and then when the reviews on the completed film came out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4746230491205073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.406420"}
{"text": "made a film of dostoevsky \u2019 s the idiot ( hakuchi, 1951 ) for the shochiku studios. this idiot was ruinous. i clashed directly with the studio heads, and then when the reviews on the completed film came out, it was as if they were a mirror reflection of the studio \u2019 s attitude toward me. without exception, they were scathing. on the heels of this disaster, daiei rescinded its offer for me to do another film with them. i listened to this cold announcement at the chofu studios of daiei in the tokyo suburbs. i walked out through the gate in the gloomy daze, and, not having the will even to get on the train, i ruminated over my bleak situation as i walked all the way home to komae. i concluded that for some time i would have to \u201c eat cold rice \u201d and resigned myself to this fact. deciding that it would serve no purpose to get excited about it, i set out to go fishing at the tamagawa river. i cast my line into the river. it immediately caught on something and snapped in two. having no replacement with me, i hurriedly put my equipment away. thinking this was what it was like when bad luck catches up with you, i headed back home. i arrived home depressed, with barely enough strength to slide open the door to the entry. suddenly my wife came bounding out. \u201c congratulations! \u201d i was unwittingly indignant : \u201c for what? \u201d \u201c rashomon has the grand prix. \u201d rashomon had won the grand prix at the venice international film festival, and i was spared from having to eat cold rice. once again an angel had appeared out of nowhere. i did not even know that rashomon had been submitted to the venice film festival. the japan representative to italiafilm, giuliana stramigioli, had seen it and recommended it to venice. it was like pouring water into the sleeping ears of the japanese film industry. later rashomon won the american academy award for best foreign language film. japanese critics insisted that these two prizes were simply reflections of westerners \u2019 curiosity and taste for oriental exoticism, which struck me then, and now, as terrible. why is it that japanese people have no confidence in the worth of japan? why do they elevate everything foreign and denigrate everything japanese? even the woodblock prints of utamoro, hokusai and sharaku were not appreciated by japanese until they were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46331928148163243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7db29226-63a3-4e2a-9fff-87120625a08c>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.407968"}
{"text": "st. francis, animals and the environment dr. marcellino d ' ambrosio you often see a garden statue of him with a bird on his shoulder. yes, st. francis of assisi did have a special relationship with animals. he preached to the birds, pacified a wolf, and put together an animal cast for what is regarded as the very first live nativity scene. but he had no interest in \u201c the environment. \u201d no feeling for it whatsoever. instead, he was in love with creation. and that \u2019 s because he was in love with the creator, who he regarded not as some cosmic force or distant, detached monarch, but as \u201c father. \u201d he so much loved god his father that he had great affection for anything related to god \u2013 the sacraments, the church, its very imperfect ministers, broken down country chapels, and all of god \u2019 s marvelous works of art \u2013 human beings first and foremost, but also the animals and even the inanimate objects that adorn the heavens and the earth. the fondness for and kinship st. francis felt with \u201c brother son and sister moon \u201d was truly a gift. but it is gift that we all receive when we receive the holy spirit since it is one of the seven gifts mentioned in isaiah 11 : 2 - 3. at least this is how st. thomas aquinas and many after him explained this beautiful, supernatural gift of piety. the natural virtue of piety was extolled by the greeks and romans \u2013 a love of those who gave you life, first and foremost your parents and after them, your fatherland. this entailed also a respect and affection for all that is connected with your parents and dear to them as well \u2013 your grandparents, uncles and aunts, and in the case of your country, its flag, its national anthem, its history and its heros. the term for piety towards one \u2019 s country is \u201c patriotism \u201d which actually has at its root, the term \u201c pater \u201d or \u201c father. \u201d st. francis loved his home town of assisi. but his deeper patriotism was for the kingdom of god. his affection for the kingdom included respect and reverence for all the king \u2019 s creatures and subjects, whether they be great or small. now, this does not mean that francis saw all creatures as his equals, as some animal rights advocates today seem to do. one animal rights philosopher, peter singer, goes so far as to teach that adult whales and chimpanzees are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4463209088626722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7c0d8f-2e3c-47c2-83e9-05a17f5f46e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.413489"}
{"text": ". now, this does not mean that francis saw all creatures as his equals, as some animal rights advocates today seem to do. one animal rights philosopher, peter singer, goes so far as to teach that adult whales and chimpanzees are actually superior to human fetuses and infants in both dignity and value. he would save the whales but allow both abortion and infanticide. st. francis would be appalled at such a concept. biblical person that he was, he understood that woman and man are god \u2019 s supreme masterpieces, made in his image and likeness, unlike the animals. human beings are given dominion over the rest of creation in genesis 2 not to exploit however, but to cultivate, care for, and perfect. god entrusts adam and eve not with \u201c the environment, \u201d but with \u201c the garden \u201d \u2013 a place of beauty in which we are made to walk with god. so st. francis loves the birds, but also presses them into the service of the gospel. he saves the wolf of gubbio from the wrath of angry townspeople, but rebukes it for its ferocity and calls men and wolf to live everafter in harmony. and the animals of the nativity scene? they are companions of the infant who is the word made flesh. so the authentic biblical and catholic approach to \u201c the environment \u201d is not to see it coldly and scientifically as \u201c the environment. \u201d but rather, in the fashion of st. francis, to approach it as the expression of the father \u2019 s beauty, as the gift of the father \u2019 s love, as an icon, a window to the new creation. reckless exploitation would never fit with such a vision. but neither would some secular environmentalism. follow us - join us on facebook join us on twitter dr. marcellino d \u2019 ambrosio writes from texas. for more information on his resources and his pilgrimages to italy and the holy land, visit www. crossroadsinitiative. com or call 1. 800. 803. 0118. click here to download and print, click here! for more catholic resources to feed your faith, visit the crossroads initiative homepage. to sign up for our free weekly e - mail with dr. d ' ambrosio ' s commentary on the sunday readings, liturgical feasts, updates on where dr. d will be speaking, a chance to win a free cd and more, click here! personal prayer : pathway to joy marcellino d ' ambrosio, ph. d. everyone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47261433650315177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7c0d8f-2e3c-47c2-83e9-05a17f5f46e5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.414430"}
{"text": "the sunday readings, liturgical feasts, updates on where dr. d will be speaking, a chance to win a free cd and more, click here! personal prayer : pathway to joy marcellino d ' ambrosio, ph. d. everyone knows that personal prayer is important. you can ' t expect to deepen a relationship with god talking with him only once a week! but how, in the midst of the busy, noisy life we all lead, can we develop a pattern of daily prayer that really works? and if we are successful in carving out some moments for prayer, what do we do? how should we spend that time in way that would be most fruitful? dr. marcellino d ' ambrosio has taught spiritual theology academically, but, more importantly, he ' s had plenty of practice applying that tradition to everyday life. with a family of seven, a business, and a non - profit corporation to run, he knows the challenges that a busy, active life can pose to the christian who wants to pray. in this talk, he lays down principles and gives practical suggestions on how busy laypeople can develop a prayer life that leads to joy and personal transformation. cd - $ 8. 95 the seven deadly sins - 3 cd set what are the seven deadly sins? there are books written about them and movies made about them, but what are they? from about the fifth century, christian spiritual writers identified seven patterns of sin that, if not broken, would lead to spiritual death. in this fascinating series by dr. marcellino d ' ambrosio, we learn the destructive, addictive dynamics of these seven vices and how they infiltrate, and ultimately take over people ' s lives. most importantly, we find out how to get free of the chains forged by these sins and the necessary qualities to cultivate to make us immune to them in the future. beyond the birds and the bees \" the talk. \" it ' s one of the most daunting prospects parents face. communicating the richness of catholic teaching on sexuality in a faithful and effective way can be an overwhelming responsibility. but does it have to be so? in this thoroughly revised version of beyond the birds and the bees, greg and lisa popcak empower you with the tools needed to move well beyond \" the talk \" by offering a comprehensive guide to raising sexually whole and holy children. using the riches of blessed john paul ii ' s theology of the body, the popcaks help you safely navigate your children from infancy through the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44421294349750723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7c0d8f-2e3c-47c2-83e9-05a17f5f46e5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.415462"}
{"text": "indonesia is known for being prone to natural disasters of all kinds, ranging from climatic ( floods, drought ) to geologic ( earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanoes, etc. ), biological ( avian influenza ) to man - made ( deforestation, mining, conflicts ). with an already high level of food insecurity, households ' vulnerability to shocks is high as the assets and structures of communities are jeopardized by these complex emergencies and a general lack of disaster risk reduction and management. over the past five years, more than 1, 500, 000 people have been directly affected by natural disasters, primarily in west sumatera, west java, central java, west nusa tenggara, east nusa tenggara and papua. following the tsunami of 2004, the government of indonesia has become more aware of the risks, both real and potential, affecting the provinces, and has taken steps to build the capacity of its staff in disaster risk reduction. emergency preparedness and response has also become a priority for the indonesian church, specifically the national caritas office \u2014 karina \u2014 and a growing number of dioceses. various disasters over the past five years offered opportunities for the dioceses in those areas to contribute to the disaster responses and increase their response and management capacities. this has provided catholic relief services indonesia with greater opportunity to work with and support the local church and other organizations to improve their capacity in emergency response programming. latest stories from indonesia view all stories \u00bb \u00bb see all the different ways your support helps people around the world after disasters strike. \u00bb \u00bb the latest eruption from indonesia ' s mount merapi volcano killed 70 people and forced thousands to flee from their homes. \u00bb \u00bb when sumatran villagers were left homeless after an earthquake, a crs program helped them build 11, 000 houses in just a few months. \u00bb \u00bb | population : | | 248, 645, 008 ( july 2012 est. ) | | size : | | 735, 358 sq. mi. ; slightly less than three times the size of texas | | people served : | | 863 ( 2012 est. ) | since 1957, catholic relief services has been helping rural communities in indonesia alleviate human suffering, eradicate poverty and become self - reliant. over the past five years, crs in indonesia has responded to various disasters and helped more than 60, 000 people rebuild their lives. our response to the west sumatera earthquake in 2009 through cash grant for transitional shelter has been widely appreciated by the local government and donor community as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42652792434725834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:148006ce-2cf9-4b2a-a5c6-7bc1a406a114>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.418103"}
{"text": "ctcomms sends on average 2 million emails monthly on behalf of over 125 different charities and not for profits. take the complexity of technology and stir in the complexity of the legal system and what do you get? software licenses! if you ' ve ever attempted to read one you know how true this is, but you have to know a little about software licensing even if you can ' t parse all of the fine print. by : chris peters march 10, 2009 a software license is an agreement between you and the owner of a program which lets you perform certain activities which would otherwise constitute an infringement under copyright law. the software license usually answers questions such as : the price of the software and the licensing fees, if any, are sometimes discussed in the licensing agreement, but usually it ' s described elsewhere. if you read the definitions below and you ' re still scratching your head, check out categories of free and non - free software which includes a helpful diagram. free vs proprietary : when you hear the phrase \" free software \" or \" free software license, \" \" free \" is referring to your rights and permissions ( \" free as in freedom \" or \" free as in free speech \" ). in other words, a free software license gives you more rights than a proprietary license. you can usually copy, modify, and redistribute free software without paying a fee or obtaining permission from the developers and distributors. in most cases \" free software \" won ' t cost you anything, but that ' s not always the case \u2013 in this instance the word free is making no assertion whatsoever about the price of the software. proprietary software puts more restrictions and limits on your legal permission to copy, modify, and distribute the program. free, open - source or foss? in everyday conversation, there ' s not much difference between \" free software, \" \" open source software, \" and \" foss ( free and open - source software ). \" in other words, you ' ll hear these terms used interchangeably, and the proponents of free software and the supporters of open - source software agree with one another on most issues. however, the official definition of free software differs somewhat from the official definition of open - source software, and the philosophies underlying those definitions differ as well. for a short description of the difference, read live and let license. for a longer discussion from the \" free software \" side, read why open source misses the point of free software. for the \" open - source \" perspective, read why free software is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5318247672615658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c337bcd8-6aa1-4f2d-8c48-b916442ebbee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.430675"}
{"text": "a short description of the difference, read live and let license. for a longer discussion from the \" free software \" side, read why open source misses the point of free software. for the \" open - source \" perspective, read why free software is too ambiguous. public domain and copyleft. these terms refer to different categories of free, unrestricted licensing. a copyleft license allows you all the freedoms of a free software license, but adds one restriction. under a copyleft license, you have to release any modifications under the same terms as the original software. in effect, this blocks companies and developers who want to alter free software and then make their altered version proprietary. in practice, almost all free and open - source software is also copylefted. however, technically you can release \" free software \" that isn ' t copylefted. for example, if you developed software and released it under a \" public domain \" license, it would qualify as free software, but it isn ' t copyleft. in effect, when you release something into the public domain, you give up all copyrights and rights of ownership. shareware and freeware. these terms don ' t really refer to licensing, and they ' re confusing in light of the discussion of free software above. freeware refers to software ( usually small utilities at sites such as tucows. com ) that you can download and install without paying. however, you don ' t have the right to view the source code, and you may not have the right to copy and redistribute the software. in other words, freeware is proprietary software. shareware is even more restrictive. in effect, shareware is trial software. you can use it for a limited amount of time ( usually 30 or 60 days ) and then you ' re expected to pay to continue using it. end user licensing agreement ( eula ). when you acquire software yourself, directly from a vendor or retailer, or directly from the vendor ' s web site, you usually have to indicate by clicking a box that you accept the licensing terms. this \" click - through \" agreement that no one ever reads is commonly known as a eula. if you negotiate a large purchase of software with a company, and you sign a contract to seal the agreement, that contract usually replaces or supersedes the eula. most major vendors of proprietary software offer some type of bulk purchasing and volume licensing mechanism. the terms vary widely, but if you order enough software to qualify, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49728444353714274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c337bcd8-6aa1-4f2d-8c48-b916442ebbee>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.431719"}
{"text": "contract to seal the agreement, that contract usually replaces or supersedes the eula. most major vendors of proprietary software offer some type of bulk purchasing and volume licensing mechanism. the terms vary widely, but if you order enough software to qualify, the benefits in terms of cost and convenience are significant. also, not - for - profits sometimes qualify for it with very small initial purchases. some of the benefits of volume licensing include : lower cost. as with most products, software costs less when you buy more of it. ease of installation. without volume licenses, you usually have to enter a separate activation code ( also known as a product key or license key ) for each installed copy of the program. on the other hand, volume licenses provide you with a single, organisation - wide activation code, which makes it much easier to find when you need to reinstall the software. easier tracking of licenses. keeping track of how many licenses you own, and how many copies you ' ve actually installed, is a tedious, difficult task. many volume licensing programs provide an online account which is automatically updated when you obtain or activate a copy of that company ' s software. these accounts can also coordinate licensing across multiple offices within your organisation. to learn more about volume licensing from a particular vendor, check out some of the resources below : qualified not - for - profits and libraries can receive donated volume licenses for microsoft products through techsoup. for more information, check out our introduction to the microsoft software donation program, and the microsoft software donation program faq. for general information about the volume licensing of microsoft software, see volume licensing overview. if you get microsoft software from techsoup or other software distributors who work with not - for - profits, you may need to go to the eopen web site to locate your volume license keys. for more information, check out the techsoup donation recipient ' s guide to the microsoft eopen web site. always check techsoup stock first to see if there ' s a volume licensing donation program for the software you ' re interested in. if techsoup doesn ' t offer that product or if you need more copies than you can find at techsoup, search for \" volume licensing not - for - profits software \" or just \" not - for - profits software. \" for example, when we have an inventory of adobe products, qualifying and eligible not - for - profits can obtain four individual products or one copy of creative suite 4 through techsoup. if we ' re out of stock, or you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46189646986426924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c337bcd8-6aa1-4f2d-8c48-b916442ebbee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.432713"}
{"text": "software. \" for example, when we have an inventory of adobe products, qualifying and eligible not - for - profits can obtain four individual products or one copy of creative suite 4 through techsoup. if we ' re out of stock, or you ' ve used up your annual adobe donation, you can also check techsoup ' s special adobe donation program and also adobe solutions for nonprofits for other discounts available to not - for - profits. for more software - hunting tips, see a quick guide to discounted software programs. pay close attention to the options and licensing requirements when you acquire server - based software. you might need two different types of license \u2013 one for the server software itself, and a set of licenses for all the \" clients \" accessing the software. depending on the vendor and the licensing scenario, \" client \" can refer either to the end users themselves ( for example, employees, contractors, clients, and anyone else who uses the software in question ) or their computing devices ( for example, laptops, desktop computers, smartphones, pdas, etc. ). we ' ll focus on microsoft server products, but similar issues can arise with other server applications. over the years, microsoft has released hundreds of server - based applications, and the licensing terms are slightly different for each one. fortunately, there are common license types and licensing structures across different products. in other words, while a user cal ( client access license ) for windows server is distinct from a user cal for sharepoint server, the underlying terms and rights are very similar. the techsoup product pages for microsoft software do a good job of describing the differences between products, so we ' ll focus on the common threads in this article. moreover, microsoft often lets you license a single server application in more than one way, depending on the needs of your organisation. this allows you the flexibility to choose the licenses that best reflect your organisation ' s usage patterns and thereby cost you the least amount of money. for example, for windows server and other products you can acquire licenses on a per - user basis ( for example, user cals ) or per - device basis ( for example, device cals ). the license required to install and run most server applications usually comes bundled with the software itself. so you can install and run most applications \" out of the box, \" as long as you have the right number of client licenses ( see the section below for more on that ). however, when you ' re running certain server products on a computer with multiple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48103792140256874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c337bcd8-6aa1-4f2d-8c48-b916442ebbee>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.433744"}
{"text": "can install and run most applications \" out of the box, \" as long as you have the right number of client licenses ( see the section below for more on that ). however, when you ' re running certain server products on a computer with multiple processors, you may need to get additional licenses. for example, if you run windows server 2008 datacenter edition on a server with two processors, you need a separate license for each processor. sql server 2008 works the same way. this type of license is referred to as a processor license. generally you don ' t need client licenses for any application that ' s licensed this way. client licenses for internal users many microsoft products, including windows server 2003 and windows server 2008, require client access licenses for all authenticated internal users ( for example, employees, contractors, volunteers, etc. ). on the other hand, sql server 2008 and other products don ' t require any client licenses. read the product description at ctxchange if you ' re looking for the details about licensing a particular application. user cals : user cals allow each user access to all the instances of a particular server product in an organisation, no matter which device they use to gain access. in other words, if you run five copies of windows server 2008 on five separate servers, you only need one user cal for each person in your organisation who access those servers ( or any software installed on those servers ), whether they access a single server, all five servers, or some number in between. each user with a single cal assigned to them can access the server software from as many devices as they want ( for example, desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, etc. ). user cals are a popular licensing option. device cals : device cals allow access to all instances of a particular server application from a single device ( for example, a desktop computer, a laptop, etc. ) in your organisation. device cals only make sense when multiple employees use the same computer. for example, in 24 - hour call centres different employees on different shifts often use the same machine, so device cals make sense in this situation. choosing a licensing mode for your windows server cals : with windows server 2003 and windows server 2008, you use a cal ( either a user cal or a device cal ) in one of two licensing modes : per seat or per server. you make this decision when you ' re installing your windows server products, not when you acquire the cals. the cals themselves don ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45970792560391127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c337bcd8-6aa1-4f2d-8c48-b916442ebbee>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.434760"}
{"text": "a user cal or a device cal ) in one of two licensing modes : per seat or per server. you make this decision when you ' re installing your windows server products, not when you acquire the cals. the cals themselves don ' t have any mode designation, so you can use either a user cal or a device cal in either mode. per seat mode is the default mode, and the one used most frequently. the description of user cals and device cals above describes the typical per seat mode. in \" per server \" mode, windows treats each license as a \" simultaneous connection. \" in other words, if you have 40 cals, windows will let 40 authenticated users have access. the 41st user will be denied access. however, in per server mode, each cal is tied to a particular instance of windows server, and you have to acquire a new set of licenses for each new server you build that runs windows. therefore, per server mode works for some small organisations with one or two servers and limited access requirements. you don ' t \" install \" client licenses the way you install software. there are ways to automate the tracking of software licenses indirectly, but the server software can ' t refuse access to a user or device on licensing grounds. the licenses don ' t leave any \" digital footprint \" that the server software can read. an exception to this occurs when you license windows server in per server mode. in this case, if you have 50 licenses, the 51st authenticated user will be denied access ( though anonymous users can still access services ). some key points to remember about client licensing : the licensing scenarios described in this section arise less frequently, and are too complex to cover completely in this article, so they ' re described briefly below along with more comprehensive resources. you don ' t need client licenses for anonymous, unauthenticated external users. in other words, if someone accesses your web site, and that site runs on internet information server ( iis ), microsoft ' s web serving software, you don ' t need a client license for any of those anonymous users. if you have any authenticated external users who access services on your windows - based servers, you can obtain cals to cover their licensing requirements. however, the external connector license ( ecl ) is a second option in this scenario. the ecl covers all use by authenticated external users, but it ' s a lot more expensive than a cal, so only get one if you ' ll have a lot of external users.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5306147761394835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c337bcd8-6aa1-4f2d-8c48-b916442ebbee>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.435740"}
{"text": "ecl ) is a second option in this scenario. the ecl covers all use by authenticated external users, but it ' s a lot more expensive than a cal, so only get one if you ' ll have a lot of external users. for example, even if you get your licenses through the ctxchange donation program, an ecl for windows server 2008 has an \u00a376 administrative fee, while a user cal for windows server 2008 carries a \u00a31 admin fee. if only a handful of external users access your windows servers, you ' re better off acquiring user cals. also, an ecl only applies to external users and devices. in other words, if you have an ecl, you still have to get a cal for all employees and contractors. even though terminal services ( ts ) is built into windows server 2003 and 2008, you need to get a separate ts cal for each client ( i. e. each user or each device ) that will access terminal services in your organisation. this ts license is in addition to your windows server cals. microsoft ' s system centre products ( a line of enterprise - level administrative software packages ) use a special type of license known as a management license ( ml ). applications that use this type of licensing include system center configuration manager 2007 and system center operations manager 2007. any desktop or workstation managed by one of these applications needs a client management license. any server managed by one of these applications requires a server management license, and there are two types of server management licenses \u2013 standard and enterprise. you need one or the other but not both. there are also special licensing requirements if you ' re managing virtual instances of windows operating systems. for more information, see techsoup ' s guide to system center products and licensing and microsoft ' s white paper on systems center licensing. some microsoft server products have two client licensing modes, standard and enterprise. as you might imagine, an enterprise cal grants access to more advanced features of a product. furthermore, with some products, such as microsoft exchange, the licenses are additive. in other words, a user needs both a standard cal and an enterprise cal in order to access the advanced features. see exchange server 2007 editions and client access licenses for more information. with virtualisation technologies, multiple operating systems can run simultaneously on a single physical server. every time you install a microsoft application, whether on a physical hardware system or a virtual hardware system, you create an \" instance \" of that application. the number of \" instances \" of particular application that you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4807095762505834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c337bcd8-6aa1-4f2d-8c48-b916442ebbee>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.436870"}
{"text": "can run simultaneously on a single physical server. every time you install a microsoft application, whether on a physical hardware system or a virtual hardware system, you create an \" instance \" of that application. the number of \" instances \" of particular application that you can run using a single license varies from product to product. for more information see the volume licensing briefs, microsoft licensing for virtualization and the windows server virtualization calculator. for techsoup stock products, see the product description for more information. there are a lot of nuances to microsoft licensing, and also a lot of excellent resources to help you understand different scenarios. about the author : chris is a former technology writer and technology analyst for techsoup for libraries, which aims to provide it management guidance to libraries. his previous experience includes working at washington state library as a technology consultant and technology trainer, and at the bill and melinda gates foundation as a technology trainer and tech support analyst. he received his m. l. s. from the university of michigan in 1997. originally posted here. copyright \u00a9 2009 compumentor. this work is published under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 3. 0 license. the latest version of microsoft office professional plus is an integrated collection of programs, servers, and services designed to work together to enable optimised information work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47003966878761455, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c337bcd8-6aa1-4f2d-8c48-b916442ebbee>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.437474"}
{"text": "- our story - in memory vaccination and immunotherapy for alzheimer \u2019 s disease vaccination against amyloid is a promising approach for the development of alzheimer \u2019 s disease ( ad ) therapeutics. approximately half of the investigational new therapeutics in human clinical trials for ad are active or passive immunotherapeutics. active vaccination involves the injection of an antigen and relies on the production of antibodies in the vaccinated patient. four human clinical trials of active vaccination currently are under way. passive immunization is also a promising strategy that involves the production of antibodies outside of the patient and injection of these antibodies. there are currently 12 clinical trials of passive immunization. you can check for alzheimer therapeutics in human clinical trials by visiting www. clinicaltrials. gov and searching for key words \u201c alzheimer \u2019 s and immunotherapy. \u201d thinking out of the box the development of vaccinations as a strategy for treating or preventing alzheimer \u2019 s is an example of thinking out of the box. vaccinations commonly are associated with infectious diseases, like influenza, small pox and polio, which appear to have little in common with neurodegenerative diseases, like alzheimer \u2019 s. moreover, the brain is an immunoprivileged site with little access to antibodies, so it seems unlikely antibodies would be protective in the brain. researchers were pleasantly surprised when dale schenk and co - workers at elan inc. reported that vaccination of transgenic mouse models of ad against the amyloid a\u00df peptide prevented amyloid deposition in young animals and removed pre - existing amyloid deposits in older animals. subsequent work showed that immunization against a\u00df prevented or reversed many other pathological features and prevented cognitive dysfunction in transgenic mice and non - human primates. this vaccine ( elan an1792 ) was tested in human clinical trials, where it showed similar beneficial effects of removing amyloid deposits and slowing cognitive decline in patients with significant levels of anti - a\u00df antibodies, but the clinical trial was halted because 6 percent of the patients developed meningoencephalitis, an inflammatory side effect. second - generation vaccines and passive immunization to circumvent the unwanted inflammatory side effects, second - generation active vaccines have been developed and passive immunization strategies have been explored. the second - generation vaccines use small pieces of the amyloid a\u00df sequence to avoid activating the t - cells responsible for mening", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5344807980606514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:063831fb-bde6-43d4-95fe-4286849bf7d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.444867"}
{"text": "unwanted inflammatory side effects, second - generation active vaccines have been developed and passive immunization strategies have been explored. the second - generation vaccines use small pieces of the amyloid a\u00df sequence to avoid activating the t - cells responsible for meningoencephalitis, while passive immunization bypasses the human immune response by directly supplying antibodies. these newer strategies have shown the same beneficial effects in transgenic mice and passive immunization has shown some promise in a subset of patients in human trials, but they have raised new questions about their effectiveness and potential new side effects. elan / wyeth reported preliminary results from clinical trials of their monoclonal antibody, bapineuzimab, that demonstrated only a small benefit in a subgroup of patients who lack the apoe4 genotype. they also failed to observe an improved benefit with an increased dose of antibody and reported side effects, like a buildup of fluid in the brain. results of active vaccination human clinical trials with second - generation vaccines remain to be reported. third - generation vaccines and antibodies : thinking perpendicular to the box both second - generation vaccines and antibodies suffer from a common problem. they both target linear amino acid sequences found in normal human proteins ( the amyloid precursor protein ) and in the amyloid deposits themselves. making antibodies against normal human proteins can cause autoimmune side effects, in which the immune system is attacking normal human cells in addition to the alzheimer \u2019 s pathology. fortunately, it is difficult to make antibodies against self - proteins because of immune suppression of auto antibodies. third - generation vaccines seek to overcome these problems of autoimmune side effects and autoimmune suppression by using antibodies that target structures specific to the amyloid aggregates and that do not react with normal human proteins. cure alzheimer \u2019 s fund has been supporting two projects that seek to develop third - generation immunotherapeutics. dr. charles glabe \u2019 s laboratory is developing active vaccines and monoclonal antibodies that recognize conformations of the amyloid peptide that only occur in the pathological amyloid oligomer aggregates, while dr. rob moir \u2019 s lab is working on cross - linked amyloid peptides ( caps ) that are only found in disease - related aggregates. dr. glabe \u2019 s strategy relies on the fact that when the a\u00df peptide aggregates into \u00df - sheet oligomers, it creates new antibody recognition sites, known as epitopes, that are not found on native proteins. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4971040868341915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:063831fb-bde6-43d4-95fe-4286849bf7d1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.445815"}
{"text": "dr. glabe \u2019 s strategy relies on the fact that when the a\u00df peptide aggregates into \u00df - sheet oligomers, it creates new antibody recognition sites, known as epitopes, that are not found on native proteins. the surprising finding is that these oligomer - specific antibodies recognize amyloid oligomers from other diseases that involve amyloids formed from sequences unrelated to a\u00df. this means the same antibodies also may be effective for other amyloid - related neurodegenerative diseases, like parkinson \u2019 s disease. the explanation for why the antibodies are specific for amyloid oligomers that involve several individual peptide strands arranged in a sheet and yet recognize these sheets when they are formed from other amino acid sequences is simple and elegant ( figure 1 ). it is now known that most pathological amyloids aggregate into simple and very regular structures where the peptide strands are arranged in parallel and where the amino acid sequence is in exact register. this is like a sheet of paper upon which the same sentence is written on each line. the individual amino acids line up and down the sheet in homogeneous tracts, known as \u201c steric zippers. \u201d the steric zippers do not occur in normal protein structures and the oligomer - specific antibodies are thought to recognize these steric zipper patterns on the surface of the sheets. since all proteins are made up using the same 20 amino acids, any sequence in this parallel, in - register structure gives rise to the same steric zippers regardless of the linear sequence, which can explain why the antibodies recognize the oligomers formed by different proteins. dr. moir \u2019 s group is working on caps, where a\u00df is cross - linked by oxidation of a tyrosine residue at position 10 of the peptides \u2019 sequence. a\u00df is oxidized after it is produced from the amyloid precursor protein as a consequence of the abnormally high level of oxidative activity in a brain with ad and the peptides \u2019 propensity to bind redox active metals. excessive caps generation is associated with the disease state and is not a normal feature of a\u00df biology. the cross - linking at tyrosine 10 that gives rise to caps may serve to align the peptides in a parallel, in - register fashion and promote the generation of still - larger oligomeric aggregates that display steric zippers on their surface. dr. moir and dr. rudy tanzi \u2019 s labs found that natural antibodies to caps are reduced in the blood of patients with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5405305815905954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:063831fb-bde6-43d4-95fe-4286849bf7d1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.446662"}
{"text": "and promote the generation of still - larger oligomeric aggregates that display steric zippers on their surface. dr. moir and dr. rudy tanzi \u2019 s labs found that natural antibodies to caps are reduced in the blood of patients with ad. more recently, evidence published by tony weiss - coray \u2019 s group at stanford university supports the idea that antibodies that recognize steric zippers and caps may be important for protecting against alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the levels of these antibodies that target the zippers and caps were among the highest in young, normal humans ; levels dropped with aging and with ad. furthermore, the results of a recent study supported by baxter biosciences of patients that received human antibodies purified from normal individuals ( ivig ) reported that antibody treatment reduced the risk of being diagnosed with ad by 42 percent over the five - year study period. this is one of the most remarkable reports of prevention of ad by any therapy. although the normal human antibodies that target amyloid primarily recognize the steric zippers and caps, these antibodies are present at relatively low levels. it is reasonable to imagine that an even greater protective effect might be achieved by boosting the levels of these protective antibodies by either active vaccination or passive immunization. figure 1 shows how the same steric zipper patterns are formed on parallel, in - register oligomers from completely different sequences. a segment of the a\u00df sequences is shown in the upper left corner and a random sequence is shown in the upper right. each amino acid is designated by a capital letter. typical antibodies recognize the linear sequence ( from left to right ) indicated in the horizontal boxes, which is unique to each sequence. when the peptides aggregate to form pathological oligomers, they line up in a parallel, in - register fashion, shown below. this gives rise to steric zippers that run up and down the sheet perpendicular to the sequence, shown in vertical boxes. aggregation - dependent, disease - specific antibodies recognize the steric zippers from many different amyloid sequences. zippers from f and v amino acids are shown in boxes, but there are potentially 20 different zippers ; one for each of the 20 amino acids. the fact that a completely random sequence can form the same type of steric zipper as is found in a\u00df amyloid in alzheimer \u2019 s disease means we can use a non - human, random peptide sequence as a vaccine to produce a protective immune response that has a very low potential for autoimmune side effects. vaccines based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5292450364504483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:063831fb-bde6-43d4-95fe-4286849bf7d1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.447514"}
{"text": "aliphatic alcohols occur naturally in free form ( component of the cuticular lipids ) but more usually in esterified ( wax esters ) or etherified form ( glyceryl ethers ). several alcohols belong to aroma compounds which are found in environmental or food systems ( see the website : flavornet ). they are found with normal, branched ( mono - or isoprenoid ), saturated or unsaturated of various chain length and sometimes with secondary or even tertiary alcoholic function. an unusual phenolic alcohol is found as a component of glycolipids in mycobacteria. some cyclic alcohols have been described in plants. a classification according to the carbon - chain structure is given below. 1 - normal - chain alcohols the carbon chain may be fully saturated or unsaturated ( with double and / or triple bonds ), it may also be substituted with chlorine, bromine or sulfate groups. some acetylenic alcohols have been also described. among the most common, some are listed below 9 - methyl - 1 - hendecanol ( anteisolauryl alcohol ) 11 - methyl - 1 - tridecanol ( anteisomyristyl alcohol ) 14 - methyl - 1 - pentadecanol ( isopalmityl alcohol ) 13 - methyl - 1 - pentadecanol ( anteisopalmityl alcohol ) 16 - methyl - 1 - heptadecanol ( isostearyl alcohol ) 15 - methyl - 1 - pentadecanol ( anteisostearyl alcohol ) free fatty alcohols are not commonly found in epicuticular lipids of insects, although high molecular weight alcohols have been reported in honeybees ( blomquist gj et al., insect biochem 1980, 10, 313 ). long - chain alcohols also have been reported in the defensive secretions of scale insects ( byrne dn et al., physiol entomol 1988, 13, 267 ). typically, insects more commonly produce lower molecular weight alcohols. honeybees produce alcohols of 17 \u2013 22 carbons, which induce arrestment in parasitic varroa mites ( donze g et al., arch insect biochem physiol 1998, 37, 129 ). two female - specific fatty alcohols, docosanol ( c22 ) and eicosanol ( c20 ), which have been found in epicuticle of triato", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4985323734156433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.478001"}
{"text": "biochem physiol 1998, 37, 129 ). two female - specific fatty alcohols, docosanol ( c22 ) and eicosanol ( c20 ), which have been found in epicuticle of triatoma infestans ( a vector of chagas disease in south america ), are able to trigger copulation in males ( cocchiararo - bastias l et al., j chem ecol 2011, 37, 246 ). hexadecyl acetate is found in the web of some spiders ( pholcidae ) to attract females ( schulz s, j chem ecol 2013, 39, 1 ). long - chain alcohols ( c18, c24, c28 ) from the femoral glands in the male lizard acanthodactylus boskianus play a role in chemical communication as a scent marking pheromone ( khannoon er et al., chemoecology 2011, 21, 143 ). various fatty alcohols are found in the waxy film that plants have over their leaves and fruits. among them, octacosanol ( c28 : 0 ) is the most frequently cited. policosanol is a natural mixture of higher primary aliphatic alcohols isolated and purified from sugar cane ( saccharum officinarum, l. ) wax, whose main component is octacosanol but contains also hexacosanol ( c26 : 0 ) and triacontanol or melissyl alcohol ( c30 : 0 ). policosanol is also extracted from a diversity of other natural sources such as beeswax, rice bran, and wheat germ ( irmak s et al., food chem 2006, 95, 312 ) but is also present in the fruits, leaves, and surfaces of plants and whole seeds. a complex policosanol mixture has been identified in peanut ( cherif ao et al., j agric food chem 2010, 58, 12143 ). more than 20 aliphatic alcohols were identified ( c14 - c30 ) and four unsaturated alcohols ( c20 - 24 ). the total policosanol content of the whole peanut samples varied from 11 to 54 mg / 100 g of oil. this mixture was shown to have cholesterol - lowering effects in rabbits ( arruzazabala ml et al., biol res 1994, 27, 205 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48876734085387474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.479018"}
{"text": "the whole peanut samples varied from 11 to 54 mg / 100 g of oil. this mixture was shown to have cholesterol - lowering effects in rabbits ( arruzazabala ml et al., biol res 1994, 27, 205 ). octacosanol was also able to suppress lipid accumulation in rats fed on a high - fat diet ( kato s et al., br j nutr 1995, 73, 433 ) and to inhibit platelet aggregation ( arruzazabala ml et al., thromb res 1993, 69, 321 ). the effectiveness of policosanol is still questionable but it has been approved as a cholesterol - lowering drug in over 25 countries ( carbajal d et al., prostaglandins leukotrienes essent fatty acids 1998, 58, 61 ), and it is sold as a lipid - lowering supplement in more than 40 countries. more recent studies in mice question about any action on improvement of lipoprotein profiles ( dullens spj et al., j lipid res 2008, 49, 790 ). the authors conclude that individual policosanols, as well as natural policosanol mixtures, have no potential for reducing coronary heart disease risk through effects on serum lipoprotein concentrations. furthermore, sugar cane policosanol at doses of 20 mg daily has shown no lipid lowering effects in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia ( francini - pesenti f et al., phytother res 2008, 22, 318 ). it must be noticed that, for the most part, positive results have been obtained by only one research group in cuba. outside cuba, all groups have failed to validate the cholesterol - lowering efficacy of policosanols ( marinangeli c et al., crit rev food sci nutr 2010, 50, 259 ). independent studies are required before evaluating the exact value of the therapeutic benefits of that mixture. an unsaturated analogue of octacosanol, octacosa - 10, 19 - dien - 1 - ol was synthesized and was as effective as policosanol in inhibiting the upregulation of hmgcoa reductase ( oliaro - bosso s et al., lipids 2009, 44, 907 ). this work opens promising perspectives for the design of new antiangiogenic compounds ( thippeswamy g et al., eu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4917332797317281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.480271"}
{"text": "in insects, mainly during metamorphosis. a series of long - chain alkanols ( more than 23 carbon atoms ) were identified in settling particles and surface sediments from japanese lakes and were shown to be produced by planktonic bacteria being thus useful molecular markers ( fukushima k et al., org geochem 2005, 36, 311 ). cutin and suberin contain as monomer saturated alcohols from c16 to c22 up to 8 % of the total polymers. c18 : 1 alcohol ( oleyl alcohol ) is also present. long - chain di - alcohols ( 1, 3 - alkanediols ) have been described in the waxes which impregnate the matrix covering all organs of plants ( vermeer cp et al., phytochemistry 2003, 62, 433 ). these compounds forming about 11 % of the leaf cuticular waxes of ricinus communis were identified as homologous unbranched alcohols ranging from c22 to c28 with hydroxyl group at the carbon atoms 1 and 3. in the leaf cuticular waxes of myricaria germanica ( tamaricaceae ) several alkanediols were identified ( jetter r, phytochemistry 2000, 55, 169 ). hentriacontanediol ( c31 ) with one hydroxyl group in the 12 - position and the second one in positions from 2 to 18 is the most abundant diol ( 9 % of the wax ). others were far less abundant : c30 - c34 alkanediols with one hydroxyl group on a primary and one on a secondary carbon atom, c25 - c43 b - diols and c39 - c43 g - diols. very - long - chain 1, 5 - alkanediols ranging from c28 to c38, with strong predominance of even carbon numbers, were identified in the cuticular wax of taxus baccata ( wen m et al., phytochemistry 2007, 68, 2563 ). the predominant diol had 32 carbon atoms ( 29 % of the total ). long - chain saturated c30 - c32 diols occur in most marine sediments and in a few instances, such as in black sea sediments, they can be the major lipids ( de leeuw jw et al., geochim cosmochim acta 1981, 45, 2281 ). a microalgal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.503563973154451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.482219"}
{"text": "in a few instances, such as in black sea sediments, they can be the major lipids ( de leeuw jw et al., geochim cosmochim acta 1981, 45, 2281 ). a microalgal source for these compounds was discovered when volkman jk et al. ( org geochem 1992, 18, 131 ) identified c30 - c32 diols in marine eustigmatophytes from the genus nannochloropsis. two nonacosanetriols ( 7, 8, 11 - nonacosanetriol and 10, 12, 15 - nonacosanetriol ) have been isolated from the outer fleshy layer ( sarcotesta ) of the ginkgo biloba \" fruit \" ( zhou g et al., chem phys lipids 2012, 165, 731 ). they exhibited slight activity of antithrombin and moderate activities of platelet aggregation in vitro. the chief lipid fraction in the uropygial gland excretion of the domestic hen is a diester wax. the unsaponifiable fraction consists of a series of three homologous compounds, which have been named the uropygiols and identified as 2, 3 - alkanediols containing 22 - 24 carbon atoms. these fatty alcohols are esterified by saturated normal c22 - c24 fatty acids ( haahti e et al., j lipid res 1967, 8, 131 ). - unsaturated alcohols some fatty alcohols have one double bond ( monounsaturated ). their general formula is : the unique double bond may be found in different positions : at the c6 : i. e. cis - 6 - octadecen - 1 - ol ( petroselenyl alcohol ), c9 i. e cis - 9 - octadecen - 1 - ol ( oleyl alcohol ) and c11 i. e cis - 11 - octadecen - 1 - ol ( vaccenyl alcohol ). some of these alcohols have insect pheromone activity. as an example, 11 - eicosen - 1 - ol is a major component of the alarm pheromone secreted by the sting apparatus of the worker honeybee. in zooplankton, the cis - 11 - docosen - 1 - ol ( 22 : 1 ( n - 11 ) alcohol ) is not only present in high proportion in wax este", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.523928312848808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.482987"}
{"text": "by the sting apparatus of the worker honeybee. in zooplankton, the cis - 11 - docosen - 1 - ol ( 22 : 1 ( n - 11 ) alcohol ) is not only present in high proportion in wax esters ( 54 to 83 % ) but may be also predominant in free form ( 75 - 94 % of free alcohols ) in ctenophores ( graeve m et al., mar biol 2008, 153, 643 ). this presence is unexplained because pathways for conversion and catabolism of fatty alcohols in ctenophores are still unknown. some short - chain unsaturated alcohols are components of mushroom flavor, such as 1 - octen - 3 - ol, t2 - octen - 1 - ol, and c2 - octen - 1 - ol ( maga ja, j agric food chem 1981, 29, 1 ). an acetoxy derivative of a 16 - carbon alcohol with one double bond, gyptol ( 10 - acetoxy cis - 7 - hexadecen - 1 - ol ), was described to be a strong attractive substance secreted by a female moth ( porthetria dispar, \" gypsy moth \" ). a fatty alcohol with two double bonds, bombykol ( tr - 10, cis - 12 - hexadecadien - 1 - ol ), was also shown to be excreted as a very strong attractive substance by the female of silk - worm ( bombyx mori ). this first discovery of a pheromone was made by butenandt a et al. ( z naturforsch 1959, 14, 283 ) who was formerly nobel laureate ( in 1939 ) for his work in sex hormones. another pheromone, 8, 10 - dodecadienol ( codlemone ), is secreted by the codling moth cydia pomonella, has been used for monitoring and mating in apple and pear orchards in the usa and europe. this molecule was also used to monitor the population of the pea moth cydia nigricana. likewise, 7, 9 - dodecadienol, the female pheromone of the european grapewine moth lobesia botrana, was used to control this important pest in vineyards. a fatty triol with one double bond, avocadene ( 16 - heptadecene - 1, 2, 4 - triol ) is found in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518383933451221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.483816"}
{"text": "- 1 - ol ). - acetylenic alcohols natural acetylenic alcohols and their derivatives have been isolated from a wide variety of plant species, fungi and invertebrates. pharmacological studies have revealed that many of them display chemical and medicinal properties. monoacetylenic alcohols : were isolated from culture of clitocybe catinus ( basidiomycetes ) and the study of their structure revealed the presence of two or three hydroxyl groups ( armone a et al., phytochemistry 2000, 53, 1087 ). one of these compounds is shown below. acetylenic alcohols have been also described in a tropical sponge reniochaline sp ( lee hs et al., lipids 2009, 44, 71 ). one of the two described in that species is shown below, it exhibited a significant growth effect against human tumor cell lines. polyacetylenic alcohols : several examples with different chain lengths, unsaturation degrees, and substitution have been reported from terrestrial plants and marine organisms. food plants of the apiaceae ( umbellifereae ) plant family such as carrots, celery and parsley, are known to contain several bioactive bisacetylenic alcohols. the main plant sources of these compounds are angelica dahurica, heracleum sp and crithmum maritimum ( falcarindiol, falcarinol ), red ginseng ( panax ginseng ) ( panaxacol, panaxydol, panaxytriol ), cicuta virosa ( virol a ), and clibadium sylvestre ( cunaniol ). all these compounds display antibiotic or cytotoxic activities. polyacetylenes have been isolated from the stems of oplopanax elatus ( araliaceae ), plant used in korean and chinese traditional medicine for anti - inflammatory and analgesic purposes ( yang mc et al., j nat prod 2010, 73, 801 ). among the most efficient in inhibiting the formation of nitric oxide in lps - induced cells is a seventeen - carbon diyne diol with an epoxy cycle, oploxyne a. other parent compounds without the epoxy group were also described. j. sci. food agric. 2003, 83, 1010 ). falcarinl has potent anticancer properties on primary mammary epithelial cells and was compared with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4894506378287597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.485569"}
{"text": "compounds without the epoxy group were also described. j. sci. food agric. 2003, 83, 1010 ). falcarinl has potent anticancer properties on primary mammary epithelial cells and was compared with that of b - carotene. these results might be important in developing new cancer treatments with simple and common vegetables. at high concentrations, falcarinol is capable to induce contact dermatitis. falcarinol, a seventeen - carbon diyne fatty alcohol ( 1, 9 - heptadecadiene - 4, 6 - diyn - 3 - ol ), was first isolated from falcaria vulgaris ( bohlmann f et al., chem ber 1966, 99, 3552 ) as well as from korean ginseng ( takahashi et al., yakugaku zasshi 1966, 86, 1053 ). it was also isolated from carrot ( hansen sl et al. falcarinol protects the vegetable from fungal diseases, it showed biphasic activity, having stimulatory effects between 0. 01 and 0. 05 \u00b5g per ml and inhibitory effects between 1 and 10 \u00b5g per ml, whereas b - carotene showed no effect in the concentration range 0. 001 \u2013 100 \u00b5g per ml ( hansen sl et al., j sci food agric 2003, 83, 1010 ). experiments with macrophage cells have shown that falcarinol ( and its c - 8 hydroxylated derivative, falcarindiol ) reduced nitric oxide production, suggesting that these polyacetylenes are responsible for anti - inflammatory bioactivity ( metzger bt et al., j agric food chem 2008, 56, 3554 ). falcarindiol was first reported as phytochemicals in carrots ( daucus carota ) ( bentley rk et al., j chem soc 1969, 685 ). besides falcarinol, falcarindiol, and falcarindiol 3 - acetate, nine additional bisacetylene alcohols were identified in daucus carota ( schmiech l et al., j agric food chem 2009, 57, 11030 ). experiments with human intestinal cells demonstrate that aliphatic c17 - polyacetylenes ( panaxydol, falcarinol, falcarindiol ) are potential antican", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4890234302645239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.487889"}
{"text": "chem 2009, 57, 11030 ). experiments with human intestinal cells demonstrate that aliphatic c17 - polyacetylenes ( panaxydol, falcarinol, falcarindiol ) are potential anticancer principles of carrots and related vegetables ( parsley, celery, parsnip, fennel ) and that synergistic interaction between bioactive polyacetylenes may be important for their bioactivity ( purup s et al., j agric food chem 2009, 57, 8290 ). compounds very similar to falcarinol and extracted from panax japonicus are potent a - glucosidase inhibitors ( chan hh et al., phytochemistry 2010, 71, 1360 ). these inhibitors may potentially reduce the progression of diabetes by decreasing digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. the water dropwort ( oenanthe crocata ), which lives near streams in the northern hemisphere, contains a violent toxin, cicutoxin, resulting in convultions and respiratory paralysis ( uwai k et al., j med chem 2000, 43, 4508 ). the biochemistry and bioactivity of polyacetylenes are presented in a review ( christensen lp et al., j pharm biomed anal 2006, 41, 683 ) as well methods for the isolation and quantification of these compounds. many other polyacetylenic alcohols were found in primitive marine organisms, such as sponges and ascidians. these invertebrates have no physical defenses and thus they have developed efficient chemical mechanisms such as polyacetylenic metabolites to resist predators and bacteria. a c36 linear diacetylene alcohol named lembehyne was found in an indonesian marine sponge ( haliclona sp ) ( aoki s et al., tetrahedron 2000, 56, 9945 ) and was later able to induce neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma cell ( aoki s et al., biochem biophys res comm 2001, 289, 558 ). several polyacetylenic alcohols with 22 carbon atoms were isolated and identified in lipid extract from a red sea sponge, callyspongia sp ( youssef dt et al., j nat prod 2003, 66, 679 ). their physical study revealed the presence of 4 triple bonds and one, two or three double bonds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5168173606330169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.489793"}
{"text": "from a red sea sponge, callyspongia sp ( youssef dt et al., j nat prod 2003, 66, 679 ). their physical study revealed the presence of 4 triple bonds and one, two or three double bonds. the structure of one of these callyspongenols is given below. several di - and tri - acetylenic di - alcohols with a chain of 26 up to 31 carbon atoms, named strongylodiols, have been isolated from a petrosia okinawan marine sponge ( watanabe k et al., j nat prod 2005, 68, 1001 ). some of them have cytotoxic several polyacetylenic alcohols with 21 carbon atoms were isolated from a marine ascidian ( polyclinidae ) and were determined to have two triple bonds combined with a conjugated dienyne group ( gavagnin m et al., lipids 2004, 39, 681 ). some of them have an additional hydroxyl group or only three double bonds. the structure of one of these molecules is given below. several brominated polyacetylenic diols with cytotoxic properties were isolated from a philippines sponge diplastrella sp ( lerch ml et al., j nat prod 2003, 66, 667 ). one of these molecules is shown below. a comprehensive survey of acetylenic alcohols in plant and invertebrates with information on their anticancer activity has been released by dembitsky vm ( lipids 2006, 41, 883 ). - sulfated alcohols long - chain di - hydroxy alcohols in which both the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups are converted to sulfate esters and one to five chlorine atoms are introduced at various places have been discovered in the alga ochromonas danica ( chrysophyceae, chrysophyta ) where they constitute 15 % of the total lipids ( haines th, biochem j 1969, 113, 565 ). an example of these chlorosulfolipids is given below. there may be several types of chlorine addition : one at r4, two at r3 and r5 or r1 and r2, five at r1 to r5 and six at r1 to r6. similar molecules with a 24 carbon chain was also described in ochromonas malhamensis ( review in dembitsky vm et al.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5051529928279892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.490633"}
{"text": "it is present in many essential oils such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, lemon grass, rose, and others. it is used in perfumery to emphasize the odors of sweet floral perfumes. it is especially used in lilac perfumes. as a pheromone, farnesol is a natural pesticide for mites. the dimorphic fungus candida albicans has been shown to use farnesol as quorum - sensing molecule ( hornby jm et al., appl environ microbiol 2001, 67, 2982 ). geranylgeraniol is a diterpene ( 4 isoprene units ). geraniol and geranylgeraniol are important molecules in the synthesis of various terpenes, the acylation of proteins and the synthesis of vitamins ( vitamins e and k ). the covalent addition of phosphorylated derivatives of typical isoprenoids, farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, to proteins is a process ( prenylation ) common to g protein subunits. these isoprenylated proteins have key roles in membrane attachment leading to central functionality in cell biology and pathology. solanesol, discovered in tobacco leaves in 1956 ( rowland rl et al., j am chem soc 1956, 78, 4680 ), may be an important precursor of the tumorigenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of smoke but is also a possible side chain for plastoquinone. solanesol is also present in the leaves of other solanaceae plants including tomato, potato, eggplant and pepper. it has useful medicinal properties and is known to possess anti - bacterial, anti - inflammation, and anti - ulcer activities ( khidyrova nk et al., chem nat compd 2002, 38, 107 ). industrially, solanesol is extracted from solanaceae leaves ( about 450 tons in 2008 ) and used as an intermediate in the synthesis of coenzyme q10 and vitamin k analogues. spadicol was discovered in the spadix ( inflorescence ) of the araceae arum maculatum ( hemming fw et al., proc r soc london 1963, 158, 291 ). its presence is likely related to its presence in the ubiquinone as the side - chain. phytol is a partially saturated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43835517531757373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.493642"}
{"text": "their chain length covers the broad spectrum of compounds ranging from 6 up to 130 carbon atoms ( rezanka t et al., j chromatogr a 2001, 936, 95 ). - 4. dolichol types, the a terminal is saturated. most eukaryotic cells contain one type of polyisoprenoid alcohols with one a - saturated isoprenoid unit ( 2, 3 - dihydro polycis - prenols ) which have been called dolichol by pennock jf et al. ( nature 1960, 186, 470 ), a derivative of prenols. most of these carry two trans units at the w - end of the chain. dolichols ( fro the greek dolikos : long ) have the general structure : dolichols isolated from yeast or animal cells consist mainly of seven to eight compounds, those with 16, 18, or 19 isoprenoid units being the most abundant ( ragg ss, biochem biophys res comm 1998, 243, 1 ). dolichol amount was shown to be increased in the brain gray matter of elderly ( pullarkat rk et al., j biol chem 1982, 257, 5991 ). dolichols with 19, 22 and 23 isoprenoid units were described as early as 1972 in marine invertebrates ( walton mj et al., biochem j 1972, 127, 471 ). furthermore, the pattern of their distribution may be considered as a chemotaxonomic criterion. it has been reported that a high proportion of dolichols is esterified to fatty acids. as an example, 85 - 90 % of dolichols are esterified in mouse testis ( potter j et al., biochem biophys res comm 1983, 110, 512 ). in addition, dolichyl dolichoate has been found in bovine thyroid ( steen l. et al., biochim biophys acta, 1984, 796, 294 ). they are well known for their important role as glycosyl carrier in a phosphorylated form in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glycoproteins in yeast cells, and animals. dolichyl phosphate is an obligatory intermediate in the biosynthesis of n - glycosidically linked oligosaccharide chains. conversely, they have been identified as the predominant isoprenoid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5124238553234433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.495267"}
{"text": "cells, and animals. dolichyl phosphate is an obligatory intermediate in the biosynthesis of n - glycosidically linked oligosaccharide chains. conversely, they have been identified as the predominant isoprenoid form in roots ( skorupinska - tudek k et al., lipids 2003, 38, 981 ) and in mushroom tissue ( wojtas m et al., chem phys lipids 2004, 130, 109 ). similar compounds ( ficaprenols ) have the same metabolic function in plants. the repartition of the various types of polyisoprenoid alcohols between plants and animals and their metabolism have been extensively discussed ( swiezewska e et al., prog lipid res 2005, 44, 235 ). biosynthesis of polyisoprenoid alcohols and their biological role have been reviewed in 2005 ( swiezewska e et al., prog lipid res 2005, 44, 235 ). 3 - phenolic alcohols among the simple phenolic alcohols, monolignols are the source materials for biosynthesis of both lignans and lignin. the starting material for production of monolignols ( phenylpropanoid ) is the amino acid phenylalanine. there are two main monolignols : coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol. para - coumaryl alcohol is similar to conipheryl alcohol but without the methoxy group. conipheryl alcohol is found in both gymnosperm and angiosperm plants. sinapyl alcohol and para - coumaryl alcohol, the other two lignin monomers, are found in angiosperm plants and grasses. conipheryl esters ( conypheryl 8 - methylnonanoate ) have been described in the fruits of the pepper, capsicum baccatum ( kobata k et al., phytochemistry 2008, 69, 1179 ). these compounds displayed an agonist activity for transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ( capsaicin receptor ) as the well known capsaicinoids present in these plant species. complex phenolic alcohols ( phenolphthiocerol ) were shown to be components of mycobacterium glycolipids which are termed glycosides of phenolphthiocerol dimy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4941580445254205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.496058"}
{"text": "complex phenolic alcohols ( phenolphthiocerol ) were shown to be components of mycobacterium glycolipids which are termed glycosides of phenolphthiocerol dimycocerosate ( smith dw et al., nature 1960, 186, 887 ) belonging to the large family of \" mycosides \". the chain length differs according to the homologues, 18 and 20 carbon atoms in mycosides a, and b, respectively. one of these phenolphthiocerols is shown below. an analogue component but with a ketone group instead of the methoxy group, a phenolphthiodiolone, has been detected in mycoside a ( fournie jj et al., j biol chem 1987, 262, 3174 ). an alcohol with a furan group, identified as 3 - ( 4 - methylfuran - 3 - yl ) propan - 1 - ol, has been isolated from a fungal endophyte living in a plant, setaria viridis ( nakajima h et al., j agric food chem 2010, 58, 2882 ). that compound was found to have a repellent effect on an insect, eysarcoris viridis, which is a major pest of rice. some cyclic alkyl polyols have been reported in plants. among the various form present in an anacardiaceae, tapirira guianensis, from south america, two displayed anti - protozoal ( plasmodium falciparum ) and anti - bacterial ( staphylococcus spp ) activities ( roumy v et al., phytochemistry 2009, 70, 305 ). the structure shown below is that of a trihydroxy - alcohol containing a cyclohexene ring. as emphasized by the authors, external application of the active plant extract or of the purified compounds could represent an accessible therapeutic alternative to classical medicine against leishmaniasis. aldehydes are found in free form, but also in the form of vinyl ether ( known as alk - 1 - enyl ether ) integated in glycerides and phospholipids ( plasmalogens ). the free aldehydes can be as fatty acids saturated or unsaturated. they have a general formula ch3 ( ch2 ) ncho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4952937438541857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.496831"}
{"text": "bryophyta ) after mechanical wounding ( croisier e et al., phytochemistry 2010, 71, 574 ). it was shown that they were produced by oxidative fragmentation of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( c18, c20 ). trans - 2 - nonenal is an unsaturated aldehyde with an unpleasant odor generated during the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. it participates to body odor and is found mainly covalently bound to protein in vivo ( ishino k et al., j biol chem 2010, 285, 15302 ). fatty aldehydes may be determined easily by tlc or gas liquid chromatography ( follow that link ). the most common method for the determination of aldehydes involves derivatization with an acidic solution of 2, 4 - dinitrophenylhydrazine to form corresponding hydrazones followed by hplc separation and uv \u2013 vis detection. an optimized derivatization procedure for the determination of aliphatic c1 - c10 aldehydes has been described ( stafiej a et al., j biochem biophys meth 2006, 69, 15 ). other short - chain aldehydes ( octadienal, octatrienal, heptadienal ) are produced via a lipoxygenase - mediated pathway from polyunsaturated fatty acids esterifying glycolipids in marine diatoms ( d ' ippolito g et al., biochim biophys acta 2004, 1686, 100 ). heighteen species of diatoms have been shown to release unsaturated aldehydes ( c7 : 2, c8 : 2, c8 : 3, c10 : 2, and c10 : 3 ) upon cell disruption ( wichard t et al., j chem ecol 2005, 31, 949 ). several short - chain aldehydes were shown to induce deleterious effects on zooplankton crustaceans and thus limiting the water secondary production ( birth - control aldehydes ) ( d ' ippolito g et al., tetrahedron lett 2002, 43, 6133 ). in laboratory experiments, three decatrienal isomers produced by various diatoms were shown to arrest embryonic development in copepod and sea ur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5140828625749647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.499403"}
{"text": ". long after the demonstration of the presence of iodinated lipids in thyroid ( besides iodinated aminoacids ), it was shown that the major iodinated lipid formed in thyroid when incubated in vitro with iodide was 2 - iodohexadecanal ( pereira a et al, j biol chem 1990, 265, 17018 ). in rat and dog thyroid, 2 - iodooctadecanal was determined to be more abundant that the 16 - carbon aldehyde. these compounds, which are thought to play a role in the regulation of thyroid function, were recently shown to be formed by the attack of reactive iodine on the vinyl ether group of pe plasmalogen. this attack generates an unstable iodinated derivative which breaks into lysophosphatidylethanolamine and 2 - iodo aldehydes ( panneels v et al, j biol chem 1996, 271, 23006 ). in some bacteria, aldehyde analogs of cyclopropane fatty acids were described. several fatty aldehydes are known to have pheromone functions. studies in african and asian countries have shown that the use of 10, 12 - hexadecadienal could be effective for control of the spiny bollworm earias insulana, a cotton pest. the sex pheromone of the navel orange worm, amyelois transitella, 11, 13 - hexadecadienal, is usually used in the control of this citric pest. a branched saturated aldehyde ( 3, 5, 9 - trimethyldodecenal, stylopsal ) has been identified as a female - produced sex pheromone in stylops ( strepsiptera ), an entomophagous endoparasitic insect ( cvacka j et al., j chem ecol 2012, 38, 1483 ). several isoprenoid aldehydes are important in insect biology as pheromones and in botany as volatile odorous substances. some examples are given below : these three terpenic aldehydes are produced in large amounts by the mandibular glands of ants and may function as defensive repellents ( regnier fe et al., j insect physiol 1968, 14, 955 ). in contrast, the same molecules have a role of recruiting pheromones in honey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5260413020465435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:545660ca-1ae5-41b7-b614-1a9c88f961c3>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.501076"}
{"text": "the immune system immune ; immunity ; disease ; bacteria ; viruses ; white ; cells ; lymph ; germs ; mucous ; mucus ; glands ; what is immunity? immunity ( say im - yoon - it - i ) means that you are protected against something. there are different kinds of immunity. this topic is about how different parts of our bodies work together to keep us from getting sick. immunity to some diseases is passed on from our mothers before we are born. immunisation ( having your ' shots ' ) helps our body ' s immune defence system protect us from diseases. body ' s immune system every body has an inbuilt immune system which protects it from diseases and germs. this system has a lot of different parts which work together to keep out any harmful germs, and attack and destroy any which manage to get inside your body - every day your body is exposed to millions of germs, and you do not get sick from them because of your immune system. - every time you do get sick because of a germ, your immune system works to get rid of it and then it remembers how to fight the infection if the same germ comes again. - usually the older you get, the more germs you become immune to. so, let ' s have a look at the immune system, starting from the outside of the body. the skin is the first line of defence in your immune system. you know how you put plastic wrap over leftovers to keep them fresh enough for later? well, your skin is like a plastic wrap to keep germs from getting into your body. - the epidermis ( outside layer of skin ) has special cells which warn the body about incoming germs. - glands in the skin also make substances that can kill some bacteria ( anti - bacterial chemicals ). this means you don ' t get infections on your skin unless your skin is damaged, such as by a cut or a graze. your nose, mouth and eyes are the next point of attack. - the mucous membranes which line the mouth, throat, lungs and bowel, act like a barrier to germs, just as the skin does. - saliva in the mouth and the tears which wash your eyes have special enzymes ( chemicals ) in them which break down the cell walls of many bacteria and viruses. - the mucous that is made in your nose, throat and lungs traps bacteria, viruses and dust. - acid in your stomach kills most germs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5354698482211417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce2ffe26-b35c-4206-9d9e-c664fdbda89f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.508319"}
{"text": "special enzymes ( chemicals ) in them which break down the cell walls of many bacteria and viruses. - the mucous that is made in your nose, throat and lungs traps bacteria, viruses and dust. - acid in your stomach kills most germs, and starts to digest your food. - lymph ( limf ) is a clear fluid that is very similar to blood plasma, the clear liquid in blood, but it carries only white blood cells, not red blood cells. - the lymph flows through all the parts of the body picking up fluid around cells and carrying it back to large veins near the heart. it also carries white blood cells to the places that they are needed. - some bacteria or viruses that have entered the body are collected by the lymph and passed on to the lymph nodes where they are filtered out and destroyed. lymph nodes are sometimes called glands. your doctor can often tell if you have an infection by checking out the lymph nodes ( glands ) in your neck and under your arms to see if they ' re swollen. if they are, it shows that they are working to get rid of bacteria or viruses. in your blood you have red blood cells and white blood cells, and in lymph there are white blood cells. there are several different types of white cells which work together to seek out and destroy bacteria and viruses. all of them start off in the bone marrow, growing from ' stem cells '. the disease - fighting white blood cells are specialists. some of the white blood cells are : - neutrophils ( say new - tro - fills ), which move around the body in the blood and seek out foreign material ( things that don ' t belong in your body ). - macrophages ( say mak - row - far - jes ) are the biggest blood cells. some live in different parts of the body and help to keep it clean, eg. in the lungs. others swim around cleaning up other white blood cells that have been damaged while doing their jobs, eg. cleaning up pus that has been caused by neutrophils when they work to clear out bacteria from a wound. - lymphocytes ( say lim - fo - sites ) work on bacterial and viral infections there are two different types : - b cells produce antibodies. each cell watches out for a particular germ, and when that germ arrives, the cell starts to produce more antibodies which begin the process of killing that germ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5184511023687723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce2ffe26-b35c-4206-9d9e-c664fdbda89f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.509139"}
{"text": "on bacterial and viral infections there are two different types : - b cells produce antibodies. each cell watches out for a particular germ, and when that germ arrives, the cell starts to produce more antibodies which begin the process of killing that germ. antibodies attach themselves to the germs so that other cells can recognise that these germs need to be destroyed. - t cells look for cells in your body that are hiding invaders ( germs ) or body cells that are different to normal healthy cells ( such as cells that could develop into a cancer ) and kill them. does your immune system know which cells to attack? your body has lots of friendly bacteria around it which help your body work properly - eg. some bacteria inside your bowel help you to digest your food and break it up into the different things that are needed in various parts of the body. - these friendly bacteria live on the surfaces of the body, such as on our skin or inside the bowel. - they do not try to invade the body, so the immune system does not try to get rid of them. - other germs which cause illness, try to enter the body. - antibodies, which are made by the lymphocytes, attach to the invaders so that the other white blood cells can destroy them. they ' tag ' them so they can be easily noticed. as well as attacking germs, your immune system recognises and destroys other cells which do not belong in your body. - the cells in your own body are marked with a special system called human leukocyte antigen or hla ( say hew - man lew - ko - site anti - jen ). - your immune system can recognise these markings as ' you '. any cells which do not have the right markings are ' not you ' and are therefore attacked. this happens if, for example, you have a blood transfusion with the wrong types of blood cells. your body ' s immune system recognises that these cells do not belong in your body, so it destroys them. how you know your immune system is working you know your immune system is working : - if you get better after you are sick - if cuts heal without getting infected - if you don ' t catch the same diseases over and over again - when you get swollen glands - when you get swelling and soreness around a cut. your immune system is in there working to get rid of any infection. when things go wrong with the immune system sometimes the immune system will make a mistake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4975179093185734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce2ffe26-b35c-4206-9d9e-c664fdbda89f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.509971"}
{"text": "over again - when you get swollen glands - when you get swelling and soreness around a cut. your immune system is in there working to get rid of any infection. when things go wrong with the immune system sometimes the immune system will make a mistake. - it may attack your own body as if it were the enemy, eg. insulin dependent diabetes ( the type that most often starts in children and young people ) is caused by the immune system attacking the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. - allergies are caused by the immune system over - reacting to something that is not really a threat, like when pollen triggers hay fever or asthma. - if tissue is transplanted from one person to another - eg. a skin or organ transplant - then the immune system will attack the new part. the immune system has to be suppressed by drugs to allow the transplant to work. - when the immune system is damaged, such as when people have a serious illness called aids, they get lots of infections and are much more likely to get cancers. their body cannot recognise the infection or abnormal cells very well and the immune system does not destroy them as well as usual. the immune system is absolutely amazing. it deals with millions of bacteria and viruses every day to keep us healthy. keeping up to date with immunisations can help your body to build immunity to some serious diseases too. we ' ve provided this information to help you to understand important things about staying healthy and happy. however, if you feel sick or unhappy, it is important to tell your mum or dad, a teacher or another grown - up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44697064770563283, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce2ffe26-b35c-4206-9d9e-c664fdbda89f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.510982"}
{"text": "when it comes to solar power, the real dilemmas are efficiency and cost. on the one hand, efficiency has steadily improved over the last couple decades to the point where it \u2019 s approaching the utility prices of other power generation methods. exotic technologies promise even greater gains. however, the price of solar - generated power still remains at least five times as expensive as coal - power, the chief source of power in the u. s. ( compared to the leading candidate, nuclear, which is approximately 1. 5 to 2 times as expensive ). while solar adoption from a cost standpoint is unattractive, there ' s much debate over whether commercial adoption is needed to spur further research to propel solar into the realm of cost competitiveness. while many nations like the u. s. and china have modestly taken this position, adopting solar at a moderate rate, one nation has fallen head over heels for solar - - spain. spain is allowing solar and wind power plants to charge as much as 10 times the rates of coal power plants, making it possible for solar power installations to earn utilities big money. on average, recent rate increases have raised solar charges to over 7 times the rates of coal or natural gas rates. the costs are added onto consumers ' power bills. the results are mixed ; while spanish power bills are at record highs, the number of deployments is soaring. spain has 14 gw of solar power, or the equivalent capacity of nine average nuclear reactors, under construction - - the most of any nation. florida \u2019 s fpl group inc. and french electricite de france sa are among the many jumping to build in spain. gabriel calzada, an economist and professor at rey juan carlos university in madrid, states, \" who wouldn \u2019 t want to enter a business that \u2019 s paid many times more than the market rate, and where the customer is guaranteed for life? \" by 2009, 42 percent of spaniards energy bills - - approximately 95 euros ( $ 127 ) on average - - will be provided by alternative energy. spanish law requires power distributors to buy all clean energy produced in the first 25 years of the plants ' lives. the government also recently raised the rate of spain believes this sacrifice will pay off as fossil fuel resources become depleted and emissions standards tighten. karsten von blumenthal, an industrial analyst at hamburg - based ses research gmbh states, \" the guarantee is more attractive than what other countries offer. actually the u. s. has better space for solar, in the deserts of california and nevada. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4800677604904428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23a90b54-7af3-418f-b87f-445b0ed0e428>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.515263"}
{"text": "blumenthal, an industrial analyst at hamburg - based ses research gmbh states, \" the guarantee is more attractive than what other countries offer. actually the u. s. has better space for solar, in the deserts of california and nevada. \" the u. s. meanwhile is also advancing thanks in part to president obama ' s solar initiatives passed earlier this year as part of the federal stimulus legislation. over 6 gw of capacity is planned for the u. s. fred morse, an official at the washington - based solar energy industries association trade group and author of the first report to the white house on solar power ( 1969 ), says that the u. s. needs to adopt more incentives if it hopes to catch spain. he states, \" the incentives, if implemented promptly and effectively, should greatly facilitate the financing of these plants. \" one promising benefit of the spanish solar boom is that it is increasing the number of plants utilizing new, potentially more efficient technologies like solar thermal or sterling engines. spain is limiting the number of photovoltaic plants ( solar panel - based designs ), but is giving out unlimited licenses for solar thermal and other alternative plants. quote : 1 - solar tech is improving very quickly. in another 3 ~ 5 years, it should be just as cheap as coal. quote : 4 - if many people buy their own, it reduces the drain on the electrical system quote : 2 - if its cheap, unlike a power plant ( coar / nuke ) anyone can buy it and install it on their roof or their yard. remember on dt - they ' re ' s tech that ' ll allow your windows to be solar collectors. quote : 5 - if everyone has one, it can help re - charge their electric cars. because as of now, eletric cars still require power from coal / nuke plants which generate pollution / waste. quote : assuming 0, 45 cents per kw here, quote : but the pleasure to not give the moneyto them... doesn\u00b4t have a price...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47596707189052684, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23a90b54-7af3-418f-b87f-445b0ed0e428>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.515998"}
{"text": "in digital imaging, there are 256 levels, or tonal values, ranging from black to white. black is level 0. white is level 255. of course, not all images ( e. g. extreme foggy, misty, atmospheric shots ) contain the full tonal range from black to white, but most do. the histogram ( levels ) is a graphical representation of the tonal values in an image. ideally, it should range from 0 to 255, with a good spread of tonal values throughout. if the histogram is bunched up towards the left, it indicates the image is under - exposed. note the crushed shadow detail. if bunched up towards the right, it ' s over exposed. note the blown - out highlights. if the black and white points are set incorrectly, the image will have a dull, flat, washed - out appearance. here they ' re wrongly set to 20 / 230. unless under instructions from a repro bureau or printer, you should not set the black / white points to anything other than 0 / 255. the printer may well adjust them later for technical reasons to do with repro, but don ' t try to guess what ' s required. it ' s true that some leeway is acceptable ( e. g. up to 5 % is usually ok ), but your images will lack visual impact if the black / white points are incorrect, so don ' t do this as a matter of course. in the vast majority of cases, it ' s best to set them to 0 / 255.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5248177777177708, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52488de0-c8c9-4c17-af7d-5a2c271456dc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.517331"}
{"text": "the robot can be outfitted with multiple attachments such as a cell - sprayer that can spray pesticides or fertilizers and can even weed areas intertwined with the crops. it \u2019 s able to do so with the help of strategically positioned cameras that take pictures of the ground, which are then sent to an onboard computer that analyzes the images and identifies both the crops and weeds ( programmed with 20 known species per geographic area ). once the unwanted plants are identified, it can then spray an herbicide through a row of nozzles placed next to the cameras positioned behind the bot. the cameras look for the corresponding image and either open or close the nozzles based on the weeds ' location. with a large range of add - on tools, this robot makes a perfect plant - nursing platform that \u2019 s able to keep plants healthy, one column at a time. robots are even being employed to harvest crops, further maximizing the efficiency associated with robotic farmers. one such robot is known as the robotic strawberry harvester from robotic harvesting llc. the mechanical farmhand is autonomous in the true sense of the word and is self - propelled, navigating and harvesting, and as the name suggests, is excellent in picking ripe strawberries. robot harvesting outfitted the robot with a camera array capable of taking \" stereovision \" photos both above and below the plants leaves to collect data on fruit ( whether it \u2019 s ripe or not ), flower count, plant pathogens ( diseases ), and other items of interest. the camera system can be reprogrammed to identify and collect data on a number of crops in 3d space ( giving the robot the capability to see like humans ) not just strawberries, and uses specialized software to discern whether the fruit is ripe. once identified, the robot uses a three - pronged outfitted robotic arm to pick the fruit, which is then placed on a convenient tiny conveyor belt that drops the fruit off in a collection basket on top of the robot. this may not seem like much, but the robot is capable of picking the fruit ( tested in a controlled environment ) in as little as two seconds. while you most likely won ' t see a fully functional efficient farm being run entirely by robots anytime in the next few years, it \u2019 s safe to say it certainly is a possibility in the near future. as more and more people populate the planet, using robotic farmers is certainly a viable option in cultivating, nurturing, and harvesting increased food crops in an efficient manner.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45420311857425705, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0ae3c16-2656-45c7-a6e9-21c6c9e32b92>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.520991"}
{"text": "living with diabetes diabetes is a condition that affects everyone from children right up to adults. it is referred as a chronic condition since a person who has it can go through many changes in their lives as it can affect their entire body. over time, diabetes can cause blindness, stroke, and amputations among other things. there are two types of diabetes ; juvenile or type 1 diabetes and adult - onset diabetes also known as type 2 diabetes. the more common form of diabetes is type 2 and those who have this type of diabetes are faced many difficulties and complications to their liver, muscle and even fat cells. in the case of type 1 diabetics, they are required to use insulin to be able to combat the effects of diabetes. a simple blood sugar test can determine if you have diabetes or not. the doctor usually checks the level of your glucose to determine if you are diabetic. there are also telltale signs that one is diabetic as well. the symptoms of diabetes include an increase in thirst ; feeling tired all the time, headaches, and weight loss and in some cases blurred vision and even dry mouth. there is a treatment for diabetes and one can easily keep it under control if proper measures are taken. one must first keep their blood glucose in check all the time and one way to achieve this is by eating healthy foods for diabetics. one can also combat the symptoms of diabetes by keeping up with an exercise regimen and it would also help to keep their weight under control as well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46702355561622316, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a5aede2-83a0-4dea-ac64-71fa514ed29c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.522416"}
{"text": "the environmental impact of electric vehicles has been in the media for some time. now comes news that electric vehicles can also impact running the home. an exhibit at the georgian college auto show, in barrie, ontario, demonstrates the integration of electric vehicles into the home by using the latest smart grid technologies. the display, which is run by nissan and powerstream, shows how an electric vehicle such as the nissan leaf can help power the home by converting energy stored in the car \u2019 s batteries to residential use through a system called vehicle to home ( v2h ). with energy stored in its 24kw lithium - ion battery, a fully charged nissan leaf can provide enough electricity to run a typical residential canadian home for a full day. the leaf to home electricity - supply system is gathering attention as a new form of infrastructure, as well as contributing factor to energy saving and alternative energy use. powerstream, ontario \u2019 s second - largest community - owned company, began working on the project after taking delivery of nissan \u2019 s fully - electric leaf vehicle. \u201c the powerstream / nissan display proves how smart connections between the grid, the home and the car can help us improve the way energy is managed, consumed \u2013 and conserved, \u201d said markham mayor frank scarpitti, who is chairman of the board at powerstream. \u201c the collaboration between nissan and powerstream illustrates the dramatic changes underway in technology and how two industry leaders can collaborate to benefit consumers. \u201d studies have shown that cutting off one household from the network when power demands are their highest can significantly contribute towards the stable supply of power throughout the grid. the nissan / powerstream v2h system demonstrates leading - edge technologies and the future capabilities of smart grid and the benefit to consumers. cnw group / nissan canada nissan canada and powerstream demonstrate the nissan \u2018 leaf to home \u2019 charging system for first time in canada at the georgian college auto show in barrie. earlier this week in japan, nissan introduced the ev power station, an electric - vehicle charging station developed by nichicon corporation. the ev power station can fully recharge the leaf \u2019 s high - capacity batteries in as little as four hours, approximately half the time required by conventional chargers. \u201c the public debut of v2h in canada today will drive new advancements and collaboration in the auto industry of tomorrow, \u201d said nissan canada president allen childs. \u201c v2h will foster literal connections, such as those between vehicles, infrastructure, the internet, and the nation \u2019 s electrical grid, and the connections and relationships between engineers who are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5044022868472696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3056064-de84-4cd5-8595-470809b3ce0d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.524896"}
{"text": "beginning in october 2006, some beekeepers began reporting losses of 30 - 90 percent of their hives. while colony losses are not unexpected during winter weather, the magnitude of loss suffered by some beekeepers was highly unusual. this phenomenon, which currently does not have a recognizable underlying cause, has been termed \" colony collapse disorder \" ( ccd ). the main symptom of ccd is simply no or a low number of adult honey bees present but with a live queen and no dead honey bees in the hive. often there is still honey in the hive, and immature bees ( brood ) are present. ars scientists and others are in the process of carrying out research to discover the cause ( s ) of ccd and develop ways for beekeepers to respond to the problem. why should the public care about honey bees? bee pollination is responsible for $ 15 billion in added crop value, particularly for specialty crops such as almonds and other nuts, berries, fruits, and vegetables. about one mouthful in three in the diet directly or indirectly benefits from honey bee pollination. while there are native pollinators ( honey bees came from the old world with european colonists ), honey bees are more prolific and the easiest to manage for the large scale pollination that u. s. agriculture requires. in california, the almond crop alone uses 1. 3 million colonies of bees, approximately one half of all honey bees in the united states, and this need is projected to grow to 1. 5 million colonies by 2010. the number of managed honey bee colonies has dropped from 5 million in the1940s to only 2. 5 million today. at the same time, the call for hives to supply pollination service has continued to climb. this means honey bee colonies are trucked farther and more often than ever before. honey bee colony health has also been declining since the 1980s with the advent of new pathogens and pests. the spread into the united states of varroa and tracheal mites, in particular, created major new stresses on honey bees. is there currently a crisis in food production because of ccd? while ccd has created a very serious problem for beekeepers and could threaten the pollination industry if it becomes more widespread, fortunately there were enough bees to supply all the needed pollination this past spring. but we cannot wait to see if ccd becomes an agricultural crisis to do the needed research into the cause and treatment for ccd. the cost of hives for pollination has risen this year. but much of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47346276668496273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6117655e-ff6b-4001-9834-1cee09b05d14>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.534346"}
{"text": "needed pollination this past spring. but we cannot wait to see if ccd becomes an agricultural crisis to do the needed research into the cause and treatment for ccd. the cost of hives for pollination has risen this year. but much of that is due to growing demand. some of the price increase may also be due to higher cost of gas and diesel and other increases related to energy and labor costs. commercial beekeepers truck hives long distances to provide pollination services, so in particular they must deal with rising expenses. varroa mites ( one is visible on the back of this bee ) are a major threat to honey bee health and are becoming resistant to two compounds ( coumaphos and fluvalinate ) used to control them. beekeepers now have a simple assay to determine whether mites are resistant and thus ensure use of appropriate control measures. click the image for more information about it. are there any theories about what may be causing ccd? case studies and questionnaires related to management practices and environmental factors have identified a few common factors shared by those beekeepers experiencing ccd, but no common environmental agents or chemicals stand out as causative. there are three major possibilities that are being looked into by researchers. pesticides may be having unexpected negative effects on honey bees. a new parasite or pathogen may be attacking honey bees. one possible candidate being looked at is a pathogenic gut microbe called nosema. viruses are also suspected. a perfect storm of existing stresses may have unexpectedly weakened colonies leading to collapse. stress, in general, compromises the immune system of bees ( and other social insects ) and may disrupt their social system, making colonies more susceptible to disease. these stresses could include high levels of infection by the varroa mite ( a parasite that feeds on bee blood and transmits bee viruses ) ; poor nutrition due to apiary overcrowding, pollination of crops with low nutritional value, or pollen or nectar scarcity ; and exposure to limited or contaminated water supplies. migratory stress brought about by increased needs for pollination might also be a contributing factor. has ccd ever happened before? the scientific literature has several mentions of honey bee disappearancesoin the 1880s, the 1920s and the 1960s. while the descriptions sound similar to ccd, there is no way to know for sure if the problems were caused by the same agents as today ' s ccd. there have also been unusual colony losses before. in 1903, in the cache valley in utah, 2000 colonies were lost to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48871656780897915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6117655e-ff6b-4001-9834-1cee09b05d14>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.535361"}
{"text": ", environmental stresses, and bee management stresses such as poor nutrition. it is unlikely that a single factor is the cause of ccd ; it is more likely that there is a complex of different components. in september 2007, a research team that included ars published the results of an intensive genetic screening of ccd - affected honey bee colonies and non - ccd - affected hives. the only pathogen found in almost all samples from honey bee colonies with ccd, but not in non - ccd colonies, was the israeli acute paralysis virus ( iapv ), a dicistrovirus that can be transmitted by the varroa mite. it was found in 96. 1 percent of the ccd - bee samples. this research does not identify iapv as the cause of ccd. what this research found was strictly a strong correlation of the appearance of iapv and ccd together. no cause - and - effect connection can be inferred from the genetic screening data. ( more information about this study ) honey bees devour a new, nutrient - rich food developed by ars researchers. click the image for more information about it. this was the first report of iapv in the united states. iapv was initially identified in honey bee colonies in israel in 2002, where the honey bees exhibited unusual behavior, such as twitching wings outside the hive and a loss of worker bee populations. the study also found iapv in honey bees from australia that had been imported into the united states, as well as in royal jelly imported from china. australian bees began to be imported from australia into the united states in 2005. questions were raised about a connection between those imported bees and the appearance of iapv in the united states. beekeepers sought out australian imports of bees as a way to replenish their hive populations. to determine whether iapv has been present in the united states since before the importation of honey bees from australia, a follow up detailed genetic screening of several hundred honey bees that had been collected between 2002 and 2007 from colonies in maryland, pennsylvania, california and israel was conducted by ars researchers. the results of the follow study showed iapv has been in this country since at least 2002, which challenges the idea that iapv is a recent introduction from australia. ( more information about this study ) this study in no way rules iapv out as a factor in ccd. research by several groups will now focus on understanding differences in virulence across strains of iapv and on interactions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49039977899197124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6117655e-ff6b-4001-9834-1cee09b05d14>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.537321"}
{"text": "this book was the chosen book for the celebration of reading campaign, 2012 a dog named worthless : a hero is born children ' s book for k - 6th grade humane education a dog named worthless : a hero is born written and illustrated by rocky shepheard welcome to dogs deserve better ' s first fantasy action / adventure fiction picture book for kids and adults alike! disney - esque in tone, the book is beautifully illustrated and written by rocky shepheard, a long - time supporter and advocate for chained dogs. the book is full color, hardback for better protection and sturdiness, and comes to life on 32 pages. worthless is a chained dog who has never lived inside the house. he suffers through cold winters and hot summers only with the help of his two friends \u2014 otto and sly fox. his friends plot to free him and they set off on an adventure to look for a new life somewhere where there are no chains. they search for days in snow and ice until they find a place on the edge of a pond to hunker down for the winter. but fate intervenes and presents an opportunity for worthless to finally prove to himself that he is worthy of love and a good home. will worthless have the courage to face his fears and become the dog he has always wanted to be? about worthless : worthless was the name of a real dog, he was the reason that dogs deserve better was founded and that ' s why the book was named after him. someone actually named their dog worthless, can you believe that? read about his rescue here. it was fitting that the winning contest model for the book was another black lab named maggie, beloved companion of joe maringo of sparro. dan piraro - internationally acclaimed cartoonist and creator of bizarro : \" ' a new name for worthless : a hero is born ' is, like it ' s title character, anything but worthless. this is an exciting story with a full range of emotions that kids will love and adults will take pause to think about. the same story that is lovingly illustrated within plays itself out in communities all over the world and the lessons learned from this story are simple but so important. this book will lead readers of all ages to more fully understand the true nature of \" man ' s best friend \" with a common - sense, compassionate approach that can change the world for the better. \" \u2013 dan piraro, creator of \" bizarro \" cia bruno, esq. - new york animal rights advocate : \" a masterfully captivating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42029838881306314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d5034f4-b974-4c74-91bf-ea7da192b616>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.548402"}
{"text": "\" with a common - sense, compassionate approach that can change the world for the better. \" \u2013 dan piraro, creator of \" bizarro \" cia bruno, esq. - new york animal rights advocate : \" a masterfully captivating illustrative theme! in a new name for worthless : a hero is born, the author skillfully introduces several elements of conflict and resolution that are rich in opportunity for mutual exploration between parent and child. the dominant message being that ' all ' sentient creatures are worthy of our respect for their needs and existence. \" \u2014 cia bruno, attorney at law and advocate for all sentient creatures at www. meaningfuladvocacy. com lorraine chittock - photographer and author : \" wow. i love it. finally a book appears which addresses a pressing dog issue, but doesn ' t come across as preachy or pandering. from the first page to the last, the reader is drawn into the troubles of worthless, and captivated by a wonderful story juxtaposed with exquisite paintings. for children this book is a must. for adults, it signifies hope and the progress being made for the lives of chained dogs all over the world. \" travel books exploring our unique bond with animals ddb founder tamira thayne : \" when rocky presented his idea, i was instantly intrigued by a story that is less about the reality of everyday chaining, and more a fun fiction tale featuring animal friends and foes. i was delighted with his storyline, and even more enamored with his illustrations. i hope that a new name for worthless : a hero is born ends up on every dog lover ' s bookshelf, because that ' s where it deserves to be! \" \u2013 tamira c. thayne, founder and ceo of dogs deserve better www. dogsdeservebetter. org robin helfritch co - founder of open the cages alliance : \" rocky shepheard ' s inspiring and delightful book, \u201c a new name for worthless : a hero is born \u201d will warm your heart and leave you smiling. beautifully illustrated, it tells the tale of \u201c worthless, \u201d a neglected dog who is callously left by his uncaring human \u201c owner \u201d to live his life chained to a rickety wooden box in extreme temperatures. this is, unfortunately, the fate for far too many dogs. luckily for worthless, he has good friends, sly fox and otto the otter. through teamwork, bravery and a little luck, worthless ' s life takes a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45930371920852003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d5034f4-b974-4c74-91bf-ea7da192b616>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.549460"}
{"text": "box in extreme temperatures. this is, unfortunately, the fate for far too many dogs. luckily for worthless, he has good friends, sly fox and otto the otter. through teamwork, bravery and a little luck, worthless ' s life takes a turn for the better! this book teaches the importance of compassion, friendship, collaboration, acceptance, and the fact that all deserve freedom from oppression. it is perfect for children and adults of all ages, and the life lessons learned in this book will resonate within all who read it. \" \u2013 robin helfritch co - founder, open the cages alliance catherine hedges founder of dont bully my breed, inc. : \" a new name for worthless ; a hero is born, is a wonderful combination of fantasy and reality, and a reminder that no dog is born \" worthless \" but, any dog, in the hands of the wrong person, can be treated as worthless. the book shows children everyone has worth and is a great lesson in self esteem, as well as emphasizing the importance of loyalty and friendship and what can be accomplished when friends work together. it shows the importance of compassion and love and should inspire kids to ask questions about animal cruelty and neglect. it is evident in shepheard ' s heartwarming story and stunning illustrations that he is a person with a great heart and one hopes that his message will impact every adult or child who reads it. \" \u2013 catherine hedges founder of dont bully my breed, inc. nikki brown - the uk dog whisperer from canine angel : \" ' a new name for worthless : a hero is born ' is just such a delightful book with a really simple yet powerful message about how these creatures that we humans call \u201c dogs \u201d, can teach us all the important lessons of forgiveness, love, devotion, courage, bravery, living in the moment and never holding a grudge. the story is about how this dog views his world after being chained up to a dog house all his life suffering all weather conditions and being given the name of \u201c worthless \u201c by his human owner, reminding us all that neglect and cruelty still exists in today \u2019 s world. the beautiful illustrations help to ignite your imagination and take you into this dogs world where all he ever wants is the opportunity to show he can be the dog that he was born to be, and show that even though he has been mistreated he can still find it in his heart and soul to forgive, love unconditionally and become man \u2019 s best friend. a great read for kids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4837859761315081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d5034f4-b974-4c74-91bf-ea7da192b616>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.550466"}
{"text": "dog that he was born to be, and show that even though he has been mistreated he can still find it in his heart and soul to forgive, love unconditionally and become man \u2019 s best friend. a great read for kids and adults, and every dog owner or potential dog owner needs to have this in their book collection. \" \u2013 nikki brown \u2013 the uk dog whisperer \u2013 canine angel leigh - chantelle - australian vegan activist / singer songwriter : \" worthless the dog is much more than his namesake. his friends sly the fox and otto the sea otter unite to free him from his unbearable life chained to a rickety wooden box, all worthless has known as a home. beautifully illustrated by rocky shepheard and written in the first person from worthless \u2019 point of view, a new name for worthless : a hero is born is a wonderful story of courage, friendship and bravery. families can read this wonderful book together and learn lessons in patience, humility, forgiveness and respect, all taught by worthless the dog. this is a great resource book for humane education released by the not for profit organisation dogs deserve better who believe in respecting, freeing and enhancing the freedom of all chained animals. \" founder of green earth day, www. greenearthday. net viva la vegan www. vivalavegan. net performing artist www. leigh - chantelle. com veterinarian / activist dr. armaiti may : \" what an inspiration! engaging as it is educational, this children \u2019 s book brings to light the little - known problem of dogs being neglected and left to languish on the end of a chain rather than with their family inside the home. this dog \u2019 s story of hardship, collaboration with his fellow animal friends, and ultimate freedom from unfair confinement warms the heart. it is beautifully told and fills the reader with empathy for the dog \u2019 s predicament as well as admiration for his determination to free himself and find a more loving home. \" \u2013 armaiti may, dvm using age - appropriate messaging, this book targets the following humane education aspects for coursework and can be used to stimulate discussion about these issues with students and children : \u2022 dog chaining \u2022 importance of friends \u2022 working as a team \u2022 wildlife education book follows the success of puddles on the floor, by lorena estep and illustrated by tamira c. thayne, and is only the second children ' s book created specifically for dogs deserve better. it can be bought in package with puddles at a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.442675174117498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d5034f4-b974-4c74-91bf-ea7da192b616>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.551453"}
{"text": "success of puddles on the floor, by lorena estep and illustrated by tamira c. thayne, and is only the second children ' s book created specifically for dogs deserve better. it can be bought in package with puddles at a discounted price, see below for package deals. book is perfect for family fun reading, and for humane education from kindergarten - through 6th grades. if you ' re a nonprofit who would like to buy wholesale for fundraising purposes, please call us at 757 - 357 - 9292 for pricing options. you ' d like ddb to come to your school or group for a reading / visit, please call 757 - 357 - 9292 or e - mail firstname. lastname @ example. org. now take phone orders at 1. 877. 636. 1408 or mail your order to 1915 moonlight rd., smithfield, va 23430. a dog named worthless : a hero is born book written and illustrated by rocky shepheard copy pak of a dog named worthless : a hero is born book perfect for gift - giving! one stop shopping for all the kids in the family. almost $ 4. 00! free hero kids ' pak includes : a new name for worthless, puddles on the floor, and happy dog! coloring book. the hero kids ' pak is the perfect classroom or home teaching aid, allowing parents, teachers, and facilitators to give children the ' whole hero experience, ' hero kids ' pak ( free hero unchained 3 pak includes : a new name for worthless, unchain my heart, and scream like banshee. the hero unchained 3 pak is the perfect family pack, something for everyone in the family, and teaches about chaining, being a foster parent to a dog, and how you can get involved with making a dog ' s life better. hero unchained pak ( includes hero unchained pak plus includes : a new name for worthless, unchain my heart, puddles on the floor and scream like banshee. the hero unchained pak plus takes the family pack above and adds in puddles on the floor, for those who want both children ' s books. hero unchained pak plus ( includes \u2014 special fundraiser! signed copies of a dog named worthless - a hero is born special signed copy by the author rocky shepheard. all $ 10 extra goes to support dogs deserve better! book blogger reviews", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46066658385413484, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d5034f4-b974-4c74-91bf-ea7da192b616>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.552387"}
{"text": "published : oct. 17, 2006 updated : apr. 20, 2010 two - and - a - half - year - old nina was bright - eyed and bouncy, full of laughter and hugs - - when you could get her attention. she often seemed to be ignoring her parents when they spoke to her, and when she did respond, many of her words were slurred. concerned, her parents arranged for a hearing test - - and learned that nina had moderate hearing loss in both ears. outfitted with a hearing aid, and provided with speech therapy, she is just beginning to regain some of the ground she lost during the first years of life when important language skills are being learned. \" hearing impairment is the largest congenital disability, affecting about six out of every 1, 000 infants, \" says duke pediatric audiologist ann mabie. \" for a very long time, people thought you couldn ' t test infants ' hearing, and would just wait until children were two or three years old. but by the time you wait for children not to talk, a window of opportunity has shut. \" in fact, those tiny, shell - like ears that parents marvel over when getting to know their new babies are just the most visible parts of a highly sophisticated machine. human infants spend the first year of life learning about their environment, and by one year of age, already understand far more language than they are yet able to use - - unless an undiagnosed hearing impairment disrupts the process. while hearing impairments are difficult at any age, they \u2019 re especially devastating in young children, because their brains rely on auditory stimulation to develop the capacity for oral communication. this makes early diagnosis and treatment of childhood hearing losses essential. happily, all newborns in north carolina now have access to the specialized screening needed to diagnose infants with hearing loss, thanks to state legislation passed in october 1999. even babies born with normal hearing, however, can develop a hearing loss later in infancy or childhood, due to ear infections or head injuries. so parents should be aware of clues that their children might have difficulty hearing and insist on tests if they suspect hearing loss ( see below ). mabie urges all parents who suspect that their child might have a hearing problem to get the child tested by an audiologist or physician with expertise in this area as soon as possible : \" every day you wait is a day lost. \" hearing impairments caused by problems in the middle and outer ear can sometimes be treated medically. for impairments originating in the inner ear,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47788838051997656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e03df66-fa9b-468c-9fa8-487fd46503ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.555922"}
{"text": "physician with expertise in this area as soon as possible : \" every day you wait is a day lost. \" hearing impairments caused by problems in the middle and outer ear can sometimes be treated medically. for impairments originating in the inner ear, a hearing aid and speech therapy can help. \" hearing aids help provide access to speech, and with some intensive speech and language therapy, hearing - impaired kids will do fine in a normal classroom. \" children with severe to profound hearing impairments typically will require more extensive rehabilitation, and cochlear implantation may be indicated. at duke, otolaryngologists have begun using sophisticated new technologies to help even tiny children with hearing impairments to interact with the hearing world. when lauren, a two - month - old infant from western north carolina, was diagnosed with profound hearing loss due to a malformation in her inner ears, or cochleas, she was immediately fitted with hearing aids. shortly before her second birthday, she came to duke for a cochlear implant. duke specialists in speech pathology and audiology worked to perform a detailed evaluation of lauren \u2019 s hearing loss, using the most precise diagnostic technologies available. duke neurotologist ( ear specialist ) debara tucci, md, then selected the cochlear implant that would be most appropriate for lauren. after tucci surgically implanted the mechanism - - a marvel of micro - engineering - - into lauren \u2019 s inner ear, the tiny computer chip that controls the implant was carefully adjusted to transmit just the right auditory signals to lauren \u2019 s brain. the result is a girl who is learning how to communicate with those around her right on schedule. whatever intervention a child with hearing deficiencies may need, time is of the essence. as the mother of one hearing - impaired child puts it, \" once you find out and take action, things only get better, not worse. \u201d if your child exhibits any of the following behaviors, have him or her checked by a professional audiologist or physician with expertise in hearing disorders.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46630897279755945, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e03df66-fa9b-468c-9fa8-487fd46503ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.556637"}
{"text": "at least two replacement operations on the same knee. knee replacements are most common in people older than 80 \u2013 1 in 10 people in this age range have them, the study found. though they \u2019 re less prevalent in people younger than that, there are still more than half a million americans in their 50s with the artificial joints, and based on current trends, operations in that age group are expected to increase. according to the federal agency for healthcare research and quality, knee replacements tripled in people ages 45 to 64 between 1997 and 2009. doctors think two trends have contributed to that increase : the nation \u2019 s obesity epidemic and amateur athletes who don \u2019 t adjust workouts to spare aging or even injured joints. both can lead to or worsen arthritis, the main reason for replacing knees. donna brent, 63, is in the latter category. the deerfield, ill., administrative assistant says decades of racquetball, tennis, softball and other sports took a toll on her knees, but she got used to living with the pain, even when she became bowlegged and developed a limp. when pain \u201c started getting in the way of some of my sports, \u201d she gave in to her doctor \u2019 s advice and had the operation last june on her right knee. she said she feels better than ever, is back to exercising and plans to resume tennis and softball when the weather warms up. during knee replacement operations, surgeons slice off a small portion of the worn - out surface on the ends of both leg bones that meet at the knee, then implant an artificial joint usually made of plastic or metal. typical operations last about two hours, require a few days in the hospital and cost about $ 40, 000. artificial knees generally last 15 to 20 years. while some are promoted as lasting 30 years, these estimates are generally based on use among older people more sedentary than baby boomers who expect new knees to let them be as active as they were before surgery. sometimes that \u2019 s possible, though doctors often discourage knee replacement patients from engaging in high - impact sports including jogging. the national institute of arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases paid for the study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3738221917182871, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62078429-1038-4e59-b941-96afd2102c07>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.563331"}
{"text": "last week, president barack obama ordered interim regulations designed to enable wildland firefighters employed by the federal government to purchase health insurance through their jobs. for anyone who has seen this summer \u2019 s catastrophic wildfires, this seems like a no - brainer. people who risk their lives to save others \u2019 lives and property, including public lands \u201c owned \u201d by the country \u2019 s citizens, should be treated better. according to federal labor laws, most firefighters don \u2019 t qualify as permanent employees. even though they may put in nearly a full year \u2019 s worth of hours during the fire season, the demand for men and women skilled in fighting wildfires drops precipitously during the winter. keeping thousands of firefighters on the payroll all year long doesn \u2019 t make fiscal sense. policies that push them toward other jobs make even less sense. come spring, it makes sense to attract those who know what they are getting into and who already have been trained to fight fires effectively and safely. every employer, including uncle sam, knows benefits are not cheap. employers also know that good benefits help attract and retain good employees. seasonal workers often do not receive benefits because they are largely interchangeable. one quits, another is hired, only minimal training is required. quality may suffer \u2013 newly hired servers make more errors, for example, and the thumbs of new landscape personnel are not quite as green \u2013 but inexperience goes with the territory and the budget. that is hardly true of firefighters. these are not slow bloomers who ought to grow up and get a real job. they may never have another job as hard as this one. the hours are long, the working conditions are miserable and the work itself can be backbreaking, not to mention potentially fatal. they must respond quickly to rapidly worsening situations on unfamiliar terrain, and the consequences of not doing it well are catastrophic. although some will transition into permanent public - lands jobs, most of these young men and women won \u2019 t fight fires as a lifelong career. similarly, not all enlisted military personnel serve until retirement ; that does not mean their service is not valuable for its duration. while they serve, they deserve good benefits, and that certainly includes health insurance. insurance is available to nearly everyone for the right price, but anyone who has ever tried to buy an individual policy knows it can be difficult to find and difficult to use \u2013 distractions that firefighters certainly do not need. individual insurance also can be more expensive than seasonal firefighters can afford, but the lack of insurance hampers their ability to seek care.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41022059012733103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2cbf97-d58a-435d-a771-124d9a3d81cd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.566874"}
{"text": "when i was learning carpentry from a master carpenter, i tried to do something with a tool close at hand instead of going to get the correct tool for the job. of course, i butchered the piece of wood and eventually had to get the right tool, which got the job done in a fraction of the time that i wasted with the convenient - to - reach tool. the same lesson applies to power quality tools, which range from a simple screwdriver to a $ 24, 000, 32 - gigahertz ( ghz ) spectrum analyzer. not only can you waste time and not get the answer you are looking for, you might even be led to the wrong answer using the wrong tool for the task. before going into the variety of tools available, here \u2019 s a quick safety reminder. always assess the hazards and skills required for the task, and ensure you or whoever is doing it is a \u201c qualified person \u201d per the national electrical code definition. ensure all personnel within the possible hazard area wear the proper personal protective equipment per nfpa 70e and other local requirements. and wherever possible, make connections on de - energized circuits only. even something as simple as taking a panel cover off to tighten a screw can be disastrous. accidents don \u2019 t always happen to someone else. on the low end of the price range is an item in everyone \u2019 s tool kit : a digital multimeter ( dmm ). a dmm can measure a number of steady - state power quality phenomena, such as voltage imbalance. it can also be used to find voltage drops across contacts and other devices that should have very low drops. excessive neutral - to - ground voltage is often a steady - state condition. clamp - on power meters are slightly more expensive ( $ 300 \u2013 $ 3, 000 ) but used similarly. though only single - phase, they can be useful for current imbalance and power factor, and many have limited harmonic measuring capabilities. be wary of the 3 assumptions some meters make, which contend that all three phases are identical and, therefore, give you three - phase answers with a simple multiplication. also, most clamp - on meters use current transformers that cannot measure ( or tolerate ) direct current ( dc ). power loggers generally have capabilities similar to power meters but can take unattended readings for extended periods. they are useful for finding time - correlated problems, such as the voltage drops at a certain time each day. several manufacturers offer both single - and three - phase loggers ( $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5267778147464074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20342dbc-37d4-47e7-8758-faea1b8cbd9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.571048"}
{"text": "to power meters but can take unattended readings for extended periods. they are useful for finding time - correlated problems, such as the voltage drops at a certain time each day. several manufacturers offer both single - and three - phase loggers ( $ 500 \u2013 $ 3, 500 ) that come with software for downloading the data onto a computer for analysis. some plug right into an outlet to let you piggyback the equipment being monitored for simple and safe connections. most electrical contractors doing power quality work have several monitors, which can monitor a wide range of power quality phenomena. read the specifications and the user \u2019 s guide before taking one out to troubleshoot for a suspected power quality problem. this is especially important when looking for transients and higher order harmonics. if the sampling rate of the instrument is 64 times per cycle, it is not possible to determine harmonics above the 32nd, and even that is suspect in the real world of measuring. if the current probe is a rogowski coil ( flex - probes ) and you are measuring in a room with a half dozen 500 - horsepower motors running off adjustable speed drives, much of the current data is going to be skewed by the antenna - like pickup characteristic of those probes. if using a current transformer that isn \u2019 t rated for dc and there is an inrush current condition on a saturated transformer with a dc offset, it won \u2019 t produce reliable data. however, using the instrument within its limitations provides a wealth of data that virtually no other instrument can simultaneously do for you. right in the sweet spot of power quality monitors are capturing the waveforms of disturbances, such as the arcing transients that occur before the voltage sag is cleared by the distribution circuit protection device or the slight frequency and phase shift that occurs when switching from utility power to a backup power source that resulted in a particularly susceptible piece of equipment dropping off line. whether doing a benchmark survey to compare the site data to the commissioning data or troubleshooting a process interruption that only occurs once per month but with large financial consequences, a power quality monitor in the $ 3, 000 \u2013 8, 000 price range can do exactly that. though they don \u2019 t have the same triggering, capture and characterization functionality as a power quality monitor, a high - speed ( 200 megahertz \u2013 1 ghz ) digital oscilloscope ( $ 3, 000 \u2013 5, 000 ) can be a valuable tool to have at your disposal when looking at noise or transients that are above the bandwidth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48599073355034156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20342dbc-37d4-47e7-8758-faea1b8cbd9d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.572023"}
{"text": "focus on economic data : consumer price index and inflation, october 19, 2011 glossary terms from : one of many choices or courses of action that might be taken in a given situation. any activity or organization that produces or exchanges goods or services for a profit. consumer price index ( cpi ) a price index that measures the cost of a fixed basket of consumer goods and services and compares the cost of this basket in one time period with its cost in some base period. changes in the cpi are used to measure inflation. people who use goods and services to satisfy their personal needs and not for resale or in the production of other goods and services. spending by households on goods and services. the process of buying and using goods and services. a sustained decrease in the average price level of all the goods and services produced in the economy. a severe, prolonged economic contraction. the central bank of the united states. its main function is controlling the money supply through monetary policy. the federal reserve system divides the country into 12 districts, each with its own federal reserve bank. each district bank is directed by its nine - person board of directors. the board of governors, which is made up of seven members appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate to 14 - year terms, directs the nation ' s monetary policy and the overall activities of the federal reserve. the federal open market committee is the official policy - making body ; it is made up of the members of the board of governors and five of the district bank presidents. something a person or organization plans to achieve in the future ; an aim or desired result. tangible objects that satisfy economic wants. spending by all levels of government on goods and services ; includes categories like military, schools and roads. individuals and family units that buy goods and services ( as consumers ) and sell or rent productive resources ( as resource owners ). payments earned by households for selling or renting their productive resources. may include salaries, wages, interest and dividends. a rise in the general or average price level of all the goods and services produced in an economy. can be caused by pressure from the demand side of the market ( demand - pull inflation ) or pressure from the supply side of the market ( cost - push inflation ). money paid regularly, at a particular rate, for the use of borrowed money. the quantity and quality of human effort available to produce goods and services. the amount of money that people pay when they buy a good or service ; the amount they receive when they sell a good or service. the weighted average of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5718221660720967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:793a70c3-d2e7-44e1-88a7-34319f254cb8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.575274"}
{"text": "of borrowed money. the quantity and quality of human effort available to produce goods and services. the amount of money that people pay when they buy a good or service ; the amount they receive when they sell a good or service. the weighted average of the prices of all goods and services in an economy ; used to calculate inflation. people and firms that use resources to make goods and services. a good or service that can be used to satisfy a want. a process of manufacturing, growing, designing, or otherwise using productive resources to create goods or services used to to satisfy a want. goods, often supplied by the government, for which use by one person does not reduce the quantity of the good available for others to use, and for which consumption cannot be limited to those who pay for the good. the amount of goods and services that a monetary unit of income can buy. a decline in the rate of national economic activity, usually measured by a decline in real gdp for at least two consecutive quarters ( i. e., six months ). money set aside for a future use that is held in easily - accessed accounts, such as savings accounts and certificates of deposit ( cds ). activities performed by people, firms or government agencies to satisfy economic wants. use money now to buy goods and services. standard of living the level of subsistence of a nation, social class or individual with reference to the adequacy of necessities and comforts of daily life. compulsory payments to governments by households and businesses. an abstract measure of the satisfaction consumers derive from consuming goods and services. payments for labor services that are directly tied to time worked, or to the number of units of output produced. people employed to do work, producing goods and services.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5814275003660323, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:793a70c3-d2e7-44e1-88a7-34319f254cb8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.575902"}
{"text": "twenty ideas for engaging projectsseptember 12, 2011 | suzie boss the start of the school year offers an ideal time to introduce students to project - based learning. by starting with engaging projects, you ' ll grab their interest while establishing a solid foundation of important skills, such as knowing how to conduct research, engage experts, and collaborate with peers. in honor of edutopia ' s 20th anniversary, here are 20 project ideas to get learning off to a good start. 1. flat stanley refresh : flat stanley literacy projects are perennial favorites for inspiring students to communicate and connect, often across great distances. now flat stanley has his own apps for iphone and ipad, along with new online resources. project founder dale hubert is recently retired from the classroom, but he ' s still generating fresh ideas to bring learning alive in the \" flatlands. \" 2. pbl is no accident : in west virginia, project - based learning has been adopted as a statewide strategy for improving teaching and learning. teachers don ' t have to look far to find good project ideas. in this cnn story about the state ' s educational approach, read about a project that grew out of a fender - bender in a school parking lot. when students were asked to come up with a better design for the lot, they applied their understanding of geometry, civics, law, engineering, and public speaking. find more good ideas in west virginia ' s teach21 project library. 3. defy gravity : give your students a chance to investigate what happens near zero gravity by challenging them to design an experiment for nasa to conduct at its 2. 2 second drop tower in brookpark, ohio. separate nasa programs are offered for middle school and high school. or, propose a project that may land you a seat on the ultimate roller coaster ( aka : the \" vomit comet \" ), nasa aircraft that produces periods of micro and hyper gravity ranging from 0 to 2 g ' s. proposal deadline is sept. 21, and flight week takes place in february 2012. 4. connect across disciplines : when students design and build kinetic sculptures, they expand their understanding of art, history, engineering, language arts, and technology. get some interdisciplinary project insights from the edutopia video, kinetic conundrum. click on the accompanying links for more tips about how you can do it, too. 5. honor home languages : english language learners can feel pressured to master english fast, with class time spent correcting errors instead of using language in meaningful ways. digital is, a site published by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.512637656103335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d6b12c8-51d9-4d93-b798-19f2bbb48a21>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.584183"}
{"text": "more tips about how you can do it, too. 5. honor home languages : english language learners can feel pressured to master english fast, with class time spent correcting errors instead of using language in meaningful ways. digital is, a site published by the national writing project, shares plans for three projects that take time to honor students ' home languages and cultures, engaging them in critical thinking, collaboration, and use of digital tools. anne herrington and charlie moran curate the project collection, \" english language learners, digital tools, and authentic audiences. \" 6. rethink lunch : make lunch into a learning opportunity with a project that gets students thinking more critically about their mid - day meal. center for ecoliteracy offers materials to help you start, including informative including informative essays and downloadable planning guides. get more ideas from this video about a middle - school nutrition project, \" a healthy school lunch. \" 7. take a learning expedition : expeditionary learning schools take students on authentic learning expeditions, often in neighborhoods close to home. check out the gallery for project ideas about everything from the tools people use in their work to memories of the civil rights movement. 8. find a pal : if pbl is new to you, consider joining an existing project. you ' ll benefit from a veteran colleague ' s insights, and your students will get a chance to collaborate with classmates from other communities or even other countries. get connected at epals, a global learning community for educators from more than 200 countries. 9. get minds inquiring : what ' s under foot? what are things made of? science projects that emphasize inquiry help students make sense of their world and build a solid foundation for future understanding. the inquiry project supports teachers in third to fifth grades as they guide students in hands - on investigations about matter. students develop the habits of scientists as they make observations, offer predictions, and gather evidence. companion videos show how scientists use the same methods to explore the world. connect inquiry activities to longer - term projects, such as creating a classroom museum that showcases students ' investigations. 10. learn through service : when cases of the west nile virus were reported in their area, minnesota students sprang into action with a project that focused on preventing the disease through public education. their project demonstrates what can happen when service - learning principles are built into pbl. find more ideas for service - learning projects from the national youth leadership council. 11. locate experts : when students are learning through authentic projects, they often need to connect with experts from the world outside", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48179538516161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d6b12c8-51d9-4d93-b798-19f2bbb48a21>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.586076"}
{"text": "when service - learning principles are built into pbl. find more ideas for service - learning projects from the national youth leadership council. 11. locate experts : when students are learning through authentic projects, they often need to connect with experts from the world outside the classroom. find the knowledgeable experts you need for stem projects through the national lab network. it ' s an online network where k - 12 educators can locate experts from the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. 12. build empathy : projects that help students see the world from another person ' s perspective build empathy along with academic outcomes. the edutopia video, \" give me shelter \", shows what compassionate learning looks like in action. click on the companion links for more suggestions about how you can do it, too. 13. investigate climate science : take students on an investigation of climate science by joining the newest collaborative project hosted by globe, global learning and observations to benefit the environment. the student climate research campaign includes three components : introductory activities to build a foundation of understanding, intensive observing periods when students around the world gather and report data, and research investigations that students design and conduct. climate project kicks off sept. 12. 14. problem - solvers unite : math fairs take mathematics out of the classroom and into the community, where everyone gets a chance to try their hand at problem solving. galileo educational network explains how to host a math fair. in a nutshell, students set up displays of their math problems but not the solutions. then they entice their parents and invited guests to work on solutions. make the event even more engaging by inviting mathematicians to respond to students ' problems. 15. harvest pennies : can small things really add up to big results? it seems so, based on results of the penny harvest. since the project started in new york in 1991, young philanthropists nationwide have raised and donated more than $ 8 million to charitable causes, all through penny drives. the project website explains how to organize students in philanthropy roundtables to study community issues and decide which causes they want to support. 16. gather stories : instead of teaching history from textbooks, put students in the role of historian and help them make sense of the past. learn more about how to plan oral history projects in the edutopia story, \" living legends. \" teach students about the value of listening by having them gather stories for storycorps. 17. angry bird physics : here ' s a driving question to kickstart a science project : \" what are the laws of physics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5363761980039405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d6b12c8-51d9-4d93-b798-19f2bbb48a21>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.587000"}
{"text": ", \" living legends. \" teach students about the value of listening by having them gather stories for storycorps. 17. angry bird physics : here ' s a driving question to kickstart a science project : \" what are the laws of physics in angry birds world? \" read how physics teachers like frank noschese and john burk are using the web version of the popular mobile game in their classrooms. 18. place - based projects : make local heritage, landscapes, and culture the jumping - off point for compelling projects. that ' s the idea behind place - based education, which encourages students to look closely at their communities. often, they wind up making significant contributions to their communities, as seen in the city of stories project. 19. news they can use : students don ' t have to wait until they ' re grown - ups to start publishing. student newspapers, radio stations, and other journalism projects give them real - life experiences now. award - winning journalism teacher esther wojcicki outlines the benefits this post on the new york times learning network. get more ideas about digital - age citizen journalism projects at mediashift idea lab. 20. the heroes they know : to get acquainted with students at the start of the year and also introduce students to pbl processes, high tech high teacher diana sanchez asked students to create a visual and textual representation of a hero in their own life. their black - and - white exhibits were a source of pride to students, as sanchez explains in her project reflection. get more ideas from the project gallery at high tech high, a network of 11 schools in san diego county that emphasize pbl. to learn more, watch this edutopia video interview with high tech high founding principal larry rosenstock. please tell us about the projects you are planning for this school year. questions about pbl? draw on the wisdom of your colleagues by starting discussions or asking for help in the pbl community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5047600703966876, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d6b12c8-51d9-4d93-b798-19f2bbb48a21>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.587672"}
{"text": "u. s. energy information administration - eia - independent statistics and analysis today in energy the strait of hormuz ( shown in the oval on the map ), which is located between oman and iran, connects the persian gulf with the gulf of oman and the arabian sea. hormuz is the world ' s most important oil chokepoint due to its daily oil flow of almost 17 million barrels per day ( bbl / d ) in 2011, up from between 15. 5 - 16. 0 million bbl / d in 2009 - 2010. flows through the strait in 2011 were roughly 35 % of all seaborne traded oil, or almost 20 % of oil traded worldwide. on average, 14 crude oil tankers per day passed through the strait in 2011, with a corresponding amount of empty tankers entering to pick up new cargos. more than 85 % of these crude oil exports went to asian markets, with japan, india, south korea, and china representing the largest destinations. at its narrowest point, the strait is 21 miles wide, but the width of the shipping lane in either direction is only two miles, separated by a two - mile buffer zone. the strait is deep and wide enough to handle the world ' s largest crude oil tankers, with about two - thirds of oil shipments carried by tankers in excess of 150, 000 deadweight tons. several alternatives are potentially available to move oil from the persian gulf region without transiting hormuz, but they are limited in capacity, in many cases are not currently operating or operable, and generally engender higher transport costs and logistical challenges. - alternate routes include the 745 - mile petroline, also known as the east - west pipeline, across saudi arabia from abqaiq to the red sea. the east - west pipeline has a nameplate capacity of about 5 million bbl / d, with current movements estimated at about 2 million bbl / d. - the abqaiq - yanbu natural gas liquids pipeline, which runs parallel to the petroline to the red sea, has a 290, 000 - bbl / d capacity. - additional oil could also be pumped north via the iraq - turkey pipeline to the port of ceyhan on the mediterranean sea, but volumes have been limited by the closure of the strategic pipeline linking north and south iraq. - the united arab emirates is also completing the 1. 5 million bbl / d abu dhabi crude oil pipeline that will cross the emirate of abu dhabi and end at the port of fuja", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46493462180414824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59115ba6-5e81-4858-b414-89604ce9f241>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.591967"}
{"text": "german military use laser to destroy targets over half - a - mile away high - energy laser passes various tests with germany - based rheinmetall defense has demonstrated a 50kw, high - energy laser at their ground facility in switzerland. according to representatives from the company, the device passed all target tests with \u201c flying high - energy laser system designed by while we \u2019 re still a bit away from the sort of shootouts we see in popular science - fiction flicks, the demonstration of this sort of weaponry is impressive how it works the rheinmetall laser system isn \u2019 t a single laser ; rather, it \u2019 s composed of two separate laser modules mounted on a revolver gun air defense turrets and attached to additional power modules. the laser modules themselves are 30kw and 20kw, respectively, and a beam superimposing technology combines them, focusing the lights \u2019 energy in a \u201c superimposed, cumulative manner \u201d for the sole purpose of obliterating its target ( s ). in one test, the laser system sliced through a half - inch thick steel girder from a little more than a half - mile away. next, from a distance of approximately one - and - a - quarter miles, the system shot down a bunch of drones as they nose - dived toward the surface at a rate of 50m / s. specific to this test, the system \u2019 s radar was able to actually track the drones through their descent at a distance of two and a half miles. the last test the system performed was perhaps its most impressive. the weapon was able to focus in on and destroy a steel ball with an 82mm diameter traveling at 50m / s. beyond demonstrating a high level of accuracy, the purpose of this demonstrate was to simulate how well the laser could handle an incoming mortar round. representatives from rheinmetall say that the laser system will reduce the time required for counter rocket, artillery, and mortar measures to just a couple of seconds \u2014 even in difficult weather circumstances. as a matter of fact, the weather during the aforementioned tests featured a wide array of typical swiss - based weather patterns, including ice, rain, snow, and extremely bright sunlight. looking forward to the immediate future, the company plans to test a 60kw \u201c technology demonstrator \u201d : the quotes are purposeful here, as this new system will feature a couple of different technologies coming together in one unit. this includes 35mm ahead revolver guns, which will allow the company to explore ways in which a laser and automatic canon can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.493171507625636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d57c38a3-6d15-46aa-a8d3-444a1ed428a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.595809"}
{"text": "1. linguistic background the languages that are currently spoken in the pacific region can be divided broadly into three groups : the australian and new guinean languages formed by people who participated in the region \u2019 s earliest migrations over a period of 20, 000 - 30, 000 years starting several tens of thousands of years ago, and the austronesian languages spoken by mongoloid people who migrated from the asian continent around 3, 000 b. c. the region has numerous languages, including 250 aboriginal languages in australia and 750 papuan languages on the island of new guinea ( including the indonesian territory of irian jaya ) and neighboring areas. there are also 350 austronesian languages in melanesia, 20 in polynesia, 12 in micronesia and 100 in new guinea ( comrie, matthews, and polinsky 1996 ). there is wide variation not only among language groups, but also among the families of languages. few language families have been identified among the languages of australia and new guinea using the methods of comparative linguistics. pacific languages are also characterized by the small size of speaker populations and by the absence of dominant languages. however, there are usually bilingual people who can speak or at least understand the languages of neighboring populations, and it is believed that this situation has existed for a long time. in terms of cultural factors, it appears that the diversification of languages in the pacific region was accelerated by the emblematic function of language in the creation of a clear distinction between \u201c ingroup \u201d and \u201c outgroup. \u201d the languages of new guinea and the region around it show diverse linkages and wide variations between languages. the austronesian languages of the pacific region are mostly classified as oceanian languages, while the chamorro and palau languages of micronesia are classified into the languages of western malaya and polynesia ( wmp, indonesian family ), and the indigenous languages of maluku and irian jaya in eastern indonesia into the central malayo - polynesian ( cmp ) or the south halmahera - west new guinea ( shwng ) subgroups. in particular, there are strong similarities between the linguistic characteristics of the cmp and shwng languages and those of the melanesian branch of the oceanian languages. these linguistic conditions and characteristics are attributable to ethnic migrations within the region over a long period of time, accompanied by contacts and linguistic merging with indigenous papuan people. papuan languages are still found in parts of indonesia, including northern halmahera and the islands of pantar and alor and central and eastern timor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47590265828148925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.611155"}
{"text": "region over a long period of time, accompanied by contacts and linguistic merging with indigenous papuan people. papuan languages are still found in parts of indonesia, including northern halmahera and the islands of pantar and alor and central and eastern timor in the province of nusa tenggara. in new guinea, contact with papuan languages has caused some austronesian languages to exhibit a word order change from subject - verb - object to subject - object - verb ( austronesian type 2 ) ( sakiyama 1994 ). 2. linguistic strata with the start of colonization by the european powers in the nineteenth century, a new set of linguistic circumstances developed in the region. first, pidgin languages based on european and melanesian languages gradually emerged as common languages. the establishment of plantations in samoa and in queensland, australia, which had concentrations of people who spoke melanesian languages, was important in providing breeding grounds for pidgin languages. a pidgin language is formed from elements of the grammar of both contributing languages, though the pidgin languages tend to be looked down upon from the perspective of the more dominant of the two parent languages. the region \u2019 s newly formed common languages, including tok pisin, bislama, and solomon pidgin, flourished after they were taken back to the homelands of the various speakers. this was possible because vanuatu, the solomon islands and papua new guinea were all multilingual societies without dominant languages. the number of speakers of pidgin languages increased rapidly in this environment. at the same time, the continuing existence of ethnic minority languages came under threat. examples of pidgins that were creolized ( adopted as mother languages in their own right ) include solomon pijin, which eventually had over 1, 000 speakers aged five and over ( 1976 ) in the solomon islands. bislama, a mixture of over 100 indigenous languages grafted upon a base of english and french, is now spoken by almost the entire population of vanuatu ( 170, 000 in 1996 ) and is partially creolized. of particular interest is the fact that a group of more than 1, 000 people who emigrated to new caledonia have adopted bislama as their primary language. the situation in papua new guinea, which has a population of 4, 300, 000 ( 1996 ), is even more dramatic. by 1982 the number of people using tok pisin as their primary language had reached 50, 000, while another 2, 000, 000 used it as a second language ( grimes 1996 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47865755040505004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.612363"}
{"text": "300, 000 ( 1996 ), is even more dramatic. by 1982 the number of people using tok pisin as their primary language had reached 50, 000, while another 2, 000, 000 used it as a second language ( grimes 1996 ). 3. minority languages and common languages in the pacific region the atlas of the world \u2019 s languages in danger of disappearing published by unesco ( wurm 1996 ) provides merely a brief overview of the current situation in papua new guinea, australia, the solomon islands, and vanuatu. there is no mention of micronesia, new caledonia, or polynesia, presumably because of a lack of information resulting from the large number of languages in these areas. the following report covers areas and languages that i have researched and endangered languages covered by field studies carried out by japanese researchers. 3. 1 belau ( palau ), micronesia according to belau ( palau ) government statistics ( 1990 ), the total population of 15, 122 people includes 61 people living on outlying islands in sonsorol state, and 33 in hatohobei ( tochobei ) state. apart from the sonsorol islands, sonsorol state also includes the islands of fanah, meril and pulo an. in addition to the hatohobei language, the language mix on these outlying islands also includes nuclear micronesian ( chuukic ) languages, which are the core oceanian languages spoken in the carolines. they differ from palauan, which is an indonesian language. to lump these languages together as the sonsorol languages with a total of 600 speakers ( wurm and hattori 1981 - 83 ) is as inaccurate as combining the miyako dialects of okinawa into a single classification. the number of chuukic speakers has declined steadily since these figures were compiled. starting in the german colonial period of the early twentieth century, people have been relocated from these outlying islands to echang on arakabesan island in belau. today there are several hundred of these people. many of those born in the new location only speak palauan. a study by s. oda ( 1975 ) estimated that there were 50 speakers of pulo annian. the language of meril continued to decline and has now become extinct. from the early part of the twentieth century until the end of world war ii, micronesia was under japanese rule, administered by the south seas mandate. japanese was used as a common language, and its influence is still evident today. the linguistic data on micronesia presented by grimes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4579948956903258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.613203"}
{"text": "the twentieth century until the end of world war ii, micronesia was under japanese rule, administered by the south seas mandate. japanese was used as a common language, and its influence is still evident today. the linguistic data on micronesia presented by grimes ( 1996 ) is distorted by the fact that, while the number of english speakers is shown, no mention is made of japanese. a study carried out in 1970 ( wurm, muhlhausler, and tryon 1996 ) found that people aged 35 and over could speak basic japanese. this group is equivalent to people aged 63 and over in 1998. an estimate based on belau government statistics ( 1990 ) suggests that more than 1, 000 of these people are still alive. in the state of yap in the federated states of micronesia, where the percentage of females attending school is said to have been low, we can assume that the number of japanese speakers has fallen below 500. it has been suggested that if japan had continued to rule micronesia, japanese would certainly have become the sole language in the region, and indigenous languages would have disappeared ( wurm, muhlhausler, and tryon 1996 ). this seems an overly harsh appraisal of japan \u2019 s language policy. except in the schools, as a matter of fact no significant steps were taken to promote the use of japanese. micronesia previously had no common language for communication between different islands. even today, old people from different islands use japanese as a common language ( sakiyama 1995 ; toki 1998 ). however, the role of this japanese pidgin appears to have ended within a single generation, and in this sense it too is an endangered language. pidgin japanese continues to be used as a lingua franca by taiwanese in their fifties and older ( wurm, muhlhausler, and tryon 1996 ), and the number of speakers is estimated to have been 10, 000 in 1993 ( grimes 1996 ). 3. 2 yap, micronesia ngulu atoll is situated between the yap islands and the belau islands. the nguluwan language is a mixture of yapese and ulithian, which belongs to the chuukic family. it has inherited the ulithian phonetic system and a partial version of yap grammar ( sakiyama 1982 ). nguluwan appears to have evolved through bilingualism between yapese and ulithian, and to describe it as a dialect of ulithian ( grimes 1996 ) is inappropriate. in 1980 there were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49075772138034635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.614088"}
{"text": "yet to be surveyed and researched adequately. there are many languages for which vocabulary collection has yet to be undertaken. it appears that dictionaries or grammars have been published for less than one - tenth of the region \u2019 s languages. however, the gospel has been published in several dozen languages using orthographies established by sil. papuan languages range from those with substantial speaker populations, including enga, chimbu ( kuman ), and dani, which are spoken by well over 100, 000 people, to endangered languages such as abaga with 5 speakers ( 150 according to wurm ), makolkol with 7 ( unknown according to wurm ), and sene with under 10. there are very many languages for which the number of speakers is unknown and more up - to - date information is needed. also, despite having substantially more than 1, 000 speakers ( wurm 1982 ; grimes 1996 ), murik is in danger of extinction due to the creolization of tok pisin ( foley 1986 ). moreover, it is questionable whether the present lists include all of the region \u2019 s languages. information about irian jaya is even sparser. a study on popular languages carried out by the author in 1984 - 85 revealed that kuot ( new ireland ), taulil ( new britain ), and sko ( irian jaya ) all had several hundred speakers and that, in the case of taulil in particular, an increasing number of young people were able to understand what their elders were saying but could no longer speak the language themselves. there has been a rapid shift to kuanua, an indigenous language used in trade with neighboring rabaul, which is replacing taulil. 3. 5 solomon islands, melanesia the total population of the solomon islands is 390, 000 ( 1996 ). there are 63 papuan, melanesian, and polynesian indigenous languages, of which only 37 are spoken by over 1, 000 people ( grimes 1996 ). the papuan kazukuru languages ( guliguli, doriri ) of new georgia, which were known to be endangered as early as 1931, have become extinct already, leaving behind just some scant linguistic information. the melanesian tanema and vano languages of the santa cruz islands and the laghu language of the santa isabel islands were extinct by 1990. this does not mean that the groups speaking them died out, but rather that the languages succumbed to the shift to roviana,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4444343428307909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.615810"}
{"text": "vano languages of the santa cruz islands and the laghu language of the santa isabel islands were extinct by 1990. this does not mean that the groups speaking them died out, but rather that the languages succumbed to the shift to roviana, a trade language used in neighboring regions, or were replaced by solomon pijin ( sakiyama 1996 ). 3. 6 vanuatu, melanesia the situation in vanuatu is very similar to that in the solomon islands. the official view, written in bislama, is as follows : i gat sam ples long 110 lanwis evriwan so i gat bigfala lanwis difrens long vanuatu. pipol blong wan velej ol i toktok long olgeta bakegen evridei nomo long lanwis be i no bislama, inglis o franis. ( vanuatu currently has 110 indigenous languages, which are all very different linguistically. on an everyday basis people in villages speak only their local languages, not bislama, english, or french ). ( vanuatu, 1980, institute of pacific studies ) among the melanesian and polynesian indigenous languages spoken by 170, 000 people, or 93 % of the total population ( 1996 ), there are many small minority tongues. these include aore, which has only a single speaker ( extinct according to wurm and hattori [ 1981 - 83 ] ) ; maragus and ura ( with 10 speakers each ) ; nasarian, and sowa ( with 20 ) ; and dixon reef, lorediakarkar, mafea, and tambotalo ( with 50 ). if languages with around 100 speakers are included, this category accounts for about one - half of the total number of languages ( grimes 1996 ). the spread of bislama has had the effect of putting these languages in jeopardy. 3. 7 new caledonia, melanesia new caledonia has a total population of 145, 000 people, of whom 62, 000 are indigenous. as of 1981, there were 28 languages, all melanesian except for the one polynesian language uvean. the only languages with over 2, 000 speakers are cemuhi, paici, ajie, and xaracuu, along with dehu and nengone, which are spoken on the loyalty islands. dumbea ( paita ), which is spoken by several hundred people, has been described by t. shintani and y. paita ( 1983 ). and m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41835485195572897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.616578"}
{"text": "dehu and nengone, which are spoken on the loyalty islands. dumbea ( paita ), which is spoken by several hundred people, has been described by t. shintani and y. paita ( 1983 ). and m. osumi ( 1995 ) has described tinrin, which has an estimated 400 speakers. speakers of tinrin are bilingual in xaracuu or ajie. nere has 20 speakers and arho 10, while waamwang, which had 3 speakers in 1946, is now reported to be extinct ( grimes 1996 ). descendants of javanese, who began to migrate to new caledonia in the early part of the twentieth century, now number several thousand. the javanese language spoken by these people, which has developed in isolation from the javanese homeland, has attracted attention as a new pidgin language. when europeans first arrived in australia in 1788, it is estimated that there were 700 different tribes in a population of 500, 000 - 1, 000, 000 ( comrie, matthews, and polinsky 1996 ). by the 1830s tasmanian had become extinct, and today the number of aboriginal languages has fallen to less than one - half what it once was. however, t. tsunoda left detailed records of the warrungu language, the last speaker of which died in 1981, and the djaru language, which has only 200 speakers ( tsunoda 1974, 1981 ). yawuru, which belongs to the nyulnyulan family, reportedly has fewer than 20 speakers, all aged in their sixties or older. the language is described by k. hosokawa ( 1992 ). the pacific has been heavily crisscrossed by human migration from ancient to modern times. all pacific countries except the kingdom of tonga were colonized. this historical background is reflected in the existence of multilevel diglossia in all regions of the pacific. depending on the generation, the top level of language in micronesia is either english ( the official language ) or pidgin japanese ( used as a lingua franca among islands ). the next level is made up of the languages of major islands that exist as political units, such as palauan, yapese and ponapean. on the lowest level are the various ethnic languages spoken mainly on solitary islands. in the maluku islands of indonesia, local malay languages such as ambonese malay, north maluku malay and bacanese malay, form a layer beneath the official language, indonesian. under them are the dominant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47848489153805995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.617389"}
{"text": "mainly on solitary islands. in the maluku islands of indonesia, local malay languages such as ambonese malay, north maluku malay and bacanese malay, form a layer beneath the official language, indonesian. under them are the dominant local languages, such as hitu, which is spoken by 15, 000 people on ambon island, and ternate and tidore, which are spoken in the halmahera region. these are important as urban languages. on the lowest level are the various vernaculars. in papua new guinea, standard english forms the top level, followed by papua new guinean english. tok pisin and hiri motu are used as common languages among the various ethnic groups. beneath these layers are the regional or occupational common languages. for example, hiri motu is used as the law enforcement lingua franca in coastal areas around the gulf of papua, yabem as a missionary language along the coast of the huon gulf, and malay as a trade language in areas along the border with indonesia. on the next level are the ethnic and tribal languages used on a day - to - day basis. an example of a similar pattern in polynesia can be found in hawaii, where english and hawaiian english rank above da kine talk or pidgin to da max, which are mixtures of english and oceanic languages and are used as common languages among the various asian migrants who have settled in hawaii. beneath these are ethnic languages, including hawaiian and the various immigrant languages, such as a common japanese based on the hiroshima dialect, as well as cantonese, korean, and tagalog. all of the threatened languages are in danger because of their status as indigenous minority languages positioned at the lowest level of the linguistic hierarchy. reports to date have included little discussion of the multilevel classification of linguistic strata from a formal linguistic perspective. it will be necessary in the future to examine these phenomena from the perspectives of sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology. barr, donald f., and sharon g. barr. 1978. index of irian jaya languages. prepublication draft. abepura, indonesia : cenderawashih university and summer institute of linguistics. comrie, bernard, stephan matthews, and maria polinsky. 1996. the atlas of languages. new york : chackmark books. foley, william a. 1986. the papuan languages of new guinea. cambridge, new york : cambridge university press. grimes, barbara f., ed. 1996. ethnologue :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46866544768882257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.618324"}
{"text": "of languages. new york : chackmark books. foley, william a. 1986. the papuan languages of new guinea. cambridge, new york : cambridge university press. grimes, barbara f., ed. 1996. ethnologue : languages of the world. dallas : international academic bookstore. hosokawa, komei. 1992. the yawuru language of west kimberley : a meaning - based description. ph. d. diss., australian national university. oda, sachiko. 1977. the syntax of pulo annian. ph. d. diss., university of hawaii. osumi, midori. 1995. tinrin grammar. oceanic linguistics special publication, no. 25. honolulu : university of hawaii press. sakiyama, osamu. 1982. the characteristics of nguluwan from the viewpoint of language contact. in islanders and their outside world. aoyagi, machiko, ed. tokyo : rikkyo university. - - -. 1994. hirimotu go no ruikei : jijun to gochishi ( affix order and postpositions in hiri motu : a cross - linguistic survey ). bulletin of the national museum of ethnology, vol. 19 no. 1 : 1 - 17. - - -. 1995. mikuroneshia berau no pijin ka nihongo ( pidginized japanese in belau, micronesia ). shiso no kagaku, vol. 95 no. 3 : 44 - 52. - - -. 1996. fukugouteki na gengo jokyo ( multilingual situation of the solomon islands ). in soromon shoto no seikatsu shi : bunka, rekishi, shakai ( life history in the solomons : culture, history and society ). akimichi, tomoya et al, eds. tokyo : akashi shoten. shintani, takahiko and yvonne paita. 1990. grammaire de la langue de paita. noumea, new caledonia : societe d ' etudes historiques de la nouvelle - caledonie. taber, mark and et al. 1996. atlas bahasa tanah maluku ( maluku languages atlas ). ambon, indonesia : summer institute of linguistics and pusat pengkajian dan pengembangan maluku, pattimura university. toki, satoshi, ed. 1998. the remnants of japanese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4776243100496446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.619024"}
{"text": "( maluku languages atlas ). ambon, indonesia : summer institute of linguistics and pusat pengkajian dan pengembangan maluku, pattimura university. toki, satoshi, ed. 1998. the remnants of japanese in micronesia. memoirs of the faculty of letters, osaka university, vol. 38. tsunoda, tasaku. 1974. a grammar of the warrungu language, north queensland. master ' s thesis, monash university. - - -. 1981. the djaru language of kimberley, western australia. pacific linguistics, ser. b, no. 78. canberra : australian national university. voorhoeve, c. l. 1975. languages of irian jaya : checklist, preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. canberra : australian national university. wurm, stephen a. 1982. papuan languages of oceania. tubingen : gunter narr verlag. - - -. and shiro hattori, eds. 1981 - 83. language atlas of the pacific area. pacific linguistics, ser. c, no. 66 - 67. canberra : australian national university. - - -, peter muhlhausler, and darrel t. tryon. 1996. atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the pacific, asia, and the americas. 3 vols. trends in linguistics. documentation 13. new york : mouton de gruyter. * translation of the author \u2019 s essay \u201c taiheiyo chiiki no kiki gengo \u201d, gekkan gengo, taishukan publishing co., 28 ( 2 ), 102 - 11, 1999, with the permission of the publisher. any comments and suggestions to firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48427298523973317, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a58eb30a-d617-46b9-af87-d5abe8362da9>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.619544"}
{"text": "in this article exams and tests a bone mineral density test measures the mineral density ( such as calcium ) in your bones using a special x - ray or computed tomography ( ct ) scan. from this information, your doctor can estimate the strength of your bones. see a picture of a bone mineral density test. routine urine and blood tests can rule out other medical conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or cushing ' s syndrome, that can cause bone loss. in men, blood tests to measure testosterone levels can see whether low levels are causing bone loss. if you have been diagnosed with osteoporosis, you may need to follow up regularly with your doctor to monitor your condition. if you or your doctor thinks you may be at risk for osteoporosis, you may have a screening test to check your bone thickness. a screening test may be advisable if you have : the united states preventive services task force ( uspstf ) recommends that all women age 65 and older routinely have a bone mineral density test to screen for osteoporosis. if you are at increased risk for fractures caused by osteoporosis, routine screening should start sooner. 4 uspstf recommends that you and your doctor check your fracture risk using a tool such as frax to help decide whether you should be screened for osteoporosis. talk to your doctor about your risk factors and when to start bone mineral density screening. the frax tool was developed by the world health organization to help predict your risk of having a fracture related to osteoporosis in the next 10 years. you can use this tool. go to the website at www. sheffield. ac. uk / frax, and click on calculation tool. if you have had a bone mineral density test ( bmd ) on your hip, you can type in your score. if you have not had that test, you can leave the score blank. most experts recommend that the decision to screen younger women be made on an individual basis, depending on the risk for osteoporosis and whether the test results will help with treatment decisions. for help to decide whether you should be tested for osteoporosis, see : ultrasound is sometimes offered at events such as health fairs as a quick screening for osteoporosis. ultrasound by itself is not a reliable test for diagnosing osteoporosis. but if results of an ultrasound screening find low bone density, your doctor can help you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4775831077580953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a3e47d4-0417-4a39-9ab4-d2a0fb035f22>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.622840"}
{"text": "moderate - intensity aerobic activity aerobic fitness means increasing how well the body uses oxygen, which depends on the condition of the heart, lungs, and muscles. experts tend to describe aerobic activity in three ways : light, moderate, and vigorous. when people do moderate - intensity activities, they notice a faster heartbeat. to get the benefits of moderate activity, a person can : the goal of aerobic fitness is to increase the amount of oxygen that goes to the heart and muscles, which allows them to work longer. any activities, including many kinds of daily activities, that raise the heart rate and keep it up for an extended period of time can improve aerobic fitness. if the activities are done regularly and long enough, they can help improve fitness. experts recommend that adults try to do moderate activity for at least 2\u00bd hours a week. or they can do vigorous activity for at least 1\u00bc hours a week. people can choose to do one or both types of activity. and it ' s fine to be active in blocks of 10 minutes or more throughout the day and week. teens and children ( starting at age 6 ) should do moderate to vigorous activity at least 1 hour every day. moderate activity is safe for most people, but it ' s always a good idea to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise program. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org find out what women really need. pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5084767436237789, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fcef8a5d-9537-4e8b-a081-4dadface0ced>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.624346"}
{"text": "type 1 diabetes : living with the disease ( cont. ) in this article type 1 diabetes requires daily attention to diet, exercise, and insulin. you may have times when this job feels overwhelming, but taking good care of yourself will help you will feel better, have a better quality of life, and prevent or delay complications from diabetes. eat well and count carbohydrate grams follow one of these meal - planning methods to help you eat a healthful diet and spread carbohydrate through the day. this will help prevent high blood sugar levels after meals. for more information, see : focus on the type of carbohydrate as well as the amount. this might help you stay at your target blood sugar level. foods with a low glycemic index ( gi ) may help prevent spikes in blood sugar. it is not yet known if these foods help prevent complications. low glycemic foods do not raise blood sugar as quickly as high glycemic foods. foods with a low gi include high - fiber whole grains, lentils, and beans. high gi foods include potatoes and white bread. using fat replacers \u2014 nonfat substances that act like fat in a food \u2014 may seem like a good idea, but talk with a registered dietitian before you do. some people may eat more food, and therefore more calories, if they know a food contains a fat replacer. make sure you know how to give yourself insulin. try to do at least 2\u00bd hours a week of moderate activity. one way to do this is to be active 30 minutes a day, at least 5 days a week. be sure to exercise safely. drink plenty of water before, during, and after you are active. this is very important when it ' s hot out and when you do intense exercise. it may help to keep track of your exercise on an activity log ( what is a pdf document? ). monitor your blood sugar checking your blood sugar level is a major part of controlling your blood sugar level and keeping it in a target range you set with your doctor. for more information, see the topic continuous glucose monitoring or see : handle high and low blood sugar levels be sure you : control your blood pressure and cholesterol limit your alcohol intake to no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 drink a day for women ( none if you are pregnant ). discuss with your doctor whether you should drink alcohol. ask if a daily aspirin is right for you talk to your doctor about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40563654165104046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d23291b-67fb-49e5-9b5d-a3644f4cb990>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.627285"}
{"text": "no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 drink a day for women ( none if you are pregnant ). discuss with your doctor whether you should drink alcohol. ask if a daily aspirin is right for you talk to your doctor about whether you should take low - dose aspirin. daily low - dose aspirin ( 81 milligrams ) may help prevent heart problems if you are at risk for heart attack or stroke. people with diabetes are 2 to 4 times more likely than people who don ' t have diabetes to die from heart and blood vessel diseases. 5 deal with your feelings a chronic illness creates major change in your life. you may need to grieve the loss of your earlier life from time to time. also, you may feel resentful, deprived, or angry about having to pay attention to what and how much you eat. for more information, see : protect your feet daily foot care can prevent serious problems. foot problems caused by diabetes are the most common cause of amputations. for more information, see : learn more about diabetes diabetes is a complex disease and there is a lot to learn, such as : emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org find out what women really need. pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39792630436458354, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d23291b-67fb-49e5-9b5d-a3644f4cb990>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.627865"}
{"text": "the energy [ r ] evolution the climate change imperative demands nothing short of an energy [ r ] evolution. the expert consensus is that this fundamental shift must begin immediately and be well underway within the next ten years in order to avert the worst impacts. what is needed is a complete transformation of the way we produce, consume and distribute energy, while at the same time maintaining economic growth. nothing short of such a revolution will enable us to limit global warming to less than a rise in temperature of 2\u00b0 celsius, above which the impacts become devastating. current electricity generation relies mainly on burning fossil fuels, with their associated co2 emissions, in very large power stations which waste much of their primary input energy. more energy is lost as the power is moved around the electricity grid network and converted from high transmission voltage down to a supply suitable for domestic or commercial consumers. the system is innately vulnerable to disruption : localised technical, weather - related or even deliberately caused faults can quickly cascade, resulting in widespread blackouts. whichever technology is used to generate electricity within this old fashioned configuration, it will inevitably be subject to some, or all, of these problems. at the core of the energy [ r ] evolution there therefore needs to be a change in the way that energy is both produced and distributed. 4. 1 key principles the energy [ r ] evolution can be achieved by adhering to five key principles : 1. respect natural limits \u2013 phase out fossil fuels by the end of this century we must learn to respect natural limits. there is only so much carbon that the atmosphere can absorb. each year humans emit over 25 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent ; we are literally filling up the sky. geological resources of coal could provide several hundred years of fuel, but we cannot burn them and keep within safe limits. oil and coal development must be ended. the global energy [ r ] evolution scenario has a target to reduce energy related co2 emissions to a maximum of 10 gigatonnes ( gt ) by 2050 and phase out fossil fuels by 2085. 2. equity and fairness as long as there are natural limits there needs to be a fair distribution of benefits and costs within societies, between nations and between present and future generations. at one extreme, a third of the world \u2019 s population has no access to electricity, whilst the most industrialised countries consume much more than their fair share. the effects of climate change on the poorest communities are exacerbated by massive global energy inequality. if we are to address climate change, one of the core principles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5098834185474721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6cc700a-55c3-47a6-baaf-dbe7c04a4b04>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.632150"}
{"text": "electricity, whilst the most industrialised countries consume much more than their fair share. the effects of climate change on the poorest communities are exacerbated by massive global energy inequality. if we are to address climate change, one of the core principles must be equity and fairness, so that the benefits of energy services \u2013 such as light, heat, power and transport \u2013 are available for all : north and south, rich and poor. only in this way can we create true energy security, as well as the conditions for genuine human wellbeing. the advanced energy [ r ] evolution scenario has a target to achieve energy equity as soon as technically possible. by 2050 the average per capita emission should be between 1 and 2 tonnes of co2. 3. implement clean, renewable solutions and decentralise energy systems. there is no energy shortage. all we need to do is use existing technologies to harness energy effectively and efficiently. renewable energy and energy efficiency measures are ready, viable and increasingly competitive. wind, solar and other renewable energy technologies have experienced double digit market growth for the past decade. just as climate change is real, so is the renewable energy sector. sustainable decentralised energy systems produce less carbon emissions, are cheaper and involve less dependence on imported fuel. they create more jobs and empower local communities. decentralised systems are more secure and more efficient. this is what the energy [ r ] evolution must aim to create. to stop the earth \u2019 s climate spinning out of control, most of the world \u2019 s fossil fuel reserves \u2013 coal, oil and gas \u2013 must remain in the ground. our goal is for humans to live within the natural limits of our small planet. 4. decouple growth from fossil fuel use starting in the developed countries, economic growth must be fully decoupled from fossil fuel usage. it is a fallacy to suggest that economic growth must be predicated on their increased combustion. we need to use the energy we produce much more efficiently, and we need to make the transition to renewable energy and away from fossil fuels quickly in order to enable clean and sustainable growth. 5. phase out dirty, unsustainable energywe need to phase out coal and nuclear power. we cannot continue to build coal plants at a time when emissions pose a real and present danger to both ecosystems and people. and we cannot continue to fuel the myriad nuclear threats by pretending nuclear power can in any way help to combat climate change. there is no role for nuclear power in the energy [ r ] evolution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.538095343123559, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6cc700a-55c3-47a6-baaf-dbe7c04a4b04>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.633246"}
{"text": "hold the salt : ucla engineers develop revolutionary new desalination membrane process uses atmospheric pressure plasma to create filtering ' brush layer ' desalination can become more economical and used as a viable alternate water resource. by wileen wong kromhout originally published in ucla newsroom researchers from the ucla henry samueli school of engineering and applied science have unveiled a new class of reverse - osmosis membranes for desalination that resist the clogging which typically occurs when seawater, brackish water and waste water are purified. the highly permeable, surface - structured membrane can easily be incorporated into today ' s commercial production system, the researchers say, and could help to significantly reduce desalination operating costs. their findings appear in the current issue of the journal of materials chemistry. reverse - osmosis ( ro ) desalination uses high pressure to force polluted water through the pores of a membrane. while water molecules pass through the pores, mineral salt ions, bacteria and other impurities cannot. over time, these particles build up on the membrane ' s surface, leading to clogging and membrane damage. this scaling and fouling places higher energy demands on the pumping system and necessitates costly cleanup and membrane replacement. the new ucla membrane ' s novel surface topography and chemistry allow it to avoid such drawbacks. \" besides possessing high water permeability, the new membrane also shows high rejection characteristics and long - term stability, \" said nancy h. lin, a ucla engineering senior researcher and the study ' s lead author. \" structuring the membrane surface does not require a long reaction time, high reaction temperature or the use of a vacuum chamber. the anti - scaling property, which can increase membrane life and decrease operational costs, is superior to existing commercial membranes. \" the new membrane was synthesized through a three - step process. first, researchers synthesized a polyamide thin - film composite membrane using conventional interfacial polymerization. next, they activated the polyamide surface with atmospheric pressure plasma to create active sites on the surface. finally, these active sites were used to initiate a graft polymerization reaction with a monomer solution to create a polymer \" brush layer \" on the polyamide surface. this graft polymerization is carried out for a specific period of time at a specific temperature in order to control the brush layer thickness and topography. \" in the early years, surface plasma treatment could only be accomplished in a vacuum chamber, \" said yoram cohen, ucla professor of chemical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5040148582234147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0b175bb-65fb-420e-a881-a80b91d00ecd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.638664"}
{"text": "out for a specific period of time at a specific temperature in order to control the brush layer thickness and topography. \" in the early years, surface plasma treatment could only be accomplished in a vacuum chamber, \" said yoram cohen, ucla professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and a corresponding author of the study. \" it wasn ' t practical for large - scale commercialization because thousands of meters of membranes could not be synthesized in a vacuum chamber. it ' s too costly. but now, with the advent of atmospheric pressure plasma, we don ' t even need to initiate the reaction chemically. it ' s as simple as brushing the surface with plasma, and it can be done for almost any surface. \" in this new membrane, the polymer chains of the tethered brush layer are in constant motion. the chains are chemically anchored to the surface and are thus more thermally stable, relative to physically coated polymer films. water flow also adds to the brush layer ' s movement, making it extremely difficult for bacteria and other colloidal matter to anchor to the surface of the membrane. \" if you ' ve ever snorkeled, you ' ll know that sea kelp move back and forth with the current or water flow, \" cohen said. \" so imagine that you have this varied structure with continuous movement. protein or bacteria need to be able to anchor to multiple spots on the membrane to attach themselves to the surface \u2014 a task which is extremely difficult to attain due to the constant motion of the brush layer. the polymer chains protect and screen the membrane surface underneath. \" another factor in preventing adhesion is the surface charge of the membrane. cohen ' s team is able to choose the chemistry of the brush layer to impart the desired surface charge, enabling the membrane to repel molecules of an opposite charge. the team ' s next step is to expand the membrane synthesis into a much larger, continuous process and to optimize the new membrane ' s performance for different water sources. \" we want to be able to narrow down and create a membrane selection system for different water sources that have different fouling tendencies, \" lin said. \" with such knowledge, one can optimize the membrane surface properties with different polymer brush layers to delay or prevent the onset of membrane fouling and scaling. \" the cost of desalination will therefore decrease when we reduce the cost of chemicals [ used for membrane cleaning ], as well as process operation [ for membrane replacement ]. desalination can become more economical and used as a viable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5049423584275833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0b175bb-65fb-420e-a881-a80b91d00ecd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.639618"}
{"text": "located above the surface of our planet is a complex mixture of gases and suspended liquid and solid particles known as the atmosphere. operating within the atmosphere is a variety of processes we call weather. some measurable variables associated with weather include air temperature, air pressure, humidity, wind, and precipitation. the atmosphere also contains organized phenomena that include things like tornadoes, thunderstorms, mid - latitude cyclones, hurricanes, and monsoons. climate refers to the general pattern of weather for a region over specific period of time. scientists have discovered that human activities can influence earth \u2019 s climate and weather producing problems like global warming, ozone depletion, and acid precipitation. widespread urban development alters weather patterns research focusing on the houston area suggests that widespread urban development alters weather patterns in a way that... laptev sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 14 at 14 : 23 the laptev sea is a saline water body, lodged between the kara sea and east siberian sea. the chief land boundary of this marginal sea of the arctic ocean is the siberian... more \u00bb east siberian sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 14 at 14 : 09 the east siberian sea is a saline marine body, which is a southern marginal sea of the arctic ocean. to the east is found the chukchi sea and to the west beyond the new... more \u00bb baffin baylast updated on 2013 - 05 - 14 at 12 : 11 baffin bay is a margibnal sea of the north atlantic ocean located between the canada ' s baffin, devon and ellesmere islands and greenland. to the south the davis strait... more \u00bb andaman sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 13 at 23 : 06 the andaman sea is a body of marine water in the northeastern corner of the indian ocean that lies to the west of the malay peninsula, the north of sumatra, the east of the... more \u00bb molucca sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 13 at 23 : 02 the molucca sea ( also molukka sea ) is a semi - enclosed sea, surrounded by a variety of islands belonging to indonesia, most significantly the island of sulawesi ( celebes )... more \u00bb levantine sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 13 at 22 : 31 the levantine sea is most eastern unit of the mediterranean sea, and also the most saline portion of the mediterranean basin. the levantine sea, also known as the levant... more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5391112137819134, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f2e6ad28-ec98-4ea9-bc37-81a91724d073>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.641894"}
{"text": "traffic barricades can be used to redirect or restrict traffic in areas of highway construction or repair. they are typically made from wood, steel, plastic, fiberglass, or a combination of these materials. many manufacturers have switched to the use of recycled materials in both the supporting frame and rails of the barricades. epa ' s designation covers only types i and ii traffic barricades. epa ' s recovered materials advisory notice ( rman ) recommends recycled - content levels for purchasing traffic barricades as shown in the table below. epa ' s recommended recovered materials content levels for traffic barricades ( types i and ii ) \u00b9 | material | | postconsumer content ( % ) | | total recovered materials content ( % ) | ( hdpe, ldpe, pet ) 1the recommended materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a basic oxygen furnace ( bof ) or an electric arc furnace ( eaf ). steel from the bdf process contains 25 - 30 % total recovered materials, of which 16 % is postconsumer steel. steel from the eaf process contains a total of 100 % recovered steel, of which 67 % is postconsumer. of manufacturers and suppliers this database identifies manufacturers and suppliers of traffic barricades containing recovered materials. buy - recycled series : transportation products ( pdf ) ( 7 pp, 89k, about pdf ) this fact sheet highlights the transportation products designated in the cpg, including traffic barricades, and includes case studies, recommended recovered - content levels, and a list of resources. technical background documents these background documents include epa ' s product research on recovered - content traffic barricades as well as a more detailed overview of the history and regulatory requirements of the cpg process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4501650461726267, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:606e0bdc-95c7-42f5-a7a6-890b7ac8b653>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.644939"}
{"text": "university of michigan ( u - m ) scientists have made an important step toward what could become the first vaccine in the u. s. to prevent urinary tract infections, if the robust immunity achieved in mice can be reproduced in humans. the findings are published september 18 in the open - access journal plos pathogens. urinary tract infections ( utis ) affect 53 percent of women and 14 percent of men at least once in their lives. these infections lead to lost work time and 6. 8 million medical provider ' s office visits, 1. 3 million emergency room visits and 245, 000 hospitalizations a year, with an annual cost of $ 2. 4 billion in the united states. to help combat this common health issue, the u - m scientists used a novel systematic approach, combining bioinformatics, genomics and proteomics, to look for key parts of the bacterium, escherichia coli, that could be used in a vaccine to elicit an effective immune response. the team, led by dr. harry l. t. mobley, ph. d., screened 5, 379 possible bacterial proteins and identified three strong candidates to use in a vaccine to prime the body to fight e. coli, the cause of most uncomplicated urinary tract infections. the vaccine prevented infection and produced key types of immunity when tested in mice. scientists have attempted to develop a vaccine for utis over the past two decades. this latest potential vaccine has features that may better its chances of success. it alerts the immune system to iron receptors on the surface of bacteria that perform a critical function allowing infection to spread. administered in the nose, it induces an immune response in the body ' s mucosa, a first line of defense against invading pathogens. the response, also produced in mucosal tissue in the urinary tract, should help the body fight infection where it starts. mobley ' s team is currently testing more strains of e. coli obtained from women treated at u - m. most of the strains produce the same iron - related proteins that cthe vaccine targets, an encouraging sign that the vaccine could work against many urinary tract infections. mobley is seeking partners in clinical research to move the vaccine forward into a phase 1 trial in humans. if successful, this vaccine would take several more years to reach the market. financial disclosure : this work has been funded by public health service grant ai043363 from the national institutes of health. the funders had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5179805810912517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72e10259-eb8e-4bfd-9e58-6a5f814ff98e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.648484"}
{"text": "phase 1 trial in humans. if successful, this vaccine would take several more years to reach the market. financial disclosure : this work has been funded by public health service grant ai043363 from the national institutes of health. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. competing interests : the authors have declared that no competing interests exist. please add this link to the published article in online versions of your report : http : / / dx. plos. org / 10. 1371 / journal. ppat. 1000586 ( link will go live upon embargo lift ) citation : alteri cj, hagan ec, sivick ke, smith sn, mobley hlt ( 2009 ) mucosal immunization with iron receptor antigens protects against urinary tract infection. plos pathog 5 ( 9 ) : e1000586. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. ppat. 1000586 anne rueter, firstname. lastname @ example. org nicole fawcett, email @ example. com this press release refers to an upcoming article in plos pathogens. the release is provided by the article authors and their institution. any opinions expressed in these releases or articles are the personal views of the journal staff and / or article contributors, and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of plos. plos expressly disclaims any and all warranties and liability in connection with the information found in the releases and articles and your use of such information. about plos pathogens plos pathogens ( www. plospathogens. org ) publishes outstanding original articles that significantly advance the understanding of pathogens and how they interact with their host organisms. all works published in plos pathogens are open access. everything is immediately available subject only to the condition that the original authorship and source are properly attributed. copyright is retained by the authors. the public library of science uses the creative commons attribution license. about the public library of science the public library of science ( plos ) is a non - profit organization of scientists and physicians committed to making the world ' s scientific and medical literature a freely available public resource. for more information, visit http : / / www. plos. org. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5237294707152746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72e10259-eb8e-4bfd-9e58-6a5f814ff98e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.649379"}
{"text": "the warrior diet exercise and nutrition program, created by ori hofmekler, hinges on a somewhat controversial diet based on a daily cycle of \u201c undereating \u201d during the day and \u201c overeating \u201d at night. the rationale is that the historic \u201c warrior \u201d, in order to succeed in the environment of the time, had a primal need to cycle between undereating during the day ( when physical activity and danger were always present ), and overeating at night ( when able to rest and eat a good daily meal ). modern humans in a changed environment can therefore restore health and fitness, by returning to that cycle with the warrior diet. warrior diet grounding the nervous system is the primary focus here, specifically that part called the autonomic nervous system ( ans ). body organs such as the heart, stomach and intestines ( viscera ), and muscles within these organs and other areas like blood vessels, skin, and eyes, as well as the glands of the body, are regulated by the ans. we are mostly unaware of its workings ; for example, when blood vessels change size or when our heart beats faster, these functions are involuntary and reflexive in nature. the ans has 3 parts - - the sympathetic nervous system ( sns ) which kicks in when emergencies occur, causing stress and requiring us to \u201c fight \u201d or take \u201c flight \u201d ( flee ) - the parasympathetic nervous system ( psns ) which operates in normal or nonemergency times, allowing us to \u201c rest \u201d and \u201c digest \u201d - the enteric nervous system ( ens ), present in all vertebrates, which regulates the normal digestive activity of the digestive system and prepares it for whatever is coming, whether a meal or a frantic energy - sapping physical activity the undereating phase of the warrior diet is supposed to prepare and alert the sns to potential stress, resulting in the generation of energy and ultimately the burning of fat. while undereating, the body is forced to use fat storage as a source of fuel for maximum metabolic efficiency \u2013 thus promoting weight - loss. the overeating phase of the warrior diet recognizes the role of the psns in regulating digestion, elimination and other metabolic activities that slow you down. eating during the day stops this process and blocks the body \u2019 s ability to remove toxins and waste from the body. since detoxification is imperative for health and to delay aging, eating occurs mainly at night. warrior diet program the program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4961956974600108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e39ee72b-f208-43f0-9439-59a5d06c3a3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.651963"}
{"text": "add comment december 10th, 2012 headsman on this date in 1900, john filip nordlund was beheaded with albert dahlman \u2018 s axe at sweden \u2019 s vasteras county jail. the second - last person executed in sweden ( english wikipedia entry | swedish ) was the author of an infamously fiendish murder spree aboard a ferry steamer crossing lake malaren for stockholm on the evening of may 16, 1900 : shortly after the prins carl \u2018 s departure from arboga, nordlund, armed with two revolvers and two blades, went on a rampage through the boat ( swedish link ), shooting or stabbing everyone he saw. the spree left five dead, including the ship \u2019 s captain, and several others wounded. then nordlund lowered a lifeboat into the water and rowed away with about 800 stolen kronor \u2026 and the opprobrium of the nation. nordlund stalks the prins carl, from this verse pdf ( swedish ). police were able to track him from the descriptions of witnesses to a train station and arrest him the very next day. their maniac would turn out to be a 25 - year - old career thief, only released the month before from his latest prison stint. although captured trying to flee, nordlund from the first projected resignation \u2014 even relief, writing his parents that he would be well rid of a society he had never felt part of. certainly the sentence was in little doubt given the infamy of the crime ( nordlund was almost lynched after arrest ), and the man made no attempt to defend himself or mitigate his actions in court, nor to seek mercy after conviction. nordlund was the third person executed in sweden in 1900 alone, but there would be no more patients for dahlman for a decade \u2026 until 1910, when sweden conducted its first and only guillotining. the country has not carried out a death sentence since. besides being the penultimate executee in swedish history, john filip nordlund is also the last man in europe beheaded manually ( rather than with dr. guillotin \u2019 s device ) other than in germany. also on this date - 1852 : jose forni, the first legal hanging in california - 1718 : stede bonnet, gentleman pirate - 1541 : thomas culpeper and francis dereham, the queen ' s lovers - 1796 : jose leonardo chirino, venezuelan slave revolt leader - 1937 : teido kunizaki", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3967318534922858, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:271e96c4-9f83-415a-a3a4-37e0c888e5cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.654766"}
{"text": "second of two parts. in the previous column, we toured the present - day east cemetery on the old post road. but in looking at its origin in 1830 by a town body called the first located school society, we found ourselves wandering back to 17th - century england, when the king granted his connecticut colony a hefty slice of north america. we then jumped ahead a century to see connecticut give almost all of it away to cancel revolutionary war debts and settle a shooting war with pennsylvania. connecticut ' s consolation prize was an isolated fragment of its former colonial real estate holdings, more than five hundred miles west of hartford. you ' ve probably heard of case western reserve university in cleveland, but you probably didn ' t know that it ' s named after the above - noted remnant of connecticut ' s legacy from charles ii, which became known as the western reserve. three million acres all told, it extended south to the 41st parallel from the shores of lake erie and west from the newly drawn western border of pennsylvania. you know it today as northern ohio. yep, connecticut lost a bunch of land but still owned a big piece of ohio. impressive! but what about the first located school society and the east cemetery? bear with me. after the revolutionary war, a few connecticut settlers tried to make a go of it in the western reserve, but severe weather, lack of supply and agricultural routes, and less - than - welcoming indians made things very difficult. connecticut, perhaps for lack of a better idea for the western reserve, decided to sell it. in 1795, a group of private investors picked it up for $ 1. 2 million, or about 40 cents an acre. the investors sent a guy named moses cleaveland to survey the area, and he got to have the city, with a slight spelling change, named after him. connecticut relinquished its legal authority over the western reserve a few years later, and it was absorbed into the northwest territory. hey, we could have owned cleveland! this is where the first located school society comes in. but first, let me explain why there ' s one county and several townships in ohio named after fairfield. as the 19th century approached, the indian threat passed, and supply routes improved. more and more connecticut families emigrated to the western reserve to get cheap, fertile land and live alongside like - minded new englanders. the settlers naturally named their new towns after their old ones, so fairfield and other connecticut towns are well represented in ohio. the westernmost 500, 000 acres of the western reserve, known as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41154417165365875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4435fa64-06ab-40d4-ae6a-934240e243d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.660905"}
{"text": "land and live alongside like - minded new englanders. the settlers naturally named their new towns after their old ones, so fairfield and other connecticut towns are well represented in ohio. the westernmost 500, 000 acres of the western reserve, known as the firelands, had long ago been set aside for residents of eight connecticut towns, including fairfield, who suffered the loss of their homes to the british in the revolutionary war. affected families were to receive individual land grants, but bureaucracy, indians, and the war of 1812 killed the well - intentioned project. finally, we can finish the story of the east cemetery. what did connecticut do with that $ 1. 2 million windfall from the 1795 sale of the western reserve? the legislature nobly created a perpetual school fund, to be administered by the towns through civil authorities called school societies, now extinct as public education evolved. the inaugural meeting of the first located school society of fairfield took place on oct. 27, 1796, \" in order to form and organize themselves in a school society according to one statute law of this state. \" the society immediately laid out six school districts. here is how the first district was described, exactly as recorded in the original record book : \" voted and agreed that the first district for a school in this society - - to begin at black rock a little easterly of john wheeler ' s house, and to run northwardly of david wheeler ' s house - - and from thence to run down to the river eastward to grovers hill point - - and from thence running up the harbour as far as to the place first set out, - - all the inhabitants contained within said limits to be one district for a school in said society, and to be called by the name of the black rock district. \" five more districts were similarly defined, with boundaries that worked well for 1796 fairfielders, but might be a little shaky these days. in 1830, in concert with other connecticut school societies, the first located school society took on the task of establishing a burial ground, for the \" better accommodation of the inhabitants... \" it seems that this was an obligation legislated by the state, but why cemeteries would fall to the school societies is a mystery. a committee identified a plot of land in the center of town owned by mrs. sarah taylor, bought it for $ 600, dubbed it the east cemetery, and launched itself into the cemetery business. business must have been good. within the year, the school society opened the west cemetery on the post road, complete with sections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42267448626119636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4435fa64-06ab-40d4-ae6a-934240e243d1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.661898"}
{"text": "h5n1 in cats 8 march 2006 at the end of february 2006 highly pathogenic avian influenza ( hpai ), caused by the h5n1 virus was detected in a domestic cat found dead on the northern island of ruegen, germany. since mid - february, over 100 birds have died on this island and tests confirmed h5n1 infection. also in asia, cats and other felidae have been occasionally found to be infected with h5n1 since the start of the poultry epidemic in 2003. experimental studies have shown that the domestic cat can become infected with the virus and that cat to cat transmission is possible in principle. the virus causes respiratory disease which can lead to death in all cat species. serological studies in several asian countries suggest that dogs may also contract the h5n1 infection. countries in europe have advised owners of pets living near h5n1 wild bird foci to keep cats indoors and dogs on a leash when taken for a walk. these recent events lead to many questions by the public and pet owners to which the veterinary profession has to respond. in addition, there may be exposure of pet owners and veterinarians. for example, when animals infected with h5n1 ( eg birds, dogs and cats ) are brought to the veterinary clinic. important are also the contribution veterinary practitioners can make in the surveillance of the disease for the presence of the h5n1 infection. this section provides information for the general public and professionals about the risk of cats contracting h5n1 virus and the role of cats in the spread of avian influenza h5n1. during a h5n1 outbreak in poultry in 1997 in hong kong, the first clinical human cases of this sub - type were reported with several fatalities. from the end of 2003 to date ( march 2006 ) 173 people have been confirmed infected with the h5n1 virus of which 93 have died. except for 1 case, human - to - human transmission has probably not occurred. although h5n1 is relatively common to wild birds and poultry, humans and other mammals are also at risk of hpai infection. highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry is of growing concern due to the current geographic extent comprising asia, africa and europe showing potential for pandemic spread. the virus is highly contagious and already over 200 million domestic birds have either been culled or died of the disease. table 1 shows the timeline for avian influenza in cats and other felidae. | timeline of ( h5n1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4377691918484491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06c69d70-74bb-44ae-8b88-d574a02ebd03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.668198"}
{"text": ". the virus is highly contagious and already over 200 million domestic birds have either been culled or died of the disease. table 1 shows the timeline for avian influenza in cats and other felidae. | timeline of ( h5n1 ) avian influenza in cats and other felidae ( and civets ) | 1970s & 1980s | | research revealed that infection of domestic cats with influenza a subtypes h3n2 from humans, h7n3 from a turkey, and h7n7 from a harbor seal ( phoc vitulina ) produces transient virus excretion and a temporary increase in body temperature but did not induce any other clinical signs of disease. | | two leopards and two tigers died at a zoo in thailand after feeding on chicken carcasses. investigation confirmed h5n1 in tissue samples from all 4 animals. this was the first report of influenza causing disease and death in big cats. | | research shows that domestic cats experimentally infected with h5n1 develop severe disease and can spread infection to other cats. | | a h5n1 outbreak in zoo tigers in thailand reportedly fed on chicken carcasses. eventually, 147 out of the population of 441 tigers died or had to euthanized for animal welfare reasons. | | tests on three civets that died late june 2005 in viet nam revealed h5n1, marking the first infection of this species with the virus. these endangered owston \u2019 s palm civets were raised in captivity ; source of infection is still unknown. october 05 february 06 | | fao field veterinarians report unusual high cat mortality in iraq and indonesia in the vicinity of h5n1 outbreaks 28 february 2006 | | h5n1 confirmed in a cat on the baltic sea island of ruegen ( germany ). over 100 wild birds had been found dead on the island during previous weeks. role of cats in virus transmission research has shown that domestic cats may die from h5n1 virus. also horizontal transmission has been proven. however, it is unlikely that cats play a role in the natural transmission cycle of h5n1 viruses. cat infections occasionally occur in association with h5n1 outbreaks in domestic or wild birds, e. g. when cats feed on infected birds. experimental / infected cats shed the virus via the respiratory and intestinal tract, and may therefore transmit the virus to other cats. naturally infected cats are thus in theory, able to spread the virus. in areas where h5n1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43843738264136084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06c69d70-74bb-44ae-8b88-d574a02ebd03>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.669059"}
{"text": "on infected birds. experimental / infected cats shed the virus via the respiratory and intestinal tract, and may therefore transmit the virus to other cats. naturally infected cats are thus in theory, able to spread the virus. in areas where h5n1 infected wild birds are reported it can not be excluded that cats become infected. although most wild birds infected are waterfowl, not normally the species cats interact with, h5n1 is potentially infectious to numerous other bird species and it can not be ruled out that passerines or pigeons which do interact with cats get infected. in areas where poultry is infected with h5n1 there is a risk that cats become infected with h5n1 through contact with infected poultry or their faeces. anecdotal reports support the notion that contact with infected poultry ( faeces and eating infected carcasses ) forms a source of infection for cats. cats probably have little or no contribution to the spread of the disease because the number of infected poultry is much higher than the number of infected cats ; poultry shed much more virus than cats. nevertheless, cats may play a role in the spread of the virus to other animals. report to the local veterinary authority any evidence of significant animal mortality both wild and domestic. theoretically there is a possibility that cats transmit infection to humans. however, given the risk that cats become infected with hpai is low, the risk to human infection is therefore limited. the role of stray cats due to their greater mobility, stray cats could spread the disease into new areas. if infected, stray cats may become a source of contamination to poultry and mammals, including humans. the role of other mammals the ability of catching the h5n1 virus is not restricted to cats. reports show infection in tigers, leopards and civets. also dogs and pigs may become infected with the virus. given the broad host spectrum of the h5n1virus, the possibility that also other wild or domesticated mammals including seals, mustelidae or furbearing animals, become infected by contacting infected animals is present. all carnivores could become infected through eating infected poultry or infected wild birds. areas where h5n1 hpai has been diagnosed or is suspected in poultry or wild birds : - report to the local veterinary authority any evidence of significant bird mortality both wild and domestic. - be especially vigilant for any dead or sick cats and report such findings to the local veterinarian. - make sure contact between cats and wild birds or poultry ( or their faeces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45992508245127955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06c69d70-74bb-44ae-8b88-d574a02ebd03>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.669987"}
{"text": "if farmers are to increase food production and food security, they need better access to agricultural support systems, such as credit, technology, extension services and agricultural education, as well as to the rural organizations that often channel other services. both men and women smallholders and poor farmers have frequently been cut off from these essential agricultural support systems, which seldom take into account the different responsibilities and needs of men and women farmers. in spite of their enormous potential and their crucial roles in agricultural production, women in particular have insufficient access to production inputs and support services. this trend underlines the need to implement measures aimed at enhancing the access of small farmers, especially women, to production inputs - particularly since the working environment of development organizations has changed as a result of market liberalization and a reduced role for the state worldwide. national agricultural extension systems are no exception to this rule, and must respond by making internal and external adjustments. great attention is required so that the adjustments do not become detrimental to women and men small farmers. for example, fao ' s field experiences over the last decade have pointed to the need for extension programmes that are more strategically planned, needs - based, participatory and problem solving. women ' s access to and use of agricultural support systems is also severely limited by the heavy burden on time and energy that results from their triple responsibilities - productive activities ( such as work in the fields ), reproductive activities ( such as child rearing, cooking and household chores ) and community management. in order to improve production, farmers need access to financial capital. buying seeds, fertilizer and other agricultural inputs often requires short - term loans, which are repaid when the crops are harvested. installing major improvements, such as irrigation pumps, or acquiring new technology that increases future yields is impossible without access to long - term credit. smallholders, particularly women, often face difficulties in obtaining credit. this is a direct consequence of their lacking access to land, participation in development projects and extension programmes and membership in rural organizations, all of which are important channels for obtaining loans and credit information. in several countries of sub - saharan africa, where women and men farmers are roughly equal in number, it is estimated that women farmers receive only 10 percent of the loans granted to smallholders and less than 1 percent of the total credit advanced to the agriculture sector. credit delivery can be improved by setting up microfinance institutions in rural areas and reorienting the banking system to cater to the needs of small farmers, especially women. the grameen bank in bangladesh, which first pioneered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4752507434240714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d3aa950-7ad5-4c80-bb68-e826841338b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.680789"}
{"text": "advanced to the agriculture sector. credit delivery can be improved by setting up microfinance institutions in rural areas and reorienting the banking system to cater to the needs of small farmers, especially women. the grameen bank in bangladesh, which first pioneered the microcredit approach in 1976, currently reaches more than 2 million people. since it was founded, the bank has lent more than us $ 2. 1 billion, most of it in the form of loans of a few hundred dollars for small agriculture, distribution, crafts and trading enterprises. numerous studies have shown that women are generally more reliable and punctual in repaying their loans than men are. a programme providing credit and nutrition for women significantly improved both the participating women ' s incomes and their children ' s nutritional status. this is the conclusion of a study that examined the impact of a credit and education programme run by the ngo freedom from hunger. men and women smallholders also suffer financially from limited access to the marketing services that would allow them to turn surplus produce into cash income. women face particular difficulties because marketing infrastructure and organizations are rarely geared towards either small - scale producers or the crops that women grow. although women all over the world are active as traders, hawkers and street and market vendors, little has been done to improve transport and market facilities to support this vital economic sector. even where rural women play an important role in wholesale trade, their full membership in marketing service institutions is still difficult because they may be illiterate or lack independent legal status. planning for action the fao gender and development plan of action includes commitments by different divisions of fao to increasing the equality of access to a wide range of agricultural support systems, including markets, credit, technology, extension and training. rural finance and marketing services rural groups and organizations agricultural research and technology agricultural education and extension microcredit and education boost incomes and nutrition astudy examined the impact of a microcredit and educational programme implemented by the ngo freedom from hunger. in ghanaian villages, women who participated in the programme used microcredit loans to launch income - generating activities such as preparing and selling palm oil, fish and cooked foods. they increased their non - farm income by $ 36 per month, twice as much as the women who had not taken part in the programme. through the programme ' s educational component, participating women also gained valuable knowledge about their children ' s nutrition and heath needs. membership of cooperatives, farmers ' organizations, trade unions and other organizations represents one of the best ways for rural men and women to gain access", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4976721238838511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d3aa950-7ad5-4c80-bb68-e826841338b7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.681904"}
{"text": "programme ' s educational component, participating women also gained valuable knowledge about their children ' s nutrition and heath needs. membership of cooperatives, farmers ' organizations, trade unions and other organizations represents one of the best ways for rural men and women to gain access to resources, opportunities and decision - making. cooperatives and farmers ' associations generally make it possible for farmers to share the costs and rewards of services that they could not afford on their own. they can be an invaluable channel for obtaining technology, information, training and credit. they can also give smallholders a much louder voice in local and national decision - making. by instituting common food processing, storage and marketing activities, organizations can increase the exchange of goods and services and the access to national and regional markets. participation in such organizations can be especially important to smallholders and poor farmers, both men and women. but women are frequently deterred from joining because membership is often restricted to recognized landowners or heads of household. even when women are responsible for the day - to - day management of both households and holdings, their husbands or other male relatives are often considered the official heads. in many regions, women farmers ' membership of these organizations is restricted by custom. where they are able to belong to rural organizations, women often do not share equally in either the decision - making or the benefits, and are excluded from leadership positions. furthermore, their many household chores may make it impossible for them to attend meetings and devote the time that is necessary for full participation. investment in labour - saving technologies to relieve the burden of women ' s unpaid productive and reproductive tasks is needed in order to given them more free time. in recent years there has been some success in reducing the obstacles to women ' s participation in rural organizations. at the same time, the use and establishment of traditional and new women ' s groups to promote women ' s participation in rural development has grown rapidly. however, experience has shown that women ' s empowerment often requires a step - by - step process to remove the barriers to their membership in organizations that are traditionally dominated by men. furthermore, it is necessary to give them support, individually or collectively, to enable them to gain the knowledge and self - confidence needed to make choices and take greater control of their lives. in all regions of the developing world, women typically work far longer hours than men do. studies in asia and africa show that women work as much as 13 extra hours a week. as a result, they may have little available time to seek out support services, and very different priorities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49580016779428254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d3aa950-7ad5-4c80-bb68-e826841338b7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.682918"}
{"text": "world, women typically work far longer hours than men do. studies in asia and africa show that women work as much as 13 extra hours a week. as a result, they may have little available time to seek out support services, and very different priorities for the kind of support required. overall, the agricultural research agenda has neglected the needs of smallholders, especially women farmers, and failed to take advantage of their invaluable knowledge about traditional farming methods, indigenous plant and animal varieties and coping techniques for local conditions. such knowledge could hold the key to developing sustainable approaches that combine modern science with the fruits of centuries of experimentation and adaptation by men and women farmers. most research has focused on increasing the yields of commercial crops and staple grains on high - input farms, where high - yielding varieties can be cultivated under optimal conditions. smallholders can rarely afford these technology \u00ab packages \u00bb, which are also generally ill suited to the climatic and soil conditions in areas where most of the rural poor live. the crops that farmers in such areas rely on and the conditions that they face have not featured prominently in agricultural research. sorghum and millet, for example, have received very little research attention and funding, despite their high nutritional value and ability to tolerate difficult conditions. similarly, relatively little research has been devoted to the secondary crops grown by women, which often provide most of their family ' s nutritional needs. in addition, agricultural tools and implements are also rarely designed to fit women ' s physical capabilities or work, so they do not meet women ' s needs. the impact of new technologies is seldom evaluated from a gender perspective. the introduction of harvesting, threshing and milling machinery, for example, has very little direct effect on yields but eliminates thousands of hours of paid labour. according to one study, if all the farmers in punjab, india, who cultivate more than 4 ha were to use combine harvesters, they would lose more than 40 million paid working days, without any increase in farm production or cropping intensity. most of the lost labour and income would be women ' s. \u00ab schools where men and women farmers learn how to increase yields and reduce their reliance on pesticides by relying on natural predators. \u00bb developing technology to meet women ' s specific needs can yield major gains in food production and food security. in ghana, for example, technology was introduced to improve the irrigation of women ' s off - season crops. larger and more reliable harvests increased both food and economic security during the periods between major crops. in el salvador, where women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47242678276418903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d3aa950-7ad5-4c80-bb68-e826841338b7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.684074"}
{"text": "food security. in ghana, for example, technology was introduced to improve the irrigation of women ' s off - season crops. larger and more reliable harvests increased both food and economic security during the periods between major crops. in el salvador, where women play an extremely important role in agriculture, it is estimated that as many as 60 percent of households are headed by women. one of the major goals of this country ' s agriculture sector reform was to improve research and extension activities by focusing on the role of women smallholders. to address women farmers ' needs, the project promoted women ' s participation to help guide the research programme at national agricultural technology centre farms. farmer field schools in cambodia in fields across cambodia, men and women farmers gather every week to go to school. they are among the 30 000 cambodian farmers - more than one - third of them women - who have taken part in fao - supported farmer field schools ( ffs ). in the schools, farmers observe how crops develop and monitor pests throughout the growing season. they also learn how natural predators, such as wasps and spiders, can help control pests and how the heavy use of pesticides often kills them off, leaving crops even more vulnerable. these schools emphasize the active participation and empowerment of both men and women farmers. in at least six provinces in cambodia, farmers have formed integrated pest management ( ipm ) groups after completing their training, and are carrying out further field studies and experiments. more than 300 farmers have completed additional training and are now organizing farmer field schools in their own areas. \u00ab ; i always knew pesticides were bad for my health, \u00bb one participant said, \u00ab but now i know for sure. \u00bb after completing the school, farmers rely more on cultural practices and natural enemies to control pests, and experience fewer cases of poisoning. agricultural extension programmes provide farmers with a lifeline of information about new technologies, plant varieties and market opportunities. in almost all countries, however, the agricultural extension system fails to reach women farmers effectively. among other reasons, this is because they are excluded from rural organizations. an fao survey showed that, worldwide, female farmers receive only 5 percent of all agricultural extension services and only 15 percent of agricultural extension agents are women. in egypt, where women make up more than half of the agricultural labour force, only 1 percent of extension officers are female. \u00ab an fao extension project in honduras that focused on woman - to - woman training boosted both subsistence production and household food security. \u00bb this reflects the lack of information and understanding about the important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4681756985166919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d3aa950-7ad5-4c80-bb68-e826841338b7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.685016"}
{"text": "labour force, only 1 percent of extension officers are female. \u00ab an fao extension project in honduras that focused on woman - to - woman training boosted both subsistence production and household food security. \u00bb this reflects the lack of information and understanding about the important role played by women. extension services usually focus on commercial rather than subsistence crops, which are grown mainly by women and which are often the key to household food security. available data rarely reflect women ' s responsibility for much of the day - to - day work and decision - making on the family farm. nor do they recognize the many other important food production and food processing activities that women commonly perform, such as home gardening, tending livestock, gathering fuel or carrying water. extension programmes can be tailored to address women ' s priority needs only when men and women farmers are listened to at the village level and when such methods as participatory rural appraisal are employed. in recent years, a number of countries have launched determined efforts to make their extension services more responsive to women ' s needs. in the gambia, for example, the proportion of female agricultural extension workers has increased from 5 percent in 1989 to more than 60 percent today. growth in the number of female extension workers has been matched by increased attention to women ' s involvement and priorities. a special effort has been made to encourage women ' s participation in small ruminant and poultry extension services. in nicaragua, efforts to ensure that extension services match client needs - including giving more attention to the diverse needs of men and women farmers - led to increased use of those services, by 600 percent for women and 400 percent for men. extension programmes that fail to take women into account also fail to address the improved technology and methods that might yield major gains in productivity and food security. furthermore, they often schedule training times and locations that make it impossible for women to participate, in addition to existing socio - cultural reasons. recommended new approaches include the strategic extension campaign ( sec ), which was developed by fao and introduced in africa, the near east, asia and latin america. this methodology emphasizes how important it is for field extension workers and small farmers to participate in the strategic planning, systematic management and field implementation of agricultural extension and training programmes. its extension strategies and messages are specifically developed and tailored to the results of a participatory problem identification and needs assessment. training programme for women ' s incorporation in rural development several hundred peasant women in honduras were trained to serve as \u00ab food production liaisons \u00bb. after receiving their training, the liaisons worked with grassroots", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4538670004493893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d3aa950-7ad5-4c80-bb68-e826841338b7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.685944"}
{"text": "resistant myzus persicae aphid threatens virus yellows control cold weather and widespread use of neonicotinoid seed treatments combined to limit virus yellows infection in the sugar beet crop in 2011 to the extent that just 0. 5 per cent of the crop was affected. concern, however, is increasing over the developing risk of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides used to control myzus persicae aphids, the virus yellows vector. resistance has been identified in france, italy and spain, in myzus persicae populations associated mainly with peach and nectarine trees, where topical applications of neonicotinoids are used for aphid control, said dr mark stevens. \u201c if those aphids start moving north and adapt to colder climes then i worry because there is very little chemistry coming on stream to control them, \u201d he said. rothamsted research work had shown these aphids were also carrying mace and kdr resistance mechanisms, conferring resistance to pirimicarb and pyrethoids. \u201c we have little in the can to actually control them, \u201d said dr stevens. \u201c there are no resistant varieties coming on stream in the immediate future and the problem we are faced with is we are not looking at one virus but a complex of up to four different viruses, making it a very difficult target to hit with a resistance gene, \u201d he said. he told sugar beet growers at the conference the situation was \u2018 one we need to keep an eye on \u2019.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4414438189040796, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ec0741c-84d5-4e92-a662-15478a6dc720>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.687262"}
{"text": "food safety for moms to be : highlights - entertaining all year | a year - round food safety guide to help keep yourself and your guests safe while entertaining. also available in spanish > en espanol > whether you ' re hosting or attending a shower, pot - luck dinner, birthday party, school fair, or other social event - they all involve food! enjoy these events while keeping your unborn baby safe from foodborne bacteria. use these tips to help you select, prepare, and handle food safely year - round! preventing foodborne illness is easy as... | 1. clean | | wash hands and surfaces often. | | 2. separate | | don ' t cross - contaminate. | | 3. cook | | cook to proper temperatures. | | 4. chill | | refrigerate promptly. | for more information about the 4 simple steps to food safety, see lifelong food safety. first things first always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water before and after handling food. safe food handling for social events make food safety the center of your entertaining activities during your pregnancy and beyond! 4 steps to safe food shopping - separate raw meat, poultry, and seafood from other foods in your grocery shopping cart and your grocery bags. raw juices from these foods can contain harmful bacteria, which can spread to other foods. consider placing these raw foods inside plastic bags to keep the juices contained. - don ' t purchase foods if the \" sell by \" date has passed. - transport food home right away and refrigerate perishables immediately to prevent any bacteria from rapidly growing in the food. - when the weather ' s hot, place groceries in the air - conditioned passenger compartment of your car rather than the hot trunk. bacteria can multiply rapidly at high temperatures. | take note, moms - to - be! don ' t include these foods on your shopping list. they ' re not safe for you or your unborn baby. | a note about listeria this bacterium that can be particularly harmful to you and your unborn baby and can be found in these foods : 3 ways to safely defrost frozen foods - in the refrigerator. cold temperatures keep most harmful bacteria from multiplying. - in cold water. change the water every half - hour to keep the water cold. - using the microwave, but cook the food immediately after it ' s defrosted. note : don ' t defrost foods at room temperature. bacteria can grow in the \" danger zone, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45830168735409893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:942da8bb-7c73-4c1b-968e-adea42d1c804>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.691371"}
{"text": "half - hour to keep the water cold. - using the microwave, but cook the food immediately after it ' s defrosted. note : don ' t defrost foods at room temperature. bacteria can grow in the \" danger zone, \" the range of temperatures usually between 40\u00b0 and 140\u00b0f ( 4\u00b0 and 60\u00b0c ). be creative and tempt your party guests with an array of fun platters, but keep food selections safe. here ' s how : - heating foods to the right temperature for the proper amount of time kills harmful bacteria, so cook meat, poultry, fish, and eggs thoroughly. for the recommended cooking temperatures, see cook. - some raw eggs can contain harmful bacteria. some of your favorite homemade recipes may call for raw or lightly - cooked eggs. these may include recipes for caesar salad dressing, ice cream, custards, chocolate mousse, and some sauces. here are safe ways to make your favorite egg - containing foods : - add the eggs to the amount of liquid called for in the recipe, then heat the mixture thoroughly. - use store - bought products of the foods listed above, which are often already cooked or pasteurized. - purchase pasteurized eggs. these eggs can be found in some supermarkets and are labeled \" pasteurized. \" here are several types consumers can buy : - fresh, pasteurized eggs in the shell ( found in the refrigerator section ). - liquid, pasteurized egg products ( found in the refrigerator section ). - frozen, pasteurized egg products ( found in the frozen food section ). - powdered egg whites ( found in the baking section ). refrigerate all perishables ( foods that can spoil or become contaminated by bacteria if unrefrigerated ) up until serving time. these foods include : - finger sandwiches - cheese chunks - fruit salad - foods that contain dairy products plan a bacteria - free buffet with these helpful tips : if you ' re planning a buffet at home and are not sure how quickly the food will be eaten, keep buffet portions small. prepare a number of small platters and dishes ahead of time. store cold back - up dishes in the refrigerator or keep hot dishes in the oven set at 200\u00b0 f to 250\u00b0 f ( - 73\u00b0 c to - 23\u00b0 c ) prior to serving. this way, your late - arriving guests can enjoy the same appetizing arrangements as the early arrivals. hot foods should be kept at an internal temperature of 140\u00b0 f ( 60\u00b0 c ) or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4963799445917358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:942da8bb-7c73-4c1b-968e-adea42d1c804>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.692230"}
{"text": "to - 23\u00b0 c ) prior to serving. this way, your late - arriving guests can enjoy the same appetizing arrangements as the early arrivals. hot foods should be kept at an internal temperature of 140\u00b0 f ( 60\u00b0 c ) or warmer. use a food thermometer to check. serve or keep food hot in chafing dishes, crock pots, and warming trays. note : some warmers only hold food at 110\u00b0 f to 120\u00b0 f ( - 163\u00b0 c to - 153\u00b0 c ), so check the product label to make sure your warmer has the capability to hold foods at 140\u00b0 f or warmer. cold foods should be kept at 40\u00b0 f ( 4 \u00b0 c ) or colder. keep cold foods refrigerated until serving time. if food is going to stay out on the buffet table longer than two hours, place plates of cold food on ice to retain the chill. keep it fresh don ' t add new food to an already - filled serving dish. instead, replace nearly - empty serving dishes with freshly - filled ones. bacteria from people ' s hands may have contaminated the food. plus, bacteria may have started to multiply at room temperature. watch the clock remember the 2 - hour rule : discard any perishables left out at room temperature for more than two hours, unless you ' re keeping it hot or cold. if the buffet is held in a place where the temperature is above 90\u00b0f, the safe - holding time is reduced to one hour. leaving with leftovers? be sure to refrigerate leftovers immediately after you arrive home.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45884294685081506, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:942da8bb-7c73-4c1b-968e-adea42d1c804>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.692778"}
{"text": "london, july 27 ( ians ) personal computers are fast taking over the place of human beings \u2019 long time best friend, the family dog, a british study has found. researchers have found just six percent of us believe that \u201c most people rely more on their dog than they do on their pc, \u201d while 67 percent think the opposite to be true. even 38 percent of dog owners confessed to relying more on their pc than on their dog, although 36 percent disagreed. and 71 percent of 18 to 24 - year - old dog owners said they relied more on their computer, daily mail reported. according to paul allen, editor of computeractive magazine, which carried out the poll with the royal society for the protection of cruelty to animals, said : \u201c these days you can even take your pc for a walk, provided you have a laptop or tablet. \u201c it \u2019 s only a matter of time until the first pc that fetches your slippers. \u201d researchers talked to 2, 000 british adults to find out about the change modern technology has brought to their home life. they found that male dog owners are almost twice as likely as female owners to rely on their computer than a canine companion. allen said : \u201c with broadband bringing them global news and newspaper sales falling, the family dog even misses out on the pleasure of taking the paper to his owner. \u201d but it \u2019 s not all bad news for obedient dogs. \u201c the family pc has given dog owners access to a wealth of resources and information that can help with the long - term care that a dog needs, \u201d allen said. \u201c from finding the best vets to researching great new walks that all the family can enjoy, the web enables the pc to become a dog \u2019 s best friend. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4555865496129551, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acf63c79-1e8c-42ef-b258-4af77f4aa4f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.694605"}
{"text": "bali climate conference has a message for rural community the world leaders recognised that 20 % of the global emission of greenhouse gases ( ghgs ) can be contained by forestation. the programme, reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ( redd ) aims to compensate the developing countries in the tropical region to maintain their forests and discourages deforestation. it allows developing countries to sell carbon offsets to rich countries in return for not burning their tropical forests from 2013. redd initiative is the need of the hour when largescale deforestation is taking place across the world for urbanisation, oil palm, soyabean and bio - fuel crop plantation. the bali conference also stressed upon the urgent need to cut carbon and methane emissions from tropical forests. the bali conference also adopted a resolution on adaptation fund to help poor nations to cope with damage from climate change impact like droughts, extreme weather conditions or rising seas. the adaptation fund now comprises only about $ 36 million but might rise to $ 1 - $ 5 billion a year by 2030, if investments in green technology in developing nations surges. the fund distinguished the responsibilities of the global environment facility and the world bank. the fund would have a 16 - member board largely from developing countries and would start operating from 2008. senior researchers of the united nations development fund ( undp ) had urged the developed countries to urgently discuss adaptation funds as the key to solution of the problems. the lead author of the recent undp report, kevin watkins said that as per estimate $ 86 billion annually. \" the figure looks large, but actually it is only 0. 2 % of the rich countries gdp, \" he said and added that adaptation fund sourced from multilateral funding in the last two years was only $ 26 million \u2014 the amount spent by uk alone on flood control for a week. a group of small island communities led by biotani indonesia foundation has urged that the adaptation fund should include a special corpus to cover their initiatives. the bali conference succeeded in adopting a resolution on technology tranfer and also its monitoring. it, however, failed address the vital issue of cut in ghg emissions and deferred it till 2009. it also postponed until next year any consideration of a plan to fund an untested technology which captures and buries the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, emitted from power plants that burn fossil fuels. it also failed to agree whether or not to allow companies to sell carbon offsets from destroying new production of powerful greenhouse gases called hydrofluorocarbons ( hfcs ). benefiting factories have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4334511212975162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:425ca78c-1053-44ec-b60e-8912cf2cb747>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.697905"}
{"text": "india ' s rice output expected at 100 mn tons in 2012 - 13 : fao the global body on the farm sector had earlier forecast the rice output in india, the world ' s second largest producer, at 98. 5 mt. this was due to late onset of monsoon rains leading to deficit in key northern and southern growing areas. fao in its latest ' food outlook ' report said that output prospects in india were marred until august by below - normal precipitation, but have since been bolstered by a revival of the monsoon rains. \" as a result, the country is predicted to harvest 100 mt in 2012 - 13, 4 mt less than its outstanding 2011 - 12 season, but still the second best result in history, \" fao said. the country had harvested a record 104. 32 mt of rice in the 2011 - 12 crop year ( julynjune ). \" while the resulting replenishment of water reserves should foster an expansion of secondary rabi ( winter ) crop, the rains may have come too late for the main kharif ( summer ) crop to be unscathed, \" it added. the past few months of the 2012 season were dominated by concern over a possible recurrence of an el nino southern oscillation ( enso ) weather anomaly and slow progress of the monsoon rains in india, it said. \" however, in august and september, india ' s fears were tempered by more generous pattern of the rainfall, and meteorological centre ' s predictions reverted back to a weak or neutral enso, \" it added. according to the be the first to comment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4391769261658912, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de94cbf7-7105-41ea-a519-55d8d8171cb1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.699288"}
{"text": "let \u2019 s start with the understanding that the federal trade commission states that if scrap generated in the manufacturing process is reused for manufacturing new product, it can not be calculated as post - industrial recycled content, as this reuse of scrap is a part of the typical manufacturing process. so your first question when receiving post - industrial recycled content data should be, \u201c how did you make this calculation, and where did the recycled waste come from? \u201d stakeholder demand for recycled content in building products has been largely driven by the leed\u00ae rating system, and the points gained by contributing to the recycled content credit. now, since scrap reused in the manufacturing process can not be calculated, many manufactures play a form of the \u201c shell game \u201d. if a manufacturer has multiple facilities making products that generate scrap which can be reused in all the manufacturing processes then, to calculate post - industrial recycled content, the scrap is just moved between facilities. now the scrap is claimed to be diverted from landfill and calculated as recycled content. please understand that for a recycling program to work, a manufacturer needs a continuous feedstock of waste material, so some of this moving around of scrap is legitimate. if the manufacturer is playing the shell game just \u201c for the points, \u201d then all that is being done is increased energy use and co2 emissions... how sustainable is that?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5076334867324113, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81041a6f-f8ae-448f-858a-4a10338124d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.700615"}
{"text": "nearly half of about 67 million americans with high blood pressure are not effectively treating their condition and face a high risk of a heart attack or stroke, a u. s. health official said on tuesday. about 36 million people have uncontrolled high blood pressure, a condition caused when too much force is exerted by blood as it is pumped through the body and moves against vessel walls, according to a report from the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention released tuesday. \" the bottom line is... most of those in this country who have ( high blood pressure ) don ' t have their numbers under control, and because of that we have a very high burden of disease, \" said thomas frieden, director of the cdc. high blood pressure, a risk factor for heart disease and stroke, contributes to nearly 1, 000 deaths a day and $ 131 billion in annual direct healthcare costs, frieden said. the condition is the second most serious public health issue. cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the country, according to the cdc. frieden said patients with high blood pressure are either not receiving a correct combination or dosage of medication or are not keeping up with their medication. some doctors are not warning patients who have had multiple readings of high - blood pressure, a problem frieden said could be solved by better systems to track patients. of the 36 million americans with uncontrolled hypertension, about 14 million were not aware of their condition and about 22 million either chose not to take medication or were on inadequate treatment, according to the report, which surveyed adults between 2003 and 2010. \" i think there ' s clearly a lot of room for improvement, \" frieden said, noting that controlling blood pressure often means taking multiple medications daily for the rest of one ' s life. high blood pressure can be prevented through diet, exercise and taking drugs such as beta blockers and ace inhibitors - - which widen arteries. lowering blood pressure can cut the risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure and other conditions. risk factors include obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and chronic difficulties such as diabetes, kidney disease and high cholesterol.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40577891596568794, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0253585-f206-42c3-a094-e36a9dad6b37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.704646"}
{"text": "register new player welcome to our world of fun trivia quizzes and quiz games : weather occurrences of \" biblical \" proportions \" this quiz will deal with the usually normal subject of weather. but weather can take on miraculous traits when dealing with god and the bible. here are ten events listed in the bible that involve weather. ( king james version used ) \" 15 points per correct answer - no time limit according to the gospel of matthew, jesus christ was involved in some weather a few times in his lifetime. one occurred when he was approaching the disciples. the disciples were attempting to fish in a storm when they saw jesus walking on the water toward them. when he reached and boarded the boat, the storm subsided. what body of water did this miracle occur on? sea of galilee probably the best known event involving weather in the bible is the great flood. through studying the bible, theologians have determined the length of time that noah, his family, and the animals were on the ark. what is the time frame in days that scholars tend to agree on as the length of noah ' s captivity on the ark? weather happenings were prevalent during the ten plagues of egypt. one of the plagues featured a horrendous hailstorm, accompanied by fire. of the ten plagues, which number plague was this? god and moses also used the weather to actually end one of the plagues, as it is stated they used a \" mighty wind \" to drive out this particular plague ' s results. what was it that the mighty wind was getting rid of? blood on the water in exodus 19, moses had another occurrence with biblical weather when he went up the mountain to receive god ' s ten commandments. what mountain was surrounded by \" thunder and lightning \" and a \" veil of clouds \" during moses ' climb upward? mount of olives this person experienced some dangerous sea storms upon his attempted fleeing from god ' s request to go to nineveh and try and convert the people there. who was this reluctant evangelist who had a whale of a time surviving the sea storm? two people are documented in the bible as never dying. one was enoch, who was taken up to heaven in genesis 5. the other was this prophet, who according to ii kings 2, \" went up by a whirlwind into heaven \". who was this servant of god who was whisked to heaven on a chariot of fire by way of a whirlwind? according to joshua 10, while joshua was holding camp in the large city of gibe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4631628015046095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc2204a-b4b8-4c03-b2b6-403fdb4bc4fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.707684"}
{"text": "##lwind into heaven \". who was this servant of god who was whisked to heaven on a chariot of fire by way of a whirlwind? according to joshua 10, while joshua was holding camp in the large city of gibeon, five kings of surrounding areas banded together to wage war upon joshua ' s people. this would prove disheartening to them, as god was with joshua ' s men and they were forced to flee after losing the battle. but the weather played a part afterwards. before they had made the complete retreat back home, the armies were nearly wiped out by what weather phenomenon brought on by god? according to the book of the same name, this man of god had a vision that featured some unique weather. from the opening verses of the first chapter : \" and i looked, and, behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a fire infolding itself, and a brightness was about it, and out of the midst thereof as the colour of amber, out of the midst of the fire. \" the vision gets even more intense after that. who was this godly man? in the king james version, along with several other translations, \" peace, be still \" are famous words used to stop a storm while riding on a boat. what transpired previous to those words frightened all the passengers on the boat, as the strong wind was threatening to capsize the boat. who was it that ended this weather malady with three simple words? john the baptist copyright, funtrivia. com. all rights reserved. legal / conditions of use compiled nov 12 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4458108177143223, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc2204a-b4b8-4c03-b2b6-403fdb4bc4fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.708234"}
{"text": "catholic and protestant reformers in the 16th century occasionally spoke scornfully of anabaptists as \" new monks, \" referring to anabaptist insistence on holy living and intense spiritual life ( e. g., ta elsa\u00df 1, 110 - 13 ). anabaptists occasionally accepted the comparison ( klassen, william and walter klaassen, eds. and trans. the writings of pilgram marpeck, classics of the radical reformation, vol. 2. scottdale, pa : herald press, 1978 : 217 ) but more frequently rejected it ( klassen & klaassen : 215 - 16 ; menno, writings, 369, 401 ), in part because monks often came from the socially privileged classes. several scholars have used monastic history as an aid to interpret anabaptism ( troeltsch, ritschl, davis, snyder, martin ). many anabaptists and mennonites, beginning with the hutterite chronicle, pointed to quasi - monastic sectarian medieval movements, especially waldenses, as forerunners of anabaptism ( these theories are promulgated or discussed by keller, gratz, verduin, durnbaugh ). one of the most extensive efforts to relate monasticism and anabaptism drew on both monastic and quasi - monastic traditions ( davis ). most scholars have carefully limited their interpretations to pointing out \" intellectual parallels \" or general similarities ; some have argued for direct continuity and influence. the crucial interpretive question revolves around the nature of monasticism : is it a nonconforming sectarian development critical of the institutional church ( workman ) or an intensified institutional core of the ecclesiastical establishment? or, did monasticism begin as a charismatic, lay, \" sectarian \" movement in the 4th century but become fully integrated into the sacramental, ecclesial, institutional church by the early middle ages ( rousseau, martin )? how central the critical, separatist aspect of early monasticism is to monastic identity is disputed, even by those within the monastic community ( eoin de bhaldraithe ). particularly significant in this regard is the distinction between contemplative monastic orders ( benedictine, cistercian, carthusian ) and more lay - oriented, urban mendicant orders and houses of regular canons of the late middle ages ( franciscans, dominicans, augustinian friars, praemonstratensians, augustinian canons ). the latter orders were associated with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4926196557057527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4aded49-3fe1-40d5-a219-ab3c21d38bd5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.713829"}
{"text": "more lay - oriented, urban mendicant orders and houses of regular canons of the late middle ages ( franciscans, dominicans, augustinian friars, praemonstratensians, augustinian canons ). the latter orders were associated with the middle class and were visibly and pastorally active ; the former were often but not always associated with the nobility and lived in secluded and rural areas. most anabaptist links to \" monks \" appear to have been with the mendicants and canons regular. michael sattler is the main exception to this generalization. most interpreters agree that anabaptists rejected the sacramental and institutional \" culture - church \" of the middle ages in favor of a voluntary, non - institutionalized, even anti - clerical church of the faithful few, in effect, reducing the church to a devout \" monastic \" core. at issue among scholars is whether the label \" monastic \" should properly be applied to a sectarian, pure church vision such as that held by anabaptists, since most monks did not believe that the church was made up solely of monastics, rather, they believed that monks and nuns were part, perhaps the most important part, of the church. the qualities and virtues prized by anabaptists and mennonites ( hospitality, humility, community, gelassenheit, obedience, repentance, nonresistance, etc. ) were also prime monastic virtues, although all medieval catholics were exhorted to practice these same virtues. significant parallels to monastic spirituality are found in the mennonite period of post - anabaptist history in which anabaptist first - generation identity was transformed into a sacramental, ecclesial, institutional, cultural ( ethnic ) faith, even though mennonites, amish, and hutterites avoided the language of sacramental and institutional christianity ( cronk, martin ). during the 1980s growing mennonite concern about the role of single adults in the church has not yet taken account of the traditional christian monastic theology, with its implications for both marriage and singleness. recent scholarship on monasticism emphasizes the social role of celibate communities, which enhanced the role of marriage while creating a sphere of activity for those remaining unmarried ( brown, leclercq ). further research is needed in all these areas of anabaptist and mennonite history and culture. cronk, sandra. \" gelassenheit : the rites of the redemptive process in the old order amish and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4350715287112975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4aded49-3fe1-40d5-a219-ab3c21d38bd5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.714694"}
{"text": "). further research is needed in all these areas of anabaptist and mennonite history and culture. cronk, sandra. \" gelassenheit : the rites of the redemptive process in the old order amish and old order mennonite communities. \" phd dissertation, u. of chicago, 1977. see also mennonite quarterly review 65 ( 1981 ) : 5 - 44. for ritschl, gratz, verduin, keller, and others : see davis, kenneth r. anabaptism and asceticism : a study in intellectual origins. scottdale, 1974 : 27 - 31. de bhaldraithe, eion. \" michael sattler, benedictine and anabaptist. \" downside review 105 ( april 1987 ) : 111 - 131. durnbaugh, donald f. \" theories of free church origins. \" mennonite quarterly review 41 ( 1968 ) : 83 - 95. martin, dennis d. \" monks, mendicants and anabaptists : michael sattler and the benedictines reconsidered. \" mennonite quarterly review 60 ( 1986 ) : 139 - 64. reply by snyder, c. arnold. \" michael sattler, benedictine : dennis martin ' s objections reconsidered. \" mennonite quarterly review 61 ( 1987 ) : 251 - 79. martin, dennis d. \" catholic spirituality and mennonite discipleship. \" mennonite quarterly review 62 ( 1988 ) : 5 - 25. martin, dennis d. \" nothing new under the sun? mennonites and history. \" conrad grebel review 5 ( 1987 ) : 1 - 27. snyder, c. arnold. \" the monastic origins of swiss anabaptist sectarianism. \" mennonite quarterly review 57 ( 1983 ) : 5 - 26. snyder, c. arnold. the life and thought of michael sattler. scottdale, pa : herald press, 1984. troeltsch, ernst. the social teachings of the christian churches. translator : olive wyon. new york : harper and row, 1960 : 239 - 46, 332 - 33. for general information on monastic history, see : brown, peter r. l. \" the notion of virginity in the early church. \" christian spirituality : origins to the 12th c. editor : bernard mcginn and john meyendorff. new york : crossroad ( 1985 ) : 427 - 43. grundler, otto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49885354340670446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4aded49-3fe1-40d5-a219-ab3c21d38bd5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.715477"}
{"text": "notion of virginity in the early church. \" christian spirituality : origins to the 12th c. editor : bernard mcginn and john meyendorff. new york : crossroad ( 1985 ) : 427 - 43. grundler, otto. \" devotio moderna. \" christian spirituality : high middle ages and reformation. editor : jill raitt. new york : crossroad ( 1987 ) : 176 - 93. knowles, david. christian monasticism. new york : mcgraw - hill, 1969. leclercq, jean. monks and love in 12th - c. france. oxford : clarendon, 1979. novak, michael. \" the free churches and the roman church. \" journal of ecumenical studies, 2 ( 1965 ) : 426 - 47. rousseau, phillip. ascetics, authority, and the church in the age of jerome and cassian. new york ; oxford, 1980. workman, herbert b. the evolution of the monastic ideal from the earliest times to the coming of the friars. 2nd edition. london, 1927, reprinted with introduction by david knowles. boston : beacon, 1962. adapted by permission of herald press, harrisonburg, virginia, and waterloo, ontario, from mennonite encyclopedia, vol. 5, pp. 601 - 602. all rights reserved. for information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the herald press website. \u00a91996 - 2013 by the global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. all rights reserved. mla style : martin, dennis d. \" monasticism. \" global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. 1987. web. 18 may 2013. http : / / www. gameo. org / encyclopedia / contents / m653. html. apa style : martin, dennis d. ( 1987 ). monasticism. global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. retrieved 18 may 2013, from http : / / www. gameo. org / encyclopedia / contents / m653. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5015531810485014, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4aded49-3fe1-40d5-a219-ab3c21d38bd5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.716170"}
{"text": "young people ' s conference young people ' s conference was a youth movement in the mennonite church ( mc ) which flourished for a short time between 1920 - 23, and led in part to the creation of the young people ' s problems committee. it had its origin in a \" general conference of mennonites in france in reconstruction work \" held at clermont - en - argonne, meuse, france, 20 - 22 june 1919. this conference was organized on an intended permanent basis with a constitution whose name was tentatively chosen as \" mennonite young people ' s movement, \" and which was to meet annually. its clearly stated purpose was constructive and progressive, and its three annual conference programs represented in effect a christian life conference with accent on the problems of youth. the movement also represented dissatisfaction with the rather slow - moving general church leadership and program, and also a determination to work out a larger and more influential place for the more mature young people in the work and leadership of the church. since much of the older leadership of the church reacted with skepticism and even suspicion to the new movement, opposition and tension developed. differences were sorted out in the end and the movement got started in america, changing its name to the young people ' s conference. three annual meetings were held : west liberty, ohio, 28 - 30 august 1920 ; sterling, il, 15 - 18 june 1922 ; middlebury, in ( forks church ), 14 - 17 june 1923. general tensions in the church at this time, resulting in the closing of goshen college for the year 1923 - 24 and divisions in a number of congregations in indiana, ohio, ontario, and eastern pennsylvania, led to confusion in the ranks of the leadership of the young people ' s conference, and ultimately to the discontinuance of the annual meetings. the committee in charge for the 1923 conference listed harold s. bender, chairman ; walter e. yoder, secretary ; john l. yoder, treasurer ; payson miller, and vernon smucker. some of the energies of this group were channeled into a biweekly periodical, the christian exponent, established on 4 january 1924, and discontinued on 11 september 1928, edited by vernon smucker. adapted by permission of herald press, harrisonburg, virginia, and waterloo, ontario, from mennonite encyclopedia, vol. 4, p. 1009. all rights reserved. for information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the herald press website. \u00a91996 - 2013 by the global anabaptist men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3909171692901544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3f4a59d-cdd9-4c24-be50-e0c50e26ac19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.718549"}
{"text": "historical newspaper archives search tips newspaper archives last & first name search - using both name search fields returns newspaper articles in which the surname is automatically \" near2 \" the first name. - this means the newspaper archive search engine automatically finds occurrences of the first and last names within two words of each other. - this helps to find occurrences of middle names or initials in the newspaper articles, without having to enter or remember them. - the \" near2 \" search command is not order specific \u2014 meaning your newspaper search will retrieve the person ' s name no matter in what order it is mentioned : the first name then last name or the last name then first name. - this search default is intended to bring you the most occurrences of the name you are searching for in the online newspaper archives. - however, if the person ' s name is popular, like smith, try using some of the available search options such as location, date range, and keyword, in order to narrow your search to the specific smith you are looking for ( see below ). using advanced search in the newspaper archive database - there are two keyword search boxes to narrow your search for newspaper articles : \" include keywords \" box and \" exclude keywords \" box ( see below ). - use the date search box to enter a specific date or date range of the newspaper content you want to search online. using keywords & quotation marks to search newspapers - all the searches for historical newspaper articles are full - text keyword searches against ocr - generated ascii text. - by using the \" include keywords \" box and / or \" exclude keywords \" box, you can narrow or expand your online newspaper article search. - put phrases in quotes like \" john adams \" in the \" include \" keyword box to limit the newspaper article search to that exact name \u2014 versus using the last / first name search that brings back results matching john near2 adams. - if you find too many names in the newspaper archive search results, narrow your search even more by typing names or places you do not want in your search in the \" exclude \" box. using boolean operators to search newspaper archives - use and, or, adjx ( order specific ), nearx ( order non - specific ) and wildcards, such as \"? \" and \" * \" ) broaden or narrow newspaper search queries - by emptying filled - in fields to broaden your search, or filling in empty fields to narrow your search. display newspaper search results in different ways, such as :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42568012771941666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:976f9ed1-1e8b-497d-8e4e-75cdf06aeb95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.722096"}
{"text": "? \" and \" * \" ) broaden or narrow newspaper search queries - by emptying filled - in fields to broaden your search, or filling in empty fields to narrow your search. display newspaper search results in different ways, such as : - best matches ( this is the newspaper search default ) - oldest items ( based on newspaper publication dates ) - newest items ( based on newspaper publication dates ) - once changed, the selection will remain the default until you change it again. search newspapers by date range - if you know the date of the newspaper content you are seeking, then use the \" date \" search box. - enter a specific date or a date range \u2014 a variety of date formats are accepted. - examples : june 2, 1804, or 1804 - 1849, or june 1804 - august 1949. using colonial english variant spellings to search old newspapers - many of the newspapers in the historical newspaper archives are very old, and the searches must deal with colonial english. - the long \" s \" character was almost identical to the \" f \" in many texts. - when searching old newspaper articles on words containing the letter \" s, \" use the \"? \" wildcard in place of the \" s. \" - note : this can occur whether it is the first letter, a letter within a word, or at the end of a word. - the double \" s \" is in words like massachusetts needs to be replaced with two wildcards in historical newspaper searches. examples of searching for old newspaper articles with colonial english | modern spelling | | colonial spellings | | suggested search | - in addition, type was set by hand for early american newspapers and printers did not always have enough pieces of type to include all of the letters in a word. this resulted in letters being omitted, or sometimes letters that looked similar were used as substitutions. - much of this historic newspaper material did not use standard spellings. - examples of some conventions that were common in old newspapers : - use of name variants - smith or smythe - use of \" e \" in word endings - chesapeake or chesapeak - dropping the letter \" h \" - philadelphia or philadelpia - examples of irregular vowel usage : - clerk - cleark - color - colour - delaware - deleware - elijah - elifha - israel - ifreal - ifral - jehovah - javovah - examples of letter e to word endings - brown - browne - chesapeake - chefopeak or chefopeake - clark - clarke - highways - highwayes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4438902744016301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:976f9ed1-1e8b-497d-8e4e-75cdf06aeb95>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.722984"}
{"text": "a genome - wide association study appearing in plos genetics that involved thousands of individuals of european ancestry identified five genetic loci that appear to be associated with facial features. among them : variants in and around genes implicated in prior studies of conditions that are characterized by face and / or skull malformations. the researchers behind the study, members of the international visible trait genetics, or visigen, consortium, argue that the new findings could contribute to what ' s known about facial evolution and development in humans, while at once laying the foundation for forensic tools for predicting facial features based on dna alone. for more on this study, see this story from our sister publication genomeweb daily news. investigators from the cleveland clinic and elsewhere used post - mortem brain samples to look at the epigenetic and transcriptional profiles associated with autism spectrum disorder. as they reported in plos one, the researchers relied on arrays and bisulfite sequencing to assess genome - wide gene expression and dna methylation profiles in two brain regions \u2014 the cerebellar hemisphere cortex and the brodmann area 19 occipital cortex \u2014 in samples from nine males with idiopathic cases of autism spectrum disorder and nine unaffected male controls in the same age range. overall brain expression patterns varied from one individual with asd to the next. but the team did uncover some shared features within the asd samples, including lower - than - usual expression of genes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and protein production pathways in the brain samples from individuals with autism and shifts in the expression of certain brain - related genes. a plos pathogens study of dengue virus by french researchers explores the basis for the pronounced conservation that ' s been noted in nucleotides found at the ends of the virus ' rna - based genome. using chemical synthesis experiments, assays, and other analyses, the group determined that the virus, a representative of the flavivirus genus, relies on an rna end - repair process that involves the rna - dependent rna polymerase produced by a dengue virus gene called ns5. \" our findings provide a direct demonstration of the implication of a viral rna polymerase in the conservation and repair of genome ends, \" the study ' s authors wrote. \" other polymerases from other rna virus families are likely to employ similar mechanisms. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5377928897119835, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e52c0e3f-4d18-4b99-91e5-6894e85b12b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.725087"}
{"text": "killing emacs means ending the execution of the emacs process. if you started emacs from a terminal, the parent process normally resumes control. the low - level primitive for killing emacs is this command calls the hook kill - emacs - hook, then exits the emacs process and kills it. if exit - data is an integer, that is used as the exit status of the emacs process. ( this is useful primarily in batch operation ; see batch mode. ) if exit - data is a string, its contents are stuffed into the terminal input buffer so that the shell ( or whatever program next reads input ) can read them. kill - emacs function is normally called via the higher - level command c - x c - c save - buffers - kill - terminal ). see exiting. it is also called automatically if emacs receives a sighup operating system signal ( e. g., when the controlling terminal is disconnected ), or if it receives a sigint signal while running in batch mode ( see batch mode ). this normal hook is run by kill - emacs, before it kills emacs. kill - emacscan be called in situations where user interaction is impossible ( e. g., when the terminal is disconnected ), functions on this hook should not attempt to interact with the user. if you want to interact with the user when emacs is shutting down, use kill - emacs - query - functions, described below. when emacs is killed, all the information in the emacs process, aside from files that have been saved, is lost. because killing emacs inadvertently can lose a lot of work, the save - buffers - kill - terminal command queries for confirmation if you have buffers that need saving or subprocesses that are running. it also runs the abnormal hook save - buffers - kill - terminalis killing emacs, it calls the functions in this hook, after asking the standard questions and before calling kill - emacs. the functions are called in order of appearance, with no arguments. each function can ask for additional confirmation from the user. if any of them returns save - buffers - kill - emacsdoes not kill emacs, and does not run the remaining functions in this hook. calling kill - emacsdirectly does not run this hook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43374703389984104, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af93ad35-c5de-4297-a667-afc7347bbc6c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.728215"}
{"text": "us 4884575 a a cardiac pacemaker pulse generator is adapted to. generate electrical stimuli at a first pacing rate, and to selectively increase the rate to a second higher pacing rate. a timer triggers the rate increase to establish the higher rate as an exercise rate folloing the passage of a preset period of time after the timer is enabled. an external magnet controlled by the patient activates a reed switch to enable the timer to commence timing. the pulse generator is further adapted to respond to a second pass of the magnet over the reed switch after enabling of the timer to thereupon disable the timer before the preset period of time has expired. if the second pass of the magnet occurs after the exercise rate has begun, the element for increasing the rate is disabled to return the pulse generator to the lower pacing rate. the change in pacing rates is made in steps. 1. in combination with an implantable cardiac pacemaker for delivering electrical stimuli to the heart of a patient to pace the heart rate, said pacemaker comprising : pulse generator means for selectively producing said electrical stimuli at a fixed resting rate and at a higher exercise rate, lead means associated with said pulse generator for delivering said stimuli to a selected chamber of the heart, and timer means for stepping - up said pulse generator means from said resting rate to said exercise rate after an adjustable preset delay following activation of said timer means, said preset delay being of a duration perceptible by the patient ; and external control means for patient initiation of a first command to said pacemaker to activate said timer means. 2. in combination with an implantable cardiac pacemaker for delivering electrical stimuli to the heart of a patient to pace the heart rate, said pacemaker comprising : pulse generator means for selectively producing said electrical stimuli at a fixed resting rate and a higher exercise rate, lead means associated with said pulse generator for delivering said stimuli to a selected chamber of the heart, and delay means for stepping - up said pulse generator means from said resting rate to said exercise rate after an adjustable preset delay following activation of said delay means, means associated with said pulse generator means and said delay means for maintaining said exercise rate for a predetermined time interval following said preset delay and then returning said pulse generator means to said resting rate ; and an external control means for patient - initiation of a command to said pacemaker to activate said delay means. 3. the combination according to claim 2, wherein said delay means is responsive to a second command initiated by the patient from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5284527651254038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.744014"}
{"text": "said resting rate ; and an external control means for patient - initiation of a command to said pacemaker to activate said delay means. 3. the combination according to claim 2, wherein said delay means is responsive to a second command initiated by the patient from said external control means at any time after receipt of the first said command and before the expiration of said predetermined time interval, to cancel the activation of said delay means. 4. the combination according to claim 3, wherein the stepping up and returning of said rates at which said stimuli are produced by said pulse generator means is effected gradually. 5. an implantable pulse generator unit for a cardiac pacemaker for use with an external magnet to permit patient - initiated adjustment of pacing rate from a resting rate to an exercise rate and vice versa, said unit comprising : generator means for generating electrical stimuli at said resting rate, control means associated with said generator means responsive, when enabled, for controllably increasing the rate at which electrical stimuli are generated from said generator means from said resting rate to said exercise rate, and timer means responsive to positioning of said external magnet in proximity to said pulse generator unit for enabling said control means an adjustable preset delay period after said positioning, said preset delay period being of a duration perceptible to the patient. 6. an implantable pulse generator unit for a cardiac pacemaker for use with an external magnet to permit patient - initiated adjustment of pacing rate from a resting rate to an exercise rate and vice versa, said unit comprising : generator means for generating electrical stimuli at said resting rate, control means associated with said generator means responsive, when enabled, for controllably increasing the rate at which electrical stimuli are generated by said generator means from said resting rate to said exercise rate, said control means including timing means for maintaining the rate at which electrical stimuli are generated by said generator means at said exercise rate for a predetermined time interval ; and delay means responsive to positioning of said external magnet in proximity to said pulse generator unit for enabling said control means an adjustable preset delay period thereafter. 7. the pulse generator unit of claim 6, wherein said control means automatically returns said generator means to said resting rate following the expiration of said predetermined time interval. 8. the pulse generator unit of claim 7, wherein said control means gradually increases the rate at which electrical stimuli are generated by said generator means from said resting rate to said exercise rate, and gradually returns said generator means to said resting rate following the expiration of said predetermined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.531120631174009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.744917"}
{"text": "claim 7, wherein said control means gradually increases the rate at which electrical stimuli are generated by said generator means from said resting rate to said exercise rate, and gradually returns said generator means to said resting rate following the expiration of said predetermined time interval. 9. the pulse generator unit of claim 6, wherein said delay means is responsive to a repositioning of said external magnet in proximity to said pulse generator unit after said control means has been enabled, for disabling said control means. 10. a cardiac pacemaker pulse generator for generating electrical stimuli to be delivered to the heart of a patient to pace the heart rate, said generator comprising : means for generating said electrical stimuli at a first pacing rate, means electrically connected to said stimuli generating means for selectively increasing the rate at which said stimuli are generated to a second higher pacing rate, timing means for triggering said rate increasing means to increase said first pacing rate to a second higher pacing rate upon passage of an adjustable preselected period of time after said timing means is enabled, said preselected period of time being of a duration perceptible by the patient, means responsive to a command signal from a patient - activated external device for enabling said timing means to commence timing. 11. the pulse generator according to claim 10, wherein said enabling means is further responsive to a second command signal after said timing means is enabled, to disable said timing means prior to passage of said preselected period of time. 12. the pulse generator according to claim 10, further including means responsive to a second command signal while said stimuli are being generated at said second higher pacing rate, for disabling said rate increasing means and thereby returning the rate at which said stimuli are generated by said stimuli generating means to said first pacing rate. 13. the pulse generator according to claim 12, wherein said rate increasing means is responsive, when disabled, to decrementally reduce the rate at which said stimuli are generated by said stimuli generating means. 14. the pulse generator according to claim 10, wherein said rate increasing means is responsive to said timing means reaching preset time intervals toward passage of said preselected period of time, for incrementally increasing the rate at which said stimuli are generated by said stimuli generating means in steps as each preset time interval is reached. 15. the method of pacing a pacemaker patient ' s heart rate using a magnet - controlled implantable pulse generator to adjust the stimulation rate from a resting rate to an exercise rate and vice versa, comprising", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5240262606057411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.745814"}
{"text": "as each preset time interval is reached. 15. the method of pacing a pacemaker patient ' s heart rate using a magnet - controlled implantable pulse generator to adjust the stimulation rate from a resting rate to an exercise rate and vice versa, comprising the steps of maintaining the stimulation rate of said pulse generator at said resting rate, initiating a command signal to reset the stimulation rate of said pulse generator to said exercise rate after an adjustable programmed delay period following said command signal, and returning the stimulation rate of said pulse generator to said resting rate in increments following a predetermined interval of time at said exercise rate. the present invention relates generally to medical devices, and more particularly to implantable artificial cardiac pacemakers adapted to provide patient - variable stimulation rates appropriate to a condition of exercise by the patient. the resting heart rate of sinus rhythm, that is, the rate determined by the spontaneously rhythmic electrophysiologic property of the heart ' s natural pacemaker, the sinus node, is typically in the range from about 65 to about 85 beats per minute ( bpm ) for adults. disruption of the natural cardiac pacing and propagation system may occur with advanced age and / or cardiac disease, and is often treated by implanting an artificial cardiac pacemaker in the patient to restore and maintain the resting heart rate to the proper range. in its simplest form, an implantable pacemaker for treatment of bradycardia ( abnormally low resting rate, typically below 60 beats per minute ( bpm ) ) includes an electrical pulse generator powered by a self - contained battery pack, and a catheter lead including at the distal end a stimulating cathodic electrode electrically coupled to the pulse generator. the lead is implanted intravenously to position the cathodic electrode in stimulating relation to excitable myocardial tissue in the selected chamber on the right side of the patient ' s heart. the pulse generator unit is surgically implanted in a subcutaneous pouch in the patient ' s chest, and has an integral electrical connector to receive a mating connector at the proximal end of the lead. in operation of the pacemaker, the electrical pulses are delivered ( typically, on demand ) via the lead / electrode system, including an anodic electrode such as a ring behind the tip for bipolar stimulation or a portion of the pulse generator case for unipolar stimulation, and the body tissue and fluid, to stimulate the excitable myocardial tissue. pacemakers may operate in different response modes, such as asynch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.52157333019217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.746679"}
{"text": "tip for bipolar stimulation or a portion of the pulse generator case for unipolar stimulation, and the body tissue and fluid, to stimulate the excitable myocardial tissue. pacemakers may operate in different response modes, such as asynchronous ( fixed rate ), inhibited ( stimulus generated in absence of specified cardiac activity ), or triggered ( stimulus delivered in presence of specified cardiac activity ). further, present - day pacers range from the simple fixed rate device that offers pacing with no sensing ( of cardiac activity ) function, to fully automatic dual chamber pacing and sensing functions ( so - called ddd pacemakers ) which may provide a degree of physiologic pacing by at least a slight adjustment of heart rate according to varying metabolic conditions in a manner akin to the natural pacing of the heart. thus, some ddd pacemaker patients experience an increased pacing rate with physical exertion, with concomitantly higher cardiac output, and thereby, an ability to handle low levels of exercise. unfortunately, a significant percentage of the pacemaker patient population, who suffer from atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation or sick - sinus syndrome, for example, cannot obtain the benefit of exercise - responsive pacing with conventional atrial - triggered pacemakers. moreover, the ddd - type pacemakers are complex and costly to manufacture, which is reflected in a higher price to the patient. it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a relatively simple and inexpensive pacemaker which provides pacing at a desired resting rate, and which is subject to limited control by the patient to provide a desired exercise rate for a preset period of time following which the pacemaker returns to the resting rate. various types of rate responsive pacemakers have been proposed which would sense a physiological parameter that varies as a consequence of physical stress, such as respiration, blood oxygen saturation or blood temperature, or merely detect physical movement, and correspondingly adjust the pacing rate. many of these rate responsive pacemakers may also be relatively complex, and therefore expensive to the patient. the present invention is directed toward a low cost pacemaker which can be adjusted at will by the patient, subject to the limited amount of control programmed into the device by the physician for that patient. according to the invention, patient control is manifested by bringing an external magnet into proximity with an implanted reed switch associated with the pacemaker. of course, limited magnet control has been afforded to the patient in the past for some purposes, such as to enable transtelephon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5488516140533415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.747581"}
{"text": "patient control is manifested by bringing an external magnet into proximity with an implanted reed switch associated with the pacemaker. of course, limited magnet control has been afforded to the patient in the past for some purposes, such as to enable transtelephonic monitoring of the pacemaker functions. also, techniques are presently available which permit external adjustment of the stimulation rate of the pacemaker after implantation, as by means of a programming unit available to the physician. for obvious reasons, it is undesirable to give the patient the same latitude to control his pacemaker. in u. s. pat. no. 3, 623, 486, berkovits disclosed a pacemaker adapted to operate at either of two stimulation rates, and switchable from one to the other by the physician using an external magnet. in this manner, the physician would be able to control the pacer mode and rate according to the needs of the particular patient. the purpose, in part, was to provide a pacemaker which had some adaptability to the patient ' s requirements. however, once set by the physician, the selected resting rate was maintained for that patient by the implanted pacer. another technique for external adjustment of pacing rate by the physician is found in the disclosures of u. s. pat. no. 3, 198. 195 to chardack, and u. s. pat. no. 3, 738, 369 to adams et al. in each, rate control is exercised by inserting a needle through a pacemaker aperture beneath the patient ' s skin to adjust a mechanism. in the adams et al. disclosure, the needle is used to change the position of a magnet within the paper to actuate a rate - controlling reed switch. in u. s. pat. no. 3, 766, 928, goldberg et al. describe an arrangement for continuous adjustment of rate by a physician using an external magnet that cooperates with a magnet attached to the shaft of a rate potentiometer in the implanted pacemaker, to provide the initial setting of pacing rate desirable for the particular patient. more recent proposals offer the patient limited control over the pacing rate. in u. s. pat. no. 4, 365, 633, loughman et al. disclose a pacemaker programmer which is conditioned by the physician to give the patient the capability to select any of three distinct rates : for sleep, for an awake resting state, and for exercise. the programmer generates a pulsating electromagnetic field,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5115896834306997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.748425"}
{"text": "al. disclose a pacemaker programmer which is conditioned by the physician to give the patient the capability to select any of three distinct rates : for sleep, for an awake resting state, and for exercise. the programmer generates a pulsating electromagnetic field, and allows the patient to select any of those three modes with an abrupt change in rate when the coil pod of the programmer is positioned over the implanted pacemaker. it is, of course, necessary to have the programmer at hand in order to change the stimulation rate, and the use of the device in public can be a source of extreme embarassment to the patient. in u. s. pat. no. 4, 545, 380, schroeppel describes a technique for manual adjustment of rate control contrasted with the activity sensing, automatic rate control disclosed by dahl in u. s. pat. no. 4, 140, 132. according to the schroeppel patent, a piezoelectric sensor and associated circuitry are combined with the implanted pulse generator of the pacemaker to allow the patient to change from a resting rate to a higher rate by sharp taps on his chest near the site of the piezoelectric sensor. such an arrangement requires that the sensor be sufficiently sensitive to respond to the patient ' s sharp taps, and yet be insensitive to the everyday occurrences the patient encounters while undergoing normal activities and which could otherwise result in false triggerings. these include presence in the vicinity of loud noise such as is generated by street traffic, being jostled in a crowd, experiencing bumps and vibrations while riding in a vehicle, and the like. further, even when controlled in the manner described, this type of switching results in an abrupt, non - physiological change of rate. accordingly, it is another object of the present invention to provide a pacemaker which is capable of being controlled externally by the patient to assume exercise and non - exercise rate modes, in a manner that allows discreet and yet reliable control. yet another object of the invention is to provide a cardiac pacemaker whose stimulation rate is controllable by and according to a schedule selected by the patient. briefly, according to the present invention a cardiac pacemaker is manually controllable by the patient to preset time intervals of operation at a relatively high ( exercise ) rate and lower ( resting ) rate according to the patient ' s own predetermined schedule of exercise and rest. an important aspect of the invention is that the pulse generator may be implemented to undergo an adjustment of stimulation rate from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5789424647099601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.749313"}
{"text": "high ( exercise ) rate and lower ( resting ) rate according to the patient ' s own predetermined schedule of exercise and rest. an important aspect of the invention is that the pulse generator may be implemented to undergo an adjustment of stimulation rate from a fixed resting rate of, say, 75 bpm, to a preselected exercise rate of, say, 120 bpm, following a predetermined period of time after activation by the patient using an external magnet, that is, after a predetermined delay following a patient - initiated command signal, and to remain at the higher rate for a preselected time interval. thus, the patient may effectively \" set a clock \" in his pacemaker to elevate his heart rate at the time and for the duration of a scheduled exercise session, such as a game of tennis. moreover, he may activate the pacemaker in this manner in the privacy of his own home well in advance of the exercise session. according to another aspect of the invention, the pulse generator is implemented to return automatically to the resting rate at the expiration of the preselected exercise rate time interval. hence, the patient need not carry his magnet with him to readjust the pacer to the resting rate at the completion of the scheduled exercise session. according to this aspect, after operating at the elevated stimulation rate for a time interval preselected to be suitable for the exercise session, say, one hour, the generator resets itself to return to the initial resting rate. according to another feature of the invention, the rate is incremented and decremented in steps from one rate setting to the other to avoid abrupt changes, and therefore to provide a more physiological rate control than has heretofore been available in manually controlled pacemakers. a further feature of the invention is that the pulse generator may be activated to disable the exercise rate command at any time after it has been given, including that to produce an early conclusion to an already - commenced exercise session. for example, if a scheduled tennis game or bicycling run is called off by the patient ' s partner after the patient has programmed in the higher rate, he need merely apply the magnet in proximity to the implanted pulse generator again to cancel the previous command and maintain the fixed resting rate. similarly, if the exercise session is shortened, the rate may be returned to the resting rate by simply applying the magnet over the pulse generator. the above and still further objects, aspects, features and attendant advantages of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5458492699288835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.750188"}
{"text": "command and maintain the fixed resting rate. similarly, if the exercise session is shortened, the rate may be returned to the resting rate by simply applying the magnet over the pulse generator. the above and still further objects, aspects, features and attendant advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the field to which the invention applies from a consideration of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which : fig. 1 is a block circuit diagram of a pulse generator unit of a cardiac pacemaker according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. referring now to fig. 1, an implantable pulse generator unit 10 includes a pulse generator 12 and batteries 15 housed in a biocompatible metal case 17. pulse generator 12 is implemented to be rate limited to generate output pulses at rates up to either of two low / high limit rates - - for example, 75 pulses per minute ( ppm ) and 120 ppm, respectively - - and to be incremented from the lower rate to the higher rate and decremented from the higher rate to the lower rate under the control of an up / down counter 18 associated with the pulse generator 12 in unit 10. counter 18 may be set by application of a voltage level to its \" up \" input to commence counting toward the higher rate, and thereby to incrementally step the pulse repetition frequency up to that rate, and may be reset by application of a voltage level to its \" down \" input to commence counting toward the lower rate, and thereby decrementally step the pulse repetition frequency down to that rate. this is accomplished under the control of set and reset output voltage levels generated by a flip - flop circuit 21 also housed in case 17. the pulse generator unit 10 also includes a reed switch 25 which is actuable by placement of a magnet 27, external to the skin of the patient in whom the unit 10 is implanted, in proximity to case 17. reed switch 25, when actuated, serves to enable a delay timer 29 in unit 10. the delay timer responds to the enabling input to commence timing of its preset time delay interval. at the end of the delay interval, delay timer 29 produces a pulse for application to the flip - flop 21. subsequent actuation of the reed switch before the timer 29 has timed out serves to disable the timer and reset it in preparation for a subsequent enabling signal from the reed switch. if timer 29 has already timed out before the reed switch is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5640990587072021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.751094"}
{"text": "flop 21. subsequent actuation of the reed switch before the timer 29 has timed out serves to disable the timer and reset it in preparation for a subsequent enabling signal from the reed switch. if timer 29 has already timed out before the reed switch is again actuated, the timer will respond to the disabling input, when the reed switch is actuated, to produce another pulse for application to the flip - flop 21. the flip - flop is thereupon reset and produces its reset output voltage level. the set and reset output voltage levels of flip - flop 21 are also applied respectively to \" set \" and \" reset \" inputs of an interval timer 30. upon being set, the interval timer commences timing out a predetermined time interval, and, at the expiration of that interval, generates a pulse for application to flip - flop 21. upon being reset, the interval timer 30 is returned to the start of the predetermined time interval in preparation for initiating the timing of that interval on receipt at its \" set \" input of the next set output voltage level from the flip - flop. the preset time period of delay timer 29 and the predetermined time interval of interval timer 30 are programmable by the physician according to the desires and needs of the particular patient. if, for example, the patient has a regularly scheduled early morning brisk walking session of one hour with friends, and resides near the starting point of the walk, the time period of the delay timer 29 may be programmed to be fifteen minutes. the time interval of the interval timer 30 is programmed to be one hour in length. in operation, the pulse generator produces output pulses at the resting rate prescribed ( and programmed ) by the physician for the particular patient - - in this exemplary embodiment, a resting rate of 75 bpm. the pulses are delivered to the stimulating cathodic electrode 35 in the right ventricle of the heart 40 via a lead 42, the reference electrode ( anode ) and the body tissue and fluids, according to the mode in which the pacemaker is designed to operate. in the preferred embodiment, the pacemaker continues to operate at that rate unless and until the patient elects to initiate the exercise rate cycle. to do so, the patient places the magnet 27 in proximity to the implanted pulse generator unit 10 at about fifteen minutes prior to the appointed time for the exercise session, as a command to actuate reed switch 25. the patient may then choose to leave the magnet at home or take it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5303132145331444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.751991"}
{"text": "magnet 27 in proximity to the implanted pulse generator unit 10 at about fifteen minutes prior to the appointed time for the exercise session, as a command to actuate reed switch 25. the patient may then choose to leave the magnet at home or take it along in the glove compartment of his car, since actuation of the reed switch has enabled the delay timer 29 and nothing more need be done by the patient to enable the pacemaker to commence the exercise rate at the expiration of the preset delay period. before the end of that period the patient has arrived at the starting point for the exercise session, and at the end of the delay period, the delay timer applies a pulse to flip - flop 21 which responds by generating a set output voltage level. the set voltage is applied to both the \" up \" input of counter 18 and the \" set \" input of interval timer 30. accordingly, the counter commences its count, preferably at a relatively slow rate of, say, ten counts per minute, and correspondingly incrementally steps the pulse generator 12 output rate up to the upper rate limit of 120 ppm, and thereby gradually increases the patient ' s heart rate from 75 bpm to 120 bpm as the patient commences to exercise. hence, the patient ' s heart rate and cardiac output are now at levels adequate for the patient to carry out the exercise session. the pulse generator continues to supply pulses at the upper rate limit until interval timer 30, which commenced its predetermined time interval with the application of the set input voltage, times out, whereupon the interval timer produces an output pulse which is applied to flip - flop 21 to reset the latter. the flip - flop responds by providing a reset output voltage level for application to the \" down \" input of counter 18 and the \" reset \" input of the interval timer. accordingly, the counter decrementally steps the pulse repetition frequency of the pulse generator down, preferably at the ten pulses per minute rate, to the lower rate limit of 75 ppm corresponding to a heart rate of 75 bpm. in this manner, the patient ' s heart rate is reduced gradually from the exercise rate to the resting rate at a time commensurate with the end of the exercise session. also, the resetting of the interval timer by the set output voltage level of the flip - flop assures that the timer is ready to commence timing its predetermined interval on receipt of the next \" set \" input. in the event that the exercise session is called off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5356598744966387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.752903"}
{"text": "the interval timer by the set output voltage level of the flip - flop assures that the timer is ready to commence timing its predetermined interval on receipt of the next \" set \" input. in the event that the exercise session is called off at any time after the delay timer 29 has been enabled and before the interval timer has timed out, the patient need merely place the magnet 27 once again in proximity to the implanted pulse generator unit. if the delay timer has not yet timed out, it is disabled by the actuation of the reed switch, and hence, flip - flop 21 remains reset, interval timer 30 remains reset, counter 18 is at its low count, and pulse generator 12 is at its lower rate limit. if the delay timer has timed out, it produces an output pulse in reponse to the disabling input from the reed switch, thereby resetting the flip - flop, resetting the interval timer, returning counter 18 toward its low count and pulse generator 12 toward its lower rate limit. to that end, delay timer 29 is provided with an internal clock such that, once enabled to time out the delay interval, it cannot be again enabled to do so until the passage of a preselected time interval, which is one hour and fifteen minutes in the present example, unless it has first been disabled during that overall interval. of course, to cancel the exercise rate, the patient must have the magnet available to issue the second command but, as previously noted, once the delay timer is enabled through actuation of the reed switch the magnet may be kept in a convenient location, such as the glove compartment of the patient ' s car, to allow cancellation of the exercise rate in private. although a presently preferred embodiment has been described herein, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that variations and modifications of the preferred embodiment may be carried out without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. accordingly, it is intended that the present invention shall be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims and the applicable rules of law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5741779626094383, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4bc0780-21b4-4fac-b167-2758ef4d0cbb>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.753695"}
{"text": "us 5459828 a a method of producing a raster font from a contour font entailing the steps of deriving font metrics and character metrics of font characters in terms of arbitrary font units ; scaling the font characters to a selected size and output resolution ( pixels per unit length ) ; altering the thickness of vertical and horizontal strokes of each character to a desired thickness, from the measured font metrics and character metrics, and including a difference applied to the thickness of the strokes by the printer process, to cause the strokes to be close to an integer number of pixels and thickness and to compensate for thinning and thickening which the printing engine might produce ; bringing the leading and trailing edges of the characters to integer pixel locations, where such locations are based on and scaling the character between the leading and trailing edges proportionally therebetween, and producing a rasterized font from the altered contour font character. 1. a printer processor implemented method for producing a raster font from a contour font defined by a list of points connected by curves, said raster font suitable for printing on a selected printer having known reproduction characteristics, including the steps of : a ) deriving for a contour font a set of font metrics and character metrics of a character in the font defined in terms of arbitrary font units ; b ) scaling a character contour defined in arbitrary font units to a selected size in units of pixels ; c ) altering thickness of character strokes by adjusting vertical and horizontal coordinates of each point defining the character contour in directions defined by a vector normal to the character contour at each point, by an amount required to obtain a desired thickness from the measured font metrics and character metrics, and an amount required to add to difference thickness thereto in accordance with the selected printer reproduction characteristics, said alteration amounts together causing the vertical and horizontal strokes to be sufficiently close to an integer number of pixels or half pixels so as to cause subsequent numerical rounding to produce uniform results across the font ; d ) grid aligning the contour of each character so that leading and trailing edges, and top and bottom edges of the contour of each character fall on whole or half pixel positions ; and e ) applying a rasterization function to the contour to convert each contour font character to a bitmap. 2. the method as defined in claim 1 wherein in said grid alignment step, after aligning said leading and top edges of said contours of each character on a whole pixel position, the length of any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5400391198353609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cf8f2cc-bc5c-42e1-a62b-bddf45ac1cba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.772040"}
{"text": "font character to a bitmap. 2. the method as defined in claim 1 wherein in said grid alignment step, after aligning said leading and top edges of said contours of each character on a whole pixel position, the length of any lines joining leading and trailing edges, and lines joining top and bottom edges, are rounded to an integer number of whole or half pixels, and the trailing edge and bottom edges are aligned at whole pixel positions. 3. in a printing system for printing on a selected printer having reproduction characteristics known and available as contour font correction data, wherein a font to be printed has a set of predefined font metrics and character metrics for each character in the font defined in terms of arbitrary font units, the method of preparing a contour font defined by a list of points connected by curves, for printing on the selected printer including the ordered steps of : a ) scaling each character in the contour font to a selected print resolution in pixels per unit length ; b ) altering thickness of character strokes by adjusting vertical and horizontal coordinates of each point defining the contour of each character to a desired thickness in directions defined by a vector, normal to the character contour at each point, by an amount required to obtain a desired thickness from the measured font metrics and character metrics, and an amount required to add a difference thickness thereto in accordance with the contour font correction data for a particular printer, to cause the vertical and horizontal stroke thickness to approximate an integer number of pixels so as to cause subsequent numerical rounding to produce uniform results across the font ; c ) grid aligning the contour of each character so that leading and trailing edges, and top and bottom edges of the contour of each character fall on whole pixel positions ; and d ) applying a rasterization function to the contour convert each contour font character to a bitmap. 4. the method as defined in claim 3 wherein in said grid alignment step, after aligning said leading and top edges of said contours of each character on a whole pixel position, the length of any lines joining leading and trailing edges, and lines joining top and bottom edges, are rounded to an integer number of pixels or half pixels, and the trailing edge and bottom edges are aligned at whole pixel positions. a microfiche appendix, having 5 fiche and 398 frames, is included herewith. the present invention relates generally to the production of raster fonts from contour fonts, and more particularly, to a method of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5630564773659748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cf8f2cc-bc5c-42e1-a62b-bddf45ac1cba>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.773503"}
{"text": "pixel positions. a microfiche appendix, having 5 fiche and 398 frames, is included herewith. the present invention relates generally to the production of raster fonts from contour fonts, and more particularly, to a method of producing raster fonts from contour fonts taking into account characteristics of the contour font and the printer system which will ultimately print the font. a portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. the copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the patent and trademark office files or records, but otherwise reserves all rights whatsoever. cross reference is made to u. s. patent application ser. no. 07 / 416, 211 by s. marshall, entitled \" rapid halfbitting stepper \", and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. u. s. pat. no. 4, 675, 830 to hawkins is incorporated herein by reference for the purposes of background information on contour fonts. u. s. patent application ser. no. 07 / 416, 211 by s. marshall, entitled \" rapid halfbitting stepper \", and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, is incorporated by reference herein for the purposes of teaching rasterization. \" contour fonts \" is a term that refers to the use of outlines or contours to describe the shapes of characters used in electronic printing. in a contour font, each character shape is represented by one or more closed curves or paths that traces the boundary of the character. the contour is specified by a series of mathematical equations, which may be in any of several forms, the most common being circular arcs, straight lines, and polynomial expressions. the shape of the contour font is that of the ideal design of the character and, generally, does not depend on parameters associated with any printer. contour fonts are ideal for use as master representations of typefaces. bitmap fonts or raster fonts are composed of the actual characters images that will be printed on a page, and are made by scaling contours to the appropriate size, quantizing or sampling them at the resolution of the printer, and filling the interiors of the characters with black bits or pixels. achieving high quality in this process is difficult, except at very high resolutions, and requires knowledge of both the marking technology and typo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5480914098103083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cf8f2cc-bc5c-42e1-a62b-bddf45ac1cba>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.774466"}
{"text": "the invention, there is provided a method for conversion of contour fonts to bitmap fonts with automatic thickening and thinning of strokes, and snapping of character edges to pixel or half pixel boundaries. in accordance with the invention, there is provided a method of producing a raster font from a contour font entailing the steps of : first, deriving font metrics and character metrics of font characters in terms of arbitrary font units ; scaling the font characters to a selected size and output resolution ( pixels per unit length ) ; altering the thickness of vertical and horizontal strokes of each character to a desired thickness, from the measured font metrics and character metrics, and including a difference applied to the thickness of the strokes by the printer process, to cause the strokes to be close to an integer number of pixels and thickness and to compensate for thing and thickening which the printing engine might produce ; bringing the leading and trailing edges of the characters to integer pixel locations, where such locations are based on and scaling the character between the leading and trailing edges proportionally therebetween, and producing a rasterized font from the altered contour font character. these and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following description used to illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which : fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the inventive optimized scaler rasterizer system. figs. 2a - 2e illustrate the development of a raster font from a contour font, using the system described in fig. 1. with reference to the drawing, where the showing is for the purpose of illustrating an embodiment of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting same, the figure shows a block diagram of the present invention which will be referred to and described hereinafter. fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the contour rasterization process of the present invention. beginning with a contour font 10, and with a character \" h \" shown in contour for illustration purposes at fig. 2a the contour font is analyzed initially at hint generation step 20. at the hint generation, the parameters defining the font are determined, including measurement of the following metrics and character hints : table 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ font metric comments _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5552645018350976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cf8f2cc-bc5c-42e1-a62b-bddf45ac1cba>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.776808"}
{"text": "_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ font metric comments _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cap - height height of the h, i or similar letterx - height height of the lower case xascender height of the lower case k, b, or similar letterdescender position of the bottom of the lower case p or qthickness of upper vertical stroke thicknesscase stems on upper case h or kthickness of upper horizontal stroke oncase cross - strokes upper case e or fthickness of lower vertical stroke thicknesscase stems on lower case k or lthickness of lower case horizontal strokecross - strokes thickness on the fthickness of auxiliarycharacter stemsthickness of auxiliarycharacter cross - strokeshairline thickness thickness of the cross bar on the e or the thin part of the o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( see, appendix, page 13, icffontiodefs. mesa ) character hints are generated for each character and include the following : table 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ character metric comments _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ position of all horizontal left sides of strokes areedges and indications of leading edges and rightwhether each edge is a sides or strokes areleading or trailing edge. trailing edges. position of all verticaledges and indication ofwhether each edge is aleading or trailing edge. direction of the normalvector ( perpendicular ) to the contour at eachcontrol point in thecontour, pointingtoward the whiteregion. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at hint generation 20, the font", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5121529724111801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cf8f2cc-bc5c-42e1-a62b-bddf45ac1cba>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.779714"}
{"text": "c ) the contour font is converted from arbitrary contour font units, which are supplied by the provider of the font, to a particular size, expressed in units of pixels. typically, contour font units are provided in terms of the contour itself, i. e., the height or size of the contour font is one ( 1 ). that is, lengths of characters are placed in terms of the size of the font character itself. these values must be transformed into pixel unit values, or whatever other value is required, e. g. the scaled font may be 30 pixels tall. additionally, it is at this point that the contour font is rotated for either landscape or portrait mode printing, as required. rotation and scaling is accomplished in accordance with a previously determined transformation matrix equation 35, which mathematically determines the conversion of the contour font from font measurements to pixel values at a selected orientation which can be used by the printer. the transformed character h is shown at fig. 2b. subsequent to transformation step 30, at thickening or thinning step 40, font characters are thickened or thinned based on requirements of the transformation, and requirements of the printing process. the character contour is adjusted to make the strokes thicker or thinner to compensate for the xerographic or other marking process to follow. there are three components of the thickening or thinning value. the first compensates for xerographic or other imaging effects. that is, if for example, the marking technology will thin strokes by half a pixel, then strokes are thickened by half a pixel in this step. the amount of thickening or thinning specified in the printer profile 50 separately for x and y directions, and is created at the manufacturer of the printer, and inserted at the printer profile 50. ( see, appendix, page 348, thicken. c ) the second component of thickening, called residual thickening, is applied to insure uniformity of output strokes after the sampling or rasterization step. this amount for horizontal thickening on upper case letters, for example, is equal to the difference between the calculated ideal output vertical stem thickness, which is obtained by scaling the font metric to the proper size, and the result of rounding that thickness off to the actual pixel width which will be obtained after rasterization. this rounding is performed to the nearest whole pixel if half bitting is not enabled and to the nearest half pixel, if half bitting is enabled. there are separate values for horizontal or vertical directions and for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47647534742131187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cf8f2cc-bc5c-42e1-a62b-bddf45ac1cba>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.788570"}
{"text": "which will be obtained after rasterization. this rounding is performed to the nearest whole pixel if half bitting is not enabled and to the nearest half pixel, if half bitting is enabled. there are separate values for horizontal or vertical directions and for upper case, lower case and auxiliary characters. the third component of thickening and thinning applies only to very small characters, and prevents drop - outs of fine lines. this amount is equal to the difference between the calculated scaled thickness of the hairlines, after thickening by the font thickening steps, and the minimum stroke thickness specified in the printer profile. when applied, this thickening brings fine lines up to the value of the minimum stroke thickness. the value is zero if the hairline is already greater than the minimum stroke thickness. ( this process, referred to as \" adaptive thickening, \" is not disclosed in the source code in the appendix. ) the actual thickening or thinning applied is equal to the sum of these three components. each component has an independent value in the x and y directions. the direction to move each contour control point is specified by its normal vector. the thickened character h is shown at fig. c. at step 60, the snap function or grid alignment function is applied. the coordinate system of the character is varied in the horizontal direction to move vertical and horizontal edges to positions where pixel boundaries will be after rasterization, i. e., to a whole pixel position. this is to assure uniform stroke thickness in the rasterized character images. the process is to piecewise stretch or shrink the character to force edges to align the pixel boundaries. on the left hand sides of the characters, the left edge of each stroke is moved to the closest pixel boundary, while the right edge of the stroke is moved to the pixel boundary specified by rounding the stroke thickness. this process gives priority to maintaining uniform stroke thickness over absolute stroke position. that is to say, that after the left edge of the character has been moved to a whole pixel position, the thickness of the stroke, or portion of the character, is examined to determine its thickness. the thickness has already been adjusted in the thickness of thinning step, so that it is close to a whole pixel width. accordingly, the right edge of the character is then moved to the nearest whole pixel, based on rounding the thickness of the pixel, as opposed to moving the right hand side to the nearest pixel. on the right hand sides of characters, the rolls of left and right edges of strokes are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5065262667817908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cf8f2cc-bc5c-42e1-a62b-bddf45ac1cba>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.792475"}
{"text": "character is then moved to the nearest whole pixel, based on rounding the thickness of the pixel, as opposed to moving the right hand side to the nearest pixel. on the right hand sides of characters, the rolls of left and right edges of strokes are reversed. right edges of strokes are anchored, while left edges are rounded relatively to corresponding right edges. ( see, appendix, page 355, snap. c ). in one variant of this scheme, the positions of left and right index points or width points, which are those points which determine character spacing and are made to coincide in constructing words, are snapped before the vertical edges. in the vertical direction, snapping is performed to piecewise stretch characters so that positions of baseline, cap - height, x - height, and descender fall on pixel boundaries. baseline and descender position are treated as bottoms of strokes, that is, anchored, while cap - height and x - height are treated as tops of strokes, computed relative to the baseline. all characters are snapped to all of these positions, ensuring uniform character alignment. after these font metric positions are snapped, horizontal edges are snapped in the same manner as vertical edges, with lower edges of strokes anchored and upper edges snapped relative to the lower edges in the lower half of the character and upper edges of strokes anchored and lower edges snapped relative to the upper edges in the upper half of the character. in both horizontal and vertical directions, snapping is performed one edge at a time. that is, the first edge is snapped, stretching the coordinate system of the character slightly on one side of the snapped edge and shrinking it slightly on the other side. the second edge is then snapped, with its pre - snapping position perhaps already modified slightly by the first snap. this sequential snapping helps preserve local character features better than simultaneous snapping of all edges does. when the second edge is snapped, its area of influence on the coordinate grid extends only up to the first snapped edge, which stays in place. this process is then repeated for the remainder of the edges. the snapped character h is shown at fig. 2d. once each character in the adjusted contour font has been placed in the grid and appropriately thickened and thinned, the final step is to sample the adjusted contour on discrete grid. this step 70 can optionally produce half bitted output images, as controlled by the printer profile. light half bitting produces half bitting on curves and diagonals, while heavy half bitting will also produce half bitted vertical and horizontal edges. rasterization in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031270959087871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5cf8f2cc-bc5c-42e1-a62b-bddf45ac1cba>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.798729"}
{"text": "should i be a strict or lenient parent? to be strict or not to be strict, that is the question \u2013 in fact, it \u2019 s the number - one question among child - rearing and education authorities, among teachers and, of course, parents. it \u2019 s doubtful that there is a parent who hasn \u2019 t at one time or another agonized over this. there is a widespread uncertainty on how to be at home ( or how to come across in the classroom ) \u2013 tough or soft, to be a strict disciplinarian or a permissivist. have you noticed, however, that you seldom hear a parent or teacher admit \u201c i am authoritarian \u201d or \u201c i am permissive \u201d? these are terms reserved for those with whom you disagree. the question, whether to be strict or lenient, never ceases to be debated in books and articles, or at conferences and conventions. dr. gordon points out that this question is what social scientists call a \u201c pseudo problem \u201d and how it also is a clear case of \u201c either - or thinking \u201d. let \u2019 s take a look at what he means by that. seldom parents or teachers seem to recognize that it is not necessary to make a choice between these two leadership styles. few adults know it, but there is an alternative to being at either end of the strictness - leniency scale. there is the choice of a third style. this alternative is being neither authoritarian nor permissive, neither strict nor lenient. does that mean being somewhere near the middle of the scale \u2013 moderately strict or moderately lenient? not at all. the alternative is not being on the scale at all! how so? authoritarian leadership \u2013 whether at home or in the classroom \u2013 means that the control is in the hands of the adult leader. it has been researched and proven for decades how ineffective maintaining control through power is. authoritarianism often creates fearful and subservient children and / or rebellion. still, no parent or teacher really wants to suffer the chaotic consequences of unrestricted freedom and lawless permissiveness either. it \u2019 s also true that most children are uncomfortable with the consequences of permissiveness. permissive leadership means that control has been \u201c permitted \u201d to be in the hands of the youngsters. children of permissive parents usually feel guilty about always getting their way. they also feel insecure about being loved, because their inconsiderate behaviors make them feel unlovable. so what is that third viable alternative to both, authoritarian and per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4737717450109813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29c141a3-d91f-45f5-9c19-6ec27952d087>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.802554"}
{"text": "to the profound comprehension of this law of the intellectual generation of ideas, are due the marvels of catholic civilisation. to that wonderful civilisation is due all that we admire and all that we see. its theologians, even considered humanly, put to the blush modern and ancient philosophers ; her doctors excite wonder by the immensity of their science ; its historians by their generalising and comprehensive views, cast those of antiquity into the shade. st augustine \u2019 s \u201c city of god \u201d is, even today, the most profound book of history which genius, illuminated by the rays of catholicity, has presented to the astonished eyes of men. the acts of her councils, leaving aside the divine inspiration, are the most finished monuments of human prudence. the canonical, excel in wisdom the roman, and the feudal, laws. who is before st thomas in science, st augustine in genius, bossuet in majesty, st paul in power? who is greater as a poet than dante? who is equal to shakespeare? who surpasses calderon? who, like raphael, infused life and inspiration into the canvas? place people in sight of the pyramids of egypt, and they will tell you, \u201c here has passed a grand and barbarous civilisation. \u201d place them in sight of the grecian statues and temples, and they will tell you, \u201c here has passed a graceful, ephemeral, and brilliant civilisation. \u201d place them in sight of a roman monument, and they will tell you, \u201c here has passed a great people. \u201d place them in sight of a cathedral, and on beholding such majesty united to such beauty, such grandeur to such taste, such grace to such delicacy, such severe unity to such rich variety, such measure to such boldness, such heaviness in the stones, with such suavity in their outlines, and such wonderful harmony between silence and light, shade and colour, they will tell you, here has passed the greatest people of history, and the most astounding of human civilisations : that people must have taken grandeur from the egyptian, brilliancy from the greek, strength from the roman, and, beyond the strength, the brilliancy, and grandeur, something more valuable than grandeur, strength, and brilliancy \u2014 immortality and perfection. donoso cortes, essays on catholicism, liberalism and socialism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4770544782453739, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e20e376-8397-4c86-8b15-e8c69cceb6bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.805127"}
{"text": "san angelo, texas \u2014 moscow ( ap ) the head of russia ' s space agency said tuesday that cosmic radiation was the most likely cause of the failure of a mars moon probe that crashed to earth this month, and suggested that a low - quality imported component may have been vulnerable to the radiation. vladimir popovkin also said a manned launch to the international space station is being postponed from march 30 because of faults found in the soyuz capsule. the statements underline an array of trouble that has afflicted the country ' s vaunted space program in recent months, including the august crash of a supply ship for the space station and last month ' s crash of a communications satellite. since the end of the u. s. space shuttle program last year, russian craft are the only means to send crew to and from the iss. the unmanned phobos - ground probe was to have gone to the mars moon of phobos, taken soil samples and brought them back. but it became stuck in earth orbit soon after its launch on nov. 9. it fell out of orbit on jan. 15, reportedly off the coast of chile, but no fragments have been found. the failure was a severe embarrassment to russia, and popovkin initially suggested it could have been due to foreign sabotage. but on tuesday he said in televised remarks that an investigation showed the probable cause was \" localized influence of heavily radiated space particles. \" popovkin, speaking in the city of voronezh where the report was presented to deputy prime minister dmitry rogozin, said two units of the phobos - ground probe ' s onboard computer system went into an energy - saving \" restart \" mode, apparently due to the radiation, while the craft was in its second orbital circuit. it was not immediately clear why the units could not be brought out of that mode. popovkin said that some microchips used on the craft were imported and possibly of inadequate quality to resist radiation. he did not specify where the chips were manufactured. yuri koptev, a former space agency head who led the phobos - ground investigation, said 62 percent of the microchips used in the probe were \" industrial \" class, a less - sophisticated level than should be used in space flight. popovkin said the craft ' s builder, moscow - based npo lavochkin, should have taken into account the possibility of radiation interfering with the operation and said lavochkin officials would face punishment for the oversight. popovkin later announced that a march", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4415768636754217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe10118b-a42c-4bff-bcb7-7ab62838ca60>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.809191"}
{"text": "european ports install radiation detectors as u. s. delays just last week, u. s. officials announced that the homeland security department is slowing plans to roll out 1, 400 monitors, each costing nearly $ 400, 000, as part of a $ 1. 2 billion multiyear project. in field tests, the new advanced spectroscopic portal monitors, or asps, \" led to the determination that additional functional capacity is needed to meet the operational standards, \" a department spokeswoman announced. the announcement, which means the machines could take another year to reach u. s. ports, comes after more than a year of sparring between dhs officials and the government accountability office over how effective the technology is as well as testing methods used to evaluate it. the debate over the new equipment has largely played out in congressional hearings. in september, government accountability office officials argued that dhs testing was based on a \" biased \" methodology that allowed vendors an artificial edge during the evaluation of their radiation detectors, an allegation homeland security officials said was off base. officials at the belgian port of antwerp, however, are moving ahead with deployment of the asps for use in secondary screening. \" we ' re in the process of finalizing it now, \" pascal fias, a scientist working at the antwerp port, said last week during an international atomic energy agency - sponsored conference on nuclear trafficking here. in the netherlands, dutch customs officials are already using the asp detectors in secondary deployments and expect to eventually use them as primary scanners, fias said. containers at ports are typically put through a two - phase scanning process. during the first phase, the shipping containers are sent through very sensitive detectors called plastic scintillators. plastic scintillators can detect very low - level radiation emissions but are incapable of identifying the isotope emitting the energy. due to their sensitivity, they can be triggered by innocuous cargo with trace levels of natural radiation like granite, kitty litter or bananas. in one instance a load of blueberries set off belgian alarms. the fruit exhibited trace levels of cesium contamination, a legacy from chernobyl, fias said. if the primary detectors discover the presence of radiation, the shipping container is then sent through a secondary screening where customs officials use hand - held devices to determine the nature of the source. after the latest round of gao criticism of the dhs technology vetting process, homeland security officials suggested the asp detectors would first be deployed in secondary locations and testing would continue before replacing the plastic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4844120794007182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47f581b9-3072-4dea-8a54-ec10d416fd47>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.814695"}
{"text": "- held devices to determine the nature of the source. after the latest round of gao criticism of the dhs technology vetting process, homeland security officials suggested the asp detectors would first be deployed in secondary locations and testing would continue before replacing the plastic scintillators. while belgian port officials have no plans to shift the asp to a primary detection deployment - they say they have the plastic scintillators and might as well use them - the new technology is perfect for secondary screening, they say. \" for the second phase, it makes a lot of sense to use the asp, \" fias told global security newswire, calling the technology currently \" the best on the market. \" without the asp detectors, custom officials must use a small, hand - held scanner to assess the entire shipping container. that is a small scanner and a large box, a combination that has led to complaints from customs officials at the port, fias said. by contrast, the asp scanners are \" basically a very, very big detector that can scan the whole of the container, \" he said. replacing primary scanners with the new technology requires any new device to be at least a sensitive as the plastic scintillators, fias notes, a more challenging bar to meet. the goal with these detector upgrades, both domestically and abroad, is not necessarily increasing the level or radiation detection at ports, but rather smoothing the flow of commerce and making sure current detection regime is not disruptive. u. s. officials have repeatedly said the goal is to lower the number of false alarms at large ports such as los angeles / long beach. that port, the nation ' s busiest, has about 500 radiation alerts a day, and dhs officials suggest the new technology could plunge that number to less than 30. \" we want to have a low economic impact. time is money, certainly in a port, \" fias said of antwerp. \" only 1 in 10, 000 containers are delayed for more than a few hours or days. \" he expects the asps, to be used in conjunction with x - ray scanning, to be rolled out in antwerp by the end of next year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.508746328239624, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47f581b9-3072-4dea-8a54-ec10d416fd47>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.815761"}
{"text": "the pristine waters off kona, hawaii, teem with big game and spawn many exciting fish tales. but this tale is unlike any other, a mystery involving a giant slender fish discovered on the surface minus its head and tail, making it nearly impossible to identify. sea strike capt. dale leverone poses with giant headless mystery fish found recently off kona, hawaii. in below image, first mate jack leverone lies beside the 7 - foot - long denizen. credit : the leverones the case may never be solved because scientists have little to go on besides the photos accompanying this post, and because the fishermen filleted the carcass and tossed it overboard. the only thing that appears certain is that the headless mystery fish belongs to a species that resides at great depth, and is rarely encountered by humans. the best guess, and some might have already ventured this theory, is that this was an oarfish. oarfish are long and slender prehistoric - looking fish believed to have spawned tales of sea serpents among ancient mariners. that \u2019 s what capt. dale leverone of the sea strike, which stumbled upon the 7 - foot - long ribbon - like fish, initially believed. that \u2019 s also what jon schwartz supposed. schwartz, a fishing photographer and friends of the leverone family, spent an entire day last week trying to solve this mystery, and blogged about his detective work. his title : \u201c giant headless mystery fish baffles fishermen and scientists. \u201d but oarfish boast crimson - colored mane - like dorsal fins, tall and prominent near their heads, and the headless fish did not have a detectable dorsal fin. \u201c i thought it was a car bumper, but then i remembered they don \u2019 t float, \u201d first mate jack leverone told schwartz. schwartz contacted jim rizzuto, a veteran fishing writer in hawaii, and rizzuto suggested it could be a hawaiian ridge scabbardfish, which are long and ribbon - like, and extremely rare. but scabbardfish do not get nearly this long, so it was crossed off the list. schwartz plunged into wikipedia and found a species called beltfish, which are long and thin, and a photo of a bunch of them at a fish market in japan. not a probable match. schwartz also contacted two noaa marine biologists, who could not provide a positive id. i decided to probe on my own and contacted perry hampton, vice president of animal husbandry at the aquarium of the pacific in long beach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41433627462864514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e7877da-7287-4cff-a596-b275d5b9e71d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.821798"}
{"text": "not a probable match. schwartz also contacted two noaa marine biologists, who could not provide a positive id. i decided to probe on my own and contacted perry hampton, vice president of animal husbandry at the aquarium of the pacific in long beach, calif. hampton said the photographs \u201c do not show enough detail to make a determination \u201d but added : \u201c despite the apparent lack of red dorsal fin it is hard to come up with any other species other than an oarfish, \u201d based on the size of the specimen. \u201c the most prominent part of an oarfish \u2019 s dorsal fin are the first few spines near the head, \u201d he added. \u201c it is possible that these things were lost along with the head. the rest of the dorsal fin runs the length of the body but usually lays flat in a recessed channel along the fish \u2019 s back unless it is alarmed. \u201d so the headless mystery fish could very well have been an oarfish, but the world may never know for sure. just as it will never know what kind of shark or other predator chomped off its head and tail, leaving the rest for the leverones. they had planned to eat the headless mystery fish, but when they cooked it the flesh turned gelatinous, so they passed. more on grindtv nature \u2013 facebook friends capture amazing baby whale, seal footage on same day sharks \u2013 scary moments for divers during up - close tiger shark encounter fishing \u2013 bluefin tuna sells for record $ 1. 76 million in japan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.382125924604554, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e7877da-7287-4cff-a596-b275d5b9e71d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.825596"}
{"text": "in response to growing demand from western u. s. and canadian outdoor fruit and berry producers, biobest is developing a native western bumblebee for outdoor pollination. bumblebees are important pollinators of many cultivated crops. by pollinating our fruits and vegetables, they not only help deliver our healthy meals, but are also vital to overall food security. bumblebees have the edge when it comes to effective pollination. they produce their own heat, which in combination with their furry coats enables them to fly early in the season when it is still far too cold for honeybees and other insects. unlike honeybees, they also buzz or shake flowers to collect pollen, which assures effective pollination. the use of bumblebees has allowed growers to produce higher - yielding, better - quality and safer crops. in food crops like greenhouse tomatoes, bumblebees have for many years successfully replaced physical pollination or chemicals previously used to induce fruit set. the demand for bumblebees to help guarantee crop yield has increased in recent years as honeybees and other natural pollinators have declined, but because native western species have not been available commercially, western u. s. and canadian growers of field crops like berries, top fruit and canola have been at a disadvantage, unable to share in the many benefits these pollinators offer. biobest recognizes the ecological and economic benefits of using native species for pollination. having pioneered the use of bumblebees for crop pollination, biobest has now developed a native western bumblebee species especially for the western u. s. and canada. biobest has been successful in rearing a range of native western bumblebee species, allowing them to select the right candidate for the western u. s. market. the company says that only the species that proves most successful in crop pollination will be launched for use in its native territory. biobest expects to begin pollination trials in the spring of 2013. for more information :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47980932074028393, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c44283f7-af26-4517-b108-6c2aa130328b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.830102"}
{"text": "fire ants can present a real problem for home owners. almost every yard in our area has fire ants. although they do not cause damage to the turf or other plant material, they can inflict painful stings. when their mounds are disturbed, the ants become aggressive and will attack anything that disturbs their mounds. an unsuspecting victim can be quickly covered with ants. the stings are usually just irritating and painful. however, some people are highly allergic and can become very ill with just one sting. fire ants were accidentally introduced into the united states from south america through the port of mobile, ala., in the 1930s and they arrived into georgia in the 1950s. at present, the ants are present in all counties except for some in the mountains. human activity has helped spread the ants through shipments of ant infested nursery stock, soil, sod or other such material. they do not do as well in colder climates, which have slowed their spread northward. states in the western part of the country are trying to control the spread of fire ants through inspections of incoming agricultural products from infested areas and quarantines. the total elimination of fire ants from an area is not feasible. however, temporary measures can be initiated to control fire ant infestations. but the controls must be used continuously or the ants will return. many situations exist that do not require the treatment of fire ants, like areas were little or no human activity occurs. however, in high traffic areas, such as lawns and garden areas, control of fire ants is a must. killing the queen is very important in controlling fire ants. the queen stays in the mound and continues to reproduce while other ants build the mound and forage for food to feed the colony. killing the foraging ants without killing the queen will not destroy the mound. there are basically three methods of treating fire ants. the first way is to broadcast fire ant bait such as amdro, logic, and several other brands on and around the mound while the ants are foraging. the ants think the bait is food when it actually is a poison. it goes down to the queen and gets rid of the colony over time. the second method is to treat the individual mounds with an insecticide drench, such as acephate, carbaryl ( sevin ) and several others. the mound drenches use a small amount of the active poison ingredient mixed with water and poured upon the mound. some times the \" two step \" method is used. the fire ants are treated with bait", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4024100299861718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e6d8d7b-1bbe-4876-a95d-191d64e47fda>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.834802"}
{"text": "##yl ( sevin ) and several others. the mound drenches use a small amount of the active poison ingredient mixed with water and poured upon the mound. some times the \" two step \" method is used. the fire ants are treated with bait broadcasted into the area and then, seven days later, the mounds are drenched with the appropriate insecticide. a third method is broadcast applications of granular insecticides. the products are not baits. the products, such as fipronil ( over ' n out, chipco, topchoice ), can reduce the fire ant population substantially over time. however, these products only work where they have been directly applied to. remember, when using chemical pesticides follow all label directions and safety precautions. one home method is to use boiling hot water. a couple of applications can kill a fire ant mound. however, each mound has to be treated individually and there is the risk of the applicator being scalded by the water. never use gasoline to try to burn mounds. besides the risk of setting yourself and the surrounding property on fire, the gasoline will kill the turf and can sterilize the soil. some \" home made remedies \" such as grits, are totally useless in controlling fire ants. fire ants are a big problem and will continue to be so. but they can be brought under controlled and should in areas of high usage due to their potential danger to human health. timothy daly is an agricultural and natural resource agent with the gwinnett county extension service. he can be reached at 678 - 377 - 4010 or email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3877712315420421, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e6d8d7b-1bbe-4876-a95d-191d64e47fda>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.836166"}
{"text": "staff photo : jason braverman girl scouts kennedy watson, from left, leah royes and kaitlyn hamlette, of troop 4525 in snellville, draw signs to promote cookie sales. lemon - wedge cookies dusted with powdered sugar and filled with lemon zest flavor the shortbread cookie oatmeal cookies with peanut butter filling vanilla cookies covered in caramel and toasted coconut, then striped with chocolate cookie topped with peanut butter then completely covered in chocolate thin wafer covered in a peppermint chocolate 1912 \u2014 on march 12, 1912, founder juliette gordon low gathered 18 girls to register the first troop of american girl guides. it was renamed girl scouts the following year. 1920s \u2014 the first girl scout troops on foreign soil were established in china, mexico, saudi arabia and syria for american girls living in other countries. 1930s \u2014 the first sale of commercially baked girl scout cookies took place. 1940s \u2014 girls collected 1. 5 million articles of clothing that were then shipped overseas to children and adult victims of war. 1950s \u2014 the march 1952 issue of \u201c ebony \u201d magazine reported, \u201c girl scouts in the south are making steady progress toward breaking down racial taboos. \u201d 1960s \u2014 the social unrest of the 1960s was reflected in organization actions and girl scout program change, including introduction in 1963 of four program age \u2013 levels for girls : brownie, junior, cadette and senior girl scouts. 1970s \u2014 girl scouts contributed to a white house conference on food, nutrition and health. 1980s \u2014 \u201c the contemporary issues \u201d series was developed in the 1980s to help girls and their families deal with serious social issues. the first, \u201c tune in to well being, say no to drugs, \u201d was introduced in collaboration with a project initiated by first lady nancy reagan. 1990s \u2014 girl scouting experienced a renewed emphasis on physical fitness with the inauguration of a health and fitness national service project in 1994 and the girlsports initiative in 1996. 2000s \u2014 grants from fortune 500 companies such as lucent technologies, intel and lockheed martin supported science and technology exploration programs for girls. 2012 \u2014 girl scouts of the usa has declared 2012 the year of the girl : a celebration of girls, recognition of their leadership potential and a commitment to creating a coalition of like - minded organizations and individuals in support of balanced leadership in the workplace and in communities across the country. snellville - - it ' s that time of year. across gwinnett - - and the nation - - young girls dressed in green, brown, tan and blue vests are selling the famous girl scouts cookies by the boxes and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4200131696221366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75027875-cebe-4b88-8101-bd4f0ab2f4b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.841231"}
{"text": "country. snellville - - it ' s that time of year. across gwinnett - - and the nation - - young girls dressed in green, brown, tan and blue vests are selling the famous girl scouts cookies by the boxes and they have a new cookie this year, the savannah smiles. haven ' t heard of it? it ' s the latest creation to celebrate the organization ' s 100th anniversary. the girls from troop no. 4525 in snellville, just like millions of other girls, are bound and determined to sell their cookies to anyone who will buy a box for $ 3. 50. \" this is exciting to me because i started out as a girl scout with my sister in brooklyn, n. y., \" troop co - leader qualena odom - royes said. \" now being able to share it with leah ( my daughter ) and these other girls is exciting and wonderful. \" the troop worked on posters to advertise their confectionery sweets and set individual sales goals for 2012. with much childhood exuberance, jocelyn spencer, 8, decided on 81, 000 boxes. \" i ' m going to get everyone in my family to sell cookies, \" she said. and she ' s not the only one aiming big. the other girls in the troop set goals in the hundreds. \" i ' m going to try to raise 400 because i really want all of the prizes, \" kennedy watson, 8, said. girl scout cookies in recipes try using girl scout cookies as part of fun recipes in addition to the usual cookies, girl scouts of the usa has introduced its latest creation, the savannah smiles, to commemorate its 100th year. these celebratory baked goods were created in honor of girl scouts founder juliette gordon low ' s hometown of savannah and are similar in taste to past customer favorites with bursts of lemon flavor. the cookie is shaped like a wedge, covered in powered sugar and filled with lemon crisps. \" the savannah smiles is actually closer to the original cookies made for the girl scout sales. it was one of the first varieties out there, \" troop co - leader adrienne cole said. the cookie is such a new addition to the girl scouts, the troops and their leaders haven ' t gotten to taste - test the lemon flavored treat. \" i really want to try the new cookie, \" kaitlyn hamlette, 6, said. \" i like lemony stuff, so i really want to try it. \" ada hamlette of loganville, kaitlyn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3884656452171446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75027875-cebe-4b88-8101-bd4f0ab2f4b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.842125"}
{"text": "test the lemon flavored treat. \" i really want to try the new cookie, \" kaitlyn hamlette, 6, said. \" i like lemony stuff, so i really want to try it. \" ada hamlette of loganville, kaitlyn ' s mother added, \" everyone is excited about the new cookie and they want to try them. they look like they ' ll be delicious. \" to boost the savannah smiles ' sales, troop no. 4525 thought of a strategic marketing approach : give out free samples while selling boxes around the county. \" i want to give a box of milk to everyone who eats a sample, \" spencer said. cole chimed in, \" maybe we can get kroger to donate some milk. \" your hips may be mad that you bought the cookies, but your heart won ' t feel the same. all of the proceeds from girl scouts of greater atlanta ' s fundraising activities, including the cookie drive, stay in the council to serve the girls and volunteers in many ways. the money delivers programs to 41, 500 girl members in a 34 - county territory, trains more than 18, 000 adult member volunteers, provides approximately $ 52, 000 in scholarships for higher education and so much more. the girls scouts of the usa haven ' t started selling their cookies online yet, but could in the next few years. the organization recommends never buying girl scout cookies on any sites, including amazon, ebay and other auction or community sites. there is no guarantee of freshness or authenticity. to keep up with a technological age, the organization is using its website to help buyers easily find troops to purchase from in the area. starting feb. 17, the public can use the cookie locator, a program set up to help locate girls selling in your neighborhood by entering your zip code. to use the locator, visit cookielocator. littlebrownie. com. to learn more about the girl scout ' s 100th anniversary and the savannah smiles, visit www. girlscouts. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39069767716128756, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:75027875-cebe-4b88-8101-bd4f0ab2f4b9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.842872"}
{"text": "become a fan of h2g2 daniel boone, a legendary american frontiersman, was once quoted as saying, ' i ain ' t never been lost, but i may have been confused once or twice '. with all respect to mr boone - who was born in pennsylvania, incidentally - it ' s incredibly easy to get lost and confused in the forests and mountains of pennsylvania. in the course of the state ' s 300 - plus year recorded history, many people have gotten lost and confused. and they ' ve lost plenty of things while stumbling around in the pennsylvania woodlands - including a surprising amount of gold and silver. late in the 1690s, a group of french canadians, led by louis frontenac, departed new orleans and headed towards montreal. they sailed up the mississippi river to the ohio river turn - off. they then went up the ohio to the location of present - day pittsburgh and took the left fork up the allegheny river. on their rafts were kegs filled with gold coins destined for the royal governor of canada ' s treasury. upon reaching present - day potter county, pennsylvania, they started overland, but the heavy kegs of coins made the going slow. fearing an english or indian attack, they decided to bury the treasure just north of the location of present - day coudersport. they marked their cache of gold with a cross chipped onto a rock. seneca indians are said to have seen the cross on the rock, but left it alone because they feared the site had special mystical significance. in time, the marker wore off the stone and the indians were unable to remember where it was located. the frenchmen never returned for their gold and to this day it has never been found. the counterfeiter ' s gold then there ' s the story of cyrus cole who, in the early 1900s, lived by himself in a shack near the swamps outside eldred in mckean county, pennsylvania. cole was something of a bum, surviving by picking berries and trapping muskrats yet, strangely, he was never short of cash. the united states secret service had agents investigating an influx of counterfeit silver half dollars and gold coins in the area, but could never get any leads. then in 1912, they got an anonymous tip that cole was the mastermind behind the counterfeiting ring. armed with a search warrant, the agents searched cole ' s shack and found some evidence, but not enough for a conviction. they searched the swamp for evidence of the minting equipment, but came up empty - handed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4935697703561165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6602e84a-9863-4902-8c33-f6dd2cfd08c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.851370"}
{"text": "behind the counterfeiting ring. armed with a search warrant, the agents searched cole ' s shack and found some evidence, but not enough for a conviction. they searched the swamp for evidence of the minting equipment, but came up empty - handed. legend has it that cole buried his counterfeit coins and his real gold and silver profits somewhere on the high ground near eldred. none of it has ever been recovered. civil war gold in 1863, during the american civil war1, a union army lieutenant was ordered to escort a wagon that had been fitted with a false base. this disguised compartment contained 26 gold bars each weighing 50 pounds. the wagon was to travel from wheeling, west virginia, north through pennsylvania and then south to washington, dc - the idea behind this route was to avoid any possible encounter with confederate forces. in the early stages of the journey, the lieutenant was sick with fever. during a fit of delirium, he blurted out the fact that the wagon contained a fortune in gold. after his fever broke, the expedition left st marys, pennsylvania, heading for driftwood where they were to build a raft and float down the susquehanna river to harrisburg. they never made it, vanishing somewhere in the forests of cameron and elk counties. two months later, the party ' s civilian guide stumbled into lock haven - 50 miles east of st marys, the last known location of the convoy. army investigators interrogated the guide for days and heard that bandits ambushed the group, killing all the soldiers and taking the gold. the army did not believe this story. pinkerton2 detectives were hired to search the area, but all they found were some dead mules in the area of dent ' s run near present - day route 55 in elk county. in the early 1870s, human skeletons which were believed to be those of the soldiers were found in the same area. the guide was drafted into the army and assigned to a fort in the west. a heavy drinker, when he was drunk he would claim to know where the gold was hidden. but when he sobered up, he disavowed all knowledge of the treasure ' s location. local rumour has it that during the past 50 years the modern us army has sent several teams into the area around dent ' s run searching for the gold. despite these alleged ongoing searches, the gold has never been recovered. during the american civil war, confederate raiders captured a union convoy heading from west virginia to the philadelphia mint. the convoy ' s treasure - some 15 tons of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46419929178496955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6602e84a-9863-4902-8c33-f6dd2cfd08c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.852372"}
{"text": "run searching for the gold. despite these alleged ongoing searches, the gold has never been recovered. during the american civil war, confederate raiders captured a union convoy heading from west virginia to the philadelphia mint. the convoy ' s treasure - some 15 tons of silver bars - was stolen and hidden inside a cave north of uniontown, pennsylvania. the rebels sealed the mouth of the cave and never returned for the booty. some say it ' s still out there waiting to be discovered. in 1680, a spanish treasure ship sank off the bahamas. a hundred and thirty years later a british captain named ' blackbeard ' 3 found the treasure and recovered several tons of silver. blackbeard sailed into baltimore harbour intending to transfer the silver to a british warship for transport to london. fearing that the ship would be followed and attacked on the high seas, blackbeard sent the silver overland by wagon to canada where it would be loaded into a convoy of strong ships. by the time blackbeard reached renovo, pennsylvania, the war of 18124 had begun and blackbeard, fearing that the silver would fall into usa hands, buried the treasure in the mountains outside emporium in mckean county near present - day route 155. blackbeard never returned for the silver and rumour has it that it is still there today. robber lewis ' lost booty david ' robber ' lewis made a reputation for himself in the early 1800s, robbing the rich and giving to the poor. he was captured in 1820 and on his deathbed, he confessed to all his crimes and told his jailers of three caches of gold he had hidden in pennsylvania : one, containing $ 10, 000 in gold, is said to have been hidden in a small cave along the juniata river near lewistown, pennsylvania. lewis returned for the cache and couldn ' t find it because the river had flooded and washed away his trail markers. a second cache is purported to be buried along the conodoguinett creek near the caves he used as a hide - out. the third, reportedly containing $ 20, 000, is buried in the hills outside of bellefonte. during his last imprisonment, lewis is said to have taunted his jailers by telling them that he could see the cache from the jail. none of these caches have ever been recovered. cash at kinzua in the 1890s, a man robbed a bank in emporium, pennsylvania, making off with $ 40, 000 in cash. apparently, he got lost and wound", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43447731185982374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6602e84a-9863-4902-8c33-f6dd2cfd08c1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.853253"}
{"text": "jail. none of these caches have ever been recovered. cash at kinzua in the 1890s, a man robbed a bank in emporium, pennsylvania, making off with $ 40, 000 in cash. apparently, he got lost and wound up in the village of hazel hurst where he collapsed. not having a good day, our man died of ' exhaustion ' a short time later, but not before confessing that he had buried the loot north - east of kushequa within sight of the kinzua railroad bridge. the money has never been recovered. the belsano train robbery on 11 october, 1924, a train carrying a safe containing a payroll of $ 33, 000 was robbed just outside the cambria county, pennsylvania town of belsano. during the course of the robbery, one of the men who was guarding the safe was shot and killed. police in several neighbouring states joined the manhunt for michelo bassi and anthony pezzi and the murderous duo were apprehended two weeks after the robbery in terre haute, indiana. each had a gun and $ 3, 000 in cash. the men were convicted of first degree murder and in february 1925, they were executed in the state ' s electric chair. the safe and some of the money was never recovered. legend has it that it may be buried or hidden near the site of the robbery. the lost cave of silver somewhere in the allegheny national forest to the west of the town of tionesta, pennsylvania is a cave reputed to be full of silver. during the late 1700s, a white settler named hill got lost and sought shelter in a cave for the night. inside the cave he saw veins of silver running everywhere through the walls and ceiling. in the floor was a great pit filled with pure silver. when he managed to find his way home, he was unable to find his way back to the cave. hill ' s story was backed up by an early entrepreneur who traded liquor with the indigenous indians in exchange for furs and silver. when he asked them where they got all their silver, legend has it that they blindfolded him and took him to a cave matching the one described in hill ' s story. pure silver was found in indian burial grounds near irvine, warren county - approximately 15 miles upstream from tionesta. however, the cave of silver has never been found. other lost treasures an aeroplane carrying a quarter - million dollars in cash crashed near mount carmel in 1948. the money was thrown out of the plane just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4551304428531359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6602e84a-9863-4902-8c33-f6dd2cfd08c1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.854350"}
{"text": "schopf, j. william adult nonfiction qh325. s384 1999 summary : one of the greatest mysteries in reconstructing the history of life on earth has been the apparent absence of fossils dating back more than 550 million years. we have long known that fossils of sophisticated marine life - forms existed at the dawn of the cambrian period, but until recently scientists had found no traces of precambrian fossils. the quest to find such traces began in earnest in the mid - 1960s and culminated in one dramatic moment in 1993 when william schopf identified fossilized microorganisms three and a half \" billion years old. this startling find opened up a vast period of time - - some eighty - five percent of earth ' s history - - to new research and new ideas about life ' s beginnings. in this book, william schopf, a pioneer of modern paleobiology, tells for the first time the exciting and fascinating story of the origins and earliest evolution of life and how that story has been unearthed. gracefully blending his personal story of discovery with the basics needed to understand the astonishing science he describes, schopf has produced an introduction to paleobiology for the interested reader as well as a primer for beginning s question about returns, requests or other account details? add a comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5478776418320559, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0956edc3-3852-4559-bcaf-343f4b07a097>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.855844"}
{"text": "many things can trigger depression. it is common during life changes such as adolescence, marriage, birth and menopause. it can be a consequence of your upbringing - such as whether or not you were taught effective coping skills as a child. there is a genetic component to depression, and influences such as diet, stress and illness also play a part. being depressed can make you feel out of control and helpless, yet there are many ways to avoid falling into depression. * examine your diet. what you eat - or don \u2019 t eat - can influence your mood. the same diets that can cause heart disease and arthritis in some individuals - one that is high in sodium and saturated fat, and low in whole, fresh plant foods and unrefined essential fatty acids ( efas ) - can cause depression in others. likewise, food allergies can also alter brain function and trigger depression ( biol psychiatry, 1981 ; 16 : 3 - 19 ). wheat, milk, corn, beef and eggs are common culprits ( ann allergy, 1982 ; 48 : 166 - 71 ). but bear in mind that food allergies linked to depression often have an addictive quality - so whatever you eat compulsively may be contributing to the problem. * psychotherapy is as effective as drugs. cognitive behavioural therapy can help those at risk of depression to become more conscious of negative thoughts and attitudes that feed into their depressions. patients undergoing such therapy can learn to change ( or at least mitigate ) these unhelpful tendencies ( j consult clin psychol, 1989 ; 57 : 414 - 9 ). * drug - induced depression is very common. around 200 different classes of drugs have been implicated, including beta - blockers, tranquillisers, corticosteroids and birth - control pills, as well as alcohol and recreational drugs. if you think you may be reacting to a drug, consider switching to another family of drugs or trying other options. * environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, petrochemicals, pesticides and other toxins can disrupt the nervous system and lead to mild, but chronic, mood disorders, including depression ( med clin north am, 1990 ; 74 : 325 - 45 ). similarly, exposure to electromagnetic fields ( emfs ), especially at work ( west j med, 2000 ; 173 : 94 - 100 ) can lead to more depression and suicide in some vulnerable individuals ( bioelectromagnetics, 2001 ; [ suppl 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45024100795397815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9171d770-9281-450b-b87c-28bc5e2c8f52>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.861728"}
{"text": "to electromagnetic fields ( emfs ), especially at work ( west j med, 2000 ; 173 : 94 - 100 ) can lead to more depression and suicide in some vulnerable individuals ( bioelectromagnetics, 2001 ; [ suppl 5 ] : s132 - 43 ). * st john \u2019 s wort is the most effective herbal remedy for mild depression because it works in a similar way to conventional antidepressants. a standardised extract ( 0. 03 per cent hypericin ) usually at a dose of 300 mg three times a day can be just as effective as antidepressant drugs ( bmj, 1996 ; 313 : 253 - 8 ). what \u2019 s more, the side - effects are minimal. * traditional acupuncture can be as good as conventional drugs for preventing relapses in depression ( compl ther med, 2001 ; 9 : 216 - 8 ). * electroacupuncture can benefit those suffering from major depression who cannot tolerate the side - effects of antidepressant drugs ( psychiatry clin neurosci, 1998 ; 52 [ suppl ] : s338 - 40 ). * stay active. people who exercise regularly have less depression ( prev med, 2003 ; 36 : 698 - 703 ). typically, any aerobic exercise, such as walking or jogging, for 20 - 30 minutes three or four times a week will benefit mild - to - moderate depression ( bmj, 1985 ; 291 : 109 ). * acknowledge your feelings. depressed individuals often try to suppress their \u2018 bad \u2019 feelings, especially those concerning distressing life experiences. \u2018 confessing \u2019 your most troubling feelings and experiences in a private diary can have significant long - term benefits on both mental and physical health ( j abnorm psychol, 1986 ; 95 : 274 - 81 ; j consult clin psychol, 1989 ; 57 : 414 - 9 ). * get a good night \u2019 s sleep. since depression and lack of sleep can form a vicious circle, make sure you sleep well. stick to regular bedtimes ; having curtains that keep the light out will help regulate night - time melatonin secretion ; and don \u2019 t exercise or take stimulants such as coffee or alcohol before going to bed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48782521177287635, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9171d770-9281-450b-b87c-28bc5e2c8f52>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.862567"}
{"text": "learning is the means whereby we acquire new working knowledge about the world. memory is the means whereby we retain that knowledge over time. our abilities to learn and remember are essential to our sense of self and our ability to function effectively in daily life. memory is the glue that holds our mental life together. as a result, we are who we are in large part because of what we have learned and what we remember from past experience. but what is memory? how does the brain capture and sustain it? why does memory sometimes fail us? those simple questions, of course, have exceedingly complex answers, and many biological details about the process of memory in humans and other animals remain unknown. hhmi investigator eric r. kandel of columbia university, however, has provided a good start. his studies of the molecular basis of learning and memory underpin much of what we know about how events are recorded by the brain, processed by individual nerve cells, and etched in gray matter. for his work on learning and memory, kandel was awarded a share of the 2000 nobel prize in physiology or medicine. in the 1960s, kandel began his studies of learning and memory by focusing on the behavior of the sea slug aplysia, which he found to be a marvelously tractable system in which to study the cellular basis of these abilities. with only about 20, 000 nerve cells \u2014 compared with the roughly thousand billion in humans \u2014 and a well - delineated neural circuitry, it proved possible to zero in on a biologically interesting reflex pathway. like humans and other animals, aplysia is capable of learning to modify this reflex, and this learning involves making memories. kandel found that the cellular basis for memory depends on persistent changes in synapses, the connections between nerve cells. the differences in the strength of these connections come about through learning. kandel found that when, in the simple withdrawal reflex, the gill reacts to touch, the connection between the sensory nerve cell and motor nerve cell of the reflex are activated. when the sea slug was taught to ignore a harmless touch, the connections between the sensory nerve cell and motor cell weakened. when the same light touch was coupled to an unpleasant fearful stimulus the animal became sensitized. it would now react strongly to the light touch because the same set of connections had strengthened. kandel later discovered that short - term memory is kindled by the modulation of synapses and that long - term memory is sustained by the activation of genes. the formation of memories, kandel determined, is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.582892971443287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6eafc168-0fd9-4248-ab08-030a35cb48b2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.869304"}
{"text": "set of connections had strengthened. kandel later discovered that short - term memory is kindled by the modulation of synapses and that long - term memory is sustained by the activation of genes. the formation of memories, kandel determined, is a function of biochemical changes that occur at the synapse. to make short - term memories, the proteins involved in a chain of events at the nexus of nerve cells are chemically altered by the addition of phosphate groups. to cement a memory for the long haul, proteins are added at the synapse to make new connections with sensitization and lose connections with habituation. in the 1990s, he turned from studying simple forms of learning to more complex forms using genetically modified mice and showed that similar principles for short and long term memory were at work here as well. by laying a foundation for understanding the events that shape our ability to learn and remember, kandel ' s work has helped us understand not only the cellular processes that occur during the acts of learning and remembering, but also - through his work on mice - where things can go wrong when dementia and other illnesses that affect memory arise. the cellular processes revealed by kandel are among the targets of drugs used to alleviate these disorders of memory. pinpointing the activity of individual nerve cells engaged in the process of learning and memory may help in the development of new, more effective agents to treat diseases that affect the brain. photo : matthew septimus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5747537926359085, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6eafc168-0fd9-4248-ab08-030a35cb48b2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.870108"}
{"text": "australia ' s \u201c exceptional \u201d heatwave has produced record - breaking temperatures, with at least six of the first seven days of 2013 among the top 20 hottest days in the past century. the extreme january heat has prompted the bureau of meteorology to issue a special climate statement, with further updates planned as the scorching temperatures continue. data for monday is still to be fully analysed by the weather bureau, but it may be the hottest of the series and could generate a record average maximum beyond the 40. 17 degrees reached on december 21, 1972. such a result would make it six days in a row when the national average has been above 39 degrees ; tomorrow is expected to make it seven. prior to this series, the longest run of 39 degrees or more was four days, in 1973. \u201c this event is ongoing with significant records likely to be set, \u201d the bureau statement said. \u201c a particular feature of this heatwave event has been the exceptional spatial extent of high temperatures. \u201d the final four months of 2012 were the hottest on record for australia and january is making an early run at adding to the sequence of especially hot weather. \u201c australia - wide, and for individual states, we are currently well above average by many degrees, \u201d said aaron coutts - smith, the bureau ' s nsw manager for climate services. sydney is set to cop its first major blast of the searing heat that has grilled much of australia for the past week, with 43 degrees forecast. today ' s 40 - degree prediction for perth is one sign that any relief for the bulk of central and southern australia from the current sweltering temperatures will be shortlived. \u201c we are seeing that re - intensification \u201d of the heat, said dr coutts - smith. melbourne, which is expecting 31 degrees today will feel chilly on wednesday with a maximum of just 20 degrees before the mercury starts climbing back to 37 degrees on friday, the bureau predicts. the data for national averages shows the maximum reached 39. 2 on january 2, 39. 6 on january 3, 39. 3 on january 4, 39. 3 on january 5 and 39. 6 on january 6. interestingly, none of the states has broken individual maximum highs, at least in the data until january 6, underscoring how large in size the overall weather pattern is. the weather bureau ' s manager for climate monitoring, karl braganza on monday described the event as a \" dome of heat \" over the continent. nsw, which is likely to endure extreme", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44656072517014167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23156681-3a82-4757-a6c9-f172faa662dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.873384"}
{"text": "##scoring how large in size the overall weather pattern is. the weather bureau ' s manager for climate monitoring, karl braganza on monday described the event as a \" dome of heat \" over the continent. nsw, which is likely to endure extreme temperatures today, has to exceed 44. 1 degrees on average to beat the record set on january 14, 1939. this year, the hottest day was on january 5 when maximums averaged 41. 1 degrees, with hay airport hitting 47. 9 degrees, according to data up until january 6. for victoria, the hottest day on record was 44. 5 degrees on black saturday, february 7, 2009, when bushfires left 173 people dead. in the current spate of heat, the hottest day was january 4 when temperatures across the state averaged 41. 2 degrees. up until january 6, yarrawonga had posted the hottest temperature in the state at 45. 7 degrees on january 5, while portland ' s 42. 1 on the previous day was a new daily maximum for that location, the bureau said. nationwide, the hottest single temperature recorded during the heat - up to january 6 - has been the 48. 6 degrees reached at red rocks point in wa on jauary 3. that ' s about 2 degrees below the 50. 7 degrees all - time record set on january 2, 1960.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4043931089903571, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23156681-3a82-4757-a6c9-f172faa662dd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.873868"}
{"text": "how to get shading right recent improvements to window technology make substantial air conditioning energy savings possible. however, shading remains a time - tested method to accomplish the same end. architectural and site shading can have an even greater impact on reducing daily cooling use than upgrading windows. using both a prototype building and modeling simulations, a study by our team at the national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) evaluated the relative impacts of different solar load control strategies. the study points the way toward optimizing the interaction of various methods for reducing solar heat gain. this is helpful, as the wide variety of shading options currently available can make choosing an effective solar load control strategy confusing ( see snapshots of shading options, he sept / oct ' 00, p. 20 ). the prototype house was built in 1998 in tucson, arizona, as part of the department of energy ' s building america program. its integrated package of energy - saving features includes structural insulated panels ( sips ) for the wall and roof construction, white coating on the roof, spectrally selective windows, architectural shading, an interior location for the air handler and ducts, highefficiency air conditioning equipment, and solar water heating. building america ( see clean breathing in tract homes, p. 29 ) works with five building industry teams to produce advanced residential buildings on a community scale. systems incorporated into these houses are evaluated by conducting successive design, test, redesign, and retest iterations until cost and performance trade - offs yield innovations that can be cost effectively implemented in production - scale housing. rgc courthomes, inc., built the prototype, with input from the ibacos building america consortium. building performance was modeled using a detailed hourly energy simulation tool and was measured while the building was unoccupied for a period of 12 days. model inputs included direct measurements of the net air exchange rate, surface reflectance, and window transmittance. model results, after calibration, showed good agreement with the direct measurements of cooling loads and air conditioning energy use. analyzing the interactions between building performance and solar load control strategies in a prototype house can facilitate the optimization of cost and performance trade - offs in large - scale production. typical new productionscale houses in the tucson market are framed on a slabon - grade foundation with stucco exterior finish and a sloped concrete tile or flat built - up bituminous roof. these standard - practice houses are built using standard construction materials and techniques, including nominal 2 x 4 wood framing, fiberglass batt insulation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5477620043748275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc7b7ef-acfe-4630-b7d8-bbc8efdadf7d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.882670"}
{"text": "- grade foundation with stucco exterior finish and a sloped concrete tile or flat built - up bituminous roof. these standard - practice houses are built using standard construction materials and techniques, including nominal 2 x 4 wood framing, fiberglass batt insulation, 1 - inch polystyrene sheathing, and double - pane, clear - glass, aluminum frame windows. the slab foundation has no insulation, and the attic is usually vented. a forcedair distribution system provides space heating and cooling, with the air handler located in the garage and the flex duct in the attic. this system is typically supplied by a 10 - seer air conditioner and an 80 % annual fuel utilization efficiency ( afue ) gas furnace. the prototype house differs from these houses in several respects. it has a well - insulated airtight envelope, with minimized air distribution losses. the house ' s energy - saving features, plus the large ratio of window to floor area in the design, render window contributions more important than they are in conventional housing, particularly in the tucson climate. the prototype incorporates several reengineered features into its structural and mechanical equipment systems ( see table 1 ). envelope changes include a sealed, insulated, and conditioned crawlspace foundation ( a shallow basement ) and sips ( see sips face the skeptics, he, mar / apr ' 98 ). the foundation stem walls are 6 - inchthick reinforced concrete, insulated on the interior with a 2 - inch - thick rigid foam board ( r - 10 ) that serves as the concrete form. each wall and roof panel consists of a polyurethane foam core sandwiched between 7 / 16 - inch thick oriented strand board ( osb ) sheathing. sips 41 / 2 - inches thick are used for the walls, and sips 61 / 2 - inches thick form the flat lowslope ceiling / roof assembly. the walls are finished with synthetic stucco on the exterior. the roof panels are finished with a white singleply rubberized fabric coating on the exterior ( the inside is cathedralized, with no attic space ). the windows have vinyl frames with a thermal break, double panes, and spectrally selective coatings on the inside of the outer pane ( surface two ) of the tinted glazing. mechanical system features include putting the air handler in an interior chase, locating all ductwork within the conditioned space, and installing a 12 - seer ( seasonal energy efficiency ratio ) air conditioner. a batch - type solar water heater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5386848432133445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc7b7ef-acfe-4630-b7d8-bbc8efdadf7d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:00.883539"}
{"text": "overhangs or by the adjacent houses. the simulation model was imported into a three - dimensional graphic representation program that has rotational view capabilities to check building geometry. figure 1 shows the location of exterior walls, windows, doors, and overhangs. crawlspace walls are evident in this view. shading from adjacent houses is significant at this site. the geometry of houses and fences to the east and west are modeled as measured at the site ; these shading surfaces are also shown in the figure. how the shading options added up for the determination of annual heating and cooling energy, occupied building operation is simulated. the simulation of occupied conditions in this building for a full year predicts that 3, 285 kwh of cooling energy and 71 therms of space - heating energy are required per year. heat gain through the windows is the largest component of envelope load, and it constitutes more than 30 % of the total cooling energy load ( see figures 2 and 3 ). figure 4 presents the daily load profiles of air conditioning electricity use on a typical cooling day for four combinations of glazing and shading. in this case, the shading includes both the architectural overhangs and the site shading from adjacent buildings. standard glazing without shading represents the worst case, and spectrally selective glazing with shading ( the existing building ) represents the best case. the combination of high - performance glazing and shading achieves a 0. 4 kw ( 14 % ) reduction in afternoon peak electricity demand and a 12. 4 kwh ( 30 % ) reduction in daily total electricity used for air conditioning. architectural and site shading reduces daily cooling use more than upgrading the windows does. the shading combination reduces daily cooling energy use by 9. 4 kwh ( 22 % ), as compared to 4. 4 kwh ( 11 % ) for just upgrading the windows. architectural shading is clearly very important in reducing cooling loads. it reduces the annual cooling requirement by approximately 23 %, whether one starts with standard double - pane glazing or with spectrally selective glazing. in both cases, the heating load increases as the solar gain is reduced, but thanks to the combination of the tucson climate and the wellinsulated tight building shell, this has little impact. even in the worst case scenario, less than 80 therms per year of space heating is required. in this housing development, site shading plays an important role in reducing morning and evening direct solar gain. the test house is shaded to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.554345050974032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc7b7ef-acfe-4630-b7d8-bbc8efdadf7d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.041933"}
{"text": "impact. even in the worst case scenario, less than 80 therms per year of space heating is required. in this housing development, site shading plays an important role in reducing morning and evening direct solar gain. the test house is shaded to the east and west by adjacent, two - story houses. this site shading not only reduces the solar gain through the windows, but effectively shades much of the exterior wall area, reducing overall conductive gains as well. annual energy costs the cooling and heating loads are combined into a single value by converting the energy requirements to costs. the study assumed that electricity costs 10. 5\u00a2 / kwh, and natural gas costs 79\u00a2 / therm for the first 20 therms a month and 75\u00a2 / therm above that. figure 5 shows annual cooling and heating costs as a function of glazing type, two types of shading, and the orientation of the front of the house. using the data from this figure and referencing a base case building with standard windows with no overhangs but with adjacent building shading, table 2 presents the reduction in cooling and heating costs for a subset of combinations. the existing building has a south orientation, and the combined features lead to a 26 % reduction in cooling and heating costs. the total cost of cooling and heating is reduced by more than 10 % by adding the presence of the adjacent houses. as expected, the maximum effect from architectural shading occurs if the front of the house faces west, which orients most of the window area to the south. the maximum effect of site shading occurs if the front of the house faces north, which orients most of the window area to the west. with the front facing east, the majority of windows are on the north side, and neither architectural nor site shading has much effect on cooling and heating costs. - first page - previous page enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all comments are subject to review prior to posting. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5247552301069437, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fc7b7ef-acfe-4630-b7d8-bbc8efdadf7d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.074405"}
{"text": "take a look at this snapshot from health canada ' s website fact sheet entitled healthy lawn tips. - although it may look untidy, leave grass clippings on your lawn when you mow it to provide nutrient recycling. - aerate compacted soil in the fall to help oxygen, water and nutrients reach roots. - over - seed patchy areas. - in heavy traffic areas, replace grass with mulch or paving stones. - check your lawn for early signs of pests and other problems such as holes caused by small animals digging for insects. - set your mower so that your grass is seven to eight cm high to encourage deeper roots and help fend off weeds. - water infrequently, but when you do, make sure you allow the water to get deep into the soil ( about 1. 5 centimetres ) to promote deep roots. over - watering starves the soil of oxygen and invites disease. apply at least 2. 5 centimetres of water. put a container on your lawn to measure how much you ' ve watered. an empty tuna can is about the right height. - maintain good soil with ample depth and organic matter to prevent problems. - if physical control methods fail and you use a pesticide, be sure the one you pick lists the pest you are trying to control on the label, and follow all the instructions. more information is available online at www. healthcanada. gc. ca / pmra. fact sheets include starting a lawn, lawn maintenance, life of a lawn and common lawn problems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39730546815197043, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e7b2bdc-26a3-4a11-97ed-8adc9b0dc113>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.164246"}
{"text": "healthy eating plate harvard \u2019 s new guide to healthy eating start here to learn more about the new healthy eating plate created by nutrition experts at harvard school of public health, in conjunction with harvard health publications. the healthy eating plate can be your blueprint for planning a healthy balanced meal, and it fixes key flaws in the u. s. department of agriculture \u2019 s myplate. how can you follow the healthy eating plate? here \u2019 s a rundown, section by section : - fill half of your plate with vegetables and fruits. the more color, and the more variety on this part of the plate, the better. potatoes and french fries don \u2019 t count as vegetables on the healthy eating plate, because they are high in fast - digested starch ( carbohydrate ), which has the same roller - coaster effect on blood sugar and insulin as white bread and sweets. these surges, in the short term, can lead to hunger and overeating, and in the long term, can lead to weight gain, type 2 diabetes, and other health problems. read more about vegetables and fruits, or read more about carbohydrates and health. - save a quarter of your plate for whole grains \u2014 not just any grains : whole grains \u2014 whole wheat, brown rice, and foods made with them, such as whole wheat pasta \u2014 have a gentler effect on blood sugar and insulin than white bread, white rice, and other so - called \u201c refined grains. \u201d that \u2019 s why the healthy eating plate says to choose whole grains \u2014 the less processed, the better \u2014 and limit refined grains. read more about whole grains. - put a healthy source of protein on one quarter of your plate : chose fish, chicken, beans or nuts, since these contain beneficial nutrients, such as the heart - healthy omega - 3 fatty acids in fish, and the fiber in beans. an egg a day is okay for most people, too ( people with diabetes should limit their egg intake to three yolks a week, but egg whites are fine ). limit red meat \u2014 beef, pork, and lamb \u2014 and avoid processed meats \u2014 bacon, cold cuts, hot dogs, and the like \u2014 since over time, regularly eating even small amounts of these foods raises the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and colon cancer. read more about healthy proteins. - use healthy plant oils. the glass bottle near the healthy eating plate is a reminder to use healthy vegetable oils, like olive, canola, soy, corn,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46259152920660757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5d999fa-d1cc-4fd9-9ee8-ebccf2bf3001>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.186752"}
{"text": "heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and colon cancer. read more about healthy proteins. - use healthy plant oils. the glass bottle near the healthy eating plate is a reminder to use healthy vegetable oils, like olive, canola, soy, corn, sunflower, peanut, and others, in cooking, on salad, and at the table. limit butter, and avoid unhealthy trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils. read more about healthy fats. - drink water, coffee or tea. on the healthy eating plate, complete your meal with a glass of water, or if you like, a cup of tea or coffee ( with little or no sugar ). ( questions about caffeine and kids? read more. ) limit milk and dairy products to one to two servings per day, since high intakes are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and possibly ovarian cancer. limit juice to a small glass per day, since it is as high in sugar as a sugary soda. skip the sugary drinks, since they provide lots of calories and virtually no other nutrients. and over time, routinely drinking sugary drinks can lead to weight gain, increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, and possibly increase the risk of heart disease. read more about healthy drinks, or read more about calcium, milk, and health. - stay active. the small red figure running across the healthy eating plate \u2019 s placemat is a reminder that staying active is half of the secret to weight control. the other half is eating a healthy diet with modest portions that meet your calorie needs. read 20 tips for staying active. comparing the harvard healthy eating plate to the usda \u2019 s myplate shows the shortcomings of myplate. read a head - to - head comparison of the healthy eating plate vs. the usda \u2019 s myplate. you can use the healthy eating plate side by side with the healthy eating pyramid, a simple and trustworthy guide to healthy eating created by faculty in the department of nutrition at harvard school of public health. read an in - depth article about the healthy eating plate and the healthy eating pyramid. or read answers to common questions about the healthy eating plate. download the healthy eating plate the healthy eating plate image on this web site is owned by the harvard university. it may be downloaded and used without permission for educational and other non - commercial uses with proper attribution, including the following copyright notification and credit line : copyright \u00a9 2011, harvard university. for more information about the healthy eating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45665855725037824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5d999fa-d1cc-4fd9-9ee8-ebccf2bf3001>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.189108"}
{"text": "salt reduction strategies tasting success with cutting salt twenty - five science based strategies & culinary insights department of nutrition, harvard school of public health & the culinary institute of america table of contents what portion size, produce, fresh foods, and healthy fats have to do with sodium reduction why a stealth health approach can help everyone cut back on salt which foods are highest in sodium, and how to make lower sodium choices from the farm to the table, there are many ways to boost flavor that are light on salt future research can guide the way to compelling reduced sodium flavors download a pdf of read more about the creation of the institute of medicine \u2019 s newly released report, strategies to reduce sodium intake in the united states, focuses on big - picture strategies for reining in america \u2019 s salt habit. ( 1 ) although the report \u2019 s recommendations represent an essential step forward, there are many things that individuals, chefs, and organizations can do right now to reduce sodium. consumers can use these tips when they cook at home, shop in the supermarket, or choose a meal at their favorite restaurant. chefs and product developers can tap these ideas in the professional kitchen. media representatives, healthcare professionals, and food marketers can mine this list for ways to promote positive and delicious nutrition messages about cutting salt. many of these guidelines offer a \u201c stealth health \u201d approach to sodium reduction \u2014 ways that sodium can be reduced with no change or minimal change to consumer food experiences or choices. others suggest ways to rebalance and re - imagine food choices as well as introduce new foods that can easily translate into satisfying meals. these culinary insights are in addition to valuable food science research already underway on the role of salt in foods and salt substitutes. the good news is that most of these guidelines support broader diet recommendations for good health. no sodium reduction effort will succeed if it undermines the flavor of our foods and the role that food plays in our lives. that \u2019 s why we urge a wide - ranging, innovative approach to sodium reduction on the part of all stakeholders, one that puts as much emphasis on culinary insight, taste, and flavor as on the scientific and public health imperatives. 1. downsize your portions : you \u2019 ll scale back the sodium ( and the calories ). a good rule of thumb is that the more calories a meal has, the more sodium it has. two out of three americans need to lose weight. so skip the supersize. share a dish when dining out. you can cut your salt \u2014 and trim your waist. our bodies need more potassium than sodium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.511739462989955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f46e47-7e37-4f26-a4cb-64032bdad026>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.205850"}
{"text": "has, the more sodium it has. two out of three americans need to lose weight. so skip the supersize. share a dish when dining out. you can cut your salt \u2014 and trim your waist. our bodies need more potassium than sodium. but most americans \u2019 diets are just the opposite, which can contribute to high blood pressure. fruits and vegetables are naturally low in sodium, and many fruits and vegetables are good sources of potassium. filling your plate with them will boost your potassium and shift the sodium - potassium balance in your favor. and chefs and product developers would do well to think about produce first when designing menus. the next time you are tempted to say, \u201c i won \u2019 t like lower sodium foods \u201d think of biting into a crunchy apple, juicy orange, or sweet strawberry. not missing the sodium? 3. get fresh : choose unprocessed and minimally processed foods. processed foods and prepared foods are the greatest sources of sodium in the american diet ( 75 percent by some estimates ). by choosing fresh foods, you can decide how much or how little salt to add. processed, cured meats typically have much more sodium than fresh meats, and canned vegetables usually have more sodium than fresh vegetables. going easy on processed foods makes sense for general good health, as processing often leads to a loss of nutrients and other benefits of whole or semi - intact foods. 4. embrace healthy fats and oils : a savory strategy to lower sodium levels. unfortunately, the big low - fat and no - fat product push in the 1990 \u2019 s wasn \u2019 t rooted in sound science. many well - meaning product developers cut both the good and bad fats out of formulations, and in order to maintain consumer acceptance of their products, they were forced to increase levels of sugar and sodium. so breathe easy, and skip most fat - free salad dressings and other similar products, and you \u2019 ll be doing your blood pressure a favor. one more good news tip : fat in the diet doesn \u2019 t make you fat! extensive research now confirms that low - fat diets are no more effective in weight loss than moderate - to high - fat diets. rather, it \u2019 s all about total calories and energy balance. so embrace healthy fat : it might be just the ticket to make produce - centric ( and sodium - reduced ) cooking more appealing. for recipes that focus on healthy fat, try : 5. stealth health : the most delicious approach to sodium reduction. for many foods and preparations,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41126014353778484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f46e47-7e37-4f26-a4cb-64032bdad026>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.206768"}
{"text": "might be just the ticket to make produce - centric ( and sodium - reduced ) cooking more appealing. for recipes that focus on healthy fat, try : 5. stealth health : the most delicious approach to sodium reduction. for many foods and preparations, the average person can \u2019 t detect moderate to substantial differences in sodium levels, including reductions of up to as much as 25 percent. that \u2019 s great news. in fact, many food manufacturers and restaurant companies have already made or are in the process of making substantial cuts in sodium \u2014 some all at once and some over time \u2014 that their customers will not be able to detect. 6. retrain your taste buds : you can learn to savor foods with less salt. studies have found that we can shift our sense of taste to enjoy foods with lower levels of sodium. one key to success : make the changes gradually and consistently over a period of time, rather than trying to cut back by a large amount all at once ( unless of course you find that an immediate 25 percent reduction in sodium doesn \u2019 t undermine your enjoyment of a particular food ). try this trick : combine a reduced sodium version of a favorite product ( e. g., vegetable soup ) with a regular version in proportions that gradually favor the reduced sodium version. as time goes on, you won \u2019 t miss the salt. 7. try a little romance : sea salt and other secrets of the healthy kitchen. most sea salt has about the same level of sodium as other salts, but who doesn \u2019 t perk up with the mention of sea salt? it sounds like your favorite chef has taken charge of your dinner. you don \u2019 t need to spend the money on sea salt, just remember that we eat with our eyes and ears, not just our mouths \u2014 and we make decisions about how much we are likely to enjoy a given food long before it gets to our mouths. so instead of calling something \u201c low sodium, \u201d try language like \u201c with a touch of sea salt, \u201d \u201c citrus - infused \u201d or \u201c garlic - scented, \u201d and you \u2019 ll likely entice more people to taste and enjoy reduced sodium dishes. finally, for those who think \u201c low sodium \u201d is the exact opposite of a compelling, positive message, remember that there is a big difference between well - prepared low - sodium foods and badly executed low - sodium foods. bad cooking is just bad cooking, independent of sodium levels. 8. target high - volume sodium sources : prioritize your efforts. know which ingredients and individual foods are high in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4791779035135908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f46e47-7e37-4f26-a4cb-64032bdad026>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.207784"}
{"text": "- prepared low - sodium foods and badly executed low - sodium foods. bad cooking is just bad cooking, independent of sodium levels. 8. target high - volume sodium sources : prioritize your efforts. know which ingredients and individual foods are high in sodium, and eat them sparingly. understand which categories of foods contribute the most sodium to our diets through repeated daily and weekly consumption. salt is ubiquitous in the american diet, but this top 10 list of food sources of sodium in the u. s. diet is a good place to focus. the list is based on the combination of each item \u2019 s sodium content and the frequency of consumption. ( 2 ) choose carefully when buying foods in these categories and / or eat less of these items : - meat pizza - white bread - processed cheese - hot dogs - spaghetti with sauce - cooked rice - white rolls - flour tortillas 9. scan the label : look for foods with less than 300 milligrams of sodium per serving. canned, boxed, frozen, and prepared foods can be high in sodium. check the label for sodium amounts and choose foods that have less than 300 milligrams per serving. but pay attention to serving sizes, as they are often unrealistically small. a good rule of thumb for label reading is to look for no more than one milligram of sodium per one calorie of food. you may be surprised to find foods that are high in sodium but that don \u2019 t list \u201c salt \u201d in the ingredients. that \u2019 s because there are other forms of sodium used in food processing, and these all contribute to the total amount of sodium listed in the nutrition facts. examples of these ingredients include monosodium glutamate, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium alginate. 10. compare, compare, compare : sodium levels vary widely for the same or similar grocery items. compare brands of processed food, including breads, cured meats, cheeses, snack foods, and other foods, choosing those with the lowest levels of sodium that still taste good. you \u2019 ll find that there \u2019 s a surprising degree of variation from brand to brand, since some food manufacturers have already made great strides toward cutting the sodium levels in their products \u2014 and others never added as much sodium in the first place. 11. watch out for hidden sodium : looks \u2014 and taste \u2014 can be deceiving. \u201c fresh \u201d and \u201c natural \u201d meats and poultry may be injected with salt solutions as part of their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40791790802395445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f46e47-7e37-4f26-a4cb-64032bdad026>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.209509"}
{"text": "never added as much sodium in the first place. 11. watch out for hidden sodium : looks \u2014 and taste \u2014 can be deceiving. \u201c fresh \u201d and \u201c natural \u201d meats and poultry may be injected with salt solutions as part of their processing, and manufacturers are not required to list the sodium content on the label. the best way to find out whether your favorite brand has been treated with a salt solution is to ask the grocer or butcher, or to call the toll - free consumer hotline on the product \u2019 s label. some foods that are high in sodium may not taste especially salty, such as breakfast cereals, bakery muffins, energy drinks, and sports drinks. 12. scan the menu, speak to your server : seek low - salt menu options when dining out. at the upper end of the spectrum, some chain restaurant and fast - food meals can top 5, 000 \u2013 6, 000 milligrams of sodium per serving. it is common to find sandwiches and fast - food entrees with 2, 000 \u2013 2, 500 milligrams of sodium per serving \u2014 as much as or more than a day \u2019 s recommended sodium intake. with foodservice ( or food away from home ) now accounting for nearly 50 percent of the consumer food dollar, both foodservice and food manufacturing \u2014 together with consumers and home cooks \u2014 need to be part of the solution to the sodium reduction challenge. some tips for consumers : sodium levels can vary widely from one dish to another and from one restaurant to another. check restaurant websites for sodium information before you head out, or ask your server to steer you to low - salt choices. save high - salt choices for very limited special occasions. increasingly, chain restaurants are responding to calls for sodium reduction, so watch for news about such initiatives by your favorite restaurant group. 13. farming for flavor : a new health imperative. we should recognize that the national conversation about salt and sodium should not be just about salty taste and sodium reduction, but about flavor in our foods in general. for much of the 20th century, our national food and agricultural focus has been on quantity and value \u2014 and quality often as a function of consistency, appearance, safety, convenience, and shelf life. if natural flavor sometimes suffered, there was always fat ( often saturated fats and trans fats ), sugar, and salt to take up the slack \u2014 all high - impact, low - cost flavor enhancers that most people love. but at a time when we have \u201c over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4446671250363832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f46e47-7e37-4f26-a4cb-64032bdad026>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.211674"}
{"text": "there was always fat ( often saturated fats and trans fats ), sugar, and salt to take up the slack \u2014 all high - impact, low - cost flavor enhancers that most people love. but at a time when we have \u201c over - delivered \u201d on the promise of affordable calories, and both salt and sugar ( and all refined carbohydrates ) are turning out to have serious negative health consequences, we need to refocus our attention on enhancing natural flavors. as a practical matter, this means growing more flavorful tomatoes at the same time we try to reduce the sodium in tomato soup. 14. know your seasons, and, even better, your local farmer. shop for raw ingredients with maximum natural flavor, thereby avoiding the need to add as much ( if any ) sodium. seek out peak - of - season produce from farmers \u2019 markets and your local supermarket. one of the easiest ways to reduce the need for added salt is through the use of ingredients such as spices, dried and fresh herbs, roots ( such as garlic and ginger ), citrus, vinegars, and wine. from black pepper, cinnamon and turmeric to fresh basil, chile peppers and lemon juice, these flavor enhancers create excitement on the palate \u2014 and can do it with less sodium. 16. go nuts for healthy fats in the kitchen. as chefs and home cooks know, fat is a great carrier and enhancer of flavor. using the right healthy fats \u2014 from roasted nuts and avocados to olive, canola, soybean, and other oils \u2014 can help make up for any flavor loss from using less salt. some healthy fats contribute their own flavors ( think peanut butter and extra virgin olive oil ), while other fats help to juice up flavor in pan searing and frying. for creative cooks, roasted nuts ground with spices extend and leverage small amounts of salt, such as in the middle eastern spice mixture. umami ( pronounced oo - mah - me ), or savoriness, is the so - called \u201c fifth taste \u201d that in recent years sensory scientists have brought into the mainstream of academic research. foods that are naturally high in a compound called \u201c l - glutamate \u201d trigger our \u201c umami \u201d taste receptors. cooked chicken, fish, beef, and soybeans are naturally high in umami, as are mushrooms, tomatoes, seaweed, carrots, and chinese cabbage. incorporating these foods into meals can add a delicious depth of flavor without adding salt.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45492817860751644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f46e47-7e37-4f26-a4cb-64032bdad026>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.212758"}
{"text": "cooked chicken, fish, beef, and soybeans are naturally high in umami, as are mushrooms, tomatoes, seaweed, carrots, and chinese cabbage. incorporating these foods into meals can add a delicious depth of flavor without adding salt. some foods that are high in umami are also high in sodium, including soy sauce, fish sauce, aged cheeses, miso, and anchovy paste. the cook \u2019 s best strategy : use these ingredients in small amounts instead of adding salt, reducing the overall sodium in the dish. check out these two recipes from the culinary institute of america that boost \u201c umami \u201d : take the time to learn some simple cooking techniques that can make your cooking less reliant on sodium. searing and sauteing foods in a pan builds flavor ( try searing umami - rich mushrooms in a hot pan with oil, and now you have a double flavor - building impact! ). roasting brings out the natural sweetness of many vegetables and the savoriness of fish and chicken. steaming and microwaving tend to dilute flavors ; perk up steamed dishes with a finishing drizzle of flavorful oil and a squeeze of citrus. 19. wait! be careful how you spend that sodium budget. save your \u201c sodium budget \u201d to enhance the flavors of produce, whole grains, nuts and legumes, and other healthy ingredients versus \u201c overspending \u201d it on salty snacks, heavily processed food, high - sodium fast foods, and other foods that we should be consuming in smaller amounts. we all love treats, and most of us have to eat on the run occasionally ( that \u2019 s why they call it \u201c fast food \u201d ). but if we do this too often in a way that \u201c blows \u201d our sodium budget, we come up short without enough tools to enhance the flavors of healthy, everyday cooking. the best intentions to reduce sodium are definitely going to run aground when too many high - sodium ingredients are aggregated in the same dish. rethink that double bacon cheeseburger or the breakfast special with ham and sausage. pickles, capers, cured meats, grated aged cheeses, mustard, catsup, soy sauce, hot sauce, smoked fish, and other condiments and specialty foods all bring added satisfaction to the table. there is no need to give up condiments, which in many cases represent culinary traditions that are centuries old. in some cases, reduced sodium versions of these are now available ; in other cases, we can just use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42059670768220475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f46e47-7e37-4f26-a4cb-64032bdad026>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.213664"}
{"text": "added satisfaction to the table. there is no need to give up condiments, which in many cases represent culinary traditions that are centuries old. in some cases, reduced sodium versions of these are now available ; in other cases, we can just use them more sparingly. 21. go global : discover a world of ideas for flavor development. look to global culinary traditions \u2014 from europe and the mediterranean, latin america, asia and africa \u2014 for healthy ideas to transform fruits, vegetables, and other healthy ingredients into exciting flavors and meals. because many of these world culinary traditions build up flavor in such novel, complex, and intriguing ways, cooks are under less pressure to use as much sodium. sometimes these flavors will appear in the u. s. or their native countries in higher sodium versions, but the culinary ideas for lower sodium strategies are still there, embedded in traditional cultural approaches to flavor development that go way beyond fat, salt, and sugar ( our all - too - frequent default flavor enhancers in the u. s. ). two international recipe suggestions are : avoid \u201c double salting \u201d your foods when cooking, and look for ways to pair salted flavors with unsalted or under - salted foods, especially fresh produce. if you are adding a little cheese to your salad, you don \u2019 t need much or any salt in your dressing. if you are adding a ham bone to a soup pot, lighten up on the sodium for the rest of the soup. in a sandwich, try adding sliced cucumber instead of pickles. a pot of brown rice or whole grain pasta doesn \u2019 t need to be salted if you are serving it with other adequately seasoned items or sauces. and an adequately seasoned crust or condiment may lessen the need for salting the rest of the dish. 23. rinse, wash, and dilute : you can easily cut some of the excess sodium in processed foods with no loss of flavor. draining and rinsing canned foods can dramatically cut their sodium levels \u2014 in the case of canned beans, cooks can cut 40 percent of the sodium with this trick. when making soup, dilute reduced sodium chicken broth with water or wine instead of using it full strength, and float in some additional vegetables and herbs. 24. whole grains : beyond bread and sandwiches. collectively, because we eat so much of it, bread is one of the largest contributors of sodium to our diets. even whole grain bread, while a healthier choice than white, can contain considerable sodium. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49160040447561637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f46e47-7e37-4f26-a4cb-64032bdad026>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.214580"}
{"text": "grains : beyond bread and sandwiches. collectively, because we eat so much of it, bread is one of the largest contributors of sodium to our diets. even whole grain bread, while a healthier choice than white, can contain considerable sodium. but only part of the sodium in bread is for taste : much of it is used to help the bread - making process and preserve the final results. you can skip that extra salt when you use these marvelous whole grains by themselves. try a mediterranean - inspired whole grain salad with chopped vegetables, nuts, and legumes, perhaps a small amount of cheese, herbs and spices, and healthy oils and vinegar or citrus. you can enjoy many of the same flavors you love in a sandwich, but in a delicious new form that has much less sodium. for breakfast, cook up steel cut oats, farro, or other intact whole grains with a generous amount of fresh or dried fruit, and you can skip the toast ( and the extra sodium ). 25. kick the \u201c auto - salt \u201d habit : taste before you salt. too many of us have the habit of reaching for the salt shaker as soon as our plates are put in front of us. try taking the salt shaker off the table and making it available \u201c upon request only. \u201d always, always taste your food before you salt : maybe you don \u2019 t need the extra sodium. and in the kitchen, add salt late in the cooking process. foods release their flavors ( and salt, in the case of salted ingredients ) during the cooking process, and \u201c palate fatigue \u201d on the part of the cook can cause over - salting if this is undertaken too early. given how vital sodium reduction is, and how embedded sodium is in our food supply, culinary techniques, flavor strategies, manufacturing methods, and marketing assumptions, it is essential that we conduct additional research to shed more light on which sodium reduction strategies are most effective. the challenges here are far more complex than they were for trans fats, which are more easily isolated and replaced in the food supply. in addition to food science and engineering fixes to the high - sodium problem, we need to engage chefs, menu developers, consumer opinion researchers, and a wide range of flavor experts in developing and pursuing key research questions. with the benefit of this research, we will be better positioned to create reduced sodium flavors and food choices that consumers find not just acceptable, but compelling. 1. institute of medicine.. april 20, 2010. 2. grocery manufacturers association.. washington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4498655071681302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8f46e47-7e37-4f26-a4cb-64032bdad026>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.215477"}
{"text": "american poetryif we define poetry as the heart of man expressed in beautiful language, we shall not say that we have no national poetry. true, america has produced no shakespeare and no milton, but we have an inheritance in all english literature ; and many poets in america have followed in the footsteps of their literary british forefathers. puritan life was severe. it was warfare, and manual labor of a most exhausting type, and loneliness, and devotion to a strict sense of duty. it was a life in which pleasure was given the least place and duty the greatest. our puritan ancestors thought music and poetry dangerous, if not actually sinful, because they made men think of this world rather than of heaven. when anne bradstreet wrote our first known american poems, she was expressing english thought ; \" the tenth muse \" was not animated by the life around her, but was living in a dream of the land she had left behind ; her poems are faint echoes of the poetry of england. after time had identified her with life in the new world, she wrote \" contemplations, \" in which her english nightingales are changed to crickets and her english gilli - flowers to american blackberry vines. the truly representative poetry of colonial times is michael wigglesworth ' s \" day of doom. this is the real heart of the puritan, his conscience, in imperfect rhyme. it fulfills the first part of our definition, but shows by its lack of beautiful style that both elements are necessary to produce real poetry. philip freneau was the first american who sought to express his life in poetry. the test of beauty of language again excludes from real poetry some of his expressions and leaves us a few beautiful lyrics, such as \" the wild honeysuckle, \" in which the poet sings his love of american nature. with them american poetry may be said to begin. the first historical event of national importance was the american revolution. amid the bitter years of want, of suffering, and of war ; few men tried to write anything beautiful. life was harsh and stirring and this note was echoed in all the literature. as a result we have narrative and political poetry, such as \" the battle of the kegs \" and \" a fable, \" dealing almost entirely with events and aiming to arouse military ardor. in \" the ballad of nathan hale, \" the musical expression of bravery, pride, and sympathy raises the poem so far above the rhymes of their period that it will long endure as the most memorable poetic expression", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4815291666039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638eb7d0-6203-444c-a2d1-80be6810fda1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.224164"}
{"text": "and aiming to arouse military ardor. in \" the ballad of nathan hale, \" the musical expression of bravery, pride, and sympathy raises the poem so far above the rhymes of their period that it will long endure as the most memorable poetic expression of the revolutionary period. poetry was still a thing of the moment, an avocation, not dignified by receiving the best of a man. with william cullen bryant came a change. he told our nation that in the new world as well as in the old some men should live for the beautiful. everything in nature spoke to him in terms of human life. other poets saw the re1ation between their own lives and the life of the flowers and the birds, but bryant constantly expressed this relationship. the concluding stanza of \" to a waterfowl \" is the most perfect example of this characteristic, but it underlies also the whole thought of his youthful poem \" thanatopsis \" ( a view of death ). if we could all read the lives of our gentians and bobolinks as he did, there would be more true poetry in america. modern thinkers urge us to step outside of ourselves into the lives of others and by our imagination to share their emotions ; this is no new ambition in america ; since bryant in \" the crowded street \" analyzes the life in the faces he sees. until the early part of the nineteenth century american poetry dealt mainly with the facts of history and the description of nature. a new element of fancy is prominent in joseph rodman drake ' s \" the culprit fay. \" it dances through a long narrative with the delicacy of the fay himself. edgar allan poe brought into our poetry somber sentiment and musical expression. puritan poetry was somber, but it was almost devoid of sentiment. poe loved sad beauty and meditated on the sad things in life. many of his poems lament the loss of some fair one. \" to helen, \" \" annabel lee \" \" lenore, \" and \" to one in paradise \" have the theme, while in \" the raven \" the poet is seeking solace for the loss of lenore. \" eulalie - - a song \" rises, on the other hand to intense happiness. with poe the sound by which his idea was expressed was as important as the thought itself. he knew how to make the sound suit the thought, as in \" the raven \" and \" the bells. \" one who understands no english can grasp the meaning of the different sections from the mere sound, so clearly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45952270087783725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638eb7d0-6203-444c-a2d1-80be6810fda1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.225042"}
{"text": "as important as the thought itself. he knew how to make the sound suit the thought, as in \" the raven \" and \" the bells. \" one who understands no english can grasp the meaning of the different sections from the mere sound, so clearly distinguishable are the clashing of the brass and the tolling of the iron bells. if we return to our definition of poetry as an expression of the heart of a man, we shall find the explanation of these peculiarities : poe was a man of moods and possessed the ability to express these moods in appropriate the contrast between the emotion of poe and the calm spirit of the man who followed him is very great. in henry wadsworth longfellow american poetry reached high - water mark. lacadio hearn in his \" interpretations of literature \" says : \" really i believe that it is a very good test of any englishman ' s ability to feel poetry, simply to ask him, ` did you like longfellow when you were a boy? ' if he says ` no, ' then it is no use to talk to him on the subject of poetry at all, however much he might be able to tell you about quantities and metres. \" no american has in equal degree won the name of \" household poet. \" if this term is correctly understood, it sums up his merits more succinctly than can any other longfellow dealt largely with men and women and the emotions common to us all. hiawatha conquering the deer and bison, and hunting in despair for food where only snow and ice abound ; evangeline faithful to her father and her lover, and relieving suffering in the rude hospitals of a new world ; john alden fighting the battle between love and duty ; robert of sicily learning the lesson of humility ; sir federigo offering his last possession to the woman he loved ; paul revere serving his country in time of need ; the monk proving that only a sense of duty done can bring happiness : all these and more express the emotions which we know are true in our own lives. in his longer narrative poems he makes the legends of puritan life real to us ; he takes english folk - lore and makes us see othere talking to arthur, and the viking stealing his bride. his short poems are even better known than his longer narratives. in them he expressed his gentle, sincere love of the young, the suffering, and the sorrowful. in the sonnets he showed ; that deep appreciation of european literature which made noteworthy his teaching", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5113073490935471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638eb7d0-6203-444c-a2d1-80be6810fda1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.225960"}
{"text": "short poems are even better known than his longer narratives. in them he expressed his gentle, sincere love of the young, the suffering, and the sorrowful. in the sonnets he showed ; that deep appreciation of european literature which made noteworthy his teaching at harvard and his he believed that he was assigned a definite task in the world which he described as follows in his last poem : \" as comes the smile to the lips, the foam to the surge ; so come to the poet his songs, all hitherward blown from the misty realm, that belongs to the vast unknown. his, and not his, are the lays he sings ; and their fame is his, and not his ; and the praise and the pride of a name. for voices pursue him by day and haunt him by night, and he listens and needs must obey, when the angel says : ' write! ' john greenleaf whittier seems to suffer by coming in such close proximity to longfellow. genuine he was, but his spirit was less buoyant than longfellow ' s and he touches our hearts less. most of his early poems were devoted to a current political issue. they aimed to win converts to the cause of anti - slavery. such poems always suffer in time in comparison with the song of a man who sings because \" the heart is so full that a drop overfills it. \" whittier ' s later poems belong more to this class and some of them speak to - day to our emotions as well as to our intellects. \" the hero \" moves us with a desire to serve mankind, and the stirring tone of \" barbara frietchie \" arouses our patriotism by its picture of the same type of bravery. in similar vein is \" barclay of ury, \" which must have touched deeply the heart of the quaker poet. \" the pipes of lucknow \" is dramatic in its intense grasp of a climactic hour and loses none of its force in the expression. we can actually hear the skirl of the bagpipes. whittier knew the artists of the world and talked to us about raphael and burns with clear - sighted, affectionate interest. his poems show varied characteristics ; the love of the sterner aspects of nature, modified by the appreciation of the humble flower ; the conscience of the puritan, tinged with sympathy for the sorrowful ; the steadfastness of the quaker, stirred by the fire of the patriot. the poetry of ralph waldo emerson is marked by serious contem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46017325075731674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638eb7d0-6203-444c-a2d1-80be6810fda1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.227638"}
{"text": "appreciation of the humble flower ; the conscience of the puritan, tinged with sympathy for the sorrowful ; the steadfastness of the quaker, stirred by the fire of the patriot. the poetry of ralph waldo emerson is marked by serious contemplation rather than by warmth of emotional expression. in longfellow the appeal is constantly to a heart which is not disassociated from a brain ; in emerson the appeal is often to the intellect alone. we recognize the force of the lesson in \" the titmouse, \" even if it leaves us less devoted citizens than does \" the hero \" and less capable women than does \" evangeline. \" he reaches his highest excellence when he makes us feel as well as understand a lesson, as in \" the concord hymn \" and \" forbearance. \" if we could all write on the tablets of our hearts that single stanza, forbearance would be a real factor in life. and it is to this poet whom we call unemotional that we owe this inspiring quatrain : \" so nigh is grandeur to our dust, so near is god to man, when duty whispers low, thou must, the youth replies, i can! \" james russell lowell was animated by a well - defined purpose which he described in the following lines : \" it may be glorious to write thoughts that make glad the two or three high souls like those far stars that come in sight once in a century. but better far it is to speak one simple word which, now and then shall waken their free nature in the weak and friendless sons of men. to write some earnest verse or line which, seeking not the praise of art, shall make a clearer faith and manhood shine in the untutored heart. \" his very accomplishments made it difficult for him to reach this aim, since his poetry does not move \" the untutored heart \" so readily as does that of longfellow or whittier. it is, on the whole, too deeply burdened with learning and too individual in expression to fulfil his highest desire. of his early poems the most generally known is probably \" the vision of sir launfal, \" in which a strong moral purpose is combined with lines of beautiful nature description : \" and what is so rare as a day in june? then, if ever, come perfect days. two works by which he will be permanently remembered show a deeper and more effective lowell. \" the biglow papers \" are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4888767371236226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638eb7d0-6203-444c-a2d1-80be6810fda1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.228572"}
{"text": "beautiful nature description : \" and what is so rare as a day in june? then, if ever, come perfect days. two works by which he will be permanently remembered show a deeper and more effective lowell. \" the biglow papers \" are the most successful of all the american poems which attempt to improve conditions by means of humor. although they refer in the main to the situation at the time of the mexican war, they deal with such universal political traits that they may be applied to almost any age. they are written in a yankee dialect which, it is asserted, was never spoken, but which enhances the humor, as in \" what mr. robinson thinks. \" lowell ' s tribute to lincoln occurs in the ode which he wrote to commemorate the harvard students who enlisted in the civil war. after dwelling on the search for truth which should be the aim of every college student, he turns to the delineation of lincoln ' s character in a eulogy of great beauty. clear in analysis, far - sighted in judgment, and loving in sentiment, he expresses that opinion of lincoln which has become a part of the web of american thought. his is no hurried judgment, but the calm statement of opinion which is to - day accepted by the world : \" they all are gone, and, standing like a tower, our children shall behold his fame, the kindly - earnest, brave, foreseeing man, sagacious, patient, dreading, praise, not blame, now birth of our new soil, the first american. \" with oliver wendell holmes comes the last of this brief american list of honor. no other american has so combined delicacy with the new england humor. we should be poorer by many a smile without \" my aunt \" and \" the deacon ' s masterpiece. \" but this is not his entire gift. \" the chambered nautilus \" strikes the chord of noble sentiment sounded in the last stanza of \" thanatopsis \" and it will continue to sing in our hearts \" as the swift seasons roll. \" there is in his poems the smile and the sigh of the well - \" and if i should live to be the last leaf upon the tree in the spring. let them smile ; as i do now ; as the old forsaken bough where i cling. \" and is this all? around these few names does all the fragrance of american poetry hover? in the hurry, prosperity, and luxury of modern life is the care if the flower of poetry lost? surely not. the last half", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48754945085113144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:638eb7d0-6203-444c-a2d1-80be6810fda1>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.229427"}
{"text": "the matter at issue : the throne of france the hundred years war was fought largely over who would be the king of france. the english kings, who had originally been french nobles that invaded and conquered england in 1066, still held lands in france. the english lands in france had long been viewed uncomfortably by the french king. through the 13th century, strong french kings had reclaimed french lands held by the english kings. by the early 14th century, three events came together. first, the english kings noted that one more push by the french would deive the english completely out of france. second, the french were entering a period of weak kings. third, the english throne was now occupied by the young, vigorous, able and ( ultimately ) long lived edward iii. in any other circumstances it would appear absurd for the english king to come up with the idea of claiming the french throne in order to protect english lands in france. but edward iii was bold and, in one of those uniquely medieval ironies, he had law and custom on his side. the english claim to the french throne was strong, as were the english armies and edward iiis resolve. the resulting war outlived edward, and his great grandson, henry v, came within a hair of actually taking the french throne. the items below explain the situation in rather more detail. historical kings of france historical kings of england the english position of the throne of france the french ultimatum a summary of overlapping claims to various thrones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38451035506521725, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f4f86d3-c09c-44ad-95d3-340f176f8e84>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.230798"}
{"text": "and as good as today ' s beginning stages of deflation may feel, especially when filling up at a service station or shopping for a house, economists warn that there is a high price to pay down the road and that current monetary policy is only raising that price. of course, not all price reductions are created equal. a price drop that stems primarily from an increase in technological efficiency is not deflation ; it ' s progress. deflation is a fall in prices that stems from a shrinking money supply, just as inflation is a price hike that stems from an increase in the supply of money. deflation ramps up when people borrow to make a big purchase on the assumption that what they are buying will be worth more later. but if prices fall, the loan will have to be repaid in dollars that are worth more than the dollars they borrowed, making the debt more onerous. as a result, when people expect falling prices, they become less willing to spend, and in particular less willing to borrow. and when that happens, the economy may stay depressed because people expect deflation, and deflation may continue because the economy remains depressed. it ' s a nasty cycle and it can often be traced back to the central bank ' s balance sheet expansion. deflation is the one thing that a leveraged economy can ' t handle, said steve blitz, chief economist at itg investment research. the implication on the whole economy is potentially ruinous. the idea that every time the stock markets have some kind of a hiccup and they [ the fed policymakers ] need to rush in with some sort of quantitative ease is a dangerous road for them to go on. deflation is always a risk if you engage in a policy of inflation, said albert lu, managing director and chief portfolio manager of wb advisors. the problem with the addiction to money - printing is that it can ' t stop without dire - - albeit in the long - term healthy - - short - term economic consequences, he said. to jump - start the economy, the central bank would increase the money supply and bank credit to support certain sectors or projects. that ' s what the fed did after the dot - com bubble of 1995 - 2000 burst. the problem is that once the fed stops the infusion of additional credit and money, deflation rapidly takes hold. it then takes an ever - increasing amount of new money creation to achieve a temporary suppression of deflation ' s symptoms. inflation - sustained projects are unsustainable because the expansion rests on government fiat, not economic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48219916943607377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b5b79f-c0ee-4372-9eef-383f13bec1be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.234497"}
{"text": ", deflation rapidly takes hold. it then takes an ever - increasing amount of new money creation to achieve a temporary suppression of deflation ' s symptoms. inflation - sustained projects are unsustainable because the expansion rests on government fiat, not economic fundamentals like supply and demand. take the government ' s determination to promote home ownership. that public policy was advanced with easy money, especially during alan greenspan ' s leadership of the fed, compulsory lending to unqualified borrowers and fannie mae and freddie mac buying tranches of subprime mortgages. home ownership boomed. and then it collapsed. home prices still haven ' t recovered : u. s. home prices fell in march ( the latest data available ), ending the first quarter at the lowest levels since the housing crisis began in mid - 2006, according to standard & poor ' s case - shiller home - price indexes. prices are down roughly 35 percent from their peak in the second quarter of 2006. essentially, as soon as the government stops the expansion, you are going to hit one of these deflationary corrections with all of the nasty business cycles that accompany it, lu said. and often how the government reacts to that is with additional stimulus. for a third year in a row, the u. s. is seeing an economic slowdown and in response, policymakers could be unveiling policy sequels such as : fiscal stimulus 4, operation twist 2 or quantitative easing 3. they are basically keeping the thing going by continuously adding money and credit, lu said. this is just delaying the correction we need. we ' ve been prolonging the agony, and the final correction will be much worse than it had to be, lu said. let them fail the depression of 1920 - 21 shows why the fed should sit on its collective hands at their june federal open market committee meeting. from the spring of 1920 to the summer of 1921, nominal gross domestic product fell by 23. 9 percent, wholesale prices by 40. 8 percent and the consumer price index dropped by 8. 3 percent. meanwhile, unemployment topped out at about 14 percent from a pre - bust level of as low as 2 percent. in response, the administration of warren g. harding balanced the budget and the fed tightened money supply, pushing up short - term rates in mid - depression to as high as 8. 13 percent. harding also decided to let the ailing businesses fail. then something wonderful happened : the economy purged itself and by 1923, the nation ' s unemployment rate fell back to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4517076405254735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b5b79f-c0ee-4372-9eef-383f13bec1be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.235393"}
{"text": "in fact, the united states apparently just emerged from the hottest spring on record. the period between june 2011 and may of this year was the warmest on record since noaa record keeping began in 1985. aside from washington, every state experienced higher - than - average temperatures during that period, which also featured the second - warmest summer and fourth - warmest winter in almost 28 years. the nation ' s average temperature during those 12 months hovered at 56 degrees fahrenheit, reportedly 3. 2 degrees above the long - term average, surpassing the previous record, which was just set in april, in an analysis of temperatures between may 2011 and april 2012. the warmer - than - average conditions persisted through the winter and spring, resulting in a limited snowfall that the rutgers global snow lab reports was the third - smallest on record for the contiguous u. s. the rising temperatures may have altered precipitation patterns as well, according to noaa. while the country as a whole actually experienced a drier spring than usual, the west coast, northern plains and upper midwest regions were simultaneously wetter than average. on a more concerning note, the prevalence of natural disasters, such as the disastrous tornado in joplin, mo., and the massive, hurricane - caused flooding in vermont, that plagued the country over the past year were also far form usual. the u. s. climate extreme index, which tracks extremes in temperatures, precipitation, drought and tropical cyclones, reached 44 percent this past spring. that ' s twice the average value. the noaa report is not the only recent analysis to note the prevalence, and consequences, of rising temperatures. on thursday, nasa reported that scientists have discovered unprecedented blooms of plant life beneath the waters of the arctic ocean. while that certainly does not seem like cause for concern, nasa noted it was likely caused by a thinning of the arctic ocean ' s three - foot thick layer of ice, allowing the sun to penetrate that ice to foster plant life under the sea. a continuous rise in summer temperatures is expected to triple the number of heat - related deaths in the u. s. by the end of the century, the natural resources defense council reported last month. in an analysis of peer - reviewed data, the organization said summer temperatures could rise by 4 to 11 degrees fahrenheit by that time due to human - induced climate change, which could increase the number of summer heat - related deaths from 1, 300 to 4, 600 a year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44075268342719565, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:628e935a-7678-4d56-8179-04a384233ade>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.237625"}
{"text": "education : gala celebrations 4 telecommunications grade 9 / world history / technology time required for completed lesson 30 minutes for introduction and 40 minutes for presentations, time will vary based on size of class ; work can be completed in class or out of class 6. 2. 12. c. 1. e, 6. 2. 12. d. 2. e, 6. 2. 12. c. 3. d, 6. 2. 12. c. 4. d, 6. 2. 12. d. 5. c, 6. 2. 12. d. 6. a common core state standards sl. 9 - 10. 4. present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and task. sl. 9 - 10. 5. make strategic use of digital media ( e. g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and interactive elements ) in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest. sl. 9 - 10. 6. adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal english when indicated or appropriate. computer lab or laptop cart if working on assignment in class ; lap top with projector required for presentations open class with a discussion about telecommunications and celebrations. how do people communication? how has communication changed? how do we celebrate milestones in our lives \u2013 births, marriages, birthdays? share with students article - happy anniversary : first email sent with an attachment turns 20! ( see resources below for link ) brainstorm with class a celebration honoring this telecommunications milestone. divide classes into small groups \u2013 2 or 3 students in each group. groups can be assigned telecommunications milestones or pick their own milestone. each group should have a different milestone. milestones can included gutenberg \u2019 s improved printing press, the optical telegraph, the american postal service, the pony express, the stagecoach, the telegraph, morse code, the telephone, the radio, the electronic television, the internet, pagers, cellular devices, social media websites, and e - mail. the student groups will work as party planners. their task is to plan and present a gala celebration honoring their telecommunications milestone. the plan can be presented in a powerpoint or prezi format. the plan must include the following : a meaningful date and location for the celebration, an invitation, decorations, guest list ( of living and deceased dignitaries ), basic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4839423023131565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f75a8a30-c654-45b7-b9fb-ac81fb5610fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.240098"}
{"text": "written into history pulitzer prize reporting of the twentieth century from the new york times by anthony lewis ( editor ) ( times books, hardcover, 9780805068498, 352pp. ) publication date : october 2001 other editions of this title : hardcover with each news day, history unfolds as steadfast journalists uncover facts and public opinion. drawn from the new york times ' s archive of an unparalleled seventy - nine pulitzer prizes, written into history offers a fascinating record of the twentieth century. the times ' s award - winning reports range from antarctic dispatches on the byrd expedition to the eyewitness account of the atomic bomb, from the first amendment battle to publish the pentagon papers to the personal narrative of an interracial friendship. pulitzer prize winner anthony lewis culled through the newspaper ' s most acclaimed writing to chronicle life and history as it was happening, with such highlights as otto tolischus on hitler, david halberstam on vietnam, j. anthony lukas on hippies, and anna quindlen on aids. lewis tells the stories behind the stories, describing journalism ' s changing role in the world. for armchair historians and aspiring reporters, this is a rich and memorable portrait of a century by the men and women who most artfully observed it. two - time pulitzer - prize - winning journalist anthony lewis is the author of make no law and the bestseller gideon ' s trumpet. among the highlights of his nearly five decades of writing and reporting for the new york times, he served as the times ' s london bureau chief for eight years and contributes the twice - weekly \" abroad at home \" column to the paper ' s op - ed page. \" the kind of even - shaping journalism pioneered by pulitzer is on display in written into history, a collection of pulitzer prize reporting from the new york times. editor anthony lewis chronicles changes in the attitude of the press toward the presidency and government, as reflected in the kind of reporting that won the prize over the years and the trend toward recognizing more analytical writing. he also provides background on the history of the pulitzer prize and the arduous decision - making process. the selected award - winning articles ( the times has won more pulitzers than any other american newspaper ) are sorted into the following categories : investigative reporting ; dangerous stories that put reporters at risk ; international news ; public advocacy ; criticism of the arts ; science reporting ; and biographical and human - interest stories. among the topics are russian slave - labor camps during the 1950s, the pentagon papers, the vietnam war,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4068732327376046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a1e1f28-dd32-451a-bd69-c2585938da40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.244031"}
{"text": "stories that put reporters at risk ; international news ; public advocacy ; criticism of the arts ; science reporting ; and biographical and human - interest stories. among the topics are russian slave - labor camps during the 1950s, the pentagon papers, the vietnam war, and exploitation of illegal aliens in the u. s. \" \u2014 vanessa bush, booklist \" lewis ( gideon ' s trumpet ) a writer with the new york times for nearly five decades and himself a two - time pulitzer winner succeeds in presenting some of the world ' s best recent journalism... there are plenty of both prominent and almost - forgotten stories : ' red ' smith on the near - bankruptcy of new york city in the 1970s, max frankel on nixon ' s 1972 visit to china, linda greenhouse on failed supreme court nominee robert bork. lewis ' s fine introductory essay describes the post - vietnam transformation of american journalism. the war and watergate, he contends, made the press more skeptical of those in power and more confrontational in tone. pulitzer prizes increasingly went to fearless reporters like david halberstam, whose tragically prescient analysis, in 1963, of the worsening situation in vietnam constitutes one of the highlights of this book... another highlight is lewis ' s own analysis of the warren court, which moved aggressively to ' federalize ' legal protections in the areas of civil rights and criminal due process. it ' s a paragon of accessible legal writing. perhaps the best, and certainly the most important, piece in the collection is mirta ojito ' s unforgettable recent story of two cuban immigrants, one black and one white and how race comes to define and divide the two friends once they move to miami. the piece is everything great journalism should be : empathetic, unmistakably relevant and a challenge to our basic ideals. for anyone interested in recent history or journalism at its best, this book will prove worthwhile. \" \u2014 publishers weekly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4502376600075796, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a1e1f28-dd32-451a-bd69-c2585938da40>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.244889"}
{"text": "what is it? varicose veins occur when veins just below the skin ' s surface are damaged, become swollen and fill with too much blood. veins are the blood vessels that return blood to the heart. arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. varicose veins most commonly occur in the legs. in about 50 % of cases, the condition runs in families, and probably is related to an inherited weakness in the veins ' walls or the valves inside veins that keep blood from backing up. pregnancy is another common cause of varicose veins. during pregnancy, the volume of blood increases causing veins to expand. also, occupations that require uninterrupted standing ( waitresses and waiters, nurses, mothers with young children ) may force leg veins and valves to work against gravity for hours, increasing the risk of pressure - related vein and valve damage. garters also can increase the risk of varicose veins if their tight elastics slow blood flow in the legs. varicose veins are 2 to 3 times more common in women than men. obese people are more likely to develop varicose veins. varicose veins can be associated with prior blood clots and damage to the deeper veins in one or both legs, a situation that sometimes can lead to chronic venous insufficiency. when this happens, the veins lose their ability to effectively move blood back to the heart. this can cause significant leg swelling and skin sores or ulcers. in the legs, varicose veins commonly are found along the inside of the leg, at the ankles and at the back of the calf. the affected veins look blue, swollen or stretched out, kinked or twisted. in some people, varicose veins do not cause any symptoms. however, other people may experience one or more of the following : - a dull ache in the legs - a feeling of pressure or heaviness in the legs - swollen feet and ankles - itching skin near the damaged veins in more severe cases of chronic venous insufficiency, a slowing of blood flow through the vein can lead to localized skin changes, including dryness, a rash or brownish discoloration and open sores ( ulcers ). slow blood flow also can cause a clot to form inside the affected vein. this condition is called thrombosis. in general, symptoms of varicose veins are worse at the end of the day, especially after periods of prolonged standing. some women also find", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4523767811189628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d62cbe-98e6-4351-88a3-fd81aeda1b82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.249317"}
{"text": "can cause a clot to form inside the affected vein. this condition is called thrombosis. in general, symptoms of varicose veins are worse at the end of the day, especially after periods of prolonged standing. some women also find that their symptoms are more intense during the days before their menstrual periods, and during pregnancy. your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and about your family history of varicose veins. he or she also will ask about your lifestyle, especially the number of hours that you spend on your feet. in women, your doctor will ask about your pregnancy history and about the tightness of elastics on the socks or stockings you wear. your doctor can diagnose varicose veins with a simple physical examination. in most cases, no special tests are necessary. varicose veins are a long - term problem, but symptoms can come and go. if you are pregnant and experiencing severe problems with varicose veins, your symptoms will improve after delivery. however, your varicose veins probably will not disappear totally, and you can expect symptoms to return during future pregnancies. you can help to prevent varicose veins by maintaining a normal weight and by avoiding situations where you must stand for prolonged periods. even with these preventive measures, however, you still may develop varicose veins if this condition tends to run in your family. if you already have varicose veins, you can prevent symptom flare - ups by periodically lying down or sitting down with your legs elevated above the level of your chest. some physicians also recommend that you wear support stockings or more specialized compression stockings when you walk or stand for long periods of time. the stockings prevent blood from pooling in the veins, and prevent strain on the valves and leg swelling. treatment for most people with mild symptoms of varicose veins includes : - elevating and supporting the legs periodically throughout the day - wearing compression stockings for varicose veins that are close to the skin, dermatologists or vascular surgeons may offer sclerotherapy or laser therapy. sclerotherapy involves injection of an irritating into the affected vein, causing the vein to scar and shut down. laser therapy can be effective for the smallest varicose veins. people with severe venous insufficiency can develop recurrent blood clots and skin ulcers. the traditional surgery is called vein stripping and ligation. in this surgical procedure, the abnormal veins are tied off and pulled out of the body through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42908441403251046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d62cbe-98e6-4351-88a3-fd81aeda1b82>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.250221"}
{"text": "with severe venous insufficiency can develop recurrent blood clots and skin ulcers. the traditional surgery is called vein stripping and ligation. in this surgical procedure, the abnormal veins are tied off and pulled out of the body through series of small cuts in the skin. another surgical procedure, called ambulatory phlebectomy, also removes veins through small skin incisions, but it is less invasive than classic stripping and ligation. newer therapies include endovenous thermal ablation and transilluminated power phlebotomy ( a modified form of ambulatory phlebotomy ). endovenous thermal ablation uses laser or high - frequency radio waves to heat the abnormal veins. these newer procedures appear to cause less scarring, with less \" down time. \" external laser therapy is reserved primarily for cosmetic removal of small, superficial, spider - like veins. when to call a professional call your doctor whenever you have pain, swelling, skin ulcers or an unexplained area of bruising on your legs. new leg swelling, especially in just one leg, can be caused by a blood clot, which requires immediate treatment. if you have varicose veins, call your doctor immediately if you develop an ulcer or a painful, black and blue area near a varicose vein or if you cut the skin over a varicose vein and you have trouble controlling the bleeding. varicose veins are a long - term problem, but their symptoms often can be controlled with leg elevation and therapeutic stockings. surgical procedures remove varicose veins permanently, but they leave scars, and they cannot prevent new varicose veins from forming. national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) p. o. box 30105 bethesda, md 20824 - 0105 american college of surgeons ( acs ) 633 north saint clair st. chicago, il 60611 - 3211", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4579944862177826, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9d62cbe-98e6-4351-88a3-fd81aeda1b82>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.250856"}
{"text": "only 1 % of all cancer cases in the u. s. are cancers of the testicle. but it is the most common form of cancer in young men. in 2012, it is estimated that there will be 8, 600 new cases of testicular cancer, and that 360 men will die from this disease. there are several risk factors for testicular cancer : - most cases happen in young men, typically 15 - 40 years of age. but older men may also develop the disease. - failure of one or both testicles to descend from within the body before birth ( known as cryptorchidism ). this raises the risk of cancer approximately ten - fold. - if there is cancer in one testicle, the risk for cancer in the other testicle goes up. - when a first - degree family member ( father, brother or son ) has been affected. - having klinefelters syndrome ( a congenital abnormality of chromosomes ). but in the majority of cases, there arent any risk factors present. and there is no evidence that injuring the testicle or getting a sexually transmitted disease ( other than hiv ) increases the risk of cancer. if its detected early, testicular cancer responds exceptionally well to treatment. the survival rate for early - stage tumors is over 95 %. treatment is less effective if the diagnosis is delayed. you should see your doctor right away if : - you have pain in your testicle - you notice new lumps - any of your testicles gets bigger some doctors recommend that young men do regular testicle self - exams. but there is no proof that self - exam leads to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40896031789659826, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c625a662-e347-4e0b-81b4-bfc61785e8f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.252310"}
{"text": "gay and lesbian issues the adolescent years are full of challenges, many related to sex and sexual identity. these issues can be especially difficult for teens who are ( or think they may be ) homosexual. homosexual teens deserve the same understanding and respect as heterosexual teens, and it is important for everyone to know the facts about homosexuality. here are the basics. each of us has a biological sex ( we have a male or female body ), a gender identity ( we feel like a male or female ), and a sexual orientation ( we are attracted to males or females ). homosexuality refers to a person ' s sexual orientation ; homosexual teen - agers have strong romantic or sexual feelings for a person of the same sex. heterosexual teen - agers are attracted to people of the opposite sex, and bisexual teens are attracted to people of both sexes. the word \" gay \" is used to describe both men and women who are homosexual, with the word \" lesbian \" specifically referring to a homosexual woman. it is estimated that 10 percent of the population in the united states and throughout the world is lesbian or gay. although scientists don ' t know why some people are homosexual and others are not, most believe that homosexuality is a normal variation of sexual orientation. it may be genetic, result from natural substances ( hormones ) in the body, be influenced by the environment before or after birth, or, most likely, several of these things working in combination. homosexual teens are found in all types of families. homosexuality is not caused by \" bad parenting. \" if your teen is gay, it is not because of anything you or anyone else did. homosexuality also is not something a person chooses, nor is it an illness that can be cured. according to the american psychiatric association, so - called therapies such as \" reparative therapy \" and \" transformational ministry \" don ' t work and actually can be harmful, causing guilt and anxiety in homosexual teens. not all teen - agers who are attracted to members of the same sex are homosexual. many teens experiment with their sexuality during adolescence, in much the same way that they experiment with clothing, body art or music. this brief sexual experimentation is thought to be a normal part of sexual development. for homosexual teens, the attraction to people of the same sex is stronger and longer lasting. back to top every family is different. while one parent may find out by chance that a teen is homosexual, others may hear directly from their teen in person, in a letter or by a phone call. when a teen tells other people that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5363723124187092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83d99630-30d5-4811-bdcf-250bf5d3fac5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.255933"}
{"text": "lasting. back to top every family is different. while one parent may find out by chance that a teen is homosexual, others may hear directly from their teen in person, in a letter or by a phone call. when a teen tells other people that he is homosexual, it ' s called \" coming out. \" although this process sometimes can be difficult or painful for families, it also can be a time of tremendous growth. it is important to remember that all teens need their family ' s support and acceptance, especially when they are dealing with sensitive issues. back to top \" coming out \" can be scary and painful, and parents need to reassure their children that they will not be loved any less for sharing the truth about themselves. if your teen tells you he is gay, let him know that you love him unconditionally, and accept him no matter what. show your teen that you care by learning more about homosexuality. read books on the subject or check out reputable web sites ( such as www. pflag. org ). talk to some adults you know who are gay. look for organizations or support groups in your community that can give you information on homosexuality. it will be easier for you to support your teen when you know more and are comfortable with the subject. parents may worry about how friends, neighbors and family will react to their teen ' s homosexuality. it is usually best not to share any information without your teen - ager ' s permission. unfortunately, prejudice against homosexuals is widespread, mostly due to ignorance and fear. when your teen is ready for you to let others know, you should talk with them about your teen ' s sexual orientation and help them to understand, by using what you have learned. back to top growing up as a homosexual in a mostly heterosexual society often is not easy. gay and lesbian adolescents sometimes must cope with unfair, prejudiced, and even violent behavior at school, at home and in the community. they may feel fear or be alone and unsupported. this can push some teens to use drugs and alcohol, engage in risky sexual behavior, or even attempt suicide. it is important that homosexual teens feel supported by their parents and always able to talk openly with them about these issues. overall, most gay and lesbian youth grow up to be well - adjusted and happy adults, with successful careers and family lives. books for parents of the newly out : \" is it a choice? answers to 300 most asked questions about gay and lesbian people \" by eric marcus \" loving someone gay \" by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4345838766171056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83d99630-30d5-4811-bdcf-250bf5d3fac5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.256951"}
{"text": "| | | what your doctor is saying | | | what are the odds? understanding risk last reviewed on september 12, 2012 by robert h. shmerling, m. d. beth israel deaconess medical center \" if you take this medication, you will reduce your risk of disease by 20 %, and 98 % of people taking it have no serious side effects. \" sounds good, right? perhaps not. what if your chance of getting the disease is only one in 1, 000 but two people out of every 100 experience a deadly side effect? talk about risk doctors, nurses, reporters and drug advertisers often talk about risk, though they may not call it that. in fact, they often use other terms that sound logical and understandable such as \" chance \" or \" likelihood \" ( as in \" if you smoke, you will increase your chances of having lung disease \" ). alternatively, they may couch the terms in personal experience ( as in \" i think this medicine will help you ; it works for most of my patients \" ). or, the message may be even more vague : when a doctor says \" i think this therapy will help and i doubt it will cause you any problems, \" the doctor is really saying he or she hopes it helps because it usually does, but that there is a risk that the medication will cause side effects and / or that it will not work. whether or not the word is used, these are all examples of risk, the notion that something might or might not happen and that the likelihood is not zero or 100 %. i was taught in medical school to \" never say never and never say always, \" because absolute certainty is so rare. back to top risk is not simple risk is a trickier concept than many people think. it may seem like something to avoid at all costs, but the fact is that while you may be able to choose one risk over another, you cannot always avoid risk altogether. avoiding one risk may pose other risks. for example, if you have high blood pressure and a doctor prescribes a medication to lower it, there is a risk of side effects from the medication ; but by avoiding the risk of having a side effect, you increase the risk that you will have a stroke due to untreated high blood pressure. many people view any risk at all as a terrible thing, but it is important to realize that it represents a chance that something will happen, not a certainty. even when talking about bad outcomes ( such as the risk of surgery or the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.505694591989196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2acee5e-9187-49d6-8f94-3b986893c9ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.263760"}
{"text": "blood pressure. many people view any risk at all as a terrible thing, but it is important to realize that it represents a chance that something will happen, not a certainty. even when talking about bad outcomes ( such as the risk of surgery or the risk of medication side effects ), there is often an excellent chance that nothing bad will happen. consider this example. for a person suffering chronic arthritis and terrible joint pain for the last two years, symptoms probably will continue unless something changes ( such as starting an effective treatment ). the risk of side effects from any medication is clearly important, but it must be weighed against the high risk that joint pain will continue. if three out of 100 people taking a high - dose anti - inflammatory medication ( such as ibuprofen ) develop a stomach ulcer each year ( that is, if the yearly risk is 3 % ), it is important to weigh that against the risk of ongoing pain ( which is much higher ). and it also means that 97 out of 100 people will not suffer an ulcer as they enjoy the benefits of the medication. back to top the confusing ways to describe risk the other reason risk is confusing is that there are many ways it can be described. people may choose one way to describe risk to emphasize how high it is, while others use another way to express the same risk to downplay it. remarkably, the same risk can seem quite different depending on how it is expressed. one of the most common areas of confusion comes with the difference between absolute risk and relative risk. imagine that you are offered a choice of two medications to reduce your risk of a heart attack : - medication a will decrease your risk of heart attack by 20 %. - medication b reduces your risk from 5 % to 4 %. if you think that medication a sounds better, you are not alone. relative risk is described, by comparing the new risk with the risk before treatment. although vitally important, the actual risk with and without the medicine is not mentioned for medication a. if you thought medication b sounds less impressive, perhaps it ' s because knowing that the starting and ending risks are similar that is, knowing the actual, or absolute, risks makes the change seem less dramatic. this is particularly true when overall risk is very low or very high in the first place. although they provide a more accurate assessment of risk, expressions of absolute risk are often missing from news or ads. most of us would think that medication a is better. but as described, medication a and b could be the same drug.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5034001055061945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2acee5e-9187-49d6-8f94-3b986893c9ad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.264678"}
{"text": "first place. although they provide a more accurate assessment of risk, expressions of absolute risk are often missing from news or ads. most of us would think that medication a is better. but as described, medication a and b could be the same drug. reducing a risk of 5 in 100 to 4 in 100 is identical to a 20 % relative risk reduction. so it is not surprising that what you usually read in news reports and see in advertisements are changes in relative risk rather than the more critical number, the absolute risk. the relative risk tends to be the larger and more persuasive number. for the person or advertiser trying to make a dramatic point, most people find it easier to relate to one number ( 20 % risk reduction for medication a ) rather than keeping track of the initial risk and how it changes with treatment ( 5 % to 4 % for medication b ). however, the simplicity of relative risk comes at the cost of incomplete and potentially misleading information. without knowing where you started, a relative risk reduction of 20 % can be nearly meaningless. consider one of the most commonly prescribed medications in the world : the birth control pill. for nonsmoking women aged 25 to 29, the risk of death attributed to side effects of the pill is estimated at about 1 in 100, 000 and doubles for women who are 30 to 34. if a 33 - year - old woman were told she has twice the risk of dying from a birth control pill than a woman under 30, she might incorrectly interpret this as high risk. in fact, even though her risk is slightly higher than for younger women ( by 0. 001 % ), she is actually at a very low risk of dying, even lower than the estimated risk of death related to childbirth ( 10 to 25 per 100, 000, also rising with age ). there are, of course, other ways to express risk that shape how it is perceived. reports of new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed \" every three minutes \" or the lifetime risk of breast cancer being one in nine, are not very helpful in understanding your own particular risk. estimating your individual risk by considering factors known to affect it ( for example, smoking, which dramatically increases the risk of lung cancer ) is a better way to express risk. the generally quoted figure for the risk of getting struck by lightning is 1 in 600, 000, but it ' s much greater if you are holding a metal rod ( for instance, a golf club ) on a hill during a thunderstorm. risk tends to be better understood when broken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49088736414740386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2acee5e-9187-49d6-8f94-3b986893c9ad>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.265602"}
{"text": "risk of getting struck by lightning is 1 in 600, 000, but it ' s much greater if you are holding a metal rod ( for instance, a golf club ) on a hill during a thunderstorm. risk tends to be better understood when broken down by a finite length of time, such as five or 10 years, rather than over one ' s entire life. reports of lifetime risk may also include disease that has no bearing on one ' s overall health, such as a slow - growing prostate tumor that never affects health or longevity ( a common scenario among elderly men ). back to top the bottom line it is important to acknowledge that risk is easy to misunderstand even with accurate and unbiased information. cynics say statistics can be used to argue any position, and there is some truth to that. but there are some simple measures you can take to get a better handle on risk : - acknowledge that risk is a fact of life and often cannot be avoided entirely. in fact, most decisions one makes about how to prevent or treat disease depend on balancing the risks and benefits of the treatment options. - look for reports that put the risk in context. one way is to compare one risk to another, more familiar risk. for example, the risk of contracting a rare disease could be compared with being struck by lightning, while a more common condition could be compared with the risk of injury or death in a car accident. - ask yourself if the source is objective and seeks only to inform you, or whether there is another goal in mind. sometimes it ' s easy : if the source is an advertiser trying to sell you something, the information is more likely to be biased. - beware of reports that use lifetime risk or ones that convert the number of cases per year to cases per day or hour. even if they are technically accurate, they are probably overemphasizing the point. what matters most is the absolute rather than the relative risk. in my initial example of the drug with a 20 % relative risk reduction with no serious side effects in 98 % of users, two fewer people out of every 10, 000 would get the disease, but 200 would experience a deadly side effect clearly an example of a treatment that is worse than the disease. but it ' s also an example of how misleading descriptions of risk can be. back to top robert h. shmerling, m. d. is associate physician at beth israel deaconess medical center and associate professor at harvard medical school. he has been a practicing rhe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46214387393828954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2acee5e-9187-49d6-8f94-3b986893c9ad>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.266554"}
{"text": "the satellite images displayed are infrared ( ir ) images. warmest ( lowest ) clouds are shown in white ; coldest ( highest ) clouds are displayed in shades of yellow, red, and purple. imagery is obtained from the goes and meteosat geostationary satellites, and the two us polar orbiter ( poes ) satellites. poes satellites orbit the earth 14 times each day at an altitude of approximately 520 miles ( 870 km ). as each orbit is made the satellite can view a 1, 600 mile ( 2, 700 km ) wide area of the earth. due to the rotation of the earth the satellite is able to view every spot on earth twice each day. data from multiple orbits are mosaicked together to provide wide scale global and full earth views in a single image. occasional dark triangular areas that occur on poes images are a result of gaps in data transmitted from the orbiters. a weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather of the earth. these meteorological satellites, however, see more than clouds and cloud systems. city lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows, etc., are other types of environmental information collected using weather satellites. weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from mount st. helens and activity from other volcanoes such as mount etna. smoke from fires in the western united states such as colorado and utah have also been monitored. other environmental satellites can detect changes in the earth ' s vegetation, sea color, and ice fields. for example, the 2002 oil spill off the northwest coast of spain was watched carefully by the european envisat, which, though not a weather satellite, flies an instrument ( asar ) which can see changes in the sea surface el nino and its effects on weather are monitored daily from satellite images. the antarctic ozone hole is mapped from weather satellite data. collectively, weather satellites flown by the u. s., europe, india, china, russia, and japan provide nearly continuous observations for a global weather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5144946826395784, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17aa89d7-2e77-436d-8420-15d2c5bd50ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.268487"}
{"text": "... 1542, catherine howard was beheaded for adultery at the tower of london. of this queen ( below right ), the 5th of 6 wives of the english king henry viii, this website writes : catherine howard did not have an impact upon english history. she is perhaps the most inconsequential of henry viii ' s six wives, her reign as queen a very brief eighteen months. she bore no children and made no lasting impression upon those who knew her. but it should be remembered that she was thirty years younger than her husband, a silly young girl who never understood the dangers of royal regard. her life was over before it had truly begun ; we can only wonder how it might have ended differently. not a word of fault found with the fatally fickle king.... 1961, officials in the province of katanga announced that the man who ' d served from june to september 1960 as congo ' s 1st prime minister, patrice lumumba, was dead. it was claimed that lumumba ( below left ) had been \" killed by villagers trying to take him into custody \" ; however, years later that was deemed not to be the whole truth. according to the bbc : a belgian government inquiry into the murders reported in november 2001 that they would not have taken place without the complicity of belgian and american intelligence services. in february 2002 the belgian government made its first official apology for its part in the assassinations and has set up a $ 3m fund to encourage democracy and development in the democratic republic of congo.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42881079680414413, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c6b75581-5f17-4895-9f06-f0141c2afcc0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.269879"}
{"text": "kate wiley ( 202 ) 633 - 3129 smithsonian \u2019 s lemelson center spotlights hollywood \u2019 s history of innovation \u201c places of invention \u201d exhibition to feature development of technicolor the academy awards would be much less colorful without the innovations in 1930s and \u2019 40s hollywood filmmaking that the smithsonian \u2019 s lemelson center for the study of invention and innovation will showcase in its upcoming \u201c places of invention \u201d exhibition, set to open in 2015. initiative and creativity drove hollywood \u2019 s \u201c golden age \u201d \u2014 a time of great technological change in the motion picture industry, moving from silent and black - and - white to sound and color. \u201c places of invention \u201d will highlight the invention and adoption of technicolor, detailing the three - strip process used in the wizard of oz and gone with the wind and reveal the people behind its success, inventors herbert kalmus, daniel comstock and w. burton westcott, who set up shop in hollywood in 1923. also integral to its success was natalie kalmus, a consultant for technicolor on many classic films who, in making decisions about makeup, costumes and lighting, controlled the aura of technicolor. \u201c our take on the hollywood story goes behind the camera to examine the inventions that significantly changed both the way movies were made and the complexity and popularity of movies themselves, \u201d said art molella, director of the center. \u201c the hollywood and technicolor stories exemplify the outcomes possible when creativity and collaboration are allowed to thrive. \u201d the invention and evolution of technicolor made possible such awards as best visual effects while transforming hollywood into a hot spot of innovation \u2014 a place where a critical mass of inventive people, networks, institutions and funding come together and creativity flourishes. this year alone, six of the nine nominees for best picture implemented various technicolor technologies in their films. overall, 19 films nominated for oscars employed technicolor \u2019 s various offerings in their respective films. \u201c places of invention \u201d \u2014 made possible by a $ 2. 6 million grant from the national science foundation \u2014 will feature a selection of hot spots of invention and innovation. the planned 3, 500 - square - foot exhibition will focus on the mid - 19th century to the present and will feature hands - on experiences based on inventive skill - building and illustrating the ways that places and social collaboration shape the inventive process. for more on the exhibition, visit http : / / invention. smithsonian. org / places. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5092000814872099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54d4806c-969d-4feb-9ca3-138375448d96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.272487"}
{"text": "for the first time since 1415, we are going to have a conclave or papal election with no pope to bury beforehand. but the procedures for the election are not affected by this \u2018 novelty. \u2019 dan brown might seem an unlikely source for information on a papal election but the detailed description in angels and demons was apparently taken from a book by a jesuit scholar and is quite accurate. when the see of rome is declared vacant \u2013 normally when a pope dies \u2013 most of the senior prelates who were the pope \u2019 s \u2018 ministers \u2019 resign. power is entrusted to a cardinal called the camerlengo, in this case cardinal tarcisio bertone, who under normal circumstances would bury the pope. the last papal election took 48 hours, but such speed wasn \u2019 t always the case. in the 13th century the papacy was vacant for a year - and - a - half and an election was forced by the people of rome who locked up the cardinals until a pope was elected. in another case, the people not only locked up the cardinals, they tore off the roof of the building and put the cardinals on a diet of bread and water. now, with benedict \u2019 s resignation the cardinals are essentially being given a \u2018 month \u2019 s notice \u2019 and can plan their trip to rome and think about what they want in the new pope. in a sense, because of the pre - planning that can be brought to bear on this election, there is potentially a lot of time to consider who should be the next leader of the world \u2019 s 1 billion catholics. the cardinals will stay in a specially constructed 5 storey residence inside the vatican walls, santa marta. and will be conveyed by coach to the sistine chapel for morning and afternoon sessions there. the process of election must begin no more than 20 days after the see is vacant. only cardinals under the age of 80 can enter the conclave \u2013 the word means \u2018 with a key \u2019 in latin, referring to the fact that the cardinals are locked into the election hall. there are 119 eligible to vote, 67 of whom were appointed by benedict and the rest by jpii. cardinals who are excommunicated can actually attend but not those who have resigned. a cardinal who resigned and joined napolean bonaparte attempted to enter the conclave in 1800 but was refused. on the morning of the conclave the cardinals con - celebrate mass in st peter \u2019 s basilica. in the afternoon they gather in the pauline chapel in the apostolic palace and solemnly process in full red and white regalia with red hats and enter the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.397840867655614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe661bb9-3884-4391-9c13-161ffd3496bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.278630"}
{"text": ". on the morning of the conclave the cardinals con - celebrate mass in st peter \u2019 s basilica. in the afternoon they gather in the pauline chapel in the apostolic palace and solemnly process in full red and white regalia with red hats and enter the sistine chapel, with the doors locked behind them. all telephones, cell phones, radios, televisions and internet connections are removed from use whether in the chapel or in the residence. they cannot leave except in the case of grave illness. also permitted in the conclave are two medical doctors, a nurse for very ill cardinals, and religious priests who can hear confessions in various languages. these have to swear absolute and perpetual secrecy. the cardinals swear an oath of secrecy not to discuss the elections outside the chapel and everyone else is ordered out in the latin words \u201c extra omnes, \u201d \u201c everybody out. \u201d the doors of the sistine chapel and the residence of the cardinals are closed. inside, a meditation is given concerning the grave duty of the cardinals and they are exhorted to \u201c only have god before your eyes. \u201d the rest of the time is spent for prayer and voting in silence, there are no campaign speeches. negotiations and arguments have to take place outside. in the chapel, which dates from the 15th century, and under the ceiling adorned with michelangelo ' s last judgement, the cardinals can cast their vote. there will be four ballots daily until a clear majority is found for one candidate. it is severely frowned upon to seek the office of pope and canvassing for it is severely prohibited, especially prior to a pope dying. it is an office bestowed upon a person rather than their contesting for it. however an outsider could be elected pope and in theory it could be a lay person willing to be ordained a priest and bishop but the weight of tradition suggests it will be one of the cardinals gathered in the sistine chapel. the last non cardinal was pope urban in 1378. however, discussions prior to a ballot among cardinals do occur privately but public campaigning would be counter productive. dinners are good vehicles for discussions. however, the best known cardinals tend to be the ones that work in the vatican and meet other bishops, and cardinals when they come on business to rome. the ballot is secret and pope john paul ii abolished two methods of election : by compromise or by common consent. since 1179, a new pope requires a two thirds majority. now, after 33 ballots, a simple majority is enough. if there is no progress in choosing a candidate, a day of prayer is set", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45854055231473967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe661bb9-3884-4391-9c13-161ffd3496bc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.279572"}
{"text": "election : by compromise or by common consent. since 1179, a new pope requires a two thirds majority. now, after 33 ballots, a simple majority is enough. if there is no progress in choosing a candidate, a day of prayer is set aside. however, not since 1831 has an election lasted more than four days. the ballot papers themselves are rectangular with \u201c i elect as supreme pontiff \u201d printed at the top and each cardinal prints or writes a name in a way that disguises his handwriting. one at a time they approach the altar with the folded ballot held up, he kneels and prays and then places the ballot in a silver and gilded bronze urn, much like a wok with a lid. cardinals called \u2018 scrutineers \u2019 count the ballots. after the ballots are read aloud they are placed on a thread and placed in another urn. they are then burnt. since 1903, white smoke from the chimney of the sistine chapel has signalled the election of a pope ; black smoke signals another vote. when a pope is finally elected, the cardinal dean asks him, \u201c do you accept your canonical election as supreme pontiff? \u201d rarely does anyone say no. st philip benize was offered it in 1271 and fled and hid until another candidate was chosen. sacristy of tears after the \u2018 yes \u2019, he is led into the \u2018 sacristy of tears \u2019 or commonly called \u2018 room of tears, \u2019 a small room off the sistine chapel. it is here that the enormity of what has just happened hits the new pope, though the tears may be of sorrow or joy. traditionally they were said to be tears of humility as a pope was following in the footsteps of st peter ; others would contend the tears were because essentially the pope becomes a \u2018 prisoner \u2019 of the vatican and would be bowed down by the weight of the office. the new pope picks one of three sizes of papal garments \u2013 presumably small, medium or large \u2013 and return to the high altar to receive the homage of the cardinals. meanwhile, the ballots are burnt in a stove with a chemical which turns the smoke white, telling the world of the newly elected pontiff. a cardinal is then sent to the loggia of the benedictions on the facade of st peter \u2019 s where he says : \u201c annuntio vobis gaudium magnum. i announce to you a great joy! habemus papam. we have a pope! \u201d he then announces the name of the cardinal and the name he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46334725817452593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe661bb9-3884-4391-9c13-161ffd3496bc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.280394"}
{"text": "| scientific name : | | phoebastria albatrus | | species authority : | | ( pallas, 1769 ) | | red list category & criteria : | | vulnerable d2 ver 3. 1 | | reviewer / s : | | butchart, s. & taylor, j. | | contributor / s : | | balogh, g., chan, s., hasegawa, h., peet, n., rivera, k. & suryan, r. | this species is listed as vulnerable because, although conservation efforts have resulted in a steady population increase, it still has a very small breeding range, limited to torishima and minami - kojima ( senkaku islands ), rendering it susceptible to stochastic events and human impacts. phoebastria albatrus breeds on torishima ( japan ), and minami - kojima ( senkaku islands ), that are claimed jointly by japan, mainland china and chinese taipei. historically there are believed to have been at least nine colonies south of japan and in the east china sea ( piatt et al. 2006 ). its marine range covers most of the northern pacific ocean, but it occurs in highest densities in areas of upwelling along shelf waters of the pacific rim, particularly along the coasts of japan, eastern russia, the aleutians and alaska ( piatt et al. 2006, suryan et al. 2007 ). during breeding ( december - may ) it is found in highest densities around japan. satellite tracking has indicated that during the post - breeding period, females spend more time offshore of japan and russia, while males and juveniles spend greater time around the aleutian islands, bering sea and off the coast of north america ( suryan et al. 2007 ). juveniles have been shown to travel twice the distances per day and spend more time within continental shelf habitat than adult birds ( suryan et al. 2008 ). the species declined dramatically during the 19th and 20th centuries owing to exploitation for feathers, and was believed extinct in 1949, but was rediscovered in 1951. the current population is estimated, via direct counts and modelling based on productivity data, to be 2, 364 individuals, with 1, 922 birds on torishima and 442 birds on minami - kojima ( g. r. balogh in litt. 2008 ). in 1954, 25 birds ( including at least six pairs ) were present on torishima. given that there are now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45058906192404113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:573c77f2-d484-430d-94d7-05417faf55af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.286397"}
{"text": "torishima and 442 birds on minami - kojima ( g. r. balogh in litt. 2008 ). in 1954, 25 birds ( including at least six pairs ) were present on torishima. given that there are now c. 426 breeding pairs on torishima ( g. r. balogh in litt. 2008 ), the species has undergone an enormous increase since its rediscovery and the onset of conservation efforts. in addition, in 2010, one nesting pair was observed on kure atoll ( hawaii, usa ), but was probably female - female and unsuccessful, and one chick was produced on midway atoll ( m. naughton pers. comm. 2011 ). a tsunami which hit midway atoll in march 2011, did not impact on the single pair nesting on eastern island ( u. s. fish & wildlife service 2008 ). native : canada ; china ; japan ; korea, republic of ; mexico ; russian federation ; taiwan, province of china ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands present - origin uncertain : northern mariana islands ; philippines | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | at the end of the 2006 - 2007 breeding season, the global population was estimated to be 2, 364 individuals, with 1, 922 birds on torishima and 442 birds on minami - kojima ( senkaku islands ). this estimate is based on : direct observation of breeding pairs on torishima ; an assumption on numbers of non - breeding birds ; an estimate for the minami - kojima population that is based upon a 2002 estimate and an assumption of population growth rate ( which, together, puts the minami - kojima population at about 15 % of the global population [ g. r. balogh in litt. 2008 ] ). more recently, brazil ( 2009 ) estimates the population in japan at c. 100 - 10, 000 breeding pairs and c. 50 - 1, 000 individuals on migration. the population is taken here as likely to number 2, 200 - 2, 500 individuals based on these estimates, roughly equating to 1, 500 - 1, 700 mature individuals. | | habitat and ecology : | | behaviour phoebastria albatrus is a colonial, annually breeding species, with each breeding cycle lasting about 8 months. birds begin to arrive at the main colony on torishima island in early october. a single egg is laid in late october to late", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4452162730049056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:573c77f2-d484-430d-94d7-05417faf55af>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.287201"}
{"text": "occur in the shallower waters along continental shelf break and slope regions, e. g., sablefish and pacific halibut longline fisheries off the coasts of alaska and british columbia. although, overlap between the distribution of birds and fishery effort does not mean that interactions between birds and boats necessarily occur, p. albatrus are known to have been killed in u. s. and russian longline fisheries for pacific cod and pacific halibut. in addition, birds on torishima have been observed with hooks in their mouths of the style used in japanese fisheries near the island ( acap 2009 ). | conservation actions underway it is legally protected in japan, canada and the usa. a draft recovery plan has been developed ( usfws 2005 ). mitigation measures have been established in the alaska demersal longline fishery and in the hawaii - based pelagic longline fishery ( noaa 2008 ). streamer lines ( both heavy weight lines for large boats and lightweight lines for smaller vessels ) have been designed to keep birds from longline hooks as they are set, and these are being distributed free to the alaskan longline fleet ( usfws 2005 ), though they are not deployed in near - shore waters. in 2006, the western and central pacific fisheries commission passed a measure which requires large tuna and swordfish longline vessels ( > 24m long ) to use a combination of two seabird bycatch mitigation measures when fishing north of 23 degrees north. torishima has been established as a national wildlife protection area. in 1981 - 1982, native plants were transplanted into the torishima nesting colony in order to stabilise the nesting habitat and the nest structures. this has enhanced breeding success, with over 60 % of eggs now resulting in fledged young. decoys have been used to attract birds to nest at another site on torishima since 1993 and the first pair started breeding at this new site in november 1995. the number of chicks fledged from this new colony has increased from one chick in 2004 ; four chicks in 2005 ; 13 chicks in 2006 ; 16 chicks in 2007. in october - november 2007, 35 eggs were laid at this new site ( sato 2009 ). in 2007, the japanese government approved a project to translocate chicks from torishima to mukojima, 300 km away. all ten chicks of the first translocations in march 2008 fledged ( jacobs 2009 ). if successful, this project will translocate at least ten chicks per year for five years. conservation actions proposed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4634813267221918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:573c77f2-d484-430d-94d7-05417faf55af>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.289004"}
{"text": "ahh, the pincer grasp! it ' s an important evolutionary milestone that nobody knows about until they become parents. ( why should opposable thumbs get all the attention? ) the ability to pick up small objects using your thumb and pointer finger usually kicks in around 9 months - - and, the bonus for parents is that it allows infants to feed their own darn selves. so put down the spoon and serve up these great finger food ideas. don ' t expect your baby to chew \" before age one, babies gum their food rather than chew it, \" says jennifer shu, m. d., coauthor of the book food fights from the american academy of pediatrics. so serve up tiny bites - - about the size of a pea or your pinky fingernail - - in case your tot swallows it whole. common choking hazard to avoid : hot dogs and other sausages, hard or gummy candy, chewing gum, all nuts, whole grapes and cherry tomatoes, raisins and any dried - fruit pieces, popcorn, and seeds and gobs of peanut ( or other nut ) butter. but any food can pose a choking risk if not sized right. quarter grapes, slice blueberries, dice cooked carrots, break up crackers, and so on.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.423981640059133, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0eb04b7-652c-4f26-a24b-7c6aecd6d4e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.290141"}
{"text": "the first liberation day in the dp camps livik ' s opinion was clear : there was no reason to celebrate or to put on a festive face, since \" joy has been silenced in the jewish heart, our words are still full of sorrow \"... shmuel grinberg, in contrast, agreed that she ' arit hapleta would soon be marking liberation day... but warned against losing the historical perspective of what was happening. even though anti - semitism had not disappeared and jewish suffering had not ended, \" we neither have nor want to weaken the great historic truth, the great struggle against the monster of human oppression, for our spiritual and moral liberation \". leo schwarz, who took part in the meeting, explained : \" one of the main questions was, should the liberation be commemorated today as a day of mourning or a day of thanksgiving. there was little disagreement about the memory of the murdered martyrs... concerning celebrations of liberation day there were differences among groups within she ' arit hapleta, but the victors were those whose psychology had already been influenced by the positive dialectic of the future. most members of the central committee supported the declaration of \" a memorial day combined with the liberation, which must express our grief and bitterness over the great tragedy of european jewry, and simultaneously be a day of thanksgiving, which will be celebrated as a national symbol and will emphasize that the jewish people still lives \". it was decided to observe the 14th of adar as liberation day ( 15th may in 1946 ), as a memorial and victory day. from : mankovitz, ze ' ev, ideology and politics among she ' arit hapleta in the american zone of occupation in germany 1945 - 1946, ph. d. thesis, hebrew university of jerusalem, 1987, pp. 279 - 280 ( hebrew ). source : yad vashem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4323220802079902, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc0ae438-7cdc-4d63-bb5f-808a4dd2aaf4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.291798"}
{"text": "deputies of the jewish people deputies of the jewish people, representatives of jewish communities in russia to the government during the reign of * alexander i ( 1801 \u2013 25 ). after parts of * poland - lithuania had been annexed by russia, the large communities sent shtadlanim to the court at st. petersburg to represent them and defend their rights. most of the shtadlanim were merchants or contractors who visited the city on business. when a committee was set up to frame a \" jewish constitution \" in 1802 \u2013 04 it was joined by several government - appointed jewish advisers ( n. n. * notkin, a. * peretz, and j. l. * nevakhovich ). the government also requested some important communities to send representatives to the committee. together they tried to influence the committee in favor of jewish rights. in 1807 the government appointed a \" jewish committee \" to implement the inimical \" jewish constitution \" of 1804 and proposed that the communities elect deputies to represent the jews before the provincial governors. the memoranda of these deputies were referred to the \" jewish committee \" in st. petersburg and were influential in obtaining a temporary halt to the expulsion of jews from the villages. it was also proposed to abolish the prohibition on the lease and sale of alcohol by jews. during the invasion by napoleon two \" deputies of the jewish people, \" zundel sonnenberg and eliezer dillon, accompanied alexander ' s military headquarters in 1812 \u2013 13, and acted as liaison between the czar and the large jewish population in the combat area. they regularly presented memoranda and petitions concerning jewish affairs to the court and transmitted its instructions to the jewish communities. after the war an attempt was made to convert the committee of deputies into a permanent institution. the jewish communities were requested to send representatives to st. petersburg to maintain permanent contact with the ministries of religious affairs and popular education. on august 19, 1818, electors from the 12 districts ( gubernia ) of the * pale of settlement convened and elected three deputies, zundel sonnenberg, beinush lapkovski, and michael eisenstadt, and three deputy representatives. in order to raise funds to cover their expenses, which probably also included furnishing bribes, the assembly resolved that every jew was to donate the silver headpiece of his prayer shawl. the change in alexander ' s policy toward the jews at the end of his reign reduced the importance and status of the deputies. sonnenberg was dismissed because of \" impudence toward the authorities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4303000682381718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63b54d74-ca97-4014-95f5-46f38b44aea7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.296648"}
{"text": "to donate the silver headpiece of his prayer shawl. the change in alexander ' s policy toward the jews at the end of his reign reduced the importance and status of the deputies. sonnenberg was dismissed because of \" impudence toward the authorities. \" in 1825 the jewish deputation was officially suspended \" until the need arises for a new deputation, \" and the institution was thereby abolished and not renewed. however, the government continued to make use of jewish representatives. in 1840 consultative committees, chosen from among \" enlightened \" jews, were created and attached to governors in kiev and five other towns. in 1844 the function of \" learned jew \" ( uchoni yevrei ) was created, meaning an expertand consultant in jewish religious affairs attached to the district governers and responsible for education and interior affairs. j. i. hessen ( gessen ), yevrei v rossii ( 1906 ), 421 \u2013 32 ; idem, in : yevreyskaya starina, 2 ( 1909 ), 17 \u2013 29, 196 \u2013 206 ; s. pen, in : voskhod, nos. 1 \u2013 3 ( 1905 ). [ yehuda slutsky / shmuel spector ( 2nd ed. ) ] source : encyclopaedia judaica. \u00a9 2008 the gale group. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4552640441606114, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63b54d74-ca97-4014-95f5-46f38b44aea7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.297198"}
{"text": "judaic treasures of the jerusalem was and remains the holiest of cities in the holy land, but jews also gave a measure of holiness to three other cities there : hebron, safed, and tiberias. the holiness of jerusalem arises in part from what remains there, but more from what took place there. so it is with its sister cities. hebron is where the patriarchs and matriarchs lived and are buried, and it was the first capital of king david. tiberias, on the shore of the sea of galilee, was chosen by the patriarch of the jews in the second century as his seat. the palestinian talmud was largely composed in its great rabbinical academy. in the environs of safed, high in the galilean hills, are the graves of the leading rabbis of late antiquity. its stature as a holy city was enhanced in the sixteenth century, when it was the greatest center of jewish mysticism and seat of jewish legal scholarship. to gain entree into the company of the three more ancient holy cities, it called itself beth - el, suggesting identity with the biblical site which jacob called \" the gate of heaven. \" a striking pastel - colored manuscript \" holy site map \" links these four holy cities together. drawn and painted in palestine in the second half of the nineteenth century, it depicts those venues which indicate their holiness. there is a suggestion of their geographic positioning, but the \" map \" is far more a statement of the place these cities hold in jewish veneration, than of the geographical site they occupy. to pious jewish families, such wall plaques were more meaningful depictions of the holy land than the most aesthetically beautiful and topographically exact representations. a small illustrated guide book to the burial places of biblical figures and saintly rabbis in the holy land, zikaron birushalayim, appeared in constantinople in 1743. it tells the pious pilgrim where graves may be found and what prayers are to be said. prefaced by a panegyric to the land, it cites a midrashic statement that, in time to come, when jerusalem shall be rebuilt, three walls - one of silver, one of gold, and the innermost of multicolored precious stones - will encompass the dazzling city. in hebron the pilgrim is not only directed to the holy grave sites, but also regaled with wondrous tales. one tells of a sexton of the community sent down to search for a ring which had fallen to the depths of the patriarchs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3967045598353244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2fda8e5f-0260-44ff-b050-ac0449bb2e80>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.301140"}
{"text": "hebron the pilgrim is not only directed to the holy grave sites, but also regaled with wondrous tales. one tells of a sexton of the community sent down to search for a ring which had fallen to the depths of the patriarchs ' burial cave, finding at the floor of the cave three ancient men seated on chairs, engaged in study. he greets them ; they return his greetings, give him the ring, and instruct him not to disclose what he had learned. when he ascended and was asked what he had seen, he replied : \" three elders sitting on chairs. as for the rest, i am not permitted to tell. \" for actual pilgrims, the little volume provided factual information. for pilgrims in their own imagination, it offered edification through tales and quaint illustrations. the last page has a woodcut of jericho, a seven - walled city, below which a man surrounded by a multitude is sounding a shofar. the most striking woodcut is of an imposing building, representing the temple in jerusalem. in the concentric circles of holiness cited in the tanhuma, jerusalem is at the center of the holy land ; the temple at the center of jerusalem ; and the holy of holies at the center of the holy temple. the temple is prominently featured in illustrated books about the holy land. in a pisgah - sight of palestine, three chapters describe and three engravings portray the temple. early hebrew books are quite poor in illustrations, because relatively few deal with subjects that demand visual presentation. among these are books dealing with laws concerning the temple, and since its architecture and vessels are pertinent to the laws, they invite illustration. a case in point is sefer hanukat ha - bayit by moses ( hefez ) gentili ( 1663 - 1711 ), published in venice in 1696. a treatise on the building of the second temple, it abounds in engraved architectural illustrations, including a menorah, the seven - branched candlestick ; most notable is a large pull - out map of the temple, identifying fifty - eight components of the temple ' s structure. the engravings were added after the printing, as was the map, and a copy containing both is rare. moses gentili, born in trieste, lived in venice where he taught talmud and midrash, and perhaps philosophy and science as well. his best - known work, melekhet mahashevet, venice, 1710, a commentary on the pentateuch, contains a picture of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43064089105915987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2fda8e5f-0260-44ff-b050-ac0449bb2e80>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.302109"}
{"text": "to make this sentence true i have to put <, >, or = in between ( ) the given fractions or decimals? 7 / 20 ( ) 2 / 5 0. 15 ( ) 1 / 8 please explain? given a rectangular prism with dimensions w = 3, l = 4, and h = 6. if you created a second rectangular prism with the length doubled but the height halved ( and the width stays the same ), which would be the relation of the second volume to the first volume? 740 mm hg how would you calculate the concentration of an aqueous solution of ca ( oh2 ) that has a ph of 12. 57. poetry, part 1 which one of the following lines best illustrates personification? a. a narrow wind complains all day. b. the fog comes on little cat feet. c. she floated graceful as a dove. d. spring is a dream unsung. wilma ' s arm is broken when paula knocks her down during an agrument. if wilma sues paula for battery, what damages is wilma likely to receive? well i saying both. i have describe two cultrals and their views on health. i shows african and caucaisians american. i know that african american an excessive impact on minority populations is chronic diseases. chronic diseases that are consider in african american are aids,... i need some help with what are some of the implications to health care providers in african american and caucasian? considering cultural views on the health as organic, health as harmony and disease as a curse or stigma i need some help with listing at two pros and cons for each of the given patient and caregiver roles as a - mechanics and machines - parents and children - spiritualists and believers - providers and consumers - partners this is so i can right my paper for further reading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5948874516437311, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:656316dd-4afd-4827-9101-cca512394d6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.303847"}
{"text": "acrylic a synthetic fabric often used as a wool substitute. it is warm, soft, holds colors well and often is stain and wrinkle resistant. angora rabbit hair a soft fiber knit from fur of the angora rabbit. angora wool is often combined with cashmere or another fiber to strengthen the delicate structure. dry cleaning is recommended for angora products. bedford a strong material that is a raised corded fabric ( similar to corduroy ). bedford fabric wears well and is usually washable. boot footwear which covers the entire foot and extends to the height of the anklebone or up to the thigh. bootie a shoe that resembles a boot in style but is not as high. brocade an all - over floral, raised pattern produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. cable knit patterns, typically used in sweaters, where flat knit columns otherwise known as cables are overlapped vertically. cashmere a soft, strong and silky, lightweight wool spun from the kashmir goat. cashmere is commonly used in sweaters, shawls, outerwear, gloves and scarves for its warmth and soft feel. chiffon a common evening wear fabric made from silk, cotton, rayon or nylon. it ' s delicate in nature and sheer. chintz a printed and glazed fabric made of cotton. chintz is known for its bright colors and bold patterns. circumference the measurement around the shaft of a boot taken at the widest part. corduroy cotton blend fibers twisted as they are woven to create long, parallel grooves, called wales, in the fabric. this is a very durable material and depending on the width of the wales, can be extremely soft. cotton a natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. it is an inelastic fiber. crepe used as a description of surfaces of fabrics. usually designates a fabric that is crimped or crinkled. crinoline a lightweight, plain weave, stiffened fabric with a low yarn count. used to create volume beneath evening or wedding dresses. crochet looping threads with a hooked needle that creates a wide, open lace. typically used on sweaters for warm seasons. cushioning padding on the sole of a shoe for added comfort and stabilization. denimcotton blend fabric created with a twill weave to create a sturdy fabric. used as the primary material of blue jeans. dobbywoven fabric where the weave of the fabric actually produces the garment ' s design. embroidery detailed needlework,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5451205120303176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70ec883d-7f47-4172-8115-7a1124765db6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.311981"}
{"text": ". jacquard a fabric of intricate variegated weave or pattern. typically shown on elegant and more expensive pieces. jersey a type of knit material known to be flexible, stretchy, soft and very warm. it is created using tight stitches. knit a knit fabric is made by interlocking loops of one or more yarns either by hand with knitting needles or by machine. linenan exquisite material created from the fibers of the flax plant. some linen contain slubs or small knots on the fabric. the material is a light fabric perfect for warm weather. liningthe leather, fabric or synthetic material used on the inside of a shoe. lame a metallic or plastic fiber woven into material to give the garment shine. lycra \u00aetmspandex fibers add stretch to fabric when the fibers are woven with other fiber blends. these materials are lightweight, comfortabletm and breathable, and the stretch will not wear away. madras originating from madras, india, this fabric is a lightweight, cotton material used for summer clothing. madras usually has a checked pattern but also comes in plaid or with stripes. typically made from 100 % cotton. marled typically found in sweaters, marled yarn occurs when two colored yards are twisted together. matte a matte finish has a lusterless surface. merino wool wool sheered from the merino sheep and spun into yarn that is fine but strong. modal a type of rayon that is made from natural fibers but goes through a chemical treatment to ensure it has a high threshold of breakage. modal is soft and breathable which is why it ' s used as a cotton replacement. non - iron a treated cotton that allows our easy care shirts to stay crisp throughout the day and does not need ironing after washing / drying. nylon a synthetic fiber that is versatile, fast drying and strong. it has a high resistance to damage. ombre a color technique that shades a color from light to dark. paisley a pattern that consists of crooked teardrop designs in a repetitive manner. patent leather leather made from cattle hide that has been varnished to give a hard and glossy finish. placket the piece of fabric or cloth that is used as a concealing flap to cover buttons, fasteners or attachments. most commonly seen in the front of button - down shirts. also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. piping binding a seam with decoration. piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5397911082970677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70ec883d-7f47-4172-8115-7a1124765db6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.313866"}
{"text": "most commonly seen in the front of button - down shirts. also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. piping binding a seam with decoration. piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams. pointelle an open - work knitting pattern used on garments to add texture. typically a cooler and general knit sweater. polyester a fabric made from synthetic fibers. polyester is quick drying, easy to wash and holds its shape well. ponte a knit fabric where the fibers are looped in an interlock. the material is very strong and firm. poplin a strong woven fabric, heavier in weight, with ribbing. pump classically a high, medium, or low heeled, totally enclosed shoe. variations include an open toe or ornament. rayon a manufactured fiber developed originally as an alternative for silk. rayon drapes well and looks luxurious. sateen a fabric woven with sheen that resembles satin. seersucker slack - tension weave where yarn is bunched together in certain areas and then pulled taught in others to create this summery mainstay. shaft height measurement of the shaft of the boot, which is from the top of the boot to the inside seam where the instep and the sole meet. shirring similar to ruching, shirring gathers material to create folds. silk one of the most luxurious fibers, silk is soft, warm and has shine. it is obtained from the cocoons of the silkworm ' s larvae. sole the outsole, or bottom part of a shoe. space dyed technique of yarn dyeing to produce a multi - color effect on the yarn itself. also known as dip dyed yarn. spandexelastomeric fiber, this material is able to expand 600 % and still snap back to its original shape and form. spandex fibers are woven with cotton and other fibers to make fabrics stretch. stacked heel a heel made of leather or leawood covering that gives the appearance of wood. synthetic materials man - made materials designed to look or function like leather. tipping similar to edging, tipping includes embellishing a garment at the edges of the piece, hems, collars etc. tissue linen a type of linen, which is specifically made for blouses or shirts due to its thinness and sheerness. tweed a loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed, which provides warmth and comfort. twill a fabric woven in a diagonal weave. commonly used for chinos and denim. variegated multi -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5626486522410135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70ec883d-7f47-4172-8115-7a1124765db6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.314759"}
{"text": "due to its thinness and sheerness. tweed a loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed, which provides warmth and comfort. twill a fabric woven in a diagonal weave. commonly used for chinos and denim. variegated multi - colored fabrics where colors are splotched or in patches. velour a stretchy knit fabric, typically made from cotton or polyester. it has a similar soft hand to velvet. velveta pile fabric in which the cut threads are very evenly distributed, with a short dense pile, giving it a distinct feel. velveteen a more modern adaptation of velvet, velveteen is made from cotton and has a little give. also known as imitation velvet. viscosea cellulosic man - made fibers, viscose is soft and supple but can wrinkle easily. wale only found in woven fabrics like corduroy, wale is the long grooves that give the garment its texture. wedge heel a heel that lies flat to the ground and extends from the shank to the back of the shoe. windowpane dark stripes run horizontal and vertical across a light background to mimic a window pane. woven a woven fabric is formed by interlacing threads, yarns, strands, or strips of some material.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5251013785666755, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70ec883d-7f47-4172-8115-7a1124765db6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.315182"}
{"text": "bootie a shoe that resembles a boot in style but is not as high. brocade an all - over floral, raised pattern produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. circumference the measurement around the shaft of a boot taken at the widest part. cotton a natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. it is an inelastic fiber. cushioning padding on the sole of a shoe for added comfort and stabilization. dobbywoven fabric where the weave of the fabric actually produces the garment ' s design. embroidery detailed needlework, usually raised and created by yarn, thread or embroidery floss. faille a slightly ribbed, woven fabric of silk, cotton, or rayon. houndstooth a classic design containing two colors in jagged / slanted checks. similar to glen plaid. liningthe leather, fabric or synthetic material used on the inside of a shoe. lame a metallic or plastic fiber woven into material to give the garment shine. marled typically found in sweaters, marled yarn occurs when two colored yards are twisted together. matte a matte finish has a lusterless surface. merino wool wool sheered from the merino sheep and spun into yarn that is fine but strong. ombre a color technique that shades a color from light to dark. paisley a pattern that consists of crooked teardrop designs in a repetitive manner. poplin a strong woven fabric, heavier in weight, with ribbing. sateen a fabric woven with sheen that resembles satin. shirring similar to ruching, shirring gathers material to create folds. sole the outsole, or bottom part of a shoe. stacked heel a heel made of leather or leawood covering that gives the appearance of wood. synthetic materials man - made materials designed to look or function like leather. tweed a loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed, which provides warmth and comfort. twill a fabric woven in a diagonal weave. commonly used for chinos and denim. variegated multi - colored fabrics where colors are splotched or in patches. viscosea cellulosic man - made fibers, viscose is soft and supple but can wrinkle easily. wedge heel a heel that lies flat to the ground and extends from the shank to the back of the shoe. woven a woven fabric is formed by interlacing threads, yarns, strands, or strips of some material.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5703768940572365, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34eaf969-a050-46fc-9917-ce3a0e03647a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.317192"}
{"text": "unnatural selection : choosing boys over girls, and the consequences of a world full of men by mara hvistendahl one of history ' s more curious encounters occurred in early march 1766 at a country estate in southern england, near dorking. the estate belonged to daniel malthus, a gentleman of independent means and wide intellectual interests. the philosophers david hume and jean - jacques rousseau were traveling in the neighborhood, seeking a house for rousseau, who had just recently arrived in england under hume ' s patronage after having been driven out of switzerland. daniel malthus was known to both philosophers, at least by correspondence, so they paid him a brief visit, in the course of which they saw his son thomas, then just three weeks old. so there, presumably in the same room, were hume, rousseau, and the infant thomas malthus. it was an odd grouping : the serene empiricist, the neurotic social optimist, and the future oracle of demographic doom. hume had actually dabbled in demography himself some years earlier. he had been one of the first to argue against the belief, common until his time, that the ancient world was more populous than the modern world. demography, along with its cousin discipline of economics, was \" in the air \" during the later eighteenth century, waiting for the grown - up malthus to cast his cold eye upon it in his momentous essay on the principle of population ( 1798 ). of these two cousin disciplines, it is a nice point for argument which better deserves to be called \" the dismal science. \" i would vote for demography. it must be hard to maintain a cheerful composure while scrutinizing the ceaseless, often inexplicable ebbs and flows of nativity and mortality. it is a strange thing, too \u2014 and a depressing one for anyone of an empirical temperament \u2014 that what ought to be the most exact of all the human sciences has such a sorry record of prediction. what, after all, could be more certain than that a nation with number n of five - year - olds today will have n fifteen - year - olds in a decade ' s time, give or take some small margin for attrition and migration? the human sciences don ' t come any more precise than that. yet large - scale predictions by demographers have been confounded again and again, from those of malthus himself to that of paul ehrlich, who told us in his 1968 bestseller the population bomb that \" the battle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48592389210930026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6399029-a683-4014-83d3-8e457d2526dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.324538"}
{"text": "more precise than that. yet large - scale predictions by demographers have been confounded again and again, from those of malthus himself to that of paul ehrlich, who told us in his 1968 bestseller the population bomb that \" the battle to feed humanity is over \u2026 billions will die in the 1980s. \" ehrlich ' s book was very much of its time. the third quarter of the twentieth century was dogged by fears of a malthusian catastrophe. popular fiction echoed those fears in productions like john brunner ' s novel stand on zanzibar ( 1968 ) and richard fleischer ' s movie soylent green ( 1973 ). it was assumed, reasonably enough, that populous poor countries were most at risk, being closest to the limits of food supply. governments and international organizations therefore got to work promoting birth control in what we had just recently learned to call the third world, with programs that were often brutally coercive. birth rates soon fell ; though how much of the drop was directly due to the programs, and how much was an inevitable consequence of modernization, is disputed. the evidence is strong that women liberated from pre - modern subordination to their husbands, and given easy access to contraception, will limit their pregnancies with or without official encouragement. there was, though, a distressing side effect of the dropping birthrates. many countries have a strong traditional preference for male children. so long as women in those countries were resigned to a lifetime of child - bearing, the sheer number of offspring ensured that the sex ratio at birth ( srb ) would be close to its natural level of 105 males to 100 females. the post - natal ratio might be skewed somewhat by local traditions of female infanticide and by the loss of young men in war, but a rough balance was kept. china in the 1930s had around 108 males per 100 females. once the idea of limiting births settled in, however, people sought assurance that one of their babies be male. if a mother gives birth twice, there is a 24 percent chance neither baby will be male ; the chance of no males in three births is twelve percent ; the chance of no males in four births, six percent. female infanticide continued to be an option, but not an attractive one \u2014 nor, in most modern jurisdictions, a legal one. technology met the need by providing methods to determine the sex of a fetus. from the mid - 1970s to the early 1980s, amniocentesis was used for this purpose. then high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49750505729451416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6399029-a683-4014-83d3-8e457d2526dd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.325557"}
{"text": "\u2014 nor, in most modern jurisdictions, a legal one. technology met the need by providing methods to determine the sex of a fetus. from the mid - 1970s to the early 1980s, amniocentesis was used for this purpose. then high - quality second trimester ultrasound became widely available and took over the business of fetal sex determination. it caught on very fast all over east and south asia, allowing women to abort female fetuses. the consequences showed up in last year ' s chinese census, whose results are just now being published. they show an srb of 118 males per 100 females. these unbalanced sex ratios and their social and demographic consequences form the subject matter of mara hvistendahl ' s book unnatural selection. an experienced journalist who has lived for many years in china, ms. hvistendahl covers the history, sociology, and science of sex - selective population control very comprehensively. she has organized each of her book ' s fifteen chapters around the experience of some significant individual : \" the bachelor, \" \" the parent, \" \" the economist, \" and so on. her book ' s scope is by no means restricted to china : \" the student \" of chapter 6 is an indian who commenced his medical training at a big hospital in delhi in 1978, when sex - selective abortion was just taking off in india. we get a side trip to albania, whose srb is treated as a state secret, but seems to be at least 110. we also learn that sex - selective abortion is common among couples of chinese, korean, and indian descent in the u. s. a. the subjects here are not just newly arrived immigrants, either. a research team from columbia university found that : if anything, mothers who were u. s. citizens were slightly more likely to have sons. sex selection, in other words, is not a tradition from the old country that easily dies out. south korea makes a particularly interesting study. that country ' s governments were more foresighted than most in spotting the problems that might arise from sex - selective abortion. they outlawed the procedure in 1987, and followed up with rigorous enforcement. south korea ' s srb is now at the natural level. there is more here than meets the eye, though, as ms. hvistendahl uncovers. as elsewhere, sex selection was mainly resorted to for second or subsequent births. the srb for first births is essentially normal worldwide. and first births is wellnigh all the births there are now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5114290740217722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6399029-a683-4014-83d3-8e457d2526dd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.326483"}
{"text": "ms. hvistendahl uncovers. as elsewhere, sex selection was mainly resorted to for second or subsequent births. the srb for first births is essentially normal worldwide. and first births is wellnigh all the births there are now in south korea. our author tells us that : \" in 2005 korea bottomed out with the lowest total fertility rate in the world, at an average of 1. 08 children per woman. \" things have since recovered somewhat. the 2011 estimate for total fertility rate is 1. 23. that still makes for a fast - declining and aging population, though \u2014 surely not the ideal solution to the problem of sex ratio imbalances. what of the issue of angry young surplus males unable to find wives? ms. hvistendahl takes a less alarmist view than the one put forth by hudson and den boer in their 2004 book bare branches. that there is a causal relationship from excess males to political despotism, as those authors argued, is not well supported by historical evidence. as hvistendahl notes : \" adolf hitler came to power at a time when germany had over two million more women than men as a result of the toll taken by world war i. \" ( she might have added that the most authoritarian episode in recent indian history was the 1975 - 77 \" emergency, \" instigated by a female prime minister at a time of normal adult sex ratios. ) one feels intuitively that a surplus of sex - starved young men will generate trouble, but on the evidence so far, things may not go beyond domestic disorders of the containable kind. ms. hvistendahl seems to be of conventionally feminist - leftist opinions, but she has visible trouble keeping those opinions in order when writing about sex - ratio imbalances. she of course favors \" reproductive rights, \" yet cannot but deplore the fact that those rights, extended to third world peasant cultures, have led to a holocaust of female babies and the trafficking of young women from poorer places with low male - female ratios, to wealthier places with high ones. she works hard to develop a thesis about it all having been the fault of western imperialists terrified of the breeding potential of poorer, darker peoples, in cahoots with opportunistic third world dictators hungry for world bank cash, but she cannot quite square the ideological circle. as she points out, abortion was frowned on throughout asia until modern times. ( chinese people used to consider themselves one year old at birth : older chinese still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4854919569475915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6399029-a683-4014-83d3-8e457d2526dd>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.328614"}
{"text": "birch : it is heavy, similar to maple, the grain is fine and close and the texture is even. it is adaptable to fine finishes, easy to work with and can be stained and finished to resemble many expensive and imported woods. cherry : the heartwood of cherry varies from rich red to reddish brown and will darken with age and on exposure to light. in contrast, the sapwood is creamy white. the wood has a fine uniform, straight grain, satiny, smooth texture, and may naturally contain brown pith flecks. mahogany : comes in many different varieties. strong and tough and uniform in structure with close moderately open grain. possesses excellent physical and woodworking qualities. it ranges from a light pink to yellow, but on exposure to light and air, quickly turns to a reddish brown or sherry color. maple : hard or \" sugar, \" maple is elastic and very strong. it is one of the hardest of the common woods. the grain is straight with occasional wavy, curly, bird ' s eye patterns that are much prized in veneers. the natural color is white to amber. maple is sometimes finished to simulate cherry wood. metal : core construction is with metals. oak or ash : oak is very tough, strong, and hard and can live up to the every day abuse furniture takes and it has a pronounced grain. white ash is a ring - porous, hardwood of great strength. it is used for furniture frames and hidden parts. brown ash has strong grain character and is used for veneers. painted : can be solid wood or a wood like product that is painted. pine : soft wood that is white or pale yellow. knotty pine is used extensively for paneling and plywood, cabinets and doors. dries easily and does not shrink or swell much with changes in humidity. one of the least expensive woods for furniture production. walnut : because of its rich brown color, hardness and grain walnut is a prized furniture and carving wood. walnut burls are commonly used to created turned pieces along with veneers or thin walnut slices. other : woods not classified above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46068620901525703, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c2a3ff4b-7049-4ee8-844b-4cbe5f5efee4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.330624"}
{"text": "joint use is a way to increase opportunities for children and adults to be more physically active. it refers to two or more entities \u2014 usually a school and a city or private organization \u2014 sharing indoor and outdoor spaces like gymnasiums, athletic fields and playgrounds. the concept is simple : share resources to keep costs down and communities healthy. examples of joint use agreements : a principal unlocks the school gate after hours so neighbors can shoot hoops or play ball on evenings and weekends. a school and swim team share a pool. a school opens its soccer field to a local league for weekend games. a ymca opens its gym to the local pe teacher so students have a place to exercise. why is joint use needed? the research is clear : the more active children are, the healthier they will be now and when they grow up. yet certain places make physical activity harder instead of easier. place matters since experts now know that where we live, work and play \u2014 the physical environment itself \u2014 determines, to a large degree, whether we will be healthy. too often, kids find the gate to their school \u2019 s blacktop or basketball court locked after school hours, locking them out of opportunities to be active. closing off recreational facilities after school leaves many children and families struggling to incorporate physical activity into their daily routines. they may live in an area without a nearby park or be unable to afford exercise equipment or a gym membership. joint use agreements can fix these problems. joint use makes physical activity easier by providing kids and adults alike with safe, conveniently located and inviting places to exercise and play. besides making sense from a health perspective, joint use agreements make sense financially because they build upon assets a community already has. sharing existing space is cheaper and more efficient than duplicating the same facilities in other parts of the community. where is joint use happening? joint use is happening in cities throughout california and across the nation. in fact, the concept of joint use is not new. schools have shared their land and facilities for community use for over 200 years. most states, including california, have policies to encourage or require schools to make facilities open to the public. in california, a 2008 survey conducted by the center for cities and schools revealed that close to 60 percent of responding school districts already have some type of joint use partnership, but thousands still do not. how does it work? joint use agreements facilitate a partnership between two or more entities, often school districts and local government agencies ( e. g. parks and recreation or nonprofit organizations, to open up spaces such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4860950044686301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c29112c-9367-4cee-b67d-9c4fbd2fda01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.334132"}
{"text": "use partnership, but thousands still do not. how does it work? joint use agreements facilitate a partnership between two or more entities, often school districts and local government agencies ( e. g. parks and recreation or nonprofit organizations, to open up spaces such as playgrounds, athletic fields, pools, and gymnasiums to the community outside of school hours or to open up community facilities to schools at a reduced cost or for free. joint use partnerships can be formal ( based on a legal document ) or informal ( based on a handshake ), but formal agreements offer increased protections for both the facility and the community group using the facility. since school staffing can change over time, personal relationships are not the most secure way to guarantee access to facilities into the future. a formal agreement can also help prevent problems related to maintenance, operations, liability, ownership or cost from arising. maintenance \u2013 how can we keep the space in good condition? joint use agreements can detail each partner \u2019 s goals to help ensure that school properties are respected and maintained. when school resources are being shared, it \u2019 s important to have joint use agreements that specify who needs to make repairs and who will address wear and tear to the property. some school officials have noticed a decrease in vandalism since implementing a joint use agreement. they have noted that when the community shares school resources, they take pride and ownership in the space, which can help deter vandalism. operations \u2014 who will unlock the gate? who will run the programs? these questions can be answered with joint use agreements so that partners know what they are responsible for. liability \u2013 what if someone gets hurt? experts say most schools \u2019 existing liability insurance is sufficient to cover any liability issues associated with joint use. joint use agreements can identify liability concerns and make sure they are accounted for. ownership \u2013 how does joint use affect how decisions are made about the property? joint use agreements should outline a process for resolving any conflicts that may surface. they should also highlight how the partnership will benefit each party. cost \u2013 how expensive will the partnership be? joint use agreements can be used to define how much each partner contributes. partnerships do not need to cost a lot to be successful. agreements can help partners anticipates what costs might be.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46187083808173746, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c29112c-9367-4cee-b67d-9c4fbd2fda01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.334974"}
{"text": "source : steven maxwell, 785 - 532 - 5740, firstname. lastname @ example. org. note to editor : this is the first in a series of news releases about the color purple in honor of kansas state university ' s founding on feb. 16, 1863. news release prepared by : greg tammen, 785 - 532 - 2535, email @ example. com monday, feb. 7, 2011 the power of purple : rock music ' s roots run deep with purple, professor says manhattan - - ask steven maxwell what the color purple means and his answer is simple : turn the volume to 11 and open your mind, because purple is rock and roll in its prime. \" artistically purple is a descriptive word, and i think that ' s why it ' s been adopted by some successful acts in the music world, \" said maxwell, assistant professor of music at kansas state university. in 2008 maxwell created a class about the history of rock and roll, where he teaches about the genre ' s evolution and its relationship to history. \" the really cool thing about rock and roll is that it ties into the american culture and really reflects what ' s going on in the country, \" maxwell said. \" it serves as the voice of the common person and has been associated with some important historical moments in the u. s. it was a part of that voice in the civil rights movement in the ' 60s and used in protest of the vietnam war in the ' 70s. \" rock music ' s history runs purple, with the color being adopted by some of the most influential musicians. \" think of the deeper concept of what a song like ' purple haze ' means, especially when it first came out, \" maxwell said. \" the late ' 60s was all about looking at things differently. jimi hendrix perfectly captured that psychedelic era in the country, that time of opening the doors of perception in one ' s mind and really looking at something on a deeper level. \" he said the \" purple \" hendrix is referring to is that new, unknown, almost analogous way of thinking. \" metaphorically, purple was a blend between the standardized ' primary colors ' introduced by mainstream society in the 1950s and mid - 1960s, \" maxwell said. other artists, such as deep purple and prince, adopted the color because of its ambiguity in the musical soundscape and pop culture. deep purple was one of the pioneers of hard rock and heavy metal, maxwell said. the group was the first rock band to record with a full concerto orchestra, as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5316859526602609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8671d356-590d-4599-a2d6-8c2ddd04c134>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.337806"}
{"text": "adopted the color because of its ambiguity in the musical soundscape and pop culture. deep purple was one of the pioneers of hard rock and heavy metal, maxwell said. the group was the first rock band to record with a full concerto orchestra, as well as the first to turn the volume to 11, a feat earning them the title of the world ' s loudest band by the guinness book of world records in 1972. and then there ' s the song \" smoke on the water. \" \" when that song came out it was such a fresh thing, \" maxwell said. \" no longer was the focus just on the lyrics. that guitar riff made the music as important as the words. today most people don ' t remember the lyrics but they know that guitar lick. \" in 1984 prince released \" purple rain, \" an album that took the newly introduced music video to the next level as a full - length film. the album also introduced prince ' s backing band. the revolution, an apt title due to the soundtrack ' s revolutionary nature, maxwell said. the album has since been seen as an avant - garde piece of work and has been named one of the greatest albums of all time by outlets like time magazine, rolling stone, vh1 and others. \" purple ' s taking the softness of blue, the loudness of red, and meeting in the middle to make things a little ambiguous. it ' s a blend of those two primary colors and is therefore a different way of looking at things, \" he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4747752409003132, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8671d356-590d-4599-a2d6-8c2ddd04c134>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.338352"}
{"text": "from the caribbean. internal unrest in sierra leone caused the british to raise a local infantry regiment in the colony in 1896 titled the west african the war was an imperial unit ; that meant that its cost was born by the british war office and not by colonial revenues raised in sierra leone. the regiment \u2019 s primary role was to defend the colony \u2019 s capital freetown, but it was also available for operations anywhere in the world. the regiment raised twelve companies of infantrymen from tribes in the sierra leone interior. the unit strength was : 60 british seconded officers, 25 british seconded non commissioned officers ( ncos ) and 1, 500 african rank and file. the regimental march was rule britannia. in the early days the regiment was dressed in a blue single - breasted tunic with five gilt buttons and standing collar, knee - length baggy blue breeches, a low red fez for headdress and a brown belt with two pouches. boots and gaiters were not issued or used. the soldiers were armed with the. 303 - inch lee metford magazine rifle. by 1914 the soldiers were wearing a khaki flannel smock and calf - length breeches, but the men still fought in bare feet. the rifle in use was the short magazine lee enfield, and two machine guns had been issued to the regiment. in kamerun the red fez was replaced by a green kilmarnock hat and the belt and pouches were replaced with m08 web equipment. in pre - war days the war had deployed five companies into the interior of sierra leone, and had stationed the regimental headquarters and seven companies at wilberforce, outside freetown. the west african regiment should not be confused with the sierra leone battalion of the west african frontier force, which was a colonially - funded, directed and administered unit. the approach up the wuri river up - river started on 7th october and was enlivened by canoe - loads of villagers trying to cling on to the vessels to get a free ride. some of the canoe men climbed aboard the royal navy craft to search for removable objects, and they had to be ejected. as the long snake of vessels, led by the flagship mole, passed bosida the \u2018 king \u2019 ( head chief ) of the region came aboard for a visit. he had been hiding in the bush for three days as the withdrawing germans were hanging anyone in authority who was thought to favour the allies. left : the wuri river at yabasi as nsake", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38398741683829096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1817794f-8a67-4bec-ad57-eb9c6d7900a9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.348691"}
{"text": ") of the region came aboard for a visit. he had been hiding in the bush for three days as the withdrawing germans were hanging anyone in authority who was thought to favour the allies. left : the wuri river at yabasi as nsake fort was reached, 10 miles ( 16 kilometres ) south of yabasi, the flotilla came under enemy rifle fire. machine gun and 3 - pounder fire sprayed and bombarded the fort in reply. a company of war disembarked and seized the fort which was found to be empty. local villagers advised that the enemy had quickly withdrawn up - river to yabasi. deployment into action at yabasi defenders of yabasi were the 1st ( depot ) company of the schutztruppe supported by local policemen and local europeans. knowing that the british flotilla was on its way towards them they had planned a sound defence, and they wanted to fight. into the flotilla \u2019 s sight at 0800 hours on 7th october, and shortly afterwards the effects of the hot tropical sun began to be felt by the entire british column. the mole and the dreadnought bombarded yabasi town whilst the troops disembarked on the west side of the river. the east side was thought to be too swampy and no british troops landed there. this was a big mistake. ordered lieutenant colonel vaughan to advance with a main body of 4 companies and the machine gun section war, the gold coast pioneers and the gold coast mountain artillery. the remaining sub - units and the naval 12 - pounder gun were held in reserve. at this time the flotilla noticed enemy movement on the east bank. a message was despatched to colonel gorges but it either did not arrive or was ignored. lieutenant colonel vaughan was now ordered to seize a mound south of the town whilst captain e. s. brand ( royal fusiliers and war ) led a left - flanking attack ( see sketch map ). the mound was evacuated by the enemy and the british occupied it. machine gunners on both sides of the river opened fire on the flotilla and on the british troops on the mound. enemy rounds hit the gun mountings on the vessels, forcing commander freeman - mitford to withdraw his flotilla down - river out of range. this denied colonel gorges the naval gun fire support that he had been counting on. the tug balbus had disobeyed orders and pushed her way too far upstream, and as she withdrew she ran aground on an island and had to be abandoned. the navy was now pre - occupied with empty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.394255895888841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1817794f-8a67-4bec-ad57-eb9c6d7900a9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.349561"}
{"text": "that he had been counting on. the tug balbus had disobeyed orders and pushed her way too far upstream, and as she withdrew she ran aground on an island and had to be abandoned. the navy was now pre - occupied with emptying balbus of her guns and other loose items. things were going disaster on the british left flank ordered the naval 12 - pounder to be dragged onto the mound by the naval gun detachment and some accompanying royal marines. he then went to inspect his left flank attack, as it appeared to be the troops on the left flank were in disarray. they had advanced through a swamp to a river which could only be crossed by one bridge. german machine gunners had a clear field of fire from yabasi and were knocking down anyone approaching the bridge. captain brand was dead along with staff sergeant ( armourer ) frederick c. wade ( royal army ordnance corps and war ) and colour sergeant hector mcguirk ( king \u2019 s own yorkshire light infantry and war ). lieutenant r. d. bennett ( middlesex regiment ), the war machine gun officer, was severely wounded. twelve african soldiers had also been killed and 19 others wounded ; many of these casualties were war machine gunners. on the river five british sailors had been left : captain ernest stanley brand on the left flank were now either thrashing around in tall elephant grass or were unwilling to face the german machine guns. tactical unity had been lost. a company of the 1st nigeria regiment was ordered to mount another flanking attack with the intention of going further to the west and getting onto ground beyond the bridge. but direction was lost in the thick, swampy bush and the nigerians emerged behind the war instead of in front and to the left. colonel gorges now turned to what he perceived to be his trump card, the naval detachment on the mound ; here he found the men prostrated with exhaustion. having no real idea of the physical demands made by bush warfare, the naval detachment had thought that it could haul the 12 - pounder gun and ammunition without the assistance of local porters. to compound this situation the detachment had been ordered into action wearing heavy marching order. the result was that although the 12 - pounder was on the mound, the gunners were too exhausted to man it efficiently and the marines were too exhausted to fight forward. as dusk was now approaching a british retirement was ordered. the men re - embarked and the flotilla, less balbus, sailed back down - river to nsake for the night. it then returned to douala. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4442361304050554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1817794f-8a67-4bec-ad57-eb9c6d7900a9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.350476"}
{"text": "exhausted to fight forward. as dusk was now approaching a british retirement was ordered. the men re - embarked and the flotilla, less balbus, sailed back down - river to nsake for the night. it then returned to douala. the second british attack on yabasi ordered an immediate second assault on yabasi. the war was rested and colonel gorges was given another column the nigerian mountain artillery battery ( less one section ) waff. from the gold coast mountain artillery battalion the nigeria regiment under lieutenant colonel j. b. cockburn ( royal welch fusiliers and nigeria a composite battalion consisting of 2 companies of the sierra leone battalion waff and 2 companies of the gold coast regiment waff, under lieutenant colonel r. a. de b. rose ( worcester regiment and gold coast regiment, waff ). from the pioneer company of the gold medical detachments and 450 porters. flotilla, again under commander mitford, was similar to the previous one but this time 100 porters accompanied the 12 - pounder gun. october the composite battalion was landed on both banks of the river at nsake and advanced. officers \u2019 patrols located the enemy near yabasi also on both banks of the river, as before. the following morning 1st nigeria regiment ( less one company ), one section of gold coast pioneers, the nigerian mountain gunners and the naval 12 - pounder detachment were landed on the west side of the river south of yabasi. lieutenant colonel cockburn was tasked with getting behind and to the north of yabasi by making a wide left flanking approach. the remainder of the column was held afloat by colonel gorges so that he could reinforce either bank of the by 1300 hours the british troops on both banks were in contact with the enemy who was fighting a withdrawing action. the flotilla provided fire support and by 1500 hours yabasi was encircled. one hour later the british held all the enemy trenches. ten enemy prisoners were taken by 1st nigeria regiment. the british had lost 2 men wounded and one british nco who died from the effects of the sun. on the 15th october british patrols ascertained that the germans were retreating towards nyamtam, and there was some inconclusive skirmishing. the flotilla successfully salved the balbus, although it had to be sent to nigeria for a refit. the 1st bn the nigeria regiment was left to garrison the yabasi area and the remainder of the column returned to douala. the british dead from the first attack were buried in douala cemetery. at yabasi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42133507209021437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1817794f-8a67-4bec-ad57-eb9c6d7900a9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.351406"}
{"text": "information contained on this page is provided by an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. if you have any questions or comments about this page please contact email @ example. com. source ford motor company dearborn, mich., march 22, 2013 / prnewswire / - - ford reduced the average amount of water used to make each vehicle by 8. 5 percent between 2011 and 2012 \u2013 putting the company more than halfway toward its current goal of using an average of just 4 cubic meters per vehicle globally by 2015. since 2000, ford has reduced the amount of water it uses in everything from cooling towers to parts washing and paint operations by 10. 6 billion gallons, or 62 percent. that ' s equal to the amount of water used by nearly 99, 000 u. s. residences annually, or enough to fill 16, 000 olympic - size pools. ford ' s reduced consumption rates mean even more to regions around the world struggling with water - related issues like drought and extensive population growth. ford ' s water reduction success is a result of the company ' s commitment to reduce the amount of water it uses by aggressively monitoring and managing just about every drop of water going into and out of its facilities and properties, says andy hobbs, director, environmental quality office. since 2000, ford decreased the total amount of water used around the world annually from 64 million cubic meters to 24 million cubic meters. \" that ' s about 10. 6 billion gallons of water that was conserved and went to use somewhere else, \" says hobbs. ford voluntarily launched its global water management initiative in 2000, putting in place ways to manage water conservation, quality and reuse of storm and process water. ford ' s water strategy complements the company ' s overall code of human rights, basic working conditions and corporate responsibilities. \" ford recognizes the critical importance of water, and is committed to conserving water and using it responsibly, \" says robert brown, vice president, sustainability, environment and safety engineering. \" many vehicle manufacturing processes require water and the resource is used at every point in our supply chain. \" ford aims to use an average of 1, 056 gallons of water to make each vehicle globally \u2013 consistent with its overall goal of a 30 percent reduction in the amount of water used per vehicle between 2009 and 2015. that is slightly more than the 1, 000 gallons fire engine tankers in the u. s. are required to contain in their tanks. one cubic meter of water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.511389180162363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:268706f9-7219-4f86-8f3c-9f7fa5608ffb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.355937"}
{"text": "a 30 percent reduction in the amount of water used per vehicle between 2009 and 2015. that is slightly more than the 1, 000 gallons fire engine tankers in the u. s. are required to contain in their tanks. one cubic meter of water is equal to 264 gallons. continuing the progress ford had a positive impact on the world ' s water supply in many ways during 2012. the ford fund, for example, supported 19 different water - related projects in china, indonesia, thailand, philippines, india, germany and south africa. one project in arid southwest china, for instance, involved 60 ford employees from nanjing, who helped eight families build water cellars designed to capture water during the rainy season to store and use during drier times of the year. at the same time, ford ' s biggest water - related projects were within its own facilities and included : these accomplishments reflect ford ' s overall approach to water use, which emphasizes several goals : more information about ford ' s water use - related efforts can be found in the company ' s annual sustainability report that is released annually every june. the most recent version can be found here. about ford motor company ford motor company ( nyse : f ), a global automotive industry leader based in dearborn, mich., manufactures or distributes automobiles across six continents. with about 171, 000 employees and 65 plants worldwide, the company ' s automotive brands include ford and lincoln. the company provides financial services through ford motor credit company. for more information regarding ford and its products worldwide, please visit http : / / corporate. ford. com. \u00a92012 pr newswire. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46446764661173884, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:268706f9-7219-4f86-8f3c-9f7fa5608ffb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.356574"}
{"text": "in addition, health issues, such as pain, asthma, restless legs syndrome, and back problems, also can contribute to lack of sleep. so can some medications, such as decongestants, steroids and some medicines for high blood pressure, asthma or depression. secrets of good sleep you can take steps to shift your body and mind into more beneficial sleep habits : - keep your bedroom dark, quiet, comfortable and cool. \u201c making your bedroom a sanctuary conducive for sleep can make a significant difference in the quality of sleep you get, \u201d says dr. wolfson. - go to sleep and wake up at the same time, even on weekends. doing so helps keep your internal \u201c circadian clock \u201d in balance, which signals your body to sleep and wake in a regular pattern. - establish a regular, relaxing bedtime routine that might include reading a book, listening to soothing music or doing something else you find relaxing. \u201c a relaxing, routine activity right before bedtime helps separate your sleep time from activities that can make it more difficult to fall asleep or remain asleep, \u201d says dr. wolfson. \u201c parents know that a bedtime routine can help children get a good night \u2019 s sleep. doing the same for themselves can have the same results. \u201d - make sure your mattress is comfortable and supportive. good - quality mattresses generally last about 10 years. have comfortable pillows and make the room attractive and inviting. - avoid caffeine close to bedtime. caffeine products, such as coffee, tea and colas, remain in the body, on average, from three to five hours, but they can affect some people up to 12 hours later. - avoid alcohol close to bedtime. many people think of alcohol as a sedative, but it actually disrupts sleep, causing nighttime awakenings. - quit smoking. nicotine is a stimulant that can make it more difficult for smokers to fall asleep, stay asleep and wake in the morning. smokers should never smoke in bed or when they \u2019 re sleepy. - finish eating at least two or three hours before your regular bedtime. be aware that large, high - fat or spicy meals may cause heartburn, which leads to difficulty falling asleep and discomfort during the night. - exercise regularly but complete your workout at least a few hours before bedtime. exercising regularly makes it easier to fall asleep and contributes to sounder sleep. however, working out right before going to bed will make falling asleep more difficult. - find ways to manage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43614910459916983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1cbff567-0d53-485f-b0da-b9c3af53d7f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.360054"}
{"text": "most active stories sun september 25, 2011 launch logistics : speedy rocket, slow electronics weird things jump out at me in press releases. take the press kit nasa prepared for the grail mission. grail consists of two nearly identical spacecraft that are on their way to the moon. once there, they will make a precise map of the moon ' s gravitational field. such a map will help scientists refine their theories about how the moon formed and what the interior is made of. so i ' m reading through the grail press kit, learning about the size of the spacecraft ( washing machine - sized ), how long it will take to make the map ( approximately three months ), and where the mission control room is ( at a lockheed martin facility just outside of denver ). i also learn that grail can launch any day between sept. 9 and oct. 19. and then i get to this sentence : \" on each day, there are two separate, instantaneous launch opportunities separated in time by approximately 39 minutes. \" that ' s weird. now, i wasn ' t surprised that this mission had an extremely precise launch opportunity \u2014 \" instantaneous \" means the launch window is essentially a second long. i know you have to wait until the moon ' s orbit around the earth, and earth ' s orbit around the sun, and the earth ' s rotation around its axis are all in exactly the right position before you can launch your rocket. but what ' s up with two instantaneous launch opportunities. why 39 minutes apart? i called the nasa press office. they were stumped and promised they ' d find someone who could give me the answer. in the meantime, i called several universities with large aerospace programs, and asked if anyone there had the answer. nope. nada. nothing. so now this is beginning to bug me. i ' m also beginning to worry. if an aerospace engineer can ' t figure this out, how am i ever going to understand it? while i ' m pondering this, grail deputy project manager tom hoffman called. i asked him about the two instantaneous launch opportunities. \" it ' s a pretty simple answer not driven by the mission at all, \" hoffman told me. \" it ' s driven by the launch vehicle. \" the launch vehicle? not orbital mechanics or a complex trajectory? the problem, hoffman said, is some slow electronics. there is actually a launch window of 40 minutes or so each day. modern computers in modern rockets can calculate the precise direction the rocket needs to launch on a second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4968806380132536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9a03c48-37f0-4107-92ff-4b61e412d876>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.363904"}
{"text": "the aviation sector is renowned as a carbon intensive business, but an increasing number of airports are looking to change that by integrating the latest green - tech into their daily operations. air travel and transport accounts for two percent of all human generated greenhouse gas emissions, according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) - - with airports contributing five percent to the overall aviation figure. by adapting clean energy policies and technologies, eco - conscious airport operators hope to make a dent in these numbers and boost the industry ' s environmental street - cred. \" we are making our airports greener, while balancing the tremendous economic impacts they deliver for our region, \" says amy malick, deputy commissioner of sustainability for the chicago department of aviation ( cda ), which will host the fifth annual airports going green conference this november. the conference provides a platform for over 400 airport executives and green thinkers from around the world to present programs, strategies, and lessons - learned regarding airport sustainability. \" ( we are ) committed to implementing sustainable initiatives at our airports that enhance the quality of life for citizens, \" she adds. malick highlights how the cda has installed over 230, 000 square feet of vegetated roof space at chicago o ' hare and midway international airport, ensured all chicago airport trucks are fueled with ultra - low sulfur diesel gas and insisted recycled materials are utilized in all airports when possible. as a result, the cda has saved 76, 000 tons of co2 from being pumped out by chicago ' s airports alone, she claims. across the u. s. like - minded schemes are taking off with increasing regularity. airports such as boston logan and denver international now generate a small percentage of their energy requirements from renewable energy sources ( such as on site wind and solar ). in europe meanwhile 64 airports have joined the airport carbon accreditation program, which recognizes innovative eco - airport efforts. a further five sites have signed up to the scheme in asia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3940987756119673, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa0f19b1-b112-4860-b14c-9875543a1d51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.366895"}
{"text": "hands on activitythe english designer william morris was influenced by indian patterns when he designed this block printed cotton fabric in 1883. other british designers used indian patterns, such as ' paisley '. using factories, british cloth makers were able to make cheaper fabrics and sell it in india in victorian times. indian weavers spun, wove and decorated their cloth in their own homes and this made it more expensive, so many of them went out of business. have a look at the images below. they show some designs, cloth printing and the blocks used to print cloths. you would need to print with your block thousands of time to decorate a large piece of cloth by hand. you can make a printing block using a potato - it ' s much easier to carve than wood! you will need : a big potato paper for your pattern a small knife with a pointed end or a scalpel fabric paints or dyes - use indigo, turmeric or henna if you want to make authentic indian colours paper plates for mixing colours 1. cut your potato in half and leave it to dry for a few hours. if you want, you can slice off the edges to make a square, which will be easier to line up when you print. you can also use a polystyrene ceiling tile, with the pattern drawn into it. you can buy real wood printing blocks in some indian shops if you want to print from wood. 2. design your printing block pattern on thin white paper, filling in the areas to be cut out. remember to make the pattern no larger than the potato. cut the paper 1 centimetre bigger than the design. 3. tape your paper design onto the dry potato. 4. get an adult to help with this part. using the sharp knife or scalpel, cut out your design. 5. mix your dyes or fabric paints on the paper plate. if you are using an indian dye such as turmeric make it into quite a thick paste. 6. paint the dye onto your potato block, or press the block into the dye on the plate. 7. practice printing the block on some scrap paper before you try it on the fabric. 8. print the pattern onto the fabric. it looks best when you print repeated patterns, or try different colours next to each other. keep the patterns in line using a long ruler. 9. leave the fabric to dry. need some inspiration? have a look at the some victorian paisley patterns. you can have a go at a block printing activity in this museum open learning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47974846010686933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69ba2ea4-bf08-4a99-ae50-19420c6223a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.369173"}
{"text": "protecting your home against winter ' s ' silent killer ' ( bpt ) - it \u2019 s colorless, odorless and the no. 1 cause of accidental poisoning in the united states. and, it worsens in the winter. known as the \u201c silent killer, \u201d carbon monoxide ( co ) is responsible for an average of 450 deaths and 20, 000 emergency room visits each year, according to the journal of the american medical association. with more than two - fifths of all co poisonings occurring between december and february, homeowners are at increased risk once temperatures begin to drop. \u201c during the winter months, many families turn to heating sources they might not use at other times of the year, \u201d says deborah hanson, director of external affairs for first alert, the most trusted name in home safety. \u201c while these heating sources may be effective at providing warmth, they also can pose great risks if not used properly. to help protect loved ones from the dangers of co poisoning, it is important for homeowners to take proper precautions when dealing with any kind of fuel - burning heat source. \u201d first alert recommends the following tips and tools for keeping your home and loved ones warm \u2013 and safe \u2013 this winter and all year long : protect against co poisoning run kitchen vents or exhaust fans any time the stove is in use. the kitchen stove is among the most frequent sources of co poisoning in the home. to help eliminate danger of overexposure, never use the oven to heat a home. always run exhaust fans when cooking, especially during the holidays when stoves are left on for longer periods of time. also, open a nearby window periodically when cooking to allow fresh air to circulate. never use generators indoors. in the case of a power outage, portable electricity generators must be used outside only with power brought into the structure with a cord. never use them inside the home, in a garage or in any confined area that can allow co to collect. and be careful to follow operating instructions closely. also refrain from using charcoal grills, camp stoves or other similar devices indoors. have fuel - burning appliances inspected regularly. arrange for a professional inspection of all fireplaces and fuel - burning appliances \u2013 such as furnaces, stoves, clothes dryers, water heaters and space heaters \u2013 annually to detect any co leaks. be mindful of the garage. warming the car in the morning before work is common during the winter months, but running vehicles inside an attached garage, even if the door is open, is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4840733115826934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69289004-835e-4965-a69a-a443f2b95705>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.373605"}
{"text": "mary anne dunkin louise chang, md two decades ago, if you had moderate to severe crohn ' s, there were few treatment options. in the late 1990s, however, the first in a new class of treatment options emerged for crohn ' s disease. referred to as biologic response modifiers, biologic agents, or simply biologics, these drugs target specific parts of an overactive immune system to reduce inflammation. biologics not only relieve crohn ' s symptoms but also can bring about remission and keep you in remission. they are indicated for use when someone has moderately to severely active crohn \u2019 s disease and has not responded well to other crohn \u2019 s disease treatments. many people with crohn ' s now live with significantly fewer symptoms, but may worry about side effects. here ' s a look at the risks and benefits of biologics. in crohn ' s disease, an overactive immune system causes inflammation and damage to the digestive tract. made from living organisms, biologics work just like substances made by the body \u2019 s immune system and can help control the immune system response. four biologics are fda approved for crohn ' s. three of the four block a protein called tumor necrosis factor ( tnf ) that ' s involved in inflammation. these drugs are often called anti - tnf drugs or tnf inhibitors. they include cimzia ( certolizumab ), humira ( adalimumab ), and remicade ( infliximab ). the fourth medication, tysabri ( natalizumab ), is called an integrin receptor antagonist. it blocks certain types of white blood cells that are involved in inflammation. because they suppress the immune system, all biologics carry an increased risk of infections, which in rare cases can be serious. cimzia, humira, and remicade carry a boxed warning for increased risk of serious infections leading to hospitalization or death. if someone taking a biologic develops a serious infection, the drug should be discontinued. people with tuberculosis, heart failure, or multiple sclerosis should not take biologics because they can bring on these conditions or make them worse. in rare cases, some people taking tnf inhibitors have developed certain cancers such as lymphoma. lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymph system, which is part of the body \u2019 s immune system. ty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40867984603347096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d144a4d1-4df0-4ff9-bc6a-945b724413d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.380665"}
{"text": "in rare cases, some people taking tnf inhibitors have developed certain cancers such as lymphoma. lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymph system, which is part of the body \u2019 s immune system. tysabri increases the risk of a very rare but potentially fatal brain infection called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( pml ). tysabri also can cause allergic reactions and liver damage. tysabri should not be used at the same time as other treatments that suppress the immune system or tnf inhibitors. however, most infections that occur with biologic use are far less serious, says richard bloomfeld, md, associate professor of medicine and director of the inflammatory bowel disease program at wake forest university school of medicine in winston salem, n. c. \" infections such as colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and urinary tract infections are common and don ' t necessarily alter our treatment of crohn ' s. \" other common side effects from biologic use include headache, flu - like symptoms, nausea, rash, injection site pain, and infusion reactions. so who should take a biologic for crohn ' s? many gastroenterologists reserve these drugs for people who have not responded to conventional medications that suppress the immune system. but some gastroenterologists may treat crohn ' s more aggressively. \" if you let inflammation go, inflammation leads to scarring and scarring leads to narrowing of the intestines, which becomes a surgical problem, \" says prabhakar swaroop, md, assistant professor and director of the inflammatory bowel disease program at the university of texas southwestern medical center in dallas. \" you want to treat the person aggressively to prevent these problems. \" \" in addition to improving symptoms, the anti - tnf modifiers are associated with mucosal healing, \" says bloomfeld. \" we hope that in healing the mucosa we can stop the progression of the disease and prevent complications of crohn ' s that result in hospitalization and surgery. \" while there are other treatments that suppress the immune system to treat crohn ' s, they too have side effects, says bloomfeld. like the biologics, drugs that suppress the immune system increase the risk of lymphomas and infections, which can be severe. cortiosteroids like prednisone, for example, can cause a wide range of adverse effects including weight gain, mood swings,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4182317470253266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d144a4d1-4df0-4ff9-bc6a-945b724413d1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.381525"}
{"text": "suppress the immune system increase the risk of lymphomas and infections, which can be severe. cortiosteroids like prednisone, for example, can cause a wide range of adverse effects including weight gain, mood swings, bone loss, skin bruising, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar. those side effects are why corticosteroids may be used to control a flare, but aren ' t the choice to treat crohn ' s over a long period of time. \" the stop - gap method, which is steroids, is something we cannot use long term, \" says swaroop. when prescribing any drug, doctors look at the potential risks against the benefits they hope or expect to achieve. although doctors don ' t all share the same philosophy on when to start biologics for crohn ' s disease, they do agree that biologics should be used when people have severe disease that can lead to permanent damage and make surgery unavoidable. swaroop says he looks for signs that the disease is progressing, such as how long between a person ' s diagnosis of crohn ' s and when they have fistulas. \" these are the patients who generally do better on biologics, who have the quality of life improvement, who are able to avoid surgery and get back in the workforce, \" he says. before prescribing biologics, doctors check for potential problems. \" in the beginning, of course, we go ahead and make sure the person does not have an active liver infection or tb, \" says marie borum, md, professor of medicine and director of the division of gastroenterology and liver diseases at george washington university in washington, d. c. once someone starts a biologic, the doctor looks for side effects in order to find them before they become serious. monitoring includes include lab tests and possibly regular skin checks for signs of skin cancer. all effective therapies for crohn ' s disease come with some risk, says bloomfeld. \" it is not an option not to treat crohn ' s, so we certainly need to weigh these risks against the benefits of having the disease well treated. \" \" it may be challenging for the individual to consider all of these risk and benefits. they need to work with their gastroenterologist to decide what might be most beneficial for them and what risk they are willing to accept to effectively treat crohn ' s disease, \" bloomfeld", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43167614559351786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d144a4d1-4df0-4ff9-bc6a-945b724413d1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.382356"}
{"text": "posted : oct 9, 2012 3 : 00 pm by robert preidt tuesday, oct. 9 ( healthday news ) - - a gene test that can identify people at risk for mouth cancer has been developed by british researchers. the test detects precancerous cells in patients with benign - looking mouth lesions and could lead to earlier treatment for at - risk patients and improve their chances of survival, according to the team at queen mary, university of london. they used the quantitative malignancy index diagnostic system test - - which measures the level of 16 genes - - on more than 350 head and neck tissue specimens from nearly 300 patients and found that it had a cancer detection rate between 91 percent and 94 percent. the study was published oct. 4 in the international journal of cancer. mouth cancer affects more than half a million people worldwide each year, and that number is expected to rise above 1 million by 2030, according to world health organization figures. most cases of mouth cancer are caused by either smoking or chewing tobacco, or drinking alcohol. mouth lesions are common, but only 5 percent to 30 percent may turn into cancers. until now, no test has been able to accurately detect which lesions will become cancerous. many mouth cancers are diagnosed at later stages, when the chances of survival are greatly reduced. \" a sensitive test capable of quantifying a patient ' s cancer risk is needed to avoid the adoption of a ' wait - and - see ' intervention, \" study lead investigator and test inventor dr. muy - teck teh said in a university news release. \" detecting cancer early, coupled with appropriate treatment, can significantly improve patient outcomes, reduce mortality and alleviate long - term public health care costs. \" although this study shows that the test is effective for early cancer detection, further clinical trials are needed to evaluate its long - term clinical benefits. the u. s. national cancer institute has more about mouth and other types of oral cancer. source : queen mary, university of london, news release, oct. 4, 2012 copyright ( c ) 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5188404668468207, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dea47dad-7553-4f41-a171-3de4c48fe96c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.384403"}
{"text": "blood sugar is your body ' s primary source of fuel and plays a vital role in physical and mental well - being. but when it rises above normal, your health, your energy levels, and your weight - loss efforts are jeopardized. even before blood sugar levels reach the point of a type 2 diabetes diagnosis, the health problems can be serious. more and more research links even slightly high blood sugar to food cravings, mood swings, and excess weight, as well as pregnancy and fertility problems, heart attacks, stroke, and even some forms of cancer, early evidence suggests. good nutrition in general can help keep type 2 diabetes and high blood sugar at bay. but some specific foods and spices have been found to lower or help control blood sugar. give these a taste. avocado. this fruit is rich in a particular kind of monounsaturated fat called oleic acid, which has been found to improve fat levels in the body and help control diabetes. help yourself to another serving of avocado! beans. many studies have shown that eating foods high in soluble fiber, particularly beans, reduces the rise in blood sugar after meals and delays the drop in blood sugar later on. cinnamon. some alternative practitioners think that cinnamon may be helpful in making insulin receptors work better. stir 1 teaspoon daily into a food or beverage. other spices found to help the body use insulin more efficiently include bay leaf, clove, and turmeric. coffee. regular drinkers may be less likely to develop diabetes, reveals a study from the university of minnesota. diabetes experts suspect that compounds and minerals in coffee beans may improve the sensitivity of insulin receptors and help the body process blood sugar more efficiently. orange. studies indicate the soluble fiber and pectin in oranges can help control changes in blood sugar as well as help lower cholesterol. sweet potato. despite its name - - and a flavor so luscious it makes a good dessert - - the sweet potato doesn ' t raise your blood sugar as high, or as fast, as a white potato. tea. studies have shown that extracts of black tea may significantly reduce blood sugar levels. and enjoying a cup of chamomile tea may be more than a restful nighttime ritual - - the herb may help reduce blood sugar fluctuations. for more healthy living news and features, visit purematters. com - - and don ' t forget to stop by the pure matters shop for all your vitamin and supplement needs. source : pure matters http : / / www. pure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4451237175958731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bf4516a-cbfc-4fc5-a5b8-b627d273fec2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.386672"}
{"text": "affton, mo ( ksdk ) - - school leaders are teaching character education to prevent bullying. teachers and counselors at mesnier primary school in affton are getting the message across early that words hurt and the kids are paying attention. counselors are also teaching kids anger management, using puppets. \" it ' s a turtle trick. when someone ' s bullying you, you go over to the peace path and there ' s this little turtle and he bends in his shell like this, and then you do it, and you count to 10, and most of the time, it gets your anger from being bullied, \" sauid camden schlueter, a student. in ladue, administrators have given teachers and students a took to report bullyig. \" students and staff can use forms to fill out to go directly to counselors and administrators, \" said maggie travers, a ladue school district psychologist. \" we have some policies in places that address these issues when they come up. \" in south roxana, illinios, the approach is pro - active. \" the thing we try to do most is to promote positive behavior, \" said principal nate porter. even with these tools, there are conflicts, something mesnier school teaches young kids to resolve. \" we bring them itno the office where we have a peace place to talk to the kids, \" explained guidance counselor janet winchester. \" if they ' re comfortable with it, then we have the kids work it out and we have a littel conflict mediation. \" \" it ' s called rock, paper, scissors, \" said abbey dallman, a student. \" and like if you ' re fighting over a swing, you can do rock, paper, scissors, to see who gets the swing. what teachers and administrators have learned is that early intervention tools work. they said teaching good behaviour in class was constructive than reactionary discipline. they believe the number one way to identify conflicts is by students speaking up and reporting problems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41170650655818875, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46abacb2-6eea-4179-86ba-723eba9e87ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.388518"}
{"text": "professors : batsell, boatwright, erdi, gregg ( chair ), hostetter, tan psychology, broadly defined, is the study of animal and human behavior as well as human experience. the discipline involves the use of scientific methods in the discovery of facts and confirmation of theory as well as applications to problems. the major, therefore, includes a focus on the understanding and use of research skills and techniques. psychology is a diverse field with important connections to biology, education, philosophy, and sociology. increasingly, psychologists may be found in business, industry, education, government, and medicine, as well as in the more traditional areas of research and mental health. given its diversity and connections to other disciplines, psychology is a reasonable choice of major for students who seek a broad liberal arts undergraduate education. psychology is also a practical major for those who seek careers immediately after graduation in fields where interacting with other people is primary \u2014 management, criminal justice, or human services, for example. students interested in careers in such applied fields, however, may find the human development and social relations ( hdsr ) major a better choice. psychology majors may choose to pursue advanced degrees in three general directions : one, as scientists, leading to careers in higher education or research settings ; two, as practitioners, leading to roles as clinicians, school psychologists, industrial psychologists, and health psychologists ; and three, as professionals in other fields such as law, medicine, and business administration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5456748109528259, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7affa0fc-5217-4217-977e-70e7e826d39f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.390044"}
{"text": "history professor examines state and territorial policies that affected early american indian citizenship deborah rosen, professor and head of history, has taken an in - depth look at early american indian policy - making in her most recent book, american indians and state law : sovereignty, race and citizenship, 1790 \u2013 1880 ( university of nebraska, december 2007 ). the publication examines the role that state and territorial governments played in extending jurisdiction over indians as well as defining borders and the meaning of citizenship. \u201c belying the common assumption that indian policy and regulation in the united states were exclusively within the federal government \u2019 s domain, the book reveals how states and territories extended their legislative and judicial authority over american indians between the early national period and the reconstruction era, \u201d explains rosen. \u201c in this book, i detail how state and territorial governments regulated american indians and brought them into local criminal courts, as well as how indians contested states \u2019 actions and asserted tribal sovereignty. \u201d several students assisted rosen with her publication as excel scholars. these students were robert alessi \u2019 00, tiffany blakey \u2019 01, phillip dudley \u2019 04, andrea kotrosits \u2019 03, and michael sparrow \u2019 04. the students handled a plethora of primary source documents that were foundational to rosen \u2019 s research, including judicial opinions, trial records, statutes, legislative hearings, constitutional convention debates, newspapers, speeches, letters, and official reports. the finished book is a \u201c discussion of nationwide patterns complemented by case studies focusing on new york, georgia, new mexico, michigan, minnesota, louisiana, and massachusetts that demonstrate the decentralized nature of much of early american indian policy, \u201d according to rosen. in addition to its cornerstone use of primary sources and divergent conclusion, rosen \u2019 s book is the first to present a broad study of state and territorial indian policies, laws, and judicial decisions in early united states history. - exceptional faculty - excel / undergraduate research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4404324235105664, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8822f14c-12a0-486c-b534-20c773a07b76>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.391926"}
{"text": "the movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra, or movement of the landless rural workers ( the mst ), was formally created at the primeiro encontro de trabalhadores sem terra [ first meeting of landless workers ], which took place from january 21 - 24, 1984, in cascavel, in the state of parana, in the south of brazil. today, the mst is organized in 22 states and pursues the same objectives defined at this 1984 meeting and ratified at the first national conference at curitiba, parana, in 1985 : to fight for land, for agrarian reform, and for the building of a just society, without exploiters and exploited. since its creation, the mst has included in its political agenda the fight for schools and the discussion on what kind of school should be a part of the life of the sem terra family. this article discusses the pedagogical lessons that we can learn from the historical experience of the mst. before introducing some of these, however, it is important to situate the context that allows us to think of a social movement of farm workers as a place that may have lessons to offer on the processes of human the mst came into its seventeenth year of existence reflecting deeply on two of the great tasks that were defined throughout its history : first, to help put an end to the \" mortal sin \" of the latifundium, decentralizing the lands of this immense country, brazil, and making them socially productive ; and second, to help humanize people, to develop human beings with dignity, identity, and a project for the future. this second task, perhaps the one that the mst has accomplished best since its undertaking, is what causes us to think more directly of the educational dimension of the movement. the educational work of the mst has three main dimensions : first, the recovery of the dignity of thousands of families who once again have roots and purpose. the poor in everything have become citizens : people with rights, people who work, study, produce, are a part of their communities, and who, in their daily challenges, set a new agenda of discussion for this country. the second dimension is the building of a collective identity, one which goes beyond each person, family, and settlement. the identity of the sem terra [ landless ], and the capital letters without a hyphen, like a proper name that identifies those who are no longer individuals who lack something have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4921495269636665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.407111"}
{"text": "one which goes beyond each person, family, and settlement. the identity of the sem terra [ landless ], and the capital letters without a hyphen, like a proper name that identifies those who are no longer individuals who lack something have no land ( land - less ) but are individuals with a choice that of fighting for more social justice and dignity for all. this places each member of sem terra, through his / her participation in the mst, in a movement that is related to the re - encounter of humanity with itself. the third dimension is building the educational project of different generations of the sem terra family, one that combines schooling with broader concerns of human development and the training of militants. viewing the history of the mst in this perspective, we encounter some pedagogical lessons, or how the proponents of a social struggle and a collectivity in movement deal with, and are concerned with, education. these lessons can help us reflect on each of our own educational practices, including those that we undertake in the schools. reflecting on these lessons, we may begin to understand something even more profound : the mst has a pedagogy, that is, it has a praxis ( combined theory and practice ) of how people are educated, of how human beings develop. the pedagogy of the sem terra movement is the way through which the movement has historically developed the social individual of the name sem terra, and has daily educated the people who are part of it. and the main educational principle of this pedagogy is the movement itself, a movement that unites diverse pedagogies, and in a special way unites the pedagogy of social struggle with the pedagogy of the land and the pedagogy of history, each one helping to make an imprint on our identity, mistica, project. sem terra is the name of one who fights for the people who have roots in the land the land that is won, tilled, cared for and in the movement this is the main discussion we have today in the mst with our educators : how to make of the pedagogy of the movement a reference for our practice and our thought. to be an educator in the mst is to succeed in understanding the educational dimension of the movementis actions, making them a mirror for its educational practices. it is a reference viewpoint to aid in discerning the limits and challenges of these practices. a mirror also educates our viewpoint to see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5659174520586704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.408002"}
{"text": "to succeed in understanding the educational dimension of the movementis actions, making them a mirror for its educational practices. it is a reference viewpoint to aid in discerning the limits and challenges of these practices. a mirror also educates our viewpoint to see beyond the mst, beyond the sem terra. the pedagogy of the movement takes shape in a dialogue with other educators, other students, and other pedagogical movements. it was precisely in the interaction with people and works concerned with human development that we managed to think about the mst as a pedagogical subject. from this new synthesis, we continue our dialogue with theories and practices of human development, along with specific thinking on the educational environment of our schools. from this dialogue with the movementis practices and the thinking on human development throughout the history of humanity, an initial result regards the very concept of education. when we discuss practices of humanizing the field - workers as a product of education, we are in fact recovering an essential link to the work in education : to educate is to humanize, to cultivate learning to be a the mst works all the time at the limit between humanization and dehumanization ; its struggle is that of life or death for thousands of people, who make their participation in the movement a tool for re - learning to be human. this is the day - to - day task of the education of the sem terra in each march, each camp, each settlement and it is this same day - to - day practice that shows that the task is necessary and possible ; that the adultsi and the agedis nearly lost humanity can be recovered through learning, and that it is even more necessary and possible to help in this learning from childhood. from this conception of education, there are pedagogical lessons we have managed to derive in this reflective counterpoint among the daily life of the mst, the diverse theories and practices on human development, and the concerns with how to educate the sem terra. these are lessons that also help us think and rethink the curriculum and the educational environment of our schools. 1. people are the greatest value produced and cultivated by the mst the movement is the way that people collectively produce the sem terra identity and carry out the struggle for agrarian reform that is the root and strength of this identity. at times of the most acute social conflict, such as those we live through today, this is even more visible : it is on the people, on each one of them, that resistance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5102973167257581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.408883"}
{"text": "for agrarian reform that is the root and strength of this identity. at times of the most acute social conflict, such as those we live through today, this is even more visible : it is on the people, on each one of them, that resistance depends, as well as the determination of the proposals, the conduct that persists as an image for society, the continuity in the face of the fiercest conflicts, the identity. the mst has succeeded in arriving at its seventeenth year because it has learned to value every person who is a part of its organization, and because it has defined human development as one of its main priorities. as educators, we need to be clear about what is in question every time we meet with those we are educating : we are facing human beings, who deserve our respect and dedication as human beings, and as members of an organization that fights for dignity. our work in a school where the sem terra study, for example, needs to be thought of in the perspective of a great educational effort, which makes us responsible, interested, and committed. we need to reflect always on some basic questions : what human being are we helping to develop through our practice? is there coherence with the humanity that the mst struggle has been producing and planning for throughout its history? and those we educate : what human being do they see when they look at themselves and their settlement companions? have our educational practices helped them to value themselves as persons and take on the collective identity they help 2. people are educated by learning to be one of the things that often calls attention to the mstis actions is the self - respect of the people who take part in it. this self - respect, or feeling of dignity, is produced to the extent that these people learn to be sem terra and to be proud of that name. and on taking on this social, collective identity we are sem terra, we are of the mst these people gradually discover dimensions of their personal and collective identity, as well : iim a woman, iim black, iim a rural worker, iim young, iim an educator they are new individuals who are formed and begin to demand their place in the world, in history ; they know they can and ought to fight for the right to be human wherever they are, with or against whomever they are. this returns us to the notion that this is an essential human task of learning : to look in the mirror of what we are and want to be, to take on personal and collective identities,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.490077952722708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.409726"}
{"text": "wherever they are, with or against whomever they are. this returns us to the notion that this is an essential human task of learning : to look in the mirror of what we are and want to be, to take on personal and collective identities, to be proud of them, at the same time we are challenged with the movement of our permanent self - construction. to educate is to help build and strengthen identities, to draw faces, to form subjects. and this has everything to do with values, way of life, memory, culture. 3. people are educated in the actions they perform and the works they produce the mst forms the sem terra by putting them in a movement, which means in permanent action, action with the dynamic of a social struggle : occupations, encampments, marches, demonstrations of solidarity, the building of a new kind of life in the settlements, schools, activities of development. it is through such action that they learn that nothing is impossible to change, not even people, their propensities, their positions, their ways of life, their values. people are educated in action because it is the movement of action that molds the way to becoming human. actions produce and are produced through social relations : that is, they set in motion another fundamental pedagogical element, which is the interaction between people, how they behave among each other, which is measured by the tools inherited from those who have produced other tools before ( culture ). in these relations, people show who they are, and at the same time they construct and revise their identities, their way of being. we are speaking of any action, or of acting for actingis sake, without any intentionality. we are speaking of action that produces works ( material or not ) that become the mirror in which people can see what they are or even want to be ; and we are speaking mainly of work and the material production of our existence. there is no true education without action, without work, and without collective works. and, as the children remind us, there is also no education without games and play, which can also be thought of as collective action producing works. 4. people are educated by producing and reproducing culture the actions of the sem terra are loaded with cultural meanings that they learn to produce and express. in an occupation, on a march, or in the organization of a settlement, there appears not only what these families of workers are today, or at this particular moment. every action brings together with it the way of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.544539049032664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.410785"}
{"text": "they learn to produce and express. in an occupation, on a march, or in the organization of a settlement, there appears not only what these families of workers are today, or at this particular moment. every action brings together with it the way of being human that these people bear, the developing weight of the objective circumstances of their whole previous existence and the type of education they have received or lived. at the same time, their collective action is also usually the negation of certain traditions that have marked their lives up to now, and the projection of values they learn or re - learn in the pedagogical process of the movement. the mstis expressions, symbols, art, way of struggle, embody a cultural moment that neither begins nor ends at the moment of action. each landless person who enters the mst also enters a world already productive of symbols, expressions, human examples, values, which, with each action, s / he learns to signify and resignify. one of the great pedagogical challenges of the mst with its social base has been precisely to help people make a new cultural synthesis, one that joins their past, present, and future in a new, rooted collective and personal identity. to live as if one struggles, to struggle as if one lives this is a coherent position that has been seen as necessary to the movementis aims of social transformation, as well as in its permanent conflicts and challenges. memory, mistica, discussion of values, criticism and self - criticism, the study of history, these are some cultural tools that the movement has been using in this construction. we can reflect then that to educate is to also to share meanings and tools of culture ( jerome bruneris expression, in arroyo 2000 ). it is to help people in the learning of signfying and resignifying their actions, in such a way that they may transform them into values, behavior, convictions, customs, expressions, symbols, art, that is, into a way of life chosen and reflected by the collectivity of which they form a part. this means, among other things, that to educate people is help to cultivate their memory ; it is to become acquainted and reacquainted with their symbols, expressions, words ; it is to situate them in a wider cultural and historical universe ; it is to work with different languages, organize different moments and modes so that people may think about their practices, their roots, their plans, their lives 5. people are educated by living values values are a fundamental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5068629654331736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.411684"}
{"text": "in a wider cultural and historical universe ; it is to work with different languages, organize different moments and modes so that people may think about their practices, their roots, their plans, their lives 5. people are educated by living values values are a fundamental dimension of culture ; they are the principles of life, that for which we consider it worth living. values are what move our practices, our life, our being human. values are what produce in people the need to live for the sake of freedom and justice. values are what move the striving of the sem terra to make their settlements utopian communities, consistent with the struggle that won them over. the mst has been very concerned with the cultivation of values, because it knows that it is the values, translated into culture, that it will leave as a heritage to its descendants and the new generations of those who fight for the people. and values only exist through people, their experiences, positions, convictions. and they are not born with each one : they are learned, cultivated through the collective processes of development, of education. for the mst, this has not been an easy battle : to recover and cultivate human values like solidarity, loyalty, the spirit of sacrifice for the collective well - being, companionship, seriousness, discipline, indignation in the face of injustices, the valuing of the sem terra identity, humility - in a society that day by day degenerates with the counter - values of individualism, consumerism, social apathy, lack of commitment to life, the exclusion of those who take part in social struggles but it is only by taking on the job of educating and re - educating people in its values that the mst can realize the project of 6. people are educated by learning how to solve problems in the actions of a social struggle knowledge is acquired and produced, and it is a very important dimension of the strategy for the humanization of the people. but one of the pedagogical lessons we have gleaned from the day - to - day life of the movement is that the process of producing knowledge that effectively aids in the development of the person is that which is connected to the large and small questions of life. when a sem terra needs to know how to calculate an area in order to measure the land where his agro - villa will be settled, or when he needs to study geography to best choose the place for an occupation, this knowledge will certainly have more human and social density for him. when a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5011432739781172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.412559"}
{"text": "calculate an area in order to measure the land where his agro - villa will be settled, or when he needs to study geography to best choose the place for an occupation, this knowledge will certainly have more human and social density for him. when a sem terra child learns how to measure the materials that she needs to begin building her playground, or learns to write letters to people she likes, the same thing occurs. the expression \" to know is to solve, \" from the cuban educator jose marti, brings us to an even more radical question : it suggests to us that there is no true knowledge outside of concrete situations, or the solution to problems of \" real \" life. and it really seems to be so, especially when this question is put into the context of pedagogical processes. to educate is to socialize knowledge and is also the tool for producing knowledge that affects peopleis lives in their various dimensions of identity and universality. to learn in order to solve problems means to understand knowledge as a comprehension of reality in order to transform it, comprehension of the human condition in order to make it fuller, which is a very old lesson that the pedagogy of the movement is merely recovering. 7. people are educated by learning from the past to plan for the future it was in this way that the movement made itself as it is : learning from those who had struggled before, cultivating the memory of their own path. history is made in this way : planning for the future beginning with the lessons of the past cultivated in the present. dthe land holds the rootsi, says one of the mstis songs. education also must hold the roots, helping to cultivate the memory of the people and in the development of historical consciousness. educators have a very specific task for this : their meetings with their learners can be a privileged time for learning to cultivate the collective memory, and for the study of a broader history. to know that this can make a difference : the memory of the debts to the people that were not paid, the wounds that were not healed, is not erased. it is necessary to educate every sem terra family so that their rural roots, their culture, and how these roots take part in the formation of the brazilian people, are not forgotten, so that all the sem terra may learn how they came to the condition of being rural landless workers, and how they have many other brothers all over the world in a similar condition, who are also carrying on a struggle for the land and for agrarian reform", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5276265662701072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.413440"}
{"text": "all the sem terra may learn how they came to the condition of being rural landless workers, and how they have many other brothers all over the world in a similar condition, who are also carrying on a struggle for the land and for agrarian reform as we are. and as educators we also need to learn from this memory and its cultivation, not to remain imprisoned in the past, but, on the contrary, to set it in motion and plan for the future what is best for everyone. 8. people are educated in collectivities the mst is a collectivity. and in it the sem terra learn that the collective is the great subject of the struggle for land as well as its great educator. nobody gets his / her land by him / herself ; the occupations, the encampments, the settlements are collective works. the force of each person is in his roots, which is his part in a collectivity with a memory and project for the future. it is through taking part in the collective and its works that people are educated not alone, but in relation to others which potentializes their own singular, unique person. people do not learn to be human by themselves. without the bonds of their participation in collectives they cannot go forward to a fully human condition. uprooted people are dehumanized people, who do not recognize themselves in any past and have no project for the future. to educate is to help root people in strong collectives ; it is to potentialize social, human harmony in the construction of identities, values, knowledge, feelings. an educational environment is fundamentally an educational collective, moved and planned by teachers, but shared by all of its members. in a true collective, all are at the same time educators and educated, because all are a part of the process of learning and re - learning to be human. 9. the educator educates by conduct the educator educates by conduct much more than by words. the strength of the mst is not in its speeches, but in its actions and in the positions of the sem terra who make them happen. it is the practices and the conduct of the collective that educates the people who take part in the movement or live with it. it is for this reason that in the mst we have as educational references people like paulo freire and che guevara. they were not educators only for what they said or wrote, but through the testimony of the consistency between what they thought, said, and effectively did and were, as persons and as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49452110150892886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.414290"}
{"text": "educational references people like paulo freire and che guevara. they were not educators only for what they said or wrote, but through the testimony of the consistency between what they thought, said, and effectively did and were, as persons and as militants in the causes of the people. to be an educator is, therefore, a way of being, a way of being with the people that is a living message of values, convictions, feelings, of a conscience that moves us and that we claim to defend in our organization. it is to have a complete committment, which is not easy. only a collective can help us in the process of criticism and self - criticism, in the calls and in the affections that show us when we are vacillating and also show us the right path so that we may return individuals are not only formed in school. there are other experiences that produce even stronger learning. the pedagogy of the movement is not contained by the school, because neither the movement nor human development is contained by it. but the school is a part of the movement and its pedagogy, so much so that historically the mst has tenaciously fought so that all the sem terra may have access to schools. the school that is a part of the pedagogy of the movement is the one that returns to its original task : taking part in human to think of the school as a workshop of human development means to think of it as a place where the educational process or the process of human development occurs in an intentionally planned way, conducted and thought about for this purpose, a process that is guided by a project for society and the human being, and is sustained by the presence of people with specific knowledge for the work of education, by the sincere co - operation of everyone who is there to learn and to teach, and by the permanent link with other social practices that have begun and continue this work. the expression also helps us to rethink the pedagogical logic, or the pedagogical method of the school. we claim that the school is not only a place for teaching, and that a method of education is not the same as a method of teaching. it is necessary to plan various pedagogical strategies in view of the different kinds of learning that make up the complex process of human development. in a school conceived as a workshop of human development, educators are architects, organizers, and stimulators of the educational environment. this demands great sensitivity and mastery of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5257070355307772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.415151"}
{"text": "the different kinds of learning that make up the complex process of human development. in a school conceived as a workshop of human development, educators are architects, organizers, and stimulators of the educational environment. this demands great sensitivity and mastery of the arts of pedagogy to form the schools from a clear perception of how the educational process is developing in each student and in the collectivity as a whole ; to perceive the contradictions and not be overwhelmed by them, but to work with them pedagogically ; to be aware of what dimensions need to be emphasized at one moment or another, what type of actions need to be performed and with what contents, what relations need to be worked on and at what time. it is a very important kind of learning : one needs to be humble enough to place oneself always in the situation of an apprentice of the process, as apprentices that we all are, of this complex art of building humanity, of which the mst also has a part, albeit but a small one. arroyo, m. g. oficio de mestre. petropolis : vozes, 2000. caldart, r. s. pedagogia do movimento sem terra. petropolis : caldart, r. s. a pedagogia da luta pela terra : o movimento social como principio educativo, trabalho solicitado pela 23a reuniao anual da anped, trabalho movimentos sociais e educacao, 2000. freire, p. pedagogia da indignacao. sao paulo : editora da unesp, 2000. marti, j. ideario pedagogico. havana : imprensa nacional de cuba, 1961. stedile, j. p. e fernandes, b. m. brava gente : a trajetoria do mst e a luta pela terra no brasil. sao paulo : fundacao perseu abramo, 1999.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5099355426413026, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e36f0acb-8a94-4591-9076-124da9ebcad2>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.415761"}
{"text": "mineral oils listed as petrolatum ( petroleum jelly ) or c - 18 derivatives are frequently used in personal care products such as lipsticks, lubricants, baby lotions and oils. they commonly contain contaminants that studies have linked to cancer. ucla studies links \" high levels of exposure to mineral oils to increased mortality and incidence of lung cancer,... melanoma \" source : pubmed. com mineral oils are also known to clog pores, forming a barrier preventing skin from eliminating toxins. repeated use can even set off skin conditions such as acne and dermatitis. petroleum jelly, or petrolatum, is a semisolid compound derived from hydrocarbon. it can block the skin \u2019 s ability to moisturize itself, leading to chapped and dry skin, which are often conditions it is sold to alleviate. while petrolatum on its own is not too harmful, it is often cheaply produced and the impurities / contaminants often found in petrolatum are the concern. frequently, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pah ) are found, which have been linked in studies to breast cancer. petrolatum has been banned by the eu from use in cosmetics unless the source can be proven and the product shown to be pure. it is listed as a possible human carcinogen. only use plant oils, never petroleum based oils.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4530537603746971, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:822a61a7-b819-425a-b79a-759c6c59a125>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.417049"}
{"text": "5. risky behavior in youth decreases : results of the 2011 new mexico youth risk and resiliency survey showed a significant decrease in the rates of the prevalence of suicide attempts, cigarette smoking and binge drinking among the state ' s public high school students. the yrrs is conducted in new mexico public high schools and middle schools in the fall semester of odd numbered years. the 2011 yrrs surveyed 16, 635 new mexico high school students. according to the survey, suicide attempts were reported by 8. 6 percent of high school students, down 40. 7 percent from a high of 14. 5 percent in 2003. the percentage of high school students who were current smokers declined from a high of 30. 2 percent in 2003 to 19. 9 percent in 2011. binge drinking decreased from a rate of 35. 4 percent in 2003 to 22. 4 percent in 2011. for more information, including reports by new mexico counties, go to www. youthrisk. org. 4. new skilled nursing facility opens : the department of health held a ribbon - cutting ceremony in july for the new meadows home at the new mexico behavioral health institute in las vegas. meadows home is a skilled nursing facility that provides care for up to 180 residents of new mexico. the new building, which is the first of three phases that is being built, replaces buildings that were built in 1948 and 1955. the meadows home creates a 3. west nile resurgence : west nile virus was once again in the national and state spotlight due to a resurgence in the number of human cases of the disease nationwide and in new mexico. in 2012, there were 47 human cases, which included one death in bernalillo county. in 2011 there were four human cases and in 2010 there were 25 cases. west nile was first detected in 2003 in new mexico, with 209 human cases. west nile virus prevention tips can be found online at www. nmhealth. org / erd / healthdata / westnile. shtml. 2. prescription drug overdoses increase : in may 2012, the department released data that shows sales of controlled prescription opiate pain relievers increased 131 percent in new mexico between 2001 and 2010. during the same period, the state ' s drug overdose death rate increased 61. 8 percent. since 2007, the overdose death rate from prescription drugs has exceeded the death rate from illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine. there is help available for people addicted to prescription medications. the southwest pathways clinic at the las cruces public health office offers medication", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.412243281265979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddaf6484-01d0-4ea5-8a66-5436fa9fd779>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.420120"}
{"text": "since 2007, the overdose death rate from prescription drugs has exceeded the death rate from illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine. there is help available for people addicted to prescription medications. the southwest pathways clinic at the las cruces public health office offers medication assisted treatment for persons with opiate dependency in southern new mexico and provides intensive outpatient treatment that may be an alternative to narcotic treatment with methadone maintenance therapy. for more information about southwest pathways, visit www. healthynm. org. 1. pertussis outbreak : there have been more than 750 cases of pertussis in new mexico this year. this is compared to 277 cases in 2011, 151 cases in 2010 and just 85 cases in 2009. pertussis is a vaccine - preventable disease that causes fits of coughing that in some people make it hard to breathe. anyone can get pertussis, but babies who get the disease are at greatest risk of complications, including pneumonia, seizures, brain damage and death. the best prevention from stopping the spread of pertussis is to get vaccinated. the cdc recommends cocooning, which is vaccinating everyone who comes into close contact with an infant, including daycare workers, aunts, uncles and grandparents. find more pertussis information online at www. nmhealth. org / pertussis. to read the full top 10 list, visit www. healthynm. org. happy new year! chris j. minnick writes for the new mexico department of health. he can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4408634244796581, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddaf6484-01d0-4ea5-8a66-5436fa9fd779>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.420702"}
{"text": "session 5guided channel - talklife posting dogs and cats are great examples of animals whose diversity is the result of artificial selection. the variation that is evident among breeds has been purposefully developed by breeders. in your channel - talklife posting for this session, describe how you could develop a unit on the fundamentals of evolution ( e. g., variation, adaptation, natural selection ) using these animals. be sure to discuss how you would tailor the concepts addressed during this session to the grade level you teach. breeders for thousands of years have bred dogs for particular purpose. in ancient china the chow was admired for its loyalty to owner and its ability to withstand harsh temperatures. the poodle swims very well and is very intelligent. the terrier breed is known for its tenacity and for catching rats. in third grade i would ask each student to chose a breed of dog or cat and then research the characteristics of that breed in regard to physical traits. i would then ask the students to share with the class how the breed differs from others and why breeders have selected those qualities. i would then discuss how it is that breeders can purposefully bred dogs that have puppies with those desirable characteristics. session 6 guided channel - talklife posting both the national science education standards and benchmarks for scientific literacy propose standards or goals for understanding big ideas in evolution starting in the elementary grades. of the ideas addressed in session 5 ( variation, genes, mutation, adaptation, natural selection, artificial selection ) and session 6 species, evolution of new species, relatedness, common ancestry, tree of life ), which do you consider appropriate introduce at the grade level you teach? why? discuss this with your colleagues in your channel - talklife posting for this session. be sure to share any experiences you ' ve had. in third grade appropriate concepts to introduce are : variation adaptation, genes, natural selection, artificial selection, species, evolution of new species, tree of life and common ancestry. i think that if conversations develop within the classroom at an early age that teachers should have the knowledge and background in science to explain these concepts in an age appropriate way. i think that it would be unprofessional to teach the vocabulary only and not provide hands - on activities for younger children to be able to begin making connections with these concepts. i have taught some evolutionary concepts when our classroom conversations went in that direction, but evolution is not part of the third grade curriculum. channel - talklife mailing list received on sun oct 9 20 : 28 : 07 2005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5433762953858274, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4354e8a3-68d8-468b-ade1-61e23eca1030>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.423175"}
{"text": "on february 1st, the secretariat of the united nations framework convention on climate change ( the \u201c convention \u201d ) announced the pledges made by countries under the copenhagen accord ( the \u201c accord \u201d ). developed country parties to the accord pledged greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emissions reduction targets to be achieved by 2020. most notably, developing country parties to the accord also pledged mitigation actions. by the january 31st deadline, pledges had been provided by countries representing approximately 80 % of global ghg emissions. pledges made under the accord adhering to legislation passed in its house of representatives, the u. s. pledged a 17 % reduction from 2005 levels. 1 canada also pledged a 17 % reduction from 2005 levels, \u201c to be aligned with the final economy - wide emissions target of the united states in enacted legislation. \u201d 2 like canada, many parties made pledges contingent on action by others. the european union, for example, pledged to reduce its emissions 20 % below 1990 levels, or by 30 % should other parties make comparable commitments. as an example of a mitigation action pledge of a developing country, china pledged to lower its carbon intensity ( per unit gdp ) by 40 - 45 % by 2020, to increase to 15 % the share of non - fossil fuels used in primary energy consumption, and to increase its forest coverage and forest stock volume. 3 in comments following the announcement of the pledges, u. s. special envoy for climate change, todd stern has made it clear that the u. s. expects of developing countries, stronger mitigation actions than those contained in the accord. 4 the 2009 un climate change conference the accord was the outcome of the fifteenth conference of the parties ( the \u201c conference \u201d ) to the convention, 5 attended by yours truly. in an unprecedented display of the prominence that climate change is gaining on the world stage, the conference was attended by 115 heads of state and over 40, 000 delegates. the stage that was the conference was not without its share of theatrics. when the leaders arrived in the final days to find that little progress had been made, the drama moved behind the scenes. in a telling moment, frustrated by negotiating only with chinese premier wen \u2019 s aides, u. s. president obama walked in on a private meeting between wen and the leaders of brazil, india, and south africa. 6 it was largely these five major economies that would go on to produce the accord, which calls for any global temperature increase to be limited to two degrees celsius. 7 however the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49397068319087517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a4001a3-a36b-492a-9b85-d3408119e643>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.427597"}
{"text": "wen and the leaders of brazil, india, and south africa. 6 it was largely these five major economies that would go on to produce the accord, which calls for any global temperature increase to be limited to two degrees celsius. 7 however the parties to the convention \u2019 s kyoto protocol ( the \u201c protocol \u201d ), the first commitment period of which ends in 2012, were unable to agree to its extension. the lack of consensus leaves in suspension the status of the protocol \u2019 s clean development mechanism ( cdm ) and the value of the certified emissions reductions ( cers ) generated by thousands of projects thereunder. the international emissions trading association ( ieta ), which held a parallel conference, nevertheless remains optimistic : \u201c an international injection of increased demand remains a strong possibility over investment timescales but still has to be treated as an upside rather than a given. \u201d 8 back on the home front as mentioned above, canada \u2019 s climate change policy is explicitly tied to that of the united states. 2009 saw in the u. s. the passage in the house of representatives of the american clean energy and security act ( \u201c waxman - markey \u201d ). waxman - markey calls for a 17 % reduction of emissions below 2005 levels by 2020 and provides for the trading of allowances. 9 debate in the u. s. senate of the similar kerry - boxer bill is nominally scheduled for debate this spring, though it may be 2011 before it comes to a floor vote. tri - partisan senators john kerry ( d ), lindsey graham ( r ) and joe lieberman ( i ) have taken it upon themselves to ensure passage of a climate ( or \u201c energy independence \u201d ) bill. for many u. s. senators, any climate legislation must be accompanied by developing country emissions reductions and the international verification thereof. as china and others are less keen on international monitoring, reporting and verification ( mrv ), the accord features compromise language. countries will communicate their actions \u201c with provisions for international consultations and analysis under clearly defined guidelines that will ensure national sovereignty is respected. \u201d 10 in any case, with more than two thirds of americans supporting the regulation of ghg emissions, 11 the passage of legislation through congress and, consequently, canadian federal regulation, may be on the horizon. international climate change negotiations will occur in a number of fora this year. while the sixteenth conference of the parties will occur in december in cancun, one might now wonder how much can be expected of 192 - party negotiations. in june, canada will host the g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5176573966407151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a4001a3-a36b-492a-9b85-d3408119e643>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.428553"}
{"text": "positive chronicles - east of eden by dr kailash vajpeyi \" man is no longer to be the measure of all things, the center of the universe. he has been measured and found to be an undistinguished bit of matter, different in no essential way from bacteria, stones and trees. his goals and purposes, his egocentric notions of past, present and future ; his faith in his power to predict and through prediction to control his destiny \u2014 all these are called into question, considered irrelevant, or deemed trivial. \" when leonard b. meyer yanked man down from the exalted status assigned him by the judeo - christian tradition, in his 1963 book, the end of renaissance?, he triggered off a radical shift in the relationship between man and nature. today, that understanding goes variously by the name of gaia or deep ecology. the gaia hypothesis postulates that planet earth is a living organism that adjusts and regulates itself like any other organism and that for 3. 5 billion years, microbes, plants and animals have co - evolved with the environment as one globally integrated superorganism. in much the same vein, deep ecology believes in the essential ecological equality of all species, man and mouse, elephant and earthworm. in an interconnected, indivisible ecosystem, each part is as crucial as the next. here, t. s. eliot may have been tempted to comment on the return of things to their point of beginning. for interconnection was the fundamental premise of the relationship between all traditional civilizations and nature. unlike the western equation of conqueror and conquered, traditional people related to nature much as an offspring to a benevolent mother, or a devotee to a deity. most eastern religions such as vedic hinduism, jainism and buddhism, include within nature not only all forms of life but also that which is inanimate and invisible. vedic texts uphold the doctrine called madhu vidya, or interdependence between man and nature. the vedic worldview is beautifully expressed in that famous injunction, vasudhaiva kutumbakam ( the world is one family ). in the vedas, natural elements play a pivotal role. but the interrelationship of creation was always within the context of its relationship with the creator. the vedic sages believed that everything in this world stems from divine knowledge ( the word ) which was first revealed to a group of seers, who then passed on this knowledge to successive generations of vedic seers. and thus, sarasw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5500965717434859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e0e9bff-c5aa-4942-a3eb-fa578926eb71>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.435641"}
{"text": "creator. the vedic sages believed that everything in this world stems from divine knowledge ( the word ) which was first revealed to a group of seers, who then passed on this knowledge to successive generations of vedic seers. and thus, saraswati, the goddess of divine speech, holds a special place among hindu deities. may the divine speech, saraswati, the fountainhead of all faculties ( mental and spiritual ), the purifier and bestower of true vision, the recompenser of worship : be the source of inspiration and accomplishments for all our benevolent acts ( rig veda 1 - 3 - 10 ) thus, speech, or vak, has a preeminent role in the indian tradition. water, it is believed was literally produced by vak. in turn, if we accept the theory that the theory that the hydrogen molecule is the basis of all life, water could be said to have created the rest of life. of the five basic elements that make up life \u2014 earth, space, wind fire and water \u2014 the last, in the vedic view, is the primal element. no wonder there are dozens of vedic verses in praise of water : o water source of happiness, we pray, please give us vigor so that we may contemplate the great delight hail to you divine, unfathomable all purifying waters you are the foundation of all this universe the consciousness of being composed of the same elements was one more proof of the unity of all creation. the elements, both separately and jointly as life forms, were, at one and the same time, objects of reverence and intimately related to us. we hardly realize that there are cosmic forces which are working in cyclical patterns, and that the most fundamental pattern which governs our life is the movement of he earth on its axis. one shudders to think what would happen to life as we know it if the earth stopped spinning on its axis or the sun failed to rise in the morning. we are creatures of the planet but the earth is not a geographical entity, it is us. the earth is not simply dust but a reservoir of all energy. it has given birth to four types of creatures : swedaj, udbhij, andaj and pindaj ( aquarian, flora and fauna, avian and mammalian ). to the vedic seers, the idea of subjugating or exploiting the earth was incomprehensible. to them it was an object of worship and not of exploitation. its conquest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5494317049502544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e0e9bff-c5aa-4942-a3eb-fa578926eb71>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.436527"}
{"text": ", flora and fauna, avian and mammalian ). to the vedic seers, the idea of subjugating or exploiting the earth was incomprehensible. to them it was an object of worship and not of exploitation. its conquest was tantamount to dissecting a mother ' s body to study her heartbeat or chopping her breasts to isolate the gland producing milk. but times have changed. today, man has no qualms about expropriating the earth ' s wealth for his own benefit. this has resulted in the creation of a new fifth species, the yantraj \u2014 the technetronic being. according to daniel j. boorstin, the author of cleopatra ' s nose : \" when the machine kingdom arrived on the scene, it entirely changed the fixedness of the idea of change. a natural species reacts to its environment and learns to adapt to it. but the technetronic species creates its own environment. \" for instance, media technology tends to create what can be termed asdiplopia or double image, where it is hard to distinguish reality from illusion. television, for example, has the capacity to convert an event into virtual reality, what is there is also here at the same time or what is here can also be there if it has been filmed. for the vedic man, the earth was the bestower of blessings, she was the protector of life. all descriptions of ramrajya, ( the reign of lord rama, the hero of the indian epic ramayana ) portrayed the earth as abundant and giving. the mahabharata eulogized yudhisthira ' s reign thus : \" earth yielded abundant crops and all precious things. she had become the provider of all goodness. like kamdhenu, the celestial cow, the earth offered thousands of luxuries in a continuous stream. \" in bhumi sukta we come across verses such as : o purifying earth, i you invoke o, patient earth by sacred word enhanced bearer of nourishment and strength of food and butter, o, earth we would approach you with due praise influenced by this holistic vision, the indian way of life was integral, its purpose the well - being of creation. even in the matter of eating, our ancestors emphasized the importance of feeding others before themselves. a householder could eat only after propitiating the ancestors, the devas representing different aspects of nature, the bhutas representing all created beings, guests, members of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5460974586757876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e0e9bff-c5aa-4942-a3eb-fa578926eb71>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.437334"}
{"text": "the matter of eating, our ancestors emphasized the importance of feeding others before themselves. a householder could eat only after propitiating the ancestors, the devas representing different aspects of nature, the bhutas representing all created beings, guests, members of the household and servants. the practice of agriculture was deeply influenced by this sacred vision of interconnection. according to the activist vandana shiva ' s book, the seedkeeper, new seeds were first worshipped before being consumed. new crop was worshipped before being consumed. for the farmer, field is the mother : worshipping the field is a sign of gratitude towards the earth, who as mother, feeds the millions of life forms who are her children. \" in the place of chemical manures and pesticides, the traditional farmer used nature ' s own checks and balances to nurture fertility and keep pests at bay. a typical rice field supported and in some places continues to do so 800 species of \" friendly insects \" \u2014 spiders, wasps, ants and pathogens that controlled 95 per cent of insect pests. these practices are still a living presence among india ' s tribal societies, for instance, the warlis, a community near mumbai, worship nature as hirva ( green ) and consider all produce to be gifts of hirva, rather the fruits of their own labor. conservation of plants and animals was an innate aspect of their culture, illustrated in the concept of the sacred grooves : mangroves, marshlands and other tracts of land supposedly inhabited by spirits, where killing of plants and animals is taboo. the bishnois of rajasthan, too, will rather die than let a single tree be felled. the concept of coexistence took many forms. before felling a tree to construct a temple, the carpenter traditionally sought the permission of the tree. and in emperor asoka ' s time, veterinary hospitals were state institutions. among the five vital elements which sustain life on earth, the wind in the rig veda is called vata. though the wind is connected with the primordial waters, its origin is not known. vedas also address it as the spirit : may the wind breathe upon us prolong our lifespan and fill our hearts with comfort responding to the current environmental crisis, susan griffin in her book women & nature writes : \" we live as if nature is only need to provide extras : paper, recreation, specialty foods, a job to provide money. \" unlimited desire and man ' s greed has devastated this planet to such an extent that by the time you finish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5386422998645639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e0e9bff-c5aa-4942-a3eb-fa578926eb71>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.438212"}
{"text": "writes : \" we live as if nature is only need to provide extras : paper, recreation, specialty foods, a job to provide money. \" unlimited desire and man ' s greed has devastated this planet to such an extent that by the time you finish reading this article, at least 10 species of birds would be extinct forever. in contrast, personal fulfillment in buddhism is sought through independence. here the self is temporary and nonessential rather than the center of the universe. writes kerry brown, co - author of buddhism and ecology, about the buddhist philosophy : \" where infinite spiritual development is possible within a physical existence that is understood and accepted as infinite. \" buddha attained enlightenment under a banyan tree, j. krishnamurti had the same kind of realization under a pepper vine. no wonder the author of bhamini vilas called the tree guru. \" o tree! you bear fruits, leaves and flowers and protect people from the scorching sun. whoever come to you in scorching heat, you take away their suffering and give them coolness. this way you surrender yourself for others. that is why you are a guru of all kind people. \" anekantavada, the jain concept that professes multiple views of reality, goes even deeper. its verdict on the unmindful endeavors of mankind would be damning. the bacterial organism, as understood in modern science, can be compared with what is called nigodiya life in jainism. and ahimsa or nonviolence, which is fundamental to jain philosophy, teaches not harming even the basic forms of life. jainism and other indian religions advocate that compassion must be the foundation for any truly civilized community. lawrence joseph, the author of gaia, has obviously been deeply influenced by all systems of indian philosophy which adhere to the universal law of interdependence. lynn margulis, co - author of the gaia theory along with james lovelock, believes strongly that the biological microcosm provides a key controlling influence in the global environment and argues that the role of these tiny organisms has been underestimated because they are invisible. with the convergence of the most recent scientific understanding and the most recent ancient wisdom, there is hope yet for the survival of the earth and, in turn, life on it. there can be no better sign of it than nasa circulating, all over the usa, a photograph of the earth with the caption : love your mother. | home | subscribe | wallpapers | advertising | policy | practitioners |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5312897091547738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e0e9bff-c5aa-4942-a3eb-fa578926eb71>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.439078"}
{"text": "common streaming audio formats and players uncompressed cd - quality wav and aiff files are too large to stream over the internet for playback in real time. instead, lighter - weight compressed formats such as mp3 and realaudio are employed for streaming network audio. these formats use what are called \" lossy \" compression schemes, reducing file sizes by eliminating certain inaudible data from the original files without too significantly degrading playback sound quality. mp3 and realaudio are excellent streaming formats, achieving performance factors great enough to allow real - time encoding / decoding over current network bandwidth conditions while delivering satisfying audio quality. mp3 and realaudio are not the only players in the network streaming audio arena. we ' ll also look at macromedia ' s flash and the ogg vorbis project from the xiphophorus group. since realaudio ' s internet history begins the earliest, we ' ll start with realaudio. in 1995, progressive networks ( now realnetworks ) introduced realaudio, the internet ' s first widely - deployed streaming audio format. the realaudio player ( realplayer ) was freely distributed to users who at that time were typically connected to the internet via low - bandwidth modems ; thus, the player supported connection rates as low as 14. 4 kbps, which delivered audio quality comparable to the sound of a decent am radio. faster connections such as isdn accordingly improved reception speed and sound quality. by giving away basic versions of realplayer and the realproducer content - production utility, progressive networks seeded the market for their commercial product line and sparked an explosion in network multimedia. today you can find an astonishing number and variety of realaudio - enabled sites. as a curious example, i searched google for \" realaudio history \", hoping to find some background material on the format ; instead, i found thousands of sites dedicated to various historical topics, all of which included audio presentations requiring realplayer. realplayer : realaudio in x happily, realplayer is available for linux, and you can retrieve it for free as either an rpm or tarball package from the real. com downloads page. installation is fairly straightforward, but there are a few snags to report. close your web browser before installing the software, then become the root user and run the installation package. the rpm file needs to be renamed : mv rp8 _ linux20 _ libc6 _ i386 _ cs1 _ rpm rp8. linux", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44419573905181675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed3f2ebc-5ea1-4b6f-ae69-05a098955a7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.443028"}
{"text": "browser before installing the software, then become the root user and run the installation package. the rpm file needs to be renamed : mv rp8 _ linux20 _ libc6 _ i386 _ cs1 _ rpm rp8. linux20. libc6. i386. cs1. rpm before installing it ( as root ) with this command : rpm - i rp8. linux20. libc6. i386. cs1. rpm the tarball must have its permissions set ( as root again ) : chmod u + x rp8 _ linux20 _ libc6 _ i386 _ cs1. bin now you can run the installation package : the installation procedure will automatically set up realplayer as a helper application in netscape, but be forewarned : it will also overwrite any custom settings you have for audio formats such as wav, aiff, and au, so you may want to back up your netscape preferences before installing realplayer. also, the installation will not automatically update the realaudio plug - in. close netscape, copy the rpnp. so file from your new $ home / realplayer directory to $ home /. netscape / plugins, fire up netscape again, and your realaudio plug - in should now be enabled. check the help / about plugins menu item in netscape for a status report. trplayer : realaudio for the console at least three realaudio players are available for the linux console. they all depend upon an existing installation of realplayer and act as wrappers for realplayer, making its functions available to console applications. the rap and rawrapper players require support for the frame - buffer device ; i wanted to avoid the need for any special graphics support ( such as svga, frame - buffer, or ncurses ) in my console realaudio player, so i chose matthew campbell ' s trplayer. trplayer is available as a binary in rpm and deb packages, but i chose to build the latest beta version ( 2. 0. b2 ) from the source tarball. trplayer ' s only unique requirement is the slang library and header. fortunately, slang is found on most mainstream linux distributions, and a straightforward. / configure ; make should have your player ready to rock. however, due to the filesystem vagaries of linux distributions your build may fail with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3573503012878304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed3f2ebc-5ea1-4b6f-ae69-05a098955a7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.444554"}
{"text": ". fortunately, slang is found on most mainstream linux distributions, and a straightforward. / configure ; make should have your player ready to rock. however, due to the filesystem vagaries of linux distributions your build may fail with this message : main. cc : 17 : slang. h : no such file or directory make : * * * [ main. o ] error 1 if so, change this line in to this line : when the build is complete, become root ( su root ), run make install, and you will have a new command - line realaudio player. you can call it from the prompt at the console or in xterm, invoking it with an address linking the player to the realaudio stream : you now have streaming realaudio at the linux console. cool... realnetworks deserves praise for maintaining and steadily improving a freely available realplayer for linux, particularly since there ' s no other way to enjoy all those realaudio - empowered sites. harder - core users and developers might be dismayed to learn that real ' s software is available only in binary format and that source code is not freely available. nevertheless, there ' s only one place to go for realplayer, so if you want it, there you go. now let ' s look at that other major streaming audio format, the notorious mp3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4331544701213496, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed3f2ebc-5ea1-4b6f-ae69-05a098955a7a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.445039"}
{"text": "gene fault linked to stroke risk a \u201c single genetic mutation can double your risk of stroke \u201d, the daily mail has reported. the newspaper added that scientists hope the discovery could lead to tailored treatments for the condition. the news is based on research which looked for genetic variations that were more common in people who had had an ischaemic stroke than in people who had not had one. ischaemic strokes occur when the blood flow to a part of the brain is blocked. they account for 80 % of stroke cases. by testing the dna of several thousand participants, the researchers identified a new genetic variant that was associated with increased risk of a type of ischaemic stroke called a \u201c large vessel stroke \u201d. in large vessel strokes, one or more of the arteries supplying blood to the brain become blocked. people can carry up to two copies of the variant, and the study \u2019 s authors estimated that each copy of the variant a person carried was associated with about a 42 % increase in the odds of a large vessel stroke. however, it is not yet known whether this genetic variant raises the risk of a stroke, or if it is found near to another variant that is responsible for the increased risk. this well - designed study has identified a new association between a genetic variation and strokes. however, the study cannot confirm whether the variation itself causes the increased risk of a stroke. this key issue will need to be clarified before these findings can contribute to the development of the new treatments that many newspapers optimistically predicted. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from the university of oxford, st george \u2019 s, university of london, and a number of other uk and international universities and research institutes. it was funded by the wellcome trust. the study was published in the peer - reviewed scientific journal nature genetics. this study was covered by a number of newspapers. in general, the coverage of the research was good, although many news stories focused on its potential to lead to the development of screening tests and new treatments. however, there is no guarantee that this research will lead to such advances. if it does, they are likely to be some way off. what kind of research was this? this case - control study aimed to identify genetic factors that are associated with an increased risk of ischaemic strokes. ischaemic strokes occur when there is a blockage of blood flow to part of the brain. this can deprive brain cells of vital oxygen and nutrients. around 80 % of strokes are ischa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4971361514050753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:035b9bce-651d-4cfb-9ad7-d89656c11d17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.450044"}
{"text": "risk of ischaemic strokes. ischaemic strokes occur when there is a blockage of blood flow to part of the brain. this can deprive brain cells of vital oxygen and nutrients. around 80 % of strokes are ischaemic. the remainder are haemorrhagic strokes, caused by a blood vessel rupturing in or around the brain. to find genetic variants associated with strokes, the researchers read the dna sequences of a group of patients who had had an ischaemic stroke. they compared them to the sequences of a group of healthy people. their theory was that genetic variations that were more common among the stroke group could potentially be linked to stroke risk. to verify whether the variants they initially identified in these groups were associated with strokes, the researchers tested if the same pattern was seen when another group of stroke patients were compared with another group of healthy individuals ( controls ). this is an accepted method that is used when performing genetic studies of this type. although this was a well - designed study, genetic studies like this one can only show that a particular genetic variant is associated with a disease. further experiments are required to see if the variants identified have a role in causing strokes, or if they lie close to other genetic variants that have this effect. what these variants do still needs to be identified, so media claims that this research could lead to potential new treatments seem premature. it is also important to remember that genetic, medical and lifestyle factors are likely to contribute to a person \u2019 s risk of a stroke. it should not be assumed that a person \u2019 s genetics mean that they will definitely have a stroke. equally, people without high - risk genetics may still be at risk of a stroke risk because of lifestyle factors, such as smoking. what did the research involve? in the first phase of the study, researchers recruited 3, 548 individuals who had had an ischaemic stroke ( the cases ) and 5, 972 healthy individuals ( the controls ). the researchers looked for genetic variants that were more common in the stroke group. in a second phase, the researchers confirmed their findings in a new group of 5, 859 cases and 6, 281 controls. the new genetic variation they identified was then re - confirmed in a further 735 cases and 28, 583 controls. what were the basic results? the researchers identified genetic variants at three locations that have been associated with different subtypes of ischaemic stroke in previous studies ( near the genes pitx2 and zfh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4940842938445471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:035b9bce-651d-4cfb-9ad7-d89656c11d17>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.450926"}
{"text": "and 28, 583 controls. what were the basic results? the researchers identified genetic variants at three locations that have been associated with different subtypes of ischaemic stroke in previous studies ( near the genes pitx2 and zfhx3, and on the short arm of chromosome 9 ). in addition, they identified a genetic variant at a new position within the hdac9 gene, which was associated with a subtype of ischaemic stroke called large vessel stroke. in large vessel strokes, one or more of the large arteries supplying blood to the brain become blocked. this variant in hdac9 occurs on about 10 % of chromosomes in people in the uk. humans have two copies of each chromosome, and therefore we can carry up to two copies of this variant ( one on each chromosome ). the researchers calculated that each copy of the variant that a person possessed was associated with a 42 % increase in the odds of having a large vessel stroke ( odds ratio 1. 42, 95 % confidence interval 1. 28 to 1. 57 for each copy ). how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that they have \u201c identified a new association with the hdac9 gene region in large vessel stroke \u201d. they also stated that \u201c the mechanism by which variants in the hdac9 region increase large vessel stroke risk is not immediately clear. \u201d in this study, researchers have identified a genetic variant in the hdac9 gene that is associated with a subtype of ischaemic stroke called a large vessel stroke. large vessel strokes occur when one or more of the arteries supplying blood to the brain become blocked. in this type of study, the genetic variants identified as being associated with a condition are not necessarily the cause of the increase in risk. instead, they may lie near another variant that is responsible for the effect. in order to unlock the role of the hdac9 gene, researchers will now need to study it and the region surrounding it more closely, both to confirm whether the variation in this gene is responsible for the increase in stroke risk and, if so, how it has this effect. genetic, medical and lifestyle factors are likely to contribute to stroke risk. in addition, multiple genetic factors may potentially contribute to the risk. it \u2019 s important to note that although having higher - risk genetic variants increases the risk of having a stroke, it does not guarantee that a person will have one. equally, people who do not have any associated variants can still be at risk of a stroke because of lifestyles factors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4874534107863835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:035b9bce-651d-4cfb-9ad7-d89656c11d17>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.451828"}
{"text": "like the republican party, the democratic party also cracked beneath the weight of the issues at hand. states that favored slavery in the territories walked out of the democratic convention at charleston, preventing nominee stephen douglas from winning the party endorsement. a reconvened convention eventually nominated douglas, but kept territory slavery out of the platform altogether. as a result of disagreements over the issue of slavery, splinter parties formed. the southern democratic party spun off from traditional democrats to nominate john breckenridge, an advocate of slavery in the west. republican breakaways formed the constitutional union party. they nominated john bell who would not address the issue of slavery at all, but rather spoke of upholding the constitution. with four candidates in the race, lincoln won the 1860 election. but by the time he took office in march of 1861, seven southern states had already seceded from the union. when the first shot rang out at fort sumter, just one month after lincoln took office, the civil war began. lincoln ' s hopes for peacefully preserving the union were dashed. in 1863, lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation. he also promoted a constitutional amendment to permanently abolish slavery. these bold steps marked a shift from lincoln ' s more moderate campaign position on slavery issues. they also shifted the focus of the war from preserving the union to freeing the slaves. remarkably, the election of 1864 was not suspended during the bloody civil war. union soldiers were given absentee ballots or furloughed to permit them to vote. with mounting union victories, the votes of soldiers and the campaign slogan, \" don ' t switch horses in mid - stream, \" lincoln won the election. sadly, as this 1864 campaign song strangely foreshadows, lincoln did not live to see passage of the 13th amendment that abolished slavery forever. he was assassinated just five days after ulysses s. grant celebrated victory over robert e. lee at appomattox. lincoln ' s presidency causes one to wonder : - why he changed his position on the issue of abolition during his presidency? - whether these changes might affect the way we view his original platform? - what were lincoln ' s priorities when he created his original platform? how did the advent and progress of the war affect these priorities? - to what extent did lincoln ' s original platform represent his personal views? to what extent did it reflect a desire and strategy to win the presidency? - if you were running for president, how would you balance your own opinions with the need to appeal to party and popular opinion?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44555469851552854, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13028e4a-e4c5-477c-ac63-506fc2400ab6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.455041"}
{"text": "i get a lot of email in my inbox. because i have about 10 email accounts, things could get completely out of hand if i didn ' t set up a few rules. in email parlance, a \" rule \" or a \" filter \" is simply a way of sorting your email automatically as it arrives. most email programs include rules. for example, in outlook, you choose tools | rules and alerts to access the rules dialog box. even web - based email like gmail includes rules. the principles are the same, no matter what email program you use. for example, i am notified whenever someone subscribes to one of our email newsletters. rather than having to click and drag the email into the proper folder, i set up a rule to have my email program do it for me. when i receive an email that contains logicaltips in the subject line, the email bypasses my inbox and is automatically filed in the logical tips folder. i use gmail to monitor the discussion groups i participate in. unlike most email clients, gmail doesn ' t use folders. however, it does use labels, so you can sort your email by applying labels then using a filter ( aka rule ) to keep your mail reasonably organized. to set up a label, click the settings link at the top of the page and click the labels link. then type a name in the create a new label box and click the create button. now click the filters link. click create a new filter. because discussion group postings always come from the same email address, you can type it into the from box. alternatively, you might filter emails by their subject line. click next step. now you tell what gmail should do with the email. you can bypass the inbox, apply a label, add a star, or forward the email to another email address. for my discussion groups, i click \" skip the inbox \" and apply the label i have set up for the group. on the main gmail page in the labels area, i can see how many emails there are, but they aren ' t cluttering up my inbox. then i can read them when i get around to it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48271728561335114, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2498a780-fbbd-4b14-a8ed-824282dcac92>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.456881"}
{"text": "- coming soon. master naturalist for teachers the teacher \u2019 s master naturalist program incorporates best practices for systemic school reform - it requires that the school \u2019 s principal initiate the partnership, and that each school send a team of lead teachers who are responsible for implementing their school \u2019 s science and math programs. lci adapted its master naturalist curriculum to provide a program that teaches teachers how to use experiential learning most effectively to improve their school \u2019 s science and math programs. participants engage in research and educational experiences designed to empower them to teach from a first person perspective, sharing their personal adventures with their classes. during workshops, teachers set and check traps for fish, reptiles, and amphibians, conduct flora and fauna surveys, and collect and identify marine invertebrates and other organisms. as teams of teachers graduate from the course they continue to receive support for school - based projects from lci staff and the local master naturalist association. the program began in 2007 - 2008 with two pilot schools, and has expanded to eight schools during the 2009 - 2010 school year. teachers receive master naturalist certification and continuing education credit after completing the year - long program. learning expeditions schools the goal of the learning expeditions schools program is to use environmental science as a theme to integrate learning about science, social studies, math, and language arts. the program is a partnership between the lowcountry institute, clemson university ' s youth learning institute, and beaufort county schools. the interdisciplinary lessons include field trips, virtual field trips using video and powerpoint programs, and hands - on activities in the classroom. these lessons use science standards to teach students how geography and climate determine plant communities present which, in turn, influence the economy and the history of the region. math is integrated into all lessons through science and history - based word problems. pilot schools for this program are shell point elementary, shanklin elementary, and robert smalls middle school. during the 2012 - 2013 school year, the program will be made available to other district schools that wish to participate. - grants : several schools have been recipients of grants from lci to create outdoor classrooms and natural areas using native plants to teach students about pollination, plant lifecycles, and native habitats. - hands - on programs : lci staff and volunteers conduct programs at schools to teach students about the plants and animals native to the port royal sound system. - school field trips : lci is able to invite a limited number of schools each year to participate in field trips on spring island where students learn about habitats and animals of the lowco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4590532736624482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:203080f7-b3cf-446a-b1d2-64c1f4de18d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.461171"}
{"text": "by sue weishar, ph. d. on august 25, 2008, the small town of laurel, mississippi was the site of the largest single workplace site raid in u. s. history. early that morning hundreds of immigration control and enforcement ( ice ) agents swooped down on the howard industries plant in laurel, which produces electric transformers, and began rounding up workers. anyone who appeared to be of hispanic origin was separated from other workers and escorted outside to a fenced yard. roads around the sprawling plant were blocked and ice helicopters hovered overhead. one resident thought there had been a terrorist attack. 1 for the 595 immigrant workers that were arrested that day, there might as well have been. by evening of that long, hot summer day, 488 immigrant workers, many in handcuffs, had been transported on dozens of ice buses to an immigrant detention center in jena, louisiana, four hours away \u2014 ripped apart from their families and a community they had come to think of as home. another 107 persons, mostly women, had been deemed \u201c humanitarian \u201d cases2 and were released with electronic monitoring devices attached to their ankles. they were forced to wear these devices day and night for 22 months. in the midst of such terror, a small catholic church became the center of solace and assistance. several catholic agencies and the loyola university new orleans law clinic also played key roles in assisting raid victims. this article examines the church \u2019 s response to the raid in laurel, 3 and how a small catholic community in the middle of a deeply conservative state was able to mitigate some of the harmful effects of the raid on its immigrant members.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47352725574123433, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7b6b1f4-2d5c-4b49-92f4-f33b17e078a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.463302"}
{"text": "network with other children ' s program providers and discuss strategies for bringing space science to children on this board. share successful programming ideas or models to help inspire others! i have been able to develop a partnership with the meigs county schools. we will present a weekly afterschool program at each of our county ' s elementary schools for ten weeks beginning october 5th for 3rd, 4th and 5th grade students. the middle school and high school science clubs will provide student volunteers to help me with the program. the local energy cooperative has donated $ 1000 to be used for purchasing materials to be used in the program. several astronomy outreach programs have agreed to send presenters, including a solar astronomy outreach program ( www. charliebates. org ) from atlanta. they will be bringing 9 solar telescopes to the school for us on october 12th. we are all excited about starting this in meigs county. i hope everyone else from the workshop has great success establishing an \" explore \" program in their communities. meigs county - decatur public library that sounds like so much fun, judi! what a great network you ' ve created from the schools, students, outreach programs, and the energy cooperative. good luck and let us know how it goes! 3 posts \u2022 page 1 of 1 who is online users browsing this forum : no registered users and 1 guest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.539562495854863, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf48354e-90d0-485a-9161-4d179a3eb2d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.464536"}
{"text": "boulder trails are common to the interior of menelaus crater as materials erode from higher topography and roll toward the crater floor. downhill is to the left, image width is 500 m, lroc nac m139802338l [ nasa / gsfc / arizona state university ]. most boulder trails are relatively high reflectance, but running through the center of this image is a lower reflectance trail. this trail is smaller than the others, and its features may be influenced by factors such as mass of the boulder, boulder speed as it traveled downhill, and elevation from which the boulder originated. for example, is the boulder trail less distinct than the others because the boulder was smaller? what about the spacing of boulder tracks? the spacing of bounce - marks along boulder trails may say something about boulder mass and boulder speed. but why is this boulder trail low reflectance when all of the surrounding trails are higher reflectance? perhaps this boulder trail is lower reflectance because the boulder gently bounced as it traveled downhill, and barely disturbed a thin layer of regolith? the contrast certainly appears similar to the astronauts ' footprints and paths around the apollo landing sites. or, maybe the boulder fell apart during its downhill travel and the trail is simply made up of pieces of the boulder - we just don ' t know yet. lroc wac context of menelaus crater at the boundary between mare serenitatis and the highlands ( dotted line ). the arrow marks the location of today ' s featured image at contact between the crater floor and ne crater wall [ nasa / gsfc / arizona state university ]. what do you think? why don ' t you follow the trail to its source in the full lroc nac frame and see if you can find any other low reflectance trails.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4742392370847547, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce50e516-2229-404a-b328-7d80cdfd0d33>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.466352"}
{"text": "when you work on introducing a new technology to a population and region, you discover lots of intriguing impediments to that introduction that you \u2019 d never have imagined. yesterday ( october 11, 2012 ) the maine fuel board voted to allow maine energy systems to engage in an \u201c emerging technologies \u201d project with them that might lead to elimination of one of those impediments for the pellet central heating industry in the state of maine. maine is unique in its licensure of technicians for \u201c solid fuels. \u201d in maine a person installing a boiler must have \u201c solid fuel \u201d authority on his license to legally install a \u201c solid fuel \u201d boiler in someone else \u2019 s building. ( it \u2019 s a bit more complicated than that, but let \u2019 s avoid the levels of license detail. ) the need for this rule apparently arose from three potential hazards associated with \u201c solid fuel \u201d boilers : the possibility for a thermal run - away during a power outage as combustion continues on a load of fuel while circulation fails due to lack of power, high chimney temperatures, and high boiler surface temperatures. as highly sophisticated automatic pellet boilers made their way into the american market, they were defined in maine as \u201c solid fuel \u201d appliances because pellets are solid. while that seems innocent and logical enough, the categorization has one substantial flaw and it creates one significant impediment to product growth in the marketplace. state - of - the - art pellet boilers display none of the attributes that led to the perceived need for \u201c solid fuel \u201d rules in maine. the rules were devised for cordwood boilers and coal stoker boilers that can hold a significant charge of fuel at any given time. the combustion of that fuel is relatively uncontrolled. pellet boilers burn a very small quantity of fuel at any given time, and the combustion of that fuel is highly controlled. combustion stops almost immediately if the power goes out, hence, no excessive heat can be produced during a power outage. cordwood boilers and coal stoker boilers can produce very high stack temperatures. the exhaust gas temperatures from state - of - the - art pellet boilers are very much like those of modern oil boilers. in fact these boilers are so efficient, the stack gas temperature is often quite cool, 250f, or so, but it never exceeds 400f. therefore, high chimney temperatures never occur. old cordwood and coal stoker boilers could develop high surface temperatures making installed distance from combustible surfaces important. the surface temperature of these state - of - the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5124558273276086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1783214-b727-484c-bcab-391bee417335>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.469906"}
{"text": "so, but it never exceeds 400f. therefore, high chimney temperatures never occur. old cordwood and coal stoker boilers could develop high surface temperatures making installed distance from combustible surfaces important. the surface temperature of these state - of - the - art pellet boilers is the same as the temperature of the room. the heat exchangers are extremely well insulated to achieve the desired efficiencies. so, the worry about proximity of flammable materials due to high boiler surface temperatures is not justified with these boilers. because these highly sophisticated boilers are lumped in the same category as cordwood boilers and coal stoker boilers, \u201c solid fuel \u201d license holders must install them in maine. there are many fewer \u201c solid fuel \u201d license holders than ordinary oil license holders, so scheduling boiler installations in this rapidly growing segment is very challenging in the busy times of the year. other busy technicians find it hard to justify studying for a test that focuses generally on boilers they \u2019 ll never see, so they \u2019 re not inclined to prepare for the \u201c solid fuel \u201d test to install pellet boilers as they \u2019 re just beginning to make a mark on the marketplace. the emerging technologies project on october 11, 2012, the maine fuel board approved a request made by maine energy systems for a year long project intended to confirm the company \u2019 s assertion that their boilers, and those similar to them, can be installed by oil boiler license holders who have been suitably trained in the differences between pellet boilers and oil boilers. this is great news for the pellet industry in maine as the state \u2019 s boiler inspectors will inspect some, or all, of these installations and, thereby, become much more familiar with these sorts of systems. if the project leads to the anticipated conclusion, the request to re - categorize the boilers for licensure requirement purposes should be reasonably received. we have little doubt that the project will reach successful conclusion as these very same boilers are installed throughout the northeast by the same technicians who install oil boilers and who have been trained at maine energy systems in fuel handling and burner adjustment. in the meantime, maine energy systems will be training oil boiler technicians in the installation of their equipment to ensure that all who choose to install the mesys autopellet boiler can do it this heating season on a schedule that works for them. dutch dresser is the managing director of maine energy systems in bethel, maine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.456791494016073, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1783214-b727-484c-bcab-391bee417335>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.470775"}
{"text": "ulva spp. on freshwater - influenced or unstable upper eulittoral rock ecological and functional relationships the community predominantly consists of algae which cover the rock surface and creates a patchy canopy. in doing so, the algae provides an amenable habitat in an otherwise hostile environment, exploitable on a temporary basis by other species. for instance, ulva intestinalis provides shelter for the orange harpacticoid copepod, tigriopus brevicornis, and the chironomid larva of halocladius fucicola ( mcallen, 1999 ). the copepod and chironomid species utilize the hollow thalli of ulva intestinalis as a moist refuge from desiccation when rockpools completely dry. several hundred individuals of tigriopus brevicornis have been observed in a single thallus of ulva intestinalis ( mcallen, 1999 ). the occasional grazing gastropods that survive in this biotope no doubt graze ulva. seasonal and longer term change - during the winter, elevated levels of freshwater runoff would be expected owing to seasonal rainfall. also, winter storm action may disturb the relatively soft substratum of chalk and firm mud, or boulders may be overturned. - seasonal fluctuation in the abundance of ulva spp. would therefore be expected with the biotope thriving in winter months. porphyra also tends to be regarded as a winter seaweed, abundant from late autumn to the succeeding spring, owing to the fact that the blade shaped fronds of the gametophyte develop in early autumn, whilst the microscopic filamentous stages of the spring and summer are less apparent ( see recruitment process, below ). habitat structure and complexity habitat complexity in this biotope is relatively limited in comparison to other biotopes. the upper shore substrata, consisting of chalk, firm mud, bedrock or boulders, will probably offer a variety of surfaces for colonization, whilst the patchy covering of ephemeral algae provides a refuge for faunal species and an additional substratum for colonization. however, species diversity in this biotope is poor owing to disturbance and changes in the prevailing environmental factors, e. g. desiccation, salinity and temperature. only species able to tolerate changes / disturbance or those able to seek refuge will thrive. the biotope is characterized by primary producers. rocky shore communities are highly productive and are an important source of food and nutrients for neighbouring terrestrial and marine ecosystems ( hill et al", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4694549460436789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13da434f-f140-49e3-8fdb-67019653693a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.475480"}
{"text": "able to tolerate changes / disturbance or those able to seek refuge will thrive. the biotope is characterized by primary producers. rocky shore communities are highly productive and are an important source of food and nutrients for neighbouring terrestrial and marine ecosystems ( hill et al., 1998 ). macroalgae exude considerable amounts of dissolved organic carbon which is taken up readily by bacteria and may even be taken up directly by some larger invertebrates. dissolved organic carbon, algal fragments and microbial film organisms are continually removed by the sea. this may enter the food chain of local, subtidal ecosystems, or be exported further offshore. rocky shores make a contribution to the food of many marine species through the production of planktonic larvae and propagules which contribute to pelagic food chains. the life histories of common algae on the shore are generally complex and varied, but follow a basic pattern, whereby there is an alternation of a haploid, gamete - producing phase ( gametophyte - producing eggs and sperm ) and a diploid spore - producing ( sporophyte ) phase. all have dispersive phases which are circulated around in the water column before settling on the rock and growing into a germling ( hawkins & jones, 1992 ). ulva intestinalis is generally considered to be an opportunistic species, with an ' r - type ' strategy for survival. the r - strategists have a high growth rate and high reproductive rate. for instance, the thalli of ulva intestinalis, which arise from spores and zygotes, grow within a few weeks into thalli that reproduce again, and the majority of the cell contents are converted into reproductive cells. the species is also capable of dispersal over a considerable distance. for instance, amsler & searles ( 1980 ) showed that ' swarmers ' of a coastal population of ulva reached exposed artificial substrata on a submarine plateau 35 km away. the life cycle of porphyra involves a heteromorphic ( of different form ) alternation of generations, that are either blade shaped or filamentous. two kinds of reproductive bodies ( male and female ( carpogonium ) ) are found on the blade shaped frond of porphyra that is abundant during winter. on release these fuse and thereafter, division of the fertilized carpogonium is mitotic, and packets of diploid carpospores are formed. the released carpospores develop into the ' conchocelis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5094928440897882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13da434f-f140-49e3-8fdb-67019653693a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.476794"}
{"text": "abundant during winter. on release these fuse and thereafter, division of the fertilized carpogonium is mitotic, and packets of diploid carpospores are formed. the released carpospores develop into the ' conchocelis ' phase ( the diploid sporophyte consisting of microscopic filaments ), which bore into shells ( and probably the chalk rock ) and grow vegetatively. the conchocelis filaments reproduce asexually. in the presence of decreasing day length and falling temperatures, terminal cells of the conchocelis phase produce conchospores inside conchosporangia. meiosis occurs during the germination of the conchospore and produces the macroscopic gametophyte ( blade shaped phase ) and the cycle is repeated ( cole & conway, 1980 ). time for community to reach maturity disturbance is an important factor structuring the biotope, consequently the biotope is characterized by ephemeral algae able to rapidly exploit newly available substrata and that are tolerant of changes in the prevailing conditions, e. g. temperature, salinity and desiccation. for instance, following the torrey canyon tanker oil spill in mid march 1967, which bleached filamentous algae such as ulva and adhered to the thin fronds of porphyra, which after a few weeks became brittle and were washed away, regeneration of porphyra and ulva was noted by the end of april at marazion, cornwall. similarly, at sennen cove where rocks had completely lost their cover of porphyra and ulva during april, by mid - may had occasional blade - shaped fronds of porphyra sp. up to 15 cm long. these had either regenerated from basal parts of the ' porphyra ' phase or from the ' conchocelis ' phase on the rocks ( see recruitment processes ). by mid - august these regenerated specimens were common and well grown but darkly pigmented and reproductively immature. besides the porphyra, a very thick coating of ulva ( as enteromorpha ) was recorded in mid - august ( smith 1968 ). such evidence suggests that the community would reach maturity relatively rapidly and probably be considered mature in terms of the species present and ability to reproduce well within six months. no text entered. this review can be cited as follows : ulva spp. on freshwater - influenced or unstable upper eulittoral rock. marine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5003749897933041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:13da434f-f140-49e3-8fdb-67019653693a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.478701"}
{"text": "the nidcd award will provide $ 300, 000 over the next three years to fund the project, titled \u201c auditory masking effects on speech fluency in aphasia and apraxia of speech. \u201d in many adults who survive stroke, damage to speech regions of the brain results in a distorted, effortful, and halting pattern of speech, a condition called apraxia of speech. although they know what they want to say and have intact muscle strength, they have difficulty programming the movements for speech. they are able to hear their speech errors, and the typical treatment program focuses on identifying these errors and correcting them. for most people, focusing on these mistakes results in little improvement in their speech. in contrast to conventional treatment approaches, dr. jacks and his colleagues ( katarina haley, phd, dahs, dshs ; heidi roth, md, department of neurology ) are studying the effects of preventing the person with apraxia of speech from hearing the errors in their speech, by playing loud noise through earphones. this approach is based on the premise that people with this speech disorder are overly - attuned to speech errors, which prevents them from speaking fluently. the same phenomenon has been known for decades to help people who stutter to speak fluently, as demonstrated in the popular film the king ' s speech. in the proposed research, dr. jacks and his colleagues seek to identify stroke survivors who respond positively to listening to noise by increasing speech rate and decreasing the occurrence of speech disfluencies ( pauses, filler words, repetitions ). since not all people are expected to show a change in speech while listening to noise, the team also will study individual characteristics to determine what differentiates those who improve from those who do not. in particular, behavioral profiles ( type of speech and language impairment ) and location and size of brain lesion will be compared between positive responders and non - responders to determine whether a positive response can be predicted from routine clinical data. in preliminary work, over half of the participants tested spoke more quickly and with fewer disfluencies while listening to noise. although this is a temporary effect and does not persist after the noise is turned off, the moments of speech fluency experienced may cause the person ' s brain to activate in a different way than it does when he or she is speaking disfluently. if the preliminary results are borne out in the completed study, dr. jacks and his team believe that the procedure may be further developed into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.53828299118554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80066780-30ef-41d7-ba75-2736792d2bd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.482415"}
{"text": "scientists have revealed that new treatments for the incurable nerve disease known as lou gehrig ' s disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) could be developed via a long - used anti - cancer drug. their research showing how the drug prevents clumping of an enzyme linked to als appears in the journal of the american chemical society. lucia banci, ivano bertini and colleagues explain that als causes a progressive loss of muscle control as the nerves that control body movements wither and die. patients become weak and have difficulty swallowing and breathing, and most die within three to five years of diagnosis. although some als cases are hereditary and run in families, about 90 percent are \" sporadic, \" with the cause unknown. some research links sporadic als to clumping of an antioxidant enzyme called hsod1. the authors explored whether cisplatin, a chemotherapy drug used since the 1960s that is known to interact with some of the enzyme ' s amino acids, has any effect on hsod1 clusters. the scientists found that in laboratory tests, the anti - cancer drug cisplatin bound readily to the enzyme, preventing hsod1 from aggregating and dissolving existing bunches. cisplatin targets sites that can form bonds between hsod1 after the enzyme loses the atom of copper it normally carries. the scientists note that cisplatin does not prevent the enzyme from performing its normal functions. \" from this work it appears that cisplatin is a promising lead compound for the rational design of als treatments, \" the authors say.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4840312966414212, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0f8a42e-9fa9-4f76-ac42-8a63bfcbbf8d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.483798"}
{"text": "the following information was extracted from the publication \" threatened \" produced by bnz in cooperation with the department of conservation and royal forest and bird protection society. the predation threat in 1987, a dog was on the loose in waitangi state forest in the bay of islands. for six weeks it rampaged through the forest killing every kiwi it encountered. by the time the dog was found, perhaps as many as 500 of the 1000 kiwi living there had been slaughtered. this carnage at waitangi illustrates just how vulnerable the kiwi is to predators and the speed at which seemingly healthy populations can fail. other predators introduced to new zealand by humans may cause similar havoc. the main threat to the kiwi is posed by : possums, stoats, ferrets, and feral ( wild ) cats who steal eggs and kill young. larger predators include pigs and dogs. young kiwi leave the nest at just three weeks of age, weighing only 200g. small and slow, they are easy prey. very few survive this precarious journey from birth to 12 months, when they reach the critical size that enables them to stand up to most predators. humans, primarily through destroying forests and introducing predators in the first place, pose the single greatest threat to the kiwi. ironically, we are also their greatest hope. the kiwi is a one - off evolutionary design, holding all sorts of biological records. new zealand ' s ancient isolation and lack of mammals allowed it to occupy a habitat and lifestyle that everywhere else in the world would be occupied by a mammal. whereas birds traditionally depend on sight, the kiwi is one of the few birds with a highly developed sense of smell. you can sometimes hear them sniffing around in the dark. alarm them during the day and they will run off. then, at a distance, just like a wolf or other mammal, they ' ll stick their bill ( nose ) in the air, sniffing to see if they are safe from pursuit. other reasons the kiwi could pass for a mammal is its loose, hair - like feathers, its long whiskers, the fact it can ' t fly and that it burrows in the ground. other kiwi curiosities include : being the only known bird to have external nostrils at the end of its bill. it literally sniffs out its food a bill - length below the surface. it ' s huge eggs. the kiwi has one of the largest egg - to - body weight ratio of any bird. the mature egg averages 20 % of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4358952821773677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a72a1b6-062c-472b-953a-6ed25e5be7b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.491709"}
{"text": "bill. it literally sniffs out its food a bill - length below the surface. it ' s huge eggs. the kiwi has one of the largest egg - to - body weight ratio of any bird. the mature egg averages 20 % of the female ' s body weight. compare that to 2 % for an ostrich! being the smallest living member of the ratite family ( which includes ostriches and emus ). they live in pairs \u2014 as monogamous couples \u2014 for most, if not all of their lives. sex role reversal : the female is bigger and dominates the male. in some varieties, the male does most of the incubating of the eggs. the eggs take an exceedingly long time to hatch \u2014 up to 80 days. kiwi tend to live in pairs, forming monogamous couples. these bonds are generally till death and have been known to last over 30 years. about every third day, the pair will shelter in the same burrow together. the relationship tends to be quite volatile and physical, the female generally calling the shots over her smaller partner. during the night, as they are out foraging for food or patrolling their territory, they will perform duets, calling to each other. the female has a lower hoarser call than the male. from the outside, it doesn ' t appear that kiwi domestic life is bliss. but the bond is long - lasting. there are few surprises in the kiwi diet. it ' s mostly earthworms, spiders, fallen fruits and seeds, larvae of beetles and cicada and a mixture of forest invertebrates. but they will also take large food items like freshwater crays and even frogs. in captivity, kiwi have fished eels out of a pond, subdued them with a few thuds and eaten them. kiwi are extremely territorial birds, they protect their patch \u2014 which can be as much as 40 hectares \u2014 by calling or, if that fails, by chasing the intruder kiwi and giving it a good booting over. very occasionally, kiwi kill each other fighting for territory. acutely aware of neighbours, they will often engage in calling duels. if a bird is intruding into another ' s space, it will rush back at full speed into its own space before returning a neighbour ' s call. a gathering of kiwi is a rarity. however, on stewart island, they do live in small, mixed aged family groupings. kiwi nests, er, burrows! kiwi are burrowers. they may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.425085442965106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a72a1b6-062c-472b-953a-6ed25e5be7b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.492559"}
{"text": "neighbour ' s call. a gathering of kiwi is a rarity. however, on stewart island, they do live in small, mixed aged family groupings. kiwi nests, er, burrows! kiwi are burrowers. they may quickly clear a burrow at the end of a night ' s work, crash there during the day and then move on to a new burrow the next day. great spotted kiwi prefer dens. unlike the little spotted kiwi and the brown kiwi, who tends towards simple one - entrance burrows, the great spotted will put the time and effort into constructing a labyrinth of tunnels several metres long with more than one exit. common kiwi myths kiwi experts are keen to dispel myths surrounding the kiwi \u2014 particularly that they are half - blind and bumbling. here are a few common ones : myth : \" kiwi fight with their beaks. \" to use their beaks to fight would be like head - butting someone with your nose. at the end of the beak are the kiwi ' s external nostrils. finely tuned and capable of detecting a few parts per million of scent, the beak, when probing the ground, can detect worms and other food. myth : \" kiwi are cute, gentle little creatures. \" they are actually super - strong and often extremely bad tempered. the adults can look after themselves using their razor sharp claws as weapons. a couple of slashes can quickly draw blood \u2014 as conservationists have often found when putting their hands down kiwi burrows. because they are so aggressive, doc staff can attract them simply by imitating their call. incensed that another kiwi is on their turf, the response is instant and dramatic : \" it ' s amazing to hear them coming to kick the intruder out. they sound like a deer charging, almost exploding, through the dark. standing there, it ' s quite intimidating. i guess it ' s part of the threat display. \" \" pete \" is a great spotted kiwi in west northland. \" we ' ve just got to walk into his territory and he comes catapulting in for a hit - and - run. he belts you in the leg and then runs off into the undergrowth. i think he views us as super - big kiwi. he ' s probably given some trampers a helluva scare. \" myth : \" kiwi are a bit thick. \" according to conservation officers who know them best, they are capable of learning quickly and altering behaviour in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41202845353801765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a72a1b6-062c-472b-953a-6ed25e5be7b9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.493529"}
{"text": "big kiwi. he ' s probably given some trampers a helluva scare. \" myth : \" kiwi are a bit thick. \" according to conservation officers who know them best, they are capable of learning quickly and altering behaviour in the light of experience. myth : \" kiwi move slowly. \" superbly adapted to their natural habitat, the kiwi is extremely agile and quick moving. a kiwi can cover his territory \u2014 possibly the size of 60 football fields \u2014 in a night. this might take in three valley streams and all sorts of obstacles. myth : \" kiwi and half - blind. \" the notion of their being half - blind probably stems from their being nocturnal and having small eyes. in fact, as conservation officers can testify, if you chase them at night, they can run very fast, swerving around trees and expertly navigating the undergrowth. similarly, they are unfazed by daylight. kiwi culture - - from a maori perspective the maori people have a very personal interest in seeing the kiwi survive and flourish. according to many maori traditions, the kiwi is the oldest of all tanemahuta ' s bird family. it was tane, the god of the forest who, with different wives, created much of the natural world, including birds, trees, stones and humans. for maori, kiwi are, in effect, our elder siblings. and, like a good older brother or sister, they are very protective of us. that ' s partly why they patrol the forests nightly. kiwi - - six unique varieties there are six identified varieties of kiwi. the little spotted kiwi the smallest ( about the size of a bantam ) and most endangered species, the \" little spots \" have a very mellow, often docile nature. they have suffered terrible that the hands of possums, stoats, cats and larger predators. now extinct on mainland new zealand, the largest remaining population is on kapiti island where 1000 birds occupy some 1900 ha of mixed forest, scrub and grassland. sensitive management by doc and the maori trustees of private land on kapiti are ensuring that cats, dogs and other kiwi predators don ' t reach the island. the great spotted kiwi the rugged mountaineer of the kiwi \u2014 found primarily in the high, often harsh hill country \u2014 the great spotted has forged a strange deal with evolution. the same harsh environment that makes it struggle from one day to the next also makes it tough going for the pigs, dogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4512656097671057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a72a1b6-062c-472b-953a-6ed25e5be7b9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.494624"}
{"text": "the kiwi \u2014 found primarily in the high, often harsh hill country \u2014 the great spotted has forged a strange deal with evolution. the same harsh environment that makes it struggle from one day to the next also makes it tough going for the pigs, dogs and stoats that would otherwise be keen to pursue it. big bold and handsome, it is found only in the south island, mainly in north west nelson, central westland and eastern canterbury. the north island brown kiwi bug noses and short tempers is one way to sum up the brown kiwi. they are little toughies... and have to be to survive against humans, introduced predators and the natural challenges of their often harsh bush existence. the north island brown kiwi is found only in the upper two - thirds of the north island. they are widespread in northland in a diverse range of vegetation types including exotic forests and rough farm land. okarito brown kiwi in one sense, the new kid on the block. it was only in 1993 that the okarito brown, living in lowland forest just north of franz josef was identified as a distinct variety of kiwi. tell - tale signs are its slightly greyish plumage sometimes accompanied by white facial feathers. squat and round and bigger than their northern brown kiwi cousins, they can grow to almost the same size as great spotted kiwi. the southern tokoeka are found in fiordland and on stewart island. they are the most communal of the somewhat reclusive kiwi. the haast tokoeka, found in the rugged mountains behind haast, was also identified as a distant variety of kiwi in 1993. they spend their summers in the high sub alpine tussock grasslands but probably retreat to the lowland forests in winter. kiwi sightings - - where you can see kiwi few of us get the chance to see a kiwi in the wild but brown kiwi can be seen at the following places :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37667132379024626, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a72a1b6-062c-472b-953a-6ed25e5be7b9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.495356"}
{"text": "the civics merit badge was one of the original 57 merit badges issued by the boy scouts of america in 1911. civics is a discontinued merit badge. it was one of the original 1911 merit badges, but was renamed citizenship by the 1948 revision to the boy scout handbook. that badge was then replaced by citizenship in the nation in in 1951 and citizenship in the community and citizenship in the home in 1952 ( later renamed as the family life merit badge ). at the same time, the world brotherhood merit badge was introduced, and these four badges constituted the \" citizenship group \" of merit badges, any two of which were required for eagle. in 1972, the citizenship in the world merit badge replaced world brotherhood. civics requirements at inception - state the principal citizenship requirements of an elector in his state. - know the principal features of the naturalization laws of the united states. - know how president, vice - president, senators, and congressmen of the united states are elected and their terms of office. - know the number of judges of the supreme court of the united states, how appointed, and their term of office. - know the various administrative departments of government, as represented in the president ' s cabinet. - know how the governor, lieutenant - governor, senators, representatives, or assemblymen of his state are elected, and their terms of office. - know whether the judges of the principal courts in his state are appointed or elected, and the length of their terms. - know how the principal officers in his town or city are elected and for what terms. - know the duties of the various city departments, such as fire, police, board of health, etc. - draw a map of the town or city in which he lives, giving location of the principal public buildings and points of special interest. - give satisfactory evidence that he is familiar with the provisions and history of the declaration of independence, and the constitution of the united states. | | the official source for the information shown in this article or section is : | boy scout handbook, 1911 edition the text of these requirements is locked and can only be edited by an administrator. please note any errors found in the above requirements on this article ' s talk page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4115615278015283, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ee57b5c-df89-42fc-908a-5dc6ecab06d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.497397"}
{"text": "my beef with meat if it has a face, it probably gobbles up global resources along with its grass by stett holbrook last month, the federal government released a much - anticipated report on global climate change. it paints a chilling picture of what will happen if global warming continues unabated. \" this report is a game - changer, \" said the new director of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, jane lubchenco, at a press conference last week. \" i think that much of the foot - dragging in addressing climate change is a reflection of the perception that climate change is way down the road, it ' s in the future and it only affects certain parts of the country. this report demonstrates in concrete scientific information that climate change is happening now, and it ' s happening in our back yards. \" the report, issued by the u. s. global change research program, compiles work from 13 different government agencies. in a refreshing break from the science - averse bush administration, the report states unequivocally that climate change is human caused. the report details changes scientists are already seeing and predicts how the climate will change if greenhouse - gas emissions aren ' t curtailed. the report also discusses how decisive policies can roll back the impending doom. ( read the report at globalchange. gov. ) here are two of the key findings : \u2022 climate changes are under way in the united states and are projected to grow. these include increases in heavy downpours, rising temperature and sea level, rapidly retreating glaciers, thawing permafrost, lengthening growing seasons, lengthening ice - free seasons in the ocean and on lakes and rivers, earlier snowmelt and alterations in river flows. \u2022 agriculture is considered one of the sectors most adaptable to changes in climate, but increased heat, pests, water stress, diseases and weather extremes will pose adaptation challenges for crop and livestock production. there have been many reports on global warming and dire predictions from respected scientists. so far not much has changed. i hope that president obama uses the power of his position to spur the dramatic and speedy action needed to reduce the profound impacts of the crisis. the challenge obama faces is convincing people that the time to change our ways is today, not tomorrow. the trouble is, we don ' t usually realize we ' re in trouble until the roof starts caving in. for example, only when we faced global financial meltdown did world leaders act. a global recession is real and painful, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46192447602265135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c0c98ac-e4c9-4bfb-9570-c1be0ef28106>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.501196"}
{"text": "tomorrow. the trouble is, we don ' t usually realize we ' re in trouble until the roof starts caving in. for example, only when we faced global financial meltdown did world leaders act. a global recession is real and painful, but compared to the apocalyptic effects of unchecked global warming, it ' s but a pinprick. what does all this have to do with food? well, while the u. s. government appears to be finally getting serious about acting against global warming, we the people need to do as much as we can. food strikes me as particularly target - rich as we seek to reduce global warming. i see reducing our consumption of meat as the single most important action we can take as individuals. i ' ve come to view a double bacon cheeseburger as the culinary equivalent of dumping dirty motor oil into a clear mountain lake. if eating burgers was only detrimental to those who eat them that would be one thing, but the production of meat and dairy across the world is an environmental catastrophe. i ' m a firm believer in spending more for quality, food included. but eating well shouldn ' t be prohibitively expensive. i guess it ' s all in how one defines \" eating well. \" for me, that means little or no processed food and plenty of fresh produce in season. food is of course a necessary expense, but there ' s a lot of discretion on how to spend your food dollar. but the ironic thing about food when you buy fresh, unprocessed ingredients and cook for yourself rather than opening a can or box, eating well generally costs less. at least that ' s my belief. according to the united nations ' food and agriculture organization ( fao ), livestock production generates nearly a fifth of the world ' s greenhouse gases, more than transportation. animal agriculture is the leading source of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, which - - combined with carbon dioxide - - are the primary causes of global warming. livestock production accounts for more than 8 percent of global human water use, the fao says. evidence suggests that it is also the largest source of water pollution thanks to animal wastes, antibiotics, hormones, fertilizers and pesticides used for feed crops, and sediments from eroded pastures. an estimated 30 percent of the earth ' s ice - free land is involved in livestock production. approximately 70 percent of previously forested land in the amazon is used as pasture, and feed crops cover a large part of what ' s left. eating organically raised, grass -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4805108428602771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c0c98ac-e4c9-4bfb-9570-c1be0ef28106>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.502089"}
{"text": "increasing local contrast the previous section showed adjustments to the brightness and contrast of the entire image. the adjustment changes every pixel of original brightness value a to the same final brightness value b, regardless of the pixel \u2019 s neighbors. another class of operations increases the visibility of local differences between pixels, by suppressing the longer - range variations. these neighborhood functions use a moving neighborhood, usually a small circle, that compares or combines the central pixel and the neighbors to produce a new value that is assigned to the central pixel to construct a new image. then the neighborhood shifts to the next pixel and the process is repeated. these calculations are applied to the pixel brightness values in a color coordinate system such as hsi or lab that leaves the color values unchanged. for instance, local equalization functions just like the histogram equalization procedure, except that it takes place within a moving circular neighborhood and assigns a new value only to the central pixel. the result makes a pixel that is slightly brighter than its surroundings brighter still, and vice - versa, enhancing local contrast. the result is usually added back in some proportion to the original image to produce a more visually pleasing result, as shown in the local equalization interactive java tutorial. sharpening of images to increase local contrast is almost universally applied by publishers to counter the visual blurring effect of halftoning images in the printing process. this is usually done by a convolution using a kernel of weights, just as the gaussian smoothing function shown above. but in this application, some of those weights will have negative values. for instance, the laplacian sharpening filter in table 1 combines each pixel with its eight adjacent neighbors as shown in the laplacian sharpening interactive java tutorial. a more flexible extension of this basic idea is the widely used ( and as often misused ) unsharp mask. the name derives from a century - old darkroom procedure that required printing the original image at 1 : 1 magnification but out of focus onto another piece of film ( this was the unsharp mask ), and then placing the two films together to print the final result. where the original negative was dense, the mask was not ( and vice versa ) so that little light was transmitted, except near detail and edges where the mask was out of focus. the same effect can be produced in the computer by applying a gaussian blur to a duplicate of the original and then subtracting it from the original. the difference between the two images is just the detail and edges removed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5538671877903525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a975454-3da4-4fb7-b80e-35755220af39>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.506525"}
{"text": "out of focus. the same effect can be produced in the computer by applying a gaussian blur to a duplicate of the original and then subtracting it from the original. the difference between the two images is just the detail and edges removed by the blurring. the original image is then added back to the difference to increase the visibility of the details while suppressing the overall image contrast. in the unsharp masking interactive java tutorial, the result image is automatically scaled to the range of the display so that negative values that can result from the calculation are not lost. one of the characteristics of the unsharp mask is the formation of bright and dark \u201c haloes \u201d adjacent to the dark and bright borders ( respectively ) of structure in the image. this increases their visibility, but can hide other nearby information. a related approach using neighborhood ranking rather than gaussian blurring alleviates this problem. the method applies a median filter to remove fine detail, subtracts this from the original to isolate the detail, and then adds the original image back to enhance the visibility as shown in the rank masking interactive java tutorial. this method is called a rank mask, but is sometimes ( incorrectly ) referred to as a top hat filter ( the real top hat is shown below ). note that all of these local enhancement methods are very noise sensitive, because both random speckle and shot noise produce pixels that are different from their local neighborhood. image noise must be removed before enhancement is attempted, or the visibility of the noise will be increased as shown in the comparison of local contrast enhancement methods interactive java tutorial. the top hat filter is also a based on neighborhood ranking, but unlike the procedure above it uses the ranked value from two different size regions. the brightest value in a circular interior region is compared to the brightest value in a surrounding annular region. if the brightness difference exceeds a threshold level, it is kept ( otherwise it is erased ). the top hat filter interactive java tutorial shows the filter \u2019 s operation. if the interior and annular regions are drawn as shown in the diagram in figure 1, the reason for the filter name becomes apparent. the interior region is the crown and the threshold is its height, while the surrounding annulus is the brim of the hat. this operation is particularly well suited for finding the spikes in fourier transform power spectra, as illustrated previously. the top hat is also good for locating any features of a known size by adjusting the radius of the crown. objects too large to fit into the crown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.561650696980273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a975454-3da4-4fb7-b80e-35755220af39>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.507433"}
{"text": "this operation is particularly well suited for finding the spikes in fourier transform power spectra, as illustrated previously. the top hat is also good for locating any features of a known size by adjusting the radius of the crown. objects too large to fit into the crown of the hat are selectively removed. reversing the logic to use the darkest values in both regions enables the same procedure to isolate dust or other dark features. by replacing the interior value by the mean of the surroundings, the dust can be selectively removed. in this application, shown in the rolling ball filter interactive java tutorial, the method is called a rolling ball filter. john c. russ - materials science and engineering dept., north carolina state university, raleigh, north carolina, 27695. matthew parry - hill and michael w. davidson - national high magnetic field laboratory, 1800 east paul dirac dr., the florida state university, tallahassee, florida, 32310. questions or comments? send us an email. \u00a9 1998 - 2009 by michael w. davidson, john russ, olympus america inc., and the florida state university. all rights reserved. no images, graphics, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. use of this website means you agree to all of the legal terms and conditions set forth by the owners. this website is maintained by our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6055316920800564, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a975454-3da4-4fb7-b80e-35755220af39>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.507923"}
{"text": "air pollution health alert and advisory issued through wednesday, march 10 the minnesota pollution control agency ( mpca ) has issued an air pollution health alert for today and tomorrow, march 8 and 9 and an air pollution health advisory for wednesday, march 10 for the twin cities and rochester area. the air quality index values ( aqi ) in the twin cities exceeds the level considered unhealthy for sensitive groups. dense fog overnight, which aids in fine particle production, and calm winds, have allowed fine particle concentrations to build to levels considered unhealthy for sensitive groups. fine particle levels are expected to gradually fall this afternoon as the fog dissipates. however, calm winds and high relative humidity will continue to trap pollutants, keeping air quality conditions unhealthy for sensitive groups. weather conditions are supposed to improve the air quality to good aqi levels by thursday, march 11. those who have respiratory or cardiovascular problems, young children, the elderly, and individuals whom are physically active are considered especially sensitive to elevated levels of air pollution. be prepared to postpone or reduce vigorous activity. ozone and fine particles can be drawn deeply into the lungs, so reduce activities that lead to deep or accelerated breathing. even individuals that are otherwise healthy may experience health effects when air pollutant levels increase. how you can help : residents can take simple steps to help reduce emissions that create smog. motor vehicle emissions contribute to fine particle pollution. to lower levels of air pollution, the mpca is urging residents to use alternate modes of transportation such as mass transit, car pools, biking and walking to work or shop. other measures that will help reduce emissions on days when the index reaches 100 and above include : 1. limit driving - share a ride to work and postpone errands until the next day. 2. don \u2019 t idle your vehicle for more than three minutes * * 3. refuel your vehicle after 6 p. m. 4. leave your car at home and walk, bike, carpool or take public transportation whenever you can. 5. postpone using other gasoline - powered engines, like garden and recreational equipment. 6. postpone indoor and outdoor recreational fires. 7. to reduce the demand on power plants, turn off as many electric items as possible. 8. if you fall in the sensitive group category, arrange to work indoors for the day. * * the city of minneapolis approved limits on vehicle idling that aim to reduce air pollution in minneapolis. the ordinance, which was passed in 2008, limits most vehicle id", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43860557464810873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5474c268-15f9-4136-9e33-d0cdebb36edd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.511103"}
{"text": "you ' re using more water than you think a water footprint is the total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed. here are some ways to lighten your water footprint. fri, aug 31 2012 at 11 : 28 am prodded by environmental consciousness \u2014 or penny pinching \u2014 you installed low - flow showerheads and fixed all the drippy facets. knowing that your manicured lawn was sucking down an unnatural amount of water \u2014 nearly 7 billion gallons of water is used to irrigate home landscaping, according to the u. s. environmental protection agency \u2014 you ripped up the turf and replaced it with native plants. you \u2019 re still using a lot more water than you think. the drought of 2012 has generated images of parched landscapes and sun - baked lakebeds. at least 36 states are projecting water shortages between now and 2013, according to a survey by the federal general accounting office. water supplies are finite, and fickle. water, we all know, is essential to life. it is also essential to agriculture, industry, energy and the production of trendy t - shirts. we all use water in ways that go way beyond the kitchen and bathroom. the measure of both direct and indirect water use is known as the water footprint. your water footprint is the total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed, according to the water footprint network, an international nonprofit foundation based in the netherlands. the water footprint network has crunched the numbers and developed an online calculator to help you determine the size of your footprint. you \u2019 ll be astonished to know how much water you \u2019 re using \u2026 once you \u2019 ve converted all those metric measurements into something you can understand. the average american home uses about 260 gallons of water per day, according to the epa. that quarter - pound burger you just gobbled down? more than 600 gallons of water. that ramones t - shirt? more than 700 gallons. so, adjustments to your diet and buying habits can have a much greater impact on the size of your water footprint than taking 40 - second showers. a pound of beef, for example, takes nearly 1, 800 gallons of water to produce, with most of that going to irrigate the grains and grass used to feed the cattle. a pound of chicken demands just 468 gallons. if you really want to save water, eat more goat. a pound of goat requires 127 gallons of water. we \u2019 ve been told to cut down on our use of paper to save the forests, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.497867284537525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cca5126a-d443-4b80-89a5-01bc0108a268>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.513530"}
{"text": "| about the presenter : patricia m. roberts, ph. d., ccc - slp, slp ( c ), currently associate professor in speech language pathology at the university of ottawa, in canada ' s capital. she holds degrees from queen ' s university ( kingston, canada ) and florida state university and obtained her ph. d. from the universite de montreal. in her first career as a clinical slp, she worked with many bilingual clients and was privileged to have the late marie poulos as colleague and mentor. she is spending much of her 2nd career as a professor and researcher trying to understand the many unsolved puzzles of bilingual stuttering. | in this presentation, i will focus on four mysteries ( things we do not yet know ) about stuttering in bilingual children and adults and some of the myths associated with these gaps in our current knowledge. to make this essay easier to read, i won ' t say \" bilingual or multilingual \" each time the word \" bilingual \" comes up but in most places, what applies to bilinguals also applies to multilingual speakers - as far as we know - so far. mystery 1 : how many bilingual people are there? it is sometimes confusing to even try to discuss bilingualism because the word bilingual means different things to different people. for some people, bilinguals are people who speak two ( or more - for multilinguals ) languages equally and perfectly. people who speak two languages in their daily lives, and can do most things such as talking to people at work, reading the newspaper, understanding conversations with friends sometimes say \" oh yes, i can do all that. but i am not bilingual \". other people describe themselves as bilingual if they can communicate basic ideas, even if they make many errors in grammar and pronunciation and have a very small vocabulary in one language. in research, both these kinds of people are seen as having different levels of bilingualism. ratings from 1 to 7 or 1 to 9 are often used to estimate where each person falls along the continuous line that goes from \" i really only know one language \" to \" i am one of those rare people who feels equally at home in two languages, no matter what the task or topic \". for speaking, hearing, reading, and writing, most of us are at slightly different levels of ability, in each of the languages we know. for this essay - and the discussions i hope it will spark - let ' s think of bilingualism as being a continuum. we don ' t divide the world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5183873257287651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aeb48d-5fb0-4aba-96b1-8b69dd3d8ea7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.524806"}
{"text": "of us are at slightly different levels of ability, in each of the languages we know. for this essay - and the discussions i hope it will spark - let ' s think of bilingualism as being a continuum. we don ' t divide the world into tall people and short people. there is no rational cut - off to separate \" tall \" from \" short \". same thing for \" bilingual \" and \" unilingual \". everyone is at some point along the line that goes from strongly unilingual to very, very bilingual. with a broad definition of bilingualism, some authors estimate that there are at least as many people in the world who need to use two or more languages in their daily lives as there are people who can only function in one language ( see, for example, bhatia & ritchie, 2006 ). we cannot make precise estimates unless we first define what levels of bilingualism are included or excluded from the count ( and where to divide dialects from languages ). mystery 2 : is the incidence of stuttering the same in different languages? there are studies of the incidence of stuttering in different countries. some authors use these studies to say things like \" the incidence of stuttering is higher in country x than in country y \". but, if each study used different ways of sampling and different ways of determining who stutters, it is not valid to compare across studies. for example, from one study to the next, different methods were used in deciding who is stuttering : parent reports? teachers in schools or day care centres? parents remembering what the child was like 5 or 10 years ago? there are also differences in what counts as stuttering : only for a few months at age 3? only people who stuttered for more than a year? only those who reach a given level of severity? when people see these reports, they often speculate about why the incidence figures seem to be different ( ignoring the differences in how the estimates were reached ), often using their favourite aspect of stuttering as the explanation. thus, we see explanations like : 1 ) \" there is more stuttering in country x than in country y because the grammar of the language spoken in country x makes greater demands on memory.... \" the complexity of a language might be relevant, in some subtle ways including the location of moments of stuttering within a sentence. concluding that the language itself influences the number of people who stutter requires a huge, dangerous leap of logic. there are other possible explanations that have to be ruled out before we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5406738894871392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aeb48d-5fb0-4aba-96b1-8b69dd3d8ea7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.525721"}
{"text": "some subtle ways including the location of moments of stuttering within a sentence. concluding that the language itself influences the number of people who stutter requires a huge, dangerous leap of logic. there are other possible explanations that have to be ruled out before we can select one of them and reject the others. 2 ) \" there is more stuttering in _ _ _ because that culture views speaking well as very important and the pressure to speak well makes people stutter \". this explanation now seems very unlikely, given what we know about the causes of stuttering. now that we understand the importance of genetics and the inherited nature of stuttering for many people, it seems logical to ask whether, in some ethnic groups, more people carry the genes that make them vulnerable to stuttering than is the case in other ethnic groups. perhaps the genetic pool, not cultural or linguistic features, has the strongest influence on the incidence of stuttering. or, more likely, perhaps several causal factors contribute, interacting with each others in ways we do not yet understand. the only way we will ever know if the incidence of stuttering varies across languages or countries is to do international, collaborative studies where the same rigourous methods are used in everywhere then we can propose explanations for the similar or differing rates of stuttering in different languages and / or countries. mystery 3 : does speaking more than one language increase the risk of a child stuttering? many people think it does. for the general public, it seems logical. sometimes people reason this way : 1 ) speaking two languages is hard. 2 ) for children who stutter, speaking is hard. 3 ) therefore, children who stutter ( or those who are at risk of developing stuttering, because of a known family history ) should not be expected to learn two languages. in the research on stuttering, the demands and capacities model of stuttering seems to apply here. but is it \" hard \" to learn two languages or is this a myth? if learning two languages as a young child is neurologically or cognitively strenuous, why is it that tens of millions of children do so successfully? are their brains slightly stressed if they have to sort out two languages during the best language - learning years in childhood? most of the research on bilingualism says \" no \". however, bilingualism is seen as something very positive by most people who do research on it, and most studies are designed to detect advantages and not problems associated with bilingualism. also, this research is based on children with no speech or language problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49897510580131255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aeb48d-5fb0-4aba-96b1-8b69dd3d8ea7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.526740"}
{"text": ". however, bilingualism is seen as something very positive by most people who do research on it, and most studies are designed to detect advantages and not problems associated with bilingualism. also, this research is based on children with no speech or language problems. in children with a genetic vulnerability to stuttering, is learning two sets of words and grammar rules, and two sets of speech sounds harder than it is for children without this vulnerability? if learning two languages as a child is much harder than learning one, is it all potentially bilingual children or only a sub - group of those who might be at risk for stuttering? how should we interpret the recent and somewhat controversial study by howell, davis and williams ( 2009 ) that found a higher incidence of stuttering in children if they began learning english ( the language of their new country? before age 5? were there other reasons for the finding that children who learned english before starting school were more likely to stutter than those who reportedly began learning english when they began school in london, england? ( see packman, et al, 2009 letter to the editor and howell et al. ' s reply. ) there are four other, older studies that have led some people to conclude that bilingualism is too great a strain for children who stutter. in each case, these studies have serious flaws that make it impossible to draw any conclusions from them. travis, johnson and shover ( 1937 ) asked people with no training in communication disorders ( such as priests and steel company personnel directors ) to talk to young children and classify them as stuttering or not stuttering based on one interview. stern ( 1948 ) interviewed children if their parents reported that they stuttered. in both these studies, we have little information about the type of speech sample obtained, how long it was or how the disfluencies were counted. applying current standards to these studies, they would not be accepted for publication. dale ( 1977 ) reported that four cuban - american teenagers reported feeling that being made to speak their weaker language made them more disfluent. most bilinguals have a stronger and a weaker language. for these teens, their first language - spanish - was their weaker language, since so much of their lives at school and with friends took place in english, their second language. this study \" blames \" bilingualism. but we have no information about real disfluency rates across different situations, and dale does not distinguish between normal disfluencies and tense, stuttered disfluencies. there are studies showing that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5170348637551467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aeb48d-5fb0-4aba-96b1-8b69dd3d8ea7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.528749"}
{"text": "study \" blames \" bilingualism. but we have no information about real disfluency rates across different situations, and dale does not distinguish between normal disfluencies and tense, stuttered disfluencies. there are studies showing that, in adults, the memory load of speaking in their weaker language may lead to a higher number of normal disfluencies ( ums, uh ' s, revisions ) in the weaker language than in the preferred language ( e. g., fehringer & fry, 2007 ). perhaps that is all that was happening in this study. dale offers no data to support the notion that any of the four adolescents, in fact, stuttered. karniol ( 1992 ) described how stuttering appeared to increase and decrease in a young boy whose environment included exposure to various levels of english, hebrew, and hungarian during an extremely tense time that included a war going on around him. with the information provided, we cannot tell what his real level of exposure to each language was ( siblings, friends, parents etc. ) and whether his parents ' attempts to expose him to only hebrew had any impact on what is described as a recovery from stuttering. the parents ' diaries cover a period of approximately one year ( age 2 to age 3 ) when the boy was in the age group where the chances of spontaneous recovery from stuttering are very, very high. there is ( still ) no clinical research to support the strategy of removing one language from a child ' s environment. recent reviews of the literature do not find support for doing this routinely for all children ( e. g., bernstein ratner, 2004 ; roberts & shenker, 2007 ; van borsel, maes & foulon, 2001 ). some clinicians do this, however, if they work in a demands and capacities framework or if the child also has delayed language and / or problems learning the speech sounds of his / her language. until there is solid evidence on the impact of bilingualism in young children ( i. e. a series of studies, done by different authors, ideally on different types of speakers and different pairs of languages ), each clinician is left to try a particular strategy and assess its impact on a case by case basis. mystery 4 : do some bilingual people stutter in only one language? as of 2010, i am still not aware of any documented case of this occurring. like the loch ness monster, there are reported sightings from time to time, but no real proof that this is possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5043607165569716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aeb48d-5fb0-4aba-96b1-8b69dd3d8ea7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.529670"}
{"text": "people stutter in only one language? as of 2010, i am still not aware of any documented case of this occurring. like the loch ness monster, there are reported sightings from time to time, but no real proof that this is possible. in my years working with bilingual adults who stutter, i never assessed or treated a case of \" unilingual stuttering \". ( note : if you know of someone who stutters in only one of their two ( or more ) languages, i would be interested in exploring this with you. just because there are no documented cases does not mean that it never occurs! ) nonetheless, given the roles of genetics and motor processes in stuttering, it is highly unlikely that someone would stutter in only one of their languages. van riper ( 1971 ) cites second - and third - hand reports of two people reported to stutter in only one of their two languages, but offers no data. howell, davis and williams ( 2009 ) report that 2 of the 38 children in their bilingual group stuttered in only one language, but there is no supporting data about the rates of disfluencies, or the level of proficiency in each language and the children were not assessed using a range of speaking tasks. roberts and shenker ( 2007, table 1 ) outlined the steps that would be required to show that someone with a working knowledge of two languages stutters in only one language. sometimes, when someone appears to stutter in only one language it could be for one or more of the following reasons : there are more and more studies about stuttering in different languages and some studies ( and soon, a new book edited by howell and van borsel ) that focus specifically on stuttering in bilingual speakers. this is a very welcome change. ten or fifteen years ago, there was little awareness that bilingual stuttering was a topic that needed exploring. perhaps in a future isad forum, there will be articles about the answers to the questions raised in this one. bernstein ratner, n. ( 2004 ). fluency and stuttering in bilingual children. in b. goldstein ( ed. ) bilingual language development and disorders in spanish - english speakers ( pp. 287 - 308 ). baltimore : paul h. brookes. bhatia, t. k., & ritchie, w. c. ( 2006 ). introduction. in t. k. bhatia & w. c. ritchie ( eds. ) the handbook of bilingualism ( pp. 1 - 2 ), oxford : blackwell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46910235353869234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aeb48d-5fb0-4aba-96b1-8b69dd3d8ea7>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.530527"}
{"text": "k., & ritchie, w. c. ( 2006 ). introduction. in t. k. bhatia & w. c. ritchie ( eds. ) the handbook of bilingualism ( pp. 1 - 2 ), oxford : blackwell publishing. dale, p. ( 1977 ). factors relating to disfluent speech in bilingual cuban - american adolescents. journal of fluency disorders, 2, 311 - 314. fehringer, c., & fry, c. ( 2007 ). hesitation phenomena in the language production of bilingual speakers. folia linguistica, 41, 37 - 72. howell, p., davis, s. williams, r. ( 2009 ). the effects of bilingualism on stuttering during late childhood. archives of disease in childhood, 94, 42 - 46 karniol, r. ( 1992 ). stuttering out of bilingualism. first language, 12, 255 - 283. packman, a., onslow, m., reilly, s. et al. ( 2009 ). stuttering and bilingualism. archives of disease in childhood, 94, 248. ( a letter to the editor re the howell, davis and williams study ) roberts, p. m. & shenker, r. c. ( 2007 ). assessment and treatment of stuttering in bilingual speakers. in r. f. curlee & e. g. conture ( eds ). stuttering and related disorders of fluency 3rd edition ( pp. 183 - 209 ). new york : thieme medical publishers. stern, e. ( 1948 ). a preliminary study of bilingualism and stuttering in four johannesburg schools. journal of logopedics, 1, 15 - 25. travis, l. e., johnson, w., & shover, j. ( 1937 ). the relation of bilingualism to stuttering : a survey in the east chicago, indiana, schools. journal of speech disorders, 12, 185 - 189. van borsel, j. maes, e., & foulon, s. ( 2001 ). stuttering and bilingualism : a review. journal of fluency disorders, 26, 179 - 205.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5061136304188067, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aeb48d-5fb0-4aba-96b1-8b69dd3d8ea7>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.531170"}
{"text": "as america ' s independence was being declared in philadelphia in l776, padre francisco garces trekked through the mojave area, leaving traces of his visit at willow springs, near rosamond, and on castle butte, near california city. garces was followed by famous pathfinders like jedediah smith, in 1827, john c. fremont, kit carson and wyatt earp. many of these visitors, including a group from the ill - fated manly - jayhawker party, used the midland trail, which roughly parallels highway 14 north of town. wagon trails to the panamint mines were established by men like m. m. belshaw and others who are remembered in many local street names. mojave was established in 1876 when the southern pacific railroad laid out the original plat for a town on its line between los angeles and san francisco over nearby tehachapi pass. the first passenger train arrived august 8, 1876, which is celebrated as mojave ' s birthday. chinese coolies built a line from mojave to needles, california, on the colorado river, reaching the arizona border in 1883. that line was sold to the santa fe railway in 1898, granting that railroad trackage rights over tehachapi pass. today the southern pacific is now part of the union pacific railroad, while santa fe is now part of the giant burlington northern santa fe. the up ' s lone pine branch, which runs north out of mojave, was built by southern pacific in 1910 to aid in constructing the los angeles aqueduct. the line connected with the carson and colorado narrow gauge railroad at owenyo, providing, for a time, a direct rail link between los angeles and the southern pacific ' s overland route over donner summit. the lone pine branch now carries coal to and potash products from the trona railway connection at searles station, between randsburg and ridgecrest. another rail line, the oak creek branch, runs west from mojave to the california portland cement plant at creal, carrying coal up and cement back. mojave ' s flimsy buildings were destroyed by fire several times over the next century, most spectacularly in 1884 when 90 cases of powder in the railroad depot exploded with a bang heard 25 miles away. gold was discovered in 1894 on soledad mountain and at other nearby locations, spwning mines with colorful names like elephant - eagle, asher, yellow dog and golden queen. mojave ' s history of providing hospitality to weary travelers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3941129674924632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d83f2774-5678-4729-815f-4f1fb6c311aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.534763"}
{"text": "miles away. gold was discovered in 1894 on soledad mountain and at other nearby locations, spwning mines with colorful names like elephant - eagle, asher, yellow dog and golden queen. mojave ' s history of providing hospitality to weary travelers, a tradition that continues to this day, began with the opening of the morrissey hotel in 1876. the famous fred harvey organization operated a \" harvey house, \" in the old two - story railroad depot, complete with a contingent of \" harvey girls \" serving delicious meals to travelers and miners. borax played a role in mojave ' s history, especially between 1884 and 1889 when the famous 20 - mule team wagons hauled borax between mines in death valley and the railroad in mojave, a 160 mile, 15 - day trip. a monument on sierra highway in front of the kentucky fried chicken store honors the spot where the wagons unloaded. the huge wagons, which can be seen at death valley and in nearby boron, were built by j. w. s. perry on land at the southeast corner of k and nadeau streets, the present location of don ' s oil changers. perry charged $ 900 each for his wagons. cement production began in the area in 1908 to provide cement for the los angeles aqueduct. the plant has been modernized over the years and is operated today by calaveras cement. california portland cement built the creal plant west of mojave in 1955. the plant is one of the world ' s most modern. several small airports were built in the mojave area over the years, including meyer field behind the homes along barstow road. mojave airport began life in 1942 when a naval air station was built on the present site on the east side of town. during world war ii the field trained thousands of navy and marine pilots for combat, using sbd dive bombers and f4u corsairs. decommissioned after the war, the field was reborn to again train pilots for the korean conflict. closed again in 1959, the airport entered its third life in 1972 with formation of the mojave ( now east kern ) airport district. jump to the mojave airport page for more information on this facility, home of the national test pilot school, burt rutan ' s scaled composites, xcor aerospace and voyager, the first aircraft to circumnavigate the globe without refueling. mojave ' s rich past is prelude to the history that continues to be made on the land and in the air -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39485606980726934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d83f2774-5678-4729-815f-4f1fb6c311aa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.535606"}
{"text": "memory loss ( amnesia ) is unusual forgetfulness. you may not be able to remember new events, recall one or more memories of the past, or both. forgetfulness ; amnesia ; impaired memory ; loss of memory ; amnestic syndrome normal aging may cause some forgetfullness. it ' s normal to have some trouble learning new material, or needing more time to remember it. however, normal aging does not lead to dramatic memory loss. such memory loss is due to other diseases. sometimes, memory loss may be seen with depression. it can be hard to tell the difference between memory loss and confusion due to depression. some types of memory loss may cause you to forget recent or new events, past or remote events, or both. you may forget memories from a single event, or all events. memory loss may cause you to have trouble learning new information or forming new memories. the memory loss may be temporary ( transient ), or permanent. memory loss can be caused by many different things. to determine a cause, your doctor or nurse will ask if the problem came on suddenly or slowly. many areas of the brain help you create and retrieve memories. a problem in any of these areas can lead to memory loss. causes of memory loss include : alcohol or use of illicit drugs not enough oxygen to the brain ( heart stopped, stopped breathing, complications from anesthesia ) brain growths ( caused by tumors or infection ) brain infections such as lyme disease, syphilis, or hiv / aids a person with memory loss needs a lot of support. it helps to show them familiar objects, music, or photos. write down when the person should take any medication or complete any other important tasks. it is important to write it down. if a person needs help with everyday tasks, or safety or nutrition is a concern, you may want to consider extended care facilities, such as a nursing home. what to expect at your health care provider ' s office the doctor or nurse will perform a physical exam and ask questions about the person ' s medical history and symptoms. this will almost always include asking questions of family members and friends. they should come to the appointment. medical history questions may include : can the person remember recent events ( is there impaired short - term memory )? can the person remember events from further in the past ( is there impaired long - term memory )? is there a loss of memory about events that occurred before a specific experience ( anterograde amnesia )? is there a loss of memory about events that occurred soon after a specific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.511364675814886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ecf636a-7368-4a97-934c-f395ff5fd3cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.540310"}
{"text": "from further in the past ( is there impaired long - term memory )? is there a loss of memory about events that occurred before a specific experience ( anterograde amnesia )? is there a loss of memory about events that occurred soon after a specific experience ( retrograde amnesia )? is there only a minimal loss of memory? does the person make up stories to cover gaps in memory ( confabulation )? is the person suffering from low moods that impair concentration? has the memory loss been getting worse over years? has the memory loss been developing over weeks or months? is the memory loss present all the time or are there distinct episodes of amnesia? if there are amnesia episodes, how long do they last? aggravating or triggering factors has there been a head injury in the recent past? has the person experienced an event that was emotionally traumatic? has there been a surgery or procedure requiring general anesthesia? does the person use alcohol? how much? does the person use illegal / illicit drugs? how much? what type? what other symptoms does the person have? is the person confused or disoriented? can they independently eat, dress, and perform similar self - care activities? have they had seizures? tests that may be done include : blood tests for specific diseases that are suspected ( such as low vitamin b12 or thyroid disease ) kirshner hs. approaches to intellectual and memory impairments. in : gradley wg, daroff rb, fenichel gm, jankovic j, eds. neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : butterworth - heinemann ; 2008 : chap 6. luc jasmin, md, phd, department of neurosurgery at cedars - sinai medical center, los angeles, and department of anatomy at ucsf, san francisco, ca. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., health solutions, ebix, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4747425651457785, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ecf636a-7368-4a97-934c-f395ff5fd3cf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.541073"}
{"text": "with a deer, you would never grab the bull by the horns. for a few good reasons : male deer are not called bulls, they are bucks, and they do not have horns, only antlers. antlers and horns are two distinctly different accessories. horns are hollow and are held atop the head of members of the bovid family. bovids include cows, sheep, bison and goats. horns grow continuously year - round and are covered in keratin. they do not usually branch and are found on both male and female bovids. antlers, on the other hand, are temporary bones found on the heads of members of the cervid family. cervids include deer, moose, elk, caribou and others. antlers are temporary, often branching structures, growing generally on males for only part of the year. after eight months of growth and development, antlers will drop off the animal \u2019 s head. these cranial appendages are covered with a soft skin called velvet, which supplies blood, oxygen and nutrients to the growing antler bone. it is this velvet that will be rubbed against trees during mating, or rutting season in december. it is not only form, but function that is different for these two toppers. horns mainly protect the skull, while antlers are for communicating, to establish dominance, and for seducing members of the opposite sex. seduction is accomplished by the antlers because the velvet covering and the animal \u2019 s head contain the highest concentration of oil and scent - producing glands that will attract the fairer sex. size matters when it comes to antlers. bigger is better \u2014 a nice rack can be up to nine pounds and spread to 25 inches wide! the ladies, or does, will notice a sizable rack, which is the result of a combination of factors, including good nutrition, age and genetics. bucks are headstrong and will challenge each other, engaging in shoving matches to impress the girls and dissuade the competition. it is interesting to imagine the growth process of antlers, which start as nubs, grow to substantial size, and then fall off. spring starts the antler growth cycle again. in april, longer days stimulate a buck \u2019 s hormones and his antlers will begin to develop. antlers are the fastest growing bone known to science, increasing up to a half an inch per day. contrast this with human hair, which takes a month to grown that same half inch. antlers will grow until early fall, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41971606625106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:733b14f4-a209-493e-a69a-c2d84d6ccfc5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.548019"}
{"text": "to develop. antlers are the fastest growing bone known to science, increasing up to a half an inch per day. contrast this with human hair, which takes a month to grown that same half inch. antlers will grow until early fall, then the bone will die and the velvet dries up and falls or is rubbed off. finally, the antlers will be dropped or shed. now is the time for \u201c shed, \u201d or antler hunting, a sport that requires no weapon. on - island, of the cervids, one only finds deer so one only finds deer antlers, and only if you are lucky. mid - december through mid - february is the time to look for shed antlers. don \u2019 t be surprised if you don \u2019 t find any. antlers, no matter how large, disappear quickly. they are speedily consumed by rodents, rabbits, squirrels and other animals that crave their high calcium and phosphorus and have the right incisor teeth to chew the tough bone. if you are fortunate and find an antler, look for teeth marks and evidence of nibbles. antler \u2019 s hard bone has been used for needles, weapons, arrowheads and even harpoons. in the 18th century, french naturalist georges louis leclerc de buffon hypothesized that antlers were made of vegetable matter or wood, which caused his doubters to raise questions about how antlers were attached to the deer \u2019 s head. luckily, french zoologist georges cuvier ascertained their true nature a few years later. antler shape varies from animal to animal. they can be categorized as typical or nontypical and can have tines or points. typical antlers are symmetrical and shoot up evenly from a beam, while a nontypical antler is asymmetrical with points or tines shooting out at different angles. antlers are a victory of form and strength, though they are heavy to haul around and cumbersome to carry. and while the well - endowed buck will likely get the girl, he will also have to contend with the ever present possibility that with his colossal crown, he could end up a terrific trophy. suzan bellincampi is director of the felix neck wildlife sanctuary in edgartown.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42005609538460265, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:733b14f4-a209-493e-a69a-c2d84d6ccfc5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.548836"}
{"text": "to really do justice to the entire world of traditional japanese kites would take a larger website than this one! each different region in the country, called a prefecture, tended to come up with it ' s own designs. this all happened during the edo period from the early 1600s to the mid 1800s. the kites ' names often refer to objects, folk heroes or creatures. besides the variety in decoration, it ' s amazing how unique japanese kites are in terms of overall design. that is, the shape of the frame and sails. quaintly, the japanese refer to the frame as the bones of the kite! the big majority of them were, and in some cases still are, made from split bamboo for the spars and washi paper for the sails. washi might just be paper, but this hand - made mulberry - based product it is very strong and ideal for kites - as long as you don ' t get it wet! i ' m just going to focus on a couple of designs which have been much copied or adapted in the west. you are likely to see at least one of these types at any large kite festival around the world! apart from these 2 designs, i wouldn ' t be surprised if other traditional japanese kites have been copied too, from time to time. the shape of the sode dako looks somewhat like a japanese kimono laid flat. in fact, ' sode ' means ' sleeves of a kimono '. photo courtesy of schnitzgeli. like some other japanese kites, and many other asian designs too, this one lends itself to having a ' hummer ' strung across the upper horizontal spar. the hummer makes musical noises when aloft in fresh breezes. this feature doesn ' t seem to have been copied in the west though. traditionally, sodes were built and flown to celebrate the birth of a son, and to ensure his future happiness and health. in general, the larger japanese kites need more complex bridle lines. at the small end of the scale, i ' ve seen a child ' s paper sode with no bridle at all - just a hole over the vertical spar allowing the flying line to be tied on directly! larger sodes would work well with a 4 - point bridle, with 2 lines from each horizontal spar. this helps to relieve the stress at the center of the horizontal spars, in fresher winds. most of the biggest sodes seem to have 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4779750042909049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e22a7b13-d119-4a61-89e7-dde811539ad8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.554369"}
{"text": "work well with a 4 - point bridle, with 2 lines from each horizontal spar. this helps to relieve the stress at the center of the horizontal spars, in fresher winds. most of the biggest sodes seem to have 6 - point bridles. that is, lines run from the center and each tip of both horizontal spars. this gives even more rigidity, allowing for the use of even lighter spars than would otherwise be possible. more rigidity also helps the kite to cope with stronger winds. this example of a modern sode kite is by janneke groen, who is well known for her artistic sode kites. she specializes in applique and patchwork techniques. janneke, who comes from the netherlands has been putting her eye - catching flying works of art on show at kite festivals since the 1990s. it was at one of these festivals that roy reed took the picture opposite. modern japanese kites like this one usually employ fiberglass or carbon fiber rods for spars, and use rip - stop nylon for the sails. the 4 narrow tails on this particular design help to keep it stable. however, i suspect they are very much a part of the kite ' s artistic concept! photo by roy reed. an interesting addition is the bracing of the upper horizontal spar which i presume is there to improve the flying characteristics of the kite. that ' s the line going out from the nose to the tips. with a bit of ingenuity i guess it could be made to double as a pair of hummers! tuned to 2 different notes perhaps... being a decent sized kite, janneke has chosen to go with the full 6 - point bridle. the bridle lines are clearly visible in the photo, and the bridle appears to be very long. usually, with this kind of bridle, the 2 groups of three lines reduce to just 2 lines before being connected to the flying line itself. here ' s our own sode design, which you can make for yourself... photo courtesy of jeff attaway. this design is so named because it originated in the region of sanjo. it ' s more commonly referred to as the rokkaku. many non - japanese abbreviate the name even further to just ' rok '. the interesting thing about this design is how popular it has become in the west. there ' s an example of a non - traditional rok up there in the photo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4401457851255955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e22a7b13-d119-4a61-89e7-dde811539ad8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.555251"}
{"text": "- japanese abbreviate the name even further to just ' rok '. the interesting thing about this design is how popular it has become in the west. there ' s an example of a non - traditional rok up there in the photo. the traditional japanese kites were actually fighters, where people would try to knock each other out of the air by various devious means. kite battles with the rokkaku are still organized from time to time, all over the world.. in the west, versions of this kite are constructed with more modern materials, and when organized battles take place, the rules are different. when it comes to bridling, there are some similarities to the sode. bridle lines are attached to various points along each horizontal spar. a common arrangement on these japanese kites is the 4 - point bridle which just has 2 lines on each horizontal spar. the next step up would be the 6 - point bridle as used on the big sodes. in the case of the largest roks flying in fresh wind, an extra line may even be attached to the vertical spar, at the very center. this prevents the vertical spar from bending under extreme air pressure. some commercially available kites have names. like the one in the picture on the left, the loondance. how ' s that for an elaborate design! this modern rok is screen - printed by hand, which still takes some time due to the number of colors. other larger designs by this same company are hand - painted, which would add even more hours. not to mention $ s! at about 1. 5 meters tall ( 60 inches ), this is a medium sized rok. thanks to boreal kites, of www. gothicdesign. ca, for permission to show that photo. the materials are not exactly run - of - the - mill. the sail fabric is 3 / 4 oz. contender nylite, which i presume is a specialty nylon cloth, while the spars are spiral - wound epoxy tubing. sounds exotic! according to the makers, this rok likes winds of around 10 kph ( 6 mph ), but can be adjusted to fly in much stronger breezes. the photo shows a standard 4 - point bridle being used. here ' s our own rokkaku design, which you can make for yourself... if you would like a real insight into the world of traditional japanese kites, perhaps the ultimate experience would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46271644292112757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e22a7b13-d119-4a61-89e7-dde811539ad8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.556089"}
{"text": "standard 4 - point bridle being used. here ' s our own rokkaku design, which you can make for yourself... if you would like a real insight into the world of traditional japanese kites, perhaps the ultimate experience would be to visit the kite museum in tokyo! although there are only 3 rooms, they are crammed with approximately 3000 kites. these cover virtually every region of japan. apparently, the aroma of bamboo fills the air in this small but remarkable museum. mmm, can ' t say my bamboo skewer spars smell like much, but then they are probably processed to death... it ' s possible to buy japanese kites from the museum. they have small and relatively inexpensive souvenir kites made from bamboo and paper. however, if you have money to burn, you could splash out on something bigger and even more exquisite, made by master craftsmen! the museum is a 10 - minute walk from the yaesu central exit of the tokyo station ( japan railways ), or a 1 - minute walk from the c5 exit of the nihonbashi subway station. the museum ' s address is : taimeiken restaurant ( 5th floor ), 1 - 12 - 10 nihonbashi, chuoh - ku, tokyo 103 - 0027 never made a kite? child wants one? check out the... mbk beginner e - course watch it fly! a closer view make all the dowel kites, including the one above... the ultimate kite - making resource, and naturally much better value... are the e - books good? find out by trying... ' simplest dowel kites ' ( wait for cover page to appear )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4621997892010329, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e22a7b13-d119-4a61-89e7-dde811539ad8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.556671"}
{"text": "too many of our young people are caught up in conflicts every day that they do not know how to manage - - teasing, jealousy, and physical aggression. juvenile delinquency and violence are symptoms of youth ' s inability to manage conflict in their lives. teaching youth how to manage conflict in a productive way can help reduce incidents of violent behavior. conflict resolution education is a beneficial component of a comprehensive violence prevention and intervention program in schools and communities. conflict resolution education encompasses problem solving in which the parties in dispute express their points of view, voice their interests, and find mutually acceptable solutions. conflict resolution education programs help the parties recognize that while conflict happens all the time, people can learn new skills to deal with conflict in nonviolent ways. the programs that appear to be most effective are comprehensive and involve multiple components such as the problem - solving processes and principles of conflict resolution, the basics of effective communication and listening, critical and creative thinking, and an emphasis on personal responsibility and self - discipline. effective conflict resolution education programs can : four common strategies for approaching conflict resolution experts identify four school - based conflict resolution strategies that can be replicated in other settings. these are commonly referred to as : ( 1 ) peer mediation, ( 2 ) process curriculum, ( 3 ) peaceable classrooms, and ( 4 ) peaceable schools. in all four approaches, conflict resolution education is viewed as giving youth nonviolent tools to deal with daily conflicts that can lead to self - destructive and violent behaviors. it is up to each local school district to decide how conflict resolution education will be integrated into its overall educational environment. the expectation is that when youth learn to recognize and constructively address what takes place before conflict or differences lead to violence, the incidence and intensity of that situation will diminish. the program examples provided below empower young people with the processes and skills of conflict resolution. however, youth need to know that conflict resolution does not take precedence over adult responsibility to provide the final word in a variety of circumstances or situations. conflict resolution has a place in the home, school, and community, but it can only supplement, not supplant, adult authority. 1 ) peer mediation approach recognizing the importance of directly involving youth in conflict resolution, many schools and communities are using the peer mediation approach. under this approach, specially trained student mediators work with their peers to resolve conflicts. mediation programs reduce the use of traditional disciplinary actions such as suspension, detention, and expulsion ; encourage effective problem solving ; decrease the need for teacher involvement in student conflicts ; and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4743222429228125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2117d9f1-3399-4b6a-929c-55e15ad30135>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.563154"}
{"text": "this approach, specially trained student mediators work with their peers to resolve conflicts. mediation programs reduce the use of traditional disciplinary actions such as suspension, detention, and expulsion ; encourage effective problem solving ; decrease the need for teacher involvement in student conflicts ; and improve school climate. an example of a peer mediation program is we can work it out, developed by the national institute for citizenship education in the law and the national crime prevention council. the program promotes mediation, negotiation, or other non - litigating methods as strategies to settle unresolved confrontations and fighting. one albuquerque elementary school principal reported, \" we were having 100 to 150 fights every month on the playground before we started the new mexico center for dispute resolution ' s mediation in the schools program. by the end of the school year, we were having maybe 10 ( fights ). \" other elementary schools using the same peer mediation approach to conflict resolution education reported that playground fighting had been reduced to such an extent that peer mediators found themselves out of a job. process curriculum approach teachers who devote a specific time - - a separate course, a distinct curriculum, or a daily lesson - - to the principles, foundation abilities, and problem - solving processes of conflict resolution are implementing the process curriculum approach. the program for young negotiators, based on the harvard negotiation project, is representative of this approach. participating students, teachers, and administrators are taught how to use principled negotiation to achieve goals and resolve disputes. this type of negotiation helps disputants envision scenarios and generate options for achieving results that satisfy both sides. in a north carolina middle school with more than 700 students, conflict resolution education was initiated. the school used the peace foundation ' s fighting fair curriculum and a combination of components from various conflict resolution projects. after a school year, in - school suspensions decreased from 52 to 30 incidents ( a 42 - percent decrease ), and out - of - school suspensions decreased from 40 incidents to 1 ( a 97 - percent decrease ). peaceable classroom approach the peaceable classroom approach integrates conflict resolution into the curriculum and daily management of the classroom. it uses the instructional methods of cooperative learning and \" academic controversy. \" the educators for social responsibility curriculum, making choices about conflict, security, and peacemaking, is a peaceable classroom approach to conflict resolution. the program shows teachers how to integrate conflict resolution into the curriculum, classroom management, and discipline practices. it emphasizes opportunities to practice cooperation, appreciation of diversity, and caring and effective communication. generally, peaceable classrooms are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5010019565580286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2117d9f1-3399-4b6a-929c-55e15ad30135>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.564125"}
{"text": "china service medal the china service medal was a relatively early entry into the hallowed halls of the medals of america when it was created by an act of congress in august of 1940. these us military medals were established to honor us navy, marine corps, and coast guard personnel who served ashore in china or were attached to vessels that operated in support of operations in china either between july 1937 and september of 1939, or between september of 1945 and april of 1957. regulations permitted the wearing of a bronze service star on these military medals and ribbons if a service member had performed duty during both periods of eligibility. these navy medals are now considered obsolete, and are no longer issued by the us navy. however, they can still be worn by navy personnel who earned them during that period. these navy, coast guard and marine corps ribbons and medals are worn in the position directly below the navy expeditionary medal, the marine corps expeditionary medal and the coast guard \u2019 s medal for humane action ; and are worn directly above the national defense service medal in the general order of precedence that has been established for the proper display of all navy, marine corps and coast guard military ribbons and medals. the china service medal is generally available as navy, marine corps, and coast guard decorations in the form of military medals, ribbons, and lapel pins. they can be worn as traditional slide - on medals, mini medals, and ribbons. while traditionalist may still prefer to purchase the traditional slide - on full size military medals, mini - medals, and slide - on military ribbons ; the newer thin mini - medals, and ultra thin military ribbons commercial suppliers now provide have become extremely popular among up and coming military personnel who know how important it is to their career advancement to always maximize the neatness and smartness of their uniform appearance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4324601461647225, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:195f886c-5b11-4521-99b1-e67e4e0bd7be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.567047"}
{"text": "a breed apart : : the \" pit bull \" debunked by lauren jones wenzel | the term \u201c pit bull \u201d refers not to a single breed but a group of breeds, including the american pit bull terrier, american staffordshire terrier, the staffordshire bull terrier, among others. most originated from pairings of the ancestors we now call the olde english bulldogge and terriers. their breeders wanted to merge the muscular body and tenacity of the bulldog with the agility and \u201c gameness \u201d of terriers. | originally bred for blood sports like bull - and bear - baiting in europe and north america, these dogs were trained to attack and immobilize the agitated animal and so were favored for their large, strong jaws and muscular necks and shoulders. when these sports were outlawed in the early 1800s, people began fighting the dogs, a sport more easily concealed from the authorities. since then, their bad reputation, much inflated by the media, has made them the target of unfair discrimination, breed specific legislation ( breed banning ) and, thanks to their \u201c tough dog \u201d image, a favorite dog in the more illegal enterprises. | the truth is that this highly intelligent, energetic, affectionate breed loves people. pit bulls were prized as wonderful family dogs in years past. in fact, they once had the moniker of \u201c nanny dog \u201d because of their wonderful demeanor with children. | most experts agree that today \u2019 s pit bull is a short - coated dog characterized by a wide skull, powerful jaws and a muscular, stocky body. but there is great variation in the pit bull \u2019 s appearance. typically 35 to 65 pounds, some weigh as little as 25 pounds, while others tip the scales at 80 pounds or more. while some have bulkier frames and colossal skulls, others have leaner, more muscular bodies. all are strong and athletic. with their impressive stamina and staunch work ethic, pit bulls enjoy a variety of sports such as agility, disc dog competitions, flyball, freestyle and competitive obedience. they often excel in weight - pulling contests and schutzhund. pit bulls are typically very friendly, even with strangers. they love people and thrive on attention and affection. because of their terrier bloodlines, pit bulls have a high prey drive, meaning they will frequently chase and grab small animals. since most terriers were bred for eradicating small rodents, pit bulls have a tendency to not get along with other animals, including dogs. this makes their early socialization with other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45804084610430196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15228cb7-e80c-4164-b2fc-b8e0fed9705b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.570364"}
{"text": "prey drive, meaning they will frequently chase and grab small animals. since most terriers were bred for eradicating small rodents, pit bulls have a tendency to not get along with other animals, including dogs. this makes their early socialization with other animals especially important. pit bulls also have a tendency to be easily aroused or over - excited and, once riled, it can be difficult for them to calm down, so adequate exercise and training are a must with these dogs. they are not the best choice for the first - time dog owner due to their strength and high energy level and, for the more rambunctious dogs, homes with older children are advised due to their energy and strength. because of their unfortunate reputation, owning a pit bull can be a greater responsibility than owning another breed. it is important that they be well - trained and socialized so they can be good ambassadors for their group. yet, those dog guardians ready for the challenge and effort of pit bull ownership will find it to be one of the most loyal, loving, and wonderful companions on four legs. | did you know that helen keller, the famous blind and deaf author, activist, and lecturer of the early 1900s, owned a pit bull? or that petey from the popular series of the 1920s and 1930s, the little rascals, was also a pit bull? and during world war i and world war ii, pit bulls were frequently used to carry messages on the battlefield. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40941062654357663, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:15228cb7-e80c-4164-b2fc-b8e0fed9705b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.570906"}
{"text": "reform in spanish education : the institucion libre de ensenanza by noel m. valis paper presented to thomas woody society, university of pennsylvania, january 26, 1977 this document examines the development and influence of the free institute of education ( institucion libre de ensenanza ) and of its founder, don francisco giner de los rios, in late nineteenth century spain. founded in 1876 against a background of repression and reimposition of state - controlled education during the bourbon restoration the institute was a private institution free of church and state. its intent was to create an alternative to the higher education system of official spain, but due to financial problems, it evolved into an institution of primary and secondary education. subject matter included traditional, state - required subjects, but also anthropology, technology, social sciences, economics, art, drawing, singing, and handwork - - all generally neglected in state - and church - run schools. most radical were the innovations in art and physical education ( stressing free inquiry, observation, and spontaneous criticism in the former, and development of the whole person in the latter ) and in the institution of field trips, hiking, and nature observation. the use of textbooks was discouraged as much as possible, and examinations were regarded as producing mostly negative results. emphasis was placed instead upon the creation of student notebooks that reflected the pupil ' s judgment and synthesis of materials. don francisco borrowed much from the french and english forms of education, and was influenced by rousseau, froebel, pestalozzi, krause, and sanz del rio, the last of whom provided his ideal of reconciling all human facilities to produce an artistic taste, technical preparedness, spiritual elevation and an austere, moral sense of life. the institute fell victim to the civil war of 1936, but proved a pervasive influence in spanish society to this day. ( mb ) it has sometimes been said of spanish philosophy, \" what spanish philosophy? \" the same reproach might be directed at the non - existence of spanish education. \" there ain ' t no such animal, \" some might claim, forgetting for the moment the intellectual freedom and depth of thirteenth - century toledo under the reign of alfonso x, the wise ( el sabio ), and the splendor and revival of learning in the sixteenth - century universities of salamanca, alcala and other institutions. what is mostly remembered, however, is the disheartening decline of spanish education, ushered in by the rigidities, fears and into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4261804046916909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.592608"}
{"text": "splendor and revival of learning in the sixteenth - century universities of salamanca, alcala and other institutions. what is mostly remembered, however, is the disheartening decline of spanish education, ushered in by the rigidities, fears and intolerance of the catholic counter - reformation, of sixteenth - and seventeenth - century spain. but this view of education in spain, of necessity simplified, would not be complete without mention of the establishment and significance of the instititucion libre de ensenanza, in english, the free institution / institute of education. in order to understand more clearly the institute ' s impact on spanish society, i will review very quickly some of the historical background to its founding in 1876. a broad overview of nineteenth - century spain reveals to us that the \" lack of civility \" among spaniards, which reached such extreme proportions during the 1936 - 30 civil war, had its roots in the last century. civil war, frequent military uprisings in the form of \" pronunciamientos, \" and dissension everywhere created an ambience of unease and fragmentation within spanish society. historians talk of \" las dos espanas, \" the \" two spains, \" that is, the liberal, progressive side as opposed to the traditional, sometimes reactionary side of the country. it is probably more accurate, however, to talk of the many spains. to disagree was the spaniard ' s right - - no, his duty to himself, to his own proud sense of individuality and dignity. a solution imposed from above, from the state, seemed, in many cases, the only solution when there were problems, and there were many - - economic, political, religious. the problem of spanish education was only of several, and it too came to be subsumed into the more general and overriding conflict of state versus individual, of authority vs. freedom. reconciling such absolutes frequently failed ; worse still, the distinction between philosophy and ideology, that is, between the search for truth and the molding, frequent distorting of existential reality to one ' s own conception of it, this distinction would too often become blurred in the disputes and violence of nineteenth - century spain. tempers rose, passions were unleashed, ideologies reigned supreme, and somewhere in the shuffle, clarity of vision and truth were lost. this split in spanish society in part gave birth to the free institute of education. specifically, we must look to the years 1868 and 1874 to explain how the institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4976125965865398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.593574"}
{"text": "of spain ' s decadence in education and elsewhere. but certainly spain ' s withdrawal and increasing isolation from the rest of europe from the middle of the sixteenth century on explains in part the origins of stagnation in her schools and universities. in 1559 philip ii forbade study in foreign universities ; shortly before that, he banned the importing of books from abroad. the additional power of the inquisition to safeguard orthodoxy among spaniards and weed out the impure and heretical elements must also be taken into account. and finally, as the historian americo castro has pointed out, spaniards became reluctant to demonstrate intellectual powers and curiosity for fear of being taken for a jew. spanish jews were known for their interest in intellectual matters. and nobody wanted to deal with the inquisition. to control the inner life and content of the universities and other schools the government stepped in so that by the nineteenth century spanish schools, particularly the universities, to quote salvador madariaga, \" were more government establishments for the granting of official diplomas \" ( p. 75, spain, n. y., 1943 ). he goes on to say that \" in a sense all universities tend fatally to become degree factories. but in spain... they were nothing else. \" schooling on all levels were plagued by unimaginative, and stiff, unbending teaching, bad textbooks, long hours of routine and frequent utter boredom, and sometimes even brutalization. memorization and recitation were the chief pedagogic tools. the first third of the last century also brought in more imitation of french manners and customs, certainly not the first instance of french influence on spanish education. eighteenth - century spain had already adopted gallic centralization of schooling. the critic mariano jose de larra describes the mania of copying, badly, i might add, french mores among the spanish middle classes and well - to - do. the narrator of \" el casarse pronto y mal \" writes that his sister became enamored of french customs and from then on, \" bread was no longer bread ( pan ), nor wine, wine ( vino ). \" \" suffice it to say, \" continues larra in this ironic vein, that my sister adopted the ideas of the period ; but as this second education was as shallow and superficial as the first ( her spanish upbringing ), and as that weak segment of humanity never knows how not to go to extremes, she suddenly jumped from the christian year of our lord 18 _ _ to the era of pigault lebrun (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4668883762768654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.595638"}
{"text": "and superficial as the first ( her spanish upbringing ), and as that weak segment of humanity never knows how not to go to extremes, she suddenly jumped from the christian year of our lord 18 _ _ to the era of pigault lebrun ( a frivolous, sometimes scandalous french novelist ) and left off going to mass and devotions, without knowing in the least why she did so, why she used to go in the first place. she said that her son could be educated in whatever manner it suited him ; that he could read without order or method whatever books fell into his hands ; and god knows what other things she said about ignorance and fanaticism, reason and enlightenment, adding that religion was a social contract into which only idiots entered in good faith and that the boy didn ' t need religion to be good ; that the terms, father and mother ( padre y madre ) were lower - class, and that one should treat one ' s papa and mama familiarly with the tu form of address because there is no friendship like that which unites parents to their children. ( articulos de costumbres, madrid, 1965 ). a writer of a later period, jose maria de pereda retains this image of his school days in the 1840 ' s : the chill of death, the obscurity of a dungeon, the stench of grottoes, the unhappiness, affliction and pain of torture permeated the classroom... virgil and dante, so clever in depicting hell and torment, would have been at wit ' s end to describe those images of school which are engraved in my memory for the rest of my life... i believed myself cut off from the refuge of my family and the protection of the state ; i heard the swish of the cane and the complaints of the victims, and the lessons were very long, and there were no excuses for not knowing them ; and not knowing them meant caning and mockery, which also hurt ; and confinement, fisticuffs, whipping, and the ignominy of all these things. who is the brave soul who could truly paint such scenes if the worst of it was what the spirit felt and not what the eyes saw or the flesh suffered? ( esbozos y rasgunos, \" mas reminiscencias, \" obras completas, v. 1, madrid, 1959, p. 1226 ). he then goes on to say that \" one had to know the lesson literally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4522576703210714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.596471"}
{"text": "detriment of the king ' s person or the constitutional monarchy then in power. the circular also stated that action would be taken against any professor who so indulges in such political or religious meditations - - i. e., expulsion from the university. the minister ' s recommendations were no mere recommendations. the result of all this was the removal of several professors from their faculty chairs. among them was the future founder of the institute, francisco giner de los rios. for not adhering to the state ' s demands, he was arrested in march 1875, at 4 : 00 in the morning, and spent four months confinement until he was finally expelled from the university. the principle in question was clearly one of academic freedom. the state, however, saw the \" university question \" ( \" cuestion universitaria \" ) from another angle : that is, the university and its faculties were no more than instruments of the government ' s policies and, therefore, were obligated to conform to the state ' s instructions and directives. the professors were, in effect, civil servants ( and still are today ). this, then, is the historical and educational background to the founding of the institucion libre de ensenanza, the institute, in 1876. the institucion libre de ensenanza perhaps the most significant point to be made about the institute ' s existence is the profound and far - reaching, if diffuse, influence of its founder, francisco giner de los rios, a professor of philosophy of law at the university of madrid. it was largely don francisco ' s attractive and vibrant personality which held the institute together and proved to be the prime mover of the school. all the accounts of don francisco by friends, former students, disciplines, and fellow professors stress the very personal and individual effect of the man. this is not to deny the cogency of his ideas and methods of teaching but simply to make clear that, with don francisco, abstractions were made concrete in his very person ; that is, through him and his relations with men and women, he incarnated his own beliefs. one friend had this to say about him as a teacher at the time of his death in 1915 : what was the secret of his teaching? did he reveal anything new? or was it that everything was transformed at the touch of his powerful creative imagination? the secret lay as much in the form as in the substance. as a teacher, he brought us something that was the complete opposite of the old methods ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5002670167529863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.598236"}
{"text": "anything new? or was it that everything was transformed at the touch of his powerful creative imagination? the secret lay as much in the form as in the substance. as a teacher, he brought us something that was the complete opposite of the old methods ; and he discouraged the craze for oratory which has been so damaging to education in spain. in his lectures at the university or at the institution, he only aimed at one thing : to shake the pupil out of his torpor, stir him up to independent investigation, to working the thing out by himself ; and above all he recommended games, art, the country. as an educationist he created a complete system of social education, which had for its axis the child, the citizen, the man as he would like to see him, healthy in mind and body, and working for a spain that was strong and dignified and which must one day rise again. ( j. b. trend, origins of modern spain, n. y. 1934, p. 99 ). or as another writer put it : \" he gave us our conception of the universe and of the way to peel an orange. \" ( p. 103 ). what was don francisco ' s creation, the institute, like and what were its educational and philosophical origins? how did don francisco and his disciples \" make men, \" \" hacer hombres, \" the overriding goal of the institute? as j. b. trend, rafael altamira, and others have noted, don francisco giner believed that the most pressing problem of spain was the problem of education. he, like the literary generation of 1898, was obsessed - - and rightly so - - with the question of spain ' s decadence, and the vital necessity for her regeneration. and he took the now classic position of the nineteenth - century liberal that through education lay the country ' s revitalization. it must be clearly understood that don francisco ' s efforts were those of a minority and directed toward a minority. it was not mass education, although the effects of the institute certainly were to reach public education throughout spain in the twentieth century. first and most important, the institute was created as a private institution, independent of both church and state. i don ' t think it is necessary to do more than mention here the historic interdependence of church and state in spain. the credo of the institute, which appeared regularly on the masthead of its publication, the bulletin of the free institute of education ( el boletin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4830001632700702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.599079"}
{"text": "do more than mention here the historic interdependence of church and state in spain. the credo of the institute, which appeared regularly on the masthead of its publication, the bulletin of the free institute of education ( el boletin de la institucion libre de ensenanza ) was as follows : the free institute of education is completely opposed to religious, philosophical and political sectarianism, proclaiming only the principle of liberty and the inviolability of science and the concomitant independence of scientific research and explanation, with regard to any other authority than that of the conscience itself of the professor, who is alone responsible for his ideas. ( cited by a. jimenez - landi, \" don francisco giner de los rios y la institucion libre de ensenanza, \" revista hispanica moderna, v. 25, nos. 1, 2, 1959, p. 16 ). because spain ' s educational history had been one of bickering and divisiveness between the demands of the state and the private sector, and conflict between the precepts of the church and needs of science, with religion usually dominating over science, don francisco abhorred dogmatic, closed positions. he fervently believed in tolerance. it was not, however, mere intellectual benevolence which motivated don francisco. rather, it was an ethical, moral stance, a way of life, which he wanted to instill in his pupils, the \" institutionists. \" a follower of giner de los rios, jose castillejo, has written that, for don francisco, \" the two greatest forces in education are : the personality of the teacher and the social atmosphere and surroundings of the school \" ( wars of ideas in spain, london, 1937, p. 97 ). we have already seen in the magnetic power of don francisco ' s teaching itself the importance of the teacher ' s personality. what about the ambience of the school? here, one sees right away to what extent don francisco and his disciples felt compelled to move away from the current, i. e., antiquated and rigid teaching methods and atmosphere of both public and private schools in spain. first, the classroom should be informal, akin to familial surroundings. the teacher should not merely dictate or lecture, but rather converse, using whatever approach or combination of approaches worked best, starting with the socratic dialogue. no one method was to be used, to the exclusion of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5343539229009864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.599905"}
{"text": "familial surroundings. the teacher should not merely dictate or lecture, but rather converse, using whatever approach or combination of approaches worked best, starting with the socratic dialogue. no one method was to be used, to the exclusion of all others. the teacher was a guide, the pupils a family. a small family. classes were to be kept small. and coeducational ( primary and secondary education in spain today is not coeducational. ) cordiality and the spirit of discovery were the key words at the institute. don francisco aimed at dispelling not only the fear and horror of school, such as we have seen in pereda ' s reminiscences, but the passivity with which most students received their education. the original intent of the institute was to create an alternative to the higher education of official spain, but the desire was not to be met. it was quickly found to be beyond the resources of the institute which suffered from chronic insufficiency of funds from its inception. instead, the school evolved into an institution of primary and secondary education. since most students entering a spanish university were ill - prepared to meet its demands, the \" institutionists \" felt that a solid intellectual, moral, physical and spiritual background given in the primary and secondary levels of education was an a priori necessity. what was taught at the institute besides the traditional subjects required by the state _ _ _ curriculum included anthropology, technology, social sciences, economics, art, drawing, singing, and handwork. most of these subjects were generally neglected in state and church - run schools of the period. most remembered and most significant are the innovations carried out in the arts and in physical education, and the frequent excursions. first, art. \" institutionists, \" for the most part, tried to avoid systematic and highly structured courses in art and art history. instead, they emphasized such activities as excursions to historical monuments and places and visits to museums. such an unorthodox procedure was unheard - of in nineteenth - century spain. rather than mere lessons, the institute stressed the actual, vivid experiencing of art as much as possible. like the literary generation of 1898, they also, in a sense, rediscovered spain ' s cultural heritage, by extolling the value of spanish folklore, architecture and painting. it was, for example, a disciple of don francisco, manuel de cossio, who rediscovered the forgotten and neglected el greco for spaniards and the rest of the world. one of the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5315796280706593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.600795"}
{"text": "in the crudeness of their first judgment : ' no, i wouldn ' t say that it was exactly grotesque ( in spanish, ' un mamarracho ' ). ' ' there ' s a certain strength ; the composition has a certain vigor. ' ' if you put the piece in the right place, it wouldn ' t seem so bulky, so massive... ' and then : ' you know, if you really look hard at these things of donatello, they ' re very manly ; de la robbia seems a little effeminate, ' etc., etc. finally, why prolong it? the gradual reversal of opinion in favor of donatello reached the point of one child saying : ' there must be other works of lucas de la robbia which deserve his fame. ' and it was precisely the very boy who had first placed in doubt the merits of donatello ' s own reputation. \" ( \" antologia, \" revista hispanica moderna, v. 25, nos, 1, 2, 1959, pp. 132 - 133 ). a second innovation which i mentioned before was the approach to physical education. rather than the routine and boredom of calisthenics, directed toward a military goal of physical competence, the institute stressed games, games which were to form character. the use of games as an ethical force is, of course, an educational practice borrowed from the public schools of england. anyone who has read kipling ' s stalky and company or the early school novels of p. g. wodehouse will have a good idea of what i am referring to. but, for don francisco, playing cricket and football also signified that the whole person was being educated. intellectual formation alone was lopsided. to provide an integral education required an awareness and use of one ' s own body. mere discreet walks, in carefully monitored lines, which was the usual practice and extent of physical exercise in other schools, were simply inadequate. the third point of the institute ' s educational program were the excursions out to the countryside. this also was unheard - of in the last century of spain. long walks and mountain climbing simply were not done. in don francisco ' s time, people shut all their windows tight, never letting in fresh air ; they frequented taverns and cafes, and sometimes strolled casually at night for a short walk along a busy thoroughfare, but almost never thought exploring the countryside an exhilarating occupation. again, like the generation of 1898, don francisco and his institute discovered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49578554560618715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.603674"}
{"text": "they frequented taverns and cafes, and sometimes strolled casually at night for a short walk along a busy thoroughfare, but almost never thought exploring the countryside an exhilarating occupation. again, like the generation of 1898, don francisco and his institute discovered the spanish countryside. before that, almost no one seems to have appreciated it. realist novelists, for example, rarely describe nature ; even the spanish romanticists evidence little sensitivity toward nature. the idea, which was brought back from paris in 1878 by one of the institute ' s professors, was, like the introduction of games, imported from abroad and adapted to spanish circumstances. excursions developed the intellectual and physical capabilities of the pupil ; more important, for don francisco, they allowed one to enter into communion with nature, to feel oneself as part of a whole. i would like to touch briefly on two other aspects of the institute ' s educational program ; the use of textbooks and examinations. don francisco discouraged the use of textbooks ; to a great extent, he did so as a reaction to the wretched official textbooks forced on students at state - and church - run schools. instead, he preferred the creation of student notebooks which reflected the child ' s own judgments and synthesis of the material, and which were carefully checked and read by the teachers. likewise, don francisco felt that examinations brought mostly negative results. examinations in other schools were simply the means to acquire a degree ; and stressed only the student ' s ability to memorize and to repeat exactly what the professor dictated in class. respect for the freedom of the child is at the heart of the institute ' s teaching. the intuitive method in education, which goes back to jacques rousseau, by way of froebel and pestalozzi, was practiced by the institute. this meant the substitution of restraint, obligation, and mechanical behavior by personal effort, spontaneity, and school work which had become _ _ _ and attractive. these then, were the main points of the institute ' s program. it should be noted that the educational reform undertaken by the institute was not the first instance of attempts to improve education in spain ; and that the institute ' s pedagogy depended, to a large extent, on influences from abroad which were modified to suit the spanish temperament. the pedagogical efforts of [ gaspar melchor de ] jovellanos in the eighteenth century and the short - lived pestalozzian schools of the early nineteenth are but two examples of such attempts at educational improvement in spain. with regard to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4954194050263258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.604584"}
{"text": "whole of the institute ' s education, the entire atmosphere of the institute, was permeated with this spiritualization of man and the universe. it does not take too much imagination to see that the institute would not be without enemies. the ideological dichotomy between left and right, progressive and traditionalist, in spain immediately polarized the significance of the institute. it was the product of the devil for some ; the only hope and salvation in spain for others. the institute itself fell, one more victim, to the ravages of spain ' s civil war in 1936. yet, looked at dispassionately, the institute ' s openness to ideas and influences from the rest of europe, its undogmatic approach to education and to life itself, could not help but bring a breath of fresh air to the closed and narrow society of nineteenth - century spain. if it perhaps erred too much in the direction of intellectual anarchy and placed too much confidence in the innate goodness of man, the institute ' s efforts at raising the moral and intellectual level of spaniards became an all - pervasive influence in many institutions, both public and private, in government circles, in business. the institute was \" much more than a school. \" it was an atmosphere of intellectual and moral enlightenment ; and a belief in the regeneration of spain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5283492686732534, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.605967"}
{"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 1 summary a new perspective hazards of modern life surround us and so, too, does commu - nication about the risks of those hazards. news reports describe such hazards as pollutants in the air and in drinking water, pes - ticide residues in food, threats from radiation and toxic chemicals, and atds. government and industry also send out messages about hazards and their risks, sometimes directly to the populace but more often through intermediaries, such as the print and broadcast media. risk messages are difficult to formulate in ways that are accurate, clear, and not rn ~ steading. one reads, for example, that \" radon risk can equal or exceed the 2 % o risk of death in an auto accident,... for anyone who lives 20 years at levels exceeding about 25 picocuries per liter \" ( kerr, 1988 ~. this statement places an unfamiliar risk ( radon exposure in homes ) in juxtaposition to a more familiar risk ( death in an auto accident ), which may help people understand the magnitude of this unfamiliar risk. but this simple comparison may be misleading because it does not specify the respective levels of exposure, leaves out potentially relevant nonlethal consequences, and uses language ( picocuries per liter ) unfamiliar to most people. this report addresses these and other problems confronting risk communication. 1 ocr for page 2 2 improving risk communication risk messages can be controversial for many reasons. the haz - ards they describe are often themselves centers of controversy. fre - quently, there is enough uncertainty in the underlying knowledge to allow different experts to draw contradictory conclusions. experts are frequently accused of hiding their subjective preferences behind technical jargon and complex, so - called objective analyses. often a message that is precise and accurate must be so complex that only an expert can understand it. messages that nonexperts can under - stand necessarily present selected information and are thus subject to challenge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5522058794771676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.623799"}
{"text": ". common misconceptions about rise communication several important misconceptions need to be dispelled before the real problems of risk communication can be addressed. con - trary to what some think, there is no single overriding problem and thus no simple way of making risk communication easy. risk mes - sages necessarily compress technical information, which can lead to misunderstanding, confusion, and distrust. many people including some scientists, decision makers, and members of the public - have unrealistic expectations about what can be accomplished by risk communication. for example, it is mistaken to expect improved risk communication to always reduce conflict and smooth risk management. risk management decisions that benefit some citizens can harm others. in addition, people do not all share common interests and values, so better understanding may not lead to consensus about controversial issues or to uniform personal behavior. but even though good risk communication cannot always be expected to improve a situation, poor risk communication will nearly always make it worse. it is also mistaken to think, as some do, that if people understood and used risk comparisons it would be easy for them to make decisions. comparing risks can help people comprehend the unfamiliar magnitudes associated with risks, but risk comparison alone cannot establish levels of acceptable risk or ensure systematic minimization of risk. factors other than the level of risk - such as the voluntariness of exposure to the hazard and the degree of dread associated with the consequences must be considered in determining the acceptability of risk associated with a particular activity or phenomenon. some risk communication problems derive from mistaken beliefs about scientific research on the nature of how risks are assessed and managed and on risk communication itself. scientific information, for example, cannot be expected to resolve all important risk issues. all too often research that would answer the question has not been done or the results are disputed. although a great deal of research has been done on the dissemination and preparation of risk messages, ocr for page 4 4 improving risk communication there has been much less attention devoted to the risk communication process. in addition, even when valid scientific data are available, experts are unlikely to agree completely about the meaning of these data for risk management decisions. finally, it is unrealistic to expect easy identification and understanding of the values, preferences, and information needs of the intended recipients of risk messages. other misconceptions involve stereotypes about the way inter - mediaries and recipients react to risk messages. it is mistaken, for example, to view journalists and the media always as significant, independent causes of problems in risk communication.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5238143231304766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.625785"}
{"text": "of risk messages. other misconceptions involve stereotypes about the way inter - mediaries and recipients react to risk messages. it is mistaken, for example, to view journalists and the media always as significant, independent causes of problems in risk communication. rather, the problem is often at the interface between science and journalism. both sides need to better understand the pressures and constraints of the other instead of complaining about the sometimes disappointing results. scientists and risk managers should recognize the importance of the part journalists play in identifying disputes and maintaining the flow of information during resolution of conflicts ; journalists need to understand how to frame the technical and social dimensions of risk issues. it is also important to recognize the differences between the broadcast ant! the print media and between the national and the regional or local press corps. finally, even though most people prefer simplicity to complex - ity, it is mistaken to expect the public to want simple, cut - and - dried answers as to what to do in every case. the public is not homoge - neous. people diner in the degree to which they exercise control over exposure to hazards or remediation of undesirable consequences, the importance they attach to various consequences, and their tendency to be risk averse or risk seeking. often at least part of the public seeks considerable information about the risks they face. problems of risk communication we distinguish two major types of problems in risk communica - tion. problems deriving from institutional and political systems are problems for which little can be done beyond trying to understand them by those involved in risk communication. nevertheless, these problems can have a considerable impact on actions and events. problems of risk communicators and recipients can be addressed more directly and are therefore more amenable to improvement or solution. ocr for page 5 summary 5 problems deriving mom the institutional and political systems several kinds of legal considerations, including statutory man - dates, liability, and informed consent and \" right - to - know \" require - ments, influence the options available to risk managers and thus the content of their risk messages. these considerations generally either limit the possible responses to the risk in question or require that certain actions be taken in given circumstances. for example, some - times statutes require consideration of certain factors ( the federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act explicitly includes con - sideration of economic benefits ) or the exclusion of others ( the clean water act specifies that the best available technology should be used regardless of the financial burden imposed ). although not necessar - il", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5359898231332698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.626758"}
{"text": ", and rodenticide act explicitly includes con - sideration of economic benefits ) or the exclusion of others ( the clean water act specifies that the best available technology should be used regardless of the financial burden imposed ). although not necessar - ily problems as such, these considerations often constitute important influences on risk messages and risk communication processes. it is often difficult to understand why risk messages appear as they do without consideration of these factors. communicating with citizens about risks can increase their desire to participate in or otherwise influence decisions about the control of those risks, thereby making risk management even more cumber - some. the interests of citizens and their motivation to participate in the political process can introduce difficult challenges when the implementation of risk control measures is necessarily decentralized and local preferences ( generally to avoid exposure to a particular risk ) preclude solutions in the broader interest. many hazardous waste facilities operate under these pressures. divided authority, not only among congress, the executive branch, and the courts at the federal level but also among federal, state, and local or regional jurisdictions, creates incentives for each actor to gain as much leverage as possible from the limited portion he or she controls. such fragmentation makes communicating about risks harder because it makes government regulation and risk reduc - tion programs more complex and makes it more difficult to determine who is responsible for the eventual outcomes. government and industry spend large amounts of money on research, and thus their concerns are usually well reflected in the information developed by that research. individuals and citizens ' groups do not usually have the financial resources to fund research and thus do not enjoy this sort of access to information and influence over its generation. if a group of people that a risk corr ~ municator is trying to reach feels that the system for generating information relied ocr for page 6 6 improving risk communication upon by that source does not consider the group ' s concerns, it may reject the information from that source as a basis for decisions about risks. it is reasonable to speculate that this may, in part, explain why it is so difficult to affect young people ' s attitudes and behavior about drugs and the aids epidemic the information presented is based on facts that they do not consider very important in the face of their immediate concerns of peer pressure and personal image. there also may be systematic biases in the provision of informa - tion. those most strongly motivated to communicate about risk are often also those with the ' strongest interest in the decision. when - ever a personal or social decision affects interested groups or organi - zations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5160279009447579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.627894"}
{"text": "biases in the provision of informa - tion. those most strongly motivated to communicate about risk are often also those with the ' strongest interest in the decision. when - ever a personal or social decision affects interested groups or organi - zations, conflicting messages reflecting the interests of those groups or organizations may be expected. the u. s. environmental protec - tion agency administrator ' s statement in 1984 that edb ( ethylene dibromide ) ' contamination was a tong - term health problem being ade - quately handled by tolerance guidelines, for example, was in the news at about the same time that public health officials in massachusetts and florida were removing grain products with edb contamination from grocery store shelves. experts from the food industry joined in, downplaying the risks, while scientists from environmental groups criticized the government ' s inaction. the beliefs, predispositions, and interests of risk communicators and the groups they represent create incentives to slant, or even distort or misrepresent, informa - tion. this can skew messages in many different directions on the same issue. problems of risk communicators and recipients the problems encountered by the sources and recipients of risk messages center on the following topics : establishing and recognizing credibility, making the messages understandable, preparing messages in an emergency, capturing and focusing attention, and getting in - formation. lack of credibility alters the communication process by adding distrust and acrimony. the most important factors affecting the credibility of a source and its messages relate to the accuracy of the messages and the legitimacy of the process by which the contents were determined, as perceived by the recipients. recipients ' views about the accuracy of a message are adversely affected by ( 1 ) real or perceived advocacy by the source of a position in the message that is not consistent with a careful assessment of the facts ; ( 2 ) ocr for page 7 summary 7 a reputation for deceit, misrepresentation, or coercion on the part, ~. positions taken by the source that do not support the current message ; ( 4 ) self - serving framing of information in the message ; ( 5 ) contradictory messages from other credible sources ; and ( 6 ) actual or perceived professional incompetence or impropriety on the part of the source. the perceived legitimacy of the process by which the contents of a message were determined depends on ( 1 ) the legal standing of the source with respect to the risks addressed ; ( 2 ) the justification provided for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5161178377989003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.628785"}
{"text": "impropriety on the part of the source. the perceived legitimacy of the process by which the contents of a message were determined depends on ( 1 ) the legal standing of the source with respect to the risks addressed ; ( 2 ) the justification provided for the communication program ; ( 3 ) the access afforded affected parties to the decision - making process ; and ( 4 ) the degree to which conflicting claims are given fair and balanced review. ideally, risk information should use language and concepts re - cipients already understand. it is difficult to present scientific and technical information that uses everyday language and magnitudes common in ordinary experience and that is sensitive to such psycho - togical needs on the part of recipients as the desire for clear, decisive answers or the fear of the unfamiliar and unknown. sometimes risk communicators must disseminate messages when there are not enough relevant data to allow them to draw satisfactory conclusions and there is no time to obtain better information. this usually occurs when an emergency requires that action be taken im - mediately or not at all or when events lead to requests for information prior to the completion of study or analysis. many things compete with risk messages for attention, and it is often difficult to get the intended recipients to attend to the issues the risk communicator thinks are important. from the risk com - municator ' s standpoint, there are two aspects of this : stimulating the attention of the ultimate recipient and interacting with the news media and other intermediaries. there are, of course, several differ - ent ways that messages can reach the final recipients : face - to - face ( physician to patient, friend to friend, within the family ), in groups ( work sites, ciassrooms ), through professional or volunteer organi - zations ( american medical association, red cross ), through the mass media ( radio, television, magazines, newspapers, direct mail, billboards ), and through community service agencies ( at libraries, hospitals, mails, fairs ). recipients of risk messages may have difficulty deciding which issues to attend to or what to do because they cannot get information from officials and other message sources that satisfactorily answers their questions. this can happen when authorities do not listen of the source ; t3 ) previous statements or ocr for page 8 8 improving risk co ~ unication and therefore do not provide what the recipient considers relevant information or because the individual is unable to find a trusted source or interpreter of already available information. conclusions and recommendations in formulating recommendations we focused", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.529588092336208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.629673"}
{"text": "ocr for page 8 8 improving risk co ~ unication and therefore do not provide what the recipient considers relevant information or because the individual is unable to find a trusted source or interpreter of already available information. conclusions and recommendations in formulating recommendations we focused on the preparation and dissemination of formal risk messages to audiences that include nonexperts and on only two of the many types of risk - managing organizations : government agencies and large private corporations. nevertheless, our recommendations are intended to attack the prob - lems of recipients of risk messages as well. the goal cannot be only to make those who disseminate formal risk messages more effective by improving their credibility, understandability, and so on. such an approach might serve their interests, but it could well degrade the overall quality of risk communication if it merely meant that they could advance their viewpoints with greater influence. risk commu - nication can be improved only if recipients are also helped to solve their problems at the same time. the risk communication process usually with many messages from many sources - can be considered successful only to the extent that it, first, improves or increases the base of accurate information that decision makers use, be they government officials, industry man - agers, or individual citizens, and, second, satisfies those involved that they are adequately informed within the limits of available knowi - edge. this does not always result in the responses a particular source might wish, nor does it always lead to consensus about controver - sial issues or to uniform personal behavior. people do not all share common interests and values, and so better understanding will not necessarily lead them all to the same conclusion. improving risk communication is therefore more than merely crafting \" better messages. \" risk communication procedures as well as risk message content must be improved. because risk communi - cation is so tightly linked to the management of risks, solutions to the problems of risk communication often entail changes in risk man - agement and risk analysis. once the constraints, limitations, and incentives affecting the preparation and dissemination of messages - as well as how these factors become manifest in what we call the risk communication process - are understood, improvements can be implemented. ocr for page 9 summary. \",. \u00b7. 9 this is not to imply, however, that there is a single shortcut to improving the nation ' s risk communication efforts. the needed improvement can come only incrementally and only from careful attention to many details. risk managers need to consider risk com - munication as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5516583712386056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.630563"}
{"text": "however, that there is a single shortcut to improving the nation ' s risk communication efforts. the needed improvement can come only incrementally and only from careful attention to many details. risk managers need to consider risk com - munication as an important and integral aspect of risk management. four sets of recommendations are presented : ( 1 ) recommenda - tions that pertain to the processes that source organizations use to generate decisions, knowledge, and risk messages ; ( 2 ) recommenda - tions that pertain to the content of individual risk messages ; ( 3 ) a call for a \" consumer ' s guide \" that will enhance the ability of other groups or individuals to understand and participate in risk manage - ment activities ; and ( 4 ) a brief summary of research needs. two broad themes run through the process and content recom - mendations. the first is the recognition that risk communication efforts should be more systematically oriented to the intended au - diences. the most effective risk messages are those that quite self - consciously address the audiences ' perspectives and concerns. the second is that openness is the surest policy. a central premise of democratic government the existence of an informed electorate - implies a free flow of information. suppression of relevant infor - mation is not only wrong but also, over the longer term, usually ineffective.. management of the process we identified four process objectives that are key elements in improving risk communication : ( 1 ) goal setting, ( 2 ) openness, ( 3 ) balance, and ( 4 ) competence. setting realistic goals risk communication activities ought to be matters of conscious design. practical goals should be established that explicitly accom - modate the political / legal mandates and constraints bounding the process and the roles of the potential recipients of the organization ' s risk messages, on the one hand, and clearly show the contribution to improved understanding of issues and actions on the other. ex - plicit consideration of such factors encourages realistic expectations, clarification of motives and objectives ( both within the source orga - nization and among outside groups and individuals ), and evaluation of performance. ocr for page 10 10 safeguarding openness improving risk communication risk communication should be a two - way street. organizations that communicate about risks should ensure effective dialogue with potentially affected outsiders. this two - way process should exhibit ( 1 ) a spirit of open exchange in a common undertaking rather than a series of \" canned \" briefings restricted to technical \" nonemotional \" issues and ( 2 ) early and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5216263542786761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.632250"}
{"text": "dialogue with potentially affected outsiders. this two - way process should exhibit ( 1 ) a spirit of open exchange in a common undertaking rather than a series of \" canned \" briefings restricted to technical \" nonemotional \" issues and ( 2 ) early and sustained interchange that includes the media and other message intermediaries. openness does not ordinarily, however ' imply empowerment to determine the host organization ' s risk management decisions. to avoid misunderstanding, the limits of participation should be made clear from the outset. safeguarding balance and accuracy in risk messages in order to help ensure that risk messages are not distorted and do not appear to be distorted, those who manage the generation of risk assessments and risk messages should ( 1 ) hold the preparers of messages accountable for detecting and reducing distortion ; ( 2 ) consider review by recognized independent experts of the underly - ing assessment and, when feasible, the message ; ( 3 ) subject draft messages, if possible, to outside preview to determine if audiences detect any overlooked distortions ; and ( 4 ) prepare and release for comment a \" white paper \" on the risk assessment and risk reduction assessment. fostering competence risk managers need to use procedures that incorporate two dis - tinct types of expertise : on the risk subject matter ( e. g., carcinogenic risk, occupational safety ) and on risk communication. organizations that communicate about risk should take steps to ensure that the preparation of risk messages becomes a deliberate, specialized under - taking, taking care that in the process they do not sacrifice scientific quality. such steps include ( 1 ) deliberately considering the makeup of the intended audience and demonstrating how the choice of me - dia and message reflects an understanding of the audience and its concerns ; ( 2 ) attracting appropriate communications specialists and training technical staff in communications ; ( 3 ) requiring systematic assurance that substantive risk experts within the organization have ocr for page 11 summary 11 a voice in producing accurate assessments and the derivative risk message ; ( 4 ) establishing a thoughtful program of evaluating the past performance of risk communication efforts ; and ( 5 ) ensuring that their organizations improve their understanding of the roles of intermediaries, particularly media reporters and editors, including an understanding of the factors that make a risk story newsworthy, of the practical time and space constraints, and of the limited technical background of most media personnel. risk communication in crisis conditions the process for risk communication in crisis conditions requires special care. risk managers should ensure that ( l ) where there is a foreseeable potential for emergency, advance plans for communica - tion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5226313802679732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.633346"}
{"text": "of most media personnel. risk communication in crisis conditions the process for risk communication in crisis conditions requires special care. risk managers should ensure that ( l ) where there is a foreseeable potential for emergency, advance plans for communica - tion are drafted, and ( 2 ) there is provision for coordinating among the various authorities that might be involved and, to the extent feasible, a single place where the public and the media can obtain authoritative and current information. content of risk messages we identified four generic issues that have been the source of difficulty in the past over a broad range of risk communication efforts : ( 1 ) audience orientation, ( 2 ) uncertainty, ( 3 ) risk comparisons, and ( 4 ) completeness. relating the message to the audiences ' perspectives 7 risk messages should closely reflect the perspectives ' technical capacity, and concerns of the target audiences. a message should ( 1 ) emphasize information relevant to any practical actions that in - dividuals can take ; ( 2 ) be couched in clear and plain language ; ( 3 ) respect the audience and its concerns ; and ( 4 ) seek to inform the recipient, unless conditions clearly warrant the use of influencing techniques. one of the most difficult issues in risk communication in a democratic society is the extent to which public officials should attempt to influence individuals that is, to go beyond merely in - form ~ ng them concerning risks and such risk - reducing actions as quitting smoking. ocr for page 12 12 handling uncertainty improving risk communication risk messages and supporting materials should not minimize the existence of uncertainty. data gaps and areas of significant disagreement among experts should be disclosed. some indication of the level of confidence of estimates and the significance of scientific uncertainty should be conveyed. comparing risks risk comparisons can be helpful, but they should be presented with caution. comparison must be seen as only one of several inputs to risk decisions, not as the primary determinant. there are proven pitfalls when risks of diverse character are compared, especially when the intent of the comparison can be seen as that of rn ~ nimizing a risk ( by equating it to a seemingly trivial one ). more useful are comparisons of risks that help convey the magnitude of a particular risk estimate, that occur in the same decision context ( e. g., risks from flying and driving to a given destination ), and that have a similar outcome. multiple comparisons may avoid some of the worst pitfalls. more work needs to be done to develop constructive and helpful forms of risk comparison. ensuring completeness a complete information base would contain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5104474009444486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.634264"}
{"text": "driving to a given destination ), and that have a similar outcome. multiple comparisons may avoid some of the worst pitfalls. more work needs to be done to develop constructive and helpful forms of risk comparison. ensuring completeness a complete information base would contain five types of infor - mation : ( 1 ) on the nature of the risk, ( 2 ) on the nature of the benefits that might be changed if risk were reduced, ( 3 ) on the avail - able alternatives, ( 4 ) on uncertainty in knowledge about risks and benefits, and ( 5 ) on management issues. there are major advantages in putting the information base into written form as an adjunct to the risk message. a consumer ' s guide to risk and risk commnnication major government and private organizations that sustain risk communication efforts should jointly fund the development of a con - sumer ' s guide to risk and risk communication. the purpose of this guide would be to articulate key terms, concepts, and trade - offs in risk communication and risk management for the lay audience, to ocr for page 13 summary 13 help audiences discern rn ~ sleading and incomplete information, and to facilitate the needed general participation in risk issues. such a guide should ( 1 ) involve support from, but not control by, the fed - eral government and other sources of risk messages ; ( 2 ) be under the editorial control of a group that is clearly oriented toward the recipients of risk messages and under administrative management by an organization that is known for its independence and familiarity with lay perspectives and that can undertake the needed outreach and public information effort ; and ( 3 ) cover subjects such as the nature of risk communication, concepts of zero risk and comparative risk, evaluation of risk messages, and others designated by project participants. research needs as a result of our cleliberations, we have identified nine research topics for attention : ( 1 ) risk comparison, ( 2 ) risk characterization, ( 3 ) role of message intermediaries, ( 4 ) pertinency and sufficiency of risk information, ( 5 ) psychological stress, ( 6 ) the \" mental models \" of recipients, ( 7 ) risk literacy, ( 8 ) retrospective case studies of risk communication, and ( 9 ) contemporaneous assessment of risk man - agement and risk communication. two criteria guided their selection : ( 1 ) that additional knowledge would lead to material improvement in risk communication practices and ( 2 ) that creation of such knowi - edge is likely given past results and current research methods. we have not assigned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5247184699948746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f69d5bc-2625-4084-a8a2-75590717b6ec>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.635210"}
{"text": "if a powerful hurricane slams the louisiana coast during the republican national convention, the resonances with katrina will be bad enough. but the storm would also showcase the gop \u2019 s position on climate change, which is, increasingly, to deny the scientific consensus that fossil - fuel pollution contributes to a warming atmosphere and destructive weather patterns \u2014 including stronger hurricanes. although scientists caution that no single weather event can be attributed directly to climate change, major events such as katrina and this summer \u2019 s drought fire up a debate that has become more incendiary in recent years as more republican lawmakers doubt climate science. the question of whether the gop accepts climate science didn \u2019 t come up in 2008, when hurricane gustav slammed into the gulf coast during the party \u2019 s minnesota convention. that \u2019 s because the nominee, sen. john mccain of arizona, believed in climate change and professed a desire to solve it. since then, the mainstream gop view is to deny the scientific findings that link man - made pollution to climate change, and mitt romney has publicly walked back his onetime position that humans contribute to warming. vice presidential nominee paul ryan has also questioned the science. but stronger hurricanes are among the most serious consequences of climate change induced by the burning of fossil fuels ( the romney campaign favors such burning ), and the gulf coast is likely to experience the worst effects, according to a 2012 report by the intergovernmental panel on climate change and a 2009 report authored by 13 federal agencies. kerry emanuel, a climate scientist at the massachusetts institute of technology who has authored one of many reports on the increasing frequency of high - intensity hurricanes, said that the data link warming air and water surfaces to stronger, more devastating hurricanes. \u201c as the temperature of the tropical ocean increases, you see greater intensity and the frequency of intense storms goes up, \u201d emanuel said. michael oppenheimer, a professor of geosciences at princeton university and a member of the nobel prize - winning intergovernmental panel on climate change, said the science shows clearly that reducing oil, coal, and gas pollution could help prevent damage related to climate change. \u201c there \u2019 s a risk, which scientists have identified, that it \u2019 s likely we \u2019 ll have more strong hurricanes, and one of the things we can do to prepare is reduce fossil - fuel emissions, \u201d he said. \u201c it \u2019 s just like building levees. \u201d environmentalists are targeting republicans for their views. around tampa, the florida wildlife federation has posted billboards of prominent republicans, such as ohio gov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42739869675034803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a343b949-d710-4711-96a9-41e21a9584fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.637975"}
{"text": "the rate of new hiv infections in the united states remained stable between 2006 and 2009 though infections increased among young black gay and bisexual men, according to a new report from the centers for disease control and prevention. the first multiyear estimate of national hiv incidences found new infections have remained steady with an estimated 50, 000 new infections each year. but the agency expressed concerns about the \u201c alarming \u201d rate of new infections among young black gay and bisexual men, where there was a 48 percent increase in new infections between 2006 and 2009. \u201c blacks account for almost half of all new infections in 2009. the overall infection rate is more than eight times higher than whites, \u201d cdc ' s joseph prejean told a telephone briefing. prejean attributed the increase in new infections to a lack of access to health care and the stigma surrounding homosexuality and hiv. he also said insular communities make the spread of disease easier. in black communities where blacks are more likely to date other blacks, when an infected person is introduced to the community, disease spreads. \u201c hiv remains one of the most glaring health disparities in this country, \u201d said dr. kevin fenton, director of the national center for hiv / aids, viral hepatitis, std and tb prevention at the cdc. \u201c while we all have individual responsibility to protect ourselves from hiv infection, the research clearly shows that individual risk behavior alone doesn \u2019 t account for the significant racial disparities in hiv. it is essential to understand the underlying factors that contribute to these disparities, such as poverty, discrimination, and lack of access to health care. \u201d people of color have been hard hit by the hiv epidemic. though blacks make up about 14 percent of the population, they accounted for about 44 percent of new hiv infections in 2009. black women accounted for 57 percent of all new hiv infections among women in 2009. the infection rate among black women was 15 times that of white women. latinos accounted for 20 percent of new infections in 2009, while making up 16 percent of the population. hiv rates remain highest among gay and bisexual latino men. to address the rate of infections, the cdc is pursuing a \u201c high - impact prevention \u201d program, where the agency will reevaluate current prevention activities for their effectiveness, cost, and coverage to get to areas that have a greater need for preventative efforts. fenton said the program will work with primary care physicians and community health clinics to get more americans tested \u2014 less than half of the population reports having been tested.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4003147564043384, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbd2eb11-f6b0-4804-bbf1-b4c75a1be078>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.640425"}
{"text": "one possible risk factor for tuberculosis is diabetes, a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels and long - term complications involving the circulation, eyes and kidneys, and the body \u2019 s ability to fight infection. active tuberculosis can be cured by taking a combination of several antibiotics every day for at least six months, and current control efforts [... ] pickled dills in plastic? turmeric is the key to freshness. who knew that a spice used from ancient times as a coloring agent in foods could also keep plastic - packaged dill pickles fresh? unlike glass containers, plastic jars or pouches \u201c breathe, \u201d allowing oxygen and other gases to seep inside over time. this can eventually lead to [... ] scientists have found that a modified whey protein prevents breast cancer in some laboratory rats. it \u2019 s an important medical discovery, considering that 180, 000 u. s. women develop breast cancer each year, and 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer over her lifetime. breast cancer is a disease where a mutant cell in the breast forms [... ] a study by researchers at the university of southampton has shown evidence of increased levels of hyperactivity in young children consuming mixtures of some artificial food colours ( dyes ) and the preservative sodium benzoate. the possibility of food colours [ dyes ] and preservatives affecting children \u2019 s behaviour has long been an unresolved question for parents. this significant new [... ] since the discovery of leptin in 1994, many have hoped that the hormone would be a promising weight - loss treatment for humans. leptin acts as a signal to help the body decide when it has eaten enough food to feel full. the amount of leptin in the blood has been directly linked to body fat. the richest food sources of potassium are fruits and vegetables. people who eat large amounts of fruits and vegetables have a high potassium intake ( 8 - 11 grams / day ). ( national academies press ; 2004 : 173 - 246 ). listed below are some food sources high in potassium from the usda national nutrient database. note the potassium content in bananas compared with tomato products. [... ] study shows substantial improvement in autism symptoms with early intervention treatment. intensive intervention given to toddlers with autism as young as three years old can significantly raise iq levels, potentially allowing them to benefit from mainstream education, new research has revealed. researchers at the university of southampton, led by professor bob remington of the school [.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4790407486981948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44fc0616-3ce7-4a5e-8a8c-f3ca3b66fe17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.645665"}
{"text": "intervention given to toddlers with autism as young as three years old can significantly raise iq levels, potentially allowing them to benefit from mainstream education, new research has revealed. researchers at the university of southampton, led by professor bob remington of the school [... ] rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease with three diet - associated aspects. one is elevated resting energy expenditure. another is elevated whole - body protein catabolism \u2013 a destructive form of muscle metabolism that translates to muscle wasting. and yet another is low body cell mass, which leads to increased fat mass. for some people, the benefits of [... ] scientists at the university of southampton, funded by the uk \u2019 s leading dementia research charity, the alzheimer \u2019 s research trust, are a step closer to understanding why proteins such as \u2018 amyloid \u2019 clog - up the brain in alzheimer \u2019 s disease. it has been widely reported that drugs that lower cholesterol may slow the progression of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the role of cholesterol in alzheimer \u2019 s disease is attracting increasing attention from researchers and there are conflicting messages coming form a great deal of reports. despite the fact that wide - spread opinion about high levels of cholesterol still remains [... ] natural food may be one of the natural remedies for gout and arthritis pain relief. a study suggests that natural compounds in cherries may reduce painful arthritis inflammation. cherries already have a reputation for fighting inflammation. so what \u2019 s new about the agricultural research service ( ars ) study carried out by ars scientists and their university colleagues. [... ] mindfulness based cognitive therapy ( mbct ) is a treatment program for prevention of relapses in depression and the treatment of anxiety disorders. is mbct an acceptable intervention to patients with depression and anxiety? the course exercises there was a wide range of views on the course exercises, in particular the body - scan and walking meditation. while some [... ] more fat in the diet decreases leptin levels while a diet higher in carbohydrates increases leptin levels according to a study. leptin, made by the body \u2019 s fat cells, is thought to help contribute to satiety, a feeling of fullness. an upcoming study should help reveal how two kinds of sugars in our foods, glucose and fructose, affect the body \u2019 s production of leptin and insulin. agricultural research service chemist nancy l. keim, peter j. havel and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48536067754675793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44fc0616-3ce7-4a5e-8a8c-f3ca3b66fe17>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.646591"}
{"text": "earth day was officially on 22 april, but in many communities and countries around the world it \u2019 s celebrated for the entire week or month. earth day was founded 40 years ago by u. s. senator gaylord nelson of wisconsin. his goal was to create a grassroots movement that would show the government just how concerned americans were about the environment and get laws enacted that would enforce protection of the earth and its inhabitants \u2013 us. by the end of that year, in december 1970, the environmental protection agency opened its doors. a very good start. since that time, there have been many years when there has been little to celebrate. although there has been continual progress, including some milestones, there have also been pretty serious setbacks. for example, of the 80, 000 chemicals that have been produced and used in the u. s. since the toxic substances control act ( tsca ) was enacted 34 years ago, only 200 have been tested by the epa, and only five have been regulated. but in the last year, the epa has undergone some equally serious reform. finally, the agency is really buckling down on toxic chemicals, both in the environment and in consumer goods. there is special attention on children, as it should be. children are most susceptible to toxic chemicals because their bodies are still growing. in the not too distant future, it is our children and grandchildren, the little ones asleep in their cribs right now, who will lead the way in politics, as teachers, as firefighters, artists, business owners and so on, and so on. to do their jobs well, to achieve their goals and have a satisfying, happy and productive life, they need to be healthy. at naturepedic, we celebrate earth day every day. we give children a healthy start in life by manufacturing our award - winning organic baby crib mattresses that are certified by greenguard and enjoy the unique distinction of being the only crib mattress recommended by healthy child healthy world. do you have a naturepedic mattress for your infant or toddler? if not, you might want to celebrate earth day / week / month by checking them out at http : / / www. naturepedic. com. you can also celebrate earth day by working on creating a personal environment that is more chemical - free. it really doesn \u2019 t take much to get a good start. read going green in 2010 \u2013 a few simple things with a big impact for some helpful hints that make a real difference. start now, and next year your family will also have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38657932888795826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81a5bd11-c7e5-4a06-adfa-09893ee9c1aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.649002"}
{"text": "obs via google maps oil & gas adcp ship obs report obs web widget ndbc on facebook ndbc dqc handbook hurricane data plots handbook no. 1 see recent photos from tao buoy 8n 110w how can i compute the distance from a buoy to shore, an inlet, or another reference location? often, when you ask us how far a buoy is away from a location, we don ' t know the exact location of the jetty, inlet, or the point on shore that you are referring to. we ' d hate to guess and give you the wrong information. however, it ' s fairly easy to determine this yourself if you can find the latitude and longitude of your reference position. copy the station ' s latitude and longitude from the station page. next, look up the latitude and longitude of the inlet, lighthouse, town, or other geographic feature you are interested in. you can find these on noaa nautical charts : http : / / chartmaker. ncd. noaa. gov / staff / charts. htm provides a listing of these charts which you can purchase. when you have this information, do an internet search for a \" great circle calculator \" and go to one of the web sites featuring this type of calculator. here ' s a great circle calculator offered by noaa ' s national hurricane center : http : / / www. nhc. noaa. gov / gccalc. shtml. then, enter the latitude and longitude of our buoy and the position of your reference location. the calculator will provide the distance in in your choice of units.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4263570069160453, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0a4bf29-92bc-4945-94e5-762a0b69eeaa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.651784"}
{"text": "netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. saturday, may 18, 2013 addiction and substance abuse later effects of substance abuse my husband actively abused drugs and alcohol from his teens to early 30 ` s. he ` s now in his 50 ` s and is having memory problems along with other physical ailments. i wondered if there have been studies done to understand the long term effects ( especially on the brain ) of substance abuse ; and what the difference is with later long term abstinence. thank you for your question about what sounds like a very difficult situation. there are some things that are known... and some that are unknown. 1 ) alcohol abuse is by far the most damaging to the brain and nervous system, and tends to be an immediate thing - meaning that once a person is sober for several months, the toxic effects of alcohol either \" freeze \" where they are or even resolve gradually to some degree. it is not typical for past alcohol problems to produce progressive / new / on - going brain effects. 2 ) the drugs that have the most brain effects are pcp / lsd / marijuana / and amphetamines - especially methamphetamine. generally cocaine and opioids ( heroin and other prescription pain medicines ) do not produce long - term damage to the brain / nervous system. 3 ) if a person suffered pretty severe liver damage from either alcoholic cirrhosis, or hepatitis c or b, or a combination, then this can certainly produce progressive deterioration in brain function many years to decades later. it is the same situation if a person was infected by hiv as a consequence of their addictive disease. that is the bad news. the good news is that if he is truly sober, then be sure that none of the following reversible or fairly treatable causes are not active for him. be sure that he is : - not on prescription drugs that are potentially addictive. - not on other non - addictive medicines that can cause brain function problems. ( anything from some blood pressure medications to psychiatric medications to anti - seizure medications can cause brain function problems and result in deterioration. ) - receiving plenty of vitamins and a well - balanced diet. - not hypothyroid. - not depressed or impaired from any other psychiatric disease. - not suffering from low oxygen ( emphysema / copd ). - not suffering from a toxic exposure like heavy metals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4715415021030336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:564417c2-d62d-460f-a578-5c603d43b603>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.654761"}
{"text": "california, the largest and most important of the pacific coast states, is the second state of the united states in point of area, and the twenty - first in point of population. it is bounded on the north by the state of oregon ; on the east by the state of nevada and, for a comparatively short distance, by the territory of arizona ; on the south by the peninsula of lower california ( mexico ) ; and on the west by the pacific ocean. it lies entirely between 42\u00b0 and 32\u00b0 n. lat., and between 12\u00b05 and 11\u00b03 w. long. it is 800 miles long, running in a north - westerly and south - easterly direction, and has an average width of 200 miles. according to the official returns of the united states census of 1900, its total area is 158, 360 square miles. of this number 2, 188 square miles constitute the water area ; the total land area, therefore, is 156, 172 square miles. the capital of the state is sacramento, with a population ( 1900 ) of 29, 000. san francisco, built on san francisco bay, is the metropolis, with a population ( 1900 ) of 342, 000. the other chief cities, with a population according to the united states census of 1900, are los angeles, 102, 000 ; oakland, 66, 000 ; san jose, 21, 000 ; san diego, 17, 000 ; stockton, 17, 000 ; alameda, 17, 000 ; berkeley and fresno, 12, 000. these figures have been enormously increased since 1900. the estimated population of the three largest cities in january, 1907, was as follows : san francisco, 400, 000 ; oakland, 276, 000 ; and los angeles, 245, 000. the state presents two systems of mountains which converge at mount shasta, in the north, and tehachapi, in the south. the outer, or western, range is called the coast range, and is close to the sea, in some places coming down precipitately to the water ' s edge ; the eastern range is called the sierra nevada. the latter is considerably higher than the former, and in several peaks reaches a height of more than 14, 000 feet. the sierra nevadas extend along the eastern border of the state for about 450 miles ; they are but a portion, physically, of the cascade range, which traverses also the states of oregon and washington. the sierra nevada range is practically unbroken throughout the entire length of the state of california,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46290835515898443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.691252"}
{"text": "border of the state for about 450 miles ; they are but a portion, physically, of the cascade range, which traverses also the states of oregon and washington. the sierra nevada range is practically unbroken throughout the entire length of the state of california, the coast range is broken by the magnificent harbour of san francisco. both of these ranges follow the general contour of the coast line. between them lies a great valley which is drained by the sacramento river in the north and the san joaquin river in the south. these two rivers, navigable by steamers for about 100 miles from their mouth in san francisco bay, constitute a great parent water - system of california, and both empty into the harbour of san francisco, which is situated approximately midway between the northern and southern extremities of the state. the sierra nevada mountains form the great watershed from which are fed most of the rivers and streams of california. the combined valleys of the sacramento and the san joaquin rivers are approximately 500 miles long, and have an average width of 50 miles. this area, the surface of which is quite level, is one of the most fertile regions in the world. in addition to those already mentioned, the divisions of the mountain ranges form numerous smaller valleys. the principal of these are sonoma, napa, ukiah, vaca, contra costa, and alameda valleys in the north ; and santa clara, pajaro, and salinas valleys in the south. south of the tehachapi range, in southern california, is another low - lying stretch of country which has become the centre of the citrus industry and the home of a large variety of semi - tropical fruits. in the south - eastern part of the state and east of the mountains is the low - lying desert region consisting of the mojave desert and death valley. owing to the great height of the sierra nevada mountains and their comparative proximity to the sea, the numerous streams, fed from their glaciers and perpetual snows, afford abundant water - power throughout their steep descent to the sea. this power is utilized for generating light and operating mills and factories. california has one of the finest harbours in the world, san francisco bay, capable of accommodating the combined navies of the world. there are five other bays forming good harbours, san diego, san pedro, humboldt, santa barbara, and monterey bays. the 800 miles of california ' s length from north to south are equal to the combined length of ten states on the atlantic seaboard ; the northern line of california is on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4512505683835701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.692195"}
{"text": ", san diego, san pedro, humboldt, santa barbara, and monterey bays. the 800 miles of california ' s length from north to south are equal to the combined length of ten states on the atlantic seaboard ; the northern line of california is on the same latitude as boston, and the southern line is that of savannah, georgia. the entire state is subject to the beneficent influence of the japan current. the climate is equable ; except in the high mountains, snow and the extremes of cold, experienced in the same latitudes on the atlantic coast, are unknown. there are, in reality, but two seasons : the wet and the dry. the wet or rainy season lasts from about september to april, during which the rains are occasional, alternating with clear weather. during the entire summer the winds from the west and south - west blow over the coast, keeping the weather cool, and not infrequently bringing in cold fogs towards evening. but it is chiefly in the balminess of its winters that the climate of california excels. it is never too cold to work outdoors, and the citrus fruits, semi - tropical as they are, grow to perfection throughout the valleys of california. the records of the climate left by early franciscan missionaries who evangelized california are duplicated by those of the government weather bureau of today. the population of california, according to the united states census of 1900, is 1, 485, 053, or 9. 5 per square mile. this figure constitutes an increase of 22. 7 percent upon the population of 1890. the following table, taken from the united states census of 1900, exhibits the population of california in each census year since its admission into the federal union, its rank among the states in point of population, and the percentage of increase in its population during the period of ten years between each census : | year | | rank | | population | | percentage of increase | the census of 1900 also presents the following details of population : ( a ) white, 1, 402, 727 ; african, 11, 045 ; indian, 15, 377 ; chinese, 45, 753 ; japanese, 10, 151. ( b ) native - born, 1, 117, 813 ; foreign - born, 367, 240 ; ( c ) males, 820, 531 ; females, 664, 522. the estimated population of california ( january, 1907 ) is 2, 217, 897, an increase of 732, 844,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47269304862740086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.693116"}
{"text": "367, 240 ; ( c ) males, 820, 531 ; females, 664, 522. the estimated population of california ( january, 1907 ) is 2, 217, 897, an increase of 732, 844, or 49. 3 percent since the census of 1900. the soil of the state of california is rich and highly productive. it consists for the most part of alluvial deposits. this is especially true of the delta lands of the sacramento and san joaquin rivers. much of the so - called desert land consists of a rich subsoil covered with but a thin crust of sand. the value of irrigation in making this desert land productive, as well as in enriching the soil by bearing to it the washed - out life - principles from the uplands, is almost incalculable. the soil readily responds to the plough, and there is no hard, tough subsoil to be turned and mellowed. california has approximately 40, 000, 000 acres of arable land. to this must be added fully 10, 000, 000 acres of its so - called desert land, which needs but the touch of water from its irrigation systems to make it as productive as the valley or farm lands. the remaining 50, 000, 000 acres of california ' s domain, the mountainous and desert acreage, afford pasturage for millions of cattle and sheep. the chief products of the soil of california are hay, grain, fruits, wines, lumber, dairy produce, and livestock. it may be safely said that, in the combined values of these products, california is the richest in the united states. ships loaded with her grain at san francisco bay carry their precious cargoes to every port in the world ; her fruits, packed in special cars and shipped by fast freight, are the first choice in chicago and new york, and find a ready market in london ; her wines have given a standard of excellence to american wines, and \" american wines \" means \" california wines \" the world over. the total value of all california ' s agricultural products, according to the census of 1900, was $ 131, 690, 606. the value of the output in 1906 reached the total of $ 213, 000, 000. the following table presents the total output of agricultural products in detail for the year 1906 : asparagus 23, 000, 000 pounds almonds 4, 200, 000 pounds apricots 585, 000 pounds apples 132, 455, 000 pounds beans 125, 000,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.460420001526054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.694069"}
{"text": "total output of agricultural products in detail for the year 1906 : asparagus 23, 000, 000 pounds almonds 4, 200, 000 pounds apricots 585, 000 pounds apples 132, 455, 000 pounds beans 125, 000, 000 pounds barley 24, 000, 000 bushels brandy 4, 070, 992 gallons citrus fruits 18, 220, 000 boxes canned fruits and veg. 4, 475, 751 cases corn 2, 000, 000 bushels cherries 5, 382, 000 pounds figs 45, 000 pounds grapes 73, 224, 000 pounds hops 73, 000 bales hay 3, 000, 000 tonnes lumber 900, 000, 000 feet pears 54, 390, 000 pounds peaches 21, 015, 000 pounds plums 43, 938, 000 pounds prunes 180, 000, 000 pounds raisins 100, 000, 000 pounds other dried fruit 41, 000, 000 pounds olive oil 51, 000 gallons potatoes 6, 500, 000 bushels walnuts 12, 800, 000 pounds wool 22, 000, 000 pounds wheat 4, 700, 000 centals wine 41, 000, 000 gallons the total annual output of fruit from california farms is $ 40, 000, 000, and this is made up of all known fruits that grow in temperate and semi - tropical climates. in the year 1906 there were 30, 000, 000 fruit trees in california ; this figure does not include nuts, figs, olives, or berries. six million of these fruit trees belong to santa clara valley alone. the principal fruit trees are as follows : apple trees, 4, 000, 000 ; apricot trees, 3, 500, 000 ; cherry trees, 1, 000, 000 ; peach trees, 4, 500, 000 ; pear trees, 2, 000, 000 ; orange trees, 6, 000, 000 ; lemon trees, 2, 000, 000. there are 272, 500 acres of land devoted to the cultivation of grapes : 250, 000 for wine, and 22, 500 for table grapes. the total value of the output in manufactures in 1900, according to the census, was $ 302, 874, 761. in 1906 it amounted to $ 400, 000, 000. the chief elements contributing to california ' s success in manufactures are an abundance of raw material from her soil, cheap fuel from her forests, and cheap power from her streams. the heaviest items of manufacture are sugar, lumber and timber products, flour, machinery, and leather goods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4547618367965972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.694985"}
{"text": "to california ' s success in manufactures are an abundance of raw material from her soil, cheap fuel from her forests, and cheap power from her streams. the heaviest items of manufacture are sugar, lumber and timber products, flour, machinery, and leather goods. during 1906 the total output of sugar was 62, 110 tons. the discovery of rich deposits of petroleum has given an impetus to manufactures that is already far - reaching in its results. in 1900 there were 12, 582 manufacturing plants in california, representing a total investment of $ 205, 395, 025, and giving employment to 98, 931 persons ; the sum paid out for labour was $ 55, 786, 776, and for materials, $ 188, 125, 602. mining is still one of the most important industries of california, notwithstanding that the flood of population first lured to her mountains by the discovery of gold has long ago been turned to agriculture and commerce. there are some forty - seven mineral substances now being mined in the state. the value of the total output in 1900 was $ 28, 870, 405. in 1906 it was over $ 54, 000, 000. gold, petroleum, and copper are now the most valuable items of this output. in the same year there were 1, 107 producing mines in the state. the value of the gold output was $ 19, 700, 000 ; silver, $ 2, 460, 000 ; copper, $ 3, 750, 000 ; quicksilver, $ 904, 000 ; petroleum, $ 10, 000, 000. it is estimated that in the petroleum industry alone the total investment is more than $ 20, 000, 000 ; 35, 000, 000 barrels of oil were produced in 1906. there are also large and valuable deposits of brick and pottery clays, lime, asphaltum, bitumen, and iron ore. twenty - two per cent of the area of the state is forest - clad, and the importance of the lumber industry in california increases each year as the mountains of the east and the north are denuded of their trees. california is the home of the redwood ( sequoia ). these remarkable trees attain a height of three hundred feet in the famous groves of big trees in mariposa and calveras counties. redwood and pine are the two principle woods. it is estimated that, without the growth of another tree, the forests of california can not be exhausted for two hundred years. san francisco alone sends 400, 000, 000 feet of lumber to the world each year. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46694154477293814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.695899"}
{"text": "are the two principle woods. it is estimated that, without the growth of another tree, the forests of california can not be exhausted for two hundred years. san francisco alone sends 400, 000, 000 feet of lumber to the world each year. the total output of the state for 1906 was 900, 000, 000 feet. there are $ 16, 000, 000 invested in the industry, 250 mills, and the value of the total output, together with the by - products of the forests, is $ 17, 000, 000 - - the lumber itself amounting to $ 8, 500, 000. throughout the splendid harbour of san francisco passes by far the greatest part of the ocean commerce of california, as well as of the entire pacific coast. the harbours of the state now carry on an ocean commerce of about $ 100, 000, 000 per year, the precise figure for 1906 being : imports $ 49, 193, 303 ; exports $ 45, 479, 422. the total foreign commerce of the state for 1900 was $ 119, 212, 911, and in 1906 san francisco was fourth among the cities of the united states in point of customs receipts. besides the ocean commerce of california with every port of the world which passes through her harbours, she has direct communication by rail with every quarter of the united states. four great transcontinental railroads carry her goods and passengers to and from her cities, and a fifth is now ( 1907 ) nearing completion. in 1900 the total railroad mileage of the state was 5, 532. the educational system of the state commences with primary schools and continues through grammar schools and high schools, culminating in the state university. these are all public schools, being supported by the state and counties, and affording free education to all. the state constitution creates the office of superintendent of public instruction ; it also provides for a superintendent of schools for each of the fifty - seven counties of the state. it makes provision for the maintenance of the public school system, and directs that the proceeds of all public lands and of all escheated estates shall be appropriated to the support of the common schools. the state university is situated at berkeley on the bay of san francisco. it was created by act of the legislature on 23, march, 1868, and this act is confirmed by the present constitution ( that of 1879 ), making the organization and government of the university perpetual. the university is designed for the education of male and female students alike, and in fact the principle of co - education is recognized and put", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48209440973900036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.696939"}
{"text": "act is confirmed by the present constitution ( that of 1879 ), making the organization and government of the university perpetual. the university is designed for the education of male and female students alike, and in fact the principle of co - education is recognized and put in practice in nearly all state educational institutions. the total number of professors, including the various officers of instruction and research, in the university of california, for the year ending 30 june, 1906, was 318, as follows : academic, 252 ; art, 9 ; lick astronomical observatory, 9 ; law, 6 ; medicine, 34 ; pharmacy, 8. the total number of students for the same period was 3, 338, of whom 2, 007 were men, and 1, 331 women, the women being nearly 40 percent of the total enrollment. this percentage is far higher in the colleges of letters, social sciences, and natural sciences, in which, as an average, the women outnumber the men more than two to one. the college of agriculture, as well as several other technological colleges, including the college of mechanics, the college of mining, the college of commerce, the college of civil engineering, and the college of chemistry, are designed to afford a complete technical training in their respective branches. the affiliated colleges of the university, being the schools of law, medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry, are situated in san francisco ; there are several experiment stations for which the university receives $ 15, 000 annually from the federal government ; and there is a state university farm of 780 acres at davisville. the university has been the recipient of munificent endowments both from the state and from private persons. in addition to these, and the proceeds of public land already mentioned, a direct tax of two cents on every $ 100 of taxable property in the state is levied, and applied to the support of the university. but four of the fifty - seven counties of the state have no high school, and some counties have several. there are also five normal schools, situated respectively at san francisco, los angeles, san jose, san diego, and chico. in addition to these there are night schools, technical schools, and commercial schools in all the large cities of the state. the public school system of the state was founded in the constitutional convention at monterey, in september, 1849. the 500, 000 acres of land granted by congress to new states for the purpose of internal improvement were appropriated to constitute a perpetual school fund. it was also provided that a school should be kept in each district", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49070204539460704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.697874"}
{"text": "convention at monterey, in september, 1849. the 500, 000 acres of land granted by congress to new states for the purpose of internal improvement were appropriated to constitute a perpetual school fund. it was also provided that a school should be kept in each district at least three months each year to secure any share of the state school funds. in the school year ending 30 june, 1906, there were 3, 227 primary and grammar schools in the state, and 117 high schools. the total number of teachers in the public schools was 9, 371 ; the total number of pupils, 321, 870. the total number of pupils in private schools was 43, 080. california has been more than lavish in her provision for her public school system. the total income of her public schools during the scholastic year 1905 - 06 was $ 11, 494, 670. 29. the total value of public school property for the same year was $ 23, 860, 341. this does not include the state university. the total income of the state university for the same period was $ 1, 564, 190. the leland stanford junior university is situated at palo alto. it was founded by mr. and mrs. leland stanford as a memorial to their only child. the total value of the endowments given to the university by its founders reaches the astonishing figure of $ 26, 000, 000. like the university of california, it is co - educational, but the number of women students is limited to 500. the university was opened to students in 1891. the work of religious education in california is confined almost exclusively to institutions under catholic auspices. in california the catholic church, notwithstanding that she receives no financial aid from the state, and that the support of her schools and colleges must be derived entirely from contributions of the faithful, has done great things in the cause of christian education. the great pioneers of catholic education in california were the jesuits. in 1851 santa clara college was founded by the venerable father john nobili, s. j. this was followed, four years later, by the establishment of st. ignatius college in san francisco under the leadership of the rev. anthony maraschi, s. j. from the days of these small beginnings the zeal of those charged with the education of catholic youth has been untiring, progress has been steady, and the results already achieved have more than compensated for the sacrifices and expenditures which the work entailed. the following figures for the year 1907 will give some idea of the importance of catholic education in california : 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45631201843696867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.698769"}
{"text": "san francisco was founded in 1776. for fifteen years the saintly man laboured in california with apostolic zeal, and at the time of his death in 1784, he established nine missions between san diego and san francisco. the total number of missions founded in california by the franciscans was twenty - one, and they extended from sonoma in the north to san diego in the south. prominent among them were santa clara, san luis, obispo, santa barbara, and san juan capistrano. the missions were all established under the sovereignty of the king of spain ; each mission had its church, a residence for the fathers, a presidio, or military guard, and shops and workrooms for the indians, who, besides receiving instruction in the faith, were taught the useful arts of civilization. ( see california missions. ) each mission was established in conjunction with a spanish settlement under a civil governor, and during this period, the immigration was almost exclusively spanish and mexican. in 1822 california ceased to be a spanish colony and became part of the territory of mexico. from that date begins the decline of the missions ; the policy of the government became one of annoyance, interference, and aggression. finally, in 1834, began the secularization of the missions, which was in fact their downright confiscation. the fathers were deprived of their lands and buildings ; and the indians freed from the benevolent government of the friars. the results were disastrous. the indians were scattered and dispersed, and many of them lapsed into barbarism. the missions themselves were destroyed. this confiscation forms one of the saddest injustices in history. the temporal wrongs done at this time were partially righted in 1902 by the award of the international tribunal of arbitration at the hague, in the case of the pious fund, which adjudged the payment by mexico to the united states for the catholic church in california, of the accrued interest of the fund. when taken over by president santa anna in 1842, the total value of the pious fund estates was estimated at $ 1, 700, 000. in 1826 the first emigrant train of americans entered the present territory of california. from that year onward there was a gradual influx of americans, most of whom engaged in trading, hunting, prospecting, cattle - raising, and farming. as the american population increased there were frequent misunderstandings and clashes with the mexican authorities, some of them not altogether creditable to the americans. commodore jones made an unauthorized seizure of monterey in 1842. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38697373426762377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.700679"}
{"text": "prospecting, cattle - raising, and farming. as the american population increased there were frequent misunderstandings and clashes with the mexican authorities, some of them not altogether creditable to the americans. commodore jones made an unauthorized seizure of monterey in 1842. the united states government subsequently disavowed his acts and made apologies to mexico. in 1846 a party of americans seized sonoma, captured the commandant, and proclaimed the independence of the republic of california. the young republic chose the bear flag as its emblem. in a few weeks news was received of hostilities between the united states and mexico ; the bear flag gave place to the american flag ; and monterey, san francisco, sonoma, and sutter ' s fort were soon in the hands of the americans. california was finally ceded to the united states, on the conclusion of the war with mexico, by the treaty of guadeloupe hidalgo, proclaimed 4 july, 1848. in january, 1848, gold was discovered by james w. coloma, on the american river. the news spread like wildfire, and by the early part of 1849 a mighty tide of immigration had set in. the gold - seekers came from every section of the united states, and from europe. in that year more than 80, 000 men arrived in california. these men were afterwards called the \" forty - niners \". some of them came from australia ; some, from new york and europe by way of cape horn ; some crossed the isthmus of panama ; while a large number came across the plains in caravans, on horseback, and even on foot. fortune awaited thousands of these pioneers in the rich placer mines, and california became the richest gold - producing state in the united states. but thousands of those who were unsuccessful in their quest for gold, found even greater and more lasting wealth in tilling the rich soil and engaging in commerce. after the excitement caused by the discovery of gold had subsided, a steady stream of immigration began, and continues to the present time. the foreign immigrants have been chiefly irish, german, english, canadian, italian, and french, though there are also considerable numbers of portuguese and swedes. as shown in the tables already presented, more than seventy five percent of the total population in 1900 was native - born. so rapid was the growth of population after the discovery of gold, that in 1849 a constitution was adopted by the convention at monterey, and california was admitted into the union of states by act of congress on 9 september, 1850. that day has ever since been a legal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4338422642776435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.701568"}
{"text": "the growth of population after the discovery of gold, that in 1849 a constitution was adopted by the convention at monterey, and california was admitted into the union of states by act of congress on 9 september, 1850. that day has ever since been a legal holiday, and is generally celebrated and referred to as admission day. peter h. burnett was elected first governor of the new state and served during 1851 and 1852. all sorts of men found their way into the new el dorado, as it was called. most of them were hardy, industrious, and honest - - these were the true pioneers. but there was a considerable admixture of the reckless and daredevil element, criminals and desperadoes, who sought fortune and adventure in the new gold diggings. in 1851 there was a veritable carnival of crime in san francisco which the lawfully constituted authorities were unable to suppress. the citizens of the city organized themselves into a vigilance committee and punished crimes and criminals in summary fashion. the members of the committee were known as \" vigilantes \", and were for the most part honest and reputable men, who resorted to these measures only from motives of necessity and duty, in the disturbed condition of the government. a similar condition arose again in 1856 and was met by the same remedy. it must be said that the trials of the vigilance committee, while informal, were in the main fair, and the punishments inflicted richly deserved. large numbers of chinese coolies had emigrated to california ever since 1850 ; the influx was greatest during the building of the central pacific railroad which was completed in 1869. a strong anti - chinese sentiment developed, due chiefly to three principal objections made against them : they worked for wages much lower than white men ; they spent little of their earnings ; they rarely established homes, but lived together in large numbers and in unclean surroundings. the agitation grew to tremendous proportions, provoked serious riots, and finally resulted in the so - called chinese exclusion acts which have been enacted periodically by congress since 1882. there were at one time over 100, 000 chinese in california. in 1900 the number had decreased to 45, 753 ; and it is now ( 1907 ) much smaller. in 1891 the australian ballot was introduced at state elections. among other important political events of the last twenty - five years was the prohibition of hydraulic mining, which had destroyed immense areas for agriculture and had choked up river beds with the accumulation of detritus ; also the passage of numerous beneficial laws for the promotion of irrigation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4114110858518482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.702524"}
{"text": "important political events of the last twenty - five years was the prohibition of hydraulic mining, which had destroyed immense areas for agriculture and had choked up river beds with the accumulation of detritus ; also the passage of numerous beneficial laws for the promotion of irrigation, for the fumigation of fruit trees, and for the importation of predatory insects for the purpose of destroying insect pests. the present constitution of california was adopted in 1879. during the spanish - american war and the subsequent american occupation of the philippines, san francisco has been the chief depot for the transportation of troops and supplies. on 18 april, 1906, one of the greatest earthquakes recorded in history visited the coast of california ; it was most severe in san francisco. fire started simultaneously in a dozen quarters and burned incessantly for three days. all but the western and southern parts of the city were consumed. the city, as a city, was destroyed. the loss of life is estimated at 500, and of property at $ 500, 000, 000. more than 300, 000 people left the city after the fire. over 200, 000 of these have returned, and incredible strides have been made in rehabilitating the city. nearly $ 200, 000, 000 have been expended ( december, 1907 ) on improvements in the 497 city blocks that were destroyed. the territory of the state of california is divided, ecclesiastically, into the archdiocese of san francisco, the diocese of monterey and los angeles, and the diocese of sacramento. the first includes the city of san francisco and the central and more westerly counties of the state. the second includes all of southern california. the third embraces the entire northern part of the state, as well as nearly half of the state of nevada. with the exception of the diocese of sacramento, their boundaries are conterminous with those of the state. the diocese of salt lake, in utah, and the dioceses of sacramento and of monterey and los angeles are suffragan to the archdiocese of san francisco. the catholic population of california is estimated at 344, 000 ( 1906 ), made up as follows : archdiocese of san francisco, 227, 000 ; diocese of sacramento, 42, 000 ; diocese of monterey and los angeles, 75, 000. by far the greater portion of these are white, the total of blacks, indians, and chinese being less than five percent. from 1769, the year which saw the foundation of san diego, until the second expedition of fremont ( 1846 ), the settlers and immigrants were chiefly catholic, being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43944182494097966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.703440"}
{"text": "are white, the total of blacks, indians, and chinese being less than five percent. from 1769, the year which saw the foundation of san diego, until the second expedition of fremont ( 1846 ), the settlers and immigrants were chiefly catholic, being natives of spain and mexico. the discovery of gold in 1848 was immediately followed by an inrush of thousands of immigrants. these gold - seekers were mostly americans, but there was also a large proportion of foreigners. from that time until the present, the immigration has been steadily on the increase, the catholic part of it being chiefly irish, irish - american, italian, french, and german. the first governor of california, peter h. burnett, was a convert to the catholic faith. stephen m. white, who represented california in the senate of the united states, was one of the first graduates of the jesuit college at santa clara. he was an astute lawyer, a brilliant orator, and a tireless worker. e. w. mckinstry, like judge burnett, was a convert to the faith ; and like him, also, was a member of the supreme bench. judge mckinstry was a man of deep erudition, a fine constitutional lawyer, and an exemplary catholic. w. g. lorigan, a catholic, was also chosen to the supreme bench. joseph mckenna, another california catholic, became a justice of the supreme court of the united states ( 1898 ), and james f. smith, general in the united states army, member of the philippine commission, and governor - general of the philippine islands, is another alumnus of santa clara college. garret w. mcenerney, one of the leaders of the california bar, who won international fame by his masterful presentation of the claims of the catholic church in california to the pious fund ( q. v. ) before the tribunal arbitration at the hague in 1902, graduated at st. mary ' s college. the following statistics of the catholic church in california are taken from the catholic directory for 1907 : archbishop, 1 ; bishops, 2 ; total priests, 488 ; secular, 321 ; religious, 167 ; total churches, 366 ; churches with resident priests, 209 ; missions with churches, 157 ; stations, 119 ; seminary, 1 ; seminaries of religious orders, 5 ; colleges and academies for boys, 11 ; academies for young ladies, 47 ; parishes with parochial schools, 73 ; orphan asylums, 12 ; total young people under catholic care, 31, 814 ; catholic population, 344,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4182272344991204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.704299"}
{"text": "religious orders, 5 ; colleges and academies for boys, 11 ; academies for young ladies, 47 ; parishes with parochial schools, 73 ; orphan asylums, 12 ; total young people under catholic care, 31, 814 ; catholic population, 344, 000. there are houses or monasteries of jesuits, dominicans, franciscans, paulists, marists, selesians, christian brothers, and brothers of mary. the catholic sisterhoods are almost all represented. the total number of churches was 1505 ; total value of church property, $ 11, 961, 914 ; total number of communicants, 280, 619. of course, these figures have been greatly increased since that time. catholics do not recognize any such enumeration as \" communicants \" ; the total for this head therefore underestimates the catholic population. | denomination | | organization | | churches | | value of church property | | number of communicants | the constitutional provision safeguarding religious freedom is ample and specific. it reads as follows : \" the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall be forever guaranteed by this state ; and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness or juror on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief ; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this state. \" the constitution prohibits the appropriation of money from the state treasury for the use or benefit of any corporation, association, asylum, hospital, or any other institution not under the exclusive management and control of the state as a state institution. but there is, nevertheless, a proviso authorizing the granting of state aid to institutions conducted for the support of maintenance of \" minor orphans, or half - orphans, or abandoned children, or aged persons in indigent circumstances \". the constitution also expressly prohibits the appropriation of money in support of any sectarian creed, church, or school. the policy of the state is to afford the fullest measure of religious liberty to all, to discriminate in favour of, or against, no one on account of religious belief, and not to permit the power or resources of the state to be used for the propagation of any form of religion or for the benefit of any religious institution. every sunday is by express legislative enactment a legal holiday ( civil code, 7 ) ; on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4827985889883697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.705157"}
{"text": ", and not to permit the power or resources of the state to be used for the propagation of any form of religion or for the benefit of any religious institution. every sunday is by express legislative enactment a legal holiday ( civil code, 7 ) ; on that day all courts are closed, and business is universally suspended. any act required by law or contract to be done or performed on a particular day which happens to fall on a sunday, may be done or performed on the next day with full legal effect. but there is no law compelling the religious observance of sunday, and contracts, deeds, wills, notes, etc. executed on sunday are just as valid as if executed on any other day. but, while there is no sunday law, properly so - called, there is an act of the legislature passed 27 february, 1893, securing to all employees one day ' s rest in seven, and making it a misdemeanor to violate the provisions of the act. the code of civil procedure provides that \" every court, every judge or clerk of any court, every justice and every notary public, and every officer or person authorized to take testimony in any action or proceeding, or to decide upon evidence, has power to administer oaths or affirmations \". any person who desires it may, at his option, instead of taking an oath, make his affirmation. the bible is not used in administering oaths ; in judicial proceedings, the witness raises his right hand and the clerk or judge swears him \" to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you god \". to make a willfully false statement after having taken an oath or affirmation, before an officer authorized to administer it, to testify to the truth, is perjury, a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state ' s prison for from one to fourteen years. the penal code makes it a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of $ 200 or imprisonment for ninety days, to utter profane language in the presence or hearing of women and children ( penal code, sect. 415 ). the supreme court of the state, in the case of delaney, ex parte, california reports, vol. xliii, page 478, has held it to be within the power of a municipal corporation empowered by its charter to prohibit practices which are against good morals, to prohibit and punish the utterance of profane language. the entire matter of profane language is generally left to the control of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48139405571534205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.706030"}
{"text": "held it to be within the power of a municipal corporation empowered by its charter to prohibit practices which are against good morals, to prohibit and punish the utterance of profane language. the entire matter of profane language is generally left to the control of the local authorities, and most of the counties and cities have ordinances prohibiting and punishing it. it is customary to open the sessions of the legislature with prayer, though there is no provision of law either requiring or prohibiting the practice. there is no recognition of any religious holidays, by name, except sunday. new years ' day and christmas are both holidays, but they are described in the civil code merely as \" the first day of january... and the twenty - fifth day of december \". it must be said that the same rule is observed in the code in referring to the other legal holidays. washington ' s birthday, memorial day, independence day, etc. are simply the twenty - second day of february, the thirtieth day of may, the fourth day of july, etc. the seal of confession has the full sanction and protection of the law. it occupies the same position in the eyes of the law as communications made to attorneys and physicians in their professional capacities. it is the policy of the law to encourage these confidential or privileged communications, as they are called, and to keep them inviolate. section 1881 of the code of civil procedure provides that a priest cannot be examined as to any confession made to him, as such, by a penitent. the laws governing the incorporation of churches, and religious societies and providing for the protection and management of church property are both beneficent and effective. the civil code ( section 602 ) provides that any bishop, chief priest, or presiding elder, may become a sole corporation by complying with certain simple legal formalities. thereafter, the usual attributes of corporation aggregate attach, mutatis mutandis, to the corporation sole. under this statute all catholic church property in the archdiocese of san francisco is held in the name of \" the roman catholic archbishop of san francisco \", a corporation sole. upon the death of the incumbent, his successor, properly appointed and qualified, takes the place of his predecessor, and no probate or other proceedings are required to vest the title to the church property which, in contemplation of law, remains always in the corporation sole, regardless of who may be, for the time being, the incumbent. in addition to the laws governing corporations sole, there are very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48223549286535744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.707773"}
{"text": "vest the title to the church property which, in contemplation of law, remains always in the corporation sole, regardless of who may be, for the time being, the incumbent. in addition to the laws governing corporations sole, there are very liberal statutes authorizing the incorporation of single churches, as well as of religious, charitable, and educational associations, and the holding of property by such corporations ; also authorizing the consolidation of two or more churches or parishes into one corporation. under the law of california, therefore, the property interests of the church are jealously safeguarded, and she is free to hold her church property in either of the methods above pointed out. prior to the year 1900, california stood alone among the states of the union in taxing church property in the same manner and at the same rate as business or residence property. on 6 november, 1900, the people of the state adopted an amendment to the constitution, providing that \" all buildings, and so much of the real property on which they are situated as may be required for the convenient use and occupation of said buildings, when the same are used solely and exclusively for religious worship, shall be free from taxation \". the residences of the clergy, the hospitals, orphanages, refuges, asylums, and all other institutions which are devoted to charitable or eleemosynary objects, but which are not used \" solely and exclusively for religious worship \", are still subject to taxation as before. the law exempts \" ministers of religion \" from military duty ; and \" a minister of the gospel, or a priest of any denomination following his profession \" is exempt from jury duty. the civil code defines marriage as \" a personal relation arising out of a civil contract, to which the consent of parties capable of making that contract is necessary. consent alone will not constitute marriage ; it must be followed by a solemnization authorized by this code \" ( 55 ). this section of the code formerly permitted \" a mutual assumption of marital rights, duties or obligations \" to take the place of a solemnization. in other words, the so - called common - law marriages were permitted, and their validity upheld, by the laws of the state. but the difficulty of determining just what constituted \" a mutual assumption of marital rights, duties or obligations \", and the numerous and scandalous cases of intrigue, temporary or illicit relations, hasty, ill - advised, and clandestine unions, with their consequent perplexing questions of legitimacy, succession, property rights, and the status of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45363471912833586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.708903"}
{"text": "\", and the numerous and scandalous cases of intrigue, temporary or illicit relations, hasty, ill - advised, and clandestine unions, with their consequent perplexing questions of legitimacy, succession, property rights, and the status of the parties themselves, convinced the leading minds of california that the position of the catholic church on the necessity of the public safeguards with which she protects the marriage ceremony, is the only wise and safe one. accordingly, in 1895, the legislature amended the law, and made it necessary that the consent of the parties to the marriage be evidenced by a solemnization of the marriage. no particular form of solemnization is required, but the parties must declare in the presence of the person solemnizing the marriage that they take each other as husband and wife. marriages may be solemnized by a priest, or a minister of any denomination, or by a justice or judge of any court. a license must first be obtained, and the person solemnizing the marriage must attach his written certificate to the license, certifying to the fact, the time, and the place of, and the names and residences of the parties and the witnesses to, the marriage. the license and certificate must then be recorded with the county recorder. under these stringent rules little or no difficulty is found in proving a marriage ; and all relations between the sexes are simply meretricious unless the parties avail themselves of the legal requirements of solemnization of marriage. there is a charitable provision of the law, designed for the benefit of innocent offspring, to the effect that all children of a marriage void in law or dissolved by divorce are legitimate. the age of consent to marriage is eighteen in males and fifteen in females ; but if the male be under the age of twenty - one, or the female under the age of eighteen, the consent of parents or guardian must first be obtained. the law of the state forbids and makes absolutely void marriages : ( 1 ) between whites and negroes, mongolians, or mulattoes ; ( 2 ) between ancestors and descendants, brothers and sisters, uncles and nieces, aunts and nephews ( marriages between cousins are permitted ) ; ( 3 ) if either party be already married, for one year after the entry of an interlocutory decree of divorce. the annulment of marriages is provided for in certain cases ; such marriages are considered voidable and may be annulled for any of the following causes : ( 1 ) if, at the time of the marriage, either party be under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45274229636404584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.709780"}
{"text": "divorce. the annulment of marriages is provided for in certain cases ; such marriages are considered voidable and may be annulled for any of the following causes : ( 1 ) if, at the time of the marriage, either party be under the age of consent, and the consent of parents or guardian be not obtained ; ( 2 ) if either party be of unsound mind at the time of the marriage ; ( 3 ) if consent of the marriage be obtained by fraud ; or ( 4 ) by force, or ( 5 ) if either party be physically incapable of entering into the marriage state. the annulment of marriage must carefully be distinguished from divorce. the latter implies the existence of a perfectly valid marriage. the former affords relief to the injured party, who may either ratify the marriage, and thus make it valid from the beginning, or have it set aside and declared void from the beginning. the principle of divorce is recognized by the law of california, which assigns six grounds of divorce : adultery, extreme cruelty, willful desertion, willful neglect ( failure to provide ), habitual intemperance, and conviction of a felony. notwithstanding that a cause for divorce be proved to exist, the divorce must be denied upon proof of any of the following : connivance, collusion, condonation, recrimination ( proof of a cause of divorce against the plaintiff ), or lapse of time. to prevent fraudulent and secret divorces, as well as the promiscuous granting of divorces, the law requires a bona fide residence by the plaintiff for one year in the state, and for three months in the county, before filing suit. upon dissolution of the marriage by divorce, the superior court has jurisdiction to award the care and custody of the children to the innocent party, or to make such other provision for their care and custody as the best interests of the children, both moral and material, may require ; and this disposition may be altered from time to time in the discretion of the court. in 1903 the law on the subject of divorce was amended. since that year, upon proof by the plaintiff of a cause for divorce, an interlocutory decree of divorce is granted. this decree entitles the successful party to a final decree of divorce upon the expiration of one year after the entry of the interlocutory decree. this change in the law prevents the remarriage of either of the parties until the expiration of one year from the entry of the interlo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4774284397050851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.710865"}
{"text": "of divorce upon the expiration of one year after the entry of the interlocutory decree. this change in the law prevents the remarriage of either of the parties until the expiration of one year from the entry of the interlocutory decree. as previously explained, the church receives no financial aid from the state towards the religious education of her children, and here, as elsewhere, catholics are taxed for the support of public schools, as well as charged with the duty of maintaining schools of their own. here also, as elsewhere, the effects of the public school system of non - religous education emphasize the necessity of providing for catholic youth a complete system of education that includes, with the best profane scholarship, a sound moral and religious training. the need is especially felt in the university courses, whose systems of philosophy, if not positively anti - christian, are certainly not calculated to foster belief in a personal god, or to strengthen faith in a divine revelation. there are liberal statutes in force, permitting and encouraging the foundation and maintenance of private institutions of learning, and the only interference permitted the state authorities concerns the supervision of sanitary arrangements, and the prescribing of such standards of scholarship as will entitle graduates to admission to the state university without examination. there are also liberal statutes authorizing the incorporation of religious, social, benevolent, or charitable organizations. such corporations may make and enforce rules for the government of themselves and their institutions, and may purchase and hold such real property as may be necessary for the objects of the association, not exceeding six whole lots in any city or town, or fifty acres in the country, and the annual profit or income of such land must not exceed $ 50, 000. orphan asylums, however, maintaining at least 100 orphans are permitted to purchase and hold 160 acres of land, of a net annual value of not more than $ 50, 000. these provisions, it must be remembered, do not limit the power of purely religious corporations, whether sole or aggregate, to purchase and hold such lands as may be necessary for their churches, hospitals, schools, colleges, orphan asylums, and parsonages, under statutes previously discussed. the state constitution prohibits the appropriating of public money \" for the support of any sectarian or denominational school, or any school not under the exclusive control of the officers of the public schools \" ; it also provides that no \" sectarian or denominational be taught, or instruction thereon be permitted, directly or indirectly, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47935317509854414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.711838"}
{"text": "sectarian or denominational school, or any school not under the exclusive control of the officers of the public schools \" ; it also provides that no \" sectarian or denominational be taught, or instruction thereon be permitted, directly or indirectly, in any of the common schools of the state \". under another constitutional provision already discussed, the legislature passed a law in 1880 appropriating annually to every institution maintaining orphans the sum of $ 100 for each orphan, and $ 75 for each half orphan. in 1903 the legislature created a state board of charities and correction, consisting of six members appointed by the governor. this board has a supervisory jurisdiction over all charitable, correctional, and penal institutions, including hospitals for the insane. there is no state law forbidding the sale of liquor to citizens generally. but it is forbidden : to bring intoxicating liquor to a prison, jail, or reformatory ; or to sell, give, or expose it for sale within half a mile to a state prison, or within 1, 900 feet of a reformatory, or within one mile of the university of california at berkeley, or within one an one - half miles of any veteran ' s home, or within the state capitol, or on the grounds adjacent thereto ; or at a camp meeting ; or to a common or habitual drunkard ; or to an indian ; or to a minor under the age of eighteen years ; or within one mile of an insane asylum. it is forbidden to permit a minor under the age of eighteen years to enter a saloon ; and it is also forbidden to give or sell intoxicating liquor to anyone on election day. beyond these provisions, the general law leaves the control of the sale of liquor entirely to local authority. each county, city, and town is free to regulate the liquor traffic to suit the wishes of its citizens. there are two state prisons, situated respectively at san quentin and folsom. these prisons, under the constitution, are subject to the direct control of the state board of prison directors, consisting of five members appointed by the governor. the prisoners are kept at work, in the rock - crushing plant, in making grain bags, in building roads, etc. priests and ministers are free to visit the prisoners and conduct religious services for their benefit. there are two state reformatories for juvenile offenders - - the preston school of industry at ione city, and the whittier state school, at whittier. each is governed by its own board of trustees, and is entirely independent of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47364109395982235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.712763"}
{"text": "are two state reformatories for juvenile offenders - - the preston school of industry at ione city, and the whittier state school, at whittier. each is governed by its own board of trustees, and is entirely independent of the board of prison directors. there is also a juvenile court charged with the control and punishment of juvenile dependents and delinquents. a large discretion is vested with the judge of this court and much good has been accomplished since its creation in keeping children of catholic parentage under the care and influence of conscientious catholic officers. in california every person of sound mind who has reached the age of eighteen years may dispose of his entire estate by will, subject to the payment of his debts and expenses of administration. such part of a decedent ' s estate as is not disposed of by will is distributed according to the statutes of succession. the estates of such persons as die without wills and without heirs escheat to the state. the phrase \" expenses of administration \" includes funeral expenses of the deceased, expenses of his last illness, and provision for the support of his family, including the homestead, family allowance, and setting apart property exempt from execution. no person is permitted to dispose by will of more than one - third of the value of his estate to charitable uses. a will attempting to dispose of a greater proportion to charity would not be absolutely void, but all the charitable bequests and devises would be reduced proportionately so that their total value would not exceed one third. moreover, every charitable bequest and devise is absolutely void unless it be made at least thirty days prior to the testator ' s death. a bequest or devise to a church as such, or to a college, orphan asylum, missionary society, hospital, or home for the aged would be for a charitable use under this provision. but not so a devise or bequest to a priest or bishop by name, and in his individual capacity. it has also been held that a bequest to a priest for masses to be offered for the repose of the soul of the deceased, is not a charitable bequest. cemeteries may be purchased, held, and owned under the liberal statutes for the ownership of church property, already explained. or, they may be purchased, held, and owned by cemetery corporations formed under a general law, by which their land holdings are limited to 320 acres situated in the county in which their articles of incorporation are filed, or in an adjoining county. the law provides for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46222345124385567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.713644"}
{"text": "may be purchased, held, and owned by cemetery corporations formed under a general law, by which their land holdings are limited to 320 acres situated in the county in which their articles of incorporation are filed, or in an adjoining county. the law provides for the survey and subdivision of such lands into lots or plots, avenues or walks, and for the government of such corporations, as well as the sale and tenure of burial plots. clinch, california and its missions ( san francisco, 1904 ) ; james, in and out of the old missions ( boston, 1906 ) ; jackson, california and the missions ( boston, 1903 ) ; burnett, recollections of an old pioneer ; edwords, california annual ( san francisco, 1907 ) ; u. s. census of 1900 ( washington ) ; u. s. census of 1890 ( washington ) ; swett, history of the public school system of california ( san francisco, 1876 ) ; catholic directory for 1907 ( milwaukee ) ; twenty - second biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction ( sacramento, 1906 ) ; university of california register ( berkeley, 1907 ) ; babcock, history of california ( sacramento, 1907 ) ; treadwell, constitution of california ( san francisco, 1907 ) ; civil code, code of civil procedure, political code, penal code ( san francisco, 1906 ). apa citation. ( 1908 ). california. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 03170a. htm mla citation. \" california. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 3. new york : robert appleton company, 1908. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 03170a. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by matthew and therese reak. dedicated to my friends, the ottles. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. november 1, 1908. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42592679290543906, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.714443"}
{"text": "battle of the boyne the battle of the boyne was a turning point in the williamite war in ireland, between the deposed king james vii of scotland and ii of england and his son - in - law and successor, william iii ( \" william of orange \" ), for the english, scottish, and irish thrones. it took place on july 1, 1690 ( old style date ), just outside of the town of drogheda on ireland ' s east coast. as a consequence of the adoption of the gregorian calendar, the battle is now commemorated on july 12. though not militarily decisive, its symbolic importance has made it one of the most infamous battles in british and irish history and a key part in irish protestant folklore. it is still commemorated today, principally by the orange order. irish protestants have cast the battle as one between william the representative of christ and the forces of darkness. their victory meant that the protestants had \" won \" ireland, and it justified their ascendancy. king william ' s victory was followed by systematic efforts to protestantize ireland with protestant settlers and legal restrictions on the rights of catholics. however, this was but a chapter in a continuing process of what was called the \" pacification \" of ireland, beginning with pope adrian iv ' s bull that granted ireland to england and henry ii ' s invasion of 1171. this process led to the establishment of a protestant majority in the province of ulster, most of which became northern ireland in 1921, and where conflict between catholic and protestants, known as the \" troubles, \" led to british military intervention in between 1969 and 1997. a sectarian battle the battle of the boyne was the decisive encounter in a war that was primarily about james ' s attempt to regain the thrones of england and scotland, but is widely remembered as a decisive moment in the struggle between protestant and catholic factions in ireland. however, recent analyses have played down the religious aspect of the conflict. in fact, both armies were religiously mixed, and william of orange ' s own elite force \u2014 the dutch blue guards \u2014 had the papal banner with them on the day, many of the guardsmen being dutch catholics. they were part of the league of augsburg, a cross - christian alliance designed to stop a french conquest of europe, supported by the vatican. the war in ireland was also the beginning of a long - running but ultimately unsuccessful campaign by james ' s supporters, the jacobites, to restore the stuart dynasty rule to the british thrones. while most jacobites in ireland were indeed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43932115185522114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.725929"}
{"text": "the vatican. the war in ireland was also the beginning of a long - running but ultimately unsuccessful campaign by james ' s supporters, the jacobites, to restore the stuart dynasty rule to the british thrones. while most jacobites in ireland were indeed catholics, many english and scottish jacobites were protestants and were motivated by loyalty to the principle of monarchy ( considering james to have been illegally deposed in a coup ) or to the stuart dynasty in particular, rather than by religion. a handful of british jacobites fought with james at the boyne. in addition, some of the french regiments fighting with the jacobites at the boyne were composed of german protestants. in a european context, therefore, the battle was not a religiously motivated one, but part of a complicated political, dynastic, and strategic conflict. in an irish context, however, the war was a sectarian and ethnic conflict, in many ways a re - run of the irish confederate wars of 50 years earlier. for irish jacobites, the war was fought for irish sovereignty, religious toleration for catholicism, and land ownership. the irish catholic upper classes had lost almost all their lands after cromwell ' s conquest and had also lost the right to hold public office, practice their religion, and to sit in the irish parliament. they saw the reign of the catholic king james as a means of redressing these grievances and to secure the autonomy of ireland from the english parliament. to these ends, under richard talbot, 1st earl of tyrconnell they had raised an army to restore james to his throne after the glorious revolution. by 1690, they controlled all of ireland except for the northern province of ulster. most of james ii ' s troops at the boyne were irish catholics. conversely, for williamites in ireland, the war was about maintaining protestant and british rule in ireland. the irish williamites were mainly protestant settlers from england and scotland who had come to the country during the plantations of ireland. they were a majority in the northern province of ulster. they feared for both their lives and their property if james and his catholic supporters were allowed to rule ireland. in particular, they feared a repeat of the irish rebellion of 1641, when there had been widespread massacres of protestants. for these reasons, the protestant settler community fought en masse for william iii. many of the williamite troops at the boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were protestants from ulster, who called themselves \" eniskilleners \" and were referred to by contemporaries as \" scotch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43667960320968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.726895"}
{"text": "community fought en masse for william iii. many of the williamite troops at the boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were protestants from ulster, who called themselves \" eniskilleners \" and were referred to by contemporaries as \" scotch - irish. \" the competing sides the opposing armies in the battle were led by the roman catholic king james of england, scotland and ireland and opposing him, his son - in - law the protestant william iii ( \" william of orange \" ), who had deposed james from his english and scottish thrones in the previous year. james ' supporters still controlled much of ireland and the irish parliament. james also enjoyed the support of the french king, louis xiv, who did not want to see a hostile monarch, such as william, on the throne of england. to support james ' restoration, louis sent 6000 french troops to ireland to support the irish jacobites. william was already stadtholder of the netherlands and was able to call on dutch and allied troops from continental europe as well as from great britain. james was a seasoned general who had proven his bravery when fighting for his brother \u2014 king charles ii \u2014 in europe, notably at the battle of the dunes in 1658. however, recent historians have noted that he was prone to panicking under pressure and to making rash decisions. william was also a seasoned commander and able general but had yet to win a full battle. many of his battles ended in bloody stalemates, prompting at least one modern historian to argue that william lacked an ability to manage armies in the thick of battle. william ' s success against the french had been reliant upon tactical maneuvers and good diplomacy rather than force. his diplomacy had assembled the league of augsburg \u2014 a multi - national coalition formed to resist french aggression in europe. from william ' s point of view, his takeover of power in england and the ensuing campaign in ireland was just another front in the war against louis xiv of france. james ii ' s subordinate commanders were richard talbot, 1st earl of tyrconnell, who was the lord deputy of ireland and james ' s most powerful supporter in that country ; and the french general lauzun. william ' s second in command was the frederick schomberg, 1st duke of schomberg, a 75 year old professional soldier. he had formerly been a marshal of france, but had been expelled in 1685, from his native country by louis xiv because he was a huguenot protestant. the williamite army at the boyne was about 36, 000 strong, composed of troops", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39110456212078915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.727757"}
{"text": "he had formerly been a marshal of france, but had been expelled in 1685, from his native country by louis xiv because he was a huguenot protestant. the williamite army at the boyne was about 36, 000 strong, composed of troops from many countries. around 20, 000 had been in ireland since 1689, commanded by schomberg. william himself arrived with 16, 000 more in june 1690. william ' s troops were in general far better trained and equipped than were those of james. the best williamite infantry were from denmark and the netherlands, professional soldiers equipped with the latest flintlock muskets. there were also a large contingent of french huguenot troops fighting with the williamites. william did not have a high opinion of his british troops, with the exception of the ulster protestant irregulars who had held ulster in the previous year. the english and scottish troops were felt to be politically unreliable, since james had been their legitimate monarch up to a year before. moreover, they had only been raised recently and had seen little combat. the jacobites were 23, 500 strong. james had several regiments of french troops, but most of his manpower was provided by irish catholics. the jacobite ' s irish cavalry, who were raised from among the dispossessed irish gentry, proved themselves to be high caliber troops at the battle. however, the irish infantry, predominantly peasants who had been pressed into service, were not trained soldiers. they had been hastily trained, badly supplied, and only a minority of them had functional muskets. in fact, some of them at the boyne carried only farm implements, such as scythes. on top of that, the jacobite infantry who had firearms were all equipped with the obsolete matchlock musket. william had landed in carrickfergus in ulster on june 14, 1690, and marched south to take dublin. it has been argued that the jacobites should have tried to block this advance in rugged country around newry, on the present day irish border. however, james only fought a delaying action there and chose instead to place his line of defense on the boyne river, around 50 km from dublin. the williamites reached the boyne on june 29. the day before the battle, william himself had a narrow escape, when he was wounded by jacobite artillery while surveying the fords over which his troops would cross the river. the battle itself was fought on july 1, over a ford of the boyne at oldbridge, near drogheda. william sent about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37516377152137265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.728608"}
{"text": "when he was wounded by jacobite artillery while surveying the fords over which his troops would cross the river. the battle itself was fought on july 1, over a ford of the boyne at oldbridge, near drogheda. william sent about a quarter of his men to cross at a place called roughgrange, near slane, about 10 km from oldbridge. the duke of schomberg ' s son, meinhardt schomberg, later the 3rd duke led this crossing, which was unsuccessfully opposed by irish dragoons. james panicked when he saw that he might be outflanked and sent half his troops, along with most of his cannon to counter this move. what neither side had realized was that there was a deep ravine at roughgrange, so that the forces there could not engage each other, but literally sat out the battle. the williamites there went on a long detour march which, late in the day, almost saw them cut off the jacobite retreat at the village of naul. at the main ford at oldbridge, william ' s infantry led by the elite dutch blue guards forced their way across the river, using their superior firepower to slowly drive back the enemy foot - soldiers, but were pinned down by the counter - attacks of the jacobite cavalry. having secured the village of oldbridge, some williamite infantry held off successive cavalry attacks with disciplined volley fire while others were driven into the river. william ' s second in command, the duke of schomberg, and george walker ( 1645 - 1690 ) were killed in this phase of the battle. the williamites were not able to resume their advance until their own horsemen managed to cross the river and, after being badly mauled, held off the jacobite cavalry, who retired and regrouped at donore, where they once again put up stiff resistance before retiring. the jacobites retired in good order. william had a chance to trap the retreating jacobites as they crossed the river nanny at duleek, but was held up by a successful jacobite rear - guard. the casualty figure of the battle was quite low for a battle of such a scale \u2014 of the 50, 000 or so participants, about 2, 000 died, three quarters of whom were jacobites. the reason for the low death toll was that in contemporary warfare, most of the casualties tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already - beaten enemy. this did not happen at the boyne because the counter - attacks of the jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41184312966104797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.729447"}
{"text": "toll was that in contemporary warfare, most of the casualties tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already - beaten enemy. this did not happen at the boyne because the counter - attacks of the jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their army. the jacobites were badly demoralized by their defeat, however, and many of the irish infantrymen deserted. the williamites triumphantly marched into dublin two days after the battle. the jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to limerick, behind the river shannon, where they were besieged. james left so quickly that he outpaced the messenger that was sent to warn limerick of the defeat. after his defeat, james quickly returned to exile in france, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed. james ' s loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield enraged his irish supporters, who fought on until the treaty of limerick in 1691. the battle was overshadowed in its time in great britain by the destruction of the anglo - dutch fleet by the french two days later, off beachy head, a far more serious event in the short term ; only on the continent was the boyne treated as a major victory. the reason for this was that it was the first proper victory for the league of augsburg, the first ever alliance between catholic and protestant countries, and in achieving this william of orange and pope alexander viii ( its prime movers ) scotched the myth \u2014 particularly emanating from sweden \u2014 that such an alliance was blasphemous, resulting in more joining the alliance and in effect ending the very real danger of a french conquest of europe. the boyne was not without strategic significance on both great britain and ireland, however. it marked the end of james ' s hope of regaining his throne by military means and virtually assured the triumph of the glorious revolution. in scotland, news of this defeat led to the highlanders gradually abandoning the jacobite rising which bonnie dundee had led. in ireland, the boyne was the beginning of the williamite victory over the jacobites, which maintained british and protestant dominance over the country. for this reason, the boyne is still celebrated by the protestant orange order on the twelfth of july. commemoration of the battle originally, irish protestants commemorated the battle of aughrim on the july 12, as symbolizing their victory in the williamite war in ireland. at aughrim, which took place a year after the boyne, virtually all of the old native irish catholic and old english aristocracies plantations under elizabeth i and oliver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.389564388572725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.730328"}
{"text": ", as symbolizing their victory in the williamite war in ireland. at aughrim, which took place a year after the boyne, virtually all of the old native irish catholic and old english aristocracies plantations under elizabeth i and oliver cromwell ) were wiped out. the boyne, which in the old julian calendar, took place on july 1, was treated as less important, third in commemorative value after aughrim and the anniversary of the irish rebellion of 1641 on october 23. what was celebrated on the twelfth was not william ' s \" victory over popery at the battle of the boyne, \" but the extermination of the elite of the native irish at aughrim, thereby ending the fear of having to surrender the planted lands. in 1752, a new gregorian calendar was introduced to the united kingdom, which placed the boyne on july 12, instead of aughrim. however, even after this date, \" the twelfth \" still commemorated aughrim. but after the orange order was founded in 1795, amid sectarian violence in armagh, the focus of parades on july 12, switched to the battle of the boyne. usually the dates before the introduction of the calendar on september 14, 1752, are mapped in english language histories directly onto the julian dates without shifting them by 11 days. being suspicious of anything with papist connotations, however, rather than shift the anniversary of the boyne to the new july 1, or celebrate the new anniversary of aughrim, the orangemen continued to march on the july 12, which, in new style dates marked the battle of the boyne. despite this, there are also smaller parades and demonstrations on july 1, the date which maps the old style date of the boyne to the new style in the usual manner and which also commemorate the massacre of the 36th ( ulster ) division on the first day of the battle of the somme in 1916. it has also been suggested that the boyne was preferred to aughrim because the jacobites ' rout there allowed the irish catholics to be presented as contemptible cowards, whereas at aughrim they fought bravely and died in great numbers. in the context of a resurgent irish nationalism from the 1790s onwards, it is argued that the narrative of the boyne was more comforting for loyalists in ireland. the commemoration of the battle of the boyne therefore has more to do with the politics of the unionist community than it has to do with the military significance of the battle itself. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4199248168160309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.731173"}
{"text": "the narrative of the boyne was more comforting for loyalists in ireland. the commemoration of the battle of the boyne therefore has more to do with the politics of the unionist community than it has to do with the military significance of the battle itself. it is not uncommon to see large murals of a monarch, william on a white horse at the head of his army marking out loyalist territory. the memory of the battle also has resonance among irish nationalists. most irish people see the battle as a major step on the road to the complete british colonization of ireland. in 1923, irish republican army members blew up a large monument to the battle on the battlefield site on the boyne and also destroyed a statue of william iii in 1929, that stood outside trinity college dublin in the center of the irish capital. \" the twelfth \" in ireland today the battle of the boyne remains a controversial topic today, especially in northern ireland where protestants remember it as a great victory over catholics and responsible for the sovereignty of parliament and the ' protestant monarchy '. in recent years \" the twelfth \" has often been marked by confrontations as members of the orange order attempt to celebrate the date by marching past or through what they see as their traditional route. however some of these areas now have a nationalist majority, who now object to marches passing through their areas. this is mainly due to population migrations caused by institutionalized sectarianism in northern ireland in the mid 1900s which had made northern ireland, in the words of ulster unionist party leader and nobel peace prize winner david trimble, a \" cold house for catholics \" at the time. each side thus dresses up the disputes in terms of the other ' s supposed attempts to repress them ; catholics still see orange order marches as provocative attempts to ' show who is boss ', while protestants insist they have a right to \" walk the queen ' s highway \" and see any attempt to deny them the right to walk through traditional routes used for centuries as an attempt to marginalise and restrict their freedom to celebrate their protestant identity earned in the glorious revolution settlement. thus the battle is still very present in the awareness of those involved in the catholic - protestant rivalry in ireland. the battlefield today the site of the battle of the boyne sprawls over a wide area west of the town of drogheda. oldbridge, the scene of the main williamite crossing, has an irish government interpretive centre on it, which is dedicated to informing tourists and other visitors about the battle. this facility is currently being redeveloped. the other main combat areas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4266130248570578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.732069"}
{"text": "##heda. oldbridge, the scene of the main williamite crossing, has an irish government interpretive centre on it, which is dedicated to informing tourists and other visitors about the battle. this facility is currently being redeveloped. the other main combat areas on the day ( at duleek, donore and plattin \u2014 along the jacobite line of retreat ) are marked with tourist information signs. - hayes - mccoy, gerard anthony. irish battles. harlow : longmans, 1969. isbn 0582112486 - lenihan, padraig. 1690 battle of the boyne. stroud, gloucestershire : tempus publishing, 2003. isbn 0752433040 - mcnally, michael and graham turner. battle of the boyne 1690 : the irish campaign for the english crown. oxford : osprey publishing, 2005. isbn 184176891x all links retrieved january 7, 2013. new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here : note : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40254358594586187, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.732601"}
{"text": "a tracheostomy ( tra - ke - os - to - me ) is a surgically made hole that goes through the front of your neck and into your trachea ( tra - ke - ah ), or windpipe. the hole is made to help you breathe. a tracheostomy usually is temporary, although you can have one long term or even permanently. how long you have a tracheostomy depends on the condition that required you to get it and your overall health. to understand how a tracheostomy works, it helps to understand how your airways work. the airways carry oxygen - rich air to your lungs. they also carry carbon dioxide, a waste gas, out of your lungs. the airways include your : air enters your body through your nose or mouth. the air travels through your voice box and down your windpipe. the windpipe splits into two bronchi that enter your lungs. ( for more information, go to the health topics how the lungs work article. ) a tracheostomy provides another way for oxygen - rich air to reach your lungs, besides going through your nose or mouth. a breathing tube, also called a trach ( trake ) tube, is put through the tracheostomy and directly into the windpipe to help you breathe. doctors use tracheostomies for many reasons. one common reason is to help people who need to be on ventilators ( ven - til - a - tors ) for more than a couple of weeks. ventilators are machines that support breathing. if you have a tracheostomy, the trach tube connects to the ventilator. people who have conditions that interfere with coughing or block the upper airways also may need tracheostomies. coughing is a natural reflex that protects the lungs. it helps clear mucus ( a slimy substance ) and bacteria from the airways. a trach tube can be used to help remove, or suction, mucus from the airways. doctors also might recommend tracheostomies for people who have swallowing problems due to strokes or other conditions. creating a tracheostomy is a fairly common, simple procedure. it ' s one of the most common procedures for critical care patients in hospitals. the windpipe is located almost directly under the skin of the neck. so, a surgeon often can create a tracheostomy quickly and easily. the procedure usually is done in a hospital operating room. however, it also can be safely done", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4735753140118083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39ecdb48-857a-435c-acae-3974e2b40bfd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.734953"}
{"text": "thursday june 14 2012 \" diesel exhaust fumes cause cancer \" : official who report the daily mail reports a world health organization ( who ) warning that diesel exhaust fumes are a \u201c major cancer risk \u201d and belong in the \u201c same deadly category as asbestos, arsenic and mustard gas \u201d. meanwhile the bbc says that diesel fumes are \u201c definitely a cause of lung cancer \u201d. this widely reported news is based on a decision by the who to classify diesel exhausts as a cause of cancer. the decision was taken by the who \u2019 s international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ), a panel of experts that co - ordinates and conducts research into the causes of cancer, and develops cancer control strategies. under its classification scheme, diesel exhaust was previously categorised as \u201c probably carcinogenic \u201d. the agency now says there is now sufficient evidence that exposure to diesel fumes causes lung cancer. it is calling for exposure to diesel fumes to be reduced worldwide. while diesel fumes are now officially carcinogenic, the alarmist tone of the daily mail \u2019 s headline should be viewed with caution because the \u2018 deadly category \u2019 of substances the mail describes also includes sunlight and wood dust. what is diesel and is it used much in the uk? diesel oil is a complex mixture of chemicals, mainly distilled from crude oil, although vegetable oil and similar sources can be used to make \u2018 biodiesel \u2019. it is used as fuel for diesel internal combustion engines, which use compressed hot air to ignite fuel ( petrol engines have a spark plug to ignite the fuel ). worldwide, diesel oil is widely used as a fuel in diesel - powered cars, lorries, trains, aircraft, ships and heavy industry. it is regarded as more efficient than petroleum, resulting in lower fuel consumption. who says that many people are exposed to diesel exhaust in everyday life, both through their occupations and in the ambient air. as of 2007, just over 50 % of all new car sales in the uk were diesel, according to the society of motor manufacturers and traders. in 2004, approximately 700 litres ( 150 gallons ) of diesel was sold every second in the uk, according to a report by the health protection agency ( hpa ). the amount of pollutants from diesel exhaust fumes, in particular its sulphur content, have been reduced over the last few years, and engines on newer cars are designed to burn fuel more efficiently, reducing emissions. however, the iarc says it is not yet clear how these improvements translate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49921412093434003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f208ba2e-7267-4d95-8dcc-47787d46c6bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.739195"}
{"text": "for occupational safety and health. it found that exposure to diesel exhaust increased the risk of dying from lung cancer ( 1. 26, 95 % confidence interval 1. 09 to 1. 44 ). a further case - control study, undertaken in this group ( comparing 198 miners who had died from lung cancer with 562 miners who were alive at the time the \u2018 case \u2019 died ), found that the risk of lung cancer in these workers increased with the length of time they were exposed to diesel fumes. although these studies were in workers who had been heavily exposed to diesel fumes, the who points out that studies of other carcinogens, such as radon, indicate that initial research showing a risk in heavily exposed populations, are later found to be a risk for the general population. it says that action to reduce exposure to diesel exhaust fumes should encompass both highly exposed workers and the general population. are diesel fumes really as dangerous as asbestos and mustard gas? under the iarc classification scheme, diesel fumes now fall into the same category as all other known carcinogens ( of which there are over 100 listed ). these include : - tobacco smoke ( both first and secondhand ) - mustard gas - chinese salted fish - vinyl chloride - wood dust the who does not specify the level of risk posed by different carcinogens, or the risk posed by different levels of exposure. however, for most carcinogens, the higher the exposure, the greater the risk of cancer. dr christopher portier, chair of the iarc working group, said that while the scientific evidence that diesel oil exhaust caused lung cancer was \u2018 compelling \u2019, the impact on the wider population who are exposed to diesel fumes at much lower levels and for shorter periods of time, is unknown. newspaper readers of a nervous disposition may want to consider the above facts when considering the risk to their health from diesel fumes. analysis by bazian. edited by nhs choices.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.458471586681026, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f208ba2e-7267-4d95-8dcc-47787d46c6bf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.740859"}
{"text": "by tom boyle all things birds associate naturalist | natco lake was created by accident, rather than by mother nature. the national fireproofing company ( natco ) mined clay here for bricks in the 1930 ' s. eventually the mining equipment hit underground springs and the lake filled in. a ditch was dug in an attempt to drain off the water into a nearby tidal creek. the ditching brought in salt water and made the lake brackish, as it remains today. birding the northern section of the lake : walk east along the henry hudson trail and over a small bridge. eastern phoebe has nested under this bridge. after the bridge, turn right off the paved trail and then left. follow the unpaved trail a short distance to a small tidal cove in the lake. on a changing tide, yellow - crowned night heron is regularly seen. both night herons nest locally and can be seen frequently. occasionally, diamond - backed terrapins are seen basking on flotsam in the cove. continue on the unpaved trail until it ends at a lawn on the lake ' s north side. scan the lake here. shorebirds can be found in migration, along with herons, osprey, gulls, cormorants, terns, and waterfowl. great black - backed gull has begun nesting on one of the islands in the lake. don ' t be surprised to see something unusual. an american white pelican was seen on the lake in january about five years ago. i ' ve seen american oystercatcher, black skimmer, and copulating least terns sitting on the island in front of you. this is a good spot to check for lingering waterfowl at world series of birding time [ mid - may ]. northern shoveler has been seen in late may, canvasback in late june and a drake bufflehead has lingered here into july! rough - winged swallows and belted kingfishers have nested in the dirt banks around the lake and are often seen. the woods along the henry hudson trail are good for migrants in spring. in recent years i ' ve seen ( and heard ) acadian, alder, and olive - sided flycatchers ; gray - cheeked thrush ; mourning and brewster ' s warblers ; yellow - breasted chat ; and lincoln ' s and white - crowned sparrows. fall is equally good, and connecticut warbler is regular at that time of year. if you walk the trail a little more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3618213058937863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:328eadc9-b603-4a3d-8065-19a298ab74c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.745147"}
{"text": "brewster ' s warblers ; yellow - breasted chat ; and lincoln ' s and white - crowned sparrows. fall is equally good, and connecticut warbler is regular at that time of year. if you walk the trail a little more than a quarter mile to the next bridge, look north along thorne ' s creek for purple martins, which now nest in houses provided by a homeowner here. birding the southern section of the lake : natco park, a 260 - acre green acres site managed by hazlet township, consists of mature swampy woods excellent in spring for migrants. from the lakeside manor restaurant parking lot, walk down the orange trail near the lake and into the woods. philadelphia vireo has been seen here in late may. the mature oaks along this trail can have bay - breasted, tennessee, and cape may warblers. a knowledge of bird song will be helpful here as the vegetation is thick. the trail turns left and follows the shoreline, eventually coming to a small cove ( 1 on map ) where spotted sandpipers are seen. at the south end of the cove, the trail ( now the red trail ) turns southeasterly into the woods. a small footbridge crosses over a little ripple called thorne ' s creek. here the understory is again very thick. in this area in spring i ' ve seen such sought - after migrants as yellow - throated vireo ; louisiana waterthrush ; and worm - eating, prothonotary, hooded, and kentucky warblers. continue south along the red trail. as you approach another footbridge, the blue trail comes in from the right. follow it a short way to an area with standing water in spring ( 2 ). check this spot for rusty blackbird and northern waterthrush. back on the main red trail, continue south. the trail gains elevation, leading into an area of pitch pine habitat ( 3 ). pine warbler nests and whip - poor - will has been found here. retrace your steps back along the trail to the cove at the lake. facing the cove, take the part of the red trail that leads left [ west ] away from the lake. the mature deciduous woods along the trail have nesting wood thrush, ovenbird, and red - eyed vireo. this trail eventually comes to a t intersection with the yellow trail. turn left onto the yellow trail, which will gain elevation until it arrives at another t intersection. turn right on the unmarked trail and walk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39232667451253705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:328eadc9-b603-4a3d-8065-19a298ab74c0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.746004"}
{"text": "##bird, and red - eyed vireo. this trail eventually comes to a t intersection with the yellow trail. turn left onto the yellow trail, which will gain elevation until it arrives at another t intersection. turn right on the unmarked trail and walk slowly to a small opening in the forest. in spring the vernal pond here ( 4 ) holds the occasional solitary sandpiper. roosting above the pond in spring i ' ve seen broad - winged and red - shouldered hawks. continuing along this trail will lead through several wet areas with second - growth woodland. prairie, mourning, and wilson ' s warblers have been seen here, and brown thrashers nest in this area. return to the last t, and turn left to retrace your route along the yellow trail. pass the intersection with the red trail and continue straight ahead on the yellow trail to reach the parking lot. raptors are very much in evidence in the natco lake area in spring as northbound hawks bump up against the bayshore. on west winds, hawk flights can be seen over the park right from the parking lot. these flights consist mostly of buteos, with vultures, accipiters, and the occasional bald eagle mixed in. mississippi kite and common raven were seen over the park in spring 2012. additional breeding birds in the park include scarlet tanager, great - crested flycatcher, ruby - throated hummingbird, cooper ' s hawk, and great horned and screech owls. northern saw - whet owl has occurred in winter. mammals in the park include whitetail deer, opossum, raccoon, striped skunk, flying squirrel and both red and gray fox. with its mix of deciduous swamp and upland pine oak forest, natco is also very botanically diverse. natco ' s mix of habitat, along with its location on the bayshore, makes it a great place to discover birds. for more information on the park, including a more complete trail map, write to the hazlet environmental commission at 317 middle road, hazlet, nj 07730.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39297382684211574, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:328eadc9-b603-4a3d-8065-19a298ab74c0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.747671"}
{"text": "if there \u2019 s a stack of old newspapers gathering dust under the bed or out in the shed, australian libraries want to know about it. the search is on for these valuable pieces of our social history, as part of the australian newspaper plan ( www. nla. gov. au / anplan ), a nation - wide initiative of state and territory libraries designed to find, collect and preserve access to historic newspapers. national spokeswoman for the anplan, cathy pilgrim, of the national library of australia, said newspapers did not just report the news. they told stories of their times, through advertisements, photographs and even their design \u2013 stories we want to save for all australians. \u201c the aim is to find the thousands of missing pieces in the jigsaw of our history, \u201d she said. \u201c old newspapers are an important part of our social, political and cultural history and they offer valuable insights into a society changed forever. some of australia \u2019 s most wanted newspapers include : * cairns advocate ( 1897 - 1882 ) ; * croydon miner ( 1887 - 1888 ) * mundic miner and etheridge gazette ( 1889 - 1917 ) ; * pilbarra goldfields news ( 1901 ) ; * mercury and south australian sporting chronicle ( 1849 - 1851 ) ; * renmark pioneer ( 1893 - 1895 ). \u201c often a chance conversation uncovers these wanted papers which may have been lying hidden in someone \u2019 s garage, in an elderly person \u2019 s collection of keepsakes, or even in the vaults of a local historical society or archive, \u201d ms pilgrim said. once the wanted newspapers have been tracked down, they will be carefully saved to ensure their preservation for future generations of australians. access will be made freely available through the national library of australia and state and territory libraries. for a full list of the wanted newspapers from all states of australia, go to www. nla. gov. au / anplan for information on the australian newspaper plan : contact cathy pilgrim on 02 6262 1514 ; firstname. lastname @ example. org for information on act newspapers : contact julie whiting on 02 6262 1157 ; email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3944607084401593, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:591440f4-a173-4065-a8d0-e946ef6703fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.749670"}
{"text": "did you ever stop to consider just how a volcano works? of course it is only theory for no one has as yet dissected a volcano while it was active to observe and tabulate the reactions of its inner self. rainier is a volcanic cone and no doubt it came into being in this manner. first at a depth below the surface of the earth in some long, forgotten time the magma or molten rock presed toward the surface possibly throuhg some fracture in the outer crust. with these rising lavas there was also much gas that advanced ahead of the lava and thus both the gas and the lava pressed toward the surface gradually accumulating force and power under the pressure as its advance was hindered by the solid material above. and then finally this flow of motlen rock and gases achieved enogh power to burst through the surface. first, possibly, there was an explosive action as the gases burst upward and this was followed by more quiet flows of the lavas that welled out over the surface and inundated, in succeeding eruptions and lava flows, over 100 square miles of surrounding country which is the area of \" the mountain ' s \" great base. and in that manner eruptions followed one another when the pressure within the throat of this fire mountain achieved enough power to burst through the \" plug \" of hardened lavas which solidified after each flow. rainier hasn ' t been active for several thousands of years and there is apparently little chance of its becoming active again but it stands today - a magnificent volcanic shaft, its flanks glistening with the greatest glacial system in continentaly united states, - a monument to nature ' s power in its wildest moods. | < < < previous | | > cover < |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5122978711920426, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c692f9d4-0ff8-4583-84fe-ef3293415e17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.752335"}
{"text": "lesson plans and times materials for teaching : the academy awards the film industry film in language arts film in social studies / history film in fine arts technology in film lessons on these pages are for grades 6 - 12, written in consultation with bank street college of education. each one is paired with a times article. learning network features selected times articles on film adaptations resources on the web lessons on the academy awards : the envelope, please investigating the cultural context of oscar - winning films in the past and present and the oscar goes to... examining and creating criteria for oscar - worthy films and the winner is... exploring the role of the academy awards and film in american society lessons on the film industry : creating film festivals that inform and entertain audiences the sundance kids exploring what makes the independent film industry so attractive to so many the raid on raters exploring the current movie rating system minding the media examining ethical questions about media rating systems the reel world exploring the appropriateness of movies for children considering the costs of making movies fit to be tied ( in ) examining how companies target the right audiences old hobbits are hard to break learning about the marketing of motion pictures on the web lessons on and with filmmaking : quiet on the set! exploring character and conflict development by creating short films drawing upon successful elements of the \" harry potter \" series to develop short films producing a documentary film spotlighting the everyday sights and sounds of a school creating documentaries about students ' everyday lives through the eyes of a child creating documentaries from the perspectives of adolescents creating documentaries about important social issues creating a documentary about rituals related to books creating biographical films for current political candidates ' campaigns more power to you creating documentaries about energy sources exploring the pacific rim by writing documentary film treatments lessons using film in language arts : writing movie reviews screening the silver screen writing new york times movie reviews exploring plot similarities in fiction and nonfiction stories constructing movie sets through descriptive writing the battle of good and evil on the big screen a media studies lesson plan if i could talk like the animals... teaching personification and narrative writing in the language arts classroom the sorcerers shown comparing similar character genres in literature and film talk about the passion creating an educational guide to encourage critical thinking about the film \" the passion of christ \" creating vocabulary - rich advertisements to recognize glover ' s contribution to \" happy feet \" analyzing similarities and differences among the live, film and written versions of tony award winning productions lessons using film in social studies / history : tell me something good analyzing moviegoers ' preferences in an economic recession golden globe as gauge exploring how hollywood reflects the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4807364283048472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ea66825-3d71-4963-bb78-a2cd08b96170>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.758119"}
{"text": "\" analyzing similarities and differences among the live, film and written versions of tony award winning productions lessons using film in social studies / history : tell me something good analyzing moviegoers ' preferences in an economic recession golden globe as gauge exploring how hollywood reflects the american political and cultural climate is all cinema verite? exploring the relationship between movies and culture los artistas unidos exploring questions of diversity in the casting of actors for popular television shows and movies exploring legislation about violence in the media making sense of censorship clarifying rating systems for entertainment let there be peace exploring the accomplishments of nobel peace prize recipients a woman ' s worth examining the changing roles of women in cultures around the world lessons using film in fine arts : setting the stage from the page creating original artwork that transforms text to the big screen the art of violence creating original works of art that explore the depiction of violence lyrics of hazzard updating classic music for a movie soundtrack state of the art identifying the merits of a favorite work of art lessons on technology in film : exploring plausible inventions for make - believe movies the new fant - \" asia \" contrasting animated and live - action filmmaking actors and actresses screen actors guild academy of motion picture arts and sciences sundance film festival tribeca film festival learning network features : student crossword : oscar - winning films news snapshot : best of the bunch news snapshot : hopeful hollywood news snapshot : pop + art = oscar? news snapshot : holy box office, batman! news snapshot : and the nominees are \u2026 times movies section times critics ' picks times reviews archive the best 1, 000 movies ever made blog : the carpetbagger interactive graphic : the ebb and flow of movies : box office receipts 1986 - 2008 selected times articles on film adaptations : all right, you try : adaptation isn ' t easy article by screenwriter stephen schiff on the challenges of adapting source material for film, including susan orlean ' s \" the orchid thief, \" which became the charlie kaufman film \" adaptation. \" can a film do justice to literature? article about arguments over whether or not ' ' good literature is too substantial to fit through the lens of a camera. ' ' the best novelists, the worst movie adaptations article about how great novels don ' t necessarily translate into great films. any novel can be shaped into a movie article on how some film adaptations, such as the one of \" the english patient, \" are as artistic as the novels they are based on. cuddling up to quasimodo and friends article on film adaptations that are not true to their source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46588610993170015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ea66825-3d71-4963-bb78-a2cd08b96170>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.759252"}
{"text": "movie article on how some film adaptations, such as the one of \" the english patient, \" are as artistic as the novels they are based on. cuddling up to quasimodo and friends article on film adaptations that are not true to their source material. is it time to trust hollywood? 1990 essay by molly haskell that takes a broad look at hollywood ' s history of book - to - movie adaptations. seen the movie? read the book! 1987 essay by john updike about adapting literature for film. adapting and revising twain ' s ' huck finn ' 1986 essay by book critic michiko kakutani on the difficulties of adapting twain. 2008 essay by sophie gee about adaptations of \" beowulf \" and \" paradise lost. \" romancing the book \u2026 once again 1992 article about hollywood ' s interest in literary classics. resources on the web : scenarios usa holds an annual topical writing contest to pair student screenwriters in underserved communities with hollywood filmmakers, who turn the students ' stories into short films. the scenarios usa web site includes materials for teachers. teacher ' s guide to making student movies from scholastic teaching resources, designed for grades 3 - 12. mini movie makers resource for student filmmakers, developed by three young brothers. more resources for teaching with the times : learning network classroom resources on a wide range of topics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41741011356693164, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ea66825-3d71-4963-bb78-a2cd08b96170>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.759756"}
{"text": "falcon researcher dr donna falconer ( photographed by a motion - activated camera ) uses a walking pole to protect herself from attacking falcons, at ferintosh station, near mt cook. photo supplied. there is no room for complacency over the future of the endangered new zealand falcon, researcher and falcon advocate dr donna falconer says. dr falconer, who recently gained a university of otago phd in geology, and has had her distinctive name since birth, swiftly found herself inspired by a series of close encounters with new zealand falcons after moving to twizel six years ago. her subsequent research and close - up photography involving falcons will feature in a talk she will give at the orokonui ecosanctuary at 1pm tomorrow. dr falconer said she was seriously considering going back to otago university to study for another phd, on these birds. it was a good time to be raising awareness about the karearea or new zealand falcon, as the latest season ' s fledglings were ' ' starting to make themselves known ' '. chicks from the eastern falcon subtype, in the mid / southern south island, started fledging from early december until the middle of this month and were easy to tell from their parents because they had white / grey feet and soft fleshy body parts, whereas adults were all yellow. two of the biggest threats inexperienced falcons faced were being electrocuted by power lines or hit by cars when eating falcons were ' ' a bit of a double - edged sword ' ' where ecosanctuaries were concerned. ' ' as majestic as they are, it ' s only natural they ' d put all those incredible hunting skills to good use given the veritable smorgasbord of fine dining opportunities at their wing tips in such places. ' ' orokonui ecosanctuary general manager chris baillie said two falcons and a hawk overflew the ecosanctuary from time to she was not aware of having lost any birds or other animals through falcon predation, and birds and lizards had places to hide if needed. ' ' falcons are part of the ecosystem - they deserve conservation as much as any other native species. ' '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4059473072088397, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c95e94ab-51b7-4da7-94c5-61d9fdb3cb02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.764197"}
{"text": "lithuanian is a baltic language related to latvian and old prussian with about 3. 2 million speakers in lithuania. there are also lithuanian speakers in poland, the usa, brazil, argentina, canada, the uk and uruguay. lithuanian first appeared in print in the form of a catechism in 1547. the first lithuanian dictionary was printed during the 17th century. between 1864 and 1904 the printing and teaching of lithuanian was banned - russian, polish, belarusian or latin had to be used instead. after this ban was lifted in 1904, there was a resurgence of lithuanian literature. from 1918 to 1940 lithuania was independent and over 7, 000 books in lithuanian were published. during the soviet period ( 1940 - 1991 ), literature in lithuania tended to follow the socialist realist model, while lithuanian ex - pats wrote mainly about the culture and traditions of lithuania. since 1991, when lithuania once more gained its independence, a large number of publications in lithuanian has appeared, including newspapers, magazines and scientific and technical works. lithuanian is the state language of lithuania and one of the official languages of the european union ( eu ). it is also recognised as a minority language in poland. visi zmones gimsta laisvi ir lygus savo orumu ir teisemis. jiems suteiktas protas ir sazine ir jie turi elgtis vienas kito atzvilgiu kaip broliai. all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. ( article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights ) online lithuanian phrases online lithuanian news online lithuanian radio hosted by kualo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4728160559062794, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f19d25fa-eeed-4179-83cf-e21f3ba6a8ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.766355"}
{"text": "it started as a simple excavation project at a reservoir near snowmass village. it ended up as one of the largest fossil excavations ever, and the project will soon be featured in national geographic and as a one - hour nova program on rocky mountain pbs. a book is also being written about the snowmastodon project\u2122 the nova program is called \u201c ice age death trap \u201d and it premiers at 8 p. m mst, wednesday, feb. 1 on rocky mountain pbs. the television special follows scientists as they raced against a deadline to uncover the unique site packed with well - preserved bones of mammoths, mastodons, and other giant extinct beasts. acrylic painting of ziegler reservoir landscape by jan vriesen, depicts about 120, 000 years ago, when the area was dominated by mastodon, giant ground sloths, and bison. photo courtesy \u00a9denver museum of nature & science. the denver museum of nature & science sent crews to the site, where they uncovered 5, 000 bones of 41 kinds of ice age animals. in addition to the mammoths and mastodons, there were ground sloths, camels, deer, horses, and giant bison. overview of ice age dig site near snowmass village ( lower left ). photo courtesy \u00a9denver museum of nature & science. the february issue of national geographic magazine will feature a short article and photo of the project. the new book, digging snowmastodon : discovering an ice age world in the colorado rockies, goes on sale at the museum march 20. a tusk force was also formed by the town of snowmass village and they created a non - profit entity called discover snowmass to organize, and figure out how to capitalize on the snowmass ice age find. the snowmass ice age discovery center is on the snowmass village mall. it \u2019 s free and open every day in the winter from 11 a. m. to 6 p. m. snowy, the mascot, is frequently seen around the snowmass village mall. photo courtesy snowmass tourism. \u201c the scientists aren \u2019 t the only ones that are excited about this extraordinary find, \u201d said patsy popejoy with snowmass tourism. \u201c the entire community has \u2018 mammoth \u2019 fever, from a local restaurant changing their name to little mammoth cafe serving up mastodon stew, our retailers selling ice age t - shirts, mugs, and stuffed animal mammoths and mastodons, to the town council approving widespread panic \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.433001464051767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62bdf304-7dd0-463e-81e2-eba18093ea03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.769773"}
{"text": "| search results ( 7 videos found ) | | nasadestinationtomorrow - dt12 - flight pioneers nasa destination tomorrow segment exploring the background of the first attempted flights. the segment also looks back on the pioneers who built the first flying machine. keywords : nasa destination tomorrow ; first flight ; wright brothers ; glider ; flight pioneers ; flying machine ; aviation ; aerodynamic principles ; bird flight ; feathers ; flapping wings ; heavier than air machine ; hot air balloon ; lift ; drag ; whirling arm ; wing designs ; popularity ( downloads ) : 2838 | wetlands regained, segment 06 of 8 wetland acreage was in danger of disappearing, and restoration was urgent popularity ( downloads ) : 386 | sham battle at the pan - american exposition large arches and columns are seen surrounding a flat field. in the foreground of the field, some american indians on horseback ride toward the camera. the indians are wearing feathers,... keywords : pan - american exposition - - ( 1901 : - - buffalo ; n ; y ; ) united states ; - - army ; - - infantry - - drill and tactics - - drama ; battles - - new york ( state ) - - buffalo - - drama ; indians of north america - - wars - - drama ; exhibitions - - united states ; exhibition buildings - - new york ( state ) - - buffalo ; buffalo ( ny ) actuality - - short ; popularity ( downloads ) : 610 | nasadestinationtomorrow - episode 12 nasa destination tomorrow video containing four segments as described below. nasa destination tomorrow segment exploring the transition of aircraft design through the years. the segment describes what aircraft may... keywords : nasa destination tomorrow ; aircraft revolution ; jet engine ; propeller ; innovation ; efficient ; vehicle systems program ; subsonic transports ; supersonic aircraft ; personal air vehicles ; blended wing body ; bwb ; emissions ; noise reduction ; environmentally friendly ; air pressure waves ; sound barrier ; shock wave ; sonic boom ; first flight ; wright brothers ; controlled flight ; aircraft design ; aeronautical annual ; bicycle ; glider flight ; scientists ; engineers ; engine ; flight pioneers ; flying machine ; aviation ; aerodynamic principles ; bird flight ; feathers ; flapping wings ; heavier than air machine ; hot air balloon ; lift ; drag ; whirling arm ; wing designs ; nasa ; naca ; aeronautical development ; aviation organization ; president woodrow wilson ; pioneer flight achievments ; lab ; variable density tunnel ; high altitude flying ; air pressure ; wind tunnel ; aerodynamics ; jet powered aircraft ; popularity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4857263038982036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24bc86d7-7caf-4776-b78b-921a624e4bb2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.773612"}
{"text": "; wing designs ; nasa ; naca ; aeronautical development ; aviation organization ; president woodrow wilson ; pioneer flight achievments ; lab ; variable density tunnel ; high altitude flying ; air pressure ; wind tunnel ; aerodynamics ; jet powered aircraft ; popularity ( downloads ) : 2381 | nasascifiles - the case of the challenging flight nasa sci files video containing the following twelve segments. nasa sci files segment describing how engineers negotiate the natural factors that affect airplane flight. nasa sci files segment describing how... keywords : bob star ; electronic classroom ; dryden flight research center ; weight ; center of gravity ; wing ; tail ; pitch ; yaw ; f 104 starfighter ; lift ; x29 ; burt rutan ; boomerang ; proteus ; voyager ; imagination ; wing span ; thrust ; dr. textbook ; birds ; icarus ; davinci ; popularity ( downloads ) : 2795 | nasa connect - problem solving - the wright math nasa connect video containing five segments as described below. nasa connect segment featuring the website of the u. s. centennial flight commission. the website consists of activities for students and teachers... keywords : nasa connect ; centennial of flight ; wright brothers ; congress ; united states ; web activity ; astronautics ; aeronautics ; flight simulator ; axis ; first flying machine ; glider ; kitty hawk ; engineering method ; pitch ; roll ; yaw ; wind tunnel ; elevator control ; wing warp ; rudder ; propellor ; wing ; lift ; drag ; student activity ; kite ; sail area ; base ; height ; trapezoidal ; aspect ratio ; span ; first flight ; wilbur wright ; orville wright ; flying machine ; inventor ; process of invention ; aircraft design ; computer simulation ; biology ; force ; pressure ; relationship ; design process ; metamorphosis ; morphing ; technology ; control devices ; smart matierals ; adaptive structure ; aerodynamics ; air flow ; micro - flow control ; biomimetics ; nature ; fish fins ; popularity ( downloads ) : 2241 | nasascifiles - the case of the zany animal antics nasa sci files video containing four segments as described below. in the first segment of the case of the zany animal antics, the tree house detectives learn about the animal... keywords : nasa scifiles ; the zany animal antics ; animal kingdom ; kingdom ; phylum ; class ; order ; family ; genus ; species ; classification ; dichotomous key ; bioluminescent ; endoskel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5596330884015506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24bc86d7-7caf-4776-b78b-921a624e4bb2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.774486"}
{"text": "\" i was born here but i ' m not an american \" understanding the u. s. history curriculum through the eyes of latino students / the purpose of this investigation was to explore latino students \u2019 perceptions of the us history curriculum at one high school in the eastern united states. the ultimate objective was to understand if the us history classes are serving the perceived needs of latino students. latinos are 40 % of our nation \u2019 s minorities, are the youngest population group, and are the fastest growing. the social studies is the ideal curriculum area for challenging the dominant worldview and teaching about the diversity present in the classroom, the nation, and the world ; therefore, learning more about socio - culturally inclusive social studies curriculum and pedagogy is an important consideration. this project is significant because it intersects with topics essential to the future of our nation : schools, the social studies curriculum, culturally and linguistically diverse ( cld ) students, and students \u2019 perspectives. furthermore, the focus of this research overlaps with the reality of today \u2019 s educational system : state content standards and high stakes testing. all of these aspects will be addressed. this study was influenced by latino critical theory. latcrit is an outgrowth of critical race theory ( hereafter known as crt ). crt interrogates how research is traditionally done by forefronting race to demonstrate the depth of inequality that exists across society. latcrit builds on the five themes of crt while adding perspectives unique to latino experiences in the united states such as language acquisition, cultural background, gender, ethnicity, immigration status, and colonial experience. data were collected for six months at crawford high school ( name changed ). the data sources included observation notes, interview transcripts from students, teachers, administrators, and a state board of education member, the researcher \u2019 s journal, and document analysis of the state social studies standards and a practice version of the state graduation test. data were analyzed utilizing the lens of la frontera. la frontera underscores the displacement and transitionality of identities, pertinent to the lives of the studentparticipants. in addition, these theories, which manifest themselves as metaphorical tropes, compliment latcrit, the lens through which i view my research. the students made public what is already known : that the educational system must become more culturally inclusive of and responsive to cld students \u2019 needs. however, this study revealed data patterns with student participants that have not been captured within one study. a major finding of this study was that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49667236545088195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7edc4627-5cd4-43f4-b0ae-991b550a5ca6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.779853"}
{"text": "is already known : that the educational system must become more culturally inclusive of and responsive to cld students \u2019 needs. however, this study revealed data patterns with student participants that have not been captured within one study. a major finding of this study was that the us history curriculum is or is not meeting student participants \u2019 needs in different ways, based upon pertinent characteristics of the students. latino students \u2019 responses were informed by the following critical factors : english speaking ability, recency of arrival in the united states, and level of integration into the power structures of the state where the research was completed. the level of integration was further influenced by students \u2019 documentation status ( their legal status in the us ), parents \u2019 english speaking ability, and the english speaking ability of members in a student \u2019 s residence and immediate neighborhood. students \u2019 responses fell distinctly into three groups based upon these characteristics. the students in group one stressed the basic need to learn english. maslow described human motivation with maslow \u2019 s hierarchy of needs. perhaps this is what students in group one were telling me \u2014 their most basic needs had to be met before they would be ready to \u201c grow \u201d in american schools. group two student - participants wanted their culture to be present so that other students \u2014 particularly white students \u2014 would learn about them. group three students conformed to previous studies conducted with white students \u2014 they wanted to learn in more interactive ways, working with groups, and being stimulated with flashy videos. students at crawford did not have an adequate framework around which to make sense of race, racism, and racial tensions. the presence of how race was talked about, and the absence of how race was not talked about, led to negative stereotypes against latinos based upon ethnicity, immigration status, and native language. furthermore, one teacher demonstrated a closed paradigm of ethnicity and skin color that silenced one of his students. the student - participants in all groups wanted to talk about race. they wanted to talk about their \u201c positive invisibility \u201d at crawford \u2014 that is, the absence of affirmative constructions around their ethnicity, country of origin, and language. the findings suggest that there is a need for more studies with latino students that focus on the aspects of latino critical theory. this dissertation is dedicated to the students, my wonderful family, and my friends all over the world. school : the ohio state university school location : usa - ohio source type : master ' s thesis keywords : hispanic american high school students multicultural education critical theory discrimination in united states date of publication :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49220737159326344, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7edc4627-5cd4-43f4-b0ae-991b550a5ca6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.780824"}
{"text": "php, while originally designed and built to run on unix, has had the ability since version 3 to run on windows. that includes 9x, me, nt, and 2000. in this article i ' m going to go through the process of installing php on windows and explain what you should look out for. on windows, as on unix, you have two options for installing php : as a cgi or as an isapi module. the obvious benefit of the latter is speed. the downside is that this is still somewhat new and may not be as stable. but, before you do anything, you have to do some prep work, which is pretty simple. once you ' ve downloaded and unzipped the windows binary version of php, you have to copy php4isapi. dll from the sapi / directory to winnt / system or windows / system directories. you ' ll also probably want to move php. ini - dist from your installation directory to the windows / directory and rename it to php. ini, if you plan on changing any of the precompiled defaults. now you ' re ready to go, regardless of whether you use php as a cgi or isapi module. for nt / 2000, you ' ll need to tell iis how to recognize php. thanks to the wonders of gui, this can easily be accomplished with a few mouse clicks. first, fire up the microsoft management console or internet service manager, depending on whether you ' re using nt or 2000. click on the properties button of the web node you ' ll be working with. in this example we ' ll use default web server. click the isapi filters tab and then click add. use php as the name and in the path put the location of php4isapi. dll, which should be c : \\ winnt \\ system \\ in this example. configuring iis to recognize php. under the home directory tab, click the configuration button, then click add for application mappings. use the same location of php4isapi. dll as you did with isap filters and use. php as the extension. here comes the caveat!! as a test, i tried using as my path the temporary location of php4isapi. dll, which was in the install directory on my desktop. windows 2000 popped up a wonderfully annoying little box telling me i ' m stupid and i should go dunk my head in the sand. ok, so it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4186242640351634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26746c26-10ba-46d1-9738-1e79ec76d82b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.784665"}
{"text": "php4isapi. dll, which was in the install directory on my desktop. windows 2000 popped up a wonderfully annoying little box telling me i ' m stupid and i should go dunk my head in the sand. ok, so it wasn ' t quite that wordy, but that ' s how i took it. apparently windows 2000 and iis require app mappings to be under the windows dir at least. so keep that in mind if you don ' t like sand up your nose. now, click ok on the properties dialog. the next thing to do is start and stop iis. this isn ' t the same as pushing the stop and start buttons on the management console. you should go to a command ( or cmd, as it were ) window and type net stop issadmin. wait for it to tell you what it ' s doing, as if you were nosy enough to care, and then type net start w3svc. why they didn ' t make it net start iisadmin is beyond me. but i ' m a unix guy, and logic seems to be my downfall here. but i digress... so now you have php installed as an isapi module on windows! aren ' t you happy? probably not, because you probably don ' t believe me. well, if you need proof just go to c : \\ inetpub \\ wwwroot \\ and put a file called test. php in there. inside that file put the following code : <? php phpinfo ( ) ;? > then pull up test. php in your browser. if you see the php info page, it worked! now this probably goes without saying, so i ' ll say it. you have to pull up test. php as a web page in the browser using http : / /. if you give the path for the file using file : / /, then you ' ll get a raw output of the code, which is no fun. the php info page indicates success. on windows 9x / me, you ' re somewhat restricted to pws ( personal web server ). of course there are alternatives such as omnihttpd, but we don ' t have all day here! anyway, this is far simpler. it ' s mainly just a matter of a registry entry. after you ' ve moved php4ts. dll to the appropriate directories, you should open up your favorite registry editor. at this point i note the obligatory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4149415257860998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26746c26-10ba-46d1-9738-1e79ec76d82b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.785463"}
{"text": "this is far simpler. it ' s mainly just a matter of a registry entry. after you ' ve moved php4ts. dll to the appropriate directories, you should open up your favorite registry editor. at this point i note the obligatory warnings about fooling around with the registry, blah, blah, blah... in hkey _ local _ machine \\ system \\ currentcontrolset \\ services \\ w3svc \\ parameters \\ script map, you ' ll want to add an entry with the name of. php and a value of next, go start up the pws manager. for each of the directories that you want to make php aware, you have to right - click on that directory and check the executable box. now you ' re ready. perform the same test ( test. php ) as i described above, and have fun making all those asp cronies jealous at the the guru - like glow that surrounds you! darrell brogdon is a web developer for sourceforge at va linux systems and has been using php since 1996. read more php admin basics columns. discuss this article in the o ' reilly network php forum. return to the php devcenter. copyright \u00a9 2009 o ' reilly media, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3900081672557648, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26746c26-10ba-46d1-9738-1e79ec76d82b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.785874"}
{"text": "as an ob / gyn physician, i know intimately the dangers of preterm labor. i \u2019 ve held in my arms the mother who lost her preemie daughter after her uterus inexplicably began contracting and spewed out her 24 week old baby before she was fully cooked. i \u2019 ve watched the preemies in the nursery get stuck with tubes in every orifice while incubators try to mimic the womb and ventilators push air into their undeveloped lungs. i \u2019 ve seen the children, years later, get wheeled into my exam room after enduring countless surgeries to deal with the disabilities prematurity can cause. and i \u2019 ve attended the pregnant women we imprison in the hospital for weeks on end as we try to prevent this deadly pregnancy complication. we don \u2019 t know what causes preterm labor. if we did, we might be able to prevent it. it \u2019 s still one of the great mysteries of obstetrics. while technological advances like gene therapy and transplant surgery revolutionize health care, we still don \u2019 t understand the most basic things about how pregnancy works. in fact, at the university of chicago, there \u2019 s an empty plaque, awaiting the name of the person who discovers what causes labor, so we can learn to prevent preterm birth. so far, we \u2019 re still clueless. but we \u2019 ve made progress in the past decade. when a new england journal of medicine article suggested that the hormone 17 - hydroxyprogesterone ( 17 - p ) would reduce the risk of preterm birth, ob / gyns listened. however, this old drug, which used to be used to treat preterm birth, had fallen out of favor, and no manufacturers made it anymore. so practitioners got resourceful and started getting 17 - p from compounding pharmacies, where it could be manufactured from scratch for about $ 20 per dose. because the quality of compounding pharmacies vary, and because what drug a woman gets during pregnancy matters, docs were happy when the fda approved a new drug makena which would standardize 17 - p and make it readily available at hospitals and pharmacies. the fda reviewed data of a study that showed that, among women with a prior preterm birth, women given makena in a subsequent pregnancy had a preterm birth rate of 37 %, compared to 55 % in the control group. good news, eh? you \u2019 d think. so kv pharmaceutical,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41811310030991233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba3bfbd6-9b69-4092-8b80-2e83b4e6e516>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.791248"}
{"text": "with a prior preterm birth, women given makena in a subsequent pregnancy had a preterm birth rate of 37 %, compared to 55 % in the control group. good news, eh? you \u2019 d think. so kv pharmaceutical, who won seven years worth of exclusive rights on this drug that has been around since the 1950s, then started firing off letters to compounding pharmacies, announcing that they could no longer make 17 - p available to the public without facing possible legal action. which means that women at high risk of preterm birth must now buy makena, instead of relying upon their friendly neighborhood compounding pharmacist to make it up. so how much does the new ( old ) drug makena cost? $ 1500 per dose. yes, you heard me right. this $ 20 drug now costs $ 1500 per dose. that \u2019 s about $ 30, 000 per at - risk pregnancy. and insurances get to decide individually whether or not they will cover it - - but even if they do, that \u2019 ll mean big co - pays and deductibles. can i just say it like it is? bullshit. f you, big pharma. are you telling me that women who are at risk of preterm birth ( lower socio - economic women are at the highest risk ) will have to pony up 30 grand if they want to prevent losing a pregnancy or raising a disabled child because insurance won \u2019 t cover it? are you telling me our health care industry is so broken that, instead of making this ancient drug available at an affordable price and preventing preterm births, they \u2019 d prefer to pay millions to care for that preemie in the nicu or treat that disabled child? why? why? why? why is this legal? according to the washington post, \u201c fda officials said that they had no idea how much the company planned to charge for the drug and were surprised by the cost but that the agency has no power over pricing. \u201d how did our health care industry become so broken that this kind of thing can happen? where is the heart in medicine these days? when did patient care start taking a backseat to the bottom line? no wonder patients and health care providers alike feel so frustrated, demoralized, and disempowered. something \u2019 s gotta change. according to the same fda official, \u201c if requested, the agency could approve a lower - priced generic version of the drug for another use that doctors could prescribe ' off label. '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3993540865975789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba3bfbd6-9b69-4092-8b80-2e83b4e6e516>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.792094"}
{"text": "and disempowered. something \u2019 s gotta change. according to the same fda official, \u201c if requested, the agency could approve a lower - priced generic version of the drug for another use that doctors could prescribe ' off label. ' \u201d the official also said that the agency would not prevent compounding pharmacies from continuing to provide 17 - p unless patient safety is thought to be at risk. \u201c we have our hands full pursuing our enforcement priorities, \u201d the official said to the washington post. \u201c and it \u2019 s not illegal for a physician to write a prescription for a compounded drug or for a patient to take a compounded drug. we certainly are concerned about access of patients to medication. \u201d so if you or anyone you know had a previous preterm baby, tell them to ask their doctor about prescribing 17 - p. if the doctor thinks they are a good candidate for 17 - p, suggest getting it from a compounding pharmacy, rather than supporting a big pharma company that \u2019 s trying to screw us all. i still have my issues with big pharma, but i do understand that pharmaceutical industries pay big bucks to support research programs that help us all. i do understand that it \u2019 s a business and that they need to make their money in the first seven years, while their drug is still under patent. i get that their business model supports innovation and the creation of drugs that move us forward, and that without them, we might lag in our pharmaceutical options. but this drug has been around forever. and it \u2019 s a natural hormone. i mean seriously people! get a heart. these are pregnant women we \u2019 re talking about. these are preemie babies we \u2019 re trying to save. this is an old, natural hormone that you didn \u2019 t just invent, kv. do something right for a change. put the health of people above the bottom line. or at least back off the compounding pharmacies and let people seek this potentially life - saving hormone elsewhere. it \u2019 s the right thing to do. what do you think of this? is your blood boiling like mine is? how did this happen? when did we lose the heart of medicine? speaking up on behalf of mothers and babies everywhere, ps : woah, check out this washington post article from this morning - - \" fda to allow cheaper preterm baby drug \". looks like the fda is stepping in - - but still, how do you feel about this whole controversy?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4216666735443266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba3bfbd6-9b69-4092-8b80-2e83b4e6e516>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.793028"}
{"text": ", ps : woah, check out this washington post article from this morning - - \" fda to allow cheaper preterm baby drug \". looks like the fda is stepping in - - but still, how do you feel about this whole controversy? i ' m glad the fda is stepping up to the plate and laying off of compounding pharmacies, but still outraged that kv even tried something like this in our health care system.. on that note, i \u2019 m hard at work on a manifesto about this very topic ( not so much big pharma, but reclaiming the heart of healing ). so stay tuned \u2026 lissa rankin, md : founder of owningpink. com, pink medicine woman coach, motivational speaker, and author of what \u2019 s up down there? questions you \u2019 d only ask your gynecologist if she was your best friend and encaustic art : the complete guide to creating fine art with wax. when you comment on an owning pink blog post, we invite you to be authentic and loving, to say what you feel, to hold sacred space so others feel heard, and to refrain from using hurtful or offensive language. differing opinions are welcomed, but if you cannot express yourself in a respectful, caring manner, your comments will be deleted by the owning pink staff.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4249801840294226, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba3bfbd6-9b69-4092-8b80-2e83b4e6e516>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.794845"}
{"text": "helping the overweight child helping your child with social and emotional concerns it doesn ' t take long for children to figure out that our culture and their peers idealize thinness. children who are overweight are especially at risk of being teased and feeling alone. this can cause low self - esteem and reference depression opens new window. for information about helping a child who is being teased, see the topic reference bullying. to help your child have greater health, confidence, and self - esteem, you can : - avoid talking in terms of your child ' s weight. how you talk about your child ' s body has a big impact on your child ' s self - image. instead, talk in terms of your child ' s health, activity level, and other healthy lifestyle choices. - be a good role model by having a healthy attitude about food and activity. even if you struggle with how you feel about your own body, avoid talk in front of your child about \" being fat \" and \" needing to diet. \" instead, talk about and make the same healthy lifestyle choices you ' d like for your child. - encourage activities, such as sports and theater. physical activity helps build physical and emotional confidence. try different types of sports and activities until your child finds one that he or she likes. theater can help a child project strength and confidence, even if he or she doesn ' t feel it at first. - encourage social involvement in community, church, and school activities, which build social skills and confidence. - help your child eat well by providing healthy food choices. consider seeing a reference registered dietitian opens new window for guidance and new food ideas. - forbid any child ( yours included ) to tease another child about weight. talk to your child ' s teachers and / or counselors, if necessary. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference august 29, 2011 | | medical review : | | reference john pope, md - pediatrics reference rhonda o ' brien, ms, rd, cde - certified diabetes educator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4099992876807372, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c87cea5-e3bb-4b22-94d2-80e4f47cb29f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.796976"}
{"text": "we look at five technologies that look set to become part of every day lives very soon, to find out how they ' ll change our lives. this technology could be a game - changer for device connectivity. a modern desktop computer today may include jacks to accommodate ethernet, usb 2. 0, firewire 400 or 800 ( ieee 1394a or 1394b ) or both, dvi or displayport or both, and - on some - esata. usb 3. 0 could eliminate all of these except ethernet. in their place, a computer may have several usb 3. 0 ports, delivering data to monitors, retrieving it from scanners, and exchanging it with hard drives. the improved speed comes at a good time, as much - faster flash memory drives are in the pipeline. usb 3. 0 is fast enough to allow uncompressed 1080p video ( currently our highest - definition video format ) at 60 frames per second, says jeff ravencraft, president and chair of the usb - if. that would enable a camcorder to forgo video compression hardware and patent licensing fees for mpeg - 4. the user could either stream video live from a simple camcorder ( with no video processing required ) or store it on an internal drive for later rapid transfer ; neither of these methods is feasible today without heavy compression. citing 3. 0 ' s versatility, some analysts see the standard as a possible complement - or even alternative - to the consumer hdmi connection found on today ' s blu - ray players. the new usb flavor could also turn computers into real charging stations. whereas usb 2. 0 can produce 100 milliamperes ( ma ) of trickle charge for each port, usb 3. 0 ups that quantity to 150ma per device. usb 2. 0 tops out at 500ma for a hub ; the maximum for usb 3. 0 is 900ma. with mobile phones moving to support usb as the standard plug for charging and syncing, the increased amperage of usb 3. 0 might let you do away with wall warts ( ac adapters ) of all kinds. in light of the increased importance and use of usb in its 3. 0 version, future desktop computers may very well have two internal hubs, with several ports easily accessible in the front to act as a charging station. each hub could have up to six ports and support the full amperage. meanwhile, laptop machines could multiply usb ports for better charging and access on the road. ( apple ' s mac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49621723903635806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d4a0e98-f22e-4d89-9859-8f510bcc8419>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.801179"}
{"text": "accessible in the front to act as a charging station. each hub could have up to six ports and support the full amperage. meanwhile, laptop machines could multiply usb ports for better charging and access on the road. ( apple ' s mac mini already includes five usb 2. 0 ports on its back. ) the higher speed of 3. 0 will accelerate data transfers, of course, moving more than 20gb of data per minute. this will make performing backups ( and maintaining offsite backups ) of increasingly large collections of images, movies, and downloaded media a much easier job. possible new applications for the technology include on - the - fly syncs and downloads ( as described in the case study above ). the usb - if ' s ravencraft notes that customers could download movies at the gas pump at of a filling station. \" with high - speed usb [ 2. 0 ], you couldn ' t have people waiting in line at 15 minutes a crack to download a movie, \" ravencraft says. manufacturers are poised to take advantage of usb 3. 0, and analysts predict mass adoption of the standard on computers within a couple of years. the format will be popular in mobile devices and consumer electronics, as well. ravencraft says that manufacturers currently sell more than 2 billion devices with built - in usb each year, so there ' s plenty of potential for getting the new standard out fast. next page : video streaming over wi - fi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4459160976908565, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d4a0e98-f22e-4d89-9859-8f510bcc8419>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.801675"}
{"text": "is a c based interpreter ( runloop ) that executes, what different compiler ( like mildew ) produce. if you want to help smop, you can just take on one of the lowlevel s1p implementations and write it. if you have any questions ask ruoso or pmurias at # perl6 @ irc. freenode. org. the slides for the talk perl 6 is just a smop are available, it introduces a bit of the reasoning behind smop. a newer version of the talk presented at yapc : : eu 2008 is available smop is an alternative implementation of a c engine to run perl 6. it is focused in getting the most pragmatic approach possible, but still focusing in being able to support all perl 6 features. its core resembles perl 5 in some ways, and it differs from parrot in many ways, including the fact that smop is not a virtual machine. smop is simply a runtime engine that happens to have a interpreter run loop. the main difference between smop and parrot ( besides the not - being - a - vm thing ), is that smop is from bottom - up an implementation of the perl 6 oo features, in a way that smop should be able to do a full bootstrap of the perl 6 type system. parrot on the other hand have a much more static low - level implementation ( the pmc ) the same way pge is a project on top of parrot, smop will need a grammar engine for itself. smop is the implementation that is stressing the meta object protocol more than any other implementation, and so far that has been a very fruitful exercise, with larry making many clarifications on the object system thanks to smop. important topics on smop - smop doesn ' t recurse in the c stack, and it doesn ' t actually define a mandatory paradigm ( stack - based or register - based ). smop has a polymorphic eval, that allows you to switch from one interpreter loop to another using continuation passing style. see smop stackless. - smop doesn ' t define a object system in its own. the only thing it defines is the concept of smop responder interface, which then encapsulates whatever object system. this feature is fundamental to implement the smop native types. - smop is intended to bootstrap itself from the low - level to the high - level. this is achieved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46656750430695443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ef4d308-fa15-4196-86db-2db8b4c54358>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.805804"}
{"text": "written by jeff mackey like many of you, we were appalled by photos that have surfaced showing a visibly terrified monkey crudely strapped into a restraint device in which he was reportedly launched into space by the iranian space agency ( isa ). back in 2011, our friends at peta u. k. urged agency head dr. hamid fazeli to ground the misguided mission, pointing out that nonhuman primates are no longer sent into space by the american or european it appears that iran is repeating the wasteful and cruel mistakes that marked the darkest days of the space race. monkeys are smart and sensitive animals who not only are traumatized by the violence and noise of a launch and landing but also suffer when caged in a laboratory before and after a flight \u2014 if they survive. the use of primates in space radiation experiments in the early 1990s, following protests by peta. in 2010, nasa ' s plans to restart the program were canceled after peta and others voiced strong ethical and scientific objections to the similarly, the european space agency ( esa ) has a very active space exploration program and has publicly stated that it \" declines any interest in monkey research and does not consider any need or use for such results. \" the esa instead employs modern technology such as state - of - the - art simulators to assess health risks for whether it happens in iran or ireland, in an underground laboratory or in outer space, cruelly exploiting animals for specious science is indefensible. we ' ve reached out to the isa once again to ask it to stop shooting monkeys into space. learn how you can help stop experimentation on all animals. you have a general question for peta and would like a response, please e - mail info @ peta. org. if you need to report cruelty to an animal, please click here. if you are reporting an animal in imminent danger and know where to find the animal and if the abuse is taking place right now, please call your local police department. if the police are unresponsive, please call peta immediately at 757 - 622 - 7382 and press 2. follow peta on twitter! almost all of us grew up eating meat, wearing leather, and going to circuses and zoos. we never considered the impact of these actions on the animals involved. for whatever reason, you are now asking the question : why should animals have rights? read more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47442844385551175, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2063d76a-be6a-4737-b870-cd5cf93d033f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.808295"}
{"text": "dropping a pound or two isn ' t necessarily a bad thing, especially if your pet ' s packing a few extra. but weight loss should be controlled, gradual and supervised by your veterinarian. sudden, unexpected weight loss usually signals an underlying health problem. cats, in particular, need frequent weight monitoring to prevent hepatic lipidosis, a debilitating liver disease. some pets lose weight in the heat of summer when rising temperatures curb their appetite. at the other extreme, you ' ll find some pets losing weight during frigid weather because they ' re burning more energy while trying to keep warm. other common causes of weight loss include stress and lactation. healthy boarded pets may shed some pounds because of diet changes or the stress of a new environment, and nursing mothers burn more calories as their bodies produce milk. although normal, these responses to environmental or lifestyle changes mean your pet uses and needs, more calories to meet increased energy requirements. diet plays a crucial role in weight maintenance. undernourishment and weight loss occur in pets who are fed poor - quality, inedible or spoiled food. many underlying medical conditions such as dental disease, gastrointestinal disorders ( including parasites ), diabetes mellitus, liver or kidney disease, congestive heart failure and cancer make eating and absorbing nutrients difficult. other conditions, including hyperthyroidism, fever and chronic infections, increase your pet ' s metabolism and the rate she burns calories. the result can be dramatic weight loss. what you can do at home a nutritious diet and lots of fresh water are your pet ' s best defenses against unwanted weight loss. feed your pet the right amount of high - quality food that ' s appropriate for her life stage and activity level. and make sure she visits the veterinarian at least once a year for a thorough examination and parasite prevention. when to call the veterinarian see your veterinarian whenever your pet experiences unexplained weight loss. call the doctor immediately if your pet exhibits additional symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, fever or increased thirst or urination. literally hundreds of conditions can cause weight loss in pets, so please be patient as the veterinarian makes his or her diagnosis. though some of these conditions are serious, most pets who have slimmed down quickly, soon return to their original weight with no complications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45208104227233326, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:683b563f-f9b9-4efb-8733-5c0a1f58a8b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.811804"}
{"text": "these days, students come from all walks of life and enter college for a variety of reasons, and with a variety of expectations. many of these students are acutely aware of the affect collegiate life will have on future career options, and use their college experiences to discover and refine a career path that will satisfy them. other students are in the midst of their careers and either want to change career paths or are looking for job training to advance their careers. career planning is a valuable exercise for any of these students. a good starting point in deciding what course of collegiate study would best prepare you for a career is to analyze very thoughtfully what particular skills are strengths for you. in general, are you adept at working with people, or numbers, or the written word, and so forth? what subjects in high school or activities since graduating have had the most appeal for you? you should make a list of the activities you enjoy and the subjects you like to read about or discuss. another valuable career planning activity is to read up on career information. research careers that you are interested in and that would utilize your strengths. what type of education is required to get into the field? do you need a graduate degree? will you need to pursue a long internship or residency program? are you willing to spend the time it takes to fulfill these requirements? remember, you don ' t have to have all the answers, but if you have an idea in mind, it can only help you. with possible careers in mind, you can research the college majors that are relevant. you can determine what colleges offer strong programs in your chosen majors, or if a career college would be a good option.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44202634658837453, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2ad8169-48d0-448e-ad21-efc500136d25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.813539"}
{"text": "hyperparathyroidism in dogs excessive levels of parathyroid hormone in the blood in dogs the parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, increasing blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be reabsorbed from bone. the parathyroid glands are small, hormone - secreting glands that are located on or near the thyroid glands. the term para - refers to adjacent or alongside, and thyroid refers to the actual thyroid gland ; the thyroid and parathyroid glands are located side by side in the neck, near the windpipe or trachea. hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition related to the parathyroid glands, in which over active parathyroid glands cause abnormally high levels of parathyroid hormone ( also known as parathormone or pth ) to circulate in the blood. primary hyperparathyroidism refers to a condition in which a tumor in the parathyroid gland produces excessive levels of parathyroid hormone, leading to increased blood calcium levels ( hypercalcemia ). secondary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by a deficiency of calcium and vitamin d, and is associated with malnutrition or long - term ( chronic ) kidney disease. there is no known genetic cause for primary hyperparathyroidism, but its association with certain breeds suggests a possible hereditary basis in some cases. secondary hyperparathyroidism can develop in association with hereditary kidney disease ( known as hereditary nephropathy ), but is not inherited per se. keeshonds seem to show some predilection for this disease. in dogs, the average age is ten years, with a range of 5 to 15 years of age. symptoms and types your veterinarian will be looking for cancer first and foremost for the cause for this disease. however, several other possibilities will also be considered, such as renal failure and vitamin d intoxication, which have been known to be found in some rodenticides. other possibilities are too much calcium in the blood. a urinalysis will reveal calcium and phosphate levels. serum ionized calcium determination is often normal in patients with chronic renal failure and high in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism or hypercalcemia that is associated with a malignancy. if kidney stones are suspected, your veterinarian may use x - ray and ultrasound imaging of the parathyroid gland to discover whether there is tumor there. if nothing can be found using these diagnostic techniques, your veterinarian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45572817261959614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4c86a7f-30b0-4d56-a4d1-62058f690c67>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.816750"}
{"text": "malignancy. if kidney stones are suspected, your veterinarian may use x - ray and ultrasound imaging of the parathyroid gland to discover whether there is tumor there. if nothing can be found using these diagnostic techniques, your veterinarian may need to use surgery to explore the area of the thyroid and parathyroid. the failure of the kidneys to perform their proper functions a gland found in the neck of humans and animals that secretes glands responsible for metabolic rate, calcitonin, and others. an in - depth examination of the properties of urine ; used to determine the presence or absence of illness the name for four glands that are located on the top of the thyroid gland that help to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood the windpipe ; it carries air from the bronchi to the mouth the hormone that is created from the parathyroid glands ; helps to regulate the calcium level of an animal \u2019 s blood something with an electrical charge something that becomes worse or life threatening as it spreads a condition of poor health that results from poor feeding or no feeding at all a low level of calcium in the blood excess calcium in the blood in dogs parathyroid hormone and vitamin d interactions work to release calcium from the bones,... overproduction of estrogen in dogs overproduction of estrogen can result in what is known as estrogen toxicity ( hyperestrogenism ).... latest in dog nutrition five life - lengthening health tips for your... anyone who has ever had a dog or cat wishes just one thing \u2014 that he or she has a... how antioxidants improve our pet ' s health,... the science behind pet nutrition continues to make major advances. one such example...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4837096851535253, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4c86a7f-30b0-4d56-a4d1-62058f690c67>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.817419"}
{"text": "the palisades museum of prehistory ( pmop ), incorporated in washington dc, is a non - profit regional organization dedicated to promoting the awareness and preservation of prehistoric artifacts in the palisades of washington dc. the pmop will accomplish its mission by providing information, education, and archaeological guidance. in addition to curation and preservation of prehistoric artifacts, the pmop will assemble a library of archaeological records, maps, and surveys pertinent to the region \u2019 s prehistory. these records are now housed in disparate locations e. g. universities, national park service, state historic preservation offices, smithsonian archives. the localized information will be made available in the museum located in the palisades of washington dc. more interest in our prehistory will hopefully allow the pmop to organize a volunteer network that can react rapidly to events exposing our prehistory - like road works, building excavations, and erosion. the bulk of prehistoric data remains locked up in government agencies and academic institutions. many in the archaeological profession believe that releasing this information will encourage people to collect artifacts on federal lands. however well - intentioned, this mindset continues to exact a toll on the prehistoric record. ignorance of history will guarantee the obliteration of the archeological record as more development continues with little regard to the people who onced lived here. by providing the public access to the archaeological record, pmop will boost awareness of our area ' s human history. in the end, both professionals and public will benefit from the increase of knowledge. because our region \u2019 s prehistory spans at least 12, 000 years, waves of indigenous cultures have come and gone dispersing evidence over broad geographic areas. the ravages of time have thinned much of that evidence. by recovering more evidence over a broader area, and making that information public, the pmop hopes to raise awareness and understanding of those who lived here for thousands of years. in terms of human evolution, the formative years of our species existed in lithic cultures. by greatly expanding the knowledge base of those cultures, the palisades museum of prehistory hopes to shed light on our human nature.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47845271284204843, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc26fc57-daaf-45a2-aea5-5569a01d20a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.821645"}
{"text": "july 24, 2009 mark s. blumberg is professor and starch faculty fellow at the university of iowa. his books include the oxford handbook of developmental behavioral neuroscience, body heat : temperature and life on earth, and basic instinct : the genesis of behavior. he is editor - in - chief of the journal behavioral neuroscience, and president of the international society for developmental psychobiology. his newest book is freaks of nature : what anomalies tell us about development and evolution. in this conversation with d. j. grothe, mark blumberg describes how he became interested in \" freaks of nature \" as a way to question prevailing concepts within biology regarding genes, instincts, and pre - formed abilities. he talks about why he sees genetic determinism as \" action at a distance thinking, \" and why he thinks it is similar to creationist views, and describes both as \" magical ways of thinking about nature. \" he explains epigenetics. he describes how certain non - genetic factors that shape behavior may be inherited from one generation to the next. he discusses \" sexual freaks \" and sexual ambiguity in nature, and shows how in many ways, it is the norm in nature. he predicts the extinction of creationist thinking, and talks about how freaks of nature are a missed opportunity for those science advocates battling intelligent design and creationism, even as he also criticizes belief in \" evolution ' s design \" and \" magical genes. \" he contrasts his views with those of evolutionary psychology as regards brain development. and he responds to notable critics of his views, such as jerry coyne. books mentioned in this episode : basic instinct : the genesis of behavior mark s. blumberg february 27, 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5520779229754107, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d05e069c-5f87-4761-b6f7-365af2a90ef5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.824150"}
{"text": "by virginia b. hargrove the fish tank at the dentist ' s draws my kids like a magnet. they excitedly tell one another stories about each fish. little kids... big imaginations. as i waited through their appointments, i thought about a nifty way to put those active imaginations to work! when we got home, we were going to create an edible aquarium in a cup! this is one \" pet \" you won ' t have to worry about! what better way to celebrate national jello week february 12 - 18! \u2022 clear plastic or glass containers \u2022 a skewer or small plastic makeup paddle \u2022 2 cups lemon - lime flat soda \u2022 1 tablespoon unflavored gelatin \u2022 2 drops blue food coloring \u2022 small colorful candy for the gravel \u2022 fish shaped crackers, gummy fish, or other edible \" ocean \" critters blossom your gelatin. isn ' t that a descriptive term? i expect to see those little granules open up into roses... or for this project into sea anemones. it means to sprinkle the gelatin evenly over 1 / 4 cup soda ( or water ), and let stand five minutes to soften. place 1 / 2 cup soda in a small saucepan over medium heat. heat just to boiling. add the softened gelatin, stirring to dissolve the gelatin completely over the heat, about 2 minutes. remove from heat. add the remaining soda and food coloring, and stir to combine. pour the liquid into a bowl. transfer to the refrigerator to chill until partially set. you want it to be a little thick, but still mushy and movable but not watery. fish placed in the middle of the aquarium should stay there. check every 15 minutes once your fish bowl \" water \" thickens, call the kids! empty some \" gravel \" ( colorful candies ) into each container. then gently spoon in the gelatin solution. fill it up to the desired water level. now for the fun! hand out a skewer or small make - up paddle to each child. show how to use it to push candies into the \" water. \" sit back and watch ( or make your own ) as they load up their cups. use gummy worms for eels, stick fish or seaweed. add gummy fish and top it off with a gummy life preserver. once your child ' s happy with the fish bowl, place it in the refrigerator until completely set. then eat and enjoy! caution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45713360858599045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d829ee9-8c48-4a0d-a45b-425231814e47>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.826562"}
{"text": "a fertility specialist tells you about this medication used in the treatment of infertility mark kan, md what is clomid, and how does it work? the expert answers clomiphene citrate ( also known as clomid or serophene ) is a medication that is commonly used in fertility treatment. because it is relatively inexpensive and can be administered orally, clomiphene is generally one of the first medications prescribed for patients who do not ovulate regularly. in women who do ovulate regularly, clomiphene may be used for \" superovulation, \" where 2 or 3 eggs are produced. this increases the number of \" targets \" for the sperm, thereby increasing the chance of pregnancy. clomiphene is normally administered for five days during the follicular part of the cycle ( the portion of the cycle following menstrual bleeding ). clomiphene is structurally similar to estrogen and acts on the estrogen receptor. first approved by the fda in 1967, it has recently been reclassified as a selective - estrogen - receptor - modulator ( serm ). how does clomiphene work? the hormonal signals that cause the ovarian follicles to grow are released from the pituitary gland. these hormones are named follicle stimulating hormone ( fsh ) and leutinizing hormone ( lh ) for their actions in the ovary. the pituitary receives its signals from the hypothalamus in the brain. clomiphene blocks the estrogen receptor and \" tricks \" the brain into thinking there are low levels of estrogen. the pituitary responds by releasing more fsh and lh, thus stimulating follicular growth in the ovaries. whereas clomiphene \" tricks \" the pituitary into producing more fsh and lh, gonadotropin injections of fsh and lh increase the amount of signals directly. treatment with these injections requires more intensive monitoring than does therapy with clomiphene. in general, treatment with fertility medications is initiated to help women overcome ovulatory dysfunction, or to produce multiple eggs so there is a higher chance of achieving pregnancy. in the \" clomiphene citrate challenge test \" ( ccct ), clomiphene is administered and fsh levels are compared before and after treatment. in theory, clomiphene blocks the negative feedback of estrogen, leaving only inhibin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47183495622382826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7556cf26-35d1-4a9e-94ab-871b8379bbbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.830242"}
{"text": "while writing dissertation framing a layout can prove to be very help. in a dissertation the writer has to put all his / her experiences learned through different incidents occured in life on the paper. in a dissertation one has to bring all his logical abilities onto the paper. one has to conclude based on his leanings on the topic through out his life. this becomes tough when you are writing straight from your mind. thus before proceeding with the dissertation framing of outline will give you clear picture of what the final result is going to like. plan all the parts in the outline that is going to be included in the dissertation and prevent any future disasters. there are two key points that will help you getting the perfect dissertation : a. dissertation proposal : a brief background to the proposed study - review of the literature - theoretical model ( if used ) - statement of the problem design of the study - hypotheses or questions - definition of terms - population and sample - data collection - significance of the study - limitations of the study - how are you going to analyse the data, tools that you are going to use and how are going to represent it? - what kinds of operations will you put the data through to result in your findings? important points you should remember : - the proposal should not be very lengthy, a maximum of 20 pages will work out perfectly. - more emphasis should be given to review of literature and the research design. lets say half of the proposal should talk about review of literature and another half about research design. - must go through several sample dissertation before submitting the proposal. b. outline of the project this outline can be modified as per the university \u2019 s requirement of submisson : chapter i ( introduction ) - background of the study - problem statement - purpose of the study - research questions - hypothesis or objectives chapter ii ( review of literature ) - review of empirical studies. chapter iii ( research methodology ) - research design - sample size - instruments to be used for computation of data - data analysis chapter iv ( data analysis & results ) chapter v ( conclusion ) - final findings of the study - interpretation of results - limiations of the study finally at the end its the refferences and appendices. its crucial to properly mention all the reffered material and calculation sheets here. now that you have unlocked the secrets of writing a dissertation. now start up your work, without even thinking of messing it up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47939787647064724, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b37e7fe3-2c06-4ca5-ac30-2a4627a0384c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.832675"}
{"text": "caspian countries come together to discuss protection of the caspian sea, turkmenbashy, turkmenistan malheureusement, il n ' y a pas de version francaise de ce document. on 5 and 6 november 2012, the caspian ecological forum, hosted by tukmenistan \u2019 s ministry of nature protection, was held along the shores of the caspian sea in the avaza national tourist zone, not far from the turmenbashy bay ramsar site. | turmenbashy bay ramsar site ( \u00a9 ramsar secretariat ) | turkmenistan acceded to the ramsar convention in 2009 and designated 267, 124 ha of the hazar nature reserve as a wetland of international importance under the name \u2018 turkmenbashy bay ramsar site \u2019. turkmenistan now has a ramsar working group made up of experts and representatives of the ministry of nature protection. the event provided a platform for constructive dialogue and cooperation for the wise use of the resource - rich caspian sea. the forum was attended by representatives of environmental and fisheries agencies and academics of the caspian countries, with delegations from azerbaijan, iran, kazakhstan, russia and turkmenistan. representatives of the united nations environment programme ( unep ), united nations development programme ( undp ), united nations convention on combating desertification ( unccd ), as well as oil and gas companies operating in the caspian shelf also participated in the forum. the caspian sea is the world ' s largest landlocked water body ; with its particular climatic and salinity gradients and its isolation, it is home to about 400 endemic species, including the world ' s largest herd of sturgeon ( 90 percent of the world reserves ) and the endangered caspian seal pusa caspica. following the early days of the caspian environment programme in 1995, the framework convention for the protection of the marine environment of the caspian sea ( tehran convention ) was ratified by the caspian littoral states in 2006. it is the first legally binding regional agreement ratified by all five caspian states, and defines the general requirements and institutional mechanism for the protection of the marine environment of the caspian sea. four protocols to the convention have currently been developed by the countries, they focus on biodiversity conservation ; land - based sources of pollution ; preparedness, response and cooperation in combating oil pollution incidents ; and environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context. the ramsar secretariat would like to thank turkmenistan for the invitation and generous hospitality, and for its dedication to ecological conservation, and expresses its readiness to assist and support all caspian states for the wise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4385446079902409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:527aa11d-20cc-483a-b531-1a3ea22af93a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.836092"}
{"text": "history of the indians of the united states by angie debo the political, social, and military conflicts and foul - ups between the indians and whites from the colonial era to the 1970s. 6 x 9 450 pages, index, maps, illustrated, paperbound # 300 indians in the us $ 24. 95 by barry c. kent culturally and linguistically, the susquehannocks closely resembled the iroquois of new york state. actually, they were a fiercely independent nation that lived along the susquehanna river in pennsylvania and maryland. they often invaded the tribes of lower maryland. this is a detailed narrative of the susquehannocks ' lifestyle, villages, and artifacts. also describes their relationship with the conestogas, conoy, shawnee, delaware, and other tribes that lived along the river. 6 \" x 9 \" 440 pages, index, illustrated, maps, paperbound # 372 susquehanna ' s indians $ 16. 95 indians and world war ii by alison r. bernstein the impact of world war ii on indian affairs was more provound and lasting than that of any other event or policy, including fdr ' s indian new deal and eforts to terminate federal responsibility for tribes under eisenhower. focusing on the period from 1941 to 1947, bernstein explains why termination and tribal self - determination wer logical results of the indians ' world war ii experiences in battle and on the home front. includes a brief story of the navajo marine codetalkers and ira hayes, a pima indian who helped raise the flag at iwo jima. 5\u00bd \" x 8\u00bd \" 247 pages, index, some photos, paperbound # 373 indians & wwii $ 19. 95 fax : 717 464 - 3250", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4189807178559861, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24918d75-915c-4e00-b5b9-a827162bb127>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.838539"}
{"text": "long ago fisher - man lived with his elder brothers in a sweat - house, they say. now he said to the cottontail people, \" ye must remain at home, ye must stay here! i shall go away. ye must stay close, must not go about. thither, in that direction, i shall go in the morning. \" then he went. now, all those people, those boys, staid there. he had explained to them when he would return. \" so many times dawning, at the sixth dawning i ( shall ) have returned, \" said he, \" if other people do not choke me on the road. do ye stay there close ( at home ). \" so they staid. in the morning one of them crawled out when it was dawning. after he had sat a while, standing up, ( he went and ) sat on the edge of the smoke - hole. now opposite, they say, that wood - rat lived in a sweat - house with his grandmother. from thence wood - rat crawled out. \" how are you? \" said he, said wood - rat. \" ugly wood - rat - man, defecating on his grandmother ' s blanket, stinking, defecating all over the house, urinating all about, dirty - acting wood - rat! \" said ( cottontail ). \" his p. 220 p. 221 house stinks, \" he said. then wood - rat - man said, \" ham, ham! my grandmother, bring out my net! he calls me very bad names. \" then she brought it out. then, having walked over, he stretched it across the door of the house. then he stamped on the house ( cottontail ' s ). he kept stamping, and then one ( of the cottontails ) jumped out ; and just as he did so, he was caught in the net. after a while, after he had gotten into ( the net ), wood - rat carried him across. and carrying him home, when he had carried him in, his grandmother skinned ( the cottontail ) and cooked him ; and, roasting him, they both had breakfast. next morning, crawling out, wood - rat said, \" halloo! \" then one ( of the cottontails ) stuck his head out. \" dirty, ugly wood - rat, defecating on his grandmother, urinating about, making things dirty, wood - rat, who stays where he has made it stink! \" said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4808203260029946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9fa968d-5214-44df-9dc6-4f69c5398e40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.846448"}
{"text": "one ( of the cottontails ) stuck his head out. \" dirty, ugly wood - rat, defecating on his grandmother, urinating about, making things dirty, wood - rat, who stays where he has made it stink! \" said he. then he jumped in again. then, \" ham, ham! \" said ( wood - rat ). \" he speaks evilly of me! my grandmother, hand out my net! \" thereupon he went over, and having gone over, and stretched the net in the doorway, he stamped, kept stamping, ( on the roof ). then one ( of the cottontails ) rushed out, and so was caught in the net. meanwhile, having got him into the net, wood - rat carried him off. he carried him over to his grandmother ; and, having given him to her, she skinned him, and they both had breakfast. next morning, again, wood - rat crawled out. then. he said, \" sii! \" then one ( of the cottontails ) stuck his head out repeatedly. \" bad wood - rat, defecating on his grandmother ' s blanket, one who does dirty things, urinating all about the house, wood - rat, who does dirty things that make things stink! \" he said. then wood - rat said, \" ham, ham, ham! he calls me very bad names. hurry and give me my net, my grandmother! \" then she gave it to him. p. 222 p. 223 having gone over, he stretched it in the doorway, and then stamped on the house, kept stamping. by and by one rushed out, and was caught in the net. then, having got him into the net, he carried him over. meanwhile only one ( cottontail ) was left, ( who ) had crawled over behind the fireplace. now, wood - rat, having carried ( the one he had caught ) over, they skinned him, roasted him, and had their breakfast. next morning, again, ( wood - rat ) crawled out. \" sh! \" he said. but no one stuck out his head. then said he, \" there are none left. i have killed them all. \" next morning, again, ( wood - rat ) stuck his head out. \" hii, \" he said. again no one looked out. \" well, my grandmother, i think i have killed them all, \" he said. \" i did not see any, none crawled out. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46004828927723074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9fa968d-5214-44df-9dc6-4f69c5398e40>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.847307"}
{"text": ") stuck his head out. \" hii, \" he said. again no one looked out. \" well, my grandmother, i think i have killed them all, \" he said. \" i did not see any, none crawled out. \" then he remained there. next day again he looked out. \" si! \" he said, but nobody looked out. \" i guess i have killed them all, \" he said. that night, as it grew dark, fisher - man returned. he crawled in, and then ( found ) all had gone. then one crawled out toward him from behind the fire, and said, \" wood - rat chased us ; and when he stamped on the house, ( the others ) ran out, and then he killed them, \" he said. \" he continued doing this until he killed them all. i alone, not jumping out, ( but ) hiding and not moving, have kept alive. \" then fisher - man said, \" ho! \" in the morning fisher went after him ( wood - rat ). crossing over, he reached ( the house ), and, having crawled in, he killed both, grandmother and grandson. then he spoke. \" now you are wood - rat - man! not bothering people, you shall live and run about where rocks lie all around, doing no harm to people, \" said he. \" and mortal men shall say of you, ' long ago wood - rat was a bad man. ' so mortal men ( will ) tell of you. \" then he went over, and, having returned to his house, remained there. p. 224 p. 225 in the morning, having fixed his bow, and having taken three quivers full of arrows, he went off. he went towards the east, and kept going, kept going. his brothers staid under a bush. then, after he had gone some ways, he hung up one quiver of arrows, and went on. he kept going, kept going, and then a little ways off he hung up another quiver of arrows. he went on, kept going, and again a short ways off he came to a valley, a large valley. when he had looked down into it here and there, ( he saw ) there were brown bears feeding, and grizzly bears also feeding, it is said. one was feeding there in the very middle ( of the valley ). and it was a white bear, it is said, a silver - tip. so he ( fisher ), having crept down into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4448849120235866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9fa968d-5214-44df-9dc6-4f69c5398e40>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.848120"}
{"text": "grizzly bears also feeding, it is said. one was feeding there in the very middle ( of the valley ). and it was a white bear, it is said, a silver - tip. so he ( fisher ), having crept down into ( the valley ), ready to shoot, shot him. then from there ( the bear ) ran after him, jumped at him, trying to catch him. and he ( fisher ) ran up out of the valley. meanwhile he kept shooting, and still continued to run up out of the valley, the bear jumping at him to seize him. he kept shooting ; he shot dodging from side to side, he shot whatever he had (? ). meanwhile ( the bear ) jumped at him to seize him in his mouth. he ( fisher ) kept running away and when all his arrows were shot, he reached the place where he had left the arrows, and, taking them down, he ran on up. he kept on shooting, and still ( the bear ) jumped at him to seize him in his mouth. again it seems as if he came a little closer. he ( fisher ) ran, dodging all the time, dodged as he ran. and meanwhile he shot. only half his arrows were left, he had almost shot them all away. meanwhile he ran on, he dodged, he shot. and, so doing, he shot all his arrows. and all being gone, he ran to the place where he had hung tip his arrows, and, having taken them down, he shot. the bear jumped to seize him in his arms, ( but, ) dodging as he ran, ( fisher ) kept p. 226 p. 227 shooting. so continually shooting, ( the bear ) coming running up pretty close, he shot, dodging as he ran. and, so doing, he ran round and about the place where he had made his brothers stay. meanwhile ( the bear ) still ran after him. and while he was doing thus, he ( fisher ) killed him. then he spoke. \" you shall be bad. you shall not trouble mortal men when they see you, \" he said, speaking after he had killed him. \" you shall not hunt to seize mortal men coming into the middle of this world. that, mortal men in story - telling, ( shall say ) of you. then, ' silver - tip in the olden time killed people, ( was ) a killer, they say. killing them, he was sent away from this world, they say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4361669876868186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f9fa968d-5214-44df-9dc6-4f69c5398e40>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.848921"}
{"text": "brazilian journal of microbiology version impresa issn 1517 - 8382 konietzny, ursula y greiner, ralf. the application of pcr in the detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in foods. braz. j. microbiol. [ online ]. 2003, vol. 34, n. 4, pp. 283 - 300. issn 1517 - 8382. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1590 / s1517 - 83822003000400001. it is estimated that 25 to 50 % of the crops harvested worldwide are contaminated with mycotoxins. because of the toxic and carcinogenic potential of mycotoxins, there is an urgent need to develop detection methods that are rapid and highly specific. the highly advanced physico - chemical methods for the analysis of mycotoxins in use, have the disadvantage that highly sophisticated clean - up and / or derivatization procedures must be applied. an alternative could be the detection of the mycotoxigenic moulds themselves, especially as molecular techniques have been introduced recently as powerful tools for detecting and identifying fungi. pcr methods for the detection of aflatoxigenic aspergilli, patulin - producing penicillum and trichothecene - as well as fumonisin - producing fusaria strains have been described. the usefulness of the pcr methods developed so far to monitor quality and safety in the food an feed industry was already demonstrated. thus, pcr may be applied to the screening of agricultural commodities for the absence of mycotoxin producers prior to or even after processing. negative results in this assay indicate that a sample should be virtually free of mycotoxins. only the positive samples left must be analyzed for the presence of mycotoxins using physico - chemical standard methods. this review does not only summarize the so far developed qualitative and quantitative pcr assays for the detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in agricultural commodities, foods and animal feeds, but describes also strategies to develop new specific pcr assays for such a detection. palabras llave : aflatoxin ; fumonisin ; patulin ; polymerase chain reaction ; trichothecene.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49482957694524654, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e0b8718-5c6a-4f7d-b008-332f3c35160f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.853090"}
{"text": "bulletin of the world health organization version impresa issn 0042 - 9686 lansang, mary ann y dennis, rodolfo. building capacity in health research in the developing world. bull world health organ [ online ]. 2004, vol. 82, n. 10, pp. 764 - 770. issn 0042 - 9686. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1590 / s0042 - 96862004001000012. strong national health research systems are needed to improve health systems and attain better health. for developing countries to indigenize health research systems, it is essential to build research capacity. we review the positive features and weaknesses of various approaches to capacity building, emphasizing that complementary approaches to human resource development work best in the context of a systems and long - term perspective. as a key element of capacity building, countries must also address issues related to the enabling environment, in particular : leadership, career structure, critical mass, infrastructure, information access and interfaces between research producers and users. the success of efforts to build capacity in developing countries will ultimately depend on political will and credibility, adequate financing, and a responsive capacity - building plan that is based on a thorough situational analysis of the resources needed for health research and the inequities and gaps in health care. greater national and international investment in capacity building in developing countries has the greatest potential for securing dynamic and agile knowledge systems that can deliver better health and equity, now and in the future. palabras llave : health services research [ organization and administration ] ; education, graduate ; staff development ; investments ; access to information ; social justice ; academies and institutes ; interinstitutional relations ; developing countries ; developed countries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4814443149061073, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36ecb54b-dbb7-44fa-84a2-efacc44095e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.854723"}
{"text": "oct. 9, 1998 columbia, mo. - - ducks, geese and bald eagles soaring over areas the size of small towns are envisioned when talking about federally protected wetlands, not areas that are maybe as big as a small swimming pool and apparently void of life. university of missouri - columbia professor ray semlitsch is trying to change that view and explain the importance of smaller wetlands before they are managed out of existence. \" large wetlands are beautiful and need to be protected, but for some animal species such as frogs, toads and salamanders, it is small wetlands that support greater species diversity, \" said semlitsch, who along with his graduate research assistant, russ bodie, recently published their research in conservation biology. \" these smaller, temporary wetlands - - because they are dry at certain times during the year - - are much harder to appreciate than vast marsh areas. but without these smaller wetlands, it is very possible that much of the animal and plant life that make wetlands rich, productive habitats would not survive. we need to worry about the conservation of smaller wetlands as well as the larger ones. \" small wetlands currently are defined as being less than 4 hectares, or about 8 to 9 acres. the majority of the nation ' s wetlands are much smaller than might be imagined, closer to 1 to 2 acres and sometimes as small as several square yards. these small wetlands may comprise the majority of wetlands in the united states and help support a vast diversity of wetland species. however, unlike the large wetlands, these smaller areas are not protected to the same extent. recently, the army corp of engineers, which manages wetlands of all sizes throughout the united states, drafted regulations that will change the way wetlands are managed in the future. they have put off any change in management regulations until april, but the mu researchers argue that the changes in the regulations could manage these smaller wetlands out of existence. \" right now we can ' t detect losses of small wetlands by satellite imagery, a technique used to assess environmental change, \" bodie said. \" we lose thousands of acres each year in wetlands and these smaller ones are not even taken into account. yet, they play a vital role in the ecosystem and support a great variety of organisms. \" research done by semlitsch and bodie has indicated that when some individuals of a species move between wetlands, this increases their chances of survival. by populating many different wetlands, various species thrive, even during drought years when some wetlands are dry. when smaller wetlands are destroyed, the chances of survival for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46702530806784864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33275736-ac37-49fe-a13a-d130e6ad29c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.858797"}
{"text": "sep. 3, 2008 university of north carolina at chapel hill researchers have demonstrated that a drug called ondansetron helps reduce vomiting, the need for intravenous fluids and hospital admissions in children with acute gastroenteritis. gastroenteritis is an infection, often caused by a virus, that causes vomiting and diarrhea. it is often popularly called \u201c stomach flu \u201d and is a very common ailment in children during the winter months. \u201c children under the age of 5 years generally have between one and three episodes of gastroenteritis each year, \u201d said dr. lisa ross decamp, lead author of the study, which is published in the september 2008 issue of archives of pediatric & adolescent medicine \u201c and about one of every 25 children in the country will be hospitalized for gastroenteritis by the time they \u2019 re 5, \u201d said decamp who was a chief resident at the n. c. children \u2019 s hospital at the time of the study but now works at the university of michigan. in the emergency department at unc hospitals, five to 10 children a day are seen with symptoms of gastroenteritis, said dr. michael j. steiner, assistant professor of pediatrics and a co - author of the study. persistent vomiting from acute gastroenteritis can be very frightening to children and their families and also poses a risk of dehydration. current practice guidelines do not recommend that doctors give medications to children with gastroenteritis, but several recent studies suggest that ondansetron might be helpful. in addition, steiner said, many doctors are already prescribing ondansetron \u201c off - label \u201d for children with gastroenteritis. it has not been approved by the food and drug administration for that indication, although it is approved for treating nausea caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients. to find out if there was valid scientific support for giving antiemetics to children with gastroenteritis, decamp, steiner and two unc colleagues - - dr. julie s. byerly, assistant professor of pediatrics, and medical student nipa doshi - - conducted a systematic review of all the medical literature studying the use of antiemetics for gastroenteritis. the 11 identified previously published studies evaluated the safety and effectiveness of seven different antiemetics that were given to children seen in hospital emergency departments. the authors found that antiemetics other than ondansetron should not be used in children with gastroenteritis. a meta - analysis ( a statistical way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44907984947070073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3729824-8351-488c-bd51-d5f8c90dd605>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.861833"}
{"text": "of seven different antiemetics that were given to children seen in hospital emergency departments. the authors found that antiemetics other than ondansetron should not be used in children with gastroenteritis. a meta - analysis ( a statistical way to combine different studies ) found that ondansetron, which is sold under the brand name zofran and is available as an intravenous infusion, tablet, disintegrating tablet or in liquid forms, reduced further vomiting after receipt in the emergency department. importantly, it also reduced the likelihood that children would require intravenous fluids by nearly two - thirds, and halved the risk of immediate hospital admission. ondansetron also had one down side : it was found to increase diarrhea in 3 of the 6 studies. however, the authors found this increased diarrhea did not appear to cause an increased need for further medical care. the unc researchers concluded that future treatment guidelines should recommend the use of ondansetron in select children with gastroenteritis. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4215657312859116, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3729824-8351-488c-bd51-d5f8c90dd605>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.862276"}
{"text": "nov. 27, 2009 physicists from the japanese - led multi - national t2k neutrino collaboration have just announced that over the weekend they detected the first neutrino events generated by their newly built neutrino beam at the j - parc ( japan proton accelerator research complex ) accelerator laboratory in tokai, japan. protons from the 30 - gev main ring synchrotron were directed onto a carbon target, where their collisions produced charged particles called pions. these pions travelled through a helium - filled volume where they decayed to produce a beam of the elusive particles called neutrinos. these neutrinos then flew 200 metres through the earth to a sophisticated detector system capable of making detailed measurements of their energy, direction, and type. the data from the complex detector system is still being analysed, but the physicists have seen at least 3 neutrino events, in line with the expectation based on the current beam and detector performance. this detection therefore marks the beginning of the operational phase of the t2k experiment, a 474 - physicist, 13 - nation collaboration to measure new properties of the ghostly neutrino. neutrinos interact only weakly with matter, and thus pass effortlessly through the earth ( and mostly through the detectors! ). neutrinos exist in three types, called electron, muon, and tau ; linked by particle interactions to their more familiar charged cousins like the electron. measurements over the last few decades, notably by the super kamiokande and kamland neutrino experiments in western japan, have shown that neutrinos possess the strange property of neutrino oscillations, whereby one type of neutrino will turn into another as they propagate through space. neutrino oscillations, which require neutrinos to have mass and therefore were not allowed in our previous theoretical understanding of particle physics, probe new physical laws and are thus of great interest in the study of the fundamental constituents of matter. they may even be related to the mystery of why there is more matter than anti - matter in the universe, and thus are the focus of intense study worldwide. precision measurements of neutrino oscillations can be made using artificial neutrino beams, as pioneered by the k2k neutrino experiment where neutrinos from the kek laboratory were detected using the vast super kamiokande neutrino detector near toyama. t2k is a more powerful and sophisticated version of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6281490996152591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73f94bf7-72a9-431b-90ac-37db05302858>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.865930"}
{"text": "as pioneered by the k2k neutrino experiment where neutrinos from the kek laboratory were detected using the vast super kamiokande neutrino detector near toyama. t2k is a more powerful and sophisticated version of the k2k experiment, with a more intense neutrino beam derived from the newly - built main ring synchrotron at the j - parc accelerator laboratory. the beam was built by physicists from kek in cooperation with other japanese institutions and with assistance from the us, canadian, uk and french t2k institutes. prof. chang kee jung of stony brook university, stony brook, new york, leader of the us t2k project, said \" i am somewhat stunned by this seemingly effortless achievement considering the complexity of the machinery, the operation and international nature of the project. this is a result of a strong support from the japanese government for basic science, which i hope will continue, and hard work and ingenuity of all involved. i am excited about more ground breaking findings from this experiment in the near future. \" the beam is aimed once again at super - kamiokande, which has been upgraded for this experiment with new electronics and software. before the neutrinos leave the j - parc facility their properties are determined by a sophisticated \" near \" detector, partly based on a huge magnet donated from cern where it had earlier been used for neutrino experiments ( and for the ua1 experiment, which won the nobel prize for the discovery of the w and z bosons which are the basis of neutrino interactions ), and it is this detector which caught the first events. the first neutrino events were detected in a specialize detector, called the ingrid, whose purpose is to determine the neutrino beam ' s direction and profile. further tests of the t2k neutrino beam are scheduled for december, and the experiment plans to begin production running in mid - january. another major milestone should be observed soon after - - the first observation of a neutrino event from the t2k beam in the super - kamiokande experiment. running will continue until the summer, by which time the experiment hopes to have made the most sensitive search yet achieved for a so - far unobserved critical neutrino oscillation mode dominated by oscillations between all three types of neutrinos. in the coming years this search will be improved even further, with the hope that the 3 - mode osci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5616706625021552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73f94bf7-72a9-431b-90ac-37db05302858>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.866784"}
{"text": "june 22, 2010 millions of years before humans began battling it out over beachfront property, a similar phenomenon was unfolding in a diverse group of island lizards. often mistaken for chameleons or geckos, anolis lizards fight fiercely for resources, responding to rivals by doing push - ups and puffing out their throat pouches. but anoles also compete in ways that shape their bodies over evolutionary time, says a new study in the journal evolution. anolis lizards colonized the caribbean from south america some 40 million years ago and quickly evolved a wide range of shapes and sizes. \" when anoles first arrived in the islands there were no other lizards quite like them, so there was abundant opportunity to diversify, \" said author luke mahler of harvard university. free from rivals in their new island homes, anolis lizards evolved differences in leg length, body size, and other characteristics as they adapted to different habitats. today, the islands of cuba, hispaniola, jamaica and puerto rico - - collectively known as the greater antilles - - are home to more than 100 anolis species, ranging from lanky lizards that perch in bushes, to stocky, long - legged lizards that live on tree trunks, to foot - long ' giants ' that roam the upper branches of trees. \" each body type is specialized for using different parts of a tree or bush, \" said mahler. alongside researchers from the university of rochester, harvard university, and the national evolutionary synthesis center, mahler wanted to understand how and when this wide range of shapes and sizes came to be. to do that, the team used dna and body measurements from species living today to reconstruct how they evolved in the past. in addition to measuring the head, limbs, and tail of over a thousand museum specimens representing nearly every anolis species in the greater antilles - - including several cuban species that were previously inaccessible to north american scientists - - they also used the anolis family tree to infer what species lived on which islands, and when. by doing so, they discovered that the widest variety of anole shapes and sizes arose among the evolutionary early - birds. then as the number of anole species on each island increased, the range of new body types began to fizzle. late - comers in lizard evolution underwent finer and finer tinkering as time went on. as species proliferated on each island, their descendants were forced to partition the remaining real estate in increasingly subtle ways, said co - author liam revell of the national evolutionary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4320335178603331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0b67315-27de-4788-9b3c-46132eef151f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.869933"}
{"text": "in lizard evolution underwent finer and finer tinkering as time went on. as species proliferated on each island, their descendants were forced to partition the remaining real estate in increasingly subtle ways, said co - author liam revell of the national evolutionary synthesis center in durham, nc. \" over time there were fewer distinct niches available on each island, \" said revell. \" ancient evolutionary changes in body proportions were large, but more recent evolutionary changes have been more subtle. \" the researchers saw the same trend on each island. \" the islands are like petri dishes where species diversification unfolded in similar ways, \" said mahler. \" the more species there were, the more they put the brakes on body evolution. \" the study sheds new light on how biodiversity comes to be. \" we ' re not just looking at species number, we ' re also looking at how the shape of life changes over time, \" said mahler. the team ' s findings are published in the journal evolution. richard glor of the university of rochester and jonathan losos of harvard university were also authors on this study. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - d. luke mahler, liam j. revell, richard e. glor, jonathan b. losos. ecological opportunity and the rate of morphological evolution in the diversification of greater antillean anoles. evolution, 2010 ; doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1558 - 5646. 2010. 01026. x note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44702972811652686, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d0b67315-27de-4788-9b3c-46132eef151f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.870509"}
{"text": "the word vivisection was first coined in the 1800s to denote the experimental dissection of live animals - or humans. it was created by activists who opposed the practice of experimenting on animals. the roman physician celsus claimed that in alexandria in the 3rd century bce physicians had performed vivisections on sentenced criminals, but vivisection on humans was generally outlawed. experimenters frequently used living animals. most early modern researchers considered this practice acceptable, believing that animals felt no pain. even those who opposed vivisection in the early modern period did not usually do so out of consideration for the animals, but because they thought that this practice would coarsen the experimenter, or because they were concerned that animals stressed under experimental conditions did not represent the normal state of the body. prompted by the rise of experimental physiology and the increasing use of animals, an anti - vivisection movement started in the 1860s. its driving force, the british journalist frances power cobbe ( 1822 - 1904 ), founded the british victoria street society in 1875, which gave rise to the british government ' s cruelty to animals act of 1876. this law regulated the use of live animals for experimental purposes. r a kopaladze, ' ivan p. pavlov ' s view on vivisection ', integr. physiol. behav. sci., 4 ( 2000 ), pp 266 - 271 c lansbury, the old brown dog : women, workers, and vivisection in edwardian england ( madison : university of wisconsin press, 1985 ) p mason, the brown dog affair : the story of a monument that divided the nation ( london : two stevens, 1997 ) n a rupke, ( ed. ) vivisection in historical perspective ( london : crooms helm, 1987 ) the science of the functioning of living organisms and their component parts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253928638045529, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:302a84f1-d0b1-4e14-8e71-b2ded9ee5190>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.872242"}
{"text": "by i. peterson unlike an ordinary, incandescent bulb, a laser produces light of a single wavelength. moreover, the emitted light waves are coherent, meaning that all of the energy peaks and troughs are precisely in step. now, a team at the massachusetts institute of technology has demonstrated experimentally that a cloud consisting of millions of atoms can also be made coherent. instead of flying about and colliding randomly, the atoms display coordinated behavior, acting as if the entire assemblage were a single entity. according to quantum mechanics, atoms can behave like waves. thus, two overlapping clouds made up of atoms in coherent states should produce a zebra - striped interference pattern of dark and light fringes, just like those generated when two beams of ordinary laser light overlap. by detecting such a pattern, the researchers proved that the clouds ' atoms are coherent and constitute an \" atom laser, \" says physicist wolfgang ketterle, who heads the mit group. these matter waves, in principle, can be focused just like light. ketterle and his coworkers describe their observations in the jan. 31 science. the demonstration of coherence involving large numbers of atoms is the latest step in a series of studies of a remarkable state of matter called a bose - einstein condensate. chilled to temperatures barely above absolute zero, theory predicted, the atoms would collectively enter the same quantum state and behave like a single unit, or superparticle, with a specific wavelength. first created in the laboratory in 1995 by eric a. cornell and his collaborators at the university of colorado and the national institute of standards and technology, both in boulder, bose - einstein condensates have been the subject of intense investigation ever since ( sn : 7 / 15 / 95, p. 36 ; 5 / 25 / 96, p. 327 ). at mit, ketterle and his colleagues cool sodium atoms to temperatures below 2 microkelvins. the frigid atoms are then confined in a special magnetic trap inside a vacuum chamber. to determine whether the atoms in the resulting condensate are indeed as coherent as photons in a laser beam, the researchers developed a novel method of extracting a clump of atoms from the trap. in effect, they manipulate the magnetic states of the atoms to expel an adjustable fraction of the original cloud ; under the influence of gravity, the released clump falls. the method can produce a sequence of descending clumps, with each containing 100, 000 to several million coherent atoms. the apparatus acts like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.7053978930299496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a667bf7-c324-483a-8231-ce8448d754f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.875309"}
{"text": "expel an adjustable fraction of the original cloud ; under the influence of gravity, the released clump falls. the method can produce a sequence of descending clumps, with each containing 100, 000 to several million coherent atoms. the apparatus acts like a dripping faucet, ketterle says. he and his colleagues describe the technique in the jan. 27 physical review letters. to demonstrate interference, the mit group created a double magnetic trap so that two pulses of coherent atoms could be released at the same time. as the two clumps fell, they started to spread and overlap. the researchers could then observe interference between the atomic waves of the droplets. \" the signal was almost too good to be true, \" ketterle says. \" we saw a high - contrast, very regular pattern. \" \" it ' s a beautiful result, \" cornell remarks. \" this work really shows that bose - einstein condensation is an atom laser. \" from the pattern, the mit researchers deduced that the condensate of sodium atoms has a wavelength of about 30 micrometers, considerably longer than the 0. 04 - nanometer wavelength typical of individual atoms at room temperature. ketterle and his colleagues are already planning several improvements to their primitive atom laser, including getting more atoms into the emitted pulses and going from pulses to a continuous beam. practical use of an atom laser for improving the precision of atomic clocks and for manipulating atoms is still distant, however, cornell notes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6382897997347623, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a667bf7-c324-483a-8231-ce8448d754f3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.875902"}
{"text": "the weekly newsmagazine of science volume 155, number 19 ( may 8, 1999 ) | < < back to contents | by j. raloff canadian scientists have identified the likely culprit behind some historic, regional declines in atlantic salmon. the researchers find that a near - ubiquitous water pollutant can render young, migrating fish unable to survive a life at sea. heavy, late - spring spraying of forests with a pesticide laced with nonylphenol during the 1970s and ' 80s was the clue that led the biologists to unmask that chemical ' s role in the transitory decline of salmon in east canada. though these sprays have ended, concentrations of nonylphenols in forest runoff then were comparable to those in the effluent of some pulp mills, industrial facilities, and sewage - treatment plants today. downstream of such areas, the scientists argue, salmon and other migratory fish may still be at risk. nonylphenols are surfactants used in products from pesticides to dishwashing detergents, cosmetics, plastics, and spermicides. because waste - treatment plants don ' t remove nonylphenols well, these chemicals can build up in downstream waters ( sn : 1 / 8 / 94, p. 24 ). when british studies linked ambient nonylphenol pollution to reproductive problems in fish ( sn : 2 / 26 / 94, p. 142 ), wayne l. fairchild of canada ' s department of fisheries and oceans in moncton, new brunswick, became concerned. he recalled that an insecticide used on local forests for more than a decade had contained large amounts of nonylphenols. they helped aminocarb, the oily active ingredient in matacil 1. 8d, dissolve in water for easier spraying. runoff of the pesticide during rains loaded the spawning and nursery waters of atlantic salmon with nonylphenols. moreover, this aerial spraying had tended to coincide with the final stages of smoltificationthe fish ' s transformation for life at sea. to probe for effects of forest spraying, fairchild and his colleagues surveyed more than a decade of river - by - river data on fish. they overlaid these numbers with archival data on local aerial spraying with matacil 1. 8d or either of two nonylphenol - free pesticides. one contained the same active ingredient, aminocarb, as matacil 1. 8d does. most of the lowest adult salmon counts between 1973 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49182554243554033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ac50003-34df-4326-9ff5-f4278ff44a0b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.881041"}
{"text": "scientists collect samples of the natural world to try to answer questions about our environment. so many questions and so much we still don ' t know. the samples collected each represent a particular time and place in our environment. think about your home. if a scientist had collected the plants and insects from your land 50 years ago, would they be the same or different than ones you would find today? the collected samples are the basic tool for the scientist ' s research and discovery. a museum specimen is made from the collected sample. we prepare them for study and add them to the research collections. then they are ready to be used by scientists, not only this year, but for years, even generations to come. teachers and museum docents use specimens in our collections to bring the facts and concepts of science to life. anyway, you get the idea. specimens and objects in the museum ' s nature to you loan program are particularly helpful for the kindergarten through high school ages. the research collections are used by college professors to help their students with the more advanced concepts. have you ever used a field guide to identify that bird you saw in your backyard? or that little squirrel - like mammal that just scooted off through the rocks? or that flower you saw in the park? artists rely heavily on collections of specimens when they create the illustrations for field guides. they need to see details to make accurate paintings. different coloration and shapes help you see the differences between the chipmunk and the ground squirrel - - or the coyote and the neighbor ' s scrawny dog. have you seen dioramas at a museum? paintings in the background of exhibits are based on specimens. you ' ve used specimens if you have... specimens are a fantastic tool - - a resource that helps you discover the secrets of the world around you. specimens form the core of a museum ' s philosophy. they are critical for research, for teaching, for our enjoyment of nature through art. specimens at the san diego natural history museum support our mission to understand the natural world of southern california and the baja california peninsula. we want you to enjoy and benefit from the specimens we collect - - but we also want your grandchildren to have those same experiences with specimens. for your grandchildren to be able to learn from the specimens, we need to prevent damage to the specimens.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5237218298869721, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4003282-40ed-4664-af9c-4c960bb387ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.885436"}
{"text": "symptoms of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis may not cause any obvious symptoms for some children. in others, spondylolysis can cause pain that spreads across the lower back. pain may be worse when children arch their backs. if the slipping is severe for children with spondylolisthesis, it can stretch the nerves in the lower part of the back. this can lead to : - pain that goes down one or both legs - a numb feeling in one or both feet - weakness in your child \u2019 s legs - trouble controlling bladder or bowel movements spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis diagnosis doctors look first for signs of cracks in the bones of your child ' s back. these cracks are called stress fractures. we look for stress fractures first because spine slippage, though rare in children, usually happens to those who have the fractures first. the doctor will ask your child if the pain is worse when they arch their back. this is a common sign of stress fractures. most often, these fractures are in the lower part of the backbone. next, we most likely will take x - rays of your child \u2019 s backbone. this helps doctors make sure your child has a stress fracture. if we cannot see the crack clearly on the x - ray, we may ask to do a bone scan. if we find a crack in the bone, we will probably take a three - dimensional x - ray called a ct ( computed tomography ) scan. this will give us an even better look at the fracture and help you and your child \u2019 s doctor decide on treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42781766516456693, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57aa1909-1f80-417f-9780-4e968548ab13>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.886882"}
{"text": "densho : the japanese american legacy project programs densho digital archive free searchable database containing over 700 transcribed and indexed video oral histories and 10, 700 photos and documents that trace japanese american history from immigration to wartime detention to civil rights - era redress. users include teachers, students, historical preservationists, journalists, legal scholars, documentary makers, and the general public. densho trains hundreds of classroom teachers every year on how to teach with primary sources about the world war ii incarceration of japanese americans. densho online encyclopedia the densho encyclopedia is a free and publicly accessible website that provides concise, accurate, and balanced information on many aspects of the japanese american story during world war ii. it is designed and written for a non - specialist audience that includes high school and college students and instructors, multiple generations of nikkei community members, confinement sites preservation groups, amateur and professional historians, librarians, journalists, documentarians, and the general public. the encyclopedia is thoroughly cross indexed and articles are linked to relevant primary and secondary materials from the densho archive and from other websites that include still and moving images, documents, databases, and oral history interview excerpts as well as standard bibliographical sources. recent successes and current challenges over the last two years, densho has added over 200 new oral histories to its online archive, launched a new 350 article online encyclopedia, and trained over 500 classroom teachers. densho ' s work in historic preservation and education has been recognized by awards from npower, the washington state historical society, the japanese american citizens league, humanities washington, the american library association, microsoft technology for good, and the microsoft alumni foundation a current need of densho is to support the marketing of densho ' s resources to a nationwide audience of teachers, librarians, historians, and creators of educational media.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4724380588908396, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:566e3db9-8212-471f-85ed-62b1469b64db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.889703"}
{"text": "austrian architect and urbanist wagner studied architecture at the school of architecture at vienna academy, austria, where he later became a teacher. among his students were the renowned art nouveau architects josef maria olbrich and josef hoffmann. from 1895 he was influenced by new art styles, more suited to the needs of modern way of life and developed his theories on architecture, relating to function, material and construction, in the book \" modern architecture \" ( 1895 ). in 1898, he built his first art nouveau building, the majolica house in vienna, a functional structure with the facade covered in multicolored majolica tiles. he also designed in 1894, the vienna metropolitan railway system. otto wagner was one of the founding members of the vienna secession, with fellow artists klimt, hoffmann and olbrich, in 1899. he was one of the most influential artists of the turn of the century : architect, urnbanist, applied artist and theoretician, his writings laid the groundwork for modernism in architecture. in his architectural works, he was receptive to the use of modern methods of building ( steel frame construction ) and new materials ( thin marble slabs for the facades ). majolica house on the wienzeile, vienna, austria ( 1898 - 1899 ) ; stadtbahn ( metropolitan railway system ), vienna ( 1894 - 1902 ) ; post office savings bank ( die osterreichische postsparkasse ) building, vienna ( 1894 - 1902 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4324807310528199, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ccc907a-1044-407f-87ec-1d2590a20b30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.891081"}
{"text": "gaia theory is a class of scientific models of the geo - biosphere in which life as a whole fosters and maintains suitable conditions for itself by helping to create an environment on earth suitable for its continuity. the first such theory was created by the atmospheric scientist and chemist, sir james lovelock, who developed his hypotheses in the 1960s before formally publishing the concept, first in the new scientist ( february 13, 1975 ) and then in the 1979 book \" quest for gaia \". he hypothesized that the living matter of the planet functioned like a single organism and named this self - regulating living system after the greek goddess, gaia, using a suggestion of novelist william golding. gaia \" theories \" have non - technical predecessors in the ideas of several cultures. today, \" gaia theory \" is sometimes used among non - scientists to refer to hypotheses of a self - regulating earth that are non - technical but take inspiration from scientific models. among some scientists, \" gaia \" carries connotations of lack of scientific rigor, quasi - mystical thinking about the planet arth, and therefore lovelock ' s hypothesis was received initially with much antagonism by much of the scientific community. no controversy exists, however, that life and the physical environment significantly influence one another. gaia theory today is a spectrum of hypotheses, ranging from the undeniable ( weak gaia ) to the radical ( strong gaia ). at one end of this spectrum is the undeniable statement that the organisms on the earth have radically altered its composition. a stronger position is that the earth ' s biosphere effectively acts as if it is a self - organizing system, which works in such a way as to keep its systems in some kind of meta - equilibrium that is broadly conducive to life. the history of evolution, ecology and climate show that the exact characteristics of this equilibrium intermittently have undergone rapid changes, which are believed to have caused extinctions and felled civilisations. biologists and earth scientists usually view the factors that stabilize the characteristics of a period as an undirected emergent property or entelechy of the system ; as each individual species pursues its own self - interest, for example, their combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change. opponents of this view sometimes point to examples of life ' s actions that have resulted in dramatic change rather than stable equilibrium, such as the conversion of the earth ' s atmosphere from a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5929212035749124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a3fa081-9c60-42a7-8ec4-1d8c386b4009>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.895476"}
{"text": "combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change. opponents of this view sometimes point to examples of life ' s actions that have resulted in dramatic change rather than stable equilibrium, such as the conversion of the earth ' s atmosphere from a reducing environment to an oxygen - rich one. however, proponents will point out that those atmospheric composition changes created an environment even more suitable to life. some go a step further and hypothesize that all lifeforms are part of a single living planetary being called gaia. in this view, the atmosphere, the seas and the terrestrial crust would be results of interventions carried out by gaia through the coevolving diversity of living organisms. while it is arguable that the earth as a unit does not match the generally accepted biological criteria for life itself ( gaia has not yet reproduced, for instance ), many scientists would be comfortable characterising the earth as a single \" system \". the most extreme form of gaia theory is that the entire earth is a single unified organism ; in this view the earth ' s biosphere is consciously manipulating the climate in order to make conditions more conducive to life. scientists contend that there is no evidence at all to support this last point of view, and it has come about because many people do not understand the concept of homeostasis. many non - scientists instinctively see homeostasis as an activity that requires conscious control, although this is not so. much more speculative versions of gaia theory, including all versions in which it is held that the earth is actually conscious or part of some universe - wide evolution, are currently held to be outside the bounds of science. this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article \" gaia \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5762069324909399, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a3fa081-9c60-42a7-8ec4-1d8c386b4009>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.896155"}
{"text": "the american revolutionary war began in 1775 and ended in 1783. the british ruled the american colonists and they had become increasingly rebellious. general gage had ordered 700 british soldiers to concord to destroy a weapon ' s depot belonging to the colonists. on the way, they are met by some rebellious colonists and the british fire, killing eight americans and wounding ten. this was known as \u2018 the shot heard round the world ' and the war was on. the first major battle occurred on june 17, 1775 at boston, massachusetts. it was known as the battle of bunker hill. the british are used to marching proudly out before taking aim and firing. the americans have been ordered not to fire until they can see the whites of their eyes. they are dug in along the high ground of breed ' s hill. as the british close in, the americans begin firing halting the advance. the british regroup and attack again. the same thing happens. by the third attack the americans are out of ammunition and have to resort to stones and bayonets. although the british take the hill, they ' ve lost half their force with over a thousand casualties ; the americans have lost four hundred. on january 9, 1776, thomas paine ' s pamphlet, \u2018 common sense ' criticizes king george iii and encourages independence from britain. it becomes a bestseller. by may, america has support from france and promises of support from spain. after many battles, congress formally endorses the declaration of independence on july 4, 1776. but the war isn ' t over yet. on july 14, 1777, congress mandates an american flag consisting of thirteen stars and thirteen stripes to represent the thirteen colonies. the first major american victory in the revolutionary war occurs on october 7, 1777 at the battle of saratoga. there are six hundred british casualties to one hundred fifty american. on november 15, 1777, congress adopts the articles of confederation giving congress the sole authority of the new government. in february, france officially recognizes the united states. on march 16, 1778, a peace commission from britain is sent to negotiate with the americans. they offer to meet all demands, except independence. congress rejects their offer. on july 10, 1778, france declares war against britain. by now the british have instigated attacks on americans by the native indians. on may 12, 1780, the americans suffered a major defeat as charleston, south carolina was captured by the british. on october 17, 1781, the british at yorktown send out a flag of truce. on january 1, 1782, the british begin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43792914340936395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b7c2cbc-6535-49f1-a99b-cb3d06419f5a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.898551"}
{"text": "what is smart? smart ( standardized monitoring and assessment of relief and transitions ) is an inter - agency initiative launched in 2002 by a network of organizations and humanitarian practitioners. smart methodology is an improved survey method for the assessment of severity of a humanitarian crisis based on the two most vital public health indicators : - nutritional status of children under - five. - mortality rate of the population. smart newsupcoming smart training : an inter - agency training will take place in madrid on june 17th - 21st, 2013, intended for european - based headquarter staff involved in nutrition and mortality surveys. please make sure you have filled out the pre - questionnaire no later than friday, may 24th, 2013 : http : / / www. surveymonkey. com / s / smart _ madrid _ 2013 preparing survey teams in smart the smart standardized survey methodology incorporates elements of nutrition, mortality, and food security for emergencies or surveillance purposes. it was developed to be used with the user - friendly ena software. the smart manual provides agencies & field workers with basic tools to collect data necessary for planning direct interventions in emergency settings, as well as for surveillance. standardized training package ( stp ) the stp harmonizes the procedures and tools used throughout the survey process and is broken down into 9 modules. emergency nutrition assessment ( ena ) software ena software is the user - friendly analytical program recommended by smart. it saves time and effort by simplifying both survey planning and data collection via integrated calculators.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49678911482585947, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee3a071f-b6c1-4d70-9f3e-f3d1e7be89fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.900690"}
{"text": "animals. can \u2019 t live with \u2018 em, can \u2019 t live without eating \u2018 em. ( just kidding, vegans! ) whether or not you do eat them, you certainly don \u2019 t want to waste any of the precious meat \u2014 and that \u2019 s what normally happens when a machine, not a human, tries to butcher an animal. after all, each animal is a different size and shape. enter automated lamb boning. developed by scott technology ltd, a new zealand - based lamb exporter, this process uses x - ray technology to measure the inner dimensions of a lamb carcass to make cuts accurate and reduce waste. using the x - ray of each carcass, the 100 % automated processing plant can adjust its robotic arms, claws, grippers, torso impalers and conveyor belts to make the most accurate cuts. watch the video ( not for the squeamish ) to see how efficiently it produces crown racks, chops and more. related on smartplanet : - video : machine scoops up, deposits ketchup \u2014 in same shape - self - sculpting sand assembles itself into shapes - small, speedy robots zip, roll and swarm through the air - lockheed martin debuts maple seed - inspired drone - video : scientists create micro - robots that form assembly lines via : popular science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4882487044468738, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:215628a9-137b-4140-9cf1-45af7566b15c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.901858"}
{"text": "smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, gas detectors smoke detector information : most people are aware of the danger of fire but are unaware of the fatality of smoke. more people die from breathing smoke than by burns. in fact, deaths from smoke inhalation outnumber deaths by burning by 2 : 1. in a hostile fire, smoke and deadly gases tend to spread farther and faster than heat from flames. moreover, when people are asleep, deadly fumes can send them deeper into unconsciousness. smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors are a powerful and effective fire safety technology. they are the first lines of defense against smoke and fire. they may awaken those who would otherwise have been overcome by smoke and toxic gases in their sleep. and most importantly, they provide an early warning alerting individuals of a fire, allowing them precious time to escape. according to the national fire protection association ( nfpa ), 75 to 80 % of all deaths by fire happen in the home. more than half of these deaths occurred in buildings without smoke detectors. by installing a smoke detector, individuals can reduce the risk of dying by almost 50 %. ionization smoke detectors monitor ' ions, ' or electrically charged particles in the air. air molecules in a sample chamber of ionization smoke detectors, are ' ionized ' by a radioactive source. this allows a small electrical current flow. smoke particles entering the sensing chamber change the electrical balance of the air. the greater the amount of smoke, the higher the electrical imbalance. when combustion particles enter the smoke detector, they obstruct the flow of the current. an alarm is pre - programmed to sound when the current gets too low. ionization smoke detectors respond first to fast flaming fires. a flaming fire devours combustibles extremely fast, spreads rapidly and generates considerable heat with little smoke. ionization alarms are best suited for rooms, which contain highly combustible material. these types of material include : 1. cooking fat / grease 2. flammable liquids 3. newspaper 4. paint 5. cleaning solutions smoke alarms with ionization technology are the most popular types sold in the united states. the nfpa recommends smoke alarms be installed in every room and area of your home or bulding for complete protection. for maximum protection, install at least one ionization and one photoelectronic smoke alarm on each level of your home. all smoke alarms should be replaced after 10 years of operation. ten years is a smoke alarm ' s useful lifetime and for continued, reliable safety", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5012103267796464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.917426"}
{"text": "install at least one ionization and one photoelectronic smoke alarm on each level of your home. all smoke alarms should be replaced after 10 years of operation. ten years is a smoke alarm ' s useful lifetime and for continued, reliable safety and protection, smoke alarms need to be replaced. consumer ' s should consult their owner ' s manual for specific instructions when locating a smoke alarm. the following are some general guidelines : because smoke rises, smoke alarms should be installed on the ceiling or on walls at least 4 to 6 inches below the ceiling. smoke alarms should not be located less than 4 to 6 inches from where the wall and ceiling meet on either surface ; this space is dead air that receives little circulation. smoke alarms should not be mounted in front of an air supply, return duct, near ceiling fans, peaks of a - frame ceilings, dusty areas, locations outside the 40 degree farenheit to 100 degree farenheit temperature range, in humid areas or near fluorescent lighting. if you hear the smoke alarm, roll to the floor and crawl to the door. stay low where the air is cleaner and cooler. touch the door. if the door feels cool, open it just a crack and check for smoke. if there is no smoke, leave by your planned escape route. crawl and keep your head down. if the door feels hot, do not open it. do no panic. escape out the window or use an alternate exit. if you can ' t leave your room, seal the cracks around the doors and vents as best you can. use a wet towel or clothing if possible. open a window at both the top and bottom. stay low and breathe fresh air. shout for help and signal your location by waving a bright cloth, towel or sheet out of a window. if you live in a high rise building, never use the elevator to escape fire. if the fire blocks your exit, close your apartment door and cover all cracks where smoke could enter. telephone the fire department, even if fire fighters are aleready at the scene, and tell them where you are. shout for help and signal your location by waving a bright cloth, towel or sheet out of a window. if your clothes catch on fire, \" stop, drop and roll \" to put out the flames. do not run - running will only increase the flames. photoelectronic alarms contain a light emitting diode ( led ) which is adjusted to direct a narrow infrared light across the unit ' s detection chamber. when smoke particles enter this chamber", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46620000078913315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.918356"}
{"text": "do not run - running will only increase the flames. photoelectronic alarms contain a light emitting diode ( led ) which is adjusted to direct a narrow infrared light across the unit ' s detection chamber. when smoke particles enter this chamber they interfere with the beam and scatter the light. a strategically placed photodiode monitors the amount of light scattered within the chamber. when a pre - set level of light strikes the photodiode, the alarm is activated. photoelectronic smoke alarms respond first to slow smoldering fires. a smoldering fire generates large amounts of thick, black smoke with little heat and may smolder for hours before bursting into flames. photoelectronic models are best suited for living rooms, bedrooms and kitchens. this is because these rooms often contain large pieces of furniture, such as sofas, chairs, mattresses, counter tops, etc. which will burn slowly and create more smoldering smoke than flames. photoelectronic smoke alarms are also less prone to nuisance alarms in the kitchen area than ionization smoke alarms. the use of both ionization and photoelectronic smoke alarms will provide a home with maximum protection and an ample warning in the event of a fire. families should get together and draw a floor plan of their home. they should show two ways out of every room. the first way should be out a door and the second way could be through a window. if it is a second or third story window, they might consider purchasing a safety ladder. they should choose a meeting place for all family members outside the home and mark it on the plan. a good meeting place would be a driveway, tree or a neighbor ' s home. families should practice the escape plan to make sure everyone understands the planned routes. involve every member of the family. start with everyone in their beds with the doors closed. have one person sound the smoke alarm. have each person touch his or her door. ( tip : sleep with bedroom doors closed. a closed door will help show the spread of fire, smoke and heat ). practice low escape routes - one for a cool door and one for a hot door. meet outdoors at the assigned meeting place. designate one person to call the fire department. make sure everyone knows the fire department or local emergency telephone number. consumers should be advised of the following features when choosing a smoke alarm to best suit their needs : smoke detectors with an alarm silencer feature will silence an alarming unit for several minutes, giving the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49573919820802104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.919223"}
{"text": "everyone knows the fire department or local emergency telephone number. consumers should be advised of the following features when choosing a smoke alarm to best suit their needs : smoke detectors with an alarm silencer feature will silence an alarming unit for several minutes, giving the air time to clear. these models are idal near kitchen and cooking areas where most nuisance alarms occur. note : consumers should always determine the reason for the unit sounding before quickly dismissing it as a nuisance alarm and pressing the alarm silencer feature to silence the alarm. long life smoke detectors the nfpa reports that 1 / 3 of all smoke detectors installed in homes are not operating because of dead or missing batteries. this is an all too common occurrence in smoke detectors that leaves families and homes vulnerable. long life smoke detectors utilize lithium batteries that provide up to 10 years of continuous protection. lithium batteries eliminate the need and expense of semi - annual battery replacement. when long life smoke detectors near the end of their tenth year in operation, they will sound a low battery signal to remind consumers to replace the entire unit. note : it is recommended that smoke detectors be replaced every 10 years and be tested regularly. some smoke detectors have a built - in emergency light that will turn on when the unit goes into alarm. the emergency light will illuminate an escape route in case of a power failure. these units are best utilized when installed by stairs and in hallways. hardwire smoke detectors are connected to a home ' s ac power supply and should be intalled by a licensed electrician according to the local electrical code. ac power means you never have to replace a battery to protect your home and family. carbon monoxide detector information : carbon monoxide poisoning is often confused with the flu. it is important that you discuss with all family members the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning. different carbon monoxide concentrations and exposure times cause different symptoms. remember, carbon monoxide detectors are your first defense against carbon monoxide poisoning. extreme exposure : unconsciousness, convulsions, cardiorespiratory failure, and death medium exposure : severe throbbing headache, drowsiness, confusion, vomitting, and fast heart rate mild exposure : slight headache, nausea, fatigue ( often described as ' flu - like ' symptoms ) for most people, mild symptoms generally will be felt after several hours of exposure of 100 ppm ' s of carbon monoxide. many reported cases of carbon monoxide poisoning indicate that while victims are aware they are not well, they become so disoriented that they are unable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4766183314367343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.920104"}
{"text": "generally will be felt after several hours of exposure of 100 ppm ' s of carbon monoxide. many reported cases of carbon monoxide poisoning indicate that while victims are aware they are not well, they become so disoriented that they are unable to save themselves by either exiting the building or calling for assistance. also, due to small size, young children and household pets may be the first affected. if left unchecked, a child ' s exposure to carbon monoxide can lead to neurological disorders, memory loss, personality changes and mild to severe forms of brain damage. if a child complains or shows signs of headaches, dizziness, fatigue or nausea or diarrhea, he or she could have carbon monoxide poisoning. be especially aware of symptoms that disappear when the child is out of the house and reappear upon return, or symptoms that affect the entire household at once. since the symptoms closely mimic viral conditions such as the flu, without the fever, carbon monoxide poisoning is often treated improperly, if at all. a physician can perform a simple blood test ( called a carboxyhemoglobin test ) to determine the level of carbon monoxide in the bloodstream. if elevated levels of carbon monoxide are present, hyperbaric ( high - pressure ) oxygen treatment may be used to rid the body of carbon monoxide. a physician will make this determination and administer treatment if necessary. children with carbon monoxide poisoning have mistakenly been treated for indigestion. the following are considerations consumers should be advised to take when choosing a carbon monoxide detector that will be sure to meet their needs. 1. consumers should consider ease of installation, the location of installation and the power source of an alarm when choosing a plug - in, battery powered or hardwire model. plug - in units are designed to directly plug into a standard 120 - volt electrical outlet for simple installation. this location provides easy access for both testing and resetting the detector. in addition, the location provides both a visual and audible difference from a ceiling mounted smoke alarm, which may help to eliminate confusion during an emergency alarm condition. a plug - in unit also requires no additional costs for annual battery replacement. battery powered units can be easily mounted to a wall or ceiling if the consumer wishes to keep electrical outlets free, if they wish to keep the unit relatively out of sight, or if they would like to keep the alarm away from the reach of children. some battery - powered units are portable alarms that work anywhere - - no installation required", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47368986995939605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.920965"}
{"text": "to keep electrical outlets free, if they wish to keep the unit relatively out of sight, or if they would like to keep the alarm away from the reach of children. some battery - powered units are portable alarms that work anywhere - - no installation required. these units may be mounted to a wall, left on a tabletop or carried while traveling. battery powered units require battery replacement every year, similar to smoke alarms. these units will have a low battery - warning signal to indicate when the batteries need repacing. hardwire units are powered by wiring the unit directly into a household ' s ac power supply at a junction box. a licensed electrician according to the local electrical code should install them. the unit can be permanently installed to prevent tampering. 2. consumers should choose a carbon monoxide detector with the features ( e. g. low level warning, battery back up, digital display, etc. ) that meet their needs. low level warning - some carbon monoxide alarms sound a warning ( e. g. 3 short beeps ) when a low level of carbon monoxide has been detected. low levels of carbon monoxide can be hazardous over a long period of time. low level warnings flag potential carbon monoxide problems and allow consumers time to respond to them before an emergency situation arises. battery backup - some plug - in carbon monoxide alarm models have a back - up power source that allows the unit to function in the event of a main line power failure. during a power outage, people are likely to use alternate sources of power, light and heat ( e. g. kerosene heaters, gas - powered portable generators and fireplaces ) which may be out of tune and may produce deadly carbon monoxide gas. digital display - some carbon monoxide alarms have a digital display that shows the levels of carbon monoxide in the air in parts per million ( ppm ). for some people, this added feature provides at - a - glance peace of mind. 3. consumers should choose an alarm that has been accuracy tested. american sensors ( tm ), guarantees each of its alarms to be triple accuracy tested ( tm ). american sensors ' ( tm ) triple accuracy testing process exposes every alarm to three separate tests during manufacturing. this testing process includes twice exposing the alarm to carbon monoxide to precisely calibrate each unit. one test is at high levels and the second is at lower levels of carbon monoxide. in the third step, every alarm is tested to protect against nuisance alarms. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4909320125150456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.921839"}
{"text": "exposing the alarm to carbon monoxide to precisely calibrate each unit. one test is at high levels and the second is at lower levels of carbon monoxide. in the third step, every alarm is tested to protect against nuisance alarms. this stringent method of testing and quality control helps ensure that every american sensors ( tm ) carbon monoxide alarm will provide years of reliable, accurate protection for your family and home. 4. consumers should compare alarm warranties and note hidden operating costs. consumers should select an alarm that offers a comprehensive warranty. the alarm ' s warranty should include its sensor. consumers should be advised that some co alarms require the purchase of an expensive replacement sensor and / or battery pack as an ongoing expense. american sensors ( tm ) alarms do not require replacement sensors and carry a 5 year warranty. 5. check that the product is listed by underwriters laboratories inc. ul 2034 and / or underwriters ' laboratories of canada. consumers should avoid any brand that does not bear the mark of underwriters laboratories inc. and / or underwriters ' laboratories of canada. all american sensors ( tm ) carbon monoxide alarms meets and / or exceeds the latest stringent standards of underwriters laboratories inc. and / or underwriters ' laboratories of canada. carbon monoxide is generated through incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, propane, heating oil, kerosene, coal, and charcoal, gasoline or wood. this incomplete combustion can occur in a variety of home appliances. the major cause of high levels of carbon monoxide in the home is faulty ventilation of funaces, hot water heaters, fireplaces, cooking stoves, grills and kerosene heaters. other common sources are car exhausts, and gas or diesel powered portable machines. faulty or improper ventilation of natural gas and fuel oil furnaces during the cold winter months accouts for most carbon monoxide poisoning cases. correct operation of any fuel burning equipment requires two key conditions. there must be : * an adequate supply of air for complete combustion. * proper ventilation of fuel burning appliances through the chimney, vents or duct to the outside. install carbon monoxide alarms as a first line of defense against poisoning. the us consumer product safety commission recommends installing at least one carbon monoxide alarm with an audible alarm near the sleeping areas in every home. install additional alarms on every level and in every bedroom to provide extra protection. carbon monoxide poisoning can happen anywhere and at any time in your home.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47719931978024666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.922846"}
{"text": "installing at least one carbon monoxide alarm with an audible alarm near the sleeping areas in every home. install additional alarms on every level and in every bedroom to provide extra protection. carbon monoxide poisoning can happen anywhere and at any time in your home. however, most carbon monoxide poisoning cases occur while people are sleeping. therefore, for the best protection, a carbon monoxide alarm should be installed in the sleeping area. approximately 250 people in the us died last year from the ' silent killer ' - carbon monoxide. the safety experts at underwriter ' s laboratories inc. ( ul ) recommend that consumers follow these steps to help prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. 1. have a qualified technician inspect fuel - burning appliances at least once a year. fuel - burning appliances such as furnaces, how water heaters and stoves require yearly maintenance. over time, components can become damaged or deteriorate. a qualified technician can identify and repair problems with your fuel - burning appliances. carbon monoxide detectors can detect a carbon monoxide condition in your home. 2. be alert to the danger signs that signal carbon monoxide problems, e. g., streaks of carbon or soot around the service door of your fuel burning appliances ; the absence of a draft in your chimney ; excessive rusting on flue pipes or appliance jackets ; moisture collecting on the windows and walls of furnace rooms ; fallen soot from the fireplace ; small amounts of water leaking from the base of the chimney, vent or flue pipe ; damaged or discolored bricks at the top of your chimney and rust on the portion of the vent pipe visible from outside your home. 3. be aware that carbon monoxide poisoning may be the cause of flu - like symptoms such as headaches, tightness of chest, dizziness, fatigue, confussion and breathing difficulties. because carbon monoxide poisoning often causes a victim ' s blood pressure to rise, the victim ' s skin may take on a ink or red cast. 4. install a ul / ulc listed carbon monoxide detector outside sleeping areas. a ul / ulc listed carbon monoxide alarm will sound an alarm before dangerous levels of carbon monoxide accumulate. carbon monoxide poisoning can happen to anyone, anytime, almost anywhere. while anyone is susceptible, experts agree that unborn babies, small children, senior citizens and people with heart or respiratory problems are especially vulnerable to carbon monoxide and are at the greatest risk for death or serious injuries. itis time to install your carbon monoxide detector. infants and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45559148269668137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.923739"}
{"text": "agree that unborn babies, small children, senior citizens and people with heart or respiratory problems are especially vulnerable to carbon monoxide and are at the greatest risk for death or serious injuries. itis time to install your carbon monoxide detector. infants and children are especially vulnerable to carbon monoxide due to their high metabolic rates. because children use more oxygen faster than adults do, deadly carbon monoxide gas accumulates in their bodies faster and can interfere with oxygen supply to vital organs such as the brain and the heart. unborn babies have an even higher risk of carbon monoxide poisoning and carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnant women has been linked to birth defects. this is another reason to install a carbon monoxide detector. hundreds of people die each year, and thousands more require medical treatment, because of carbon monoxide poisoning in their home. now, with recent technological breakthroughs, you can avoid becoming one of these statistics simply by installing a carbon monoxide detector in your home. consumers should consult their owner ' s maunal for a carbon monoxide detector procedure. however, the following is a general procedure : if a carbon monoxide detector sounds a low level warning or hazard level alarm, consumers should push the test / reset button to silence it. if no one in the household has any carbon monoxide symptoms ( headache, dizziness, nausea, and fatigue ) consumers should be advised to open the doors and windows to air out their house. they should turn off any gas, oil or other fuel powered appliances including the furnace and call a qualified technician or thier local utility company to inspect and repair their home before restarting the furnace and all fuel - burning appliances. if anyone in the household does have signs of carbon monoxide poisoning, consumers should leave their home immediately and call their local emergency service or 911 for help. they should do a head count to check that all persons are accounted for once outside in the fresh air. they should not re - enter their home until it has been aired out and the problem corrected by a qualified technician or utility company. most carbon monoxide detectors sold at retail are for use in single residential living units only. they should only be used inside a single family home or apartment. they cannot be used in rv ' s or boats. carbon monoxide detectors should not be installed in the following locations : 1. kitchens or within 5 feet of any cooking appliance where grease, smoke, and other decomposed compounds from cooking could build up on the surface of the carbon monoxide sensor and cause the alarm to malfu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4657201528522133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.924698"}
{"text": "in the following locations : 1. kitchens or within 5 feet of any cooking appliance where grease, smoke, and other decomposed compounds from cooking could build up on the surface of the carbon monoxide sensor and cause the alarm to malfunction. 2. bathrooms or the other rooms where long - term exposure to steam or high levels of water vapor could permanently damage the carbon monoxide sensor. 3. very cold ( below 40 degrees fahrenheit ) or very hot ( above 100 degrees fahrenheit ) rooms. the alarm will not work properly under these conditions. 4. do not place in a close proximity to an automobile exhaust pipe, as this will damage the sensor. * * * place one carbon monoxide detector on every level of your home for maximum protection * * * read the manufacturer ' s instructions carefully before installing a carbon monoxide alarm. do not place the alarm within five feet of household chemicals. if your alarm is wired directly into your home ' s electrical system, you should test it monthly. if your unit operates off a battery, test the alarm weekly and replace the battery at least once a year. avoid placing your alarm directly on top of or directly across from fuel - burning appliances. these appliances will emit some carbon monoxide when initially turned - on. never use charcoal grills inside a home, tent, camper or unventilated garage. don ' t leave vehichles running in an enclosed garage, even to ' warm up ' your car on a cold morning. know how to respond to a carbon monoxide detector. if your alarm sounds, immediately open windows and doors for ventilation. if anyone in the home is experiencing symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning - headache, dizziness or other flu - like symptoms, immediately evacuate the house and call the fire department. don ' t go back into the house until a fire fighter tells you it is okay to do so. if no one is experiencing these symptoms, continue to ventilate, turn off fuel - burning appliances and call a qualified technician to inspect your heating system and appliances as soon as possible. because you have provided ventilation, the carbon monoxide buildup may have dissipated by the time help responds and your problem may appear to be temporarily solved. do not operate any fuel - burning appliances until you have clearly identified the source of the problem. a carbon monoxide alarm indicates elevated levels of carbon monoxide in the home. never ignore the alarm. the safety experts urge consumers to recognize the danger signs of carbon monoxide before any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46794984477599355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6654bd8-a96b-4e44-8f17-8171ec24a2b8>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.925590"}
{"text": "here is how it was done in 1810... by a mechanical wiz, not a beginner - now show us how you ' d do it with a few motors and a controller and i don ' t think that you ' d put that old mechanical doll in the \" simple \" category? simple it was not. just imagine what it took to program it by cutting brass cams for each degree of freedom... amazing is what i would call it. now, back to the original problem - is this robot supposed to write random phrases or just a couple pre - programed things? one of the tough parts would be the math - first, mathematically describing the path for the tip of the arm and then sorting out all of the joint angles as a function of time to get it to trace the desired path. one way around the math would be to build the arm with position sensors and then just move the arm by hand along the desired paths and record the angles. then, the recorded values could be used as the target positions for your arm controller ( a simple pi controller is likely to be adequate if you didn ' t try to move the arm too fast ). create tables of time / position pairs to describe the paths for the arm. if the arm was built with servos - that makes it more difficult to record the \" training \" movements because all the feedback is inside the servo ' s themselves. so, you would have to open up the servos and run wires back from the potentiometers to your micro - controller to record the servo positions as you train it. ( and translate from the voltage from the pot to the pulsewidth sent to the servo to get that position - another training exercise where you command various pulsewidths and record the potentiometer output. ) getting a robot to generate nice cursive writing was a challenge in 1810, and can be a challenge today!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4698710469304457, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0045912d-03d2-49b5-bc59-99f1b7edb280>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.928153"}
{"text": "federal and state laws emphasize the importance of parents / guardians as key decision makers in the educational process. child study team personnel share many common skills such as child advocacy, understanding of school functioning, knowledge and implementation of special education law, case management, transition planning, inservice training, research, and community collaboration. however, each discipline approaches the intervention and eligibility process from a different perspective based on the training and skills of each profession. school psychologists are specialists with training and expertise in psychology as it is applied to education. they use their training and skills to collaborate with parents / guardians, educators, and other professionals to ensure that every child learns in a safe and supportive environment. school psychologists use their understanding of school organization and effective learning to help students realize their academic and social potentials. they tailor their services to the particular needs of each child and each situation. school psychologists are trained to assess and counsel students with behavioral, emotional, and educational concerns through consultation, prevention, intervention, crisis management, evaluation, and program development. a psychological assessment shall be the responsibility of a school psychologist employed by the district board of education. the psychological assessment should include standardized and functional appraisals of a student \u2019 s current cognitive, intellectual, adaptive, social, emotional and behavioral status in the context of his / her environments. the assessment should include consultation with parents, educators, and relevant professionals ; a student interview ; and observation of the student in other than a testing situation. school social workers provide unique services to students and their families, helping the students attain maximum benefits from their educational programs. the school social worker ' s knowledge of social, emotional, cultural and economic differences among children and families enable them to be the link between school, family and community. as a member of the educational team, school social workers promote and support students ' academic and social / emotional well - being. through sound school social work practice, the school social worker is able to enhance the full educational and individual potential of all students and eliminate barriers to learning by being pro - active within the academic community and providing early intervention, prevention, consultation, counseling, crisis management, and support services. a social assessment shall be the responsibility of a school social worker employed by the district board of education. the social assessment shall include observation of the student and communication with the student ' s parent ( s ) / guardian ( s ). it shall also include an evaluation of the student ' s adaptive social functioning and emotional development and of the family, social, and cultural factors which influence the student ' s learning and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4720011363124584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c7bd9c5-eaa6-42da-afe8-68601b01be48>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.931098"}
{"text": "labdien [ hello ]! my name is hannah rosenthal, and i am the special envoy to monitor and combat anti - semitism at the u. s. department of state. in latvian, envoy means \u201c ipasa sutne \u201d. thank you for inviting me here today to speak to you about the importance of diversity and respect for others. i am always eager to speak to young students because so much of my work depends on your help. as the special envoy, it is my job to monitor anti - semitic incidents and combat such intolerance. \u201c anti - semitism \u201d simply means hatred for jewish people. i monitor anti - semitic incidents such as vandalism of religious places, anti - semitic speech, and even violence against jews. but the truth is, i am in the relationship - building business. i am here today to tell you that young people and students can have an impact and do what i do. we must all share and strive for the same mission : to combat hate and intolerance to create a more peaceful and just world. in order to fight hatred, we must begin with respecting the dignity of every individual, regardless of his or her beliefs. in fact, our differences make us human. you may have heard about the concept of the \u201c other, \u201d or in latvian, \u201c svesinieks \u201d. there are individuals in this world who would like us to view some people as outside the larger human family. the desire to stamp out or suppress or ostracize certain individuals because of who they are, how they worship, or who they love is an obstacle for all members of society. intolerance prevents us from creating a just and peaceful society. meanwhile, we, as society, must not stand by idly. when we stand by passively, we also pay a price. terrible things can happen when intolerance and racism take hold in a society, across a continent. hitler \u2019 s nazi ideology called for racial purity and targeted the jews as an other that needed to be exterminated. some of you may know that yesterday communities around the world observed yom hashoah, or holocaust remembrance day. yom hashoah is a day to remember the victims of the holocaust and to commemorate the individuals \u2013 including some latvians - - who risked their lives to save the jews. i understand latvia has its own official holocaust remembrance day on july 4. while we officially commemorate the holocaust on these days, we must carry their lessons with us every day. we must stand against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5201320733849382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98ec614b-daef-452c-9e5b-ae03965de10f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.939527"}
{"text": ", a jewish man named abraham kuntze invented the famous rigas balzam ( latvia \u2019 s signature liquor ). latvia \u2019 s jews backed the independence movement in the early twentieth century, with hundreds volunteering for service in the latvian army and fighting heroically during the war for independence. latvia \u2019 s jews thrived during the independence period of the 1920s and 30s, serving in parliament and helping write latvia \u2019 s constitution. zigfrids meierovics, the first foreign minister of latvia, and twice prime minister, had a jewish father. sadly, when the soviets arrived in latvia in 1940, they shut down jewish institutions and seized jews \u2019 property. when the soviets deported tens of thousands of latvians to siberia, hundreds of latvian jews were deported as well. and then, just over one year later, the holocaust followed and approximately 70, 000 of latvia \u2019 s jews \u2013 almost 90 percent \u2013 were murdered by the nazis and their accomplices. and yet, the jewish people survived in latvia. in the 1980s and 90s, latvia \u2019 s jews once again supported latvian independence from the soviet union, lending their efforts to those of the popular front of latvia. jews stood on the barricades in 1991. today, jews \u2013 along with all other latvians - - are free to practice their faith and to celebrate their culture in a free latvia. latvian society is richer, and more diverse, because of the contributions of all these people. of course, neither latvia, nor the united states, is perfect. there are people in both of our countries who do not believe in diversity and respect in every society. however, if we condemn their words of hate, we can spread the message of dignity and respect. anti - semitism and other forms of hatred attack the very idea that every individual is born free and equal in dignity and rights. but jews, christians, muslims and all religious communities are all part of the same family we call humanity. as a child of a holocaust survivor, anti - semitism is something very personal to me. my father was arrested \u2013 on kristallnacht, the unofficial pogrom that many think started the holocaust \u2013 and sent with many fellow jews to prison and then to the buchenwald concentration camp in germany. and he was the lucky one \u2013 every other person in his family was murdered at auschwitz. i have dedicated my life to eradicating anti - semitism and intolerance with a sense of urgency and passion that only my father could give me. at the state department, we are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46510431596759966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98ec614b-daef-452c-9e5b-ae03965de10f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.941448"}
{"text": "every other person in his family was murdered at auschwitz. i have dedicated my life to eradicating anti - semitism and intolerance with a sense of urgency and passion that only my father could give me. at the state department, we are trying to make human rights a human reality. as the special envoy to monitor and combat anti - semitism, i have recognized that this will not be possible without the help of you, our youth and future leaders. last year my colleague farah pandith, the special representative to muslims communities, and i launched a virtual campaign called \u201c 2011 hours against hate, \u201d using facebook. perhaps you have heard of it? we are asking you, young people around the world, to pledge a number of hours to volunteer to help or serve a population different than their own. we ask that you work with people who may look different, or pray differently or live differently. for example, a young jew might volunteer time to read books at a muslim pre - school, or a russian orthodox at a jewish clinic, or a muslim at a baha \u2019 i food pantry, or a straight woman at an lgbt center. we want to encourage you to walk a mile in another person \u2019 s shoes. and while our goal was to get 2011 hours pledged, at the end of last year youth all over the world had pledged tens of thousands of hours. the campaign was, in fact, so successful that we continued it into 2012. thanks to a group of british non - governmental organizations, we are now also partnering with the london olympic and paralympic games! in january, the london olympic and paralympics approved our application to have 2012 hours against hate branded with the olympics logo. we can now leverage the energy surrounding the 2012 olympics to encourage athletes and fans alike to participate in combating hate and pledging their time to help or serve someone who is different from them. farah and i have met hundreds of young people \u2013 students and young professionals \u2013 in europe, the middle east and central asia. they want to do something. and i have a feeling that you want to do something too. last summer, farah and i met with youth and interfaith leaders in jordan, lebanon, and saudi arabia, and discussed reaching out to others, increasing tolerance and understanding among different religious groups, and addressed intolerance in their textbooks and lessons. last month we traveled to albania to encourage students from tirana university and the local madrasah to participate in 2012 hours against hate. we held a panel discussion on the importance of religious diversity, and encouraged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43949140176035717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98ec614b-daef-452c-9e5b-ae03965de10f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.942407"}
{"text": "and addressed intolerance in their textbooks and lessons. last month we traveled to albania to encourage students from tirana university and the local madrasah to participate in 2012 hours against hate. we held a panel discussion on the importance of religious diversity, and encouraged albanian youth to live up to their country \u2019 s important legacy of acceptance and courage : albania was the only country that saved all of its jews during the holocaust. really, we have just begun. so while i fight anti - semitism, i am also aware that hate is hate. nothing justifies it \u2013 not economic instability, not international events, not isolated incidents of hate. since the beginning of humankind, hate has been around, but since then too, good people of all faiths and backgrounds have worked to combat it. the jewish tradition tells us that \u201c you are not required to complete the task, but neither are you free to desist from it. \u201d together, we must confront and combat the many forms of hatred in our world today. where there is hatred born of ignorance, we must teach and inspire. where there is hatred born of blindness, we must expose people to a larger world of ideas and reach out, especially to youth, so they can see beyond their immediate circumstances. where there is hatred whipped up by irresponsible leaders, we must call them out and answer as strongly as we can \u2013 and make their message totally unacceptable to all people of conscience. thank you again for inviting me here to speak to you today. i am now happy and excited to answer your questions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45393527220567154, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:98ec614b-daef-452c-9e5b-ae03965de10f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.942987"}
{"text": "january 23, 2007 : the paper by researchers at yale, the university of winnipeg, stony brook university, and led by university of florida paleontologist jonathan bloch reconstructs the base of the primate family tree by comparing skeletal and fossil specimens representing more than 85 modern and extinct species. the team also discovered two 56 - million - year - old fossils, including the most primitive primate skeleton ever described. in the two - part study, an extensive evaluation of skeletal structures provides evidence that plesiadapiforms, a group of archaic mammals once thought to be more closely related to flying lemurs, are the most primitive primates. the team analyzed 173 characteristics of modern primates, tree shrews, flying lemurs with plesiadapiform skeletons to determine their evolutionary relationships. high - resolution ct scanning made fine resolution of inaccessible structures inside the skulls possible. \" this is the first study to bring it all together, \" said co - author eric sargis, associate professor of anthropology at yale university and assistant curator of vertebrate zoology at yale ' s peabody museum of natural history. \" the extensive dataset, the number and type of characteristics we were able to compare, and the availability of full skeletons, let us test far more than any previous study. \" at least five major features characterize modern primates : relatively large brains, enhanced vision and eyes that face forward, a specialized ability to leap, nails instead of claws on at least the first toes, and specialized grasping hands and feet. plesiadapiforms have some but not all of these traits. the article argues that these early primates may have acquired the traits over 10 million years in incremental changes to exploit their environment. while the study did not include a molecular evaluation of the samples, according to sargis, these results are consistent with molecular studies on related living groups. compatibility with the independent molecular data increases the researchers ' confidence in their own results. bloch discovered the new plesiadapiform species, ignacius clarkforkensis and dryomomys szalayi, just outside yellowstone national park in the bighorn basin with co - author doug boyer, a graduate student in anatomical sciences at stony brook. previously, based only on skulls and isolated bones, scientists proposed that ignacius was not an archaic primate, but instead a gliding mammal related to flying lemurs. however, analysis of a more complete and well - preserved skeleton by bloch and his team altered this idea. \" these fossil finds from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4814563120496085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fb03c5f-56af-4237-afa9-75336a1587b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.948573"}
{"text": "proposed that ignacius was not an archaic primate, but instead a gliding mammal related to flying lemurs. however, analysis of a more complete and well - preserved skeleton by bloch and his team altered this idea. \" these fossil finds from wyoming show that our earliest primate ancestors were the size of a mouse, ate fruit and lived in the trees, \" said study leader jonathan bloch, a vertebrate paleontology curator at the florida museum of natural history. \" it is remarkable to think we are still discovering new fossil species in an area studied by paleontologists for over 100 years. \" researchers previously hypothesized plesiadapiforms as the ancestors of modern primates, but the idea generated strong debate within the primatology community. this study places the origins of plesiadapiforms in the paleocene, about 65 ( million ) to 55 million years ago in the period between the extinction of the dinosaurs and the first appearance of a number of undisputed members of the modern orders of mammals. \" plesiadapiforms have long been one of the most controversial groups in mammalian phylogeny, \" said michael j. novacek, curator of paleontology at the american museum of natural history. \" first, they are somewhere near primates and us. second, historically they have offered tantalizing, but very often incomplete, fossil evidence. but the specimens in their study are beautifully and spectacularly preserved. \" \" the results of this study suggest that plesiadapiforms are the critical taxa to study in understanding the earliest phases of human evolution. as such, they should be of very broad interest to biologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists, \" said co - author mary silcox, professor of anthropology at the university of winnipeg. \" this collaboration is the first to bring together evidence from all regions of the skeleton, and offers a well - supported perspective on the structure of the earliest part of the primate family tree, \" bloch said. the research was supported by grants from the national science foundation, field museum of natural history, yale university, sigma xi scientific research society, natural sciences and engineering research council ( canada ), university of winnipeg, the paleobiological fund, and the wenner - - gren foundation for anthropological research.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.442745235632186, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fb03c5f-56af-4237-afa9-75336a1587b5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.949567"}
{"text": "crime and personality : personality theory and criminality examined keywords : criminality personality theory criminal personality crime and personality criminology psychopathy the search for the criminal personality or super trait has captured both the minds and imaginations of academics and the wider community ( caspi et al., 1994 ). partly, this is due to a stubborn aversion to the notion that normal, regular people rape, murder, or molest children ( barlow, 1990 ). secondly, there is a desire for simple, straightforward answers ( bartol, 1991 ). generally, personality theorists endeavor to put together the puzzle of the human personality. temperament is the term used for the childhood counterpart to personality ( farrington & jolliffe, 2004 ). facets of personality or temperament, traits, are combined together into super traits or broad dimension of personality. personality traits are persisting underlying tendencies to act in certain ways in particular situations ( farrington & jolliffe, 2004 ). traits shape the emotional and experiential spheres of life, defining how people perceive their world and predict physical and psychological outcomes ( roberts, 2009 ). various structured models of personality exist, each with a set of traits and super traits ( miller & lynam, 2001 ). personality and crime have been linked in two general ways. first, in \u201c personality - trait psychology \u201d ( akers & sellers, 2009, p. 74 ) certain traits or super traits within a structured model of personality may be linked to antisocial behavior ( asb ). 1 as reviewed by miller and lynam ( 2001 ), four structured models of personality theory were found to be widely used in criminological research and are considered reliable : the five - factor model ( ffm ; mccrae & costa, 1990 ), the pen model ( eysenck, 1977 ), tellegen \u2019 s three - factor model ( 1985 ), and cloninger \u2019 s temperament and character model ( cloninger, dragan, svraki, & przybeck, 1993 ). in table 1, the traits of these models are listed and defined. eysenck hypothesized specific associations between the pen model and asb, proposing that the typical criminal would possess high levels of all three of his proposed personality dimensions. cloninger hypothesized a link between asb and personality dimensions from his model, stating that asb would be linked to high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance, and low reward dependence ( see table 1 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5510003421737757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:101c9d04-f35e-4cd3-9d0f-a57b98d5fbf7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.955941"}
{"text": "his proposed personality dimensions. cloninger hypothesized a link between asb and personality dimensions from his model, stating that asb would be linked to high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance, and low reward dependence ( see table 1 ). the second way that personality theorists have linked personality to crime is through \u201c personality - type psychology \u201d ( akers & sellers, 2009, p. 74 ) or by asserting that certain deviant, abnormal individuals possess a criminal personality, labeled psychopathic, sociopathic, or antisocial. the complex and twisting history of the term and concept of psychopathy can be traced back to the early 1800s ( feeney, 2003 ), contributing to its common misuse by both academics and nonacademics. 2 hare ( 1993, 1996 ) set forth a psychological schematic of persistent offenders who possess certain dysfunctional interpersonal, affective, and behavioral qualities and make up about one percentage of the population. the distinguishing interpersonal and affective characteristic of psychopaths is the dual possession of absolute self - centeredness, grandiosity, callousness, and lack of remorse or empathy for others coupled with a charismatic, charming, and manipulative superficiality ( hare, 1993 ). the defining behavioral characteristics of psychopaths are impulsivity, irresponsibility, risk taking, and antisocial behavior ( hare, 1993 ). table 2 displays the emotional, interpersonal, and acts of social deviance hypothesized to indicate psychopathy. the term antisocial, not psychopath or sociopath, is now used by the american psychological association in the latest diagnostic and statistical manual ( dsm - iv - tr, 2000 ). this disorder manifests itself as a persistent disregard for and violation of the rights of others, beginning at an early age and persisting into adulthood. the dsm - iv - tr ( 2000 ) outlines the antisocial personality disorder as a broader clinical disorder than psychopathy, a diagnosis that could easily be applied to many who engage in criminal behavior ( see table 2 ). concerns related to theoretical propositions and policy implications certain personality theorists such as eysenck ( 1977 ) postulated that personality traits stem from biological causes. for example, eysenck noted that arousal levels are directly associated with the personality trait of extraversion ( eysenck, 1977 ) and testosterone levels are linked to levels of psychotocism ( eysenck, 1997 ). the biologically deterministic premise postulated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5323640230871589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:101c9d04-f35e-4cd3-9d0f-a57b98d5fbf7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.956860"}
{"text": "arousal levels are directly associated with the personality trait of extraversion ( eysenck, 1977 ) and testosterone levels are linked to levels of psychotocism ( eysenck, 1997 ). the biologically deterministic premise postulated within segments of personality theory sparked an intense debate in criminology ( andrews & wormith, 1989 ; gibbons, 1989 ), which provides just a glimpse into a chasm in the field of criminology that has been rupturing for decades. criticisms against deterministic thought can best be understood within the historical context ( hirschi & hindelang, 1977 ; laub & sampson, 1991 ; rafter, 2006 ). criminology is a field full of deep schisms and sharp debates, a sort of \u201c hybrid \u201d discipline ( gibbons, 1989 ), with even the historical accounts of criminology being disputed ( brown, 2006 ; forsythe, 1995 ; garland, 1997 ; jones, 2008 ; rafter, 2004 ). yet, it is generally agreed that the foundations for understanding criminal behavior, even the justification for the existence of the discipline of criminology, is rooted in psychobiological perspectives ( brown, 2006 ; garland, 1997 ; glicksohn, 2002 ; jones, 2008 ). many of those considered to be the founders of criminology collaborated with psychiatrists focusing on the rehabilitation and medical or psychological treatment of criminal deviance, viewing such behavior as a disease of the mind or intellect rather than holding to the more primitive explanations that attributed crime to manifestations of evil spirits or sinfulness ( herve, 2007 ; jones, 2008 ; rafter, 2004 ). with the dawning of the ideals of the enlightenment, interest grew in the notion that just as there are natural laws that act upon the physical world, there may be underlying forces that propel individuals or groups to react in certain ways ( jones, 2008 ). two distinct schools of positivism arose during this period, those who assumed that these underlying forces were societal and those who assumed that the forces propelling criminal behavior were individualistic or psychological. one faction of nineteenth century positivists, with researchers such as guerry and quetelet, focused primarily on societal forces and emphasized geographical differences in crime rates, especially the effects of urbanization ( jones, 2008 ; quetelet, 2003 ). at the core of this work was the idea that individuals do not have free will to act upon their societal environment, but rather are being acted upon by social forces ; \u201c society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6009632242208003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:101c9d04-f35e-4cd3-9d0f-a57b98d5fbf7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.957744"}
{"text": "of urbanization ( jones, 2008 ; quetelet, 2003 ). at the core of this work was the idea that individuals do not have free will to act upon their societal environment, but rather are being acted upon by social forces ; \u201c society prepares crime and the criminal is only the instrument that executes them \u201d ( quetelet, physique sociale, quoted in jones, 2008, p. 8 ). however, the name most associated with nineteenth century positivism is cesare lombroso. lombroso considered criminal behavior as indicative of degeneration to a lower level of functioning caused by brain damage or from certain genetic impacts ( such as birth defects passed to children born of diseased or alcoholic parents ), which impeded natural development ( glicksohn, 2002 ; jones, 2008 ). jones ( 2008 ) notes that lombroso \u2019 antagonists recount his professed allegiance to the use of the scientific method, yet they also detail how he would elaborate wildly, speculating far beyond the bounds of his empirical observations. occasionally, lombroso \u2019 s work is completely omitted from texts advocating individualistic or psychological approaches to criminal behavior, as lombroso \u2019 s work is seen as an embarrassment and deemed a precursor to the nazi ideology of the ayran race ( jones, 2008 ; rafter, 2006 ). against this blemished backdrop of nazi ideologies of racial hygiene, labeled biological determinism, sociologically inclined theories flourished within criminology and individualistic explanations for criminality were deserted as taboo and unmentionable ( andrews & wormith, 1989 ; glicksohn, 2002 ; hirschi & hindelang, 1977 ; laub & sampson, 1991 ). concerns about policy implications within such a historical context, ethical and moral concerns were raised regarding personality theory leading to inequitable or brutish policies ( rafter, 2006 ). fears of policy recommendations forcing medical procedures, drug treatment, or excessively restrictive practices were common concerns levied against highly deterministic psychological theories ( bartol & bartol, 2004 ; gibbons, 1986 ; jones, 2008 ). labeling or stigmatizing persons as psychopaths, sociopaths, or antisocial, raised concerns that such labels might lead to unmerited, harsh sentences, as such individuals would be deemed as incorrigible ( andrews & wormith, 1989 ). conversely, there were concerns that labeling offenders with personality disorders could result in doubts about their culp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.542216547688787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:101c9d04-f35e-4cd3-9d0f-a57b98d5fbf7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.958593"}
{"text": "they say anyone can follow a recipe. but even experienced cooks know things don ' t always work out. often the problem lies in how the ingredients are measured - and what they ' re measured in. clear cups, with pour spouts, are primarily for liquids. they come in multiple - quart and 1 -, 2 -, and 4 - cup sizes, with measurements marked on the sides. set on a level surface and pour in ingredients ; read markings at eye level. the larger sizes also work well for chunky foods like vegetables ( cherry tomatoes, broccoli florets, hunks of squash ), cut - up fruit, and berries. metal or plastic cups, for measuring dry ingredients, come in sets of 1 / 4, 1 / 3, 1 / 2, and 1 cup ; some sets also include a 1 / 8 - cup or 2 - cup or larger unit. fill to the brim and scrape the ingredient level with a spatula or straight - sided knife. how you fill the cup depends on the ingredient. pour or spoon in granulated sugar, salt, grains, cornmeal, and other substances that don ' t pack down. pack in brown sugar, soft cheeses, and solid fats. spoon or drop in shredded cheeses and leafy vegetables ( unless recipe says to pack ). to measure fluffy items like flour, powdered sugar, or cornstarch, stir them first, then gently spoon into cup ; if you scoop them with the cup or tap it to settle the contents, you can get as much as 25 percent more in the cup. standard measuring spoons come in sets of 1 tablespoon, 1, 1 / 2, and 1 / 4 teaspoon, and sometimes 1 / 8 teaspoon. use these for both liquid and dry ingredients, pouring liquids to the rim and scraping dry ingredients level with rim.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4443684679379965, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b560bcf1-5b3c-430c-89db-9f49882a1024>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.960216"}
{"text": "posted by admin on august 21st, 2008 maximum transmission unit ( mtu ) the size ( in bytes ) of the largest packet or frame that a given layer of a communications protocol can pass onwards. the mtu may be fixed by standards ( as is the case with ethernet ) or decided at connect time. a higher mtu brings higher bandwidth efficiency. however, large packets can block up a slow interface for some time, increasing the lag for further packets. the mtu for ethernet is 1500 bytes, 1492 for pppoe and 576 for dialup. in very rare occasions, you may need to change the mtu size due to connectivity issues with your isps or in a vpn environment on your opensuse. the following procedure should help to change the maximum transmission unit ( mtu ) in opensuse. in network manager if you are using network - manager to control the network settings in your opensuse then 1. from the menu, click computer \u2013 yast. 2. click network devices in the leftpane and click network settings 3. select the network adapter and click edit. 4. under general tab, select from the default \u201c mtu \u201d values or enter your own required value. please be aware of what you are doing as an incorrect mtu size setting can cause connectivity and performance issues. click next and finish to complete the settings wizard. this will set the mtu value and restart the network service. in traditional network configuration if you are not using the network manager and use the traditional method of controlling network settings using ifcfg scripts then 1. using a terminal window, change directory to / etc / sysconfig / network / opensuse : ~ # cd / etc / sysconfig / network 2. in / etc / sysconfig / network directory, you have a config file for each of your network interface card. for instance, on my laptop, i have ifcfg - eth0 ( ethernet ) and ifcfg - wlan0 ( wireless ). these hold configurations for the respective network cards. edit the interface file and enter the line as following opensuse : / etc / sysconfig / network # vi ifcfg - eth0 and add a line like so it looks something like this opensuse11 : / etc / sysconfig / network # cat ifcfg - eth0 3. restart the network service or reboot your computer for the changes to take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5095867527312499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43e029f1-7621-4f98-913a-41f868bdd1ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.962578"}
{"text": "this series enables children to use the computer for independent research into a range of curriculum related topics. they read the information from talking books and then link to writing grids so they can write about what they have read. high quality real speech gives added support on both the reading and writing activities. perfect for the reading strand throughout the literacy curriculum! this resource lets you find out about the different parts of a plant. learn about plant habitats and some of the ways that plants are used by people. use the information about growth and reproduction to write about pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal. \" find out \" information is presented in three levels of difficulty, designed to meet the needs of children with a wide range of abilities. - book one / level one - the information is presented in short sentences. the associated writing grids enable children to work with sentence beginnings and endings to recreate the sentences from each information page. - book two / level two - the information pages contain flowing text, and the writing grids offer a wider choice of words. this enables students to construct their own sentences. - book three / level three - this level includes more in - depth information. the writing grids offer sentence starters and word banks than enable students to write an extended piece of text. students use the keyboard as well as the grid as they interpret and respond to the text. find out and write about series packed with rich multimedia content that is perfect for both literacy and subject teaching the unique find out and write about series for clicker provides a range of multimedia cds ideal for literacy teaching. early readers of all ages can research the non - fiction material and then use the associated writing grids to write about what they have learnt. a find out and write about cd - rom contains an interactive talking book of non - fiction text. children can read the text or click the ` listen ` button to hear it spoken. children can also click on a word with the right - hand mouse button to hear it. each page of the book contains a link to a clicker writing grid that relates directly to that page, so children can write about the information they have just learned. children write by clicking on a word with the left - hand mouse button. words are colour - coded to help writers compose sentences successfully. emergent, struggling and fluent readers can all use the resources, as the information is provided at three differentiated levels. at level 1 for example, students are given short sentences, which they can choose to have read to them. the writing grids, relating directly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5065073330032627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14125662-fed3-4dd4-9f5f-a361aa89b968>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.965756"}
{"text": "the lushly forested nation of guyana on thursday joined a regional pact to protect jaguars, the elusive spotted cat that is the biggest land predator in the americas, but is vulnerable due to expanded agriculture and mining that have carved away at their fragmented habitat. leaders of the government \u2019 s environment ministry were signing an agreement with the new york - based conservation group panthera, which is trying to establish a \u201c jaguar corridor, \u201d a network of pathways that would link core jaguar populations from northern argentina to mexico. guyana is pledging to ensure the protection of jaguars, the national animal that is a near - threatened species. the south american nation with some of the region \u2019 s least spoiled wilderness joins colombia and nations in central america in recognizing the corridor and agreeing to work toward the long - term conservation of jaguars, said esteban payan, regional director for panthera \u2019 s northern south america jaguar program. a network of cameras equipped with motion sensors and fixed to tree trunks has revealed tantalizing glimpses of sleek, solitary jaguars slinking through guyana \u2019 s dense rain forests and vast grasslands stretching to the country \u2019 s border with brazil. scientists reported finding a relatively healthy jaguar density of three to four animals per 100km in guyana \u2019 s southern rupununi savannah. that means that preserving grasslands are as important to conservation of jaguars as protecting the dense rain forests, they say. evi paemelaere, a belgian jaguar scientist with panthera, said amerindian villagers in remote spots in guyana have helped her set up cameras along the roads and hunting trails that the big cats like to travel on. \u201c amerindians are very keen on being part of the project, \u201d she said from georgetown, guyana \u2019 s capital. jaguars once roamed widely from the southwestern us to argentina, but have lost nearly half of their natural territory and have disappeared altogether from some countries. heavy hunting for their spotted coats decimated their numbers in the 1960s and early 1970s until the pelt trade was largely halted. no one has any reliable estimates of how many jaguars are left in the wild, where they prey on peccaries, tapirs and, since they are powerful swimmers, river turtles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3882644922270688, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94624377-bc33-4086-9a8a-4a938d5239c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.967885"}
{"text": "they are not expecting any angry birds, but bird - watchers are already seeing evidence of what is expected to be a major invasion of hungry birds winging through the region. normally content to hang out in the deep forests of canada, grosbeaks, pine siskins, finches, redpolls and other seed - eaters are winging their way south, hoping to find something to eat. the tree seed crop, normally plentiful in the forests of ontario and quebec, has in some cases failed completely, causing what is known as a bird irruption. \u201c the invasion is under way, \u201d said david small, president of the athol bird and nature club and one of the central massachusetts bird count leaders. \u201c i had redpolls sunday at the home feeder, which don ' t show up every year, and often not until january or february. \u201d mr. small, who is a supervisor at the quabbin reservoir, said he has been seeing pine grosbeaks at the reservoir headquarters and several locations. central massachusetts birders also report seeing white - winged and red crossbills. \u201c i was at plum island and salisbury in early november and saw 250 - plus white - winged crossbills, \u201d he said. \u201c so a big year is upon us. i can ' t recall a year it started this early with such diversity and large numbers. \u201d based on data from ornithologists in ontario, the national audubon society issued a winter bird warning \u2014 not really warning of disaster \u2014 that because there is so little to eat up north, a bird invasion is under way. the warning was issued more for the interest of those who will take part in the audubon ' s christmas bird count, which takes place all over the country from dec. 14 through jan. 5. the bird count often offers up data to support what ornithologists are predicting based on climate conditions. the seed crop failure may have been connected to a lack of rainfall. central and eastern canada experienced long - term drought conditions this year. over the years, some species of seed - eating birds have been seen in small numbers ; some are not seen for several years at a time, but the region saw a flood of pine siskins pass through in october and november. the birds enjoyed what they could get from the limited number of feeders out in central massachusetts at the time and headed off, possibly making their way as far south as north and south carolina. this year ' s small bird irruption followed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3785933724718879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a6028aa-f264-4fb8-8c7f-9dfe336820d7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.973984"}
{"text": "november. the birds enjoyed what they could get from the limited number of feeders out in central massachusetts at the time and headed off, possibly making their way as far south as north and south carolina. this year ' s small bird irruption followed a banner year for the eye candy of wild birds \u2014 snowy owls. the large white raptors were seen throughout the country as they, too, went off in search of food. irruptions occur regularly when food supplies of various types are disrupted. in the case of the owls, it was a lack of small mammals for them to eat. local birders have been keeping close watch on the ebb and flow of species. recently there have been reports on wpi ' s central massachusetts bird update list of pine grosbeaks at quaboag pond in brookfield and worcester airport. there have also been large numbers of pine grosbeaks seen in downtown westminster, royalston common and several areas of gardner and lunenburg. bill cormier, co - owner of the bird store and more in sturbridge, said bird activity has been very active this early winter. \u201c there was a big wave of pine siskins that came through here earlier in the season, \u201d he said. mr. cormier said he is interested to see what is collected during the sturbridge christmas bird count, set for dec. 18. the count will be led by local bird observer mark lynch ; after 24 hours of recording birds, volunteers will report their data to compilers at the bird store. along with bird counts in athol and sturbridge, there will be counts in worcester, uxbridge and westminster. feeders are an important part of the bird - count effort, and mr. cormier said he recommends black oil sunflower seeds with some nuts mixed in. \u201c nuts are a major ingredient, \u201d he said. the birds expected or already seen in this irruption are mostly regular sights in central massachusetts, although in smaller numbers, but a few are fairly rare. \u201c we rarely get a hoary redpoll, \u201d mr. small said. the hoary redpoll ' s range is mostly no farther south than the canadian border, but mr. small said even it is a possibility this year. the athol and worcester christmas bird counts will be held dec. 15, westminster will be dec. 23 and quabbin and uxbridge will be dec. 29.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39120172988727736, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a6028aa-f264-4fb8-8c7f-9dfe336820d7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.975904"}
{"text": "arnold henry guyot | | this article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. ( june 2012 ) | | arnold henry guyot | arnold henry guyot | born | | september 28, 1807 boudevilliers, canton of neuchatel, switzerland | died | | february 8, 1884 princeton, new jersey, united states guyot was born at boudevilliers, near neuchatel, switzerland. he was educated at chaux - de - fonds, then at the college of neuchatel. in 1825, he went to germany, and resided in karlsruhe where he met louis agassiz, the beginning of a lifelong friendship. from karlsruhe he moved to stuttgart, where he studied at the gymnasium. he returned to neuchatel in 1827. he determined to enter the ministry and started at the university of berlin to attend lectures. while pursuing his studies, he also attended lectures on philosophy and natural science. his leisure was spent in collecting shells and plants, and he received an entree to the berlin botanical garden from humboldt. in 1835, he received the degree of ph. d. from berlin. in 1838, at agassiz ' s suggestion, he visited the swiss glaciers and communicated the results of his six weeks ' investigation to the geological society of france. he was the first to point out certain important observations relating to glacial motion and structure. among other things he noted the more rapid flow of the center than of the sides, and the more rapid flow of the top than of the bottom of glaciers ; described the laminated or ribboned structure of the glacial ice ; and ascribed the movement of glaciers to a gradual molecular displacement rather than to a sliding of the ice mass as held by de saussure. he subsequently collected important data concerning erratic boulders. in 1839, he became the colleague of agassiz as professor of history and physical geography at the college of neuchatel ( a. k. a. neuchatel academy? ). the suspension of that institution in 1848 caused guyot to emigrate, at agassiz ' s instance, to the united states, where he settled in cambridge, massachusetts. he delivered a course of lectures at the lowell institute which were afterward published as earth and man ( boston 1853 ). for several years the massachusetts board of education retained his services as a lecturer on geography and methods of instruction to the normal schools and teachers ' institutes. he was occupied with this work until his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4719706809508364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:927319ed-9b7e-4eac-add5-e1bd4297ed75>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.982175"}
{"text": "which were afterward published as earth and man ( boston 1853 ). for several years the massachusetts board of education retained his services as a lecturer on geography and methods of instruction to the normal schools and teachers ' institutes. he was occupied with this work until his appointment, in 1854, as professor of physical geography and geology at princeton university, which office he retained until his death. he was also for several years lecturer on physical geography in the state normal school in trenton, new jersey, and from 1861 to 1866 lecturer in the princeton theological seminary. he also gave courses in the union theological seminary, new york, and at columbia college. he founded the museum at princeton, many of the specimens of which are from his own collections. his scientific work in the united states included the perfection of plans for a national system of meteorological observations. most of these were conducted under the auspices of the smithsonian institution. his extensive meteorological observations led to the establishment of the united states weather bureau, and his meteorological and physical tables ( 1852, revised ed. 1884 ) were long standard. his graded series of text - books and wall - maps were important aids in the extension and popularization of geological study in america. in addition to text - books, his principal publications were : - earth and man, lectures on comparative physical geography in its relation to the history of mankind ( translated by cornelius conway felton, 1849 ) - a memoir of louis agassiz ( 1883 ) - creation, or the biblical cosmogony in the light of modern science ( 1884 ). - johnson \u2019 s new universal cyclopaedia ( 1876 ) - editor - in - chief along with frederick augustus porter barnard he is the namesake of several geographical features, including guyot glacier in alaska, mount guyot on the north carolina and tennessee border, and a different mount guyot in new hampshire, as well as mount guyot on the rocky mountain continental divide in colorado. the building housing the department of ecology and evolutionary biology and the department of geosciences at princeton is named guyot hall in his honor. - james dwight dana ' s memoir in the biographical memoirs of the national academy of science, vol. ii. ( washington, 1886 ). - this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : chisholm, hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). \" guyot, arnold henry \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. - beach, chandler b., ed. ( 1914 ). \" guyot,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44385568539925585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:927319ed-9b7e-4eac-add5-e1bd4297ed75>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.983129"}
{"text": "the giving of the law at mount sinai was the climax of a series of events that began at passover, the moment and the means of the israelites ' redemption. at passover they killed a lamb and put the blood on their doorposts. when the death angel passed through to slay the firstborn, those who had blood on the doorposts were spared. god was saving, redeeming, buying back his people. mount sinai adds the other half of the equation. though redemption through the blood of a lamb ( christ ) freed them from sin ' s dominion and death, the giving of the law at mount sinai shows that freeing them is not all that god had in mind. israel came to mount sinai after being redeemed, heard the law, and assented to keep it. god gave the law to show the pattern of life, the principles of righteousness, for the redeemed. on one side of the coin is grace and on the other is law and obedience. they are harmonious ; they cannot be separated. they are both vital parts of the process of sanctification leading to salvation. grace is given upon repentance from sin, but after repentance, what is a christian to do with his life? obedience to god and living a life of holiness become his first priorities, and these work to produce character in the image of god ( ii corinthians 3 : 18 ). amos 5 : 25 reconfirms that the sacrifice, offering, and shedding of blood is a foundational necessity for a relationship with god. \" did you offer me sacrifices and offerings in the wilderness forty years, o house of israel? \" the answer is, \" yes. \" the people were sacrificing, but is that all that they did? he implies that though they were sacrificing, something was missing \u2014 obedience to the law. god told israel that he would dwell in the tabernacle, specifically the holy of holies, the symbolism of which we need to understand. the most important piece of furniture inside the holy of holies was the mercy seat, a wooden chest overlaid with gold. its lid functioned as the seat. inside the chest, under the seat, were stored the two tablets of stone, symbolizing god sitting on his law, the basis of his judgment. when one sins, he begins to separate himself from fellowship with god ( isaiah 59 : 1 - 2 ). he is no longer permitted, as it were, to come into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44312096139001944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9619109-5f2f-4a84-aeb7-ac36b882068f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.986149"}
{"text": "symbolizing god sitting on his law, the basis of his judgment. when one sins, he begins to separate himself from fellowship with god ( isaiah 59 : 1 - 2 ). he is no longer permitted, as it were, to come into the holy of holies. what means did god provide to heal the broken relationship, to restore the fellowship? one might think that the giving of a sin offering would appease god, and he would forgive the sin. however, hebrews 10 : 4 is very clear : \" for it is not possible that the blood of bulls and goats could take away sins. \" then why did god have the israelites make these sacrifices? \" but in those sacrifices there is a reminder of sins every year \" ( verse 3 ). as amos does not mention the sin offering in amos 5 : 22, it seems that israel did not even make the attempt to be reminded of sin. so how was fellowship restored? on the day of atonement, once a year, the high priest entered the holy of holies to sprinkle the mercy seat with blood. god ' s intent in this ritual was to show people that their transgressions of his law were covered by the blood. the redeemed were again in fellowship with god. the blood and the law are essential parts for maintaining the correct relationship with god. the law is permanent and codifies the nature of god in precepts to help us understand him clearly. obedience to his law is a perpetual requirement, with blood available to cover any transgression of it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4730683941624075, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9619109-5f2f-4a84-aeb7-ac36b882068f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.986739"}
{"text": "this year, millions of new year \u2019 s resolutions will be made \u2013 and then broken soon after. but there is one resolution that all men should keep : to maintain a healthy lifestyle. prostate cancer is the most common non - skin cancer in america, affecting one in six men, according to the prostate cancer foundation. in addition, heart disease killed 26 percent of the men who died in 2006. and half of the men who die suddenly of coronary heart disease have no previous symptoms, according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). there are many simple ways men can reduce their risk for life - threatening health conditions. make a new year \u2019 s resolution to improve your health and better your life with these easy tips. sometimes improving your health is as simple as a trip to the doctor. as you age, the likelihood of being diagnosed with prostate cancer increases significantly. men over 40 should begin discussing their prostate health with a physician. catching prostate cancer in its earliest stages can greatly improve a man \u2019 s chance at survival, so it \u2019 s important to be proactive and talk to your doctor about your prostate health. you can learn more about risk factors and prevention on the prostate cancer foundation \u2019 s website at www. pcf. org. choosing healthy snacks and avoiding fatty meals can help reduce your risk of heart disease, diabetes and certain forms of cancer. foods that are low in saturated fat and dietary cholesterol and high in fiber can help prevent high cholesterol, according to the cdc. additionally, several studies suggest that eating fish can help protect against prostate cancer because they have \u201c good fat, \u201d particularly omega - 3 fatty acids. maintaining a healthy weight is crucial to preventing heart disease. physical activity will help lower your blood pressure and cholesterol. according to the surgeon general, adults should engage in moderately intense exercise for at least 30 minutes a day. by maintaining a healthy weight, you will also lower your risk for diabetes. don \u2019 t sweat the small stuff. reducing your stress at work and at home can help improve your overall health and lead to a longer, happier life. seek medical treatment for stress, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and depression. treating these conditions may save your life and have been shown to improve survivorship in prostate cancer. these are resolutions to keep. now is the perfect time to make changes to improve your health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4345743246596664, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3467db8d-5a0c-45c7-99b1-e665f3829a63>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.989233"}
{"text": "waking the giant bill mcguire while we transmit more than two million tweets a day and nearly one hundred trillion emails each year, we ' re also emitting record amounts of carbon dioxide ( co2 ). bill mcguire, professor of geophysical and climate hazards at university college london, expects our continued rise in greenhouse gas emissions to awaken a slumbering giant : the earth ' s crust. in waking the giant : how a changing climate triggers earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes ( oxford university press ), he explains that when the earth ' s crust ( or geosphere ) becomes disrupted from rising temperatures and a c [ o. sub. 2 ] - rich atmosphere, natural disasters strike more frequently and with catastrophic force. applying a \" straightforward presentation of what we know about how climate and the geosphere interact, \" the book links previous warming periods 20, 000 to 5, 000 years ago with a greater abundance of tsunamis, landslides, seismic activity and volcanic eruptions. mcguire urgently warns of the \" tempestuous future of our own making \" as we progressively inch toward a similar climate. despite his scientific testimony to congress stating \" what is going on in the arctic now is the biggest and fastest thing that nature has ever done \" and the \" incontrovertible \" data that the earth ' s climate draws lively response from the geosphere, brutal weather events are still not widely seen as being connected to human influence. is our global population sleepwalking toward imminent destruction, he asks, until \" it is obvious, even to the most entrenched denier, that our climate is being transformed? \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5028362291082252, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46ed79e4-97dd-492f-bf29-99304e01f4ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.990781"}
{"text": "from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia preventive medicine or preventive care refers to measures taken to prevent diseases, ( or injuries ) rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. the term contrasts in method with curative and palliative medicine, and in scope with public health methods ( which work at the level of population health rather than individual health ). this takes place at primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. - primary prevention avoids the development of a disease. most population - based health promotion activities are primary preventive measures. - secondary prevention activities are aimed at early disease detection, thereby increasing opportunities for interventions to prevent progression of the disease and emergence of symptoms. - tertiary prevention reduces the negative impact of an already established disease by restoring function and reducing disease - related complications. - quaternary prevention is the set of health activities that mitigate or avoid the consequences of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system. simple examples of preventive medicine include hand washing and immunizations. preventive care may include examinations and screening tests tailored to an individual ' s age, health, and family history. for example, a person with a family history of certain cancers or other diseases would begin screening at an earlier age and / or more frequently than those with no family history. on the other side of preventive medicine, some non - profit organizations, such as the northern california cancer center, apply epidemiological research towards finding ways to prevent diseases. universal, selective, and indicated gordon ( 1987 ) in the area of disease prevention, and later kumpfer and baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three - tiered preventive intervention classification system : universal, selective, and indicated prevention. amongst others, this typology has gained favour and is used by the u. s. institute of medicine, the nida and the european monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction. - universal prevention addresses the entire population ( national, local community, school, district ) and aim to prevent or delay the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. all individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills necessary to prevent the problem. - selective prevention focuses on groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. the subgroups may be distinguished by characteristics such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. for example, drug campaigns in recreational settings. - indicated prevention involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. identifiers may include falling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5425847243146652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8463f5-0739-41fe-b3b5-8fe819208fd7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:01.999419"}
{"text": "gender, family history, or economic status. for example, drug campaigns in recreational settings. - indicated prevention involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc. outside the scope of this three - tier model is environmental prevention. environmental prevention approaches are typically managed at the regulatory or community level, and focus on interventions to deter drug consumption. prohibition and bans ( e. g. smoking workplace bans, alcohol advertising bans ) may be viewed as the ultimate environmental restriction. however, in practice environmental preventions programmes embrace various initiatives at the macro and micro level, from government monopolies for alcohol sales, through roadside sobriety or drug tests, worker / pupil / student drug testing, increased policing in sensitive settings ( near schools, at rock festivals ), and legislative guidelines aimed at precipitating punishments ( warnings, penalties, fines ). professionals involved in the public health aspect of this practice may be involved in entomology, pest control, and public health inspections. public health inspections can include recreational waters, pools, beaches, food preparation and serving, and industrial hygiene inspections and surveys. in the united states, preventive medicine is a medical specialty, one of the 24 recognized by the american board of medical specialties ( abms ). it encompasses three areas of specialization : - general preventive medicine and public health - aerospace medicine - occupational medicine in order to become board - certified in one of the preventive medicine areas of specialization, a licensed u. s. physician ( m. d. or d. o. ) must successfully complete a preventive medicine medical residency program following a one - year internship. following that, the physician must complete a year of practice in that special area and pass the preventive medicine board examination. the residency program is at least two years in length and includes completion of a master ' s degree in public health ( mph ) or equivalent. the board exam takes an entire day : the morning session concentrates on general preventive medicine questions, while the afternoon session concentrates on the one of the three areas of specialization that the applicant has studied. in addition, there are two subspecialty areas of certification : these certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an mt or uhb fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 abms - recognized specialties. prophylaxis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5149431061124563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8463f5-0739-41fe-b3b5-8fe819208fd7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.000384"}
{"text": ", there are two subspecialty areas of certification : these certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an mt or uhb fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 abms - recognized specialties. prophylaxis ( greek \" \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 \" to guard or prevent beforehand ) is any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure a disease. in general terms, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis ( to prevent the development of a disease ) and secondary prophylaxis ( whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process ). some specific examples of prophylaxis include : - influenza vaccines are prophylactic. - antibiotics are sometimes used prophylactically : for example, during the 2001 anthrax attacks scare in the united states, patients believed to be exposed were given ciprofloxacin. in similar manner, the use of antibiotic ointments on burns and other wounds is prophylactic. antibiotics are also given prophylactically just before some medical procedures such as pacemaker insertion. - tricyclic antidepressants ( tcas ) may, with caution, be an example of a chronic migraine preventative ( see amitriptyline and migraines ' prevention by medicine ). - antimalarials such as chloroquine are used both in treatment and as prophylaxis by visitors to countries where malaria is endemic to prevent the development of the parasitic plasmodium, which cause malaria. - condoms are sometimes referred to as \" prophylactics \" because of their use to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. - low - molecular - weight heparin is used as a prophylaxis in hospital patients, as they are at risk for several forms of thrombosis due to their immobilisation. - professional cleaning of the teeth is dental prophylaxis. - risk reducing or prophylactic mastectomies may be carried out for carriers of the brca mutation gene to minimise the risk of developing breast cancer - daily and moderate physical exercise in various forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one ' s health. cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular - and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - prophylaxis may be administered as vaccine. prop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5622612229837437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8463f5-0739-41fe-b3b5-8fe819208fd7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.001388"}
{"text": "can maintain or improve one ' s health. cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular - and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - prophylaxis may be administered as vaccine. prophylactic vaccines include : pep, npep, prep, or nprep. pep stands for post - exposure prophylaxis used in an occupational setting. npep is non - occupational post - exposure prophylaxis. npep may be used in a recreational setting ; for example, during intercourse, if the condom breaks and one partner is hiv - positive, npep will help to decrease the probability of spread of infection of hiv. prep is often used in occupational settings, e. g., in hospital staff to prevent the spread of hiv or hepatitis c from patient to staff. nprep is a measure taken before exposure but in a non - occupational setting ( non - occupational pre - exposure prophylaxis ) ; for example, injection drug users may seek nprep vaccinations. leading cause of preventable death leading causes of preventable death worldwide as of the year 2001. leading causes of preventable deaths in the united states in the year 2000. - ^ mesh preventive + medicine - ^ mesh primary + prevention - ^ mesh secondary + prevention - ^ mesh tertiary + prevention - ^ gordon, r. ( 1987 ), \u2018 an operational classification of disease prevention \u2019, in steinberg, j. a. and silverman, m. m. ( eds. ), preventing mental disorders, rockville, md : u. s. department of health and human services, 1987. - ^ kumpfer, k. l., and baxley, g. b. ( 1997 ), ' drug abuse prevention : what works? ', national institute on drug abuse, rockville. - ^ how should influenza prophylaxis be implemented? - ^ de oliveira jc, martinelli m, d ' orio nishioka sa, et al. ( 2009 ). \" efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter - defibrillators : results of a large, prospective, randomized, double - blinded, placebo - controlled trial \". circ arrhythmia electrophysiol 2 : 29 \u2013 34. doi : 10. 1161 / circep. 108. 795906. - ^ lars bo andersen et al. ( june 2000 ). \" all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5545634828326707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8463f5-0739-41fe-b3b5-8fe819208fd7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.002234"}
{"text": "circ arrhythmia electrophysiol 2 : 29 \u2013 34. doi : 10. 1161 / circep. 108. 795906. - ^ lars bo andersen et al. ( june 2000 ). \" all - cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. \". arch intern med. 160 ( 11 ) : 1621 \u2013 8. doi : 10. 1001 / archinte. 160. 11. 1621. pmid 10847255. - ^ lopez ad, mathers cd, ezzati m, jamison dt, murray cj ( may 2006 ). \" global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001 : systematic analysis of population health data \". lancet 367 ( 9524 ) : 1747 \u2013 57. doi : 10. 1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 68770 - 9. pmid 16731270. - ^ mokdad ah, marks js, stroup df, gerberding jl ( march 2004 ). \" actual causes of death in the united states, 2000 \". jama 291 ( 10 ) : 1238 \u2013 45. doi : 10. 1001 / jama. 291. 10. 1238. pmid 15010446. http : / / www. csdp. org / research / 1238. pdf. - sackett dl. the arrogance of preventive medicine. cmaj. 2004 ; 167 : 363 - 4. - gervas j, perez fernandez m. los limites de la prevencion clinica. amf. 2007 ; 3 ( 6 ) : 352 - 60. - gervas j, perez fernandez m, gonzalez de dios j. problemas practicos y eticos de la prevencion secundaria. a proposito de dos ejemplos de pediatria. rev esp salud publica. 2007 ; 81 : 345 - 52. - starfield b, hyde j, gervas j, heath i. the concept of prevention : a good idea gone astray? j epidemiol community health. 2008 ; 62 ( 7 ) : 580 - 3. - gervas j, starfield b, heath i. is clinical prevention better than cure? lancet. 2008 ; 372 : 1997 - 9. - gervas j, perez fernandez m. los danos provocados por la preven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5102666600884391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff8463f5-0739-41fe-b3b5-8fe819208fd7>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.003139"}
{"text": "even though facebook requires users to be at least 13 years old, there are 7. 5. million users under that age, most of them not yet 10, according to projections from a \" state of the net \" survey conducted by consumer reports. the survey, published in the june issue of consumer reports, also found that the accounts of these minors were largely unsupervised by their parents, exposing them to online predators and bullies. \" despite facebook ' s age requirements, many kids are using the site who shouldn ' t be, \" jeff fox, technology editor for consumer reports, said in a release. \" what ' s even more troubling was the finding from our survey that indicated that a majority of parents of kids 10 and under seemed largely unconcerned by their children ' s use of the site. \" indeed, the survey found that one million children were exposed to online bullying through facebook in the past year. use of the site also exposed more than five million u. s. households to virus infections, identity theft and other types of abuse. to guard against abuse, consumer reports recommends parents carefully monitor their children ' s facebook accounts, joining their children ' s circle of friends on the site and either deleting a pre - teen ' s account or asking facebook to do so by filling out its \" report an underage child \" form. also, use the site ' s privacy controls. roughly one in five adult users said they hadn ' t, making them more vulnerable to threats. consumer reports advices users to set everything you can so that it can only be accessed by people on your friends list. among the magazine ' s other recommendations : turn off instant personalization and use apps with caution, both of which can help keep personal information about you from floating around online. in april, facebook compared web safety for kids to crossing the street. \" we agree with safety experts that communication between parents / guardians and kids about their use of the internet is vital, \" the company said. \" just as parents are always teaching and reminding kids how to cross the road safely, talking about internet safety should be just as important a lesson to learn. \" perhaps kids who aren ' t yet 13 need to be on facebook in today ' s world, but if that ' s true, then their parents really, really need to make sure they know what they ' re doing online. or perhaps kids shouldn ' t be allowed to use facebook until they reach the site ' s minimum age. what do you think?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39629494396691334, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6fa0ecb-bf5f-424a-a2de-0f776b5d23e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.005380"}
{"text": "sea level rises and climate change are linked, say top scientists as they prepare the next major global climate change update. more than 250 experts from 39 countries are in hobart this week to review the latest draft of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ' s report including a new chapter on sea level. the co - ordinating lead author on the new chapter, csiro ' s dr john church, said sea level is clearly linked to climate change. \" the sea level is rising, the rate of the rise has increased and will continue to increase, \" he said. he said the rate had increased from a few tenths of a millimetre a year before the 20th century to more than 3mm a year in the past 20 years. \" it ' s clear the rate of sea level rise has already increased, \" he said. \" whether that 3mm is a further acceleration or not is yet unclear but we do expect a further acceleration during the 21st century and it ' s clearly linked to greater levels of greenhouse gases. \" he said thermal expansion because of ocean warming and the melting of glaciers were two key causes of sea level rise. csiro ' s dr steve rintoul, who is involved with the report ' s ocean observations chapter, said oceans were very important for climate because of the amount of heat they absorbed and stored. he said the temperature of the ocean surface had increased by 0. 3 - 0. 5c over the past 50 years. \" there ' s no disputing the oceans are warming, \" he said. \" it ' s clear from the published literature that greenhouse gases as well as natural variability have contributed to this observed warming of the ocean. \" he said oceans around tasmania were changing, with recordings showing that temperatures around maria island have increased by 1. 5c over the past 60 years. \" it ' s a very large number compared with other parts of the ocean, \" he said. the hobart conference is the last meeting before scientists prepare the final draft of the ipcc report ' s physical science section. the final report will be submitted in september.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40830055622807027, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b0a824e-2759-4652-bb9b-cadd0312b57c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.007260"}
{"text": "polish second most spoken language polish is the second most common main language in england and wales with more than half a million speakers, according to new figures from the 2011 census. nearly one in 10 people in england and wales - 8 % - reported speaking a different main language to english or welsh in the census, findings from the office for national statistics ( ons ) have shown. polish was the second most commonly reported main language with 546, 000 speakers, reflecting more than half a million poles who migrated to england and wales during the last decade. redcar and cleveland local authority had the highest percentage of people with english as their main language at 99 % of the population, with ealing listing the highest proportion of polish speakers at 6 % of the population. in all but three of the london boroughs - the city of london, richmond upon thames, and hillingdon - more than 100 languages were listed as main languages. of the four million residents of england and wales who spoke a main language other than english, 1. 7 million said they could speak english very well, 726, 000 could speak english but not well and 138, 000 could not speak english at all. the least common main language in england and wales was listed as manx - gaelic with 33 speakers, followed by 58 gaelic scottish speakers. london had the highest proportion, at 22 %, of people who reported that english was not their main language, with the north east reporting the lowest percentage in this category, at 3 %. the figures also showed that not all languages were spoken - with 22, 000 people using sign language. the census also appeared to confirm a boom in cycling in london, with 161, 700 people, or 2. 6 %, using bicycles to get to work in the capital. this compared with 77, 000 a decade ago, the ons said, but these figures were not strictly comparable as the 2001 figures did not include those who said they worked from home. cambridge remained the local authority with the highest proportion who cycle to work, at 18 %, or 17, 755 people. in spite of the surge in cycling, the majority of 16 to 74 - year - olds in england and wales said they drove a car or van to work, at 58 % or 15 million.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4395150782285402, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:97f934ea-308f-4373-9ace-0c5342c18067>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.009270"}
{"text": "thl toolbox > audio - video > overview contributor ( s ) : david germano, james graves, chelsea hall, eric woelfel. new developments in digital technology and the web offer exciting new possibilities for the incorporation of audio - video into new areas of research, publication and teaching. they also allow us for the first time to use and explore audio - video creatively in ways previously only possible with texts, such as providing for powerful ways to search media files and giving users tools to creatively alter audio - video files to incorporate into their own work. however, working with audio - video can also be very frustrating, and thus thl has expended considerable energies in developing tools and documentation to provide a systematic framework for the creation, delivery and use of audio - video in research, publication and teaching. for a beginner ' s lesson on how to use the av database website, please see : using the thl av database. the overall process from start to finish can be divided into five distinct phases : - create the audio - video through recording sessions - technically process the media into edited segments in formats usable on a computer - catalog the resultant media titles with metadata - linguistically process the media titles with transcription, translation, annotation and timecoding - package the media title into research publications, or into instructional units, including integration with reference databases, for delivery to end users given the demands of such a process, it is vital that an integrated set of tools with proper manuals and broader documentation are available which are free, open source, and suited for educational purposes. we are creating comprehensive documentation for each phase, which themselves involve a series of internal steps and processes often requiring separate documentation. as a whole, these materials form the basis for our training and reference with regard to audio - video materials. 1. determine a title to be produced. - review / screen recorded material ( i. e., video tapes ) and decide how they might be broken down into discrete titles. each title will be its own video. consult standardized guidelines for generating titles, including standardized phraseology, etc. - generating titles & credits for recordings 2. propose a title ( and corresponding credits for each title ) and have them checked by germano. - ( typically, it ' s best to prepare a batch of titles and their corresponding credits, and submit that to germano, rather than submitting titles to him one - by - one. ) 3. send the approved titles and credits to penam in lhasa, or a local tibetan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4961284593066191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c5658e7-c38b-4074-9e1d-6519a90175a4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.013583"}
{"text": "a batch of titles and their corresponding credits, and submit that to germano, rather than submitting titles to him one - by - one. ) 3. send the approved titles and credits to penam in lhasa, or a local tibetan assigned to the task like tsering wangchuk and tsering perlo to be rendered into tibetan and chinese. 4. meanwhile digitize and edit your titles in final cut pro, inserting blank title and credit slates whose trilingual information can be added later, once translations are ready. 5. complete catalog entries in both the physical media ( i. e., tapes ) database and audio - video database. - physical media database : make sure the content of the tape is properly described in the physical media database. also include the recording date, the tape format ( i. e., ntsc, pal, hd, etc. ), and other useful data about the tape itself and its recording. - av database : give a short description of the title \u2019 s content, fill out the relevant metadata ( like language, etc. ), propose collection classifications if not obvious, & record as much information as you can about participants involved in your title, under the \" credits \" tab of each avdb entry - consult with a native tibetan speaker to help process participant information on handwritten forms as necessary. ( often such forms are filled out in the cursive script, not dbu can, and may therefore be harder to understand. ) 6. compress each title in final cut pro, making sure you ' ve included ending credits. upload the files to the server after compression and after converting the audio files to mpeg - 3 and generating thumbnails. 7. alert a transcription center that the compression is ready for transcription, and eventual translation. 8. if relevant, once transcribed, it can be further processed for use in an instructional unit or other presentational context ( see making language instructional units ). note : if possible, use the fields under the workflow tab in order to mark processes as completed. in addition, you should keep track of the workflow in a more comprehensive fashion using the status reports for av, ie : titles waiting to be approved, completed titles, etc. in the future, we hope the new av database will allow for tracking of workflow so that everyone involved can easily fnd what titles need to be translated, etc. by using the database itself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44668302851431346, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c5658e7-c38b-4074-9e1d-6519a90175a4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.014422"}
{"text": "increased age, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure and smoking are a few of the risk factors related to heart disease, according to the american heart association. you can modify, treat or control most risk factors to lower your risk by focusing on your lifestyle habits or, if needed, taking medicine. according to the american heart association, the major risk factors for coronary heart disease are : - increased age : four out of five people who die of coronary heart disease are age 65 or older. - male gender : men have a greater risk of heart attach and they have attacks earlier - heredity : children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. heart disease risk is also higher among americans with ancestry from africa or mexico, native americans, hawaiians and asians. - tobacco smoke : smoker ' s risk of heart attack is more than twice that of nonsmokers. second hand smoke increases the risk even for nonsmokers. - high blood cholesterol : risk increases as blood cholesterol levels increase. - high blood pressure : increases the heart ' s workload, causing the heart to enlarge and weaken over time. - physical inactivity : regular, moderate - to - vigorous exercise is important in preventing heart and blood vessel disease. - obesity and overweight : people with excess body fat are, especially in the waist area, are more likely to develop heart disease, even if they have no other risk - diabetes mellitus : even when glucose levels are under control, diabetes greatly increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4521184549369568, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:65d279b3-689b-46b1-899c-8df9a5892fbe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.015817"}
{"text": "what are the main types of water filter? there are several different types of water filters available for use in the home and for other purposes. the type of water filter that you require depends on what you need to use it for. filtering ordinary tap water in the home for the purpose of improving the taste is a common practice. chlorination and excess minerals can drastically change the taste and smell of tap water, but running the water through a filter can eliminate these substances and make the water taste much better. if you are spending time in the outdoors doing some camping or backpacking, available water sources such as lakes and rivers can be dangerous or even deadly to drink. in this case a slightly more powerful type of water filtration would be needed. other instances in which you might need to have a much more aggressive method of water filtration is when traveling in foreign countries or in the event of a major disaster such as a flood. the charcoal based water filter is one of the most common of all types of water filter. this is the type of filter that you would find in a typical water filtration pitcher such as the brita pitcher, and also in most types of on - the - faucet water filters. these types of water filter usually have a cartridge that contains a combination of charcoal and sand. when water is poured through the filter, the charcoal removes chlorine, chemicals and some other contaminants and the sand filters out any larger particles. the end result is clear looking and clean tasting water. for filtration of outdoor water sources when camping and backpacking, a portable reverse osmosis system is one option. reverse osmosis purifies water by passing it through a semi - permeable membrane, which traps nearly 100 % of all contaminants, both chemical and biological. since biological contaminants such as bacteria and viruses are a major threat in rivers and lakes, it is important to have a water filter that is able to safely remove them. one disadvantage of reverse osmosis is that the process is extremely slow and wastes a lot of water. a reverse osmosis filter can also be a valuable part of any emergency supply kit, because contaminated water is a common hazard encountered in emergency situations. because reverse osmosis is capable of even removing viruses from water, this type of filter can save lives in countries where there is an extreme shortage of safe drinking water. another one of the more popular types of water filter is the ceramic microfilter. like a reverse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4614190723777835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:561597b5-feb8-46a1-aab3-3b16ef83d4cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.018413"}
{"text": "hvac career information t he world outdoors is often an uncomfortable place. weather changes can bring precipitation, blustery winds, and extreme temperatures. that ' s why we turn to the shelter of indoor spaces. we rely on climate - controlled environments to carry out our lives comfortably and effectively. but it takes much more than just a few walls, a roof, and insulation to make it all happen. so, what is hvac? what is hvac and hvac / r? hvac stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. the hvac systems in our homes, offices, shopping malls, and other buildings allow us to live inside without too much concern for what ' s happening outside. but hvac goes beyond the regulation of indoor temperatures. when such systems are properly installed and maintained, they contribute to better airflow and healthier indoor air quality, which is especially important for people with allergies, asthma, or other medical issues. in addition to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, there is another type of climate - control technology that is crucial to modern life. the \" r \" in hvac / r stands for refrigeration. the storage and transport of perishable foods, medicines, and other items we may take for granted is made possible by today ' s commercial refrigeration systems. ( side note : don ' t be confused by the different ways in which the \" r \" is added to hvac. the subtle variations you might encounter \u2014 hvac & r, hvac / r, hvacr, hvac - r, or hvac r \u2014 all mean the same thing. ) advances in hvac technology are making the heating and cooling of new and retrofitted buildings more and more energy efficient. refrigerants are being developed and used that are more environmentally friendly. and technologies such as hydronics ( water - based heating ), geothermal, and solar - powered heating and cooling are turning the hvac profession into one with a growing number of \" green \" jobs. hvac systems are installed and serviced by hvac technicians ( who are sometimes known as hvac mechanics or hvac installers ). what does an hvac technician do? the work of an hvac technician can be rather varied. from installation to routine maintenance to repair, the many duties of a professional in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning industry often add up to working days full of diverse activities. however, a lot depends on whether or not an hvac technician chooses to specialize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.53378777622004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.036561"}
{"text": "to routine maintenance to repair, the many duties of a professional in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning industry often add up to working days full of diverse activities. however, a lot depends on whether or not an hvac technician chooses to specialize in working with a particular type of equipment ( i. e., residential, light commercial, or commercial / industrial ) in either the installation or service side of the business. so, depending on their specialty, level of knowledge, and arsenal of skills, hvac technicians carry out tasks that can include : - installing furnaces, heat pumps, and air conditioning units - installing the ductwork that carries treated air throughout a building - following blueprints and specifications used in the installation of hvac systems, including air ducts, vents, pumps, water and fuel supply lines, and other components - connecting electrical wiring and controls - performing routine maintenance on a variety of hvac equipment, such as checking for leaks, adjusting blowers and burners, and checking nozzles, thermostats, electrical circuits, controls, and other components - diagnosing and repairing problems that are found within any part of an hvac system - adjusting the controls of an hvac system and recommending appropriate settings - testing the performance of a furnace, heat pump, air conditioning unit or other piece of hvac equipment to ensure that it operates at peak efficiency - using carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide testers to make sure that a customer ' s equipment operates safely - selling service contracts or replacement equipment to customers hvac / r technicians, sometimes known as refrigeration mechanics, install and service commercial or industrial refrigeration systems. in addition to some of the tasks above, hvac / r technicians have duties that can include : - charging refrigeration systems with the proper refrigerant - conserving, recovering, and recycling refrigerants for reuse or ensuring that they are disposed of properly since their release can be very harmful to the environment - venting refrigerant into the appropriate cylinders to perform their duties, hvac and hvac / r technicians use a large variety of special tools ( sometimes numbering in the dozens ) such as : - pressure gauges - acetylene torches - voltmeters, ohmmeters, and multimeters - combustion analyzers - soldering and brazing equipment - pipe cutters - gas detectors - micron gauges - tap and die sets where can hvac technicians work? whether they specialize in installing or servicing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46865381121561067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.037599"}
{"text": "service contracts. are there any downsides to working in the hvac trade? for the people who turn it into a long - term career, hvac is a lifestyle. many hvac technicians reap a great deal of personal satisfaction from their work. but, like any occupation, the field of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning has its upsides and downsides. it ' s not a career for everybody. you ' ve got to be 100 percent committed in order to succeed. here are some of the possible drawbacks of being an hvac or hvac / r technician : - physical hazards \u2014 it can be grueling and hard on your body. installing or servicing hvac systems often requires heavy lifting, crouching, and kneeling \u2014 including in tight places like attics and crawl spaces. other physical hazards also exist such as the potential for cuts, scrapes, electrical shock, burns, or muscle strain. and, although rare, working with refrigerants without appropriate safety equipment can result in injuries like frostbite, skin damage, or even blindness. - uncomfortable working conditions \u2014 it frequently involves working outdoors in bad weather or extreme temperatures ( hot and cold ). - mental fatigue \u2014 in addition to being physically demanding, hvac work can also be mentally tiring. that ' s because you must remain alert and focused in order to solve problems and avoid injury or costly mistakes. plus, no matter how experienced you are, there is always a lot to learn. hvac technology changes quickly, so being an hvac technician requires staying on top of the latest developments and adding that knowledge to what you ' ve already learned about older systems that are still in use. that makes the job sometimes feel overwhelming. as hvac technology improves, much of it is also becoming more and more technically challenging to work on. - fluctuating work hours \u2014 employment in the hvac trade can sometimes be subject to seasonal fluctuations, particularly for technicians without much experience. it is common for many hvac service technicians to work very long hours during peak seasons ( summer and winter ) followed by a reduction in hours ( often less than full time ) during the slower seasons. the peak seasons can be extra difficult if you have a family since working overtime and being on call at all hours ( including weekends ) can mean you ' re not able to spend as much quality time with those you care about. on the other hand, slow weeks are also inevitable, so you have to know how to account for the ups and downs in your personal finances. - ir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48910031350927385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.039551"}
{"text": "can mean you ' re not able to spend as much quality time with those you care about. on the other hand, slow weeks are also inevitable, so you have to know how to account for the ups and downs in your personal finances. - irritable customers \u2014 since many service calls happen when customers are in distress over failing heating or cooling equipment during extreme weather, hvac technicians sometimes must deal directly with people who are cranky and impatient. tempers are heightened when a problem can ' t be fixed right away because a part needs to be ordered. - delayed gratification \u2014 it takes time \u2014 usually at least five years \u2014 to develop the skills that enable you to begin making what are considered good wages in the hvac industry. as a new technician, you should expect the starting pay to be lower than what you might be hoping for. you have to be willing to stick it out and learn everything you can in the meantime. what are the good things about working in hvac? the downsides of being an hvac technician are balanced \u2014 and some might even say overcome \u2014 by the many positive attributes of the hvac trade. here are a few of them : - a sense of accomplishment \u2014 it can be intensely rewarding to fix problematic equipment or install new systems since it means that your hard work directly impacts the ability of people to feel comfortable in their environments. you have the chance to make someone ' s day if they were freezing ( or sweating ) prior to your arrival. plus, looking back on a job well done often leads to a great feeling of personal satisfaction, regardless of how difficult it might have been. - built - in exercise for mind and body \u2014 despite the occupational hazards, being an hvac technician can help you stay in shape \u2014 physically and mentally. - variety \u2014 every day is bound to be somewhat different. you won ' t be stuck in an office. instead, you ' ll get to solve a variety of problems and meet new people. and the fast pace of busy times helps the work days pass quickly. - pride \u2014 because hvac technicians can impact the well - being of people and the environment, they often feel a great sense of personal responsibility and pride of purpose. - stimulation \u2014 opportunities for learning something new happen on a frequent basis, which means boredom is rare. as the hvac industry moves closer and closer toward full computer automation for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, the chance to develop advanced skills and knowledge also increases. - long - term stability \u2014 once you ' ve established yourself in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5515054104532517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.040483"}
{"text": "is rare. as the hvac industry moves closer and closer toward full computer automation for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, the chance to develop advanced skills and knowledge also increases. - long - term stability \u2014 once you ' ve established yourself in the trade, there is great potential for making good money. and the job security can also be good. this is particularly true when you consider that hvac skills are portable, and the work must be performed on location, which means that hvac jobs are not subject to foreign outsourcing. what personal characteristics do i need for an hvac career? people who succeed as hvac technicians possess key traits that enable them to handle the challenges of the occupation while taking advantage of the benefits. it ' s important to keep in mind that those who find long - term success and satisfaction in the hvac trade generally possess the following characteristics : - a strong desire to help other people - a sense of craftsmanship and pride in their work ( no cutting corners ) - physical and mental toughness - a courteous and respectful attitude - pride in their appearance - an aptitude for mechanical, hands - on work - strong interpersonal skills - common sense - the ability and willingness to learn - determination and a strong work ethic - an interest in the science behind hvac technology - good problem - solving abilities how do you become an hvac technician? there is more than one path to establishing a career in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. when asking, \" how do you become an hvac technician? \" it is important to consider that there are essentially four different ways to begin going about it : - obtaining formal hvac training from a high school program or post - secondary school - entering a formal apprenticeship program for your training - joining the armed forces and receiving military hvac training - pursuing an entry - level hvac position without any formal training and hoping that you find an employer willing to teach you everything informally on the job ( an increasingly rare circumstance ) each option has its advantages and disadvantages. however, most employers generally consider formal training a must before they will even consider you for an open position. here are some things to consider about post - secondary training at an hvac school : - most hvac training programs at technical and trade schools take between six months and two years to complete. - programs that last a year or less generally award a diploma or certificate of completion. those that last two years usually award an associate ' s degree. - shorter certificate or diploma programs are often designed only to teach students the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48599075662384317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.041422"}
{"text": "and two years to complete. - programs that last a year or less generally award a diploma or certificate of completion. those that last two years usually award an associate ' s degree. - shorter certificate or diploma programs are often designed only to teach students the basics of one of the three main areas of hvac / r : ( 1 ) residential heating and air conditioning, ( 2 ) light commercial heating and air conditioning, or ( 3 ) commercial refrigeration. - most well - respected hvac training schools offer programs that are accredited by at least one of the following agencies : hvac excellence, the national center for construction education and research ( nccer ), or the partnership for air - conditioning, heating, and refrigeration accreditation ( pahra ). - taking the right courses in high school can help you better prepare for hvac school. these include subjects such as mechanical drawing, basic electronics, math, computer science, and applied physics and chemistry. it can also be beneficial to gain some basic knowledge of electrical and plumbing work. - hvac schools are designed to give you a head start in the acquisition of your skills, but it will likely take a few years of working experience as an assistant hvac technician after you graduate before anyone will begin to think of you as proficient. another popular and advantageous way to receive formal training is through an apprenticeship. here is what you should know about hvac apprenticeships : - in general, apprenticeship opportunities pop up only periodically depending on the needs of employers, both unionized and non - unionized. - apprenticeships are often a pathway to national certification in the hvac industry, and they can even allow you to earn college credits. - in order to reap all of the benefits of a formal hvac apprenticeship, you ' ll want to find an apprenticeship program that is registered with the office of apprenticeship, which is part of the u. s. department of labor ' s employment and training administration. - most apprenticeships allow you to earn a wage while you learn. and, if you are part of a registered apprenticeship program, your paycheck is guaranteed to increase over time. unionized apprenticeships offer the additional advantages of working under the protection of a union contract and, usually, receiving insurance and pension benefits. - apprenticeships usually last four to five years, and they include both classroom instruction and hands - on training on the job. after completing a five - year registered apprenticeship, you can become a journeyman in the hvac field. - the organizations with the most hvac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4759257170029422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.042410"}
{"text": "last four to five years, and they include both classroom instruction and hands - on training on the job. after completing a five - year registered apprenticeship, you can become a journeyman in the hvac field. - the organizations with the most hvac apprenticeship opportunities include, in no particular order : ( 1 ) air - conditioning contractors of america ( acca ), ( 2 ) mechanical contractors of america ( mcaa ), ( 3 ) plumbing - heating - cooling contractors ( phcc ), ( 4 ) sheet metal workers ' international association ( smwia ), ( 5 ) associated builders and contractors ( abc ), and ( 6 ) united association of journeymen and apprentices of the plumbing and pipe fitting industry of the united states and canada ( ua ). - apprenticeship openings are often highly competitive. plus, you must meet the minimum requirements of whatever apprenticeship program you are applying for. organizations that offer or coordinate apprenticeships in hvac often look for candidates that have at least a high school diploma ( or equivalent ), good math and reading skills, above - average manual dexterity and hand - eye coordination, strong mechanical aptitude, patience, dependability, the ability to get along well with other people, and a desire to do whatever it takes to learn the trade. as part of the application process, you may also be required to take aptitude tests and attend multiple interviews. - completing an hvac program at a technical college or trade school can sometimes give you a leg up on the competition when applying for a registered apprenticeship. regardless of how you get your hvac training, there are a number of other things to keep in mind about the hvac trade and finding work in it. consider the following points : - many employers look for hvac professionals with at least two to five years of on - the - job experience. schooling alone, while beneficial, is often not enough \u2014 particularly for openings at larger companies. - in order to break into the trade and get the experience you need, you might have to spend a few years working for a smaller hvac company at a lower wage than you might be expecting. the more you are willing to swallow your pride and do whatever is necessary to gain experience, the more opportunities you will have at the beginning of your career. - in many regions, you are more likely to land your first hvac job during a peak season ( summer or winter ) since that is when demand for hvac workers increases. - employers want workers who will stick around for the long haul. that ' s why many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4524654130577867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.043368"}
{"text": ", you are more likely to land your first hvac job during a peak season ( summer or winter ) since that is when demand for hvac workers increases. - employers want workers who will stick around for the long haul. that ' s why many of them prefer to hire people who ' ve completed a formal hvac program. completing an hvac education is a sign that you aren ' t just looking for a temporary job but, rather, have put your heart into making hvac your career. - as you seek to gain experience early in your career, it ' s best to go for variety, if possible, in the type of hvac work you do. some people in the trade get \" stuck \" in just one particular area ( such as installation ) and find it difficult later on if they wish to move into a different hvac specialty that they might enjoy better. - it pays to be assertive and proactive, especially when it comes to increasing your hvac knowledge. you ' ll have better job security and advancement opportunities if you can become the \" go - to \" person for technical information and troubleshooting know - how about the equipment your employer sells and services. as you begin your career, it is essential to ask a lot of questions, pay close attention, and study, study, study. and, as you continue your career, the need to learn never stops. there will always be more to know. - like in any other trade, the better you are at your job, the more quickly you can climb the hvac career ladder. - it is impossible to learn everything you need to know in two years or less. so, although trade school can give you a great head start on the fundamentals, you should expect to begin your hvac career in a \" helper \" or apprentice role as you continue to learn. it generally takes at least five years of on - the - job experience before you ' re ready to work on your own. - since demand for hvac technicians can sometimes be prone to seasonal fluctuations, it is important to learn how to manage your money in a way that allows you to ride out any downtimes comfortably. - long - term success as an hvac technician hinges a great deal upon your reputation. so it ' s important to develop a courteous and respectful attitude early on, to never cut corners, and to let the quality of work you perform speak for itself. - persistence and enthusiasm are the biggest keys to landing your first job in hvac. employers look for people who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4603957891821208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.044273"}
{"text": "develop a courteous and respectful attitude early on, to never cut corners, and to let the quality of work you perform speak for itself. - persistence and enthusiasm are the biggest keys to landing your first job in hvac. employers look for people who are willing to commit to hard work. you can improve your chances of finding employment by always acting polite and professional, following up repeatedly with the people in charge of hiring, and demonstrating to them that you ' re not an arrogant \" know - it - all \" but are, instead, humble and ready to learn and take on all of the challenges inherent to hvac work. how do you get hvac certification? when asking, \" how do you get hvac certification? \" it is essential to understand that some certifications are required while most others are voluntary. even voluntary certifications, however, can help you advance in your hvac career since most employers like to see official acknowledgment of your competencies. but knowing how to obtain hvac certification is just one aspect of this issue. you also need to understand what it all means. here are the most important things to remember : - regardless of which area of hvac / r you choose to work in, you will be required to obtain at least one type of certification from the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ). section 608 of the clean air act of 1990 requires anyone who services equipment that uses specific refrigerants to take a test to prove that they know how to properly handle, recycle, and dispose of materials that can damage the ozone layer. - epa section 608 certification is broken down into four types depending on the kind of equipment you will be working with : ( 1 ) type i for small appliances, ( 2 ) type ii for very high - pressure appliances, ( 3 ) type iii for low - pressure appliances, and ( 4 ) universal for all types of hvac / r equipment. - hvac students enrolled in formal training are often required to take the epa section 608 universal certification test as part of their program. - although not required by the epa, r - 410a certification covers an especially dangerous type of refrigerant in greater detail than what is found in the epa section 608 test. r - 410a refrigerant is used at a much higher vapor pressure than other refrigerants and, therefore, requires different tools, equipment, and safety standards. r - 410a is increasingly replacing some of the older ozone - damaging refri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4667591026039318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.046500"}
{"text": "410a refrigerant is used at a much higher vapor pressure than other refrigerants and, therefore, requires different tools, equipment, and safety standards. r - 410a is increasingly replacing some of the older ozone - damaging refrigerants that are being phased out. - other types of professional hvac certifications are designed to verify the real - world skills and working knowledge of hvac and hvac / r technicians who ' ve had at least a year or two of on - the - job experience. certification is offered by independent organizations in many different specialty areas such as residential and commercial air conditioning, heat pump service and installation, gas heat, electric heat, oil furnaces, hydronics, air distribution, and commercial refrigeration. - the two most recognized providers of professional - level certifications in the american hvac / r industry are ( 1 ) hvac excellence and ( 2 ) north american technician excellence ( nate ). obtaining certification from these organizations involves meeting any necessary prerequisites and then passing written exams. you can also obtain your epa section 608 certification through such providers. - a certificate of completion ( or diploma ) from a formal hvac training school is not the same thing as professional - level certification from organizations like hvac excellence or nate. how long do hvac classes take? formal hvac programs at technical colleges and trade schools vary in length. a lot depends on the type of credential you ' re after and how in - depth you want your schooling to be. so, how long do hvac classes take? hvac programs that award certificates or diplomas typically last one year or less. some take as little as about 18 weeks to complete. with these shorter programs, you often must choose to study just one of three specific areas : ( 1 ) light commercial air conditioning and heating, ( 2 ) residential air conditioning and heating, or ( 3 ) commercial refrigeration. associate degree programs in hvac / r technology, on the other hand, are designed to last two years and are often more comprehensive. how much does hvac school cost? the cost of hvac schooling varies significantly depending on where you go to school and whether you choose to pursue a certificate or associate degree. so, how much does hvac school cost? basic program costs, including tuition, can range from as little as $ 2, 000 or less to as much as $ 35, 000 or more. the more expensive programs sometimes have a wider range of hvac equipment and tools in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4640599132324266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.047549"}
{"text": ", depending on the program you choose, you might have to take one or more of the three different tests that are available as part of the ice. the different testing areas are : ( 1 ) residential air conditioning and heating, ( 2 ) light commercial air conditioning and heating, and ( 3 ) commercial refrigeration. as an hvac technician, will i need to be licensed? the answer depends on where you intend to work. licensing requirements for hvac technicians vary greatly depending on the state or locality they work in and whether they intend to be their own boss. and some states don ' t have any legal requirements. in the ones that do, however, a state exam often must be passed. plus, some states require you to have completed the equivalent of an apprenticeship program or two to five years of on - the - job hvac experience before you can apply for a license to legally work on your own. the content of state licensing exams also varies significantly. in some states, for example, emphasis might be placed on having an extensive knowledge of electrical codes, but, in other states, the focus might be more on hvac - specific knowledge. just remember : although your state might not require you to obtain an official license in order to perform hvac work, the federal government will still require you to be certified in the proper handling of refrigerants. the epa section 608 certification exam is a written test and is administered by a variety of organizations that have been approved by the u. s. environmental protection agency, including unions, building groups, trade schools, and contractor associations. how promising is the hvac job outlook? the hvac job outlook is expected to be excellent for the foreseeable future. in america, employment of hvac technicians is projected to increase by 28 percent between 2008 and 2018, which is much faster than average. * * the growing demand for hvac and hvac / r technicians can be attributed to a number of factors. as the nation ' s population grows, so does the number of buildings ( residential, commercial, and industrial ) that need to be fitted with climate - control systems. and the increasing complexity of new hvac systems means an increasing possibility of their malfunction and need for servicing, which then requires skilled technicians. in addition, the growing focus on reducing energy consumption and improving indoor air quality means that more hvac technicians are needed for analyzing the efficiency of existing systems and replacing old polluting ones with new, more efficient models. although experienced hvac technicians can expect excellent job", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4242727628206582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.049610"}
{"text": ", the growing focus on reducing energy consumption and improving indoor air quality means that more hvac technicians are needed for analyzing the efficiency of existing systems and replacing old polluting ones with new, more efficient models. although experienced hvac technicians can expect excellent job prospects, the odds of new techs landing employment are best for those who have had training through a formal apprenticeship program, through an accredited program from an hvac school, or both. you can also increase your chances of landing a good job by becoming an expert at increasing energy efficiency and gaining a solid understanding of complex computer - controlled hvac systems such as those found in modern high - rises. what kind of advancement opportunities exist in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ( hvac ) industry? the hvac industry is incredibly diverse. most hvac technicians begin their careers in the residential and light commercial sectors of the field. advancement usually comes in the form of higher wages or supervisory positions. but, with advanced knowledge, a lot of experience, and the right mindset, new opportunities can arise for entering other areas of the industry, which offer new challenges. commercial refrigeration, for instance, is an area of high demand that requires workers with a lot of patience and specialized skills. with the right training and education, hvac / r technicians can also specialize in areas such as solar - powered or geothermal heating and cooling, retrofitting, system testing and balancing, efficiency evaluations, or building operations with advanced computer controls. in addition, some technicians move into teaching, hvac sales and marketing, or managing their own contracting businesses. it is even possible to earn a bachelor ' s degree in hvac engineering technology. such a degree could allow you to become an hvac engineer or hvac technologist and design new systems and controls for the manufacturing, commercial, institutional, or industrial sectors. how do i get started? one of the best ways to discover whether hvac might be a good field for you is to talk with a few experienced hvac technicians. see if you can schedule a time to ride along with them on some service or installation calls. or, if you ' re ready to get moving now, then check out our list of hvac schools. you could soon have the repeated, satisfying experience of standing back and admiring a job well done.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4847769963556078, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2544a8b7-2405-4749-8cfa-059c46bbfae9>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.050469"}
{"text": "zones : 3 to 8 mature height : 75 feet mature spread : 40 feet this is an outstanding tree for fall color. the yellow leaves glow against the black bark. cherry - like, dark brown - red, non - peeling bark with dark glossy green leaves. this tree has a narrow, upright habit. it is native to the eastern united states. the bark and leaves of the sweet birch are sweet and aromatic, and the stems taste and smell like wintergreen. also known as the black birch or cherry birch. when choosing a location, keep in mind that the sweet birch has a fast growth rate. it grows up to 75 feet in height and 40 feet in spread. it can be planted in zones 3 to 8. this birch will need additional water during dry periods. an acid, moist soil is preferred. how to start these seeds : scarification : soak in water, let stand in water for 24 hours stratification : cold stratify for 30 days germination : requires light for germination, surface sow and keep moist other : natural fall sowing in mulched beds seed count per packet : this packet contains 80 hand - sorted, high - quality seeds. if refrigerated upon receipt, these seeds can be stored for up to a year before you decide to use them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3698902343289311, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d15c961-0517-463f-8c2e-cfda110304f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.051731"}
{"text": "as the fukushima world disaster continues to unfold, we have learned that the strontium levels are 240 times over the legal limit near the plant, which has become an uninhabitable land area. the nuclear waste advisor to the japanese government recently explained that roughly 966 square kilometers ( km ), or 600 square miles, around fukushima are now uninhabitable due to the unfolding disaster. this massive dead zone area is equivalent in size to 17 manhattan islands placed next to one another. unfortunately, the latest readings taken approximately 20 miles out to sea from the site showed radioisotope levels from all the radioactive particles were ten times higher than those measured in the baltic and black seas after the massive chernobyl disaster. \" given that the fukushima plant is on the ocean, and with leaks and runoff directly to the ocean, the impacts on the ocean will exceed those of chernobyl, which was hundreds of miles from any sea, \" said ken buessler, senior scientist in marine chemistry at the woods hole oceanographic institution in massachusetts, several months back. it has also been revealed that reactors 1, 2, and 3 have all experienced \" melt - throughs. \" this means the radiation materials have burnt through and gone directly into the ground and water. this is considered to be the worst possible scenario in a disaster of this nature. \" dangerous levels of radioactive iodine and cesium have already contaminated the sea, the soil, groundwater, and the air, \" said reporter mark willacy of the australian broadcast corporation in a recent lateline interview. \" this week plutonium was detected for the first time outside the stricken plant, and strontium - 90, known as a \u2018 seeker \u2019, because it can cause bone cancer and leukemia, has now been found as far away as 60 kilometers ( 37 + miles ) from the facility. \" various atomic experts now agree that the unfolding situation is truly \" as serious as it gets in a nuclear disaster. \" fukushima presently has 20 nuclear cores exposed, and it has 20 times the potential of chernobyl to be released. this is without a doubt the worst nuclear disaster the world has ever seen. \" we are discovering hot particles everywhere in japan, \" said arnold gundersen, a former industry senior vice president with 39 years of nuclear engineering experience. the average number of infant deaths caused by the fukushima radiation exposure multiple meltdown was 37 deaths in 4 weeks ( an average of 9. 25 per week ), ending march 19th ( prior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46858335210455065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c193344d-5da7-4901-b36e-51363b9b9fcc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.057219"}
{"text": "industry senior vice president with 39 years of nuclear engineering experience. the average number of infant deaths caused by the fukushima radiation exposure multiple meltdown was 37 deaths in 4 weeks ( an average of 9. 25 per week ), ending march 19th ( prior to the disaster ) and after 10 weeks, ending may 28th ( post disaster ), the number of deaths was 125 ( an average of 12. 60 per week ). this is a 35 % increase of perinatal mortality in infants under a year old, in 8 cities in the northwest ( boise, seattle, portland, santa cruz, sacramento, san francisco, san jose, and berkeley ). according to joseph mangano, epidemiologist and executive director of radiation & public health project, the perinatal mortality rate in philadelphia rose 48 % 10 weeks after the meltdown. the bad news, of course, is that this is an ongoing disaster, and the governments, for whatever unexplained reasons, don \u2019 t seem interested in sealing it off. even though this ongoing radiation exposure and disaster is not being noted in the newspapers, and one cannot see it, smell it or detect it easily, it is still there and getting worse. evidence of the ongoing danger of u. s. nuclear plants is the report by the associated press citing 48 out of 65 of the facilities reported leaking tritium, a radioactive form of hydrogen. in other words, 75 % of u. s. nuclear plants are leaking. it is confirmatory to hear that the u. s. commission blames many of the leaks on corroded buried piping. the significance of the leaking is that in 37 of the 48 sites, there was found to be contamination of the ground water that exceeded the federal drinking water standard. the good news is that no public water supplies are known to be contaminated, but it was found in private wells in illinois and minnesota. in new jersey, tritium was found in a discharge canal feeding barnegat bay. this is not a recent phenomenon. in 2007 cesium - 137 was found, along with tritium, at the fort calhoun plant near omaha, nebraska, and strontium - 90 was found near new york city and the indian point nuclear site. all this just supports how important it is not only protect yourself against all forms of radiation with our supplement program, but also to attempt to create some reforms to protect the american public. the threat that nuclear power poses to our nation is alarming, as our government recklessly moves to re - license old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45561458646715836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c193344d-5da7-4901-b36e-51363b9b9fcc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.058113"}
{"text": "protect yourself against all forms of radiation with our supplement program, but also to attempt to create some reforms to protect the american public. the threat that nuclear power poses to our nation is alarming, as our government recklessly moves to re - license old reactors and use tax dollars to help finance new plants. even more frightening is the lack of evacuation plans for more than 111 million americans who live within 50 miles of a reactor. unfortunately, the u. s. government isn \u2019 t learning the critical lessons from these nuclear energy disasters. incredibly, our nation \u2019 s evacuation plans only include areas within 10 miles of reactors \u2014 despite clear evidence from chernobyl and fukushima that serious radiation impacts extend much further. and our emergency medical capacities fall short of what \u2019 s needed to meet a major nuclear catastrophe. these dangerously inadequate emergency response plans put major u. s. urban areas at risk \u2014 including new york city, chicago, boston, los angeles, and washington d. c. the significance of this censored news further supports the unsustainability and dangers of nuclear plants in the u. s. compounded by lax federal regulation. this is a dangerous situation that unfortunately is just waiting to happen. i suggest for the protection of our family, children, and the u. s. population that we exert every possible effort to follow the german example of making a commitment to dismantle all nuclear reactors by 2020 and certainly not to build new ones. that is the least we can do to put common sense and values of human safety above the interests of economic investment and profit of the nuclear industry. this dangerous nonsense is only going to be stopped if enough people complain. i urge you to support all the anti - nuclear groups nationally and locally, such as environmental defense fund, greenpeace, friends of the earth, physicians \u2019 committee for responsible medicine, etc. your active support on local and national levels can help to : - end loan guarantees for new reactors and implement a nationwide moratorium on new reactor licensing and design certification ; - suspend operations at reactors similar to those at fukushima \u2014 as well as those on geological fault lines \u2014 and reject renewed licensing for existing reactors until all of the lessons of the current crisis are fully understood ; and - deal with the dangerous radioactive waste by upgrading spent fuel pools and hardening onsite fuel storage for all operating reactors. blessings to your health and radiant wellbeing, gabriel cousens, m. d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4820195474900769, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c193344d-5da7-4901-b36e-51363b9b9fcc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.058980"}
{"text": "now a team of university of washington and battelle scientists have identified metabolites in urine that could potentially predict young children at risk of developing autism. the varying degrees and manifestations of this developmental brain condition are collectively called autistic spectrum disorder. asd is characterized by impaired social interactions, difficulty in communicating, and repetitive behaviors. many other symptoms also can be present, including anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, sleep disorders, and gastrointestinal problems. currently, diagnosing a child with asd requires a thorough evaluation by a team of health professionals from a wide range of specialties. early intervention often can reduce or prevent the more severe symptoms and disabilities associated with asd. autism specialists and many other people look forward to a day when a test for a biological marker might detect autism risk in young children. to this end, seattle researchers evaluated porphyrins in the urine of children to determine if the levels of these metabolites could predict asd. the research team included james woods, professor of environmental and occupational health sciences at the uw school of public health, and nicholas heyer and diana echeverria, senior scientists at battelle centers for public health research and evaluation while porphyrins are found in everyone \u2019 s urine, the research team observed that certain kinds of these metabolic byproducts are much higher in the urine of some children with autism, compared with typically developing, non - autisitic children of the same age. additionally, when children with autism were randomly compared with typically developing children or children with other developmental disorders, the porphyrin biomarkers correctly identified more than thirty percent of autistic children without incorrectly identifying a single non - autistic child. the ability to detect porphyrins in a urine sample opens new clinical possibilities. simple urine tests, if they prove effective, could become a rapid, low - cost, widely available way to screen young children for this type of autism risk. \u201c the significance of this biomarker is not only that it may facilitate earlier detection of autism risk, \u201d said woods, \u201c but also that it might help identify those asd children whose symptoms are specifically associated with altered porphyrin metabolism. \u201d he added, \u201c when validated in a larger study, this biomarker could help to identify a specific subset of asd kids and improve the search for more focused treatment options for these children. \u201d the findings were published in this month \u2019 s edition of autism research to coincide with autism awareness month. the paper can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5332375689913461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:915317f1-d213-4899-9524-0040b89dc3d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.061726"}
{"text": "inflammation is a necessary component of the immune system \u2019 s fight against infections and the repair of damaged tissues \u2014 but problems can arise if the fire won \u2019 t subside. asthma, cancer, diabetes, alzheimer \u2019 s disease, and even depression have been linked to a constant activation of the inflammatory response. it \u2019 s not an easy condition to treat, either, because its causes include obesity, stress, and pollution, among others. as a result, wendy demark - wahnefried, ph. d., the webb endowed chair of nutrition sciences, and many other uab researchers are investigating ways to control inflammation on an individual basis. they \u2019 re not the only ones searching for a solution. several high - profile celebrities have been touting \u201c anti - inflammatory \u201d diets as a cure. these diets call for eating lots of fruits and vegetables, decreasing consumption of processed carbohydrates, replacing fats and proteins containing omega - 6 with their omega - 3 counterparts such as fish, and using olive oil instead of other oils. logic and loss it \u2019 s logical : if inflammation causes certain diseases, then eating foods that combat inflammation should prevent those diseases. but according to demark - wahnefried, these popular \u201c anti - inflammatory \u201d diets are missing one critical factor : weight control. \u201c we know adipose tissue ( body fat ) has a great deal to do with inflammation, \u201d she says. \u201c it produces all kinds of cytokines and adipokines, which are signaling molecules that can drive inflammation. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s all spin, \u201d says demark - wahnefried. \u201c what they seem to be preaching is pretty much mainstream. they \u2019 ve just repackaged it. \u201d the bright side is that changes in eating habits can lead to weight loss, producing health benefits. even a 7 percent reduction in body weight substantially diminishes the risk of diseases like diabetes and cancer, demark - wahnefried says. this doesn \u2019 t necessarily depend on the diet used, though. she points out that even the atkins diet \u2014 the antithesis of an \u201c anti - inflammatory \u201d diet \u2014 can lead to some clinical health benefits if it results in weight loss. as for antioxidant supplements, studies suggest that there is no shortcut. just adding an antioxidant supplement or two will not overcome all the inflammatory effects of the traditional southern biscuits - and - gravy diet, for example. in fact, when it comes to research on isolated supplements,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4699506849097759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:384106e7-f7d6-4ab1-a477-8f1645f71dc3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.065434"}
{"text": "is no shortcut. just adding an antioxidant supplement or two will not overcome all the inflammatory effects of the traditional southern biscuits - and - gravy diet, for example. in fact, when it comes to research on isolated supplements, \u201c we \u2019 ve really bombed out at being able to predict what the benefit will be, \u201d says demark - wahnefried. \u201c the more you separate the antioxidants from the whole food, the more danger you have of not having the right isoform or the appropriate mix. you lose a lot of the benefit of the whole food when you have that reductionist mentality. \u201d so, to reduce chronic inflammation, demark - wahnefried recommends losing the extra pounds to reduce adipose stores, then following up with an overall healthier diet. she suggests consuming more fruits and vegetables and replacing unhealthy proteins with those rich in omega - 3 fatty acids, such as fish. sounds a lot like an \u201c anti - inflammatory \u201d diet, right? \u201c it \u2019 s all spin, \u201d she says. \u201c what they seem to be preaching is pretty much mainstream. they \u2019 ve just repackaged it. \u201d a primer on produce fresh fruits and vegetables are best for nutritional value \u2014 \u201c as long as they \u2019 re fresh, \u201d demark - wahnefried notes. she explains that many fruits and vegetables sold in grocery stores are picked before their nutrients are at peak capacity, and more nutrients are lost during the long transit. in other words, buy local if possible. canned fruits and vegetables can provide some nutrients, too, but the heat of the canning process can destroy some, which are known as heat - labile nutrients. \u201c a lot of b vitamins go up in smoke, and vitamin c and anything that is water - soluble is diminished, \u201d demark - wahnefried says. heat - labile nutrients are also lost in dried fruits, but the soluble fiber ( especially good for cholesterol levels ) and many nutrients like magnesium and iron are maintained. one caveat : dried fruit tastes good, so you \u2019 re likely to eat more. \u201c it \u2019 s a substantial calorie load, \u201d she warns. as for cooking, \u201c there \u2019 s a certain wisdom to eating things raw ; you don \u2019 t destroy the nutrients that are heat - labile, \u201d demark - wahnefried explains. \u201c but by the same token, there are some substances in food that, when you cook them, actually have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44151285071298274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:384106e7-f7d6-4ab1-a477-8f1645f71dc3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.066298"}
{"text": "1 october 2009 a picnic basket linked to agatha christie, soil samples collected before the channel tunnel was built and a radioactive rock used in a nobel prize - winning experiment feature in a provocative new exhibition at ucl. disposal?, which opens on monday 19 october 2009, invites you to comment on the most challenging question faced by museums today : what should we collect and hold on to and what should we get rid of? the exhibition includes objects which would not normally be on display, such as a crusher which can apply the weight of 150 hippos, a collection of plastic dinosaurs and slides containing microscopic fossils. among these are five objects earmarked for disposal that the public can vote on. this is one of several ways in which people can contribute their views on the collections : on what they think is important, what should be collected and what they feel would be better off elsewhere. featured pieces will include : - a picnic basket belonging to agatha christie \u2019 s husband \u2019 s second wife barbara parker. the husband, max mallowan, was a famous archaeologist. parker donated the hamper and its contents to ucl. the contents included minoan pottery, a key, a doorknob, beads and a copy of the times. - soil samples collected before the building of the channel tunnel. archaeologists take such samples to see if a site contains archaeological material. these samples were stored at ucl soon after they were taken, but have never been analysed. - a radioactive mineral sample which emits alpha particles, but which is historically important. william ramsay ( 1852 \u2013 1916 ), a former head of ucl chemistry, used it to discover helium in one of a series of nobel prize - winning experiments. the exhibition will also host two events : - \u2018 fight at the museum : rescue my object! \u2019 on tuesday 20 october, 6. 30pm \u2013 9pm, will see experts battle to convince an audience to save their favourite object housed in different collections at ucl. - \u2018 treasured? hunt \u2019 on wednesday 28 october, 6pm \u2013 9pm, will invite people to seek out intriguing objects and specimens in store and decide for themselves just how treasured objects should be. disposing of objects by museums is controversial, conjuring up emotive images of collections thrown into skips or valuable artworks lost to the nation through private sales. with ever - decreasing resources and ever - expanding collections, museums are under serious pressure. collections are fast becoming unsustainable \u2013 ethical but tough decision - making is essential to museums", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5142710385980376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16a4970e-f1a1-4f75-b238-2fe76f6e1d01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.069490"}
{"text": "into skips or valuable artworks lost to the nation through private sales. with ever - decreasing resources and ever - expanding collections, museums are under serious pressure. collections are fast becoming unsustainable \u2013 ethical but tough decision - making is essential to museums \u2019 survival. in a research - led university such as ucl, collections have to keep pace with cutting - edge innovations and new discoveries. while active collecting always goes on, responsible and regular disposal is essential for collections to stay manageable. subhadra das, ucl collections reviewer, says : \u201c ucl museums & collections hold thousands of fascinating and historically important objects which are used for teaching and research. like all museums, they also contain objects whose roles and use are unclear or problematic. some objects may no longer be useful, some are too big or have become damaged and some should never have been collected. in the past such things have sometimes been disposed of thoughtlessly \u2013 by putting them in the skip. this exhibition is about thoughtful disposal. \u201d the exhibition runs from monday 19 october to saturday 31 october 2009, is open to the public and is free of charge. opening hours are monday - friday 10am - 7pm, saturday 10am - 6pm. the exhibition is in the chadwick building, ucl, gower street, london wc1e 6bt. media contact : jenny gimpel image : a hippopotamus skull", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46500868339775747, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:16a4970e-f1a1-4f75-b238-2fe76f6e1d01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.070048"}
{"text": "a simple, inexpensive method for preventing type 2 diabetes that relies on calling people and educating them on the sort of lifestyle changes they could make to avoid developing the disease has proven effective in a study conducted by researchers at the university of california, san francisco ( ucsf ) and the city of berkeley department of public health. the study involved 230 people in poor, urban neighborhoods in the san francisco bay area cities of richmond, oakland and berkeley. contacted by phone about once a month, half of them received specific dietary guidance and other lifestyle counseling. after six months, those who had received the counseling had on average lost more weight, were consuming less fat, were eating more fruits and vegetables and showed more improvements in lowering in their blood triglycerides, a key risk measure for type 2 diabetes. described this week in the american journal of public health, the new intervention is specifically designed for urban, poor, and predominantly minority communities. it addresses the need for diabetes prevention interventions in these communities and highlights a simple fact that doctors at ucsf and elsewhere have been repeating for years \u2014 that type 2 diabetes is preventable in the first place. \u201c diabetes is not something you are necessarily going to get just because it runs in your family, \u201d said alka kanaya, md, an associate professor of medicine at ucsf and one of two senior authors on the study. \u201c it is very preventable, and lifestyle changes can really impact the onset of diabetes. \u201d \u201c you can do something about it, \u201d said anita stewart, phd, a professor at the ucsf institute for health & aging and the center for aging in diverse communities who is the other senior author on the paper. how lifestyle changes can prevent diabetes diabetes is a chronic and complex disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood that arise due to problems with the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. it is usually caused by an inability to produce insulin ( type 1 ) or an inability to respond correctly to insulin ( type 2 ). a major health concern in the united states, diabetes of all types affect an estimated 8. 3 percent of the u. s. population \u2014 some 25. 8 million americans \u2014 and cost u. s. taxpayers more than $ 200 billion annually. in california alone, an estimated 4 million people ( one out of every seven adults ) have type 2 diabetes and millions more are at risk of developing it. these numbers are poised to explode in the next half century if more is not done to prevent diabetes. previous studies have shown that counseling and other lifestyle interventions are effective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45153877369863327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a21619af-d4df-444c-a9b5-fb8cf57a4bd0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.073584"}
{"text": "every seven adults ) have type 2 diabetes and millions more are at risk of developing it. these numbers are poised to explode in the next half century if more is not done to prevent diabetes. previous studies have shown that counseling and other lifestyle interventions are effective at preventing type 2 diabetes, but those interventions have generally been designed for clinical settings and include separate sessions with numerous health professionals. this makes them expensive and difficult to scale to large urban populations where diabetes interventions are needed the most. many of this country \u2019 s urban poor face thin health insurance coverage, low literacy, and low income, and a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. these disparities were apparent in the ucsf study. about half of the study population was composed of immigrants, and nearly a quarter had no health insurance. almost a third said they faced financial hardship, and 22 percent had less than a high - school education. by focusing on a phone - based solution delivered by the public health department staff, the ucsf researchers designed their new intervention specifically as a low - cost community - based approach that would be relevant to poor, minority and low - literacy populations. similar telephone interventions have been used to reach out broadly to populations in san francisco and in other cities to spread lifestyle messages related to hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol and other issues. \u201c this adds to our public health toolkit of ways to do outreach and prevent diabetes, \u201d said kanaya. the article, \u201c the live well, be well study : a community - based, translational lifestyle program to lower diabetes risk factors in ethnic minority and lower \u2013 socioeconomic status adults \u201d by alka m. kanaya, jasmine santoyo - olsson, steven gregorich, melanie grossman, tanya moore and anita l. stewart appears in the june 14, 2012 issue of the american journal of public health. this work was funded by the national institutes of health through a translational research grant from the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( dk067896 - 01a2 ) and by the resource centers for minority aging research program of the national institute on aging ( p30 - ag15272 ). ucsf is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate - level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4617128877036064, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a21619af-d4df-444c-a9b5-fb8cf57a4bd0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.074410"}
{"text": "conference underscores young people \u2019 s leadership in hiv prevention 27 august 2010 the role of young people in improving the state of the world took centre stage at this week \u2019 s world youth conference in leon, mexico. over five days, delegates from 112 countries \u2014 including 25 000 youth and representatives from government, civil society and the united nations \u2014 shared ideas on young people \u2019 s involvement in achieving the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). with an estimated 40 % of new hiv infections occurring among people aged 15 - 24, a youth - centered approach to the aids response will be critical to meet mdg 6 \u2014 halting and reversing the spread of hiv \u2014 and to ensure efforts are sustained in the long term. in a video message to young delegates, unaids executive director michel sidibe said that young people had the power to shape a future with zero new infections, zero discrimination and zero aids - related deaths. \u201c each of you is a driving force for change and development in your own countries, \u201d he said. \u201c together you are an incredible movement that is shaping the future of the world. \u201d of the 33. 4 million people living with hiv worldwide, some 5 million are young people. an estimated 2500 young people become newly infected with hiv each day. the epidemic has taken a particularly devastating toll on the lives of young women, who account for 66 % of infections among youth worldwide. empowering young people to protect themselves from hiv represents one of unaids \u2019 ten priority areas, with the overall goal of a 30 % reduction in new hiv infections by 2015. at a joint workshop on hiv and young people, unaids and unfpa introduced a new \u201c business case \u201d outlining successes to date in the hiv response among youth and areas for improvement. through the workshop, young delegates were invited to offer their perspectives on the relevance and application of the business case at the national level. evidence - based information and hiv services, including sexual and reproductive health, were highlighted as critical to reducing infection among young people. many participants voiced concern over reaching young people with effective hiv prevention messages. \u201c as we are still young and exploring, we may get into risky behaviors, \u201d said rodriguez gastelum, a youth participant from mexico who attended the workshop. \u201c correct information on hiv is the first step \u2014 that will protect us. \u201d less than 40 % of young men and women have access to accurate knowledge about hiv transmission \u2014 far short of the 95 % target set in the ungass declaration of commitment for the year 2010. in developing countries, excluding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4451880879636815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b86de1e6-e754-4e44-841f-54d9349b24c8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.079435"}
{"text": "that will protect us. \u201d less than 40 % of young men and women have access to accurate knowledge about hiv transmission \u2014 far short of the 95 % target set in the ungass declaration of commitment for the year 2010. in developing countries, excluding china, only 30 % of young men and 19 % of young women benefit from comprehensive information on hiv. despite challenges, there are signs of progress. a new study from unaids has reported a more than 25 % drop in hiv prevalence among young people in 15 countries heavily affected by the aids epidemic. \u201c simply put, young people are leading a prevention revolution all over the globe, \u201d said dr. cesar nunez, director of the unaids regional support team for latin america, in a health - focused session at the conference. \u201c the empowerment of young people has led to changes in sexual behavior. young people are choosing to have sex later, with fewer partners, and they are using condoms. \u201d earlier this month, the un launched the international year of youth, an initiative designed to increase youth participation in global development issues and enhance inter - cultural dialogue and understanding across generations. at a launch event in new york city, un secretary - general ban ki - moon urged young people across the world to look beyond the borders of their own countries : \u201c engage with the world. become a global citizen, \u201d he said. \u201c we are the leaders of today. you are the leaders of tomorrow. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44531445792001406, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b86de1e6-e754-4e44-841f-54d9349b24c8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.079980"}
{"text": "3. \" we think the cane could pose a hazard to other students. we \u2019 d like your child to leave it at the door or in the locker. \" why is this statement problematic? the proper use of the long, white cane will not cause a hazard but can actually prevent hazardous situations from occurring. the cane identifies a child as having a visual impairment so that others can respond appropriately. like vision, the cane provides preview of what is out in front and enables the child to detect objects, identify drop offs and other changes in elevation, and walk confidently at a normal speed. furthermore, the cane helps the child develop spatial concepts and environmental awareness. the child must be taught to take personal responsibility for the cane and use it appropriately for safe and independent travel. possible responses for parents / advocates - \u201c according to ellie \u2019 s formal orientation and mobility evaluation the cane is a necessary tool for her safe and independent travel. in fact, she is building life - long skills that will enable her to negotiate a variety of environments independently. \u201d - \u201c jan needs her cane in the same way that a student in a wheelchair needs wheels or a student with myopia needs eyeglasses. she uses it for safe and independent mobility. not allowing her to use her cane in the halls and classroom will compromise not only her safety but also her understanding of the environment. in addition, her iep cannot be considered implemented if she is not allowed to use her cane. \u201d - \u201c jack \u2019 s cane is a respectable and necessary tool that enables him to move about safely, independently, and age appropriately. for example, it would be very demeaning and inconvenient if jack had to wait for someone to \u2018 take \u2019 him to the bathroom. jack has been trained in the proper use of his cane and should be expected to use it properly. the o & m specialist * would be glad to discuss any concerns you have. * orientation and mobility specialist read the law collabortive effort between the national center on severe and sensory disabilities and the national organization of parents of blind children copyright \u00a9 2008 national center on severe and sensory disabilities copyright \u00a9 2006 national center on low - incidence disabilities permission to use for educational purposes granted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44101530967945923, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fcecae8-c49a-4229-86a1-ba44f544027a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.083020"}
{"text": "want to stay on top of all the space news? follow @ universetoday on twitter sidereal time is the time is takes for celestial bodies to ascend and descend in the night sky. we know that celestial bodies are in reality, fixed in their positions. the reason for their dramatic movement in the night is because of the rotation of the earth. this is the same reason why the sun and the moon seem to rise and set. for the longest time, this motion caused many philosophers and astronomers to assume that the earth was the center of the universe. fortunately later astronomers like copernicus were able to discern the true movements of the earth, moon, and sun helping to explain their movements. the time that it takes for a star, planet or other fixed celestial body to ascend and descend in the night sky is also called sidereal period. coincidentally this time corresponds to the time it takes for the earth to rotate one revolution which is just under 24 hours. sidereal time is not like solar time which is measured by the movement of the sun. or the lunar cycles which take about 28 days. it is the relative angle of a celestial object to the prime meridian of the vernal equinox of the earth. if these terms are confusing, here is what they mean. in cartography, the earth is bisected by two major lines of longitude and latitude. these lines are the 0 degree points on the globe. the 0 degree point for the latitude is the equator the point where the earth is perfectly bisected. it cut through south america and africa. the 0 degree point for the longitude is the prime meridian. it exact location is greenwich, uk. the equinoxes are essentially the times of the year when the sun rise and sets at the exact same point of the horizon at the equator. this means that these are the only times the solar day is equally divided into 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night. the hour angle for a celestial object relative to this meridian is what we call sidereal time. this angle changes with the rotation of the earth creating a pattern of ascension and descent for celestial bodies in the earth \u2019 s sky. with the knowledge of sidereal time astronomers can predict the positions of stars. the values for the sidereal time of celestial objects is compile in a table or start chart called an ephemeris. with this guide to sidereal time astronomers can find a celestial object regardless of the change in their position over the year. there are also some great resources on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5139506150219009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:678e8811-82bd-4c27-af17-f540e64bc52a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.087253"}
{"text": "tell me about the international dark - sky association \u2014 how did it start, what ' s the mission? ida \u2019 s mission is to preserve and protect the nighttime environment and our heritage of dark skies through environmentally responsible outdoor lighting. ida was founded in 1988 by a professional astronomer working at the kitt peak observatory in tucson, arizona and an amateur astronomer who noticed that the increasing sky glow over tucson was interfering with nighttime observations. their message is simple, clear, and effective, and their efforts were fundamental in getting light pollution recognized around the world as an unwelcome and detrimental environmental condition. what are some of the effects of light pollution on animals? on humans? tell me about some of the science that supports this. there are four main types of light pollution : sky glow ( that strange orange dome over urban areas ), glare ( overly bright, unshielded points of light ), light trespass ( unwanted light intruding onto private property ), and clutter ( groupings of light sources ). animals and even plants are affected by sky glow and light trespass due to their extreme photosensitivity. because seasonal temperatures can vary from year to year, many species rely on light cues to tell them when to shed leaves, mate, and reproduce. when outdoor lighting artificially prolongs the day, the instinctive rhythms of many species are affected. many species behave unnaturally in the presence of artificial light \u2014 for example, light at night decreases a firefly \u2019 s ability to be seen, thereby hindering its ability to attract a mate. sea turtles and migratory birds use starlight to orient themselves, so light pollution has devastated their internal navigation systems. some birds will crash into tall buildings, or fixate on a light source, circling around it until they are exhausted and unable to fly. glare from unshielded light sources presents the largest problem to humans. effects of glare from poor outdoor lighting are a primary reason that the american medical association unanimously adopted resolution 516 to support light pollution and glare reduction efforts last june. depending on the severity, glare can cause discomfort or temporary night blindness. on the roadway, glares can interfere with visibility, presenting a hazard to both drivers and pedestrians. the problem gets worse as people age and gradually lose their ability to adjust to changing light levels. exposure to excessive light at night has been found to alter the circadian rhythm, interfere with sleep patterns, and suppress the sleep hormone melatonin. the amount of light needed to affect sleep patterns is not known, but sleeping in total", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5192452528048033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23364f66-83aa-43c7-b0fd-cb8825f1b6f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.095871"}
{"text": "light levels. exposure to excessive light at night has been found to alter the circadian rhythm, interfere with sleep patterns, and suppress the sleep hormone melatonin. the amount of light needed to affect sleep patterns is not known, but sleeping in total darkness is recommended by both the cdc and the nih as a way to promote a regular circadian rhythm. what is international dark - sky association doing to combat light pollution? how are you measuring the effectiveness of these campaigns? as an environmental educational 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit, ida has enacted dynamic programs in the areas of technology, conservation, and public awareness. ida \u2019 s fixture seal of approval program directly attacks sky glow by establishing \u201c dark sky - friendly \u201d criteria for outdoor light fixtures. currently in the spotlight is our international dark sky places ( idsplaces ) program, a conservation curriculum established to protect urban and rural starscapes. the ids communities and dark sky developments of distinction designations recognize outstanding dark sky preservation efforts in municipalities and planned communities. all designated idsplaces have met stringent lighting requirements through retrofits and legislation and have undertaken outreach efforts to educate the public about the importance of natural night. many designees are successfully incorporating astronomy and stargazing into their local attractions, hosting festivals or sky watching events known as \u201c star parties. \u201d in house, ida collects, creates, and distributes information relating to light pollution, much of which is available for free on the ida website. we also participate in industry meetings and technology expos, and actively collaborate with non - profit interest groups. do you see differences regionally? how bad is the east coast in terms of light pollution? several new england states have taken great strides to protect their skies. the east coast has more light on the whole simply because it is more densely populated, not because the lighting is necessarily worse. we don \u2019 t see a huge difference regionally so much as from city to city. rural and urban areas across the world have enacted dark sky ordinances or are undertaking retrofits in public lighting ( usually as part of an energy saving endeavor ) and their lighting is much more thoughtful, more aesthetically pleasing, and more efficient than cities or townships that have not. what can you tell me about any legislation concerning light pollution, particularly on the east coast? in new york? ida \u2019 s newly opened public policy office in washington, dc is creating a lot of opportunities for collaboration with other non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) and some significant inroads with energy agencies and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5112728904236724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23364f66-83aa-43c7-b0fd-cb8825f1b6f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.096839"}
{"text": ", particularly on the east coast? in new york? ida \u2019 s newly opened public policy office in washington, dc is creating a lot of opportunities for collaboration with other non - governmental organizations ( ngos ) and some significant inroads with energy agencies and congressional leaders, but any national action is a long way off. many of these accomplishments have been spurred by leo smith, ida \u2019 s regional director for new england sections. connecticut is the furthest along in terms of addressing light pollution, with three state laws, one state building code requirement, and one requirement from the utility regulators to present a new streetlight rate for streetlights that are programmed to turn off at midnight are on the books. the new hampshire law, signed in july, also requires utility regulators to adopt a rate for streetlights that are turned off at midnight, as well as requiring shielded streetlights. maine and rhode island both require shielded streetlights. new york isn \u2019 t quite there yet, though night lighting has been addressed in several regions, namely the municipalities of tully, east hampton, southampton, tuxedo park, riverhead, and brookhaven. ida conducts third - party certification of light fixtures \u2014 how successful has this program been, how many certified fixtures are currently on the market and how receptive has the industry been to change? ida has reached out to the lighting industry since its inception. good quality light at night is necessary for safety, security, and recreation, but outdoor light is the main cause of light pollution. some members of the lighting community have been very apt to address this, and have worked to create products that minimize light pollution by directing light to the ground, where it is needed, instead of to the sky, where it becomes a wasteful nuisance. ida is fortunate to have support from these companies, because they provide the technology to make our mission effective. the fixture seal of approval program was started in 2005 to recognize lighting manufacturers who integrated the concept of full shielding into their fixture design and to encourage market expansion of dark sky - friendly products. any approved fixture must be fully shielded to emit no light above a 90 degree angle. this program has been wildly successful for both ida and the lighting manufacturers who join. the ida seal is gaining worldwide recognition and becoming a selling point for manufacturers and vendors alike, and the market for dark sky - friendly products is expanding as companies strive to design sleek, stylish, and efficient fixtures. over 100 manufacturers have joined the fsa program to date, featuring approximately 300 fixture models. what can consumers do to combat light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48304256319574185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23364f66-83aa-43c7-b0fd-cb8825f1b6f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.097829"}
{"text": "the market for dark sky - friendly products is expanding as companies strive to design sleek, stylish, and efficient fixtures. over 100 manufacturers have joined the fsa program to date, featuring approximately 300 fixture models. what can consumers do to combat light pollution? and then, what can architects, builders, planners do to combat light pollution? shield your light sources, especially floodlights. a \u201c par shield \u201d that clips on to the fixture makes a huge difference in directing light where you want it to go. if you install dark sky - friendly fixtures outside your home or business, you \u2019 ve already made a difference. look for the ida fixture seal of approval or purchase a fully - shielded or full - cutoff product. those who want to learn more or work toward creating an ordinance can join a local ida section ( information at darksky. org ) or contact a local astronomy club. architects and builders interested in sustainability can achieve leed credit 8, which specifically addresses outdoor lighting. again, purchasing and installing fully shielded fixtures in any new development is all it takes. the market now contains so many qualified fixtures that there is virtually no difference in price. light sent into the sky costs the u. s. approximately $ 2. 2 billion every year. as energy efficiency becomes imperative, city planners must consider improvements in public lighting as a long term way to reduce energy and conserve public funds. most streets can dramatically lessen their lighting without compromising driver response time or pedestrian safety. in your view, what ' s the most compelling reason for consumers to swap their traditional outdoor lighting to a dark sky fixture, and how are you getting that message out? the dark skies movement will resonate with anyone who recognizes the profound effect light has on a space, indoor or outdoor. seriously, what other small change can you make that affects wildlife, energy, and the ambiance of your entire neighborhood? in addition to the personal benefits you receive in terms of reduced energy use and a more pleasant personal space, a shift to dark sky - friendly lighting shows an awareness of the environment at large and a respect for the place you live. the dark sky message usually sells itself, once people become aware of it. ida \u2019 s wonderful volunteers do a phenomenal job in spreading enthusiasm for the cause. their interest in creating a sustainable, beautiful nighttime environment and their dedication to action is what drives the success this campaign. thanks to the hard work of ida volunteers worldwide, cities in the americas, europe, asia, and even australia are seeing the darkness. for more information about the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4924896677093431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23364f66-83aa-43c7-b0fd-cb8825f1b6f8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.098766"}
{"text": "such was the condition in kansas at the opening of the presidential year of 1856, and it became one of the leading issues of the campaign. the whole country was aroused over reports from kansas, and it was impossible that such a question remain long out of the halls of congress, notwithstanding the claim of douglas that his famous bill would remove the slavery question from national politics. in may, 1856, senator sumner made a powerful speech on \" the crime against kansas. \" the speech was a fearful arraignment of the slave power. but the speaker went out of his way to abuse certain senators whom he did not like, especially senator butler of south carolina, who was then absent from the city, and who had made no special personal attack on sumner. charles sumner, with all his learning, was a narrow - minded man. he was opinionated, egotistical, and incapable of giving credit to another for an honest difference of opinion. but he was sincerely honest and courageous. \u00b9 his espousal of the cause of the slave when that cause was very unpopular rose from the innermost depths of his soul. his furious attack on butler was occasioned by the indignation expressed by the latter at the audacity of the topeka convention in applying for statehood. but sumner suffered severely for his extravagance. two days after making this speech, as he sat at his desk writing, after the senate had adjourned, he was assaulted with a cane by preston brooks, a member of the house and a relative of senator butler. brooks rained blows on sumner ' s head with great ferocity. sumner sat so near his desk that he had no chance to defend himself ; but at length he rose, wrenching the desk from its fastenings. brooks then grappled with him and continued his blows until sumner fell bleeding and unconscious to the floor. so great were the injuries of the massachusetts senator that he did not fully recover for four years ; and indeed, never after this assault was he the powerful, robust athlete that he had been before. no incident in many years revealed more vividly the vast gulf between the north and the south than did the different manner of their receiving the news of this assault on sumner\u00b2 throughout the north the deed was denounced as a cowardly outrage, unworthy of any but a bully and a thug. at the south, where sumner was hated above all men, the verdict was that he received only the punishment he deserved. brooks was hailed as a champion and a hero, and was presented with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41202344930117674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cccc48a-8bff-43dd-aedc-ca7bda58238f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.105094"}
{"text": ", unworthy of any but a bully and a thug. at the south, where sumner was hated above all men, the verdict was that he received only the punishment he deserved. brooks was hailed as a champion and a hero, and was presented with many canes. he resigned his seat in the house because of a majority vote - - not the necessary two thirds - - for his expulsion ; but he was immediately reelected by his district. \u00b3 meantime matters were growing worse on the plains of kansas. on the day that intervened between the closing of sumner ' s speech and the assault by brooks the town of lawrence was sacked by a mob. the house of representatives sent a committee of three to kansas to investigate matters and report. this committee, composed of william a. howard of michigan, john sherman of ohio, and mordecai oliver of missouri, after examining several hundred witnesses, reported in july. howard and sherman reported favorably to the free - state party, but agreed that the election of reeder to congress, as that of whitfield, was illegal. oliver made a minority report favoring the southern view. with the attack on lawrence the civil war in kansas may be said to have begun. soon after this occurred the massacre of pottawatomie, the leader of which was john brown. brown had come from the east to join his sons, who had been among the early settlers of kansas. he was an ascetic and a fanatic. he had come to kansas to make it a free state at any hazard. he regarded slavery with a mortal hatred, and while his courage was unlimited and his intentions upright, his soul was too utterly narrow to see a thing in its true light. he believed that the only way to free the slaves was to kill the slaveholders. \" without the shedding of blood, there is no remission of sins, \" said john brown. a few free - state men, one of whom was a neighbor of brown, had been killed by the opposite party, and brown determined that an equal number of them should suffer death to expiate the crime. he organized a night raid - - his sons and a few others - - and started on his bloody errand. they called at one farmhouse after another and slew the men in cold blood. he did not inquire if they were guilty of not guilty ; enough if they belonged to the opposite party. one man was dragged from the presence of a sick wife. her pleadings that he be spared were not heeded. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4417157574068364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cccc48a-8bff-43dd-aedc-ca7bda58238f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.106020"}
{"text": "blood. he did not inquire if they were guilty of not guilty ; enough if they belonged to the opposite party. one man was dragged from the presence of a sick wife. her pleadings that he be spared were not heeded. he was murdered in cold blood in the road before his house. before the end of that bloody night raid brown ' s party had put six or seven men to death - - for no crime except that they belonged to the opposite party and had made threats - - an offense of which brown ' s party were equally guilty. when the news of this ghastly work was flashed over the country, the people in general refused to believe it ; and to the credit of the free - state people in kansas, they repudiated it as wholly unwarranted. \u00b9while he was uttering this speech, in which he attacked senator douglas also without mercy, the latter said to a friend : \" do you hear that man? he may be a fool, but i tell you that he has pluck. \" poore ' s \" reminiscences, \" vol. i, p. 461. \u00b2rhodes, vol. ii, p. 143 \u00b3brooks died the following january, and butler in may of the same year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4670574003272005, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cccc48a-8bff-43dd-aedc-ca7bda58238f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.107423"}
{"text": "a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a modem self - test in which data from the keyboard or an internal test pattern is sent to the modem ' s transmitter, turned into analog form, looped back to the receiver, and converted back into digital form. a variety of signals and wavelengths that can be transmitted over communications lines such as the sound of a voice over the phone line. the mode used by your modem when answering an incoming call from an originating modem. the transmit / receive frequencies are the reverse of the originating modem, which is in originate mode. a computer program designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks. examples include word processing and spreadsheet applications. automatic repeat request. a function that allows your modem to detect flawed data and request that it be retransmitted. see mnp and v. 42. american standard code for information interchange. a code used to represent letters, numbers, and special characters such as $,!, and /. data transmission in which the length of time between transmitted characters may vary. because characters may not be transmitted at set intervals, start / stop bits are used to mark the beginning and end of each character. sets the modem to pick up the phone line when it detects a certain number of rings. see s - register s0 in the technical reference section of this guide. a process where your modem dials a call for you. the dialing process is initiated by sending an atdt ( dial tone ) or atdp ( dial pulse ) command followed by the telephone number. auto - dial is used to dial voice numbers. see basic data command dn in the technical reference section of this guide. a term used to measure the speed of an analog transmission from one point to another. although not technically accurate, baud rate is commonly used to mean bit rate. a 0 or 1, reflecting the use of the binary numbering system. used because the computer recognizes either of two states, off or on. shortened form of binary digit is bit. also referred to as transmission rate. the number of binary digits, or bits, transmitted per second ( bps ). communications channels using analog modems are established at set bit rates, commonly 2400, 4800, 9600, 14, 400, 28, 800, 33, 600, and higher. bits per second ( bps ) the bits ( binary digits ) per second rate. thousands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6599095422557396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.118232"}
{"text": "are established at set bit rates, commonly 2400, 4800, 9600, 14, 400, 28, 800, 33, 600, and higher. bits per second ( bps ) the bits ( binary digits ) per second rate. thousands of bits per second are expressed as kilobits per second ( kbps ). a temporary memory area used as storage during input and output operations. an example is the modem ' s command buffer. a group of binary digits stored and operated upon as a unit. most often the term refers to 8 - bit units or characters. one kilobyte ( kb ) is equal to 1, 024 bytes or characters ; 640 kb is equal to 655, 360 bytes or characters. the basic signal altered or modulated by the modem in order to carry information. a representation, coded in binary digits, of a letter, number, or other symbol. characters per second ( cps ) a data transfer rate generally estimated from the bit rate and the character length. for example, at 2400 bps, 8 - bit characters with start / stop bits ( for a total of ten bits per character ) will be transmitted at a rate of approximately 240 characters per second ( cps ). some protocols, such as error - control protocols, employ advanced techniques such as longer transmission frames and data compression to increase cps. class 1 and 2. 0 international standards used by fax application programs and faxmodems for sending and receiving faxes. cyclic redundancy checking ( crc ) an error - detection technique consisting of a test performed on each block or frame of data by both sending and receiving modems. the sending modem inserts the results of its tests in each data block in the form of a crc code. the receiving modem compares its results with the received crc code and responds with either a positive or negative acknowledgment. the transmission or sharing of data between computers via an electronic medium. data compression table a table containing values assigned for each character during a call under mnp5 data compression. default values in the table are continually altered and built during each call : the longer the table, the more efficient throughput gained. mode used by a modem when sending and receiving data files. data communications ( or circuit - terminating ) equipment, such as dial - up modems that establish and control the data link via the telephone network. any setting assumed, at startup or reset, by the computer ' s software and attached devices.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6363994975646461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.119134"}
{"text": "files. data communications ( or circuit - terminating ) equipment, such as dial - up modems that establish and control the data link via the telephone network. any setting assumed, at startup or reset, by the computer ' s software and attached devices. the computer or software will use these settings until changed by the user or other software. a test that checks the modem ' s rs - 232 interface and the cable that connects the terminal or computer and the modem. the modem receives data ( in the form of digital signals ) from the computer or terminal and immediately returns the data to the screen for verification. discrete, uniform signals. in this guide, the term refers to the binary digits 0 and 1. data terminal ( or terminating ) equipment. a computer that generates or is the final destination of data. indicates a communications channel capable of carrying signals in both directions. see half - duplex, full - duplex. electronic industries association ( eia ) group which defines electronic standards in the u. s. various techniques that check the reliability of characters ( parity ) or blocks of data. v. 42 and mnp error - control protocols use error detection ( crc ) and retransmission of flawed frames ( arq ). a method for transmitting the image on a page from one point to another. commonly referred to as fax. the mode used by a modem to send and receive data in facsimile format. see definitions for v. 17, v. 27 ter, v. 29. a mechanism that compensates for differences in the flow of data into and out of a modem or other device. see extended data commands & hn, & in, & rn in the technical reference section of this guide. a data communications term for a block of data with header and trailer information attached. the added information usually includes a frame number, block size data, error - check codes, and start / end indicators. signals can flow in both directions at the same time over one line. in microcomputer communications, this may refer to the suppression of the online local echo. signals can flow in both directions, but only one way at a time. in microcomputer communications, may refer to activation of the online local echo, which causes the modem to send a copy of the transmitted data to the screen of the sending computer. hertz, a frequency measurement unit used internationally to indicate cycles per second. an electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world. internet service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.619639635294498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.120105"}
{"text": "next higher speed. the mode used by your modem when initiating an outgoing call to a destination modem. the transmit / receive frequencies are the reverse of the called modem, which is in answer mode. a simple error - detection method that checks the validity of a transmitted character. character checking has been surpassed by more reliable and efficient forms of error checking, including v. 42 and mnp 2 - 4 protocols. either the same type of parity must be used by two communicating computers, or both may omit parity. a system of rules and procedures governing communications between two or more devices. protocols vary, but communicating devices must follow the same protocol in order to exchange data. the format of the data, readiness to receive or send, error detection and error correction are some of the operations that may be defined in protocols. random access memory. memory that is available for use when the modem is turned on, but that clears of all information when the power is turned off. the modem ' s ram holds the current operational settings, a flow control buffer, and a command buffer. remote digital loopback a test that checks the phone link and a remote modem ' s transmitter and receiver. a copy of the data received by the remote system, returned to the sending system, and displayed on the screen. remote echoing is a function of the remote system. read only memory. permanent memory, not user - programmable. the consecutive flow of data in a single channel. compare to parallel transmissions where data flows simultaneously in multiple channels. the signaling bits attached to a character before and after the character is transmitted during asynchronous transmission. a device whose keyboard and display are used for sending and receiving data over a communications link. differs from a microcomputer or a mainframe in that it has little or no internal processing capabilities. software mode that allows direct communication with the modem. also known as command mode. the amount of actual user data transmitted per second without the overhead of protocol information such as start / stop bits or frame headers and trailers. compare with characters per second. the itu - t standard specification that covers the initial handshaking process. an itu - t standard for making facsimile connections at 14, 400 bps, 12, 000 bps, 9, 600 bps, and 7, 200 bps. an itu - t standard for modems operating in asynchronous mode at speeds up to 300 bps, full - duplex, on public switched telephone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6436691834267654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.121914"}
{"text": "bps, 9, 600 bps, and 7, 200 bps. an itu - t standard for modems operating in asynchronous mode at speeds up to 300 bps, full - duplex, on public switched telephone networks. an itu - t standard for modem communications at 1, 200 bps, compatible with the bell 212a standard observed in the u. s. and canada. an itu - t standard for modem communications at 2, 400 bps. the standard includes an automatic link negotiation fallback to 1, 200 bps and compatibility with bell 212a / v. 22 modems. an itu - t standard for facsimile operations that specifies modulation at 4, 800 bps, with fallback to 2, 400 bps. an itu - t standard for facsimile operations that specifies modulation at 9, 600 bps, with fallback to 7, 200 bps. an itu - t standard for modem communications at 9, 600 bps and 4, 800 bps. v. 32 modems fall back to 4, 800 bps when line quality is impaired. an itu - t standard that extends the v. 32 connection range : 4, 800, 7, 200, 9, 600, 12, 000, and 14, 400 bps. v. 32 bis modems fall back to the next lower speed when line quality is impaired, fall back further as necessary, and also fall forward ( switch backup ) when line conditions improve ( see online fall back / fall forward ). an itu - t standard that currently allows data rates as high as 28, 800 bps. an enhancement to v. 34 that enables data transfer rates as high as 33, 600 bps. an itu - t standard for modem communications that defines a two - stage process of detection and negotiation for lapm error control. an extension of itu - t v. 42 that defines a specific data compression scheme for use during v. 42 connections. an itu - t standard for modem data compression. it provides for a 6 : 1 compression ratio. the itu - t standard for 56 kbps modem communications. this technology uses the digital telephone network to increase the bit rate of the receive channel by eliminating the analog to digital conversion commonly found in modem connections. v. 90 connections require a modem with v. 90 or x2 technology calling a digitally connected internet service provider or corporate host site compatible with v. 90", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5447069038361624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.122692"}
{"text": "of the receive channel by eliminating the analog to digital conversion commonly found in modem connections. v. 90 connections require a modem with v. 90 or x2 technology calling a digitally connected internet service provider or corporate host site compatible with v. 90 or x2 technology. the itu - t standard for advanced 56 kbps modem communications. this technology offers three new features to enhance the v. 90 standard. the first feature is v. pcm - upstream, which allows a modem ' s upstream communication to reach speeds of 48, 000 bps. the second feature provides quicker connection times by allowing the modem to remember the line conditions of a v. 92 supported service provider. the third feature is the modem on hold technology, which allows your internet connection to be suspended when there is an inbound telephone call, then return to the connection when the call is completed without losing the connection. the v. 92 technology can only be utilized if a v. 92 modem is dialing into an internet service provider that supports and provides a digital v. 92 signal. world wide web ( www ) a part of the internet designed to allow easier navigation of the network through the use of graphical user interfaces and hypertext links between different addresses. usrobotics ' s trademark for its proprietary technology that uses the digital telephone network to increase the bit rate of the receive channel by eliminating the analog - to - digital conversion commonly found in modem connections. x2 connections require a modem with x2 technology calling a digitally connected internet service provider or corporate host site compatible with x2 technology. standard ascii control characters used to tell an intelligent device to stop / resume transmitting data.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5650291198832615, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8b850b22-852e-4826-a9cd-72324510d250>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.123314"}
{"text": "outcome thinking with socrates purpose : to provide an easy - to - remember summary of the key criteria and questions to help you develop a really \u201c well - formed outcome \u201d. using this model will significantly increase personal achievement over time and can also increase the immediate effectiveness of all your activities, for example, in meetings, negotiations and personal coaching sessions. | s | | specify your goal | | what is the specific goal you really want to achieve? is it stated in positive language? if \u201c moving away from \u201d the present state, what do you want instead of the problem? | o | | own it | | is it within your control to make happen? if not, what can you bring within control? | c | | check your evidence for having achieved it | | step into it \u2013 \u2018 as if \u2019 it is already achieved. allow it to become fully associated in your mind : what are you seeing? what are you hearing? what are you feeling? what are you thinking? | r | | remember how you \u2019 ve achieved this particular goal | | looking back, how have you done this? what skills and resources have you used? | a | | add in your higher level \u2018 interests \u2019 | | what does achieving this do for you? | what does it mean to you? what else is important to you about this? | t | | test against the needs of others most closely affected | | how does your achievement \u2018 dovetail \u2019 with the needs of others affected by it? | is this acceptable to you? what do they need at the same time? | e | | ecology and other effects | | looking at the bigger systems that may be affected : | what is the impact of this achievement? what are the further consequences? what other ripples can you identify? | s | | step out and start | | looking back, what were your first steps? dissociate \u2013 is the image truly compelling? test commitment ( a score out of 10 ) 10 = committed 8 - 9 ask what has to be true to make it 10? 7 or less? \u2013 check for any hidden positive by - products of the present state and incorporate them. or, change the goal!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5224895927163229, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c0709127-0b82-4d17-aefd-303a03e6dd8e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.125204"}
{"text": "this story is from the category embodiment date posted : 17 / 11 / 2011 if you tell yourself that someone who ' s being mean is just having a bad day - - it ' s not about you - - you may actually be able to stave off bad feelings, according to a new study which will be published in an upcoming issue of psychological science, a journal of the association for psychological science. having someone angry at you isn ' t pleasant. a strategy commonly suggested in cognitive - behavioral psychotherapy is to find another way to look at the angry person. for example, you might tell yourself that they ' ve probably just lost their dog or gotten a cancer diagnosis and are taking it out on you. stanford researchers jens blechert, gal sheppes, carolina di tella, hants williams, and james j. gross wanted to study the efficiency and the speed of the process of reappraising emotions. \" you can see this as a kind of race between the emotional information and the reappraisal information in the brain : emotional processing proceeds from the back to the front of the brain, and the reappraisal is generated in the front of the brain and proceeds toward the back of the brain where it modifies emotional processing, \" blechert says. blechert and his colleagues came up with two experiments to study this process. participants were shown several series of faces and tested on their reactions. for example, in one set, they were told to consider that the people they ' d seen had had a bad day, but it ' s nothing to do you with you. \" so we trained the participants a little bit, not to take this emotion personally, but directed at someone else, \" blechert says. they found that, once people had adjusted their attitude toward someone, they weren ' t disturbed by that person ' s angry face the next time it appeared. on the other hand, when participants were told to just feel the emotions brought on by an angry face, they continued to be upset by that face. in a second study, the researchers recorded electrical brain activity from the scalp and found that reappraising wiped out the signals of the negative emotions people felt when they just looked at the faces. psychologists used to think that people had to feel the negative emotion, and then get rid of it ; this research suggests that, if people are prepared, it ' s actually a much faster and deeper process. \" if you ' re trained with reappraisal, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120886584162443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8536c70e-54bc-48de-b0e5-10d94957b166>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.129179"}
{"text": "african americans in the bluegrass whether you are spending a day, a week or longer in the bluegrass region, you and your family will learn fascinating information about african americans. gleanings from your travels will become answers to questions that you might not ever have thought to ask. history in the heart of downtown the public square at the center of downtown was platted in 1780 as the site of the courthouse for the newly established town of lexington. the square has always been, and still is, a place where significant events and community activities have occurred. archive records tell of a fight between a school teacher and a wildcat, controversial slave auctions, military drills, civil war skirmishes, riots, hangings, speeches and fires that destroyed previous courthouses. this history has been inclusive of african americans both enslaved and free. by 1789, an area of the square had been designated as a marketplace and named after the market in london, england - cheapside ( old english ceapan means to buy ). william tucker ( 1787 - 1837 ), a free african american, was one of the merchants who advertised the sale of household items and spices from his stall. farmers and others, during their monthly visits to transact legal business, bought, sold and swapped livestock and agricultural products. the sale activity, known as court day, ended in 1921. historian j. winston coleman, jr. documented two dozen dealers in lexington who bought and sold the enslaved between 1833 and 1865. this commercial enterprise established lexington as one of the largest slave markets in the south. the cheapside auction block stood near main street in the general vicinity of the monument for j. c. breckinridge. the historical marker giving an account of the sale of african americans stands in the northeast courtyard on short street. it was placed on the former site of the whipping post, erected by order of town trustees in 1806. the impressive romanesque design courthouse, the fourth built on site, was erected between 1898 and 1900. the tandy and byrd construction company, owned by african americans henry tandy and albert byrd, laid the brick under the stone facade. in 2003 the building became the lexington history center ; it closed in 2012 for renovation. | blue note : a number of nationally known individuals started their lives in kentucky. vertner tandy ( 1885 - 1949 ), son of constructor henry tandy, became the first licensed architect in new york and a founding member of the alpha phi alpha fraternal organization. he designed the new york mansion of madam c. j. walker, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4061940551701676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88da4d25-3083-404d-80d8-d5a552c80292>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.139702"}
{"text": "1885 - 1949 ), son of constructor henry tandy, became the first licensed architect in new york and a founding member of the alpha phi alpha fraternal organization. he designed the new york mansion of madam c. j. walker, the hair care product millionaire and berea hall dormitory on the campus of lincoln institute, simpsonville. | in 2009, cheapside once again became an open - air market when area farmers and merchants began selling fresh produce and food products every saturday from april through november. the pavilion also serves as performance space for musicians during \u201c thursday night live \u201d and shelters those who attend local festivals, events and celebrations. walk around the square to read the wayside markers and stroll our downtown streets to view other points of interest. historical highway markers are located throughout lexington. those highlighting african american history include : doctors ' offices at 118 n. broadway ; historic pleasant green baptist church at 540 maxwell street ; lyman t. johnson who integrated the university of kentucky on administration drive ; polk / dalton infirmary at 148 deweese street ; african cemetery no. 2 at 419 east seventh street ; the colored orphan home at 644 georgetown street ; the agricultural and mechanical fair of colored people at georgetown street past nandino drive ; and maddoxtown community on huffman mill road. main street baptist church will be placing a marker at their church in 2013 celebrating 150 years at their west main street location. | blue note : the aviation museum at bluegrass airport off man - o - war boulevard and u. s. hwy 60 has an exhibit about the tuskegee airmen of kentucky as well as other aviation history. 4316 hanger drive, behind the airport. ( 859 ) 231 - 1219. | equine industry superstars plan a visit to the kentucky horse park by traveling down hwy 922, newtown pike, to iron works pike. on the way, you \u2019 ll pass the coldstream research farm on the left. it was once the thoroughbred breeding farm mcgrathiana, owned by h. p. mcgrath. on this farm worked oliver lewis, the african american jockey who won the inaugural kentucky derby in 1875. the winning thoroughbred was aristides, trained by renowned african american ansel williamson. williamson was inducted into the national museum of racing and hall of fame in 1998. outlining a portion of the original boundary of the farm is a rock wall fence. a sign designates that it was crafted by african american masons who had replaced the scottish and irish immigrant stone masons of the 1840s and 1850s. admission", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3883958667734427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88da4d25-3083-404d-80d8-d5a552c80292>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.140726"}
{"text": "1998. outlining a portion of the original boundary of the farm is a rock wall fence. a sign designates that it was crafted by african american masons who had replaced the scottish and irish immigrant stone masons of the 1840s and 1850s. admission to the kentucky horse park includes both the international museum of the horse and the american saddle horse museum. african americans were the national sports superstars during the early development of the thoroughbred racing and saddlebred horse industries. there are memorials to isaac murphy, the first african american jockey to win three kentucky derbies, and the famous thoroughbred, man - o - war and his groom, will harbut. \" the buffalo soldiers of the western frontier \" is a permanent exhibit housed in the international museum of the horse. pick up a dvd produced by the american saddlebred association entitled \" out of the shadows \", the story of african american trainers and owners. ( 859 ) 233 - 4303. | blue note : the rock fences seen as you travel the roadways are of limestone that was uncovered in fields being cultivated for agriculture as well as quarried. most were dry laid - without the use of mortar. the lexington fayette urban county government has ordinances in place that encourage the preservation and restoration of area stone fences. the nonprofit dry stone conservancy has taken on the task of preserving and restoring the stone fences by conducting workshops to train new masons in old techniques. look for signs that designate the dates, styles and builders of these fences. | african americans played an important role in the development of the racing industry. stop by the lexington public library downtown and you \u2019 ll see a mural highlighting a number of influential early african american jockeys, and the world \u2019 s largest ceiling clock as well! ( 859 ) 231 - 5501. the stories of slaves and soldiers another day ' s tour can take you just outside lexington to waveland, site of a restored historic mansion and slave quarters. head south on nicholasville road, then turn right onto waveland museum lane. the stone building where the enslaved were housed and worked has been preserved and furnished with period artifacts. the guides tell you the history of enslaved on the property in conjunction with the story of the bryan family, relatives of daniel boone, who lived in the mansion house. ( 859 ) 272 - 3611. leaving waveland, turn right onto hwy 27 again and travel south past nicholasville, taking the 27 bypass. signs let you know you are approaching camp nelson, established in 1863 as a supply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4251779860877795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88da4d25-3083-404d-80d8-d5a552c80292>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.141622"}
{"text": "house. ( 859 ) 272 - 3611. leaving waveland, turn right onto hwy 27 again and travel south past nicholasville, taking the 27 bypass. signs let you know you are approaching camp nelson, established in 1863 as a supply camp for the union army during the civil war. it became the third largest recruitment and training center for african americans who formed the regiments known as the united states colored troops. kentucky recruiters enlisted 23, 700 african americans, primarily among those who were enslaved. some 10, 000 began their training at camp nelson. the camp originally encompassed 4, 000 acres and held 300 buildings which were dismantled following the war. the house that was used as headquarters was saved and has been restored. guided tours are available. a self guided tour of the grounds will lead you to the camp ' s earthen fortifications which are being restored. a number of artifacts which have been unearthed can be viewed in the interpretive center, a replica of a barracks. camp nelson heritage park was added to the national parks underground railroad network to freedom in 2007. the third weekend in september, the park celebrates camp nelson days. the site comes alive with re - enactors of the 12th heavy regiment of the usct and other military units. lectures and demonstrations ( firing of the cannon, cavalry charges, open fire cooking ) help you experience some of what camp life was like for the soldiers as well as the families who escaped slavery and became free. adjacent to the heritage park is the national military cemetery. in an original section, the grave sites of african american soldiers can be found. check the list of those who are interred to see if you might have relatives who were veterans. just beyond the park are several kentucky highway markers that tell the history as it relates to the formation of the hall community and the ariel school established following the closing of the camp. ( 859 ) 881 - 5716. | blue note : the town of nicholasville is the birthplace of morgan and marvin smith, the twin brothers whose photography captured images of harlem, new york between 1935 and 1952. | cousins of influence lexington and richmond are the locations of homes of two influential men who were cousins. ashland, the henry clay estate is located at 120 sycamore drive, just off richmond road. at its zenith, the estate encompassed over 600 acres which were developed, cultivated and harvested by 50 enslaved at one time by mr. clay ' s telling. the farming operations also included active livestock breeding of horses, sheep and cattle. an interpretive history of the work performed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4351353252664797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88da4d25-3083-404d-80d8-d5a552c80292>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.142531"}
{"text": "the estate encompassed over 600 acres which were developed, cultivated and harvested by 50 enslaved at one time by mr. clay ' s telling. the farming operations also included active livestock breeding of horses, sheep and cattle. an interpretive history of the work performed by the enslaved in the management of the farm and household is presented. there are archival panels along with a sketch of charles dupuy, a member of the family responsible for the personal care of the clay household. the dupuy family traveled to washington, d. c. when henry clay was appointed secretary of state in 1825 and lived in the decatur house, the clay \u2019 s official residence. the story of charlotte dupuy ' s lawsuit filed in 1829, petitioning for her freedom as well as that of her two children, is truly fascinating. charlotte did not win the suit, but henry clay did finally emancipate her and her two children, charles and mary ann, in the 1840s. there are archive photos of the t. h. hummons ' family and other african americans who were employed in the household from the 1900s to 1964. ( 859 ) 266 - 8581. from the henry clay estate, turn right onto richmond road and take i - 75 south to richmond, exit 95, to discover white hall state historic site, the home of henry clay ' s cousin. the road leads to the home of cassius marcellus clay - not the boxer - but the man who served as ambassador to russia during abraham lincoln ' s presidency. cassius became an ardent emancipationist, having freed 50 of those enslaved to him in 1844. he printed the true american, a newspaper in 1845 promoting the emancipation of the enslaved. white hall, a 44 room italianate mansion, makes an impressive appearance as you approach the entrance. | blue note : cassius m. clay supported the founding of berea college in 1855, donating both land and money. founder john g. fee promoted the idea of a school where students from the appalachian region could be educated regardless of race and income. julia britton, grandmother of benjamin hooks, director of the naacp, john h. jackson, first president of kentucky state university and carter g. woodson, founder of black history week, were graduates. the college is located in berea, ky, just south of richmond. you can spend a full day in the town enjoying the food, crafts and history. | at the right rear of the house is a stone building that was used as housing and workspace for the enslaved. several of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3825174700284311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88da4d25-3083-404d-80d8-d5a552c80292>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.143430"}
{"text": "ky, just south of richmond. you can spend a full day in the town enjoying the food, crafts and history. | at the right rear of the house is a stone building that was used as housing and workspace for the enslaved. several of the original outbuildings have also been restored. one serves as the gift shop and location for admission to the home. there are picnic tables and restroom facilities, so plan for lunch or a late afternoon snack on the grounds. ( 859 ) 623 - 9178 an afternoon in paris a scenic drive to paris will take you past historic horse farms and more rock wall fences. take broadway / paris pike, hwy 68 north from lexington. one of the first stops should be the thoroughbred training center located at 3380 paris pike. this facility actually trains future champion horses. you do need to be there before 9 a. m. if you want to see the horses put through their paces. observing the work here will help you understand what is involved in the care and preparation of thoroughbreds for their careers in racing. in earlier times, the tasks you observe would have been performed by african americans, many of whom were children and young males. at age seven and eight, they started working in the barns and stables. by ten years of age some were being mounted on the horses as exercisers. jockeys isaac murphy and william walker began riding at the age of 11 and raleigh colston, jr. rode in his first kentucky derby at the age of 13 in 1875. ( 859 ) 293 - 1853. reservations recommended. if you have stopped at the training center, return to paris pike and continue into town. visit the hopewell museum, ( 859 ) 987 - 7274, located in the old paris post office at 800 pleasant street. there is a permanent display featuring garrett morgan, inventor of the traffic signal and gas mask. look for the kentucky historical highway marker at 10th and vine streets that marks the birthplace of garrett morgan. several quaint, independently owned restaurants make great lunch or dinner stops to round out your afternoon in paris. a hamlet and a railroad town leaving lexington from another direction, head west on leestown road ( hwy 421 ) and you \u2019 ll pass an african american community established in 1865 by frederick braxton, founder and minister of the main street baptist church in lexington. he had purchased land and sold small acreage to other blacks after emancipation. they named the community in his honor, bracktown. stay on hwy 421 until you reach midway.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40999472060240494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88da4d25-3083-404d-80d8-d5a552c80292>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.144643"}
{"text": ", founder and minister of the main street baptist church in lexington. he had purchased land and sold small acreage to other blacks after emancipation. they named the community in his honor, bracktown. stay on hwy 421 until you reach midway. turn left at hwy 62 which will lead you to town. don ' t be surprised to find that the railroad tracks run through the middle of the street. when goods were delivered by rail, it made it convenient to off load supplies directly to stores. on railroad street, a marker pays tribute to edward dudley \" dick \" brown. he was born into slavery in lexington about 1848. r. a. alexander purchased him at auction around 1856 and brought him to the woodburn farm in woodford county where he began his career as a stable boy. he eventually advanced to exerciser, jockey, trainer and finally owner of his own thoroughbred, ben brush, 1896 kentucky derby winner. also in town are historical markers detailing the history of the second christian church, smith street ; pilgrim baptist church, 133 east stephen street and st. matthews ame church, 112 s. winter street. they are within walking distance from railroad street. a capital idea leaving midway, get back on hwy 421 and follow it into frankfort, kentucky \u2019 s capital. take the by - pass until you see the sign directing you to kentucky state university. founded in 1887 by act of legislature, it became the first state supported school to train african americans to become teachers. john h. jackson, a native of lexington, became its first president. recitation hall was the first building completed in 1887 by stone mason, james c. brown. the building was renamed jackson hall and placed on the national register of historic places in 1973. the building is now the office / museum of the center of excellence for the study of kentucky african americans. visit the welcome center to view a display on african american history. visitor permit parking is available. other sites to visit in frankfort are the memorial to united states colored troops at the greenhill cemetery, the kentucky military history museum, the thomas d. clark center for kentucky history, kentucky state capitol and old state capitol. historic markers are located at st. john ame church, 210 west clinton ; 1st baptist church at 100 w. clinton and emily thomas tubman house on washington street. for more information call the lexington convention and visitors bureau at 800 - 845 - 3959. written by yvonne giles, december 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3981159587654779, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88da4d25-3083-404d-80d8-d5a552c80292>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.145602"}
{"text": "botanical name and pronunciation : dendranthema x grandiflorum ( den - dran - the - ma grand - i - flor - um ) shades of red, pink, orange, bronze, yellow, white form and size : daisy spray mums have a leafy stem with many blooms. the blooms have several petals that uniformly extend out from an eye - like center. gerbera daisies and chrysanthemum daises are similar. 7 \u2013 14 days, sometimes longer cut under water and place in fresh water with flower food. the stem must be cut above any woody portions to ensure good water intake. do not pound stem ends, this will not help to ensure good water intake. history and usage : a member of the compositae ( aster ) family, chrysanthemums, including daisy mums, originated in china. they were first introduced to japan in 400 a. d. they were then considered the emblem of the imperial family. they were introduced to europe in the late 18th century. chrysanthemums have a long vase life, so they go well in any arrangement. daisy spray mums can be used as a filler flower, or in an arrangement as the main attraction. points of interest : relatives of the chrysanthemum include cosmos, dahlia, calendula and zinnia. in italy, mums are synonymous with death and funerals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.417336710252331, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5384679b-0d5e-405d-816e-2aa4008be943>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.146891"}
{"text": "| regel 30 : | | regel 30 : | | sediment supply from soft cliffs < br > \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | sediment supply from soft cliffs < br > \u00a9 a. j. chadwick the current world \u2019 s coastlines were formed as a result of the last ice age, which ended about 10, 000 years ago ( see the beach management manual < ref name = \" ciria \" > ciria ( 2010 ). beach management manual, second edition. publication no. rp787, london. < / ref > ). at that time large ice sheets covered more of the world \u2019 s land masses than they do at present. as they melted there was a rapid rise of sea level ( about 120m between 20, 000 and 6000 years ago ). vast quantities of sediment were carried by rivers to the sea during this period, eventually forming the pre - cursor to our present coastlines as the rate of sea level rise rapidly reduced about 6000 years ago. much of our beaches today are composed of the remnants of these sediments, composed predominantly of sand and gravel. these sources of beach material have subsequently been supplemented by [ [ coast erosion | coastal erosion ] ] of soft cliffs and the reduced but continuing supply of sediments from rivers. material has also been derived from offshore banks left behind by relatively rapid rises of sea level after cold episodes in the earth \u2019 s climate. the current world \u2019 s coastlines were formed as a result of the last ice age, which ended about 10, 000 years ago ( see the beach management manual < ref name = \" ciria \" > ciria ( 2010 ). beach management manual, second edition. publication no. rp787, london. < / ref > ). at that time large ice sheets covered more of the world \u2019 s land masses than they do at present. as they melted there was a rapid rise of sea level ( about 120m between 20, 000 and 6000 years ago ). vast quantities of sediment were carried by rivers to the sea during this period, eventually forming the pre - cursor to our present coastlines as the rate of sea level rise rapidly reduced about 6000 years ago. much of our beaches today are composed of the remnants of these sediments, composed predominantly of sand and gravel. these sources of beach material have subsequently been supplemented by [ [ coast erosion | coastal erosion ] ] of soft cliffs and the reduced but continuing supply of sediments from rivers. material has also been derived from offshore banks left behind by relatively rapid rises of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49100715299883413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.166492"}
{"text": "gravel. these sources of beach material have subsequently been supplemented by [ [ coast erosion | coastal erosion ] ] of soft cliffs and the reduced but continuing supply of sediments from rivers. material has also been derived from offshore banks left behind by relatively rapid rises of sea level after cold episodes in the earth \u2019 s climate. versie van 16 okt 2012 om 09 : 36 gravel beaches are widespread around the world, including the usa, canada, japan, argentina, new zealand and the wave dominated coastlines of northern europe. in the uk, about one third of the coastline is protected by such beaches. in coastal defence schemes, considerable use is made of coarse - grained ( gravel ) sediment to replenish eroding beaches, often in conjunction with structures such as rock or wooden groynes or offshore breakwaters. this is because such beaches are known to be an efficient form of natural coastal defence. two examples from the uk are those at sidmouth, devon and elmer, west sussex. | sidmouth coastal defence scheme | | elmer coastal defence scheme | picture courtesy of the arun district council research into the particular characteristics of gravel beaches and their engineering analysis is relatively new, with much of the progress being made recently. in the 1990 \u2019 s small scale experimental measurements and early field studies lead to the subsequent development of parametric models for profile prediction, longshore transport and the stability of barrier beaches. since 2002, two major large scale experimental studies and some new comprehensive field studies have been undertaken. since that time, good progress has also been made in process based numerical modelling systems for long and cross shore transport. the emphasis of the article is to present in a clear and concise manner the most relevant concepts, basic understanding and insights into the behaviour of gravel beaches, to provide a summary of the available engineering analysis techniques and modelling approaches and to provide guidance to further reading and a list of the most relevant references to work carried out since 1990. | sediment supply from soft cliffs | \u00a9 a. j. chadwick the current world \u2019 s coastlines were formed as a result of the last ice age, which ended about 10, 000 years ago ( see the beach management manual ). at that time large ice sheets covered more of the world \u2019 s land masses than they do at present. as they melted there was a rapid rise of sea level ( about 120m between 20, 000 and 6000 years ago ). vast quantities of sediment were carried by rivers to the sea during this period, eventually forming the pre - cursor to our present coastlines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49509312011564055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.167430"}
{"text": "there was a rapid rise of sea level ( about 120m between 20, 000 and 6000 years ago ). vast quantities of sediment were carried by rivers to the sea during this period, eventually forming the pre - cursor to our present coastlines as the rate of sea level rise rapidly reduced about 6000 years ago. much of our beaches today are composed of the remnants of these sediments, composed predominantly of sand and gravel. these sources of beach material have subsequently been supplemented by coastal erosion of soft cliffs and the reduced but continuing supply of sediments from rivers. material has also been derived from offshore banks left behind by relatively rapid rises of sea level after cold episodes in the earth \u2019 s climate. sediment classification and properties | all pictures : \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | traditionally sand and gravel sizes have been classified according to the wentworth scale. this defines sand as being of diameter between 0. 0625mm to 2mm. material sizes larger than this are classified as gravel, subdivided into granular ( 2mm to 4 mm ), pebble ( 4mm to 64 mm ), cobble ( 64mm to 256 mm ) and boulder ( > 256 mm ). rounded gravel, typical of a significant number of uk beaches, is referred to as shingle. there are several physical properties of sand and gravel beaches which are important in the study of coastal sediment transport. the first is the sediment density ( \u03c1s ), typically 2650 kg / m\u00b3 for quartz. the rest are required in recognition of the fact that a beach comprises a mixture of the beach material, interspersed with voids which may be filled with air or water. thus the bulk density ( \u03c1b ) is defined as the in situ mass of the mixture / volume of the mixture, the porosity ( ps ) as the volume of air or water / volume of the mixture, typically between 0. 25 to 0. 4 for a gravel beach, the voids ratio ( e ) as the volume of air or water / volume of the grains, typically between 0. 33 to 0. 66 for a gravel beach, and finally the angle of repose ( \u03c6 ), which is the limiting slope angle at which the grains begin to roll, typically about 35\u00b0 in air. in water this reduces to about 30\u00b0. the material sizes on any particular beach will normally comprise a range of grain sizes, thus it is standard practice to measure the grain size distribution by a sieve analysis from which the percentage by weight of material passing through a range of sieve sizes is plotted against particle size", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5203284571162488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.168318"}
{"text": "on any particular beach will normally comprise a range of grain sizes, thus it is standard practice to measure the grain size distribution by a sieve analysis from which the percentage by weight of material passing through a range of sieve sizes is plotted against particle size. the median size is denoted by d50, representing the diameter for which 50 % of the grains by mass are finer. the spread of sizes is often indicated by the values of d84 and d16 and their ratio is used to measure the degree of sorting. a well sorted sample is one in which there is a small range of sizes ( d85 / d16 < 2 ), whereas a well mixed sample has a large range of sizes ( d85 / d16 > 16 ). beaches types may be categorised according to the mixture of sands and gravels present, which has a significant influence on the beach slope and the more general morphological response of the beach to wave action. four categories are defined as pure gravel ( g ), mixed sand and gravel ( msg ), composite sand and gravel ( csg ) and pure sand ( s ). | \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | | picture courtesy of halcrow consulting engineers | \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | | \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | the characteristics of a gravel beach are very different from those of a sand beach. most notably, gravel can support a steep gradient typically of the order of 1 in 8 with a tendency to form a near vertical berm towards the high water mark and a step at the wave break point. swell wave conditions promote onshore accretion in the swash zone, with storm conditions promoting rapid offshore erosion. despite the large grain size, the sediment is highly mobile. changes in the vertical profile of the order of 0. 5m are commonly found over just one tidal cycle for moderate to large waves. | all pictures : \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | | all pictures : \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | on macro - tidal beaches, the active swash zone continuously re - works the beach face as the tide rises and falls. at low tide, it is common to observe a berm at the high water mark of the beach below which is a beach face of uniform slope, which ends in the step feature at the low water mark. cusp formation on gravel beaches is another distinctive feature. they can form rapidly when the wave approach is near normal, but are also washed out rapidly when the wave approach changes to an oblique angle. in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4933961875267663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.169180"}
{"text": "the step feature at the low water mark. cusp formation on gravel beaches is another distinctive feature. they can form rapidly when the wave approach is near normal, but are also washed out rapidly when the wave approach changes to an oblique angle. in the literature, two dominant models of cusp formation are recognised, namely edge wave forced and swash circulation / self organisation modes. however, cusp formation on gravel beaches has not been discussed very much in the literature. | \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | the steep beach gradient allows waves to progress much closer inshore before breaking, often resulting in a single plunging breaker. consequently, there is minimal generation of infra - gravity waves. even during storms, a wide surf zone is rare. an important consequence of this is that the swash zone can be of similar width to the surf zone and hence the sediment transport within the swash zone is of considerably more significance than on sand beaches. a second effect of the steep beach gradient is that refraction processes are also confined to a narrower zone than is experienced on a sand beach, with the result that refraction is often observed to be incomplete and the waves arrive at the beach face with some considerable angle, resulting in significant longshore transport. gravel beaches are also much more reflective than sand beaches, with reflection coefficients of up to about 0. 2. another distinguishing characteristic is the high permeability of gravel which, compared to a sand beach, increases the potential for infiltration during the swash uprush and exfiltration during the swash downrush. this induces a downward, stabilising force on sediment movement during the uprush and a lift force during backwash. conversely, there is a thinning of the boundary layer during uprush, leading to increased shear stress on the bed and a thickening during backwash, leading to deceased shear stress on the bed. this latter effect is thought to predominate. on a gravel beach the backwash volume can also be considerably reduced, lowering the backwash velocities ( see elfrink and baldock ( 2002 ) for a detailed review ). it is these processes that lead to the formation of the high water mark berm. | picture courtesy a. pedrozo - acuna | barrier beaches are a common geomorphological feature across the world, many of which are composed of gravel. their essential features comprise a narrow, elongated ridge of sand or gravel existing slightly above the high tide level. the ridge generally extends parallel to the shore, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49449405489841164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.170035"}
{"text": "common geomorphological feature across the world, many of which are composed of gravel. their essential features comprise a narrow, elongated ridge of sand or gravel existing slightly above the high tide level. the ridge generally extends parallel to the shore, but is separated from it by a wetland, lagoon or a tidal flat. barrier beaches act as natural means of coast protection. in addition, wetlands and lagoons formed behind barrier beaches provide shelter for many coastal habitats and are therefore of considerable environmental significance. one explanation of their formation is that they have been formed by landward migration of submerged sand / shingle banks with rising sea levels since the last ice age. barrier beaches are constantly evolving in response to short and long term processes. short term changes in barrier beaches are related to local wave and current climate, tidal variations, frequency and magnitude of storm events, barrier geometry and type of beach sediment and permeability. over longer terms, the primary factors for change and modification of barrier beaches are sea level rise, longshore sediment transport and changes in sediment sources and / or sinks according to orford et al. ( 1995 ). a barrier beach can respond to these factors by landward or seaward migration, reshaping and re - alignment and crest breakdown or build - up. the episodic processes of over - washing, over - topping and associated breaching are the primary phenomena behind long term evolution. understanding the processes of sediment transport on gravel beaches is important for beach management which requires some quantification of shoreline evolution. the vast majority of coastal engineering projects still rely on one - line models since, as yet, 3d morphodynamic models are restricted to short - and medium - term predictions and none have been validated against coarse - grained field data. most one - line models make use of empirical total longshore transport equations. hence, the formulation of a reliable estimate of longshore sediment transport rate remains of considerable practical importance in coastal engineering applications such as feasibility studies of port extensions, derivation of sediment budgets for coastal areas and the appraisal of long term beach stability. to some extent, the mechanisms associated with the longshore transport of gravel may be differentiated from that of sand. generally, for a sand seabed the oscillatory force due to the passage of a ( breaking ) wave will tend to stir the sediment into motion. the bed shear due to the longshore current can then transport the sand. on gravel beaches the sediment normally moves as bedload and is largely confined to the swash zone. as the flow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5153116234155408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.170966"}
{"text": "breaking ) wave will tend to stir the sediment into motion. the bed shear due to the longshore current can then transport the sand. on gravel beaches the sediment normally moves as bedload and is largely confined to the swash zone. as the flow in the uprush is perpendicular to the wave crest and in the backwash is perpendicular to the beach contours, the gravel describes a ' sawtooth ', or zig - zag, path along the beach. quantitative estimation of sediment transport rates is extremely difficult on a gravel beach. direct measurement of longshore transport has been attempted using a variety of techniques, such as deposition of a tracer material ( radioactive, dyed or artificial sediment ) or installation of traps ( see van wellan et al. ( 2000 ) for a review ). | all pictures : \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | changes in beach volumes may be calculated from data derived from ground or aerial surveys. if surveys are carried out over several years a trend for accretion or depletion may be discernible. this is not necessarily a direct measure of the longshore transport rate along the coast. rather it is an indication of any imbalances in the supply of sediment from one point to another. however, where marine structures are constructed which cut of the supply from further up the coast, comparisons of beach volumes before and after construction can give some indication of the longshore transport rates. | all pictures : \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | the most widely used formula for calculating longshore transport is the cerc equation ( us army corps of engineers, 1984 ). the equation was derived from sand beaches and has been developed over a number of years. the formula is intended to include both bedload and suspended load and is usually given in the form of : is the immersed weight sediment transport rate is the longshore component of wave power where e is wave energy, is group wave speed, \u03b8 is wave approach angle, subscript b refers to wave break point and where k is a dimensionless empirically derived coefficient. the volumetric transport rate,, is related to by : where where \u03c1s is sediment density, \u03c1 is sea water density, e is voids ratio. there is no direct inclusion of the influence of grain size in the cerc equation, other than via the coefficient, k. it should be noted that for random waves, the choice of wave height used in the cerc equation ( significant wave height, hs or root mean square wave height, hrms ) must be correlated with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4955380683364917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.171827"}
{"text": "equation, other than via the coefficient, k. it should be noted that for random waves, the choice of wave height used in the cerc equation ( significant wave height, hs or root mean square wave height, hrms ) must be correlated with the k value. much confusion can arise, as some authors have used hs and others hrms without explicitly stating which one. for rayleigh distributed waves, the k value using hrms is twice that using hs. a suggested value for k using hrms is 0. 77 for sand sized sediments. for gravel beaches, chadwick \u2019 s ( 1989 ) data suggested a k value of 7 % of that for sand ( k = 0. 053 ). this was later found to work well at another beach site, slapton sands, devon, uk ( see alegria - arzaburu & masselink ( 2010 ) ). chadwick ( 1991 ) also developed a numerical model to predict longshore transport on gravel beaches. the hydrodynamic module uses the non - linear shallow water wave equations, which predict the instantaneous water levels and velocities throughout the surf and swash zones. these are combined with a sediment transport module based on bagnold ' s stream power concept. instantaneous transport rates across the surf and swash zones are subsequently summed in space and time to determine the total longshore transport rate. thus, this model specifically includes a sediment threshold term and transport in the swash zone, both of which are of importance on shingle beaches. the model required calibration of only the friction coefficient, which was determined from field data. subsequently, an algebraic formula ( the chadwick - van wellen formula ) was derived from the numerical model results given by : this equation was specifically designed for application to gravel beaches but has only been calibrated to the data from one field site. for further details of this and other longshore transport equations, applicable to gravel beaches, see van wellen et al ( 2000 ). large scale experimental studies | \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | more recent work on coarse grained beaches was undertaken by the eu project \u201c large scale modelling of coarse grained beaches \u201d which was undertaken between march - may 2002. the experiment was conducted at full scale, thus avoiding the sediment scaling issues inherent in small scale models. the measurements included not only the wave field and resultant equilibrium profile development, but also detailed measurements of pore water pressures under the swash face. the experimental results of this work may be found in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5313861749790219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.172711"}
{"text": "avoiding the sediment scaling issues inherent in small scale models. the measurements included not only the wave field and resultant equilibrium profile development, but also detailed measurements of pore water pressures under the swash face. the experimental results of this work may be found in lopez de san roman - blanco et al ( 2006 ). this experiment was used to develop the cross shore profile model of pedrozo et al ( 2006 ), described in more detail in this article. subsequently another large scale experimental study of gravel barrier beaches was undertaken in bardex ( barrier dynamics experiment ) in the delta wave flume, the netherlands, during june and july 2008. one unique aspect of this work was the inclusion of the effects of a back barrier lagoon in conjunction with a varying tidal level. a special edition of coastal engineering has been devoted to papers resulting from this work ( see turner and masselink ( 2012 ) ). these include details of the observations, the effect of the lagoon water level on the beach profile, new measurements of and prediction techniques for wave friction factors, new predictive techniques for assessing barrier overwashing and overtopping and an assessment of the xbeach model used to predict beach profile evolution and the morphological effect of washover. parametric models for equilibrium profiles the prediction of the expected profile for a gravel beach is very different from the concepts used for equilibrium profiles on a sand beach. the problem was first comprehensively addressed by van der meer ( 1988 ) and powell ( 1990 ), based on extensive scaled laboratory flume tests ( small scale with anthracite in powell \u2019 s case and large and small scale with gravel in van der meer \u2019 s case ). powell \u2019 s work resulted in the development of a parametric profile model, which described the profile as a set of three curves : from the crest to the still water level, from the still water level to a transition point and from the transition point to the base of the profile. this was found to work well using the data from the gwk experiment ). parametric models for barrier stability bradbury ( 2000 ) carried out a series of 3 - d mobile bed laboratory tests on barrier crest response to hydrodynamic conditions and initial barrier geometry. based on the model investigations, several categories of barrier response to hydrodynamic conditions were identified and underlying characteristics were qualitatively defined. these included crest raised by overtopping, crest lowered due to undermining of crest but with no overtopping, crest raised by over - washing with roll - back, crest lowered by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5299262601511239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.173592"}
{"text": "identified and underlying characteristics were qualitatively defined. these included crest raised by overtopping, crest lowered due to undermining of crest but with no overtopping, crest raised by over - washing with roll - back, crest lowered by over - washing with roll - back and finally, no change to the crest elevation with profile contained to seaward of the barrier crest. he developed an expression for an over - washing threshold of barrier crests, based on regression analysis. it is a function of wave steepness ( hs / lm ), barrier free board ( rc ) and barrier cross - sectional area ba ( above the still water line ), given by : the expression was validated against field data gathered at hurst spit, uk and found to be consistent with the field data. in addition, a conceptual model for barrier over - washing was formulated. according to his model, the beach will initially attempt to reach a dynamic equilibrium ; if the critical barrier inertia is exceeded then the crest will be lowered by over - washing. modelling cross shore profile development | picture courtesy of a. pedrozo - acuna | the first of several recent deterministic process based models for predicting the profile response of coarse grained beaches was developed by lawrence, chadwick and fleming ( 2001 ). it was shown that boussinesq equations coupled with a bed load sediment transport formulation were a useful approach for process - based modelling of gravel beach profile evolution. this model was subsequently extended to model the sediment transport of grain size fractions and thus to predict sediment sorting across the beach face. however, it was found that this numerical model scheme was not stable on steep beaches. subsequently, using a newer boussinesq model, pedrozo et al ( 2006 ) demonstrated that the two principle sediment parameters of friction ( f ) and sediment transport efficiency ( c ) were controlling the shape of the gravel beach profile. with f and c as constant values, accurate prediction of the profile evolution was not possible. the use of bigger friction factors in the uprush slightly improved the prediction. when larger values of the sediment transport efficiency ( c - value ) were used in the uprush compared to the backwash, better predictions of the beach profile resulted. the physical processes which dictate the differences between the predicted and measured profiles were hypothesised as being related to infiltration effects on the flow above the beach face and more accelerated flow in the uprush. further developments coupling the effects of infiltration / exfiltration with sediment movement were still required at that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5219911855302108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.174488"}
{"text": "predicted and measured profiles were hypothesised as being related to infiltration effects on the flow above the beach face and more accelerated flow in the uprush. further developments coupling the effects of infiltration / exfiltration with sediment movement were still required at that time. the more recent results reported by jamal et al ( 2010 ) and williams et al ( 2012 ) indicate that including this process leads to significant improvements in prediction. pedrozo et al ( 2010 ) have also highlighted the importance of the impulsive pressures induced by plunging breakers on gravel beach sediment transport. suggestions for further research for all budding researchers in coastal research, the further study of gravel and mixed beaches offers much opportunity to enhance our knowledge. longshore transport prediction is still imprecise and cross shore processes very complex and not completely understood. current parametric design methods leave much to be desired. further field and large scale experimental studies remain a primary tool for advancing our understanding of long and cross shore processes. these will need to stand on the heads of the previously mentioned studies. numerical modelling tools can still benefit greatly from improved process representation, including infiltration / exfiltration, interactions with groundwater flows, impulsive pressure forces, the incorporation of grain size fractions and the prediction of sediment sorting across the beach face. example barrier beaches chesil beach, dorset uk, is a world famous gravel barrier beach. it is approximately 28 kilometres long and, on average, 160 metres wide. the height of the beach is typically 11 metres above mean sea level. the beach stabilised close to its present position around 5000 years ago. a rent research paper concerning the internal structure of chesil beach ( bennett et al ( 2009 ) ) also contains a good summary of the extensive historical literature on this beach. there is an informative web site at www. chesilbeach. org. a comprehensive assessment of the historical development and contemporary processes affecting a significant gravel barrier beach system in the uk ( slapton sands, south devon uk ) may be found in chadwick et al ( 2005 ) and a short summary of these studies is presented elsewhere in the coastal wiki ( slapton barrier beach case study, uk ). the paper includes assessment of the effects of sea level rise on barrier migration and its susceptibility to over - washing and overtopping, inter alia. it was found that the processes at work on the slapton shoreline included : | \u00a9 a. j. chadwick | - short - term changes in beach profile due to storms, acting over a period of several days. these storms cause cut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5034383992497411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.175455"}
{"text": "zone policy : example from the netherlands - shore protection, coast protection and sea defence methods - the integrated approach to coastal zone management ( iczm ) - natural causes of coastal erosion - human causes of coastal erosion - coastal defense techniques - natural barriers - relative sea level - shore nourishment - \u2191 1, 0 1, 1 buscome d., masselink g. ( 2006 ). concepts in gravel beach dynamics. earth science reviews 79 33 - 52. - \u2191 fuller, r. m. & randall, r. e. ( 1988 ). the orford shingles, suffolk, uk. classic conflicts in coastline management. biological conservation. - \u2191 3, 0 3, 1 powell, k. a. ( 1990 ). predicting short term profile response for shingle beaches. hr wallingford report sr 219. - \u2191 diserens, a. p. & coates, t. t. ( 1993 ). uk south coast shingle beach study : storm response of shingle beaches. hr wallingford report sr 323. - \u2191 5, 0 5, 1 ciria ( 2010 ). beach management manual, second edition. publication no. rp787, london. available at : http : / / www. southerncoastalgroup. org. uk / bmm. htm beach - \u2191 6, 0 6, 1 6, 2 van wellen, e, chadwick, a j and mason, t ( 2000 ) a review and assessment of longshore sediment transport equations for coarse grained beaches. coastal engineering, 40, 3, 243 - 275. - \u2191 7, 0 7, 1 anthony e. j. ( 2008 ). gravel beaches and barriers. developments in marine geology, vol 4, 289 - 324. - \u2191 elfrink b, baldock t. ( 2002 ) hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the swash zone : a review and perspectives. coastal engineering, 45, 149 \u2013 167. - \u2191 orford, j. d., carter, r. w. g., jennings, s. c. and hinton, a. c. ( 1995 ). processes and time scales by which a coastal gravel dominated barrier respond geomorphologically to sea level rise - story head barrier, nova - scotia, earth surface process and land forms, 20 ( 1 ), pp. 21 - 37. - \u2191 carter, r. w. g., forbes, d. l., jennings, s. c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49683108088713984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.177237"}
{"text": "- story head barrier, nova - scotia, earth surface process and land forms, 20 ( 1 ), pp. 21 - 37. - \u2191 carter, r. w. g., forbes, d. l., jennings, s. c., orford, j. d., shaw, j. and taylor, r. b., ( 2003 ), barrier and lagoon coast evolution under differing relative sea level regimes - examples from ireland and nova - scotia, marine geology, 88, issue 3 - 4, pp. 221 - 242. - \u2191 11, 0 11, 1 ruiz de alegria - arzaburu, a., masselink, g. ( 2010 ). storm response and beach rotation on a gravel beach, slapton sands, u. k marine geology 278, 77 \u2013 99. - \u2191 chadwick, a j. ( 1991 ). an unsteady flow bore model for sediment transport in broken waves part 1 : the development of the numerical model. proc. instn. civ. engrs. part 2, 1991, 91, dec. 719 - 737. - \u2191 chadwick, a j. ( 1991 ). an unsteady flow bore model for sediment transport on broken waves part ii : the properties, calibration and testing of the numerical model. proc. instn. civ. engrs. part 2, 1991, 91, dec., 739 - 753. - \u2191 14, 0 14, 1 lopez de san roman - blanco, b., coates, t., holmes, p., chadwick, a. j., bradbury, a., baldock, t., pedrozo - acuna, a., grune, j. ( 2006 ). large scale experiments on gravel and mixed beaches : experimental procedure, data documentation and initial results. coastal engineering 53 ( 4 ), 349 - 363. - \u2191 15, 0 15, 1 pedrozo, a., simmonds, d. j., otta, a. k., chadwick, a. j. ( 2006 ). on the cross - shore profile change of gravel beaches. coastal engineering, 53 ( 4 ), 335 - 347. - \u2191 ian l. turner, gerd masselink ( 2012 ). coastal gravel barrier hydrology \u2014 observations from a prototype - scale laboratory experiment ( bardex ). coastal engineering, 63, 13 - 22 - \u2191 van der", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49936951849961503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.177932"}
{"text": "347. - \u2191 ian l. turner, gerd masselink ( 2012 ). coastal gravel barrier hydrology \u2014 observations from a prototype - scale laboratory experiment ( bardex ). coastal engineering, 63, 13 - 22 - \u2191 van der meer j. ( 1988 ) rock slopes and gravel beaches under wave attack. delft hydraulics publications n 396. - \u2191 bradbury, a. p. ( 2000 ), predicting breaching of shingle barrier beaches - recent advances to aid beach management, 35th maff ( defra ) conf of river and coastal engineers. - \u2191 lawrence, j, chadwick, a j and fleming, c a. ( 2001 ). a phase resolving model of sediment transport on coarse grained beaches. in : billy l edge ( ed ) coastal engineering 2000, 624 - 636. american society of civil engineers : reston, virginia. - \u2191 lawrence, j, karunarathna, h, chadwick, a j and fleming, c a. ( 2003 ). cross - shore sediment transport on mixed coarse grain sized beaches : modelling and measurements. proceedings of the international conference on coastal engineering 2002 - \u2191 jamal, m. h., simmonds, d. j., magar, v., pan, s., ( 2010 ). modelling infiltration on gravel beaches with an xbeach variant. proc. 32nd conf. on coastal eng., shanghai, china, 2010, sediment, p. 41 http : / / journals. tdl. org / icce / issue / view / 154 / showtoc. - \u2191 jon j. williams, amaia ruiz de alegria - arzaburu, robert t. mccall, ap van dongeren ( 2012 ). modelling gravel barrier profile response to combined waves and tides using xbeach : laboratory and field results. coastal engineering, 63, 62 - 80 - \u2191 pedrozo - acuna, a., torres - freyermuth, a., zou, q., hsu, t. - j., reeve, d. e. ( 2010 ). diagnostic modelling of impulsive pressures induced by plunging breakers. coastal engineering 57 ( 3 ), 252 \u2013 266. - \u2191 bennett m. r., cassidy n. j., pile j. ( 2009 ). internal structure of a barrier beach as revealed by ground penetrating radar ( grp ) chesil beach, uk. geomorphology 104, 218 - 229.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5119847796547374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b305a28-5383-420b-b80c-4a4d1f82f025>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.178680"}
{"text": "at walmart, we talk a lot about learning from one another and working in partnership to create global change. a recent report, \u201c smart moves, \u201d examines some of the best practices by companies working to cut emissions from transportation. emissions from freight transportation are no small problem. the report \u2019 s author, jason mathers of the environmental defense fund, points out that freight emissions are expected \u201c to increase 74 percent from 2005 to 2035 \u201d in the u. s. mathers \u2019 report looks at some of the best strategies and most creative thinking at work today to cut pollution caused by shipping. justin gerdes \u2019 forbes commentary highlights the report and notes that \u201c any ceo concerned about his or her company \u2019 s carbon footprint must account for shipping \u2019 s growing contribution to climate change \u2026 \u201d as gerdes points out, the report is loaded with statistics about shipping emissions as well as examples of smart moves by companies that reduced emissions and saved money at the same time. here \u2019 s what he highlighted about walmart : wal - mart : direct shipment wal - mart worked with minute maid to eliminate one stop in the chain used to deliver minute maid \u2019 s simply orange juice to wal - mart distribution centers. now, the product moves directly from a production facility in florida to wal - mart distribution centers. eliminating delivery to minute maid \u2019 s own distribution centers slashed co2 emissions by 1, 500 metric tons annually and added six days to the shelf life of the orange juice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45782229520467965, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:095407aa-8504-499b-b006-f52a907f9941>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.180073"}
{"text": "what is rainwater harvesting? rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice of catching and holding rain for later use. in a rainwater harvesting system, rain is gathered from a building rooftop or other source and is held in large containers for future use, such as watering gardens or washing cars. this practice reduces the demand on water resources and is excellent during times of drought. why is it important? in addition to reducing the demand on our water sources ( especially important during drought ), rainwater harvesting also helps prevent water pollution. surprised? here \u2019 s why : the success of the 1972 clean water act has meant that the greatest threat to new york \u2019 s waterbodies comes not from industrial sources, but rather through the small actions we all make in our daily lives. for example, in a rain storm, the oil, pesticides, animal waste, and litter from our lawns, sidewalks, driveways, and streets are washed down into our sewers. this is called non - point source ( nps ) pollution because the pollutants come from too many sources to be identified. rainwater harvesting diverts water from becoming polluted stormwater ; instead, this captured rainwater may be used to irrigate gardens near where it falls. in new york city, keeping rainwater out of the sewer system is very important. that \u2019 s because the city has an old combined sewer system that uses the same pipes to transport both household waste and stormwater to sewage treatment plants. during heavy rains, the system overloads ; then untreated sewage and contaminated stormwater overflow into our rivers and estuary, with serious consequences : who is harvesting rainwater in new york city? back in 2002, a drought emergency pushed many community gardens to the brink of extinction. for the first time in twenty years, community gardeners were denied permission to use fire hydrants, the primary source of water for most community gardens. this crisis led to the formation of the water resources group ( wrg ), an open collaboration of community gardening and environmental organizations. with help from the wrg, rainwater harvesting systems have now been built as demonstration sites in twenty nyc community gardens. at community gardens that harvest rainwater, rain is diverted from the gutters of adjacent buildings and is stored in tanks in the gardens. a 1 - inch rainfall on a 1, 000 - square - foot roof produces 600 gallons of water. the tanks are mosquito proof, so the standing water does not encourage west nile virus. because rainwater is chlorine free, it is better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45406018394018255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14a860e9-8430-426b-8c1a-80c7f022fb96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.183964"}
{"text": "what your cholesterol level means how \u2019 s your cholesterol? time to get it checked!?? keeping your cholesterol levels healthy is a great way to keep your heart healthy \u2013 and lower your chances of getting heart disease or having a stroke. cholesterol can be tricky to understand, though, because not all is bad for you. some is actually good for you. the most important thing you can do as a first step is to know your cholesterol numbers by getting your cholesterol tested. here are some easy ways for you to understand what the testing involves, how it can help you and ways to improve your health by improving your cholesterol.?? the american heart association endorses the national cholesterol education program ( ncep ) guidelines for detection of high cholesterol : all adults age 20 or older should have a fasting lipoprotein profile \u2014 which measures total cholesterol, ldl ( bad ) cholesterol, hdl ( good ) cholesterol and triglycerides \u2014 once every five years. this test is done after a nine - to 12 - hour fast without food, liquids or pills. it gives information about total cholesterol, ldl ( bad ) cholesterol, hdl ( good ) cholesterol and triglycerides ( view an animation of cholesterol ).?? your test report will show your cholesterol levels in milligrams per deciliter of blood ( mg / dl ). to determine how your cholesterol levels affect your risk of heart disease, your doctor will also take into account other risk factors such as age, family history, smoking and high blood pressure.?? a complete fasting lipoprotein profile will show the following four results.? your cholesterol levels your total blood ( or serum ) cholesterol level | total cholesterol level | | category | | less than 200 mg / dl | | desirable level that puts you at lower risk for coronary heart disease. a cholesterol level of 200 mg / dl or higher raises your risk. | | 200 to 239 mg / dl | | borderline high | | 240 mg / dl and above | | high blood cholesterol. a person with this level has more than twice the risk of coronary heart disease as someone whose cholesterol is below 200 mg / dl. | above content provided by beth israel deaconess medical center. for advice about your medical care, consult your doctor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4717088157977235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89b5e54a-f281-40ea-ac8e-f7ca0d301130>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.188883"}
{"text": "save money with properly inflated tires ( newsusa ) - tire pressure monitoring systems ( tpms ) are now a standard safety feature on all new cars in the united states. tpms automatically monitors tire pressure and alerts the driver when the pressure in one or more tires becomes significantly low - - and potentially dangerous. still, conducting monthly tire pressure checks is one of the smartest driving moves you can make. not only are properly inflated tires critical for vehicle safety, they also increase fuel efficiency and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. increase fuel efficiency according to the u. s. department of energy, 3. 56 million gallons of gasoline are wasted every day due to incorrectly inflated tires. the good news is you can improve gas mileage just by keeping tires inflated to the proper pressure. in fact, one study showed that if gas costs $ 3 per gallon, proper tire pressure can save you up to $ 432 at the pump each year. reduce carbon dioxide emissions according to the u. s. environmental protection agency, the typical car in the united states releases more than five tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. by keeping tires properly inflated, you can reduce your vehicle ' s \" carbon footprint \" by an average of 327 pounds per year. because a tire can lose up to half its air pressure without appearing to be under - inflated, you cannot rely on a tire ' s appearance to determine whether it ' s properly inflated or not. tire pressure tips to help ensure your tires are properly inflated year - round, here are some tips from schrader, a manufacturer of tpms : * check the pressure in all four tires - - and the spare tire - - monthly with an accurate tire gauge, and always check tire pressure before a long road trip. * the \" right \" pressure for your vehicle ' s tires can be found in the vehicle ' s manual or on the driver door edge, glove box or fuel door. do not follow the information listed on the tire sidewall. * for the most accurate reading, tires should be checked when they are cool. * always remember to replace the valve cap. distributed by internet broadcasting. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4490606784951818, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fbe63891-da5c-47a0-9e22-c0c971f16e25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.191127"}
{"text": "streptococcus, group b it is possible that the main title of the report streptococcus, group b is not the name you expected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report. - group b streptococcal septicemia of the newborn - lancefield group b streptococcus - sepsis of the newborn - streptococcus agalactiae - infant early - onset streptococcus, group b - infant late - onset streptococcus, group b - adult onset streptococcus, group b group b streptococcus ( group b strep ) is a type of bacteria that causes infection among newborns, pregnant women or women after childbirth, females after gynecologic surgery, and older male and female patients with other serious diseases. group b strep remains the most common cause among newborns ( neonates ) of infection of the blood ( septicemia ) and of the brain ( meningitis ). the responsible bacterium, usually s. agalactiae, may be found most often in the vagina and rectum of females and may be transmitted sexually, as well as to a fetus as the infant passes through the birth canal. group b strep infection of newborns may be prevented by giving pregnant women who are carriers antibiotics through the vein ( intravenously ) during labor. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recommend that any pregnant woman who has had a baby with group b strep disease in the past, who has a bladder ( urinary tract ) infection caused by group b strep, or who tests positive for group b strep during pregnancy should receive antibiotics during labor. prevention and prompt treatment are important because group b strep infections may become life - threatening among newborns. gbs disease is said to be early onset if it is obvious within the first week of life. it is said to be late onset if the disease is evident after the first week of life and before the end of the first three months. those at greatest risk of gbs disease are newborn children of infected mothers, women after childbirth, females after gynecologic surgery and older male and female patients with other serious diseases. group b strep association p. o. box 16515 chapel hill, nc 27516 center for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45006396997176523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3af5eed-7288-47e6-8bf2-686166408cc7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.196249"}
{"text": "heart disease and abnormal heart rhythm ( arrhythmia ) an irregular heartbeat is called an arrhythmia, which is not the same as an irregular heart rate. in fact, the two don ' t necessarily occur together. a normal heart rate is 50 to 100 beats per minute. arrhythmias can occur with a normal heart rate, or with heart rates that are slow or rapid. in the united states, more than 850, 000 people are hospitalized for an arrhythmia each year. what causes an arrhythmia? arrhythmias may be caused by many different factors, including : irregular heart rhythms can also occur in otherwise normal, healthy hearts. what are the types of arrhythmias? the types of arrhythmias include : premature atrial contractions. these are early extra beats that originate in the atria ( upper chambers of the heart ). they are harmless and generally do not require treatment. premature ventricular contractions ( pvcs ). these are among the most common arrhythmias and occur in people with or without heart disease. this is the skipped heartbeat we all occasionally experience. in some people, it can be related to stress, too much caffeine or nicotine, or too much exercise. but sometimes, pvcs can be caused by heart disease or electrolyte imbalance. people who have a lot of pvcs, and / or symptoms associated with them, should be evaluated by a heart doctor. however, in most people, pvcs are usually harmless and rarely need treatment. atrial fibrillation. atrial fibrillation is a very common irregular heart rhythm that causes the atria, the upper chambers of the heart, to contract abnormally. atrial flutter. this is an arrhythmia caused by one or more rapid circuits in the atrium. atrial flutter is usually more organized and regular than atrial fibrillation. this arrhythmia occurs most often in people with heart disease and in the first week after heart surgery. it often converts to atrial fibrillation. paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ( psvt ). a rapid heart rate, usually with a regular rhythm, originating from above the ventricles. psvt begins and ends suddenly. there are two main types : accessory path tachycardias and av nodal reentrant tachycardias ( see below ). accessory pathway tachy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46868836296385913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f941670-6331-405f-b436-5f4a3b656ff1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.199841"}
{"text": "rhythm, originating from above the ventricles. psvt begins and ends suddenly. there are two main types : accessory path tachycardias and av nodal reentrant tachycardias ( see below ). accessory pathway tachycardias. a rapid heart rate due to an extra abnormal pathway or connection between the atria and the ventricles. the impulses travel through the extra pathways as well as through the usual route. this allows the impulses to travel around the heart very quickly, causing the heart to beat unusually fast. av nodal reentrant tachycardia. a rapid heart rate due to more than one pathway through the av node. it can cause heart palpitations, fainting, or heart failure. in some cases, it can be terminated using simple maneuvers, such as breathing in and bearing down. some drugs can also stop this heart rhythm. ventricular tachycardia ( v - tach ). a rapid heart rhythm originating from the lower chambers ( or ventricles ) of the heart. the rapid rate prevents the heart from filling adequately with blood. this can be a serious arrhythmia, especially in people with heart disease, and may be associated with more symptoms. ventricular fibrillation. an erratic, disorganized firing of impulses from the ventricles. the ventricles quiver and are unable to contract or pump blood to the body. this is a medical emergency that must be treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) and defibrillation as soon as possible. long qt syndrome. the qt interval is the area on the electrocardiogram that represents the time it takes for the heart muscle to contract and then recover, or for the electrical impulse to fire impulses and then recharge. when the qt interval is longer than normal, it increases the risk of a life - threatening form of ventricular tachycardia. long qt syndrome is an inherited condition that can cause sudden death in young people. it can be treated with antiarrhythmic drugs, pacemaker, electrical cardioversion, defibrillation, implanted cardioverter / defibrillator, or ablation therapy. bradyarrhythmias. these are slow heart rhythms, which may arise from disease in the heart ' s electrical conduction system. examples include sinus node dysfunction and heart block. sinus node dysfunction. a slow heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5573717483309595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f941670-6331-405f-b436-5f4a3b656ff1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.200733"}
{"text": "westat has applied our strong statistical, environmental, and data collection skills to design, conduct, and analyze environmental studies for more than 25 years. we have applied national field resources to the collection of environmental samples in homes, schools, and industrial facilities and coordinated analyses at specialized laboratories, following epa ' s and our own quality assurance specifications. national children ' s study ( ncs ) westat has been awarded the contract to serve as the coordinating center for the national children ' s study ( ncs ) \u2014 the largest study ever undertaken within the united states to assess the effects of the environment on child and adult health. the full nationwide study would follow more than 100, 000 children from prior to conception through adulthood, seeking information to prevent and treat such health problems as autism, birth defects, diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. westat will collect data, compile and analyze statistics, and ensure that the study proceeds according to design. environmental measures proposed for inclusion in the study include toxicants in air, water, and household dust and body burden data to be collected from urine, saliva, and blood. toxicants to be studied include pesticides, metals, volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), phytoestrogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pahs ), and more. six vanguard centers have been selected to pilot and complete the first phases of the study. the centers, which include a variety of universities, hospitals, health departments, and other organizations, will work within their communities to recruit participants, collect and process data, and pilot new research methods for incorporation into the full study. ncs is led by a consortium of federal agency partners : the u. s. department of health and human services ( including the national institute of child health and human development and the national institute of environmental health sciences at the national institutes of health, and the centers for disease control and prevention ) and the u. s. environmental protection agency. exposure assessment and environmental epidemiology our work in the area of exposure assessment and environmental epidemiology has included studies of exposure to pesticides, particulate matter, pcbs, heavy metals, and volatile organic compounds in a variety of populations, including children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. westat conducted the national human exposure assessment regional survey in maryland, a multimedia, multicontaminant field study of long - term exposure that included the collection of blood and urine samples for environmental exposure. the national health and nutrition examination survey now includes measurements of environmental exposure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48980981579422767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de4d4e7a-b9d0-4cd5-9c58-70ee0c985a22>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.204901"}
{"text": "national human exposure assessment regional survey in maryland, a multimedia, multicontaminant field study of long - term exposure that included the collection of blood and urine samples for environmental exposure. the national health and nutrition examination survey now includes measurements of environmental exposure to dozens of contaminants through sampling of blood, urine, hair, and other body tissues and fluids. other westat environmental epidemiology studies include studies of the health effects relating to the following exposures : - air pollution among the elderly in maryland and california and school children in california and texas ; - pesticides among children throughout the united states ; - microbial pathogens among bathers in recreational water ; - mercury in the seafood consumed by subsistence fishermen and women of childbearing age ; - indoor allergens in the homes and daycare centers of children throughout the united states ; and - asbestos in homes, schools, and commercial buildings throughout the united states. water quality has been the focus of several projects for the epa. westat has performed the following : - evaluated the best technology available for minimizing the adverse environmental impact of cooling water intake structures ; - analyzed water quality impairment from concentrated animal feeding operations ; and - designed, conducted, and analyzed the results of industry surveys to determine whether current effluent guidelines were appropriate for current manufacturing technologies used in the iron and steel, meat products, and aquaculture industries. westat ' s work in the area of lead hazards has included two national surveys of lead - based paint hazards in housing, an assessment of exposure to lead in child - care centers and homes, and the analysis of data on lead levels in soil. our staff has performed the following : - produced technical guidance documents on lead contamination of various media ( soil, water, and dust ) ; - developed risk communication materials for the general public ; - designed a series of examinations to certify lead inspections ; - evaluated training programs designed to train janitors and others to work safely around lead paint ; and - designed a protocol for measuring the blood lead levels of children living in remediated housing. health and environment chapter of the epa ' s state of the environment report westat assisted epa in preparing the health and environment chapter of the epa ' s state of the environment report. written in a style appropriate for the general public, yet in conformance with the standards of the health and environmental research communities, the report addresses the following : - health status of the u. s. population ; - human exposure to environmental pollutants ; - diseases related to environmental pollution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4818649443371258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de4d4e7a-b9d0-4cd5-9c58-70ee0c985a22>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.205916"}
{"text": "by bruce boyers, our system of factory agriculture is exacting a great toll on our planet : 40 percent of the land and 70 percent of the fresh water on earth is devoted to the growing of food, which, in the process, creates some 30 percent of greenhouse gases. compounding these issues is the fact that commercial produce is often transported thousands or even tens of thousands of miles to its point of sale, consuming tons of fossil fuel. it is evident that our current agricultural model is a failed experiment in search of a more sustainable solution. in an effort to bring needed fresh produce closer to home with far greater sustainability, a movement in urban agriculture is rapidly gaining momentum. new york city, having such a large and diverse population, is a metropolis ripe for green urban agriculture and is now home to an innovative commercial operation called gotham greens. gotham greens has now gone into full production and is providing much - needed locally and sustainably grown produce for the greater new york city area. \" my partners and i had a vision for a local farm operation here in new york city that could provide new yorkers - which would include restaurants, retailers and consumers - with premium quality, fresh, nutritious culinary herbs and greens, salad greens and lettuces, \" puri said. \" they would be grown year round so that we could reliably and consistently supply our customers with local produce. obviously our climate in new york doesn ' t support year - round agriculture of a lot of these crops, so we thought we would try to do something in a greenhouse. a greenhouse climate allows you to potentially grow year round, at the same time protecting crops against extreme or detrimental weather events. \" gotham greens was founded in 2008 by puri and eric haley ; then in 2009 jennifer nelkin joined as a partner to head all greenhouse operations. puri himself had previously developed and managed start - up enterprises in new york city, in ladakh, india, and in malawi, africa, focusing on green building, renewable energy and environmental design. haley, who is currently employed by a manhattan - based investment bank and private equity fund, also brought business acumen to the operation. the farm know - how comes from nelkin, who cultivated her expertise in greenhouse systems and management at the university of arizona. in addition to greenhouse system design, her skillset includes plant nutrition and crop and pest management. she has managed greenhouses in far more extreme circumstances than new york - namely two different locations in antarctica, providing fresh vegetables for us research scientists. house of greens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4607905781999524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2451548b-a149-48b0-833a-9e93037b7cb3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.213114"}
{"text": "addition to greenhouse system design, her skillset includes plant nutrition and crop and pest management. she has managed greenhouses in far more extreme circumstances than new york - namely two different locations in antarctica, providing fresh vegetables for us research scientists. house of greens the choice of a rooftop was made quite deliberately. \" new york city obviously doesn ' t have a lot of arable or available land, so it seemed to us that one underutilized resource was rooftops, \" said puri. \" you ' re seeing more and more innovative uses of the rooftops now in urban areas nationwide. \" getting a rooftop greenhouse up and operational - especially one of this size and scope - was no mean feat. \" it was extremely challenging, \" puri recalled. \" i would say the biggest challenge was just having any real path to follow. there ' s not a lot of precedent for what we ' re doing. \" the first thing was finding a building owner who wouldn ' t mind us building a greenhouse on his or her roof. we also had to find a building that met all the construction criteria, both structurally and for the obtaining of utilities. in addition there had to be access, and the evaluation of how we would get stuff up and how we would get stuff down. on top of that we had to make sure the plan would meet all zoning and building codes. \" the gotham greens operation, as one might imagine, represents an enormous saving in resource usage. \" we employ a recirculating hydroponic technique that actually goes back and captures all irrigation for reuse, \" puri explained. \" it ' s the most water - efficient form of agriculture in the world. we use ten times less water than conventional agriculture. even though we are not in an area that is susceptible to drought, we still think that it ' s a great demonstration of a technology that is very water efficient. \" the hydroponic growing environment is sterile as well, which eliminates the risk of pathogens - particularly important in light of the increase in foodborne illnesses, such as e. coli and salmonella, from fresh vegetables. puri and his partners have seen to the frugal use of energy too. \" we have 55 kilowatts in solar panels that produce electricity to help meet the electrical needs of the facility, \" said puri. \" along with that, we ' ve spent a lot of effort here to design our facilities to be as energy efficient as possible. we ' ve installed increased insulation in many areas ; the gla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4535364101370073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2451548b-a149-48b0-833a-9e93037b7cb3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.214070"}
{"text": "electrical needs of the facility, \" said puri. \" along with that, we ' ve spent a lot of effort here to design our facilities to be as energy efficient as possible. we ' ve installed increased insulation in many areas ; the glazing material that we selected helps insulate the greenhouse ; and we ' ve deployed heat curtains and heat blankets in the winter to reduce space in the greenhouse that needs to be conditioned. \" additionally, a sophisticated computer control system ensures that climate - control equipment operates efficiently to reduce resource consumption. perhaps the most significant saving in terms of resources is that of fossil fuels, as the distance from farm to consumer is considerably shorter. \" of course, we sharply reduce the transportation of our product and the associated carbon emissions that are caused because of that, \" puri added. all nutrition and pest control is done naturally and sustainably, which was also one of the goals for gotham greens. \" we utilize mineral salts that we dissolve in the water, \" puri said. \" these contain minerals such as nitrogen, magnesium and potassium, along with micronutrients like selenium. in controlling pests, we mostly rely on beneficial insects ; there ' s a whole program in integrated pest management for which a fair bit of monitoring goes on. if we do find a pest in here, we will introduce its natural predator - for instance, we have ladybugs and lacewings to control aphids. \" it ' s in the taste like many others concentrating on great flavor, puri and his team have found that truly caring for the plants will result in the superiority they seek. \" the biggest thing in obtaining that flavor is really taking care of our crops - making sure they have ideal growing conditions in climate, humidity, temperature, and so forth. we ' re also making sure they ' re getting all the nutrients that they need, along with the right amount of irrigation, the right amount of dissolved oxygen. the foremost belief is that healthy plants are going to make for tastier plants. \" and then because we are so close to our customers, we never have to harvest anything before it ' s completely ready. many conventionally grown crops have to be refrigerated and transported long distances, so they are picked early and then artificially ripened. we don ' t have to do anything like that ; we can harvest crops when they are at their optimal freshness, size, flavor, profile and color. we can harvest any item in the morning and have it to a supermarket or a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.509321986783112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2451548b-a149-48b0-833a-9e93037b7cb3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.214994"}
{"text": "( 1 ) the section of a pedestal between base and surbase. ( 2 ) the lower portion of the wall of a room, decorated diffrently from the upper section. the dance of death, a favorite late medieval picture subject. it generally shows skeletons forcing the living to dance with them, usually in matching pairs, e. g. a live priest dancing with a skeleton priest. holbein ' s woodcut series the dance of death is one of the most famous. refers to a style of painting that developed in regensburg, germany, and elsewhere along the danube river during the renaissance and reformation. it is characterized by a renewed interest in medieval piety, an expressive use of nature, the relationship of the human figure and events to nature, and the introduction of landscape as a primary theme in art. the term was coined by theodor von frimmel ( 1853 - 1928 ), who believed that painting in the danube river region around regensburg, passau, and linz possessed common characteristics ; the style seems to exist even though leading artists did not form a school in the usual sense of the term, since they did not work in a single workshop or in a particular centre. major artists whose work represents the style include lucas cranach the elder, albrecht altdorfer and wolf huber. a minister who was below the rank of priest in the catholic, anglican and orthodox churches. deacons originally cared for both the sick and the poor in early christian communities. the representation of christ enthroned in glory as judge or ruler of the world, flanked by the virgin mary and john the baptist acting as intercessors. in medieval art a picture, often an altarpiece, consisting of two folding wings without a fixed central area. in renaissance art theory, the design of a painting seen in terms of drawing, which was help to be the basis of all art. the term stresses not the literal drawing, but the concept behind an art work. with the mannerists the term came to mean an ideal image that a work attempts to embody but can in fact never fully realize. as disegno appeals to the intellect, it was considered far more important that coloure ( colour ), which was seen as appealing to the senses and emotions. a technique of painting in which pigments are diluted with water and bound with a glue. it was usually used for painting wall decorations and frescoes, though a few artists, notably andrea mantegna ( 1430 / 31 - 1506 ), also used it on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5588104874694089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.237449"}
{"text": "in which pigments are diluted with water and bound with a glue. it was usually used for painting wall decorations and frescoes, though a few artists, notably andrea mantegna ( 1430 / 31 - 1506 ), also used it on canvas. in architecture, hemispherical structure evolved from the arch, usually forming a ceiling or roof. a roman catholic order of mendicant friars founded by st. dominic in 1216 to spread the faith through preaching and teaching. the dominicans were one of the most influential religious orders in the later middle ages, their intellectual authority being established by such figures as albertus magnus and st. thomas aquinas. the dominicans played the leading role in the inquisition. a patron who commissioned a work of art for a church. donors sometimes had their portraits included in the work they were donating as a sign of piety. a male garment, formerly worn under armour, that from the 15th century referred to a close - fitting jacket. a ceramic product invented in england around 1720, which belongs to the category of fine stoneware. the porous white bodies are made of fired raw materials containing clay and kaolin as well as quartz, feldspar, and talc. a transparent glaze is applied upon the first or second firing. earthenware, which is suitable for everyday use, is distinguished by its light, creamy surface. the most famous example of this category is made by the english firm of wedgwood ( since 1780 ). stand on which a painting is supported while the artist works on it. the oldest representation of an easel is on an egyptian relief of the old kingdom ( c. 2600 - 2150 bc ). renaissance illustrations of the artist at work show all kinds of contrivances, the commonest being the three - legged easel with pegs, such as we still use today. light folding easels were not made until the 18th and 19th centuries, when painters took to working out of doors. the studio easel, a 19th - century invention, is a heavy piece of furniture, which runs on castors or wheels, and served to impress the c1ients of portrait painters. oil painters need an easel which will support the canvas almost vertically or tip it slightly forward to prevent reflection from the wet paint, whereas the watercolourist must be able to lay his paper nearly flat so that the wet paint will not run down. the term ' easel - painting ' is applied to any picture small enough to have been painted on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5135078482257871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.238357"}
{"text": "from the wet paint, whereas the watercolourist must be able to lay his paper nearly flat so that the wet paint will not run down. the term ' easel - painting ' is applied to any picture small enough to have been painted on a standard easel. the words of pontius pilate in the gospel of st. john ( 19, 5 ) when he presents jesus to the crowds. hence, in art, a depiction of jesus, bound and flogged, wearing a crown of thorns and a scarlet robe. in portraiture, a pose in which the sitter faces the viewer directly ; full face. coloured glass in powder form and sometimes bound with oil, which is bonded to a metal surface or plaque by firing. a print made from a metal plate that has had a design cut into it with a sharp point. ink is smeared over the plate and then wiped off, the ink remaining in the etched lines being transferred when the plate is pressed very firmly onto a sheet of paper. a combining of several media grouped together to form a composite art work. chapels were among the most notable renaissance ensembles, sometimes combining panel painting, fresco, sculpture, and architecture. in classical architecture, the part of a building between the capitals of the columns and the roof. it consists of the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice. pictures or tables with reliefs and inscriptions erected in honour of the deceased in churches or sepulchral chapels. the science of the end of the world and beginning of a new world, and of the last things, death and resurrection. the sacrament of holy communion, celebrated with bread and wine, the most sacred moment of the christian liturgy. the term is used in an italian context to designate spiritual currents manifest around 1540 which might be said to have occupied the confessional middle ground between catholicism and protestantism ; hence it does not relate at all to the term ' evangelical ' as used in german or english contexts. it has been applied particularly to the so - called spirituali of the viterbo circle, notably cardinal pole, vittoria colonna, marcantonio flaminio, carnesecchi and ochino, and also to giulia gonzaga, contarini, giovanni morone ; gregorio cortese and vermigli. such persons combined a zeal for personal religious renewal with spiritual anxieties akin to those of luther, to which they sought an answer in the study of st paul and st augustine ; convinced of the inefficacy of human works,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5492076925014915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.239213"}
{"text": ". such persons combined a zeal for personal religious renewal with spiritual anxieties akin to those of luther, to which they sought an answer in the study of st paul and st augustine ; convinced of the inefficacy of human works, they stressed the role of faith and the all - efficacy of divine grace in justification. few of them broke with the catholic church. tin - glazed european earthenware, particularly ware made in france, germany, spain, and scandinavia. it developed in france in the early 16th century, was influenced by the technique and the designs of italian maiolica, and is named for faenza, italy, which was famous for maiolica. it is distinguished from tin - glazed earthenware made in italy, which is called \" maiolica, \" and that made in the netherlands and england, which is called \" delftware. \" it has no connection to the ancient objects or material also named faience, which was developed in the near east ca. 4500 bce. a title given to those leaders of the early christian church whose writings had made an important contribution to the development of doctrine. saints ambrose, augustine, jerome, and gregory the great were often considered the four principal fathers of the church. ancient roman god of nature, protector of shepherds, farmers, fields and livestock. equated with the greek god pan, he is frequently depicted with a goats legs and horns. architectural ornaments consisting of fruit, leaves, and flowers suspended in a loop ; a swag. in painting, representation of a rural feast or open - air entertainment. although the term fete galante ( \" gallant feast \" ) is sometimes used synonymously with fete champetre, it is also used to refer to a specific kind of fete champetre : a more graceful, usually aristocratic scene in which groups of idly amorous, relaxed, well - dressed figures are depicted in a pastoral setting. of a column or pillar, carved with closely spaced parallel grooves cut vertically. the four horsemen in the revelation of st john ( rev 6, 2 - 8 ), which contains the description of the end of the world and the second coming of christ. the horsemen personify the disasters about to happen to mankind, such as plague, war, famine and death. their attributes are the bow, sword and set of balances. in some sculptures the first rider is identified as christ by a halo. the colour of his horse is white, that of the others red, black and dun. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4872688056080461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.240070"}
{"text": "famine and death. their attributes are the bow, sword and set of balances. in some sculptures the first rider is identified as christ by a halo. the colour of his horse is white, that of the others red, black and dun. a roman catholic order of mendicant friars founded by st. francis of assisi ( given papal approval in 1223 ). committed to charitable and missionary work, they stressed the veneration of the holy virgin, a fact that was highly significant in the development of images of the madonna in italian art. in time the absolute poverty of the early franciscans gave way to a far more relaxed view of property and wealth, and the franciscans became some of the most important patrons of art in the early renaissance. wall painting technique in which pigments are applied to wet ( fresh ) plaster ( intonaco ). the pigments bind with the drying plaster to form a very durable image. only a small area can be painted in a day, and these areas, drying to a slightly different tint, can in time be seen. small amounts of retouching and detail work could be carried out on the dry plaster, a technique known as a secco fresco. save in venice, where the atmosphere was too damp, fresco painting was the habitual way of decorating wall surfaces in italy, both in churches and in private and public palaces. during the 16th century a liking for the more brilliant effect of large canvases painted in oils, and to a lesser extent for tapestries, diminished the use of frescoes save for covering upper walls, covings and ceilings. the technique of buon fresco, or true fresco, involved covering the area with a medium - fine plaster, the intonaco, just rough enough to provide a bond ( sometimes enhanced by scoring ) for the final layer of fine plaster. either a freehand sketch of the whole composition ( sinopia ) was drawn on the wall, or a full - scale cartoon was prepared and its outlines transferred to the intonaco by pressing them through with a knife or by pouncing - blowing charcoal dust through prickholes in the paper. then over the intonaco enough of the final thin layer was applied to contain a day ' s work. that portion of the design was repeated on it either by the same methods or freehand, and the artist set to work with water - based pigments while the plaster was still damp ; this allowed them to sink in before becoming dry and fixed. ( thus ' pulls ' or slices of frescoes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4967905730566434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.240959"}
{"text": "it either by the same methods or freehand, and the artist set to work with water - based pigments while the plaster was still damp ; this allowed them to sink in before becoming dry and fixed. ( thus ' pulls ' or slices of frescoes could be taken by later art thieves without actually destroying the colour or drawing of the work. ) it is usually possible to estimate the time taken to produce a fresco by examining the joins between the plastered areas representing a day ' s work. final details, or effects impossible to obtain in true fresco pigments, could be added at the end in ' dry ' paints, or fresco secco, a technique in which pigment was laid on an unabsorbent plaster ; the best known example of an entire composition in fresco secco is leonardo ' s last supper. the highest order the english monarch can bestow. it was founded by edward iii in 1348. the blue garter ribbon is worn under the left knee by men and on the upper left arm by women. the motto is honi soit qui mal y pense ( evil to those who think evil ). in classical rome, a person ' s invisible tutelary god. in art from the classical period onwards, the low - ranking god was depicted as a winged, usually childish figure. in a broad sense, the term is used to mean a particular branch or category of art ; landscape and portraiture, for example, are genres of painting, and the essay and the short story are genres of literature. the depiction of scenes from everyday life. elements of everyday life had long had a role in religious works ; pictures in which such elements were the subject of a painting developed in the 16th century with such artists as pieter bruegel. then carracci and caravaggio developed genre painting in italy, but it was in holland in the 17th century that it became an independent form with its own major achievements, vermeer being one of its finest exponents. a term applied to the 14th - century followers of giotto. the best - known of the ' giotteschi ' are the florentines taddeo gaddi, maso di banco, bernardo daddi, and to a lesser extent the master of st cecilia. giotto ' s most loyal follower was maso, who concentrated on the essential and maintained the master ' s high seriousness. french term used from the 15th century onwards for a lying or recumbent effigy on a funerary monument. the gisant typically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48925252427855315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.241856"}
{"text": "most loyal follower was maso, who concentrated on the essential and maintained the master ' s high seriousness. french term used from the 15th century onwards for a lying or recumbent effigy on a funerary monument. the gisant typically represented a person in death ( sometimes decomposition ) and the gisant position was contrasted with the orant, which represented the person as if alive in a kneeling or praying position. in renaissance monuments gisants often formed part of the lower register, where the deceased person was represented as a corpse, while on the upper part he was represented orant as if alive. paint applied so thinly that the base beneath it is visible through the layer. ( 1 ) the supernatural radiance surrounding a holy person. ( 2 ) to have the distinction of one ' s deeds recognized in life and to be revered for them posthumously : this was glory. the nature of true gloria was much discussed, whether it must be connected with the public good, whether the actions that led to it must conform with christian ethics, how it differed from notoriety. the concept did not exclude religious figures ( the title of the church of the frari in venice was s. maria gloriosa ), but it was overwhelmingly seen in terms of secular success and subsequent recognition, as determining the lifestyles of the potent and the form of their commemoration in literature, in portraits and on tombs. as such, it has been taken as a denial of medieval religiosity ( ' sic transit gloria mundi ' ), and thus a hallmark of renaissance individual ism ; as a formidable influence on cultural patronage ; and as spurring on men of action, as well as writers and artists, to surpass their rivals - including their counterparts in antiquity. french tapestry manufactory, named after a family of dyers and clothmakers who set up business on the outskirts of paris in the 15th century. their premises became a tapestry factory in the early 17th century, and in 1662 it was taken over by louis xiv, who appointed lebrun director. initially it made not only tapestries but also every kind of product ( except carpets, which were woven at the savonnerie factory ) required for the furnishing of the royal palaces \u2014 its official title was manufacture royale des meubles de la couronne. the celebrated tapestry designed by lebrun showing louis xiv visiting the gobelins ( gobelins museum, paris, 1663 - 75 ) gives a good idea of the range of its activities. in 169", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45154969732995753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.242734"}
{"text": "meubles de la couronne. the celebrated tapestry designed by lebrun showing louis xiv visiting the gobelins ( gobelins museum, paris, 1663 - 75 ) gives a good idea of the range of its activities. in 1694 the factory was closed because of the king ' s financial difficulties, and although it reopened in 1699, thereafter it made only tapestries. for much of the 18th century it retained its position as the foremost tapestry manufactory in europe. 0udry and boucher successively held the post of director ( 1733 - 70 ). the gobelins continues in production today and houses a tapestry museum. a noble chivalric order, still in existence today, founded by duke philip the good of burgundy in 1430 in honor of the apostle andrew, for the defence of the christian faith and the church. in allusion to the legend of jason and the argonauts, the symbol of the order is a golden ram ' s fleece drawn through a gold ring. in painting and architecture, a formula meant to provide the aesthetically most satisfying proportions for a picture or a feature of a building. the golden section is arrived at by dividing a line unevenly so that the shorter length is to the larger as the larger is to the whole. this ratio is approximately 8 : 13. the golden section ( sometimes known as the golden mean ), which was thought to express a perfect harmony of proportions, played an important role in renaissance theories of art. italian gonfaloniere ( \" standard bearer \" ), a title of high civic magistrates in the medieval italian city - states. in florence the gonfaloniers of the companies ( gonfalonieri di compagnia ) originated during the 1250s as commanders of the people ' s militia. in the 1280s a new office called the gonfalonier of justice ( gonfaloniere di giustizia ) was instituted to protect the interests of the people against the dominant magnate class. the holder of this office subsequently became the most prominent member of the signoria ( supreme executive council of florence ) and formal head of the civil administration. in other italian cities, the role of the gonfaloniers was similar to that in florence. gonfaloniers headed the militia from the various city quarters, while the gonfalonier of justice often was the chief of the council of guild representatives. the kings of france traditionally bore the title gonfalonier of st. denis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4467795637286519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.244354"}
{"text": "giovanni pisano or simone martini who most closely approached a pure gothic style. nevertheless, the vitalizing role of northern gothic art throughout the early renaissance and the period leading up to it should never be underestimated. the artistic, like the cultural and commercial, interaction was continuous and much of the italian achievement is incomprehensible if seen in isolation. it is not merely at the level of direct exchanges between one artist and another, or the influence of one building ; painting, manuscript or piece of sculpture upon another, that the effects are to be felt. the streaming quality of line which is so characteristic of brunelleschi ' s early renaissance architecture surely reflects a sensitivity to the gothic contribution which is entirely independent of, and lies much deeper than, the superficial particularities of form. the counterflow of influence and inspiration from south to north must likewise not be underrated. in particular, the contribution of italian painters from duccio and simone martini onwards is central to the evolution of the so - called international gothic style developing in burgundy, bohemia and north italy in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. gouache is opaque watercolour, known also as poster paint and designer ' s colour. it is thinned with water for applying, with sable - and hog - hair brushes, to white or tinted paper and card and, occasionally, to silk. honey, starch, or acrylic is sometimes added to retard its quick - drying property. liquid glue is preferred as a thinner by painters wishing to retain the tonality of colours ( which otherwise dry slightly lighter in key ) and to prevent thick paint from flaking. gouache paints have the advantages that they dry out almost immediately to a mat finish and, if required, without visible brush marks. these qualities, with the capacities to be washed thinly or applied in thick impasto and a wide colour range that now includes fluorescent and metallic pigments, make the medium particularly suited to preparatory studies for oil and acrylic paintings. it is the medium that produces the suede finish and crisp lines characteristic of many indian and islamic miniatures, and it has been used in western screen and fan decoration and by modern artists such as rouault, klee, dubuffet, and morris graves. term applied to the lofty and rhetorical manner of history painting that in academic theory was considered appropriate to the most serious and elevated subjects. the classic exposition of its doctrines is found in reynolds ' s third and fourth discourses ( 1770 and 1771 ), where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49580263366904476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.246262"}
{"text": "to the lofty and rhetorical manner of history painting that in academic theory was considered appropriate to the most serious and elevated subjects. the classic exposition of its doctrines is found in reynolds ' s third and fourth discourses ( 1770 and 1771 ), where he asserts that ' the gusto grande of the italians, the beau ideal of the french, and the great style, genius, and taste among the english, are but different appellations of the same thing '. the idea of the grand manner took shape in 17th - century italy, notably in the writings of bellori. his friend poussin and the great bolognese painters of the 17th century were regarded as outstanding exponents of the grand manner, but the greatest of all was held to be raphael. an extensive journey to the continent, chiefly to france, the netherlands, and above all italy, sometimes in the company of a tutor, that became a conventional feature in the education of the english gentleman in the 18th century. such tours often took a year or more. it had a noticeable effect in bringing a more cosmopolitan spirit to the taste of connoisseurs and laid the basis for many collections among the landed gentry. it also helped the spread of the fashion for neoclassicism and an enthusiasm for italian painting. among the native artists who catered for this demand were batoni, canaletto, pannini, and piranesi, and british artists ( such as nollekens ) were sometimes able to support themselves while in italy by working for the dealers and restorers who supplied the tourist clientele. there was also a flourishing market in guide books. a cross with four arms of equal length. term current with several different meanings in the literature of the visual arts. in the context of the fine arts, it most usually refers to those arts that rely essentially on line or tone rather than colour \u2014 i. e. drawing and the various forms of engraving. some writers, however, exclude drawing from this definition, so that the term ' graphic art ' is used to cover the various processes by which prints are created. in another sense, the term \u2014 sometimes shortened to ' graphics ' \u2014 is used to cover the entire field of commercial printing, including text as well as illustrations. a painting done entirely in one colour, usually gray. grisaille paintings were often intended to imitate sculpture. italian political terms derived from the german welf, a personal and thence family name of the dukes of bavaria, and waiblingen, the name of a castle of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5275577408862272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.247236"}
{"text": ", usually gray. grisaille paintings were often intended to imitate sculpture. italian political terms derived from the german welf, a personal and thence family name of the dukes of bavaria, and waiblingen, the name of a castle of the hohenstaufen dukes of swabia apparently used as a battle cry. presumably introduced into italy 1198 - 1218, when partisans of the emperor otto iv ( welf ) contested central italy with supporters of philip of swabia and his ' nephew frederick ii, the terms do not appear in the chronicles until the emperor frederick ' s conflict with the papacy 1235 - 50, when guelf meant a supporter of the pope and ghibelline a supporter of the empire. from 1266 to 1268, when naples was conquered by charles of anjou, brother of louis ix, the french connection became the touchstone of guelfism, and the chain of guelf alliances stretching from naples, through central italy, to provence and paris, underwritten by the financial interests of the tuscan bankers, became an abiding feature of european politics. the italian expeditions of henry of luxemburg ( 1310 - 13 ) and lewis of bavaria ( 1327 - 29 ) spread the terms to northern italy, with the visconti of milan and the della scala of verona emerging as the leading ghibelline powers. attempts by guelf propagandists to claim their party as the upholder of liberty and their opponents as the protagonists of tyranny rarely coincide with the truth : power politics, then as now, generally overrode ideology in inter - state affairs. factional struggles had existed within the italian states from time immemorial, the parties taking a multitude of local names. in florence, however, guelf and ghibelline were applied to the local factions which supposedly originated in a feud between the buondelmonte and amidei clans, c. 1216. in 1266 - 67 the guelf party, which had recruited most of the merchant class, finally prevailed over the predominantly noble ghibellines ; after this, internal factions in florence went under other names, like the blacks and the whites who contested for control of the commune between 1295 and 1302. meanwhile the parte guelfa had become a corporate body whose wealth and moral authority as the guardian of political orthodoxy enabled it to play the part of a powerful pressure group through most of the 14th century. after the war of the eight saints", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47377640520112385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.248123"}
{"text": "guilds was the 13th and 14th centuries. the economic recession after 1348 meant fewer opportunities for journeymen to become masters, and greater hostility between master and man. the shift from trade to land in the 15th and 16th centuries meant a decline in the social standing of the crafts. in some towns, such as brescia and vicenza, guild membership actually became a disqualification instead of a qualification for municipal office. the guilds lost their independence and became instruments of state control. in 16th century venice, for example, they were made responsible for supplying oarsmen for the galleys of the state. dutch painters who worked in the hague between 1860 and 1900, producing renderings of local landscapes and the daily activities of local fisherman and farmers in the style of realism. in this they extended the traditional focus on genre of the 17th - century dutch masters with the fresh observation of their contemporary french counterparts, the barbizon school. the group included jozef israels ; hendrik willem mesdag ; jan hendrik weissenbruch ; jacob maris, matthijs maris, and willem maris ; johannes bosboom ; and anton mauve. in a drawing, print or painting, a series of close parallel lines that create the effect of shadow, and therefore contour and three - dimensionality in crosshatching the lines overlap. the study of the meaning of emblems and coats of arms, with the rules governing their use. the heretical movements affecting italy between the mid - 12th and the mid - 14th century had their main impact in an area covering the north - west of the peninsula and southern france : it is not possible to speak of distinct italian and meridional french movements. the authentically christian movements which were expelled from the catholic church must in the first instance be distinguished from catharism, which represented an infiltration by the originally non - christian dualist system of manichaeanism ; from the start, the cathars were an anti - church. by contrast, the waldensian, spiritual and joachimite movements appeared initially as vital manifestations of catholicism ; only after their condemnation by the ecclesiastical authorities do they seem to have developed notably eccentric doctrines and to have described themselves as the true church in opposition to the institutional church ; they had a recognizable kinship with movements that remained within the pale of orthodoxy. these christian heresies had in common an attachment to the ideal of apostolic poverty, which came to be seen by the ecclesiastical authorities as a challenge to the institutionalized church. the waldensians or valdesi ( not to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4660450016565737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.250130"}
{"text": "the pale of orthodoxy. these christian heresies had in common an attachment to the ideal of apostolic poverty, which came to be seen by the ecclesiastical authorities as a challenge to the institutionalized church. the waldensians or valdesi ( not to be confused with valdesiani, the followers of juan de valdes, d. 1541 ) took their origin from the poor men of lyons, founded by peter valdes or waldo in the 1170s. they were distinguished by a strong attachment to the bible and a desire to imitate christ ' s poverty. at first approved by the papacy as an order of laymen, they were condemned in 1184. likewise condemned was the rather similar lombard movement of the humiliati. one stream of these remained as an approved order within the catholic church, while others merged with the waldensians. the waldensians came to teach that the sacraments could be administered validly only by the pure, i. e : only by waldensian superiors or perfecti practising evangelical poverty. alone among the heretical sects existing in italy they were organized as a church, and regarded themselves as forming, together with brethren north of the alps, one great missionary community. they spread all over western and central europe but in the long term they came to be largely confined to the rhaetian and cottian alps ( the grisons and savoy ). the italian waldensians in the 16th century resisted absorption by reformed protestantism. the early franciscans might be regarded as a movement, similar in character to the poor men of lyons, which was won for the cause of catholic orthodoxy. however, divisions within the order over the issue of poverty led to religious dissidence. the spirituals held up the ideal of strict poverty as obligatory for franciscans and, indeed, normative for churchmen ; following the papacy ' s recognition of the franciscan order as a property - owning body in 1322 - 23, their position became one of criticism of the institutional church as such. their heresies came to incorporate the millenarian doctrines of the 12th century abbot joachim of fiore. he had prophesied a coming age of the holy spirit ushered in by spiritual monks ; his heretical followers prophesied a new spiritual gospel that would supersede the bible. joachimite spiritualists came to see the pope, head of the ' carnal church ', as antichrist. the main impact of the movement upon the laity was in southern france ; in italy it was an affair of various", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46148094501573167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fa305ad-c183-4ce9-8443-401b5e3befd9>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.252173"}
{"text": "henry evans is a mute quadriplegic, having suffered a stroke when he was just 40 years old. following extensive therapy, henry regained the ability to move his head and use a finger, which allows him to operate computers. last year, henry caught a tv interview of georgia tech professor charlie kemp showing research with the willow garage pr2 robot. willow garage and professor kemp were contacted by henry shortly afterwards, and we have been collaborating since then. we are currently exploring ways for henry to use a pr2 robot as his surrogate. every day, people take for granted the simple act of scratching an itch. in henry ' s case, 2 - 3 times every hour of every day he gets an itch he can ' t scratch. with the aid of a pr2, henry was able to scratch an itch for himself for the first time in 10 years. while this is only a first step, it demonstrates how people with severe physical disabilities could use personal robots to gain independence. in another example, henry recently used the pr2 to shave his cheek. we are actively researching ways for henry and others to perform tasks like these on a daily basis. currently, henry uses a head tracker to operate a variety of experimental user interfaces. these interfaces allow him to directly move the robot ' s body, including its arms and head. they also let him invoke autonomous actions, such as navigating in a room and reaching out to a location. robots that complement human abilities are extremely valuable, especially when they help us do things that we can ' t do by ourselves. our goal is to get robots in homes to help people like henry and jane evans. this is just the beginning. leila takayama recognized by mit technology review ' s tr35 listing of the world ' s top young innovators for 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48086396900329814, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a598bb26-9bcf-4c37-b446-316a1826452a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.256026"}
{"text": "a california - based company is attempting to introduce expert crowdsourcing to oncology to try and ensure that each cancer patient gets the most appropriate treatment. commons brings together leading physicians and scientists in each type of cancer to create an open - source wiki - style database that will catalogue the different genomic subtypes of each disease and show how patients are responding to different treatments. the project is based on the hypothesis that every patient ' s tumour is, to some extent, unique. although most cancer drugs are tested individually in large - scale clinical trials, the majority of physicians ( 70 percent ) prescribe cocktails of drugs based on their individual experience and particular genomic subtype of the cancer. by capturing, aggregating and analysing the genomic and results data of these individual drug experiments - - cross referencing them with the large scale clinical trials and studies - - physicians might be able to more efficiently find the most appropriate treatment for their patients. cancer commons was set up by jay \" marty \" tenenbaum - - a silicon valley entrepreneur and cancer survivor who founded a range of e - commerce companies including commercenet and veo systems. he also founded enterprise integration technologies, the first company to conduct a commercial internet transaction, in 1992. more recently he has focused on transforming healthcare, launching collabrx, which uses computers to personalise cancer treatments and accelerate research ( and which powers cancer commons ). tenenbaum argues that there are thousands of studies that are published each year, with only a handful of them getting national or international attention. furthermore, there are hundreds of thousands of individual \" trials \" being conducted by doctors ( some 30, 000 oncologists in the us, where the program is limited to for the time being ) who are experimenting with different cocktails of drugs on their patients. without one central place to store and access these studies, scientific and clinical advancement in this field is being artificially held back. a major hurdle for the project is getting researchers to supply their data to the site, rather than hold out for a career - making article in a peer - reviewed journal. tenenbaum is frustrated by how little data is shared between peers and hopes that cancer commons could mark the dawn of a new era of open - source science. tenenbaum told wired. co. uk : \" there is lots of talking in fragmented silos, but we want to capture all of that in one place and expedite the process through which science turns into the first stage of cancer commons is to create a database", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4834536297698684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:261b3732-bc1b-48c7-9ed5-c7eb4c1cba6d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.262168"}
{"text": "wired. co. uk : \" there is lots of talking in fragmented silos, but we want to capture all of that in one place and expedite the process through which science turns into the first stage of cancer commons is to create a database where each different type of cancer has a \" molecular disease model \" ( mdm ) - - an expert - curated reference node that catalogues the known molecular subtypes of a particular cancer, linked to relevant pathways, diagnostic tests, approved and experimental therapies and current clinical trials. each is akin to a dynamic research paper that reflects the latest scientific, clinical and technological advancements. a rapid submission and dissemination process allows each mdm to be maintained online and continuously updated by cancer specialists and moderated by editors. the project is governed by an editorial board with an impressive set of credentials. the 18 specialists - - chaired by george lundberg, former editor - in - chief of journal of the american medical association and of webmd ' s online properties and e - medicine - - include a former fda commissioner, a former editor of science and a former president of the american society of so far, only one model has been created, for melanoma. it incorporates 78, 185 abstracts from research papers and information relating to some 1016 clinical trials that are ongoing in the field. some 11 expert editors have been assigned to that particular mdm, including dr david fisher, the head of the dermatology at harvard medical school and dr keith flaherty, from the department of medicine at harvard medical school. over the coming year the plan is to create mdms for other cancers including lung, breast, sarcoma, and lymphoma - - each with their own experts overseeing in order to harness the power of the mdm, collabrx is developing apps that tap into the data to aid decision - making. for example, the \" targeted therapy finder \" can be used by doctors to help identify genetic tests that map an individual tumour ' s unique characteristics, and then select potential treatments based on the findings. by entering information about the particular tumour, they ' ll be given options of tests that ' ll help narrow down the particular subtype of cancer being dealt with ( as categorised by the mdm ), and therefore find out which treatments are the most promising. they can then find information about trials that are looking for patients with that particular subtype. the view is to develop further apps that allow doctors and researchers to submit clinical observations and outcomes and then collaborative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5522688081319027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:261b3732-bc1b-48c7-9ed5-c7eb4c1cba6d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.263152"}
{"text": "robb godshaw, from syynlabs, has created a haptic cube that gives you an impression of what the temperature will be like tomorrow. the cube, which godshaw has named the cryoscope, consists of an aluminium shell surrounding a peltier element, heatsink, cooling fan and an led, all controlled by an arduino. the cube is heated to a \" neutral \" state of 30c, and then adjusted by the number of degrees that the next day ' s forecast differs from room temperature ( 23c ). it takes into account wind chill and humidity to give an idea what the following day will \" feel \" like, rather than merely reflecting air temperature. so, for example, if the forecast for the next day is for 18c, once those factors are all taken into account, the cube ' s temperature will decrease five degrees from 30c to 25c, resulting in it being slightly cool to the touch. godshaw describes it in the video above as a \" haptic weathervane \", adding : \" users enter their location into a web app. the cube then automatically adjusts to the forecasted temperature. by touching the cryoscope, the user is able to feel tomorrow ' s air you can see the cryoscope in action over on godshaw ' s website. updated 08 : 29 09 / 05 / 2012 : godshaw has redesigned the cryoscope and is raising money for full production over on kickstarter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6072630673046221, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcbce5d9-dd4b-4753-953d-726754de7973>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.264541"}
{"text": "odd wisconsin archive today marks the 25th anniversary of the first aids diagnosis, a gruesome fact but one which, like every other, has a historical context. epidemics have swept through human communities for about 10, 000 years, and wisconsin has had its share. european diseases probably reached wisconsin before european explorers themselves. in the fifty years following hernando de soto ' s invasion of the lower mississippi in 1539, disease killed 90 percent of the indians living in the middle mississippi valley. these were indians with whom wisconsin peoples had traded for centuries, since at least the time of aztalan. many archaeologists have speculated that epidemics of measles or smallpox may have swept through indian communities in wisconsin decades before jean nicolet stepped ashore in 1634. once europeans set up permanent settlements and native peoples gathered around them, disease penetrated indian communities as effectively as metal pots, firearms, or porcelain beads. \u201c maladies wrought among them more devastation than even war did, \u201d concluded contemporary french writer bacqueville de la potherie of the wisconsin tribes, \u201c and exhalations from the rotting corpses caused great mortality. \u201d the first clearly documented epidemic in wisconsin was an act of bioterrorism perpetrated by british traders against indians who had killed one of their colleagues. dr. douglass houghton, who interviewed the ojibwe about epidemics in 1832, wrote down their recollection that in 1770, when visiting mackinac, \" a cask of liquor and a flag closely rolled were presented to the indians as a token of friendship. they were at the same time strictly enjoined neither to break the seal of the cask nor to unroll the flag, until they had reached the heart of their own country. \" this they promised to observe ; but while returning, and after having travelled many days, the chief of the deputation made a feast for the indians of the band at fond du lac, lake superior, upon which occasion he unsealed the cask and unrolled the flag for the gratification of his guests... and of those indians then at fond du lac, about three hundred in number, nearly the whole were swept off by it. nor did it stop here ; for numbers of those at fond du lac at the time the disease made its appearance, took refuge among the neighboring bands ; and although it did not extend easterly on lake superior, it is believed that not a single band of chippewas north or west from fond du lac escaped its ravages..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4033690312553561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf438172-3aba-40e2-a8b8-9df5fbeba61e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.268320"}
{"text": "disease made its appearance, took refuge among the neighboring bands ; and although it did not extend easterly on lake superior, it is believed that not a single band of chippewas north or west from fond du lac escaped its ravages... \" the indians at this day are firmly of the opinion that the smallpox was at this time communicated through the articles presented to their brethren by the agent of the fur company at mackinac ; and that it was done for the purpose of punishing them more severely for their offences. \" his full account, including other outbreaks after this first one, is here. houghton estimated that the disease had appeared among the ojibwe at least five times in the previous 60 years. disease is no respecter of race or ethnicity, and the earliest white settlers suffered catastrophically from epidemic outbreaks as well. at fort crawford in the summer of 1830, 154 of the 199 soldiers came down with malaria. cholera broke out among them in august 1833, taking down 23 soldiers and killing six, and other outbreaks swept through the state between 1849 and 1854. in august of 1895, smallpox swept through the southside of milwaukee, where the traditions of recent polish immigrants clashed with modern public health practices. the first patients were segregated at an isolation hospital outside the neighborhood, even though the residents preferred caring for their own sick in their own homes, as they had in the old country. when hospital patients began dying, the residents came to see the hospital as a slaughterhouse - - a place they would never send their loved ones. when city health officials or ambulances attempted to remove patients to protect the uninfected, they were met by barricaded doors and armed uprisings. a protest rally drew nearly 10, 000 people to the hospital who stoned the police and fired pistols in the air. the 100 police officers plunged into the crowd swinging billy clubs, cracking heads and driving people back to their homes. the spanish flu epidemic that followed world war i perhaps affected more wisconsin residents than any other outbreak. known variously as the \" spanish flu \" or \" la grippe, \" influenza killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide. by the end of 1918, more than 675, 000 americans had died from the flu, most between the ages of 19 and 42, and the wisconsin board of health declared that the \" spanish flu \" epidemic would \" forever be remembered as the most disastrous calamity that has ever been visited upon the people of wisconsin. \" the first cases were reported in southern wisconsin in september 1918", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47094053553674226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf438172-3aba-40e2-a8b8-9df5fbeba61e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.269243"}
{"text": "world bulletin / news desk wheat experts are stepping up monitoring of a crop disease first found in africa in 1999 to minimise the spread of a deadly fungus that is also a threat in asia, experts said on friday. a \" rust - tracker \", using data supplied by farmers and scientists, could now monitor the fungus in 27 developing nations across 42 million hectares ( 103 million acres ) of wheat - an area the size of iraq or california. \" it ' s the most serious wheat disease, \" ronnie coffman, vice - chair of the borlaug global rust initiative ( bgri ), told reuters ahead of a meeting of wheat experts in beijing from sept. 1 - 4. \" if it gets started... it ' s like a biological firestorm, \" he said. experts will review progress in combating the disease, with fungicides and 20 new resistant varieties developed in recent years. the stem rust disease, forming reddish patches on plants like rust on metal, is known as ug99 after it was found in uganda in 1999. it has since spread as far as south africa and north to yemen and iran. the fungus, which can destroy entire wheat fields, is likely eventually to be carried worldwide on the winds. the biggest threat in coming years is a spread across asia to pakistan, india and china, the world ' s top producer, coffman said. \" effective control often depends on finding out what is happening in distant regions, and the rust - tracker can help scientists assess the status of stem rust and other rust diseases, \" said dave hodson, the developer of rust - tracker. about 85 percent of wheat now in production worldwide was reckoned to be vulnerable to ug99 and its variants, the bgri estimated. rich nations are far less vulnerable because they can afford to switch to new varieties or deploy fungicides. among developing nations, afghanistan, bangladesh, ethiopia, egypt, india, kenya, nepal and pakistan are on the front line of deploying rust - resistant varieties. coffman said that relatively minor amounts of wheat output had been lost so far. \" the only country under immediate threat of a dramatic loss of production is ethiopia, \" he said. in kenya, for instance, ug99 had been brought largely under control because of shifts to new varieties. another threat was from yellow rust, which has struck nations from morocco to uzbekistan in recent years. the ug99 fungus is among threats to food supplies. a u. n. panel of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44374072448110935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc0c51bb-cc80-441a-9079-4085b22f183b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.271752"}
{"text": "divers have found 30 bottles of champagne thought to pre - date the french revolution on the baltic seabed. when they opened one, they found the wine - believed to have been made by clicquot ( now veuve clicquot ) between 1782 and 1788 - was still in good condition. the bottle - whose shape indicates it was produced in the 18th century - has now been sent to france for analysis. if confirmed, it would be the oldest drinkable champagne in the world. diver christian ekstrom was exploring a shipwreck on the baltic seabed when he found the bottles. he took one to the surface, where he opened it and tasted it with his colleagues. \" it was fantastic, \" he told the reuters news agency. \" it had a very sweet taste, you could taste oak and it had a very strong tobacco smell. and there were very small bubbles. \" according to records, clicquot champagne was first produced in 1772 but was laid down for 10 years. production was disrupted after the french revolution in 1789. the wine found on the seabed was perfectly preserved because of the conditions of dark and cold on the seabed. if the bottles do come from the 1780s, that would make them around 40 years older than the current record - holder, a bottle of perrier - jouet from 1825. wine experts estimate each bottle would fetch around 500, 000 swedish kronor ( \u00a345, 000 ; $ 69, 000 ) at auction. the bottles were found off the coast of aaland, an autonomous part of finland. the local authorities will decide what is done with the shipwreck - and the champagne.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4142957229006575, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e144831-e1cc-4075-b944-460eb0935350>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.273394"}
{"text": "french and american scientists won the nobel prize in physics tuesday for their work with light and matter, which may lead the way to superfast computers and \" the most precise clocks ever seen, \" the prize committee said. serge haroche of france and david wineland of the united states will share the $ 1. 2 million prize, the second of six nobel prizes announced this month. the award surprised those who expected the physics nobel this year to be related to the discovery of the higgs boson, considered one of the top scientific achievements of the past 50 years. wineland and haroche work in the field of quantum optics, approaching the same principles from opposite directions. the american uses light particles to measure the properties of matter, whereas his french colleague focuses on tracking light particles by using atoms. both nobel laureates have found ways to isolate the subatomic particles and keep their properties intact at the same time, scientists at the royal swedish academy of sciences said in stockholm, sweden. usually when these particles interact with the outside world, the properties that scientists would like to directly observe disappear, leaving researchers postulating over what is going on with them. the two have found a way around this, making direct observation possible. \" the new methods allow them to examine, control and count the particles, \" the academy said. haroche is a professor at the college de france and ecole normale superieure in paris, and wineland is group leader and nist fellow at the national institute of standards and technology and the university of colorado boulder. their work has some potential side benefits to future technology. \" their ground - breaking methods have enabled this field of research to take the very first steps towards building a new type of super fast computer based on quantum physics, \" the academy said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5443370251424734, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5652996e-b25f-42c5-9282-ece62c5dfdc1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.275106"}
{"text": "on behalf of gov. mark schweiker, department of environmental protection ( dep ) secretary david e. hess announced that this month ' s episode of the emmy - award - winning television series greenworks for pennsylvania features stories about people working to protect pennsylvania ' s watersheds. \" raising awareness of the role watersheds play in our environment is one of the cornerstones of pennsylvania ' s ` growing greener ' program, \" hess said. \" the current episode of greenworks features people of all ages learning about, protecting and restoring pennsylvania ' s watersheds. greenworks, produced in a video - magazine format, takes viewers across the commonwealth to spotlight people doing positive things for the environment. greenworks is supported by dep and the environmental fund for pennsylvania ( efp ). the current episode runs through october. this month ' s episode includes these features. * the radnor middle school watershed program in delaware county, which takes students out of the classroom and into the field to learn about watersheds first hand. * members of the delaware riverkeepers, who worked on mitigating stream bank erosion by clearing, regrading and covering a stream bank with a biodegradable mesh of coconut fibers allowing native plants to regain a healthy foothold. * the pottstown watershed alliance, which removed an old dam in the manatawny creek in pottstown, montgomery county, to improve water quality. * members of the swatara creek watershed association and dep staff, which cleaned up 33 acres of abandoned mine drainage in schuylkill county. * the river sojourn 2001, where people from all walks of life canoed and kayaked on pennsylvania rivers to connect with and appreciate the beauty and power of the state ' s natural water resources. \" we all depend on rivers and watersheds for drinking water and more, \" efp executive director timothy j. schlitzer said. \" i hope this program will deepen viewers ' understanding and respect for what it takes to protect our precious waterways. \" efp funds environmental education and improvement projects from contributions made through employee payroll - deduction programs established by businesses and the commonwealth and other donations. the series reaches more than five million households in pennsylvania through 83 cable television stations as well as the public broadcasting service. for a listing of stations carrying greenworks and information on particular broadcasts, visit the greenworks website through the pa powerport at www. state. pa. us, directly at www. greenworks. tv, or call efp at 1 - 800 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3811867017276579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8eb9e2b6-423a-4071-a262-e351d76dcaf3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.277599"}
{"text": "here ' s the way the nws defines it : forecasts issued by the national weather service routinely include a \" pop \" ( probability of precipitation ) statement, which is often expressed as the \" chance of rain \" or \" chance of precipitation \". http : / / www. srh. noaa. gov / ffc /? n = pop zone forecasts for north and central georgia national weather service peachtree city ga 119 pm edt thu may 8 2008 including the cities of... atlanta... conyers... decatur... 119 pm edt thu may x 2008. this afternoon... mostly cloudy with a 40 percent chance of showers and thunderstorms. windy. highs in the lower 80s. near steady temperature in the lower 80s. south winds 15 to 25 mph.. tonight... mostly cloudy with a chance of showers and thunderstorms in the evening... then a slight chance of showers and thunderstorms after midnight. lows in the mid 60s. southwest winds 5 to 15 mph. chance of rain 40 percent. what does this \" 40 percent \" mean?... will it rain 40 percent of of the time?... will it rain over 40 percent of the area? the \" probability of precipitation \" ( pop ) describes the chance of precipitation occurring at any point you select in the area. how do forecasters arrive at this value? mathematically, pop is defined as follows : pop = c x a where \" c \" = the confidence that precipitation will occur somewhere in the forecast area, and where \" a \" = the percent of the area that will receive measureable precipitation, if it occurs at all. so... in the case of the forecast above, if the forecaster knows precipitation is sure to occur ( confidence is 100 % ), he / she is expressing how much of the area will receive measurable rain. ( pop = \" c \" x \" a \" or \" 1 \" times \". 4 \" which equals. 4 or 40 %. ) but, most of the time, the forecaster is expressing a combination of degree of confidence and areal coverage. if the forecaster is only 50 % sure that precipitation will occur, and expects that, if it does occur, it will produce measurable rain over about 80 percent of the area, the pop ( chance of rain ) is 40 %. ( pop =. 5 x. 8 which equals. 4 or 40 %. ) in either event, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5435529484714401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64f70112-bac2-48dc-87e7-d1404797fade>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.279798"}
{"text": "| yoon jae kim, yj1dreamer at gmail. com ( a project report written under the guidance of prof. raj jain ) | | download | service oriented architecture ( soa ) is a design pattern which is composed of loosely coupled, discoverable, reusable, inter - operable platform agnostic services in which each of these services follow a well defined standard. each of these services can be bound or unbound at any time and as needed. [ jamil08 ] however, as defined, soa has a loosely - coupled feature, which makes soa open to the challenges of security. it means that soa must meet several requirements. the main requirements are as follows [ candolin07 ] : service discovery, service authentication, user authentication, access control, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and privacy. to ensure security in a loosely - coupled soa environment, the open standards communities that created web services developed a number of security standards for web services which is one of the most active and widely adopted implementation of soa. figure 1 depicts a notional reference model for web services security standards. this reference model maps the different standards to the different functional layers of a typical web service implementation. as described above, in the web services security stack the security assertion markup language ( saml ) and the extensible access control markup language ( xacml ) are the standard for access control which means that when the service is requested by a user the service must enforce the specified security policy related to access control. we focus on access control in the web services security and represent what saml and xacml are, how they work and where they are able to be applied together. saml, created by the security services technical committee of the organization for the advancement of structured information standards ( oasis ), is a an xml - based framework for communicating user authentication, entitlement, and attribute information. as its name suggests, saml allows business entities to make assertions regarding the identity, attributes, and entitlements of a subject ( an entity that is often a human user ) to other entities, such as a partner company or another enterprise application. [ madsen05 ] saml is a flexible and extensible protocol designed to be used - and customized if necessary - by other standards. web single sign - on in web sso, a user authenticates to one web site and then, without additional authentication, is able to access some personalized or customized resources at another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.532596099255496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:510b7760-adee-4ab0-8616-4df3d3b5a317>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.294923"}
{"text": "to be used - and customized if necessary - by other standards. web single sign - on in web sso, a user authenticates to one web site and then, without additional authentication, is able to access some personalized or customized resources at another site. saml enables web sso through the communication of an authentication assertion from the first site to the second which, if confident of the origin of the assertion, can choose to log in the user as if they had authenticated directly. a principal authenticates at the identity provider and is subsequently appropriately recognized ( and given corresponding access / service ) at the service provider. [ google ] for example, google made saml single sign - on ( sso ) service for google apps. and google apps provides a saml - based single sign - on ( sso ) service that offers partner companies with full control over the authorization and authentication of hosted user accounts that can access web - based applications like gmail or google calendar. as the service provider google offers services as gmail and start pages and partner companies control account information as identity provider. similar to the web sso scenario, the attribute - based authorization model has one web site communicating identity information about a subject to another web site in support of some transaction. however, the identity information may be some characteristic of the subject ( such as a person ' s role in a b2b scenario ) rather than, or in addition to, information about when and how the person was authenticated. the attribute - based authorization model is important when the individual ' s particular identity is either not important, should not be shared for privacy reasons, or is insufficient on its own. securing web services saml assertions can be used within soap messages in order to convey security and identity information between actors in web service interactions. the saml token profile produced by the oasis web services security ( wss ) tc specifies how saml assertions should be used for this purpose with the ws - security framework. the liberty alliance ' s identity web service framework ( id - wsf ) builds on these specifications to use saml assertions for enabling secure and privacy - respecting access to web services. ws - trust, one component of the private ws - * framework initiative, proposes protocols for the exchange and validation of security tokens used as described within ws - security. saml assertions are one such supported security token format. figure 3 illustrates these actors and information flow. as can be seen in the figure, the pap writes polices and policysets and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5200435833144023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:510b7760-adee-4ab0-8616-4df3d3b5a317>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.295854"}
{"text": "be performed before granting or denying access. a rule element defines the target elements to which the rule is applied and details conditions to apply the rule and has three components such as target, effect, and condition. a target element specifies the resources, subjects, actions and the environment to which the rule is applied. a condition element shows the conditions to apply the rule and a effect is the consequence of the rule as either permit or deny. a policy is the set of rules which are combined with some algorithms. these algorithms are called rule - combining algorithms. for instance \" permit override \" algorithm allows the policy to evaluate to \" permit \" if any rule in the policy evaluates to \" permit \". a policy also contains target elements which shows the subjects, resources, actions, environment that policy is applied. a policyset consists of policies and policysets combined with policy - combined algorithm. it has also target like a policy. the xacml context shows how flexible and suitable the xacml is for various application. this feature makes it possible that xacml is applied to access control system with saml. section 4 shows the more detailed. saml is one standard suitable for providing the assertion and protocol mechanisms and specifies schemas for carrying the security and authorization related information and have the bindings to basic transportation mechanisms. therefore, oasis publishes a saml profile for the xacml ( oasis, 2005 ) [ anderson05 ] to carry the xacml messages between the xacml actors. this profile defines the usage of saml 2. 0 to protect, store, transport, request and respond with xacml instances and other information. it contains largely four categories. first, this profile specifies how to use saml attributes in an xacml system. this category contains three standard saml elements such as saml attribute, saml attributestatement and saml assertion, two standard saml protocol such as saml attributequery and saml response, and one new saml extension element, xacmlassertion. in an xacml system, saml attribute may be used to store and to transmit attribute values and must be transformed into an xacml attribute before used in an xacml request context. also saml attributestatement may be used to hold saml attribute instances. a saml assertion may be used to hold saml attributestatement instances in an xacml system, either in an attribute repository or in a saml response to a saml attributequery. to transform", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5301792242966681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:510b7760-adee-4ab0-8616-4df3d3b5a317>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.298517"}
{"text": "to hold saml attribute instances. a saml assertion may be used to hold saml attributestatement instances in an xacml system, either in an attribute repository or in a saml response to a saml attributequery. to transform a saml attribute into an xacml attribute the saml assertion includes information that is required and a saml assertion or an xacmlassertion instance contains a saml attribute. an xacmlassertion is an alternative to the saml assertion and allows inclusion of xacml statement instances and inclusion of other xacmlassertion instance as advice. an xacml pdp or pep use saml attributequery to request saml attribute instances from an attribute authority for use in an xacml request context and in response to it saml response shall be used to return saml attribute instances. second, this profile represent the use of saml for use in requesting, responding with, storing, and transmitting authorization decisions in an xacml system. this category contains xacmlauthzdecisionstatement, xacmlassertion, xacmlauthzdecisionquery, and xacmlresponse. in this profile, xacmlauthzdecisionstatement and xacmlassertion are new saml extension elements and the others are new saml extension protocol elements. in an xacml system, xacmlauthzdecisionsatement may be used to contain xacml authorization decisions for storage or transmission and xacmlassertion may be used to contain xacmlauthzdecisionstatement instances for storage or transmission. also a pep may use xacmlauthzdecisionquery to request an authorization decision from an xacml pdp and an xacml pdp may use xacmlresponse to return authorization decisions in response to an xacmlauthzdecisionquery. then, this profile shows the use of saml for use in requesting, responding with, storing and transmitting xacml policies. this category includes four new saml extensions ; xacmlpolicystatement, xacmlassertion, xacmlpolicyquery and xacmlresponse. in an xacml system, xacmlpolicystatement may hold xacml policies for storage or transmission and xacmlassertion may hold x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49818465162208686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:510b7760-adee-4ab0-8616-4df3d3b5a317>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.299346"}
{"text": "should be granted to pep. xacml defines the content of request / response messages but does not define protocols or transport mechanisms, which saml provides by defining schemas for use in requesting and responding with various types of security assertions. this saml / xacml based access control is a very powerful and practical solution for dynamic and large - scale application domain because it is easier to change and maintain policies. so it can extend the authentication and authorization mechanism within a portal to external web services. | [ candolin07 ] | | candolin, catharina, \" a security framework for service oriented architectures \", military communications conference, 2007. milcom 2007. ieee, 29 - 31 oct. 2007, pp. 1 - 6 http : / / ieeexplore. ieee. org / xpl / freeabs _ all. jsp? arnumber = 4455332 | | [ singhal07 ] | | singhal, anoop, \" web services security : challenges and techniques \" policy, eighth ieee international workshop on policies for distributed systems and networks ( policy ' 07 ), 2007, pp. 282 http : / / www2. computer. org / portal / web / csdl / doi / 10. 1109 / policy. 2007. 50 | | [ madsen05 ] | | madsen, paul, et al., \" saml v2. 0 executive overview \", oasis committee draft, 12 april 2005 http : / / www. oasis - open. org / committees / download. php / 13525 / sstc - saml - exec - overview - 2. 0 - cd - 01 - 2col. pdf | | [ ragouzis08 ] | | ragouzis, nick, et al., \" security assertion markup language ( saml ) v2. 0 technical overview \", committee draft 02, 25, march 2008, http : / / www. oasis - open. org / committees / download. php / 27819 / sstc - saml - tech - overview - 2. 0 - cd - 02. pdf | | [ sun ] | | \" sun ' s xacml implementation \", july 2004, http : / / sunxacml. sourceforge. net / guide. html | | [ moses05 ] | | moses, tim, et al., \" extensible access control markup language ( xacml ) version 2. 0 \",", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5635301368578292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:510b7760-adee-4ab0-8616-4df3d3b5a317>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.301175"}
{"text": "/ code. google. com / apis / apps / sso / saml _ reference _ implementation. html | | corba | | common object request broker architecture | | dce | | distributed computing environment | | gsa | | general services administration | | idp | | general services administration | | j2se | | java platform standard edition | | id - wsf | | identity web services framework | | ldap | | lightweight directory access protocol | | oasis | | the organization for the advancement of structured information standards | | pap | | policy administration point | | pdp | | policy decision point | | pep | | policy enforcement point | | pip | | point information point | | saml | | security assertion markup language | | soa | | service oriented architecture | | soap | | simple object access protocol | | ssl | | secure sockets layer | | tls | | transport layer security | | wss | | web security service | | xacml | | extensible access control markup language | | xkms | | xml key management specification | | xml | | extensible markup language | | xslt | | extensible markup language | last modified : april, 19, 2009 this and other papers on latest advances in network security are available on line at http : / / www1. cse. wustl. edu / ~ jain / cse571 - 09 / index. html back to raj jain ' s home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5557611121435126, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:510b7760-adee-4ab0-8616-4df3d3b5a317>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.302432"}
{"text": "being an ethical hunter imagine that you are in the woods during hunting season and you are deer hunting on a piece of property owned by one of your friends. she tells you that there are too many does running around, eating crops and destroying property, and she wants you to help cull the herd. she states that she does not want anyone to shoot the antlered deer just the does. she gives you four special non - antlered damage tags, and you have your own state antlered tags. does and bucks are legal to harvest. after sitting in the woods for hours, you hear a loud noise. you look over your shoulder and see the biggest antlered deer you have ever seen! he is just over the property line, but appears to be heading towards the fence line. what would you do? it comes down to a matter of ethics - between what a hunter is allowed to do, and what a hunter should do. the way we think about or judge the right thing to do comes from our surroundings and the people we associate with. the influence on every individual to do the right thing comes from, but is not limited to, the following : our individual ethics shape who we are and what we will do... when no one is watching us. it forms our character and defines us as a group of individuals called safe and ethical hunters. our individual and cultural ethics involving hunting define us - positively or negatively - to other hunters and to the general public who are non - hunters. others judge your ethics through your attitude and behavior.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4466727922341588, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fc9eb9-c8e3-42bc-b367-612130878643>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.305002"}
{"text": "eighteen years ago, the eminent conservation biologist gary meffe warned of what he considered to be the greatest problem in human history \u2013 humanity \u2019 s inexorable and exponential increase in numbers. meffe \u2019 s paper, entitled \u2018 human population control : the missing agenda \u2019 published in the journal conservation biology, outlined the threats posed by an ever - increasing human population to biodiversity in terms of species extinctions, and to the ecosystem services necessary for our survival. these include water and air purification, hydrologic cycling and food production. not only is humanity \u2019 s deluge drowning the creatures we share the earth with, but it also runs the risk of submerging itself too. but was this \u2018 missing agenda \u2019 acknowledged? was a dam constructed to stem our exponential flow? nearly two decades later and we see the publication of the un \u2019 s state of world population report 2011. it announced that on october 31st we reached the population milestone of seven billion people inhabiting our world. instead of warning of future population growth and the associated negative impact, it had a more positive tone that encouraged us to ask \u201c what can i do to make our world better? \u201d rather than \u201c are we too many? \u201d this is the united nations after all, and understandably it has to take a progressive and reassuring stance rather than one of doom and gloom. but the angle taken is perhaps revealing of the prevailing attitude of the global collective consciousness \u2013 population growth is inevitable and cannot be stopped. of course there \u2019 s no such thing as a global collective consciousness, explaining in part why meffe \u2019 s view has been largely ignored, because humanity lacks a collective impetus and so anything that requires mass cohesion, for instance only having one child or reducing carbon emissions, is doomed to fail. seven billion people \u2013 it \u2019 s enough to make you feel insignificant. except it \u2019 s not, it \u2019 s just a number. a very big number too large to visualise, grasp or comprehend. incidentally, if you \u2019 re ever having trouble feeling insignificant, then listen to what the \u2018 woody allen \u2019 of science, lawrence krauss has to say. in his recent lecture on cosmic connections for the school of life he stated that \u201c you are much more insignificant than you thought \u201d before going on to compete with brian cox for the title of \u2018 king of making outlandish profound points \u2019, by explaining how we are all quite literally \u201c made of stars \u201d. every atom in our bodies comes from the remnants of an exploded star. it turns out moby was right ( see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5009441296163296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64dc3877-7576-45b7-ba6f-426f5ac11fa2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.309131"}
{"text": "title of \u2018 king of making outlandish profound points \u2019, by explaining how we are all quite literally \u201c made of stars \u201d. every atom in our bodies comes from the remnants of an exploded star. it turns out moby was right ( see video below ). this digression aside, the ineffably large human population will continue to increase and even if we wanted to implement population control, doing so would be unethical and practically speaking impossible. very few people, not even many devout conservationists, would be willing to sacrifice the right to have children. i for one wouldn \u2019 t, it is in our evolutionary spirit. instead of tackling the so called \u2018 root cause \u2019 of the population problem by implementing unrealistic, unfavourable, and unwanted population control, efforts have been directed at addressing offshoot issues such as those relating to overconsumption and overexploitation of natural resources. if we can adopt new cleaner technologies and practices to ensure our impact on the environment is neutral or at least negligible, it will be a step in the right direction. just this week the production of a \u2018 microbial fuel cell \u2019 has been announced which can purportedly produce electricity from human urine! researchers at the university of the west of england ( uwe ) have found that by utilising anaerobic bacteria as they metabolise organic waste waters, electrons can be harnessed and useful electricity generated. by \u2018 useful \u2019 it is meant that enough electricity would be generated to charge a battery say, but presumably not enough to heat a home for instance, yet. for now, no one is suggesting this is the answer to the world \u2019 s problems, but switching to technologies that rely less on finite earth resources and more on recycling waste products will help ameliorate the effects our species has on the planet. unfortunately though, those who sing the praises of such advances are often branded with the stigma of being too \u2018 preachy \u2019. increasing public apathy to important issues such as clean technology, climate change and biodiversity decline should be at least as worrying to everyone as financial crises or global terrorism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5199519644335401, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64dc3877-7576-45b7-ba6f-426f5ac11fa2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.309954"}
{"text": "idaho state university researchers study newly discovered earthquake fault in idaho \u2019 s sawtooth mountains posted september 28, 2010 while looking at a highly detailed new topographic image of idaho \u2019 s sawtooth range, idaho state university geosciences professor glenn thackray had an \" eureka moment \" when he discovered a previously unknown active earthquake fault about 65 miles, as the crow flies, from boise. the researchers examined a light detection and ranging ( lidar ) image. lidar is a remote sensing system used to collect topographic data with aircraft - mounted lasers capable of recording elevation measurements at a rate of 25, 000 pulses per second and can have a vertical precision of about six inches. the images can be displayed so they don ' t show an area ' s vegetation. four years ago while doing some research on glaciers in the sawtooth range, thackray was examining a high - resolution, \" bare - earth \" lidar image of the mountains : this is when he noticed a line running through the image in the vicinity of redfish lake. \" the black line stood out and i thought that it had to be an earthquake fault, \" thackray said. \" it was long suspected that there was an active fault in the sawtooths, but without the lidar technology it would have been exceptionally hard to find. \" since that time, isu researchers have been on the ground documenting the fault that is at least 25 miles long and could be as long as 40 miles. it is located on the eastern edge of the range and comes within about five miles from the town of stanley. a portion of it runs through the upper end of redfish lake. it runs along the range approximately from near stanley lake to at least as far south as petitt lake. \u201c the reason this discovery is so important is that it is within the heavily visited areas of the sawtooth national recreation area, very close to the town of stanley, and within 65 miles of idaho \u2019 s largest city, boise, and the most populated area in the state, \u201d thackray said. \u201c we would like to know how big the earthquakes are along this fault and how active it is. \u201d thackray emphasized that the fault is cause for concern, but not alarm, for visitors to and residents of the stanley - sawtooth area, and to the residents of the wood river or boise valleys. the discovery may have implications for land - use and emergency planning, and perhaps building codes. depending on the magnitude of a potential earthquake, it could do damage to surrounding areas. there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5209201326235089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4b03979-f5ce-4753-9873-392b1e355912>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.315221"}
{"text": ", and to the residents of the wood river or boise valleys. the discovery may have implications for land - use and emergency planning, and perhaps building codes. depending on the magnitude of a potential earthquake, it could do damage to surrounding areas. there are few major, active faults in idaho. idaho \u2019 s three other major faults run along the base of the lost river range ( where the famous borah peak magnitude 7. 3 earthquake, the largest ever recorded in idaho, occurred in 1983 ), the lemhi range and the beaverhead range. faults are break in the earth \u2019 s crust, along which rocks and the earth move. typically, the earth is moving up on one side of the fault, and moving down on the other. \" it ' s the movement of the rocks that are important. that is what creates an earthquake hazard, \" thackray said. after discovering the fault on the lidar image and then confirming its existence on the ground, isu researchers had to determine whether it was an active fault, defined as a fault that has featured an earthquake within the last 10, 000 years. determining whether the fault was active was a challenge for the researchers because most of the fault is located within the sawtooth wilderness and recreation area. \" normally, to test a fault you could take in a cat or backhoe and dig up sediment and rock and use carbon dating to date the occurrence of previous activity, \" thackray said. \" but we couldn \u2019 t do that because the fault is in a wilderness area. \" this is where a little luck and scientific serendipity came into play. other isu researchers, biological sciences professor bruce finney, postdoctoral researcher mark shapley, and isu geosciences graduate student eric johnson, were doing lake sediment core sampling of lakes in the sawtooths, including redfish lake, to study the historical record of sockeye salmon returning to the area. while drilling through the sediment in the upper portion of redfish lake the researchers hit levels where there were landslide deposits interrupted the regular accumulation of sediment deposits. \" we were able to date the occurrence of the most recent fault activity by using those drilling samples from the large landslides in redfish lake, \" thackray said. \" there is a lot that we still don \u2019 t know about this fault, but our studies have revealed the outline of its history, \" he added.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4588952702680218, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4b03979-f5ce-4753-9873-392b1e355912>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.316074"}
{"text": "when you create an input form in microsoft excel, understanding how to make the application work for you can save hours of manual input. if you want to narrow question responses to specific options, you can use a drop - down response menu. these instructions are written for excel 2010, so the steps may vary slightly if you use a different version. enter each of the items that you want to appear in the pull - down list on a new worksheet in your excel workbook. place one item per cell with each one listed in an adjacent cell. for example, list the items in columns with one option each in cells a1, a2, a3 and so on. you could also list them in a row with one in each cell, such as a1, b1 and c1, until all your data is listed. the drop - down will be ordered based on the entries, so organize the items accordingly. highlight all of the cells in the list. right - click your mouse and choose \" define name \" from the menu. create a name for the list and enter it in the \" name \" field. do not use spaces in the name. click \" ok. \" this name is only used to select the list for the drop - down ; it does not appear for users. click the cell where you want to create the drop - down menu. select the \" data tools \" section by clicking \" data. \" choose \" data validation \" and click \" settings. \" select \" list \" in the allow field. click the \" source name \" input field and type a \" = \" followed immediately by the name you assigned to the list on the previous worksheet. for example, if your list was named \" options, \" type \" = options \" in the source name field. click the check box beside \" in - cell dropdown \" so that the drop menu appears in the cell. if you want to require that responders choose an option, clear the \" ignore blank \" check box. click \" input message \" to set a message to users when the cell is clicked. this is a good place to explain what selection you want the user to make or other specifics. leave it blank if you do not want to use this feature. navigate to the \" error alert \" tab. click the check box beside the option to show an error notice if invalid data is entered. use the provided text fields to set the contents of the message. clear the check box if you do not want the message to appear.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4038132695042891, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bfcd9859-40dc-4f6e-b9f8-f2b1ad01803d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.318413"}
{"text": "as christo pantev prowled the halls of toronto ' s baycrest center for geriatric care he was struck, over and over, by the vitality of many of the elderly patients who played a musical instrument. \" i saw much more activity in these people than in the others, \" says pantev, a neuroscientist at the center ' s rotman research institute. he saw a difference even among those who were slipping over the edge into dementia. memory begins to fade as the patients slide toward that dark abyss, but the last thing that goes \u2014 the last bit of memory \u2014 he says, is their ability to remember music. and he thinks he may know why. musician and scientist he has developed evidence over the years that the study of music may change the way the human brain is wired. and that has kept him on a course that has guided nearly his entire professional career. he has a few questions he would like to answer, including : does learning a skill, like playing the violin, physically change the brain and improve cognitive and perceptive skills among children, and maybe even stave off mental illness among the elderly? maybe, he reasons, the intense concentration and the long hours of practice that make someone a skilled musician have benefits that far outweigh the rewards of playing a musical instrument. those are tall questions, but pantev has spent the last few years laying the groundwork for research that is just getting underway at the institute. as a child, pantev spent years studying the violin, and it became his passion. even today, he says, \" if i work, i have to hear music. \" in time, the violin gave way to neuroscience, but it was to return later as a key player in his research. while working at the university of muenster ' s institute for experimental audiology in germany, panlev and a colleague began studying people who had lost a limb to see how their brains adapted to their new environment. it was known that persons who had lost a hand sometimes felt pain, or other sensations, in their fingers, even though the hand was no longer there. the researchers used sensitive equipment that could measure electric activity and magnetic fields in the brain to see which areas were active when the person reported feeling \" phantom pain \" in the missing limb. the results, published in a 1995 issue of the journal nature, showed that other parts of the body commandeered the neurons formerly used by the missing limb. if the lip took over those neurons, for example,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5320651977556974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95c4b4a0-dcf9-4cd2-98d2-a9cd2283e72f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.321196"}
{"text": "pain \" in the missing limb. the results, published in a 1995 issue of the journal nature, showed that other parts of the body commandeered the neurons formerly used by the missing limb. if the lip took over those neurons, for example, simply biting the lip caused the person to feel pain in the phantom limb. the research showed that the brain adapted to its new environment by rewiring itself, and that led pantev to his next question. \" can we modify the functional brain organization by training? \" he asks. playing violin, wearing a helmet to answer that, the researchers needed a model, something they could test to see if training had a measurable impact on the brain. pantev knew from his own experience that playing the violin required far more dexterity in the left hand than the right. \" the right hand is much less involved, \" he says. pantev, the violinist, thus supplied pantev, the neuroscientist, with \" the perfect model. \" like the research into phantom pain, the difference between the use of the left hand as opposed to the right gave the researchers something to measure in the brain. over time, they reasoned, practicing the violin several hours a day should cause a neurological shift in the brain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5586898470455417, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:95c4b4a0-dcf9-4cd2-98d2-a9cd2283e72f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.321693"}
{"text": "australian bureau of statistics 1301. 0 - year book australia, 2009 \u2013 10 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 04 / 06 / 2010 | page tools : print page rss search this product | feature article : households and renewable energy householders have increased their use of energy saving measures in their homes. in 2008, 59 % of households had energy saving lighting installed ( up from 33 % in 2005 ) ( graph 2. 40 ) ; and energy star ratings were the main household consideration when replacing refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers and clothes dryers. counteracting this, graph 2. 39 shows more households now own coolers ( 66 % in 2008 up from 35 % in 1999 ) and dishwashers ( 45 % in 2008 up from 30 % in 1999 ) and other appliances, such as lcd and plasma televisions, the latter using almost three times the amount of energy compared to a standard television ( end note 6 ). types of energy electricity is the main energy source used in people ' s homes. in 2007 - 08, about half ( 49 % ) of the energy used by households was sourced from electricity. household electricity consumption rose to 210 petajoules ( pj ) in 2007 - 08, up 48 % from 1990 - 91 ( abare, 2009 ). in march 2008, electricity was the primary source throughout australia for household cooking ( three - quarters of ovens used electricity and more than half ( 56 % ) of cooktops ) and for hot water systems ( 46 % ). there has been a fall in the use of electricity for hot water systems between 2002 and 2008 from 61 % to 46 %. of those homes with heaters, electricity was the main source of energy for space heating ( 45 % ), followed by gas ( 41 % for mains gas and lpg / bottled together ) and wood ( 13 % ). natural gas is the second most common source of energy used in the home, used by more than six in ten households ( 61 % ) in 2008. in total, households used 137 pj of natural gas in 2007 - 08, equivalent to almost a third ( 32 % ) of total household energy use ( abare, 2009 ). for almost one in three australian households ( 31 % ), gas ( mains or lpg / bottled ) was the main source of energy for space heating and 37 % used gas for hot water systems. in the main gas - producing states of victoria and western australia, gas was used as an energy source in nine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5432166646812153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:211b6c3f-1e09-477b-999f-d04f198cf5e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.326433"}
{"text": "( mains or lpg / bottled ) was the main source of energy for space heating and 37 % used gas for hot water systems. in the main gas - producing states of victoria and western australia, gas was used as an energy source in nine out of ten households ( 90 % and 87 % respectively, compared with six out of ten households nationally ). used primarily as a source of heating, wood use by households has declined 26 % in the last 10 years, from 82 pj in 1997 - 98 to 60 pj in 2007 - 08 ( abare, 2009 ). in 2008, 13 % of australian households used wood as a source of energy in the home. more than one - third ( 35 % ) of households in tasmania used wood as an energy source, a decrease from more than half ( 52 % ) in 2002 ( graph 2. 41 ). due to air pollution concerns, households have been encouraged to stop using wood for heating or to convert open fires to slow combustion fires, which are more energy efficient and produce less greenhouse emissions than open fires. firewood collection can have a detrimental effect on australia ' s native wildlife, as dead trees and fallen timber provide habitat for a diverse range of fauna including a number of threatened species ( end note 7 ). a range of government grants and rebates have been made available to households in recent years to encourage people to use solar energy in the home. in 2008, 7 % of households used solar energy to heat water, up from 4 % of households in 2005. more than half of all households in the northern territory used solar energy to heat water ( 54 % ) - a much larger proportion than in western australia ( 21 % ) and no other state or territory exceeded 10 % ( graph 2. 42 ). greenpower provides an option for people to pay a premium for electricity generated from renewable sources that is fed into the national power grid. greenpower was first established in new south wales in 1997 and since then has spread to other states and territories. by march 2009, just over 984, 000 households were paying for greenpower, up from 132, 300 customers in march 2005 ( end note 8 ). there has also been an increase in the awareness of greenpower products in the past decade. in 1999, less than one - fifth ( 19 % ) of households were aware of greenpower. nearly a decade later, this had risen to more than half ( 52 % ) of all households in 2008, including 5 % who reported that they were already paying for greenpower. households", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5401112340980508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:211b6c3f-1e09-477b-999f-d04f198cf5e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.328591"}
{"text": "fifth ( 19 % ) of households were aware of greenpower. nearly a decade later, this had risen to more than half ( 52 % ) of all households in 2008, including 5 % who reported that they were already paying for greenpower. households in the australian capital territory had the highest rate of greenpower awareness ( 71 %, including 5 % who were paying for greenpower ) while western australian households had the lowest awareness ( 39 % ) ( graph 2. 43 ). biomass is plant material, vegetation or agricultural waste used as a fuel or energy source. biomass can also be processed to produce liquid biofuels ( biodiesel ) or a gas biofuel ( biogas ). hydro - electric power is electricity produced from the energy of falling water using dams, turbines and generators. solar / solar photovoltaic : photovoltaics ( pv ) convert sunlight directly into electricity. photovoltaic systems differ from solar hot water systems that absorb sunlight directly into the water - carrying tubes contained in the panel. wind turbines can be used to drive a generator to create electricity. 1. australian energy regulator, state of electricity market 2008, viewed 22 january 2009, < http : / / www. aer. gov. au > 2. department of climate change ( dcc ), australia ' s national greenhouse accounts : national inventory by economic sector 2007, last viewed 20 october 2009, < http : / / www. climatechange. gov. au / inventory > 3. australian bureau of agricultural and resource economics ( abare ), energy update 2009, electronic datasets, viewed 22 september 2009, < http : / / www. abare. gov. au > 4. australian bureau of agricultural and resource economics ( abare ), energy update 2009, table f, viewed 22 september 2009, < http : / / www. abare. gov. au > 5. department of climate change ( dcc ), australia ' s national greenhouse accounts : national inventory by economic sector 2007, dcc, 2009, canberra. 6. energy australia, typical household appliance wattages, viewed 29 january 2009, < http : / / www. energy. com. au >. 7. department of environment, water, heritage and the arts, land pressures, viewed 28 october 2009, < http : / / www. environment. gov. au / land > 8. greenpower, you can bank on greenpower, viewed 26 november 2008, < http : / / www. greenpower. gov. au >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5430952401675129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:211b6c3f-1e09-477b-999f-d04f198cf5e3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.329474"}
{"text": "australian national botanic gardens a weekly news sheet prepared by a gardens ' volunteer. numbers in square brackets refer to garden bed sections. plants in flower are in bold type. 11 february 2005 rhododendron lochiae - click for larger image this is a short walk abounding with colourful flowers to suit those with little time. on entering the gardens throught the main gates, the expanse of grasses with tall graceful nodding ochre flower heads is mostly of the kangaroo grass, themeda australis [ section 175 ]. in the pots at the entrance to the visitors centre, plants include rhododendron lochiae with bright red trumpet flowers on a low spreading shrub and a ground cover goodenia sp. with bright yellow flowers. these are seen below the large arching fronds of the birds nest fern, asplenium australasicum. against the wall a wattle, acacia mollifolia [ section 221 ] is a tall, slender shrub reaching towards the path, with fine divided velvety leaves and sprays of golden fluffy flower balls. the background to the statue of sir joseph banks is banksia serrata [ section 172 ], tall with dark foliage and large cylindrical green - grey flower spikes seen mostly at the tops of these shrubs. banks walk is edged with numerous, still colourful, kangaroo paws. they include anigozanthos bush dawn [ section 210 ] with bright yellow paw flowers on long bare stems, anigozanthos bush noon [ section 210 ] with yellow - orange coloured flowers and anigozanthos bush glow [ section 210 ] with flowers coloured red. prostrate and brilliant, scaevola new blue [ section 210, 174 ] have vivid blue flowers along the dense trailing stems. below the notice add colour to your garden with australian plants is another prostrate plant, pelargonium rodneyanum [ section 174 ] with attractive magenta coloured flowers over the suckering plant. anigozanthos ' bush glow ' - click for larger image at the corner the attractive small shrubs, crowea festival [ section 174 ] are clad with pink star flowers. in the crescent garden, a suckering herb, brachyscome formosa [ section 174 ] bears mauve daisies and goodenia humilis [ section 174 ] is small and mounded with its yellow flowers to complement. dampiera sylvestris [ section 174 ] is close by with its blue flowers on upright stems. opposite and in the centre of the garden the glorious orange - red flowers crowning the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4190220430874596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfd42963-8dc9-416d-890f-f22a2a5b7eef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.333500"}
{"text": "small and mounded with its yellow flowers to complement. dampiera sylvestris [ section 174 ] is close by with its blue flowers on upright stems. opposite and in the centre of the garden the glorious orange - red flowers crowning the eucalyptus ficifolia [ section 174 ] could not be missed. cross over the car park to the tasmanian section where probably many gippsland water dragons, physignathus lesueurii howittii [ section 149 ] can be seen basking in the sun. entering this section, the nsw christmas bush, ceratopetalum gummiferum [ section 142 ] displays its renowned reddened swollen calyces which followed the tiny white flowers, mostly at the top of the tall shrub. this next section is in front of the cafe building in the ellis rowan garden where the grevillea deua flame [ section 131 ] is a rather dense shrub which dangles its lovely red terminal flower clusters from pendulous branches. opposite, a grouping of crowea coopers hybrid [ section 240 ] is floriferous with its shade of pink star flowers. on the opposite side of this garden is a colourful patch containing goodenia macmillanii [ section 240 ] with small upright stems of pink flowers, surrounded by scaevola new blue [ section 240 ], with its flowers so blue and behind, senecio sturtianum [ section 240 ] with deep purple flowers and grey - green foliage on upright stems. so many flowers to enjoy barbara daly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39905478705697395, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfd42963-8dc9-416d-890f-f22a2a5b7eef>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.334030"}
{"text": "this is the time of year gulf coast residents begin watching the weather reports to see if there is a storm and if it is heading their way. it would be wise if we watched, as well. and prepared accordingly. think back to october 1995, when hurricane opal hit the florida panhandle. it remained a hurricane for the next 12 hours as it roared deep into alabama. fifty mph winds were felt as far north as montgomery. anniston got more than six inches of rain in a few hours. power outages erupted throughout the state. the system spun off tornadoes and caused extensive damage all the way to tennessee. more recently, hurricane ivan, which made landfall near gulf shores in september 2004, sent the wind gusting at more than 60 mph in central alabama and caused more power outages, more tornados and more rain. now ernesto is taking aim at the gulf coast. although alabama is not currently in the cone of uncertainty, anyone who follows the weather knows hurricanes can change course. our ability to predict where and when a storm will strike improves every year, but it is still an imperfect science. however, this much we do know : it is better to be prepared, just in case. when serious weather looms, make sure you have working flashlights and a weather radio with plenty of batteries. keep your cell phones charged, keep gas in your car, and if you have a freezer, and there is room in it, pack in a couple of bags of ice, the most valuable commodity when the power goes out. some bottled water and non - perishable food would be wise \u2014 and an old fashioned can - opener, the kind that does not need electricity. you can figure out the rest. little things become big things when you find yourself in the cone of uncertainty.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43004250332514704, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8b28da9-22bc-4174-af47-867ec6cefeba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.335682"}
{"text": "genetic model organisms have revolutionized science, and today, with the rapid advances in technology, there is significant potential to launch many more plant species towards model status. however, these new model organisms have to be carefully selected. hemerocallis ( the daylily ) satisfies multiple criteria for selection and deserves serious consideration as a subject of intensive biological investigation. several attributes of the genus are of great biological interest. these include the strict control of flower opening and, within a short period, the precisely regulated floral death by a programmed cell death system. the self - incompatibility system in hemerocallis is also noteworthy and deserves more attention. importantly, the genus is widely cultivated for food, medicinal value and ornamental interest. hemerocallis has considerable potential as a \u2018 nutraceutical \u2019 food plant and the source of new compounds with biomedical activity. the genus has also been embraced by ornamental plant breeders and the extraordinary morphological diversity of hybrid cultivars, produced within a relatively short time by amateur enthusiasts, is an exceptional resource for botanical and genetic studies. this paper in aob plants explores these points in detail, explaining the reasons why this genus has considerable value \u2013 both academic and socio - economic \u2013 and deserves new resources devoted to its exploration as a model. its impact as a future model will be enhanced by its amenability to cultivation in laboratory and field conditions. in addition, established methods for various tissue and cell culture systems as well as transformation will permit maximum exploitation of this genus by science. rodriguez - enriquez, m. j., and grant - downton, r. t. ( 2012 ) a new day dawning : hemerocallis ( daylily ) as a future model organism. aob plants 5 : pls055 doi : 10. 1093 / aobpla / pls055", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5082240474871293, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:839b33a2-4b73-4c9d-8e99-3c8621037d7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.338347"}
{"text": "discover the cosmos! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2001 december 20 explanation : viewed from earth, the solar system ' s planets do a cosmic dance that is hard to appreciate on any single night. but consider this well planned animated sequence combining 23 pictures taken at approximately 2 week intervals from june 2000 through may 2001. it reveals the graceful looping or retrograde motion of bright wanderers jupiter ( leftmost ) and saturn. loitering among the background stars are the familiar pleiades ( above right ) and v - shaped hyades ( below left ) star clusters. the planets didn ' t actually loop by reversing the direction of their orbits, though. their apparent retrograde motion is a reflection of the motion of the earth itself. retrograde motion can be seen each time earth overtakes and laps planets orbiting farther from the sun, earth moving more rapidly through its own relatively close - in orbit. astronomer tunc tezel captured jupiter and saturn ' s \" paired \" retrograde loop in this remarkable series made after the close alignment of these gas giants in may 2000. the next opportunity to see these two planets dance such a pas de deux will be in the year 2020. authors & editors : jerry bonnell ( usra ) nasa technical rep. : jay norris. specific rights apply. a service of : lhea at nasa / gsfc & michigan tech. u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5139711209162329, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d63c5514-b017-48fa-baf8-47551b156d49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.340521"}
{"text": "| the german inflation of 1923 \u2014 one dollar worth trillions of marks. [ this article is excerpted from the book the age of inflation, by hans sennholz. ] the german inflation of 1914 \u2013 1923 had an inconspicuous beginning, a creeping rate of one to two percent. on the first day of the war, the german reichsbank, like the other central banks of the belligerent powers, suspended redeemability of its notes in order to prevent a run on its gold reserves. like all the other banks, it offered assistance to the central government in financing the war effort. since taxes are always unpopular, the german government preferred to borrow the needed amounts of money rather than raise its taxes substantially. to this end it was readily assisted by the reichsbank, which discounted most treasury obligations. a growing percentage of government debt thus found its way into the vaults of the central bank and an equivalent amount of printing press money into people \u2019 s cash holdings. in short, the central bank was monetizing the growing government debt. by the end of the war the amount of money in circulation had risen fourfold and prices some 140 percent. yet the german mark had suffered no more than the british pound, was somewhat weaker than the american dollar but stronger than the french franc. five years later, in december 1923, the reichsbank had issued 496. 5 quintillion marks, each of which had fallen to one - trillionth of its 1914 gold value. how stupendous! practically every economic good and service was costing trillions of marks. the american dollar was quoted at 4. 2 trillion marks, the american penny at 42 billion marks. how could a european nation that prided itself on its high levels of education and scholarly knowledge suffer such a thorough destruction of its money? who would inflict on a great nation such evil which had ominous economic, social, and political ramifications not only for germany but for the whole world? was it the victors of world war i who, in diabolical revenge, devastated the vanquished country through ruinous financial manipulation and plunder? every mark was printed by germans and issued by a central bank that was governed by germans under a government that was purely german. it was german political parties, such as the socialists, the catholic centre party, and the democrats, forming various coalition governments, that were solely responsible for the policies they conducted. of course, admission of responsibility for any calamity cannot be expected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.425114200627158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:190c0303-9df1-4b0e-8950-1d2edf25cb12>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.348095"}
{"text": ". it was german political parties, such as the socialists, the catholic centre party, and the democrats, forming various coalition governments, that were solely responsible for the policies they conducted. of course, admission of responsibility for any calamity cannot be expected from any political party. | how could a european nation that prided itself on its high levels of education and scholarly knowledge suffer such a thorough destruction of its money? | the reasoning that led these parties to inflate the national currency at such astronomical rates is not only interesting for economic historians, but also very revealing of the rationale for monetary destruction. the doctrines and theories that led to the german monetary destruction have since then caused destruction in many other countries. in fact, they may be at work right now all over the western world. in our judgment, four erroneous doctrines or theories guided the german monetary authorities in those baleful years. the most amazing economic sophism that was advanced by eminent financiers, politicians, and economists endeavored to show that there was neither monetary nor credit inflation in germany. these experts readily admitted that the nominal amount of paper money issued was indeed enormous. but the real value of all currency in circulation, that is, the gold value in terms of gold or goods prices, they argued, was much lower than before the war or than that of other industrial countries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5085806242262326, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:190c0303-9df1-4b0e-8950-1d2edf25cb12>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.348688"}
{"text": "contents - previous - next this is the old united nations university website. visit the new site at http : / / unu. edu because the imminent demise or depletion of commercially usable natural forests can be so readily foreseen in many pacific island countries ( watt 1980, 297 ), governments and development agencies have in several places promoted either some form of restocking or enrichment of commercially logged areas or the establishment of forest plantations on degraded grassland sites. not all these efforts can be classified as agroforestry, strictly speaking ; but in the pacific context, as in most of the tropical world, the traditional, if transient, shift of land use back and forth between forest and agriculture on any particular site makes it relevant to consider what at first glance appear to be purely forestry projects. many of the timber species institutionally promoted have been exotics such as caribbean pine ( pinus caribaea ), west indian mahogany ( swietenia macrophylla ), cordia ( cordia alliodora ), and eucalytus spp., although some indigenous pacific species such as albizia falcataria, agathis spp., araucaria spp., and endospermum spp. have been successfully established, often as exotics in areas beyond their natural range. many other species - including west indian cedar ( cedrela odorata ), the silky oak ( grevillea robusta ), teak ( tectona grandis ), mahogany ( swietenia mahogoni ), toon tree ( toona australis ), cadamba ( anthocephalus chinensis ), and albizia lebbeck along with several indigenous trees - have also been the subject of trials, and planted to various degrees throughout the islands. firewood and multi - purpose species that have been successfully introduced include leucaena leucocephala, erythrina spp., casuarina spp., and gliricidia septum, and, to a lesser extent, securinega samoana and adenanthera pavonina. other species, all of which have been planted experimentally and which seem to grow successfully, but which have not yet become so well established, include cassia, acacia, and calliandra spp. apart from timber and fuel wood, the major multi - purpose objectives of such plantings are site reclamation and amelioration, erosion control, wind protection, shade, multipurpose construction and hand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4771025054133753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.374793"}
{"text": "cassia, acacia, and calliandra spp. apart from timber and fuel wood, the major multi - purpose objectives of such plantings are site reclamation and amelioration, erosion control, wind protection, shade, multipurpose construction and handicrafts, nurse cropping, fodder, green manure, and food. the indigenous casuarinas, particularly casuarina equisetifolia, have also shown considerable promise for reforestation programmes, and have been planted in tonga in land reclamation projects, in the cook islands for the rehabilitation of degraded lands, and on atolls as sources of fuel wood and to protect coconut plantations from saltwater damage. c. oligodon and c. papuana are traditionally used for reforestation and to enrich fallow land in papua new guinea, and are now promoted in some areas for land rehabilitation and as shade plants for coffee. pine planting in relation to agroforestry of the total area of timber plantations in the pacific, well over 50 per cent is accounted for by caribbean pine ( pinus caribaea ). the largest area of pine planting is in fiji, where that country ' s pine commission together with the forestry department has established over 50, 000 ha of plantation since 1960, mostly on degraded anthropogenic grasslands ( drysdale 1988a, 110 ; watt 1980, 301 ). some pine timber is used locally, but the wood was intended mainly for export, and a wood - chipping mill is now in operation. in the mid1960s, under a programme now discontinued, woodlots of pinus caribaea on smallholder sugar - cane farms were promoted by the colonial government. sized from 0. 4 to 2 ha, these woodlots were planted on steeper non - cane areas of farms to control erosion, provide on - farm supplies of timber and fuel wood, and for undergrazing by farm animals ( eaton 1988b, personal communication ). apart from this woodlot grazing and grazing of cattle in association with larger pine plantations ( described below ), there has been no institutional support for any form of intercropping or other agroforestry activities in pine plantations ( drysdale 1988b ). similarly, in the limited areas of pine planting in new caledonia, western samoa, tonga, and the cook islands, there has been little or no link to agroforestry in such programmes, with the main focus being on creating a timber resource, land improvement, erosion control, and employment creation in rural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4527075806050795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.375679"}
{"text": ", western samoa, tonga, and the cook islands, there has been little or no link to agroforestry in such programmes, with the main focus being on creating a timber resource, land improvement, erosion control, and employment creation in rural areas. in highland papua new guinea large areas of degraded grassland have been planted with pines ( pinus spp. ) and araucaria spp. intercropping activities are few and consist of the intercropping of coffee and cardamon on a trial and demonstration basis ( howcroft 1983 ). in vanuatu, p. caribaea var. hondurensis is the main species planted in forest plantations in seasonally dry and highly degraded sites on the southern islands of aneityum and erromango, where some 550 ha had been established up to april 1985. the commercial viability of such plantings is still uncertain, however, due to poor access to markets and high transport costs. on erromango, high costs of clearing land of the indigenous pioneering species acacia spirobis has stopped the development of pine plantations. benefits in the form of erosion control and aiding the local economy through wages were the main motives behind these programmes ( neil 1986a ). non - pine forestry in relation to agroforestry to judge from programmes in papua new guinea, the solomon islands, vanuatu, tonga, and western samoa, there seems to be greater promise and greater institutionalized promotion of intercropping with other, primarily broadleaved evergreen, species than has been the case with pines. in papua new guinea, where extensive areas of eucalyptus deglupta have been planted, cocoa and coffee have been successfully grown at 4 m x 4 m and 3 m x 3 m spacing, respectively, in conjunction with e. deglupta planted at 10 m x 10 m ( jacovelli and neil 1984, 10 ). also in papua new guinea, severe environmental degradation resulting from rapid urban expansion and associated subsistence gardening and \" fuel - wood mining \" prompted the cities of lae and port moresby to institute fuel - wood - planting programmes. in lae, in 1978, it was decided to plant 200 ha of sloping land ( 20\u00b0 - 30\u00b0 ) in leucaena leucocephala for firewood and to intercrop fuel - wood species with annual food crops in zones designated for subsistence food gardening. the project, which was allocated k250, 000 ( us $ 275, 000 ) over six years, had a management component coupled with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4306132563128735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.376823"}
{"text": ", kava ( piper methysticum ), and trials with coffee ( arabica and robusta ), cocoa, and cardamon. in addition to these trials, subsistence gardens have also been established under cordia alliodora by both local landowners and forest workers alike ( jacovelli and neil 1984, 8 ). because c. alliodora may be severely attacked by root rot ( phelli nus noxius ) in some conditions, and does not perform well on some sites, other species currently being tried in vanuatu include terminalia brassii, t. calamansanai, eucalyptus deglupta, swietenia macrophylla, toona australis, and cedrela odorata. however, the barks of both t. brassii and e. deglupta are palatable to cattle ( jacovelli and neil 1984, 10 ; macfarlane 1980 ). the species showing greatest potential as an alternative species to c. alliodora may be s. macrophylla, and if grown with nurse species to reduce pest problems, intercropping should be possible during the early years of rotation ( neil 1986b ). several other systematic experiments on tree species, both exotic and indigenous, have been carried out in vanuatu in a search for species especially suitable for fuel wood, timber, or pulpwood, but none of this research was connected with agroforestry. research on agroforestry has focused almost exclusively on \" cash crops which appear to have great potential, particularly coffee and cocoa, and possibly kava and cocoa \" ( jacovelli and neil 1984, 11 ). in fiji, some 22, 953 ha of tropical hardwood forests have been planted as of mid - 1986. of these, 14, 987 ha are west indian mahogany ( swietenia macrophylla ), 3, 058 ha are cordia alliodora, 2, 963 ha are cadamba ( anthocephalus chinensis ), 928 ha are maesopsis eminii, 438 ha are eucalyptus deglupta, and 202 ha are the indigenous species endospermum macrophyllum ( adab 1986 ). despite such considerable silvicultural activity, in terms of both hardwood and pines, it is essentially monocultural, and, as the general manager of the fiji pine commission has stated : \" institutionalized agrosilviculture is non - existent in fiji at present \" ( dry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43540812231224446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.378560"}
{"text": "activity, in terms of both hardwood and pines, it is essentially monocultural, and, as the general manager of the fiji pine commission has stated : \" institutionalized agrosilviculture is non - existent in fiji at present \" ( drysdale 1988b, personal communication ). tonga ' s silvicultural activities are more diverse, some being significantly agrosilvicultural. more purely silvicultural activities include a major reforestation programme begun on the island of eua in the mid - 1960s. over 40 ha of mixed exotic species including toona australis, cedrela odorata, cordia alliodora, grevillea robusta, agathis robusta, pinus caribaea, and eucalyptus spp., as well as suitable indigenous species, such as casuarina equisetifolia, terminalia catappa, and dysoxylum tongense, were planted on the eua forest farm. tests of seed stock from throughout the world were also carried out on the farm. larger areas were subsequently planted, with 104 ha alone being planted in 1979 ( thaman 1984e, 3 ). the species most commonly planted in 1984 were eucalyptus saligna, e. tereticornis, toona australis, and pinus caribaea. seedling pro auction for these species and other timber species, such as cupressus lusitanica, amounted to 77, 491 seedlings ( 42, 427 of which were planted ) in 1979 ( maff 1985, 100 - 102 ). reforestation continues, as the small areas of remaining indigenous forest on eua are exploited, with the local mill \" approaching the end of its productive life as the local hardwood timber supply is cut out and cannot be replaced from the forest farm for at least another 10 years \" ( maff 1985, 99 ). the only truly agroforestry aspect of the eua silvicultural activities, a taungya system of combined tree - planting and temporary gardens, was phased out because \" it has greatly increased pressures for settlement of unsuitable land, and is thus clearly not in the national interest \" ( maff 1985, 100 ). a second and continuing agroforestry activity has been the forestry extension programme, which began in the 1960s to produce seedlings for distribution to smallholder farmers for planting in small woodlots or as windbreaks around their agricultural allotments ( see chapter 5 on tongan agrofor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4197598530738871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.379462"}
{"text": "has been the forestry extension programme, which began in the 1960s to produce seedlings for distribution to smallholder farmers for planting in small woodlots or as windbreaks around their agricultural allotments ( see chapter 5 on tongan agroforestry ). the major species distributed included casuarina equisetifolia, grevillea robusta, cedrela odorata, eucalyptus spp., agathis spp., and gmelina arborea ( thaman 1984e, 3 ). with the establishment of the extension nursery at mataliku on the main island of tongatapu in 1978, the programme was expanded to include the propagation and distribution of a wide range of timber trees, \" cultural \" species, and species providing food, medicine, and ornamentation. the considerable interest shown by the people for planting on both rural and town allotments led to a \" blossoming of forest extension work \" to the point that, in 1978, the nursery could not cope with the demand, which exceeded 8, 000 trees per month ( maff 1979, 99 ). according to programme records, as of 1984, at least 155 species had been tested and / or propagated for distribution on eua and tongatapu. of these, 66 were timber species, 45 ornamentals, 32 \" cultural \" plants of particular importance to the tongan society, 11 food plants, 6 plants used for coastal protection or land reclamation, 4 for living fences or hedgerows, 3 medicinal plants, and 2 each for windbreaks and firewood. among the most popular nontimber species were casuarina equisetifolia ( planted as an ornamental, living fence, or wind - break ) ; culturally important sacred or fragrant plants, known locally as akau kakala, such as heilala ( garcinia sessilis ), langakali ( aglaia saltatorum ), sandalwood, or ahi ( santalum yasi ), pua ( fagraea berteriana ), pipi ( parinari glaberrima ), huni ( phalaria disperma ), perfume tree, or mohokoi ( cananga odorata ), allspice ( pimenta doica ), and pandanus cultivars ; fruit - trees, such as mango, malay apple ( syzygium malaccense ), and macadamia nut ( macadamia integrifolia ) ; and ornamental or shade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43966440391254763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.380391"}
{"text": "doica ), and pandanus cultivars ; fruit - trees, such as mango, malay apple ( syzygium malaccense ), and macadamia nut ( macadamia integrifolia ) ; and ornamental or shade plants, such as flamboyant, or poinciana ( delonix regia ), hibiscus ( hibiscus rosa - sinensis ), cordyline fruticosa, copperleaf, or beefsteak, plant ( acalypha amentacea ), bougainvillea ( bougainvillea spp. ), poinsettia ( euphorbia pulcherrima ), gardenia ( gardenia spp. ), and the hedge panaxes ( polyscias spp. ) ( thaman 1984e ). the final major area of activity has been the testing and establishment of trees for land reclamation, such as the project to rehabilitate low - lying areas at sopu to the west of the capital of nuku ' alofa on tongatapu. reclamation work at sopu began in the 1960s, with the planting of casuarina equisetifolia to stabilize the area, and has continued to the present with extensive plantings of lumnitzera littorea, rhizophora mangle, bruguiera gymnorhiza, xylocarpus granatum, and other selected species. as recently as 1980, 6 acres of lumnitzera littorea, 4 acres of terminalia catappa, and 3 acres of queensland kauri ( agathis robusta ) were planted. the vegetation has reportedly been well - established, with the operation becoming more maintenance than reclamation. grazing, usually of cattle, with commercial tree cropping and silviculture consists mainly of the widespread practice of grazing cattle under coconuts or commercial timber species, and the limited grazing of cattle under leucaena leucocephala or other fuel - wood or multipurpose species. livestock under coconuts the grazing of cattle ( primarily beef, but also dairy cattle ) under coconuts ( in some cases with pasture improvement ) is by far the most widespread practice. it has been encouraged throughout the islands since colonial times, particularly on large coconut estates. in addition to providing meat and dairy products, cattle are seen as effective weed control and fertilization agents, thus facilitating plantation management and the collection of fallen nuts. although primarily promoted on large, often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4434509045624211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.381154"}
{"text": "since colonial times, particularly on large coconut estates. in addition to providing meat and dairy products, cattle are seen as effective weed control and fertilization agents, thus facilitating plantation management and the collection of fallen nuts. although primarily promoted on large, often foreign or state controlled estates or plantations, some governments, such as those in the solomon islands, tonga, and niue, have encouraged smallholder grazing of cattle under coconuts and other trees. in the case of tonga, smallholder agriculturalists have been encouraged to fence limited portions of their 3. 3 ha bush allotments to graze cattle, and sometimes horses, under coconuts and other tree crops and protected trees, or, alternatively, to tether animals to trees and graze on a rotational basis. the practice has been particularly important in vanuatu ( both before and after independence in 1980 ) and new caledonia, where beef cattle production is a major activity. beef cattle production became so important in vanuatu, prior to independence, that some plantations were turned into cattle properties. the importance of cattle grew in the 1950s, when steeply rising labour costs made planters increasingly dependent on cattle to keep their plantations clean. at one period in the 1950s, herds became larger than the plantations could support, especially during dry spells, and by the end of the decade, town butcheries had opened in both port vila and luganville, the two main towns. by the end of the 1960s, copra production had become no more than a sideline on a number of plantations ( brookfield with hart 1971, 164165 ). in fiji, in 1973, 10. 5 per cent of the local beef requirements were supplied by the 9. 9 per cent of the cattle population grazed under coconuts ( maf 1973 ; manner 1983 ). this is particularly significant given the large proportion of range - fed cattle raised on extensive large - scale developments in the dry zones of fiji. papua new guinea, the solomon islands, vanuatu, and new caledonia in melanesia, and western samoa and french polynesia have also actively encouraged cattle under coconuts with trials having been conducted on optimum stocking rates and pasture improvement. much of the western samoa trust estates ( wstec ) mulifanua copra plantation, reportedly one of the largest copra plantations in the world ( carter 1984 ), is undergrazed by cattle. the potential for the formal promotion of large - scale grazing of cattle under coconuts is greatest on the larger islands of melanesia and polynesia. on smaller islands, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4518433514346577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.382001"}
{"text": "the world ( carter 1984 ), is undergrazed by cattle. the potential for the formal promotion of large - scale grazing of cattle under coconuts is greatest on the larger islands of melanesia and polynesia. on smaller islands, such as those in tonga and the cook islands, where high population densities and land scarcity make more extensive agrosilvipastoral developments less relevant, small - scale rotational undergrazing of tethered animals is more appropriate. in nine, where population density is low because of emigration to new zealand, there have been problems of overgrazing and lack of fodder during times of drought - for example, during the severe drought of 1977 - 1978, when hay had to be imported from new zealand. richardson ( 1983, 59 ) cautions that grazing under coconuts can create problems of soil compaction and, especially in the case of free grazing, preclude intercropping, which should take precedence in areas with limited land resources. as shown by studies in papua new guinea and elsewhere, smallholder beef cattle production can have harmful impacts on subsistence cropping ( grossman 1981 ). where cash cropping or subsistence production is feasible, richardson ( 1983, 59 ) argues that intercropping should take precedence over grazing under coconuts. cattle under timber species the grazing of cattle under commercial timber species has been actively promoted in papua new guinea, the solomon islands, vanuatu, and fiji. in papua new guinea, reforestation projects in both the highlands and lowlands offer opportunities for beef production, and cattle have been actively promoted to control weeds and reduce fire danger by consuming the fuel. pinus caribaea planting has also been encouraged in order to provide shade for cattle in open grasslands ( watt 1980, 308 ). the introduction of pasture legumes into timber plantations and surrounding areas has also been actively encouraged, and the development of pastures, followed by grazing, has been more or less standard practice in a number of forest plantations in papua new guinea, where klinki and hoop pine ( araucaria spp. ), pinus caribaea, and eucalyptus spp. are grown. government forest plantations are made available to local braziers who establish adequate fencing and pastures and follow acceptable range management and stocking practices ( howcroft 1974 ; 1983 ). in the solomon islands, where there is a \" cattle under trees \" ( cut ) project, cattle have been grazed under eucalyptus deglupta in forest plantations established by the government in logged forest ( macfarlane and whiteman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46774666165271506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.382898"}
{"text": "1974 ; 1983 ). in the solomon islands, where there is a \" cattle under trees \" ( cut ) project, cattle have been grazed under eucalyptus deglupta in forest plantations established by the government in logged forest ( macfarlane and whiteman 1983 ; schirmer 1983, 101 ; watt 1980, 308 ) and in vanuatu under both \" local supply plantations \" and \" industrial supply plantations \" of cordia alliodora, as well as under pinus caribaea on aneityum, erromango, pentecost, and santo ( jacovelli and neil 1984, 8 ). grazing under pines in vanuatu is seen as a means of reducing the significant fire threat in plantations ( neil 1986a ). it is in fiji that the practice has probably been tried most exten sively, owing to research undertaken by the fiji pine commission ( fpc ), a statutory body with the objective of facilitating and developing \" an industry based on the growing, harvesting, preserving and marketing of pine and other species of trees grown in fiji \" ( cpo 1980, 141 ). the fpc is responsible for managing over 45, 000 ha of pinus caribaea out of an envisioned gross estate of 80, 000 ha on the highly degraded talasiga ( sunburnt ) soils of the drier leeward grasslands of the two largest islands of fiji. the relatively infertile and eroded areas are vegetated with a grassland sub - climax of presumed anthropogenic origin, including species such as pennisetum polystachyon, pteridium esculentum, gleichenia liners, psidium guajava, dodonaea viscose, and casuarina equisetifolia. on moister slopes, miscanthus floridulus forms almost impenetrable thickets. these grasslands are subject to frequent and unauthorized burning. the fpc undertook research into cattle grazing for two reasons : to examine the effects of cattle grazing on reducing fuel in high fire - risk zones ; and to test the use of cattle as a site - preparation tool for clearing the land of miscanthus floridulus, which proved difficult to eradicate by more conventional means such as slashing and burning ( drysdale 1982 ). research has yielded variable results. vincent ( 1971 ) concluded that grazing of cattle under 5 - and 6 - year - old pine plantations in poor soils had a detrimental effect on the incremental growth of pines, whereas grazing trials in the nausori", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4537322475833691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.384804"}
{"text": "research has yielded variable results. vincent ( 1971 ) concluded that grazing of cattle under 5 - and 6 - year - old pine plantations in poor soils had a detrimental effect on the incremental growth of pines, whereas grazing trials in the nausori highlands to determine the effect on fire hazard reduction resulted in a reduction in fuel from 2, 500 kg per hectare to 800 kg per hectare, an average cattle weight gain of 0. 24 kg per day, and no pasture deterioration despite heavy stocking rates ( gregor 1972 ). at nawaicoba, partridge ( 1977 ) reported weight gains twice this, when trees were planted at 2 m x 3 m spacing, with two rows in every five missing. in variable spacing trials, bell ( 1981 ) found slight bark damage to trees less than one year old because of trampling, when the trees were spaced 3 m apart within rows and 2. 5, 3, 3. 5, and 4 m apart between rows, the cattle being introduced into the plantation when the pines were 54 cm high. in 1982, the fpc reviewed various research projects on cattle under pines and concluded that given \" the high overhead and general costs of fpc operations, commercial cattle grazing of unimproved pasture under pines, is an unlikely prospect \" ( drysdale 1982, 4 ). although fuel loadings were considerably reduced, the cost of using cattle for fuel reduction was \" considered unacceptably high compared with alternatives such as burning \" ( drysdale 1982, 3 ). in contrast, the use of cattle as a site - preparation tool where miscanthus predominates was termed an \" outstanding success \" ( drysdale 1982, 8 ) because other methods of clearing the giant grass gave incomplete results, were impractical, or cost too much. because of the high cost of fencing, the long - term and extensive grazing of cattle under pines has been found to be an uneconomic proposition for the fiji pine commission, although some 480 cattle are allowed to graze under pines free of charge at drasa and tavaka - bo, and some cattle owners unofficially graze their cattle in fiji pine commission forests. native landowners are also allowed to graze cattle under their own pine plantings, subject to certain restrictions. but cattle owners also are unlikely to find fencing a profitable venture. open - range grazing with night - time penning may be a possibility. in addition, the economics of cattle grazing on improved pastures under trees in fiji still needs to be ascertained. other silvipas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4768805292473696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.385707"}
{"text": "to find fencing a profitable venture. open - range grazing with night - time penning may be a possibility. in addition, the economics of cattle grazing on improved pastures under trees in fiji still needs to be ascertained. other silvipastoral activities trees such as leucaena leucocephala are used as fodder in tonga and papua new guinea, where they are browsed by cattle as a dietary supplement ( watt 1980, 308 ). there is perhaps some scope for the grazing of other animals such as pigs, goats, and chickens on improved legume pastures or fallows under coconuts, commercial timber species, or other trees ( quartermain 1980 ; richardson 1983 ). in the pacific, as elsewhere, interest in agroforestry has recently grown rapidly among scientists, land - use experts, conservationists, and the development professionals of national governments and international agencies. as already noted, systems of commercial production that would now be classified as agroforestry were initiated early in the pacific ' s colonial past, particularly in the form of multistorey arrangements of coconut palms with other crops or with cattle. with regard to agroforestry systems in the subsistence sphere, this book has sought to demonstrate their prevalence and antiquity in the pacific islands. as yen ( 1980b, 91 ) comprehensively expressed it in his discussion of \" pacific production systems, \" there is nothing new about multi - storey cropping even though it has often been suggested to smallholders as an innovative technique they might adopt. in fact native systems have always involved such techniques in village gardens with descending storeys of palms, trees, productive vines, shrubs, herbaceous root crops, and vegetable plants and ornamentals. similarly, in swiddens, mixed species and variety plantings are themselves multi - storey. in this case such plantings also take on a successional aspect, for following the root crops, some cultigens such as banana and longer - term plants such as breadfruit and other fruit and nut trees, industrial shrubs, and vines, prolong the production of these gardens. geographers and anthropologists who have studied these sorts of indigenous systems find ironic some of the attempts made to introduce institutional agroforestry into the pacific context. on the other hand, in a time of deforestation and agrodeforestation, it is apt to encourage both of the approaches to agroforestry described in chapter 1 - the institutional approach, which generally seeks to introduce commodity - focused systems devised on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4724679722834716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.386595"}
{"text": "other hand, in a time of deforestation and agrodeforestation, it is apt to encourage both of the approaches to agroforestry described in chapter 1 - the institutional approach, which generally seeks to introduce commodity - focused systems devised on the basis of modern forms of analysis, and the cultural - ecological approach, which is concerned more with long - standing indigenous systems, empirically devised and deeply embedded in the cultural landscape. whether or not the two approaches can be usefully meshed remains open to question, although some forms of \" progressing with the past \" do seem possible ( clarke 1978 ). when attention is turned to the future of institutional agroforestry in the pacific, it can be clearly forecast that if individual smallholders are to benefit over the long term from the introduction of an unfamiliar institutionalized agroforestry system, they will need to receive an ongoing package of inputs and information, which suggests the need for some sort of extension service. unfortunately, it is acknowledged that extension work in many pacific countries is generally poor, and extension services often have only secondary ranking within ministries or departments ( hau ' ofa et al. 1980, 188 - 189 ). how to remedy this deficiency raises several complex but pervasive issues, which have been dealt with at length in a large literature and which can only be superficially treated here. with regard to the initial introduction of a new agroforestry system, it is easy - given the current popularity of agroforestry in the development world to find funding for workshops and projects, but these by their nature lack continuity, and they are often administered by staff unfamiliar with local agroforestry traditions. the pacific is littered with projects advanced in support of all sorts of good causes their collapsed remnants remain, like the military paraphernalia rust ing on beaches after world war ii. one way to incorporate continuity into projects and to move beyond reliance on inadequate extension services is to form a centralized management system for smallholders ( sometimes referred to as a plantation mode of management ). such a system has been successful in several instances, notably the efficient smallholder production of sugar so important in fiji ' s economy and also in tobacco production in that same country ( eaton 1988a ). some other attempts have been less successful. the pros and cons of the approach have been cogently summed up by hardaker et al. ( 1984a ; 1984b ) and ward ( 1984 ). aside from problems common to any project - based introduction, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48358273561387105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.387525"}
{"text": "successful. the pros and cons of the approach have been cogently summed up by hardaker et al. ( 1984a ; 1984b ) and ward ( 1984 ). aside from problems common to any project - based introduction, a specific constraint to the full realization of the potential of agroforestry by institutional means relates to the disciplinary compart - mentalization that characterizes institutions concerned with land use, whereby - as the director of icraf commented - \" agriculture and forestry normally fall under different ministries or, if they are under the same ministry, under separate departments, ' ( lundgren 1987, 44 ). writing specifically of the forestry sector in the south pacific, watt ( 1980, 302 - 303 ) noted that \" the separation of agricultural and forestry extension services encourages the impression that agriculture and forestry are mutually exclusive alternatives rather than complementary land uses. \" following on from and related to this sectoral compartmentalization is each institution ' s imperative to maximize the individual component that is the focus of that institution. in contrast, as has often been observed : the subsistence land user ' s strategy and aims are to use his labour and land resources to optimize, with minimum risk, the production of various products and services required to satisfy all his basic needs. the fundamental inadequacy of conventional - discipline - oriented institutions lies in the failure to acknowledge and understand these basic facts, strategies and aims, and in the inability to adapt to them. the aims, infrastructure, rationale and philosophy of these institutions, as well as the training of their experts, are geared to the maximization of individual components, be they food crops, cash crops, animals or trees. there is little understanding that the land user needs to share out his resources for the production of other commodities or services ( lundgren 1987, 46 ). when maximization is aimed at commercial products, as it most frequently is in the pacific, a set of sometimes contradictory processes comes into play. for example, attempts to produce cash crops while continuing to meet subsistence needs may bring agricultural involution if land is limited, or it may result in an extension of cropping onto marginal sloping lands as cash crops or cattle take over better lands. a specialization in commercial products may not be accompanied by any concomitant increase in labour availability or extension advice ( often restricted to larger producers ) on how to increase subsistence production ( ward 1986 ; yen 1980b ). even the fiji - german forestry project, which commenced in the mid1980s, appears mainly focused", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5087993061901692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.388427"}
{"text": "activities for the past century. regardless of whether it has been the colonial or post - colonial agricultural and forestry departments or, re cently, international aid agencies, the focus has been almost exclusively on monocultural, often large - scale production for export or, in the case of timber and fuel - wood production, for import substitution. even the intercrops are usually cash crops for export or local sale. consequently, most indigenous wild species and the wide range of traditional cultivars have received little official promotion and have been the focus of only limited research. few technical experts or development entrepreneurs know enough about traditional mixed agricultural systems and their component plants to be willing or able to promote their expansion or maintenance. it is not only projects intended to develop commercial agriculture and forestry that may displace or degrade traditional agroforestry systems ; modern institutional agroforestry projects may themselves play the same role. agencies and educational institutions promoting agroforestry however, there are also movements in support of traditional systems. the growing popularization and recognition worldwide of the value of the \" wisdom of the elders \" ( knudtson and suzuki 1992 ) may motivate increased institutional attention to indigenous polycultural systems of agroforestry in the pacific. this section provides information on several examples of such attention and on the institutions involved ; mention has been made earlier of some of these, but they will be referred to here briefly again to provide a coherent single account. all the major universities within the pacific region ( university of guam, both of papua new guinea ' s universities, the university of the south pacific in fiji and its school of agriculture in western samoa, university of hawaii, and the developing francophone institutions in new caledonia and tahiti ) support staff with interests in traditional matters, including agriculture, agroforestry, and the management of soil and vegetation. rather than attempt a full listing of course offerings relevant to agroforestry to at least some degree, we note here only that, on the basis of current information at hand, the courses most directly focused on agroforestry are found within the geography department at the university of the south pacific in suva, fiji, and the department of agronomy and soil science at the university of hawaii in honolulu. to the best of our knowledge, the university of hawaii is distinguished by being the only university in the region to have a named professor of agroforestry, who is located in the department of agronomy and soil science. the col lege", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4810870440196595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.390316"}
{"text": "the best of our knowledge, the university of hawaii is distinguished by being the only university in the region to have a named professor of agroforestry, who is located in the department of agronomy and soil science. the col lege of micronesia in pohnpei also has staff with active and direct interests in indigenous agroforestry. agroforestry promotion by the fiji - german forestry project, a bilateral agency, has been described in the previous section. a different approach is followed by the south pacific forestry development programme, which is a multilateral 5 - year project funded by undp, executed by fao, and now based in suva, fiji. the programme is concerned with forests and trees in 15 countries, so far particularly with forests in the larger countries, but atoll countries are making enquiries about coconuts and other multi - purpose trees. the role of the programme is to stimulate activities and provide technical advice, not to operate activities itself. for instance, it facilitated the import of seeds of superior rattan from malaysia for planting in pacific forests in order to increase their non - timber production capability. aside from technical advice, the programme acts as a focal point for information about forests and trees and publishes the quarterly south pacific forestry newsletter. it is also trying to organize the documentation of local knowledge on indigenous agroforestry, with studies planned or under way in pohnpei, fiji, kiribati, tuvalu, tonga, and other island countries. the programme has worked cooperatively with the international ngo the foundation of the peoples of the south pacific ( fsp ) on a project intended to develop sustainable forestry in local areas while slowing down or stopping rapid conversion of forests by large - scale industrial logging. this objective is based in part on selling small mobile sawmills to rural entrepreneurs and community groups so that they may develop small - scale but profitable and locally utilitarian logging, carried out in ways that avoid major environmental damage and that maintain the essential structure of the forest for traditional uses and ecological services. a us government project based in hawaii is carrying out work related to several aspects of agroforestry in hawaii, american micronesia, and american samoa. called agricultural development in the american pacific ( adap ), the project has provided agroforestry educational materials to all the public ( land grant ) colleges and universities in the american - affiliated pacific. in association with the us department of agriculture and the us forest service, adap is also developing training programmes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4599951337447311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.391302"}
{"text": "the project has provided agroforestry educational materials to all the public ( land grant ) colleges and universities in the american - affiliated pacific. in association with the us department of agriculture and the us forest service, adap is also developing training programmes in agroforestry. the environment and policy institute of the east - west center in hawaii maintained a strong programme of research, seminars, and publication on agroforestry for several years during the 1980s ( e. g., djogo 1992 ; nair 1984 ). although agroforestry is no longer a principal focus of its work, the institute remains a repository of a large volume of published and unpublished material on the topic. mentioned at the beginning of this chapter was the report ( clements 1988 ) of a technical meeting on agroforestry in tropical islands held at the institute for research, extension and training in agriculture ( ireta ), which is part of the university of the south pacific ' s school of agriculture in western samoa. ireta is also involved in research projects to improve or strengthen atoll agroforestry in kiribati. in the melanesian countries, with their comparatively larger natural forests, forest - resource inventories are under way or planned, generally as a cooperative, aid - funded project between the local forestry department and overseas technical personnel. the inventories are intended to provide the information base necessary for effective land - use planning and management, but now, unlike some past forest assessments, the inventory process includes collection of data on watershed vulnerability and on the indigenous ethnobotanical value of forest plants, as in the forest - resource inventory now being completed by the vanuatu forestry department with technical assistance from the queensland ( australia ) forest service and the division of tropical crops and pastures of the ( australian ) commonwealth scientific and industrial research organization ( csiro ). finally, mention should be made of the work of orstom, the french organization that promotes french scientific research in the third world, mainly in the tropics. with centres in the pacific in noumea and tahiti, orstom has sponsored work not only related to many aspects of modern development but also to traditional cultural - ecological matters, for example, with specific relevance to agroforestry, the work on the cultivars of kava ( piper methysticum ) in vanuatu ( lebot and cabalion 1986 ). contents - previous - next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4654641526002959, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81474da6-e269-428c-ad49-51c9523b96f6>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.392177"}
{"text": "plague on our shores city at war the great chinatown fireon new year ' s eve one hundred years ago, the first of a number of controlled fires were set in chinatown as a way of defending honolulu from bubonic plague, known in history as black death. next to the pearl harbor attack, the outbreak of plague was the greatest public - safety disaster in hawaiian history. the government was determined to do anything to save the city - - even burn it to the ground. last week we began a four - part series by describing the discovery of plague in honolulu and the quarantine system set up to contain it. today ' s installment chronicles the attitudes that inspired the controlled burning that preceded the great chinatown fire. the series concludes tomorrow. part i | ii | iii | iv | epilogueby burl burlingame it may have been simple bad luck, or it may have have been a white - dominated business conspiracy, or more likely it fell between the two extremes, but the chinese residents of teeming chinatown felt unfairly targeted by health authorities when black death erupted in honolulu at the cusp of the century. although thousands of hawaiian and japanese were uprooted as the board of health methodically began to burn out plague infestations in the quarantine zone, it was chinese - owned businesses that absorbed the brunt of property damage. chinese immigration to the island kingdom climbed steadily until the political coup in 1893 that unseated liliuokalani. by the mid 1890s, one in five residents of hawaii was of chinese descent, and they put down firm roots, establishing schools, newspapers, cemeteries, temples and clan societies. unlike some other groups of immigrants, however, the chinese did not assimilate into hawaiian culture, preferring instead to form a separate society. this sense of separation was expressed in the honolulu district known as \" chinatown \" where small businesses operated by chinese ex - plantation workers began to flourish in the 1860s. it is roughly the area bordered by nuuanu, beretania and king streets. the area was chockablock with chinese restaurants, chinese groceries, chinese dry - goods shops and other small chinese industries. in 1886, sparks from a restaurant ignited an enormous fire that leveled most of the district. excited by the urban clean slate, the hawaiian government declared new structures had to follow sanitary constraints, were to be made of stone or brick, and considered widening and consolidating the streets. the advertiser declared they had turned \" a national disaster into an ultimate blessing. \" it didn ' t happen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4351372312193225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec21091c-22a2-4733-bdc3-e4698ee40350>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.401451"}
{"text": "structures had to follow sanitary constraints, were to be made of stone or brick, and considered widening and consolidating the streets. the advertiser declared they had turned \" a national disaster into an ultimate blessing. \" it didn ' t happen. in the 14 years following the fire, chinatown landowners allowed ramshackle, quickly constructed boomtown wooden buildings to blossom in the area, looming over the narrow dirt streets and overwhelmingly primitive sanitation facilities. the lessons of the 1886 fire were largely ignored. in 1898, concerned about the swelling tide of chinese immigration, the republic of hawaii evoked the restrictions of the chinese exclusion act of 1882 even though hawaii was not yet a territory of the united states. more than 7, 000 lived in chinatown ' s 50 acres at the turn of the century, in an era when no building rose above two stories. many were japanese immigrants, jammed in structures controlled by chinese landlords, who in turn paid hawaiian and haole landowners. and chinatown had become the center of another kind of asian - controlled business as well. the census taken in december 1899 revealed the area was brimming with organized prostitution, a niche business that provided economic entre for new immigrants. in 1900, 84 percent of known prostitutes in honolulu were japanese, and nearly 100 percent of the pimps were japanese. despite the filthy squalor of living conditions, and the disdain with which chinatown was viewed by the rest of honolulu, it was an economic engine, pumping money into the pockets of landowners like bishop estate. at a time when a plantation worker made about $ 18 a month, japanese prostitutes were making hundreds of dollars. although maintaining the status quo was lucrative, the overcrowded living conditions in chinatown, coupled with a complete lack of urban planning for the area, created a neighborhood that ran with rats and insects, that had sewage and garbage lying unattended in the streets. other residents of honolulu turned up their noses at chinatown, both literally and figuratively, while the residents of chinatown had little choice but to stay where they were. the advertiser called the district a \" pestilential slum. \" when the city finally started to build a sewer line through chinatown in 1899, workers discovered they were digging through compacted layers of fermenting garbage. the intense odor caused diggers to slow to a near - halt. with the onset of black death, a hastily organized troupe of health inspectors went on field trips into chinatown as if it were a foreign country, and returned horrified. the district, full to bursting with shanty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4183241615237167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec21091c-22a2-4733-bdc3-e4698ee40350>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.402440"}
{"text": "over the honolulu police, was absolute. within hours, all honolulu police were withdrawn from the quarantine zone, and all questions of authority routed to the national guard. although martial law had not been officially declared, soldiers were allowed to proceed as if it had. this made it easier to ignore the rules of civil law during the medical emergency that gripped honolulu. the board of health, civilians appointed by president sanford dole, lame - duck head of a temporary republic, had absolute power over questions of life and death. chinese residents trapped by the city quarantine feared they were being singled out both in life and after death. chinese immigrants believed if they died overseas, their bones must be returned to china. the board of health ' s solution to plague deaths - - quick cremation - - left no remains for shipping. horrified chinese began to hide their ill friends and relatives from authorities. this practice not only exacerbated contagion, but likely obscured the true numbers of plague victims. a large delegation of chinese merchants and chinese consul yang wei pin and vice consul goo kim met with henry cooper, president of the board of health, who insisted any decisions regarding cremation would be made by the board. the chinese claimed the board was discriminating in favor of japanese, and cooper responded no japanese have been diagnosed with plague, and the body of a white teenager had also been hurridly cremated. cooper suggested they collect the ashes in urns for shipment back to china. as honolulu became a city at war, the battle lines of bureaucracy were being drawn. as the evening bulletin editorialized, lacking a clear chain of command while details of the new government were being hammered out, president dole had the authority to appropriate funds to battle the plague. \" let there be no delay, \" the paper insisted. \" this is a time for action, prompt energetic action. the people are prepared to support the vigorous measures which money will forward and which must be set on foot if the battle against black plague is to be short, sharp and decisive. \" burning was the apparent immediate answer. a committee of businessmen was formed to find warehouse space for goods removed from chinatown stores that were being burned down, and during the first three weeks of january, 1900, buildings were torched nearly every day. a photographer hired by the government recorded pictures of each building, and then it was set alight. honolulu firemen bookended the flames with streams of water ; soldiers and police kept crowds in line and watched for looters. the newspapers kept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46425071805894946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec21091c-22a2-4733-bdc3-e4698ee40350>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.404384"}
{"text": "- published : 12 feb 2012 - views : 396745 - author : musicisprettyneat pretty great blocked in germany. irony artist / band : kraftwerk album : the man - machine year : 1978 genre : \" synthpop \" / electronic wikipedia article : http : / / en. wik... man - machine may refer to : | this disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. if an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. a machine is a tool consisting of one or more parts that is constructed to achieve a particular goal. machines are powered devices, usually mechanically, chemically, thermally or electrically powered, and are frequently motorized. historically, a device required moving parts to classify as a machine ; however, the advent of electronics technology has led to the development of devices without moving parts that are considered machines. the word \" machine \" is derived from the latin word machina, which in turn derives from the doric greek \u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1 ( machana ), ionic greek \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7 ( mechane ) \" contrivance, machine, engine \" and that from \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 ( mechos ), \" means, expedient, remedy \". the meaning of machine is traced by the oxford english dictionary to an independently functioning structure and by merriam - webster dictionary to something that has been constructed. this includes human design into the meaning of machine. a simple machine is a device that simply transforms the direction or magnitude of a force, but a large number of more complex machines exist. examples include vehicles, electronic systems, molecular machines, computers, television and radio. | this section requires expansion. | perhaps the first example of a human made device designed to manage power is the hand axe, made by chipping flint to form a wedge. a wedge is a simple machine that transforms lateral force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting force and movement of the workpiece. the idea of a \" simple machine \" originated with the greek philosopher archimedes around the 3rd century bc, who studied the \" archimedean \" simple machines : lever, pulley, and screw. he discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever. later greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines ( excluding the inclined plane ) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage. heron of alexandria ( ca. 10 \u2013 75 ad ) in his work mechanics lists five mechanisms that can \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5814618606395126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a7c1f3-c595-43bb-b7f3-2960d5ccb10f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.414923"}
{"text": "in the lever. later greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines ( excluding the inclined plane ) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage. heron of alexandria ( ca. 10 \u2013 75 ad ) in his work mechanics lists five mechanisms that can \" set a load in motion \" ; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw, and describes their fabrication and uses. however the greeks ' understanding was limited to the statics of simple machines ; the balance of forces, and did not include dynamics ; the tradeoff between force and distance, or the concept of work. during the renaissance the dynamics of the mechanical powers, as the simple machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful work they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical work. in 1586 flemish engineer simon stevin derived the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane, and it was included with the other simple machines. the complete dynamic theory of simple machines was worked out by italian scientist galileo galilei in 1600 in le meccaniche ( \" on mechanics \" ). he was the first to understand that simple machines do not create energy, only transform it. the classic rules of sliding friction in machines were discovered by leonardo da vinci ( 1452 \u2013 1519 ), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. they were rediscovered by guillaume amontons ( 1699 ) and were further developed by charles - augustin de coulomb ( 1785 ). | simple machines | | inclined plane, wheel and axle, lever, pulley, wedge, screw | | mechanical components | | axle, bearings, belts, bucket, fastener, gear, key, link chains, rack and pinion, roller chains, rope, seals, spring, wheel | | clock | | atomic clock, chronometer, pendulum clock, quartz clock | | compressors and pumps | | archimedes ' screw, eductor - jet pump, hydraulic ram, pump, trompe, vacuum pump | | heat engines | | external combustion engines | | steam engine, stirling engine | | internal combustion engines | | reciprocating engine, gas turbine | | heat pumps | | absorption refrigerator, thermoelectric refrigerator, regenerative cooling | | linkages | | pantograph, cam, peaucellier - lipkin | | turbine | | gas turbine, jet engine, steam turbine, water turbine, wind generator, windmill | | aerofoil | | sail, wing, rudder, flap, propeller | | electronic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5911892520388298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a7c1f3-c595-43bb-b7f3-2960d5ccb10f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.415900"}
{"text": "first mechanical calculator. this machine is considered to be the forerunner of the modern computer though none of them were built in his lifetime. study of the molecules and proteins that are the basis of biological functions has led to the concept of a molecular machine. for example, current models of the operation of the kinesin molecule that transports vesicles inside the cell as well as the myocin molecule that operates against actin to cause muscle contraction ; these molecules control movement in response to chemical stimuli. researchers in nano - technology are working to construct molecules that perform movement in response to a specific stimulus. in contrast to molecules such as kinesin and myosin, these nano - machines or molecular machines are constructions like traditional machines that are designed to perform in a task. machines are assembled from standardized types of components. these elements consist of mechanisms that control movement in various ways such as gear trains, transistor switches, belt or chain drives, linkages, cam and follower systems, brakes and clutches, and structural components such as frame members and fasteners. modern machines include sensors, actuators and computer controllers. the shape, texture and color of covers provide a styling and operational interface between the mechanical components of a machine and its users. assemblies within a machine that control movement are often called \" mechanisms. \" mechanisms are generally classified as gears and gear trains, cam and follower mechanisms, and linkages, though there are other special mechanisms such as clamping linkages, indexing mechanisms and friction devices such as brakes and clutches. controllers combine sensors, logic, and actuators to maintain the performance of components of a machine. perhaps the best known is the flyball governor for a steam engine. examples of these devices range from a thermostat that as temperature rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such the cruise control system in an automobile. the programmable logic controller replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer. servomotors that accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actuators that make robotic systems possible. design plays an important role in all three of the major phases of a product lifecycle : the industrial revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. it began in the united kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout western europe, north america, japan, and eventually the rest of the world. starting in the later part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5993286608332894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a7c1f3-c595-43bb-b7f3-2960d5ccb10f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.418058"}
{"text": "technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. it began in the united kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout western europe, north america, japan, and eventually the rest of the world. starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of great britain ' s previously manual labour and draft - animal \u2013 based economy towards machine - based manufacturing. it started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron - making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. mechanization or mechanisation ( be ) is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular work. in some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. in modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more complex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an un - geared horse or donkey mill. devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from reciprocating to rotary motion, using means such as gears, pulleys or sheaves and belts, shafts, cams and cranks, usually are considered machines. after electrification, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was synonymous with motorized machines. automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. in the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. an automaton ( plural : automata or automatons ) is a self - operating machine. the word is sometimes used to describe a robot, more specifically an autonomous robot. an alternative spelling, now obsolete, is automation. | wikimedia commons has media related to : machines | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well as e - mail newsletters. we do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. for example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details ( name, e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5403054686087354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a7c1f3-c595-43bb-b7f3-2960d5ccb10f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.419134"}
{"text": "not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. for example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details ( name, e - mail address, mailing address, etc. ). we may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. such third parties may be provided with access to personally identifiable information needed to perform their functions, but may not use such information for any other purpose. in addition, we may disclose any information, including personally identifiable information, we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal proceeding or governmental request. we do not want you to receive unwanted e - mail from us. we try to make it easy to opt - out of any service you have asked to receive. if you sign - up to our e - mail newsletters we do not sell, exchange or give your e - mail address to a third party. e - mail addresses are collected via the wn. com web site. users have to physically opt - in to receive the wn. com newsletter and a verification e - mail is sent. wn. com is clearly and conspicuously named at the point ofcollection. if you no longer wish to receive our newsletter and promotional communications, you may opt - out of receiving them by following the instructions included in each newsletter or communication or by e - mailing us at michaelw ( at ) wn. com the security of your personal information is important to us. we follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during registration and once we receive it. no method of transmission over the internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100 percent secure, however. therefore, though we strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect your personal information, we cannot guarantee its absolute security. if we decide to change our e - mail practices, we will post those changes to this privacy statement, the homepage, and other places we think appropriate so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it, and under what circumstances, if any, we disclose it. if we make material changes to our e - mail practices, we will notify you here, by e - mail, and by means of a notice on our home page. the advertising banners and other forms of advertising appearing on this web site are sometimes delivered to you, on our behalf, by a third party.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4956834337403937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a7c1f3-c595-43bb-b7f3-2960d5ccb10f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.420089"}
{"text": "by dr. mercola junk food is contributing to skyrocketing rates of diabetes, high blood pressure, and even strokes - - and not just among adults. food and beverage companies spend $ 2 billion a year promoting unhealthy foods to kids, and while ultimately it ' s the parents ' responsibility to feed their children healthy foods, junk food ads make this much more difficult than it should be. a new campaign, we ' re not buying it, is now underway to help expose deceptive marketing to children, debunk industry claims, and highlight the latest research, in the hopes of ending this assault on today ' s youth, and i ' ll explain how you can get involved, too, below. does your child recognize the \" golden arches \"? most toddlers recognize the sign of mcdonald ' s \" golden arches \" long before they are speaking in full sentences. because they are often raised on french fries, fast - food hamburgers and orange soda, or if \" raised \" is a bit of a stretch, are taught that french fries, chicken fingers and soda is an acceptable meal. have you noticed that even in \" regular \" restaurants the kids ' menu options are almost always entirely junk food like pizza, macaroni and cheese or fried chicken strips? of course kids will probably prefer these foods if that ' s what they ' re offered ; these foods are manufactured to taste good, and most kids aren ' t going to opt for a spear of broccoli over a french fry - - until they ' re old enough to understand the implications of the choice, and assuming you have taught them about the importance of eating healthy foods along the way. in many ways society is set up against you on this one. as the interagency working group on foods marketed to children ( iwg ) reports : - the fast - food industry spends more than $ 5 million every day marketing unhealthy foods to children. - kids watch an average of over 10 food - related ads every day ( nearly 4, 000 / year ). - nearly all ( 98 percent ) of food advertisements viewed by children are for products that are high in fat, sugar or sodium. most ( 79 percent ) are low in fiber. so even under the best circumstances, your kids will probably be exposed to the latest \" cool \" kid foods, and this is what marketers are banking on. then, when you go to the grocery store, your child will have a meltdown if you don ' t give in and buy the cereal with their favorite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4390321371496576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f212f6fc-c358-4ebf-b694-a8eb315dfe06>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.429187"}
{"text": "to the latest \" cool \" kid foods, and this is what marketers are banking on. then, when you go to the grocery store, your child will have a meltdown if you don ' t give in and buy the cereal with their favorite cartoon character on the box, or the cookies with brightly colored chips. if you ' re a parent, it ' s certainly easier to just give in, but it ' s imperative to be strong as shaping your child ' s eating habits starts very early on \u2026 your child ' s taste preferences are created by age 3 research shows when parents fed their preschool - aged children junk foods high in sugar, salt and unhealthy fats, it had a lasting impact on their taste preferences. all of the children tested showed preferences for junk foods, and all ( even those who were just 3 years old! ) were also able to recognize some soda, fast food and junk food brands. the researchers concluded what you probably already suspect : kids who were exposed to junk food, soda and fast food, via advertising and also because their parents fed them these foods, learned to recognize and prefer these foods over healthier choices. this does have an impact on their health, as nutrients from quality foods are critical in helping your child reach his or her fullest potential! one study from british researchers revealed that kids who ate a predominantly processed food diet at age 3 had lower iq scores at age 8. 5. for each measured increase in processed foods, participants had a 1. 67 - point decrease in iq. as you might suspect, the opposite also held true, with those eating healthier diets experiencing higher iq levels. for each measured increase in dietary score, which meant the child was eating more fruits and vegetables for instance, there was a 1. 2 - point increase in iq. the reality is, the best time to shape your kids ' eating habits is while they ' re still young. this means starting from birth with breast milk and then transitioning to solid foods that have valuable nutrients, like egg yolk, avocado and sweet potatoes. ( you can easily cross any form of grain - based infant cereal off of this list. ) from there, ideally you will feed your child healthy foods that your family is also eating - - grass - fed meats, organic veggies, vegetable juice, raw dairy and nuts, and so on. these are the foods your child will thrive on, and it ' s important they learn what real, healthy food is right from the get - go. this way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45517725179426843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f212f6fc-c358-4ebf-b694-a8eb315dfe06>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.430188"}
{"text": ", organic veggies, vegetable juice, raw dairy and nuts, and so on. these are the foods your child will thrive on, and it ' s important they learn what real, healthy food is right from the get - go. this way, when they become tweens and teenagers, they may eat junk food here and there at a friend ' s house, but they will return to real food as the foundation of their diet - - and that habit will continue on with them for a lifetime. this is what happens when you let marketers dictate your kid ' s diet \u2026 the state of most kids ' diets in the united states is not easy to swallow. as iwg reported : - nearly 40 % of children ' s diets come from added sugars and unhealthy fats. - only 21 % of youth age 6 - 19 eat the recommended five or more servings of fruits and vegetables each day this is a veritable recipe for disease, and is a primary reason why today ' s kids are arguably less healthy than many prior generations. obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure - - these are diseases that once appeared only in middle - age and beyond, but are now impacting children. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) estimates that by 2050, one in three u. s. adults will have diabetes - - one of them could be your child if you do not take steps to cancel out the messages junk - food marketers are sending and instead teach them healthy eating habits. make no mistake, the advertisers are doing all they can to lure your child in. in fact, last year the food and beverage industry spent more than $ 40 billion, yes billion, lobbying congress against regulations that would decrease the marketing of unhealthy foods to kids. you can do a lot of persuading with $ 40 billion, which may explain why food manufacturers are allowed to get away with so much - - like putting pictures of fruit all over product packaging when the product actually contains no fruit. a 2011 study by the prevention institute even found that 84 percent of food packages that contain symbols specifically intended to help people choose healthier foods did not meet even basic nutritional standards! in fact, 57 percent of these \" better - for - you \" children ' s foods were high in sugar, 95 percent contained added sugar, and 21 percent contained artificial colors. so you need to be very wary when buying any processed foods for your kids, even the \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4044384380297135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f212f6fc-c358-4ebf-b694-a8eb315dfe06>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.431137"}
{"text": "of these \" better - for - you \" children ' s foods were high in sugar, 95 percent contained added sugar, and 21 percent contained artificial colors. so you need to be very wary when buying any processed foods for your kids, even the \" healthy \" ones, as they will most certainly contain large amounts of fructose with very little to offer in the way of healthy nutrition. help fight back against junk - food marketers and stand up for kids ' health the prevention institute ' s \" we ' re not buying it \" campaign is petitioning president obama to put voluntary, science - based nutrition guidelines into place for companies that market foods to kids. you can sign this petition now, but i urge you to go a step further and stop supporting the companies that are marketing junk foods to your children today. ideally, you and your family will want to vote with your pocketbook and avoid as much processed food as possible and use unprocessed raw, organic and / or locally grown foods as much as possible. your children should be eating the same wholesome foods you are - - they don ' t need bright - blue juice or deep - fried \" nuggets \" any more than you do. if you and your kids are absolutely hooked on fast food and other processed foods, you ' re going to need some help and most likely some support from friends and family if you want to kick the junk - food lifestyle. besides surrounding yourself with supportive, like - minded people, you can also review my article \" how to wean yourself off processed foods in 7 steps \" or read the book i wrote on the subject, called generation xl : raising healthy, intelligent kids in a high - tech, junk - food world. finally, my nutrition plan offers a step - by - step guide to feed your family right, and i encourage you to read through it now. you need to first educate yourself about proper nutrition and the dangers of junk food and processed foods in order to change the food culture of your entire family. to give your child the best start at life, and help instill healthy habits that will last a lifetime, you must lead by example. children will simply not know which foods are healthy unless you, as a parent, teach it to them first.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4292969611147635, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f212f6fc-c358-4ebf-b694-a8eb315dfe06>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.431987"}
{"text": "atlas faust, md dark matter and dark energy these are two words you often hear thrown around and more often that not i come across people who don \u2019 t know precisely what they are or even that they are two quite different things. so here we go. when you take a look at a galaxy you see a certain characteristic known as gravitational lensing where light is warped in a certain way by mass. from this you can deduce an estimate of the mass of the galaxy. however when we compare this to the mass we estimated based on the concentration, size and distribution of visible mass within the galaxy we find the two numbers to be at odds and not only this but the greatest curving of space time is found in the spaces between objects where nothing can be seen. the difference in masses is believed to be caused by the elusive dark matter, so called because it warps spacetime like regular matter but is completely invisible ( hence the dark ). all in all dark matter constitutes 23 % of the mass - energy density of the universe and a worrying 83 % of the total amount of matter. the universe is made chiefly of stuff you cannot see. dark energy is also the answer to a problem, behaving somewhat like the x value in an algebraic equation we \u2019 re forced to solve. the problem lays in the fact that the universe is continuing to expand at an ever increasing rate and we have no idea why. when you think about it it really doesn \u2019 t make any sense, you would expect the universe \u2019 s expansion to slow down or at least stay constant but unfortunately this isn \u2019 t the case. thus we call this mysterious energy that is causing the increasing the rate at which the universe expands \u201c dark energy \u201d. we really know so very little.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5990951284068038, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b8252a2-53c9-4e87-a5d2-72a3fc331a65>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.433857"}
{"text": "australian museum marine invertebrate collections the marine invertebrate collection contains specimens from all invertebrate groups except molluscs, insects and spiders. crustaceans are animals that have : - a segmented body with a hardened shell - seven or more pairs of appendages for feeding, moving and reproduction - limbs which generally have two branches - two pairs of antennae - gills for breathing polychaetes are animals that typically have : - a long, basically cylindrical body - a body segmented both internally and externally - a pair of leg - like appendages ( not jointed ) attached to every body segment about the collection the current focus of the collection is on polychaetes ( segmented worms ) and crustaceans ( lobsters, crayfish, prawns, crabs, seed shrimps, barnacles, slaters and pill bugs ) which reflects the research interests of the marine invertebrate staff. the marine invertebrate collections contain registered specimens, microscope slides, scanning electron microscope ( sem ) preparations and photographic images. they include various marine invertebrates, and all other invertebrates except molluscs, insects and spiders, including freshwater and terrestrial representatives. the specimens contained in the collections are predominantly from new south wales, australia and the indo - pacific the type collection comprises more than 9000 type lots, including more than 2000 primary types ( types are the original specimens on which the first description of a species is based ). in addition to the registered collections there are also additional unsorted and unidentified collections, categorised by various taxonomic levels. combined with the australian museum research library the section also houses one of the largest collections of books and journal reprints in australia providing taxonomic information on many invertebrate groups. this resource is available for use by scientists, students and the public by appointment. the reprint collection is currently being entered onto a computerised bibliographic database. marine invertebrate collections - overview of taxonomic groups held dr stephen keable, collection manager, marine invertebrates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4706368390577092, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35678d88-fc35-4da5-83b8-3bf331289ba4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.435895"}
{"text": "it ' s hard to understand from our knowledge of greek, egyptian, and other early civilizations with written records how such a magnificent site could not have been discovered by the spanish. yet until its discovery in the 1911, machu picchu, \" the lost city of the incas, \" remained forgotten for 400 years. actually, machu picchu was not a city at all. it was probably built by pachacuti inca as a royal estate and religious retreat in 1460 - 70. its location \u2014 on a remote secondary road in nearly impassable terrain high above the urubamba river canyon cloud forest \u2014 almost ensured that it would have no administrative, commercial or military use. any movement in that direction to or from cusco and the sacred valley upriver would have been by other inca roads, either the high road near salcantay or by the lucumayo valley road. travel was restricted on these roads except by inca decree. after pachacuti inca ' s death, machu picchu remained the property of his allus, or kinship group, who were responsible for maintenance, administration and continued building. as an extraordinary sacred site ( location as well as buildings ), it surely was visited by topa inca and the last great ruler, huayna capac, although each in turn built their own estates and palaces. but few outside the inca ' s retainers would have known of its existence. the inca : \" information ' s gotta be restricted \" of course the compound would have required a steady supply of outside goods. machu picchu, like most inca sites was undergoing constant construction and must of had a resident crew of builders as well as attendants, planters, and others. so in order to really understand how machu picchu remained a secret, it ' s necessary to understand how inca culture constricted travel and information. the inca were a completely ordered an regimented society. although great numbers of people were moved around for corporate state projects and resettlement, once at a location, they didn ' t move. the royal roads were reserved for official travel. the incas were able to control their remarkable state system through a pyramidal hierarchy with information and direction flowing down through 10 overseers to 100, to 1000 and so on. we know from historical writing and the archaeological record that the incas did not possess a written language, although, they must have used some symbols and perhaps diagrams. we also know that the quipu ( collection of colored strings and knots ) was extensively used for accounting and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45252363260971523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5529fe87-9159-4a23-a56e-628776aa5e99>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.439824"}
{"text": "historical writing and the archaeological record that the incas did not possess a written language, although, they must have used some symbols and perhaps diagrams. we also know that the quipu ( collection of colored strings and knots ) was extensively used for accounting and record keeping. but quipus need highly trained interpreters to read them, and the spanish were unable to locate or interrogate even one of these specialists. the inca also maintained a class or guild of verbal historians. but with the catastrophic collapse of inca state structure following the arrival of the spanish, these historians were scattered and forgotten. but machu picchu was mostly forgotten even before the spanish came. small pox was the conquistadores ' advance guard. huayna capac and an estimated 50 percent of the population died of small pox sometime around 1527. inca government suffered, and after a period of turmoil, the empire fell into civil war over inca secession. machu picchu was probably abandoned at this time \u2014 both because it was expensive to maintain and with most of the population dead from war or epidemic, it was hard to find the labor to keep it up. conquistadores : if it ain ' t gold, we don ' t care the pizarros arrived in cusco in 1532. the first wave of spanish were mostly illiterate, uneducated adventurers who had little interest in anything besides wealth and power. by the time scholars and administrators arrived, knowledge of machu picchu had been lost. manco inca staged a country wide rebellion in 1536. after a failed siege of cusco, manco, along with remnants of the court, army and followers, abandoned his headquarters at ollantaytambo. fleeing back into the remote vilcabamba beyond machu picchu, he burned and destroyed inca settlements and sites accessible to the spanish including llatapata at the start of the trail to machu picchu from the urubamba river. but by that point it hardly mattered. the machu picchu trail and the site itself would have been long overgrown and the approach blocked by seasonal landslides that so hinder backcountry travel in peru. beyond personal observations and many trips to machu picchu, i have borrowed heavily from the excellent work of john hemming, john rowe and johan reinhart. their writings are a must for anyone attempting an understanding of the inca and the centuries of cultural development that preceded them. lost city of the incas : the story of machu picchu and its builders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43022510625279736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5529fe87-9159-4a23-a56e-628776aa5e99>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.440761"}
{"text": "not just for kids the hunt for falling leaves... nature ' s color on the ground by mary catherine ball being a reporter, i am always looking for an adventure. last week, i found one. i left work to go on a simple journey, but it turned out to be much more. first, i crossed a mud - ridden stream. then, i came face to face with flying creatures, fighting to get near me. i even endured webmakers spinning my hair into a shiny maze. where did i go? into the woods, of course. why? i wanted to gather some fallen leaves. my luck was good that day. i was able to spy lots of different kinds of leaves lying on the ground. some were leaves i had never seen. some were still green, while others were changing to their autumn colors. have you ever hunted for leaves? i wonder if you know the names of five of the trees that live in your neighborhood? i bet the answer is no. well, me neither. so i had five of the leaves analyzed. i had found the leaves from an oak, a beech, a sweet gum tree and more. now, i invite you to make this journey. narrow body with pointy edges narrow body with pointy edges may grow berries good for sap & color 3 distinct leafs may grow nuts this is your task... travel to the deep, dark woods ( in the daylight ) to find these 5 leaves. cut out the page and take it with you. make sure you can match your discovery with mine. happy leaf - hunting! stone soup october 9 ( 11 : 30am ) - enjoy lunch and a show. after you eat peanut butter & jelly, watch stone soup, performed by the lost caravan. lunch is at noon ; show starts at 12 : 30. chesapeake music hall, off rt. 50 approaching the bay bridge : 410 / 406 - 0306. all aboard october 9 & 10 ( 2pm ) - chug a chug to zany brainy for train fun. listen to stories and sing railroad songs. build your own trains. ages 3 +. zany brainy, annap. harb. ctr. : 410 / 266 - 1447. tiny tots fall for nature tues. oct 12 ( 10 : 30am - noon ) three - to five - year - olds ( and their adult ) hike into the woods to hear autumn stories, gather leaves and make a craft. bring a bag lunch to enjoy w / apple cider @ king", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4877094699125871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:373cc951-d17e-4d57-b0f5-122effe3a054>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.452271"}
{"text": "( 10 : 30am - noon ) three - to five - year - olds ( and their adult ) hike into the woods to hear autumn stories, gather leaves and make a craft. bring a bag lunch to enjoy w / apple cider @ king ' s landing park, huntingtown. $ 3 rsvp : 800 / 735 - 2258. spooky stories in the woods tues. oct. 12 ( 10 : 30 - noon ) - hike with a ranger to a clearing in the woods. listen to autumn stories and drink warm apple cider. gather leaves to make a craft. bring a bag lunch. kings landing park, huntingtown : 410 / 535 - 5327. musical minds wed. oct. 13 ( 4 - 4 : 45pm ) - music makes the world go round. so sing, listen to stories and play musical instruments. ages 2 - 4. chesapeake children ' s museum, festival at riva. $ 8. 50 ; rsvp : 410 / 266 - 0677. nature designs deadline oct. 15 - create your favorite nature scene out of clay or on paper to win prizes. age categories are 3 - 5, 6 - 8 and 9 - 12 years. place winners win nature books or statues. all art forms accepted. take your masterpiece to wild bird center, annapolis harbour center : 410 / 573 - 0345. tiny tots get in touch with mother nature sat. oct 16 ( 10 - 10 : 30am ) tiny tots ( 2 - 3 w / adult ) learn nature by touch, feeling the many different textures rough and soft in the world around us. @ battle creek cypress swamp, prince frederick : 800 / 735 - 2258. | issue 40 | volume vii number 40 october 7 - 13, 1999 new bay times | homepage | | back to archives |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.425483260176595, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:373cc951-d17e-4d57-b0f5-122effe3a054>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.453631"}
{"text": "here ' s a fine think - piece by susan cain that praises some introversion as indispensable for creativity. to some great extent, socrates and jesus were solitary men. and the wisdom they shared with us couldn ' t have been captured in group reports or multi - authored articles. not only that, we live in a society that discourages, in so many ways, thinking for ourselves. we defer so readily to public opinion, fashion, and what the experts say and the studies show. most studies that show stuff have a lot more than one author. most books that change our lives have only one, and we don ' t live in a time when many are being written. just about every good play or novel or painting, of course, has its source in the vision of a single artist. we also see, of course, that in the disciplines that require deep thought and personal interpretation ( such as philosophy \u2014 especially political philosophy \u2014 and history ), articles almost only have one author. technical and scientific reports usually have more authors than they do pages. if we want learning to be personal, personal thought has to be encouraged and rewarded. and persons, of course, have to be held personally responsible for both what they ' ve learned and the ways in which they have expressed their thoughts. in a class dealing with \" real books \" ( such as ones written by plato or kant or jane austen or pascal or simone weil ), i find that the best students get less than ten percent of what ' s really going on, and \" what ' s gotten \" differs dramatically from student to student. if they had to produce a multi - authored paper, the result would be flattened out to what they can explain to each other. it goes without saying the good students would be particularly shy about expressing their most unconventional thoughts to each other, especially ones that have to do with god, love, death, and such to the other group members. they would also be shy about being too enthusiastic or \" erotic \" about what they ' ve read to others who just didn ' t work as hard or care as much as they did. ( all this is why i can ' t stand \" peer review \" as even a stage in evaluating student papers. ) it also goes without saying that the natural result is for good students to have quite different views on the truth and significance of what they ' ve read \u2014 in part, due to what else they ' ve read and their personal experiences. how could they possibly write a conclusion based on some consensus that ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5213476906340193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ad17e57-9de4-490c-ad22-d1526ac8b2c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.459081"}
{"text": "for good students to have quite different views on the truth and significance of what they ' ve read \u2014 in part, due to what else they ' ve read and their personal experiences. how could they possibly write a conclusion based on some consensus that ' s more than a bunch of feel - good banalities? good students do, of course, learn from each other through conversation. part of a great class is something like a socratic dialogue \u2014 keeping in mind that the participant closest to socrates ( me ) dominates the discussion in various ways. the community of learners doesn ' t mean that all the learners are equal in the ways relevant to actual learning. in the end : the student paper should be a rather solitary, introverted effort, although not one so introverted that the author is not excited about the possibility that the truth can be shared in common. \" shared in common \" in the socratic sense is a long distance from groupthink or what ' s usually meant by collaborative learning. another problem with \" group projects \" as a learning tool is that our society already rewards being witty and fashionable and pleasing to others far too much. it also already rewards too much shirkers whose main talent is taking credit for the real work of others. let sucking up be saved for the actual world of business. it ' s not a skill that should be rewarded by college credit. here ' s another problem : collaborative learning is also often an excuse for professorial laziness. why read twenty papers when you can read five ( written by groups of four )? the group dynamic also means that the papers will only be so good or so bad, and that means that the professor won ' t be taxed by a product that is too \" outside the box \" of what ' s expected. if you ever sign up for a class that ' s a mixture of powerpoint presentations based on some textbook followed up by group projects and presentations, immediately drop it and ask for your money back. the philosopher rousseau was against taking the idea of dispersing wisdom to everyone characteristic of the enlightenment too seriously because the real goal of that approach is the production of a vain and pseudo - sophisticated herd of seemingly meritocratic techno - elitists. the philosopher \u2014 or the genuinely enlightened person \u2014 is always a law unto himself. he ' s almost always not characterized by the ambiguous virtue of working well with others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5404829673404682, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ad17e57-9de4-490c-ad22-d1526ac8b2c9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.460512"}
{"text": "report highlights declining health of caribbean corals 7 september 2012 : a new international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) report highlights that average live coral cover on caribbean reefs has declined to just 8 % of the reef today, compared with more than 50 % in the 1970s. the report stems from a workshop held by the global coral reef monitoring network ( gcrmn ) at the smithsonian tropical research institute in the republic of panama, from 29 april - 5 may 2012. according to the report, rates of decline on most reefs show no signs of slowing. however, many reefs in the netherlands antilles and cayman islands have 30 % or more live coral cover. the causes of these regional differences in reef conditions are not well understood, beyond the role of human exploitation and disturbance. carl gustaf lundin, director, iucn global marine and polar programme, notes that the major causes of coral decline include overfishing, pollution, disease, and bleaching caused by rising temperatures resulting from the burning of fossil fuels. iucn has recommended local action to improve the health of corals, including limits on fishing through catch quotas, an extension of marine protected areas ( mpas ), a halt to nutrient runoff from land, and a reduction on the global reliance on fossil fuels. [ iucn press release ] [ publication : tropical americas coral reef resilience workshop : executive summary ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41508723797081204, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:263ac1bf-33fa-4b18-8d48-715c94ebc9dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.463659"}
{"text": "wednesday, january 30, 2013 summary : this book discusses : * where to look for birds close to home - - often - overlooked spots in cities and suburban neighborhoods that can be bird magnets * how to get deeper by studying the birds around your home and participating in citizen science and conservation projects * green birding listing challenges and groups the green birder can get involved in * includes advice on how to adapt your equipment to a new style of birding and how to attract more birds to your home garden. recommendation : a brief but detailed overview on the subject. 2 ) pagel, mark. wired for culture : origins of the human social mind. 2013. w. w. norton. paperback : 416 pages. price : $ 18. 95 u. s. summary : a unique trait of the human species is that our personalities, lifestyles, and worldviews are shaped by an accident of birth \u2014 namely, the culture into which we are born. it is our cultures and not our genes that determine which foods we eat, which languages we speak, which people we love and marry, and which people we kill in war. but how did our species develop a mind that is hardwired for culture \u2014 and why? evolutionary biologist mark pagel tracks this intriguing question through the last 80, 000 years of human evolution, revealing how an innate propensity to contribute and conform to the culture of our birth not only enabled human survival and progress in the past but also continues to influence our behavior today. shedding light on our species \u2019 defining attributes \u2014 from art, morality, and altruism to self - interest, deception, and prejudice \u2014 wired for culture offers surprising new insights into what it means to be human. recommendation : for those with an interest in human social evolution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5492239446954412, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4250b7eb-f614-4dc6-b252-e6b47ec2f24a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.465658"}
{"text": "something astonishing is happening in china. an unfolding story that one chinese friend told me, \u201c could be a turning point in conservation and wild bird protection in china. \u201d on sunday 11 november local people discovered many sick and dying oriental storks ( ciconia boyciana ) at beidagang reservoir, tianjin ( just 30 mins from beijing by train ). these globally endangered birds - with a restricted range in east asia \u2013 had been poisoned illegally by poachers using a chemical called carbofuran that, although banned in the eu, canada and many other countries, is commonly available and used, legitimately, as a pesticide all over china. the storks were possibly unintended victims of well - organised and, sadly, all - too common poaching activity intended to catch swans, ducks and geese for the restaurant trade. carbofuran is mixed with cereal, or given to fish in small man - made pools. birds lose consciousness after eating the bait, are caught by hand and injected with an antidote. the victims are then shipped \u2013 usually alive \u2013 to restaurants, primarily in southern china. the demand for wild birds is high and they are sold as a delicacy, with many consumers, particularly in southern cities like guangzhou and shenzhen, believing that wild birds taste better than farmed produce, and they are prepared to pay a premium. a wild goose or swan can fetch several hundred yuan ( 100 yuan = 10 gbp ). the business is highly profitable. the scale of this activity in china, and the range of methods used by poachers to catch wild birds, are covered in an excellent, but sobering, article in the most recent issue of goose bulletin. the authors estimate that between 80, 000 and 120, 000 ducks, swans and geese are caught illegally in china for the restaurant trade every year. so what makes the recent case involving oriental storks at beidagang such a big deal? the answer is the incredible public reaction, led by local people and driven by social media. the events unfolding at beidagang, although desperately sad, could have been much worse were it not for some dedicated and brave individuals. local birders, together with volunteers, officials from the forestry administration, police and even firemen have been working together to help catch, treat and care for these birds. they have set up 24 / 7 patrols to deter the poachers. all of this has been transmitted on social media and the coverage has gone viral. the chinese micro -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4534503892648645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae31b8ac-dd10-46ca-8429-6076e82025d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.471703"}
{"text": "have been working together to help catch, treat and care for these birds. they have set up 24 / 7 patrols to deter the poachers. all of this has been transmitted on social media and the coverage has gone viral. the chinese micro - blogging service, weibo, has over 500 million users ( on a par with the global membership on twitter ) and activists have been providing regular updates that have been \u2018 re - tweeted \u2019 by a growing band of followers. as i write this post, the latest update has been \u2018 re - tweeted \u2019 over 900 times to more than a million users in less than one hour. this is leading the traditional print and visual media. already, we are seeing articles relating to this poisoning incident in chinese and english language media, both local and national. all of this follows a recent outcry against the illegal trapping and hunting of wild birds in china, also led by social media. three weeks ago a brave undercover journalist released a shocking video about hunters using spotlights to confuse migrants in hunan province before gunning them out of the sky. the chinese public was outraged and weibo was alive with condemnation of the hunters and also criticism of the authorities for being slow to act. shortly after this major outcry, local birders discovered over 2km of illegal mist nets at beidagang, the site of the current oriental stork tragedy. local activists, many of whom are now on site trying to save the storks, led a \u2018 day of action \u2019 involving over 60 volunteers, and even the chinese army, to take down illegal mist nets in the reedbed. this was covered by local and national tv as well as print media. due to these two events, the number of articles relating to illegal bird trapping and hunting nationwide has exploded. the campaign to eradicate the illegal hunting of birds is gaining momentum. and the scale of the reaction by ordinary chinese people all over the country has been overwhelming, demonstrating clearly that the vast majority of chinese people care deeply about their wild birds. it will be very hard for the authorities to ignore. none of this would be happening without the incredible dedication, passion and energy of a small number of volunteers at beidagang. there are many people involved but a special mention must go to xunqiang mo ( aka \u201c nemo \u201d ), a local student, and jingsheng ma, who have personally led the effort to cut down the illegal nets and are now leading the ongoing operation to save the oriental storks. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41892394294142604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae31b8ac-dd10-46ca-8429-6076e82025d2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.472715"}
{"text": "lady liquor : the racial implications of the \" disease \" model of alcoholism earlier in this series i wrote about the notion that the desire for intoxication may be universal, and how that connects with the \u201c disease model \u201d of addiction. the disease model, as far as i can tell, first gained traction as an idea in the 1930s with the formation of alcoholics anonymous. groups similar to aa, such as the washingtonian movement and the oxford fellowship ( which aa cofounder bill wilson attended before forming his own voluntary fellowship ) had existed prior to aa ' s formation, but aa took off in a way they never did, for a variety of reasons. alcoholism wasn ' t recognized as a disease by medical and psychiatric associations until the 1950s \u2013 but the disease model is now pretty firmly entrenched in our understanding of chemical dependency. personally, i don ' t think it ' s an accident that aa was formed just a few years after prohibition ended. its formation represented a fundamental cultural shift \u2013 one that recognized prohibiting the sale of alcohol had not solved any of the problems that concerned temperance leaders, including the way problem drinking affected families. it still prescribed total abstinence from alcohol, just not for the entire population. and while temperance leaders placed more of the blame for problem drinking on alcohol itself \u2013 and the people who sold it \u2013 than on the drinkers, heavy drinking was still viewed as a moral failure rather than a medical problem. in the decades after the advent of aa, many cities ' laws against public drunkenness were thrown out or softened, and instead of being thrown into drunk tanks, people found stumbling around or sleeping it off in public spaces were taken to detox and rehab facilities \u2013 a problematic policy shift in itself since people who aren ' t ready for rehab won ' t benefit from it but still, arguably, a change for the better. all of that resulted from a movement that has attempted to make addiction a morally neutral, medical issue and has argued for treating people with addiction issues with compassion rather than dismissive contempt. but our understanding of addiction, through the disease model lens, has evolved in odd ways. ( it occurs to me, for instance, that if 12 - step recovery programs don ' t necessarily view addiction as a moral problem, they promote a faith - based \u2013 and therefore \u201c moral, \u201d in some sense \u2013 solution. ) in the 1980s, researchers began investigating a potential link between addiction and genetics \u2013 and almost immediately started talking about whether genetics would explain why some races or nationalities had higher incidences of problem drinking than others", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49753730142943964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b9406c6-0910-4133-8841-d3d4459e8b38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.482776"}
{"text": "\u201c moral, \u201d in some sense \u2013 solution. ) in the 1980s, researchers began investigating a potential link between addiction and genetics \u2013 and almost immediately started talking about whether genetics would explain why some races or nationalities had higher incidences of problem drinking than others. again, it was offered as a morally neutral alternative to existing stereotypes about weak - willed, shiftless or mean drunks, particularly those in certain minority groups ( native americans, and to a much, much, lesser extent, irish - americans ). brown university epidemiologist stephen buka, in a paper discussing health disparities as they relate to substance abuse, notes that there is greater genetic variability within major racial groups than between them and that racial disparities in health status. research on ethnicity and race as they relate to heavy drinking is intrinsically problematic, if not impossible to conduct, because these are plastic concepts that change with society ; discussions about the ethnic connection to drinking invariably group all native americans ( on both continents ) into one single ethnic category ; in the same discussions, the irish are presented as genetically distinct from all other european ethnicities. the same way that evolutionary psychology ( or at least, bad reporting on evolutionary research ) often conveniently reinforces sexist stereotypes about the role of men and women in the 21st society, genetic explanations for alcoholism tend to reinforce preexisting stereotypes about certain ethnic groups and races \u2013 in the case of both native americans and ( now fully assimilated, but still cheekily stereotyped ) irish - americans, these are stereotypes that date back centuries before the discovery of dna ; stories about the purported \u201c out - of - control \u201d drinking habits of native americans date back to the first interactions between white explorers and natives, with the former presenting their own drinking norms as refined and in control. socioogist and social worker richard thatcher, author of the 2004 book fighting firewater fictions : moving beyond the disease model of alcoholism, argues that both the disease model and the \u201c firewater myth \u201d not only cast native american people in the most essentialist terms, but considers problem drinking from the social, cultural and economic realities with which many indigenous people cope \u2013 perpetuating a racist status quo and leading many young people to believe they will eventually, inevitably become alcoholics themselves. that becomes a self - fulfilling prophecy, particularly in cultures ( thatcher ' s work focuses on indigenous people in canada ) where no effort is made to address the other societal factors that lead to problem drinking. people drink for a lot of reasons : to celebrate, to grie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.554388025834615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b9406c6-0910-4133-8841-d3d4459e8b38>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.484264"}
{"text": "- fulfilling prophecy, particularly in cultures ( thatcher ' s work focuses on indigenous people in canada ) where no effort is made to address the other societal factors that lead to problem drinking. people drink for a lot of reasons : to celebrate, to grieve, to relax and, i would argue, we sometimes drink, too much, too heavily, to bear the unbearable, including systematic racism ( not just on the part of indigenous peoples, but other racial minorities as well ). while removing moral judgment from that coping mechanism is a step in the right direction, treating alcoholism as a disease separate from the social and historic factors that brought it about in the first place gives societies license to continue not addressing those factors. it gives dominant groups a pass to perpetuate the racist status quo, rather than helping to improve the living conditions and economic prospects of native people. where alcohol dependence and ongoing marginalizing intersect is where the discourse \u2014 and the treatment \u2014 should be centered. previously : race, marketing, and uneasy relationships comments11 comments have been made. post a comment. have an idea for the blog? click here to contact us! www. petathome. eu ( not verified ) suraj ( not verified ) suraj ( not verified ) sarahbcknr ( not verified ) anonymous ( not verified )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945948336467289, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b9406c6-0910-4133-8841-d3d4459e8b38>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.484862"}
{"text": "intellectual disability begins in childhood. people with intellectual disability have limits in their mental functioning seen in below - average intelligence ( iq ) tests and in their ability to communicate, socialize, and take care of their everyday needs. the degree of disability can vary from person to person. it can be categorized as mild, moderate, severe, or profound. some causes of intellectual disability can be prevented with proper medical care. children diagnosed with an intellectual disability are most successful when they get help early in life. if you suspect that your child may have an intellectual disability, contact your doctor. several hundred causes of intellectual disability have been discovered, but many are still unknown. the most common ones are : biomedical causes resulting from : - abnormal genes inherited from parents - errors when genes combine, such as down syndrome and fragile x syndrome - nutritional deficiencies - metabolic conditions, such as phenylketonuria ( pku ), galactosemia, and congenital hypothyroidism - developmental brain abnormality, such as hydrocephalus and brain malformation - infections during pregnancy, such as : - behavioral issues during pregnancy, such as : problems at birth, such as : - premature delivery or low birth weight - baby doesn \u2019 t get enough oxygen during birth - baby is injured during birth factors during childhood, such as : - nutritional deficiencies - illnesses or infections that affect the brain, including meningitis, encephalitis, chickenpox, whooping cough, and measles - exposure to lead, mercury, and other toxins - head injury or near drowning - social factors, such as child stimulation and adult responsiveness - educational deficiencies a child could be at higher risk for intellectual disability due to any of the causes listed above, or due to intellectual disability in other family members. if you are concerned that your child is at risk, tell your child ' s doctor. symptoms appear before a child reaches age 18. symptoms vary depending on the degree of the intellectual disability. if you think your child has any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to intellectual disability. these symptoms may be caused by other, less serious health conditions. - learning and developing more slowly than other children of the same age - difficulty communicating or socializing with others - lower than average scores on iq tests - trouble learning in school - inability to do everyday things like getting dressed or using the bathroom without help - difficulty hearing, seeing, walking, or talking - inability to think logically the following categories are often used to describe the level", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5283756251667284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9966e685-a44f-44d0-bc28-77804eba9bae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.490475"}
{"text": "scores on iq tests - trouble learning in school - inability to do everyday things like getting dressed or using the bathroom without help - difficulty hearing, seeing, walking, or talking - inability to think logically the following categories are often used to describe the level of intellectual disability : - iq 50 - 70 - slower than normal in all areas - no unusual physical signs - can learn practical skills - reading and math skills up to grades 3 - 6 - can conform socially - can learn daily task skills - functions in society - iq 35 - 49 - noticeable delays, particularly speech - may have unusual physical signs - can learn simple communication - can learn elementary health and safety skills - can participate in simple activities and self - care - can perform supervised tasks - can travel alone to familiar places - iq 20 - 34 - significant delays in some areas ; may walk late - little or no communication skills, but some understanding of speech with some response - can be taught daily routines and repetitive activities - may be trained in simple self - care - needs direction and supervision socially - iq < 20 - significant delays in all areas - congenital abnormalities present - needs close supervision - requires attendant care - may respond to regular physical and social activity - not capable of self - care if you suspect your child is not developing skills on time, tell the doctor as soon as possible. your doctor will ask about your child \u2019 s symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. standardized tests may be given that measure : - intelligence \u2014 iq tests measure a person \u2019 s ability to do things such as think abstractly, learn, and solve problems. a child may have intellectual disability if iq test results are 70 or below. adaptive behavior \u2014 these are skills needed to function in everyday life, including : - conceptual skills like reading and writing - social skills like responsibility and self - esteem - practical skills like the ability to eat, use the bathroom, and get dressed children with intellectual disability have a higher risk for other disabilities such as hearing impairment, visual problems, seizures, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or orthopaedic conditions. additional testing may be needed to check for other conditions. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for your child. treatment is most helpful if it begins as early as possible. treatment includes : - early intervention programming for infants and toddlers up to age three - family counseling - human development training, including emotional skills and hand - eye coordination - special education programs - life skills training, such as preparing food, bathing - job coaching - social opportunities - housing services to help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5043413668024299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9966e685-a44f-44d0-bc28-77804eba9bae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.491575"}
{"text": "debt ceiling to allow u. s. debt to hit historic level in early 2013 while there have been and continue to be a significant number of hands wringing over the fiscal cliff, which takes effect on december 31, perhaps the real issue is coming very early in 2013 : the u. s. debt ceiling. the fiscal cliff is being discussed on every business report on television, radio, internet blogs and print media. as you most likely know, fiscal cliff is the name given to the event associated with the simultaneous expiration of the bush - era tax cuts, the increase in the payroll tax and the immediate reduction of federal government spending. for reference, here are links to apmex \u2019 s special reports n the fiscal cliff. fiscal cliff is but the beginning while the sudden and significant impact of multiple changes in the economy is surely creating anxiety and uncertainty in both the personal lives and business of americans, this is likely only the beginning of issues as the united states begins to respond to the \u201c new normal \u201d following the great recession. however, the next increase in the federal debt ceiling \u2013 the maximum amount the u. s. may borrow as set by congress \u2013 will establish the maximum u. s. federal debt at about $ 18 trillion. while this is, of course, a huge level of debt and the largest debt of any country, the u. s. also has the world \u2019 s largest economy. the question that each country must address is \u201c how much debt can this country afford? \u201d the answer depends on a number of factors and is often measured in the ratio of debt to gross domestic product ( gdp ) of the borrowing country. historically, for the u. s., this ratio has generally been between 30 percent and 65 percent, from 1950 until the beginning of the great recession in 2008. u. s. debt is at historically high and dangerous levels when the next debt ceiling is set by congress, most likely in early 2013, presuming borrowing to the ceiling and low gdp growth, the u. s. debt to u. s. gdp ratio will most likely be about 120 percent, a level more than double the historical levels since 1950. how does this compare to other countries? below is a table of several key countries around the world. also, here is a complete list of countries with debt to gdp levels provided by the international monetary fund. the history and the current status of the u. s. debt ceiling during world war i in 1917, the u. s. congress passed a law requiring congressional approval on the aggregate debt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44092437878666646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c505c2e6-2111-4528-9e20-3531f0540c72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.498064"}
{"text": "countries with debt to gdp levels provided by the international monetary fund. the history and the current status of the u. s. debt ceiling during world war i in 1917, the u. s. congress passed a law requiring congressional approval on the aggregate debt outstanding of the united states. prior to this, congress was required to approve each and every debt offering. since 1950, there have been 95 changes to the debt ceiling ; since 2000 there have been 13 changes, or about one per year. you can read about the history of the u. s. debt ceiling or see a listing of all changes to the u. s. debt ceiling, use table 7. 3. since 2000, the increases in the u. s. debt ceiling have been larger than in previous years as the united states borrowed more to finance the 2000 dot - com bust, the wars in afghanistan and iraq, and the federal support of the great recession of 2007 \u2013 2008. the current status of the u. s. public debt and the debt limit is shown in the charts below. the u. s. debt has increased by more than 15 percent since january 2011. the current u. s. debt is very close to the u. s. debt ceiling of about $ 16. 5 trillion and, accordingly, congress will be required to take action very soon. the u. s. debt has increased $ 2. 1 trillion, or about 15percent, in just two years since january 2011. despite the large increase, the federal government has almost borrowed to the limit. the u. s. debt ceiling must be raised in the very near future, most likely in a few months. as the chart below shows, at the end of october 2012, only about $ 172 billion remained available under the u. s. debt ceiling. in november 2011, federal borrowing increased by $ 119 billion, and if that were the borrowing rate for november 2012, almost all of the available u. s. debt availability would be consumed. note : in an article in the wall street journalon december 12, 2003, it was reported that the u. s. treasury currently has only about $ 67 billion remaining in borrowing capacity. the red line represents the total borrowing capacity of the united states that is above the current aggregate outstanding u. s. debt. since january 2012, u. s. borrowing has increased such that the remaining availability has declined each month, leaving the availability in november 2012 at just $ 172 billion. here is the u. s. treasury monthly statement of the public debt of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40396985775094774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c505c2e6-2111-4528-9e20-3531f0540c72>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.498994"}
{"text": ". since january 2012, u. s. borrowing has increased such that the remaining availability has declined each month, leaving the availability in november 2012 at just $ 172 billion. here is the u. s. treasury monthly statement of the public debt of the united states. gold and the u. s. debt in 2012 and beyond with much debate on the fiscal cliff and future debate on the debt ceiling, the end result will be that the u. s. will most likely continue to be in a period of very high federal debt relative to the gdp. this relationship cannot be changed in a year and perhaps not even in five years. the europeans are ahead of the united states in addressing their debt to gdp issues with greece, portugal, ireland and italy. spain will most likely become a problem as well. the solution in europe has been the same as the solution in the u. s. : the central banks create more currency to keep the economy from falling even further. a recent article in barron \u2019 s, titled \u201c is bad news still good news for gold? \u201d randall forsyth, the author, in the last paragraph says as long as authorities try to do whatever it takes to hold the system of fiat currencies and indebted governments from flying apart, paper money will continue to lose value relative to the traditional store of value, gold.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4266647765586304, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c505c2e6-2111-4528-9e20-3531f0540c72>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.499491"}
{"text": "i like projects. i really liked this project. the pipe insulation roller coaster project is one of the most enjoyable projects i ' ve ever used in class. it was my second year teaching physics. during the unit on energy, the book we were using frequently used roller coasters in their problems. we even had a little \" roller coaster \" to use with photo gates. i thought we could do better. my original idea was to get some flexible hot wheels tracks and make some loop - de - loops and hills. turns out a class set of hot wheels track is pretty expensive. on an unrelated yet serendipitous visit to my local big box hardware store, i ran across the perfect ( and cheap! ) substitute : pipe insulation!. for $ 1. 30 or so you can get six feet of pipe insulation - which doubles nicely as a marble track1 when you split the pipe insulation into two equal halves. it ' s really easy to cut pipe insulation with a sharp pair of scissors. just be sure you don ' t buy the \" self - sealing \" pipe insulation, which has glue pre - applied - it ' s more expensive and it ' d turn into a sticky mess. at first i planning to simply design a one - period long investigation using the pipe insulation ( my original ideas morphed into the pre - activity for this project ). as i started to think through the project more and more, i realized we could go way bigger. and thus, the pipe insulation roller coaster project was born. building the coasters in groups of three, students were given 24 feet of pipe insulation ( 4 pieces ), a roll of duct tape2, and access to a large pile of cardboard boxes3. all groups had to adhere to a few standard requirements : - construction requirements - the entire roller coaster must fit within a 1. 0m x 2. 0m rectangle4. - there must be at least two inversions ( loops, corkscrews, etc. ). - all 24 feet of pipe insulation must be used. - the track must end 50 cm above the ground. in addition to meeting the above requirements, students were required to utilize their understanding of the work - energy theorem, circular motion, and friction to do the following : - determine the average rolling friction, kinetic energy, and potential energy at 8 locations on their roller coaster. - determine the minimum velocities required for the marble to stay on the track at the top of all the inversions - determine the g - forces the marble experiences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5770061893825563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8b5df09-4781-471e-a292-02b3843b6783>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.506005"}
{"text": "friction, kinetic energy, and potential energy at 8 locations on their roller coaster. - determine the minimum velocities required for the marble to stay on the track at the top of all the inversions - determine the g - forces the marble experiences through the inversions and at least five additional corners, hills, or valleys. - the g - forces must be kept at \" safe \" levels5. - rolling friction, kinetic energy, and potential energy - the potential energy ( ) is easy enough to find after measuring the height of the track and finding the mass of the marble. the kinetic energy is trickier and can be done by filming the marble and doing some analysis with tracker, but since the speed of the marble is likely to be a little too fast for most cameras to pick up clearly, it ' s probably easier ( and much faster ) to simply measure the time it takes the marble travel a certain length of track. i describe how this can be done in a previous post, so check that out for more info. that post also includes how to calculated the coefficient of friction by finding how much work was done on the marble due to friction - so i ' ll keep things shorter here by not re - explaining that process. - pro - tip : have students mark every 10 cm or so on their track before they start putting together their coasters ( note the tape marks in this pic ). since d in in this case is the length of track the marble has rolled so far, it makes finding the value for d much easier than trying to measure a twisting, looping roller coaster track. - this is also called the critical velocity. that ' s fitting. if you ' re riding a roller coaster it ' s pretty critical that you make it around each loop. also, you might be in critical condition if you don ' t. while falling to our death would be exciting, it also limits the ability to ride roller coasters in the future ( and i like roller coasters ). since we ' re primarily concerned with what is happening to the marble at the top of the loop, here ' s a diagram of the vertical forces on the marble at the very top of the loop : so just normal force ( the track pushing on the marble ) and gravitational force ( the earth pulling on the marble ). since these forces are both acting towards the center of the loop together they ' re equal to the radial force : when the marble is just barely making it around the loop ( at the critical velocity ), the normal force goes to zero", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5557320261281824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8b5df09-4781-471e-a292-02b3843b6783>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.506939"}
{"text": "the marble ). since these forces are both acting towards the center of the loop together they ' re equal to the radial force : when the marble is just barely making it around the loop ( at the critical velocity ), the normal force goes to zero. that is, the track stops pushing on the marble for just an instant at the top of the loop. if the normal force stays zero for any longer than that it means the marble is in free fall, and that ' s just not safe. so : then when you substitute in masses and accelerations for the forces and do some rearranging : there you go. all you need to know is the radius of the loop, and that ' s easy enough to measure. of course, you ' d want a little cushion above the critical velocity, especially because we ' re ignoring the friction that is constantly slowing down the marble as it makes its way down the track. - an exciting roller coaster will make you weightless and in the next instant squish you into your seat. a really bad roller coaster squishes you until you pass out. this is awesomely known as g - loc ( g - force induced loss of consciousness ). with the proper training and gear, fighter pilots can make it to about 9g ' s before g - loc. mere mortals like myself usually experience g - loc between 4 and 6g ' s. as i mentioned, i set the limit for pipe insulation roller coasters at 30g ' s simply because it allowed more creative and exciting coaster designs. while this would kill most humans, it turns out marbles have a very high tolerance before reaching g - loc. raise the stakes students become fiercely proud of their roller coasters. they ' ll name them. brag about them. drag their friends in during lunch to show them off. seeing this, i had students show off their creations to any teachers, parents, or administrators that i was able to cajole into stopping by for the official testing of the coasters. i even made up a fun little rubric (. doc file ) for any observers to fill out for each coaster. this introduces some level of competition into the project, which gives me pause - though from day one students generally start some friendly smack talk about how their coaster is akin to the millenium force while all other coasters are more like the woodstock express. the students love to show off their coasters, and it seems the people being shown enjoy the experience as well. assessment is massively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5722436681402172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8b5df09-4781-471e-a292-02b3843b6783>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.507865"}
{"text": "how their coaster is akin to the millenium force while all other coasters are more like the woodstock express. the students love to show off their coasters, and it seems the people being shown enjoy the experience as well. assessment is massively important. however, this post is already long. the exciting conclusion of this post will feature the assessment piece in : part 2 : pipe insulation roller coaster assessment. the pipe insulation roller coaster series - pipe insulation roller coasters and rolling friction - pipe insulation roller coasters - pipe insulation roller coaster assessment - the first day we played with pipe insulation in class i had students use some marble - sized steel balls. unfortunately because the steel balls are so much heavier and the pipe insulation is spongy and flexible, there was just too much friction. when we switched to marbles the next day everything worked like a charm. ( back ) - most groups typically use more than one roll of duct tape. my first couple years i bought the colored duct tape and gave each group a different color. that was a nice touch, but also a bit more expensive than using the standard silver. whatever you decide, i highly recommend avoiding the cut - rate duct tape. the cheap stuff just didn ' t stick as well which caused students to waste a lot of time fixing places where the duct tape fell and in the end used a lot more duct tape. ( back ) - i had an arrangement with our school ' s kitchen manager to set broken down boxes aside for me for a few weeks before we started the project. if that ' s not an option, i ' ve also found if you talk to a manager of a local grocery store they ' re usually more than willing to donate boxes. ( back ) - i made it a requirement for groups to start by building a cardboard rectangle with the maximum dimensions. this served two functions : ( 1 ) it made it easy for the groups to see what space they had to work with, and ( 2 ) it allows the roller coasters to be moved around a little by sliding them across the floor. ( back ) - originally i wanted students to keep g - forces below 10. very quickly it became apparent that under 10g ' s was overly restrictive and i upped it to 30g ' s. that ' s not really safe for living creatures, but it would certainly make it more \" exciting. \" ( back )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.530097657401594, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8b5df09-4781-471e-a292-02b3843b6783>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.508727"}
{"text": "guest post by henry b. perry henry perry, m. d., ph. d., mph, is a senior associate in the department of international health at johns hopkins university \u2019 s bloomberg school of public health in baltimore, md. during the past half - century, there has been a growing recognition that community - based workers can make an important contribution to the health of communities, especially in resource - constrained settings. these workers are known by many names, but most commonly community health workers ( chws ). with initial training of usually 6 weeks or less, they can effectively provide different types of services from community mobilization to health education to preventive screening to family planning education to identifying persons with symptoms of leprosy or tuberculosis to diagnosis and treatment of life - threatening childhood illness, and many more. these persons may work as volunteers or for modest incentives or salaries. based on early projects that utilized chws effectively in a number of developing countries, the seminal international conference on primary health care \u2014 sponsored by the world health organization and unicef in 1978 and attended by high - level representatives of almost every country in the world \u2014 recognized that in many settings where facilities and highly trained health workers are scarce, chws can become an important part of a primary health care system. the declaration of alma ata, adopted at the conference, called for basic health services \u2014 promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative \u2014 to be provided by \u201c health workers, including physicians, nurses, midwives, auxiliaries and community workers [ italics added ] as applicable, as well as traditional practitioners as needed, suitably trained socially and technically to work as a health team and to respond to the expressed health needs of the community. \u201d the declaration also recognized the importance of providing health services \u201c as close as possible to where people live and work. \u201d a rapidly growing number of studies demonstrate that chws make it possible to expand access and improve coverage of essential services, particularly in remote and poorly served populations, thereby improving equity. chws have been shown to play critical roles in interventions to - reduce child mortality, including distribution of vitamin a capsules and other critical micronutrients - promote water and sanitation education ( hand washing, point - of - use water treatment and safe water storage, latrine construction and promotion of latrine use ) - distribute mosquito nets and assist communities in draining stagnant water to eliminate breeding grounds for mosquitoes - diagnose and treat childhood pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, newborn sepsis and severe malnutrition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4467914349073365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ccbf5815-b3b4-4a24-a217-1ba375007981>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.513820"}
{"text": "of latrine use ) - distribute mosquito nets and assist communities in draining stagnant water to eliminate breeding grounds for mosquitoes - diagnose and treat childhood pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, newborn sepsis and severe malnutrition - promote healthy behaviors such as appropriate breastfeeding ( exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life and continued breastfeeding until at least one year of age ) - provide hygiene and cleanliness education - ensure appropriate care of newborns - promote and facilitate immunizations for mothers and children. many countries can benefit by scaling up integrated community case management of pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria and newborn sepsis and promotion of healthy behaviors that can save the lives of millions of children who are dying from preventable causes. chws are one of the essential ingredients for making this possible \u2014 along with political commitment, professional leadership, long - term sustainable training, support and supervision from the health system and reliable logistical support of basic medicines and supplies. a strong commitment by the world community to these activities, which are some of the most cost - effective approaches to promoting global equity in health, is a moral imperative for today and tomorrow. james grant, the renowned executive director of unicef from 1980 to 1995 and champion of what is often referred to as the first child survival revolution, repeatedly reminded us that \u201c morality must march with capacity. \u201d we now know that chws can have the capacity to make a difference between life and death for millions of children. the moral imperative for the world community is to ensure that health systems and underserved communities support chws in attaining this capacity. berman, p. a., d. r. gwatkin, et al. ( 1987 ). \u201c community - based health workers : head start or false start towards health for all? \u201d soc sci med 25 ( 5 ) : 443 - 459. haines, a., d. sanders, et al. ( 2007 ). \u201c achieving child survival goals : potential contribution of community health workers. \u201d lancet 369 ( 9579 ) : 2121 - 2131. lassi, z. s., b. a. haider, et al. ( 2010 ). \u201c community - based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes. \u201d cochrane database syst rev 11 : cd007754. newell, k. w., ed. ( 1975 ). health by the people. geneva, switzerland, world health organization.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4477009824267114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ccbf5815-b3b4-4a24-a217-1ba375007981>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.514735"}
{"text": "the garo community is one of the major tribes in bangladesh. according to the history books, the garo tribe entered bangladesh in the first century. they were refugees from mongolia and came to this region through tibet. the garo have stayed in bangladesh for thousands of years. initially, they followed a religion called sonatoni ; during the british rule in this subcontinent they came to christ. today, nearly 100 percent of the garo tribe practices christianity, though a few still believe in sonatoni. garos have their own language, achick, which is completely different from the local language, bengali. achik has several accents / branches such as habeng, attong, etc. the garo tribe also has its own culture. their dress, food habits and celebration styles can be easily distinguished from the bengalis and other tribes. the people from the garo tribe have different features than the original inhabitants of bangladesh ( bengali people ). they are a little shorter and have fair skin. their eyes and nose are similar to their ancestors from mongolia. compared to the other tribal groups, the garo tribe is little advanced in education and social activities. the first garo church ( garo baptist convention ) was established in 1910. many missionaries and evangelists from europe and north america worked among the garo people over the decades. being a part of a developing country, the garo community also suffers from poverty. many garo families are deprived of education. garos in the villages and in remote places suffer from lack of clean water and sanitation. there are many villages like gobindopur and nalchapra, which greatly need hospitals and medical facilities. the people from the garo community have to go to the local pharmacy for minor diseases or injuries. for major problems, they have to take the patient to the town, which is about 35 kilometers away. the garo have only one high school ( sixth through 10th grade ) with a capacity of only 300 children. this government school has only nine teachers. there are also two primary schools in those villages with limited capacity and facilities. the houses of the garo people are made of bamboo walls and straw or tin roofs. some houses have mud walls with a roof of straw and plastic sheets. house are typically 7 feet wide and 14 feet long. the garo build their own houses. usually they have free spaces in front of their houses. they keep cows, chicken and ducks as pets. garo families usually have an average of two to three children. thirty percent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4302601448199689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02c36598-170a-4b4c-9fda-430264fc914b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.518706"}
{"text": "wide and 14 feet long. the garo build their own houses. usually they have free spaces in front of their houses. they keep cows, chicken and ducks as pets. garo families usually have an average of two to three children. thirty percent of the garo people have completed high school. however, the remaining 70 percent have not ; the poor families can \u2019 t afford to send their children to school. the government of bangladesh has ensured that all children can attend primary school. but many children from the garo community drop out after the primary level. the educated people from the garo community work in nongovernmental and other corporate organizations. the poorer garo people earn their keep by working as day laborers, usually in the crop fields for nine or 10 hours daily. available transportation in garo villages is cycle or rickshaw, especially for long distances. but since most peope can \u2019 t afford the rickshaw fare, they walk. cycle - vans are used to carry goods. in the garo culture, both male and female have to work for the family. the interesting part is that the garo ladies get ownership of the properties from the family, a tradition completely opposite of the bengali people. the garo festivals are very colorful and full of music and dancing. christmas and easter are the two major religious festivals. their biggest cultural festival is called wangala. wangala is the festival when the garo thank god for the new crops. it takes place just after the harvesting period. the garo prepare pitha ( homemade pies ), sweets and other food to celebrate this occasion. at the celebration, garo girls wear their traditional dress and sprinkle puffed rice and dry rice with their hands. the traditional dress of the garo ladies is called dokbanda, a combination of a long skirt and blouse. the gents wear regular shirts, trousers and lungi ( bangladeshi skirt for men ). the favorite dishes of the garo are pork, snails, eel and little tortoises. they use a special substance called khari to make the food more tasteful. they prepare the khari at home. compassion - assisted child development centers that serve the garo people include : bd - 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411 and 412.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4434650420365648, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02c36598-170a-4b4c-9fda-430264fc914b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.519654"}
{"text": "using the congressional serial set for genealogical research by jeffery hartley ( this article appeared in the spring 2009 issue of prologue. it has been excerpted and reprinted here with the permission of the author. the historical documents section in genealogybank includes over 243, 000 reports from the us serial set and the american state papers ). click here to search the american state papers and us congressional serial set in genealogybank. com genealogists use whatever sources are available to them in pursuit of their family history : diaries, family bibles, census records, passenger arrival records, and other federal records. one set of materials that is often overlooked, however, is the congressional serial set. this large multivolume resource contains various congressional reports and documents from the beginning of the federal government, and its coverage is wide and varied. women, african americans, native americans, students, soldiers and sailors, pensioners, landowners, and inventors are all represented in some fashion. while a beginning genealogist would not use the serial set to begin a family history, it nevertheless can serve as a valuable tool and resource for someone helping to flesh out an ancestors life, especially where it coincided with the interests of the u. s. federal government. since its inception, the u. s. government has gathered information, held hearings, compiled reports, and published those findings in literally millions of pages, the majority of which have been published by the government printing office ( gpo ). these publications include annual reports of the various executive branch agencies, congressional hearings and documents, registers of employees, and telephone directories. their topics cover a wide range, from the ku klux klan to child labor practices to immigration to western exploration. in 1817, the serial set was begun with the intent of being the official, collective, definitive publication documenting the activities of the federal government. following the destruction of the capitol in 1814 by the british, congress became interested in publishing their records to make them more accessible and less vulnerable to loss. in the early federal period, printing of congressional documents had been haphazard, and the serial set was an effort designed to rectify that situation. although initially there were no regulations concerning what should be included, several laws and regulations were promulgated over the years. the contents, therefore, vary depending on the year in question. in 1831, 14 years after the serial set was begun, the printers gales & seaton proposed that a compilation of the documents from the first congresses be printed. the secretary of the senate and the clerk of the house", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4135825895014356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.539352"}
{"text": "on the year in question. in 1831, 14 years after the serial set was begun, the printers gales & seaton proposed that a compilation of the documents from the first congresses be printed. the secretary of the senate and the clerk of the house were to direct the selection of those documents, 6, 278 of which were published in 38 volumes between 1832 and 1861. this collection was known as the american state papers. because it was a retrospective effort, these 38 volumes were arranged chronologically within 10 subject areas : foreign relations, indian affairs, finance, commerce & navigation, military affairs, naval affairs, post office, public lands, claims, and miscellaneous. although not technically a part of the serial set, the volumes were certainly related, and therefore the volumes were designated with a leading zero so that these volumes would be shelved properly, i. e. before the volumes of the serial set. ( 1 ) the congressional serial set itself includes six distinct series : house and senate journals ( until 1953 ), house and senate reports, house and senate documents, senate treaty documents, senate executive reports, and miscellaneous reports. the journals provide information about the daily activities of each chamber. the house and senate reports relate to public and private legislation under consideration during each session. documents generally relate to other investigations or subjects that have come to the attention of congress. nominations for office and military promotion appear in the senate executive reports. miscellaneous reports are just thatwidely varied in subject matter and content. with the possible exception of the treaty documents, any of these can have some relevance for genealogists. the documents and reports in the serial set are numbered sequentially within each congress, no matter what their subject or origin. the documents were then collected into volumes, which were then given a sequential number within the serial set. the set currently stands at over 15, 000 volumes, accounting for more than 325, 000 individual documents and 11 million pages. the serial set amounts to an incredible amount of documentation for the 19th century. agency annual reports, reports on surveys and military expeditions, statistics and other investigations all appear and thoroughly document the activities of the federal government. in 1907, however, the public printing and binding act provided guidelines for what should be included, resulting in many of these types of reports no longer being included as they were also issued separately by the individual agencies. the number of copies was also trimmed. with that stroke, the value of the serial set was lessened, but it nevertheless stands as a valuable genealogical resource for the 19th century. so what is available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4474952777963959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.540622"}
{"text": "they were also issued separately by the individual agencies. the number of copies was also trimmed. with that stroke, the value of the serial set was lessened, but it nevertheless stands as a valuable genealogical resource for the 19th century. so what is available for genealogists? the following examples are just some of the types of reports and information that are available. the serial set contains much information concerning land claims. these claims relate to bounty for service to the government as well as to contested lands once under the jurisdiction of another nation. in house report 78 ( 21 - 2 ), there is a report entitled \u201c archibald jackson. \u201d this report, from the house committee on private land claims, in 1831, relates to jackson \u2019 s claim for the land due to james gammons. gammons, a soldier in the 11th u. s. infantry, died on february 19, 1813, \u201c in service of the united states. \u201d the act under which he enlisted provided for an extra three month \u2019 s pay and 160 acres of land to those who died while in service to the united states. however, gammons was a slave, owned by archibald jackson, who apparently never overtly consented to the enlistment but allowed it to continue. that gammons was eligible for the extra pay and bounty land was not in dispute, but the recipient of that bounty was. jackson had already collected the back pay in 1823 and was petitioning for the land as well. the report provides a decision in favor of jackson, as he was the legal representative of gammons, and as such entitled to all of his property. ( 2 ) land as bounty was one issue, and another was claims for newly annexed land as the country spread west. in 1838, the house of representatives published a report related to senate bill 89 concerning the lands acquired through the treaty with spain in 1819 that ceded east and west florida to the united states. claims to land between the mississippi and the perdido rivers, however, were not a part of that treaty and had been unresolved since the louisiana purchase, which had taken the perdido river as one of its limits. the report provides a background on the claims as well as lists of the claimants, the names of original claimants, the date and nature of the claim, and the amount of the land involved. ( 3 ) other land claims are represented as well. in 1820, the senate ordered a report to be printed from the general land office containing reports of the land commissioners at jackson court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.438974899528991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.542097"}
{"text": "and nature of the claim, and the amount of the land involved. ( 3 ) other land claims are represented as well. in 1820, the senate ordered a report to be printed from the general land office containing reports of the land commissioners at jackson court house. these lands are located in louisiana and include information that would help a genealogist locate their ancestor in this area. included in this report is a table entitled \u201c a list of actual settlers, in the district east of pearl river, in louisiana, prior to the 3d march, 1819, who have no claims derived from either the french, british, or spanish, governments. \u201d the information is varied, but a typical entry reads : no. 14, present claimant george b. dameson, original claimant mde. neait pacquet, originally settled 1779, located above white \u2019 s point, pascag. river, for about 6 years. ( 4 ) among the reports in the serial set for the 19th century are the annual reports to congress from the various executive branch agencies. congress had funded the activities of these organizations and required that each provide a report concerning their annual activities. many of these are printed in the serial set, often twice : the same content with both a house and a senate document number. annual reports in the 19th century were very different from the public relations pieces that they tend to be today. besides providing information about the organization and its activities, many included research reports and other ( almost academic ) papers. in the annual reports of the bureau of ethnology, for instance, one can find dictionaries of native american languages, reports on artifacts, and in one case, even a genealogy for the descendants of a chief. ( 5 ) these reports can often serendipitously include information of interest to the family historian. for instance, the annual report of the solicitor of the treasury would not necessarily be a place to expect to find family information. the 1844 report, however, does have some information that could be useful. for instance, pages 36 and 37 of this report contains a \u201c tabular list of suits now pending in the courts of the united states, in which the government is a part and interested. \u201d many on the opposite side of the case were individuals. an example is the case of roswell lee, late a lieutenant in the u. s. army, against whom there has been a judgment for over $ 5, 000 in 1838. lee was sued in a court in massachusetts and in 1844 still owed over $ 4, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44517822697167975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.544358"}
{"text": "of roswell lee, late a lieutenant in the u. s. army, against whom there has been a judgment for over $ 5, 000 in 1838. lee was sued in a court in massachusetts and in 1844 still owed over $ 4, 000. in a letter dated may 5, 1840, the district attorney informed the office ( 6 ) that mr. lee is not now a resident of the district of massachusetts, and that whether he ever returns is quite uncertain ; that nothing, however, will be lost by his absence, as the united states have now a judgment against him, which probably will forever remain unsatisfied. another set of annual reports that appear in the serial set are those for the patent office. the annual reports of the commissioner of patents often include an index to the patents that were granted that year, arranged by subject and containing the names of the invention and the patentee and the patent number. the report included a further description of the patent, and often a diagram of it as well. each year \u2019 s report also included an index by patentee. unfortunately, the numbers of patents granted in later years, as well as their complexity, led to more limited information being included in later reports. the 1910 report, for instance, simply contains an alphabetical list of inventions, with the entries listing the patentee, number, date, and where additional information can be found in the official patent office gazette. ( 7 ) the civil war gave rise to a number of medical enhancements and innovations in battlefield medicine, and the annual report for 1865, published in 1867, contains a reminder of that in the patent awarded to g. b. jewett, of salem, massachusetts, for \u201c legs, artificial. \u201d patent 51, 593 was granted december 19, 1865, and the description of the patent on page 990 provides information on the several improvements that jewett had developed. the patent diagram on page 760 illustrated the text. ( 8 ) this annual report relates to a report from may 1866, also published in the serial set that same session of congress, entitled \u201c artificial limbs furnished to soldiers. \u201d this report, dated may 1866, came from the secretary of war in response to a congressional inquiry concerning artificial limbs furnished to soldiers at the government \u2019 s expense. within its 128 pages are a short list of the manufacturers of these limbs, including several owned by members of the jewett family in salem, massachusetts, new york, and washington, d. c., as well as an alphabetical list of soldiers, detailing their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46742077746926813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.545800"}
{"text": "pages are a short list of the manufacturers of these limbs, including several owned by members of the jewett family in salem, massachusetts, new york, and washington, d. c., as well as an alphabetical list of soldiers, detailing their rank, regiment and state, residence, limb, cost, date, and manufacturer. constantine elsner, a private in b company of the 20th massachusetts living in boston, received a leg made by g. b. jewett at a cost of $ 75 on april 8, 1865. 9 this may have been an older version of the one that jewett would have patented later in the year, or it may have been an early model of that one. either way, a researcher would have some idea not only of what elsner \u2019 s military career was like, but also some sense of what elements of life for him would be like after the war. congress also was interested in the activities of organizations that were granted congressional charters. many of the charters included the requirement that an annual report be supplied to congress, and these were then ordered to be printed in the serial set. one such organization is the daughters of the american revolution ( dar ). as one would expect, the dar annual reports contain a great deal of genealogical and family history information. the 18th annual report is no exception. among other things, it includes, in appendix a, a list of the graves of almost 3, 000 revolutionary war soldiers. the list includes not just a name and location, but other narrative information as well : abston, john. born jan. 2, 1757 ; died 1856. son of joshua abston, captain of virginia militia ; served two years in war of the american revolution. enlisted from pittsylvania county, va. ; was in capt. john ellis \u2019 company under col. washington. the evening before the battle of kings mountain, col. washington, who was in command of the starving americans at this point, sent soldiers out to forage for food. at a late hour a steer was driven into camp, killed, and made into a stew. the almost famished soldiers ate the stew, without bread, and slept the sleep of the just. much strengthened by their repast and rest, the next morning they made the gallant charge that won the battle of kings mountain, one of the decisive battles of the american revolution. washington found one of the steer \u2019 s horns and gave it to abston, a personal friend, who carried it as a powder horn the rest of the war. (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43843721890727094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.546801"}
{"text": "the battle of kings mountain, one of the decisive battles of the american revolution. washington found one of the steer \u2019 s horns and gave it to abston, a personal friend, who carried it as a powder horn the rest of the war. ( 10 ) another organization whose annual reports appear is the columbia institution for the deaf and dumb, which later became gallaudet university. these reports, found in the annual reports of the secretary of the interior, contain much of what one would expect : lists of faculty and students, enrollment statistics, and other narrative. while that information can help to provide information about one \u2019 s ancestor \u2019 s time there, there are other parts of the narrative that include information one would not expect to find. for instance, the 10th annual report for 1867 has a section entitled \u201c the health of the institution. \u201d it concerns not the fiscal viability of the institution but rather the occurrences of illness and other calamities. one student from maryland, john a. unglebower, was seized with gastric fever and died : \u201c he was a boy of exemplary character, whose early death is mourned by all who knew him. \u201d two other students drowned that year, and the circumstances of their deaths recounted, with the hope that \u201c they were not unprepared to meet the sudden and unexpected summons. \u201d ( 11 ) both the faculty and the student body contributed their memorials to these two students in the report. other organizations represented in the serial set are the boy scouts and girl scouts of america, veterans of world war i of the united states, proceedings of the national encampment, united spanish war veterans, the american historical association, and the national convention of disabled american veterans. lists of pensioners the history of pensions provided by the federal government is beyond the scope of this article. however, the serial set is a source of information about who was on the rolls at various times. for instance, an 1818 letter from the secretary of war was published containing a list of the persons who had been added to the pension list since may 28, 1813. the list provides information on the likes of susanna coyle, certificate of pension no. 9, heiress of deceased soldier william coyle, alias coil, a private who received pay of four dollars per month. ( 12 ) sundry lists of pensions appeared in 1850, related to the regulation of navy, privateer, and navy hospital funds. the report included four lists : those placed in the invalid list who were injured while in the line of duty ; those drawing pensions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4767691376352774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.547802"}
{"text": "12 ) sundry lists of pensions appeared in 1850, related to the regulation of navy, privateer, and navy hospital funds. the report included four lists : those placed in the invalid list who were injured while in the line of duty ; those drawing pensions from wounds received while serving on private armed vessels ; widows drawing pensions from their husbands who were engineers, firemen, and coal - heavers ; and orphan children of officers, seamen, and marines pensioned under the act of august 11, 1848. ( 13 ) one of the most widely consulted lists is that for 1883, \u201c list of pensioners on the roll, january 1, 1883 \u201d ( senate executive document 84 [ 47 - 2 ] ). this five - volume title, arranged by state and then county of residence, provides a list of each pensioner \u2019 s name, his post office, the monthly amount received, the date of the original allowance, the reason for the pension, and the certificate number. an example is the case of eli g. biddle, who served in the 54th massachusetts. biddle can be found on page 439 of volume 5 of the \u201c list, \u201d and a researcher can learn several things without even having seen his pension file : his middle name is george, he was living in boston in 1883, and he was receiving four dollars each month after having suffered a gunshot wound in the right shoulder. his pension certificate number is also provided 99, 053 and with that one could easily order the appropriate records from the national archives. the serial set serves as a source of military registers and other lists of government personnel as well. both army and navy registers appear after 1896. the army registers for 1848 \u2013 1860 and the navy registers for 1848 \u2013 1863 are transcripts of the lists that appeared the preceding january and include pay and allowances, with corrections to that earlier edition for deaths and resignations. the official register, or \u201c blue book, \u201d a biannual register of the employees of the federal government, appears for 10 years, from 1883 to 1893. if one \u2019 s ancestors were employees at this time, their current location and position, place from which they were appointed, date of appointment, and annual compensation can be gleaned from this source. the serial set often provides unexpected finds, and the area of registers is no exception. there is a great deal of material on the civil war, from the 130 volumes of the official records of the war of the rebellion to other investigations and the aforementioned registers and lists of pensions. there are not, however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44438103130433504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.548726"}
{"text": "area of registers is no exception. there is a great deal of material on the civil war, from the 130 volumes of the official records of the war of the rebellion to other investigations and the aforementioned registers and lists of pensions. there are not, however, large amounts of compiled unit histories. one exception, however, is the report from the adjutant general of arkansas. shortly after the civil war, the adjutant general offices of the various union states prepared reports detailing the activities of the men from their states. the same was done in arkansas, but the state legislature there, \u201c under disloyal control, \u201d declined to publish the report. senator henry wilson of massachusetts, chairman of the senate committee on military affairs, brought it to the committee in 1867, and it was ordered to be printed in the serial set so that the loyal activities of these 10, 000 men would be recognized. ( 14 ) the report includes brief histories of each unit as well as a roster of the unit and rank, enlistment date, and other notes on each soldier. accessing information in the serial set the indexing for the serial set has long been troublesome to researchers. various attempts have been made to provide subject access, with varying degrees of success. many of the indexes in the volumes themselves are primarily title indexes to the reports from that congress and session. the checklist of united states public documents, 1789 \u2013 1909, does provide information about what reports listed therein do appear in the serial set, but the researcher has to know the name of the issuing agency in order to access that information. the document index provides some subject indexing by congress, and other efforts such as those by john ames and benjamin poore can also be used, but none index the tables and contents of many of the reports that have been discussed in this article. ( 15 ) the best comprehensive print index is the congressional information service \u2019 s ( cis ) u. s. serial set index, produced in conjunction with their microfilming of the volumes through 1969 beginning in the mid - 1970s. in this index, a two - volume subject index covers groups of congresses, with a third volume providing an index to individual names for relief actions, as well as a complete numerical list in each report / document category. the index, however, does not index the contents of the documents. for instance, although the title given for the archibald jackson land claim includes james gammons \u2019 s name, the latter does not appear in the index to private relief actions. in addition, users must often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4278072987414546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.549656"}
{"text": "does not index the contents of the documents. for instance, although the title given for the archibald jackson land claim includes james gammons \u2019 s name, the latter does not appear in the index to private relief actions. in addition, users must often be creative in the terms applied in order to be sure that they have exhausted all possibilities. in the mid - 1990s cis released these indexes on cd - rom, which makes them somewhat easier to use, although the contents are essentially the same. the indexing problems have been rectified by the digitization of the serial set. at least two private companies, lexisnexis and readex, have digitized it and made it full - text searchable. [ the serial set and american state papers are available in genealogybank. click here to search them online ] this article can only hint at some of the genealogical possibilities that can be found in the congressional serial set. it has not touched on the land survey, railroad, western exploration, or lighthouse keeper \u2019 s reports or many of the private relief petitions and claims. nonetheless, the reports and documents in the serial set provide a tremendous and varied amount of information for researchers interested in family history. jeffery hartley is chief librarian for the archives library information center ( alic ). a graduate of dickinson college and the university of maryland \u2019 s college of library and information services, he joined the national archives and records administration in 1990. 1 for a more complete description of the american state papers, and their genealogical relevance, see chris naylor, \u201c those elusive early americans : public lands and claims in the american state papers, 1789 \u2013 1837, \u201d prologue : quarterly of the national archives and records administration 37 ( summer 2005 ) : 54 \u2013 61. 2 h. rept. 78 ( 21 - 2 ), 1831, \u201c archibald jackson \u201d ( serial 210 ). 3 h. rept. 818 ( 25 - 2 ), 1838, \u201c land claims between perdido and mississippi \u201d serial 335. 4 s. doc. 3 ( 16 - 2 ), 1820, \u201c reports of the land commissioners at jackson court house \u201d ( serial 42 ). 5 h. misc. doc. 32 ( 48 - 2 ), 1882, \u201c 3rd annual report of the bureau of ethnology \u201d ( serial 2317 ). 6 h. doc. 35 ( 28 - 1 ), 1844, \u201c annual report of solicitor of the treasury \u201d ( serial 441 ), p. 37. 7 h. doc. 1348 ( 61 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4328438413512929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.550545"}
{"text": "##ology \u201d ( serial 2317 ). 6 h. doc. 35 ( 28 - 1 ), 1844, \u201c annual report of solicitor of the treasury \u201d ( serial 441 ), p. 37. 7 h. doc. 1348 ( 61 - 3 ), 1911, \u201c annual report of the commissioner of patents for the year 1910 \u2033 ( serial 6020 ). 8 h. exec. doc. 62 ( 39 - 1 ), 1867, \u201c annual report of the commissioner of patents for the year 1865 \u2033 ( serial 1257 - 1259 ). 9 h. exec. doc. 108 ( 39 - 1 ), 1866, \u201c artificial limbs furnished to soldiers \u201d ( serial 1263 ). 10 s. doc. 392 ( 64 - 1 ), 1916, \u201c eighteenth report of the national society of the daughters of the american revolution, october 11, 1914, to october 11, 1915 \u2033 ( serial 6924 ), p. 155. 11 h. exec. doc. 1 ( 40 - 2 ), \u201c tenth annual report of the columbia institution for the deaf and dumb \u201d ( serial 1326 ), pp. 429 \u2013 430. 12 h. doc. 35 ( 15 - 1 ), 1818 ( serial 6 ), p. 17. 13 see h. ex. doc. 10 ( 31 - 2 ), 1850, \u201c sundry lists of pensioners \u201d ( serial 597 ). 14 see s. misc. doc 53 ( 39 - 2 ), 1867, \u201c report of the adjutant general for the state of arkansas, for the period of the late rebellion, and to november 1, 1866 \u2033 ( serial 1278 ). 15 a good discussion of how some of these indexes work can be found in mary lardgaard, \u201c beginner \u2019 s guide to indexes to the nineteenth century u. s. serial set, \u201d government publications review 2 ( 1975 ) : 303 \u2013 311.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45287621537824163, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bb9565f-09a5-44b9-863d-d81e7a34466f>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.551225"}
{"text": "it is obvious that some people are more successful in different intellectual domains than others. gardner ' s multiple intelligences suggests eight different domains of intellectual skill people can identify with. the domains consist of the following, in which people can score any level in all categories : linguistic, logico - mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily - kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic. although his model is impossible to falsify, this idea is important because it serves as a good starting point in which scientists can begin distinguishing what qualifies as an \" intelligence \" versus a talent. however, it is possible that talents and intelligence are actually the same, when intelligence is defined among gardner ' s approach. it is impossible to say einstein had a talent in math yet didn ' t identify with that intelligence. a causation approach seems to be inapplicable because research points towards intelligence being considerably stable, while talents can be improved... yet those talents remain in the same realm as its partnering intelligence. this article talks about how there is a controversy on the misuse of his idea into new teaching methods. however, who said that just because someone is intelligent in music means that they will all of a sudden learn geography classes significantly better based on singing the information? they would simply just excel in the musical part of tasks, further concluding their continued talent / intelligence. as suggested in the text, i prefer to conclude i have an intelligence in humor, but one could beg to differ. overall, i now wonder if someones iq could actually be the degree in which every arguable intelligence is taken into consideration, then somehow calculated. the wais test seems to imply there are different areas of intelligence, so why not add them all...? oh, how psychology is incredibly ambiguous. multiple intelligences : possibly interchangeable with talent? trackback url : http : / / blog. lib. umn. edu / cgi - bin / mt - tb. cgi / 168052", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5344756795284709, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:854a2a18-d5d1-4230-9f32-4ab113c07a20>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.553161"}
{"text": "reflecting on the story of the internal revenue service targeting groups with names that included tea party, patriot or any other name that marks a group as pro constitutional, pro freedom or pro bill of rights, leads us to consider the history of the irs. why would you even approach the irs for blessing? your group is, itself considered to be an enemy of the fed to which the irs owes allegiance. any way they can, the irs will cause opposition to its perceived enemy. did the american army ask the enemy governments to finance them for wwi or wwii? the federal income tax was created in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th amendment to the constitution. before that time the fed ran on \u201c tariffs. \u201d using only tariffs was wise, it kept the government constrained to its constitutional duties. there were some high tariffs, which did cause some anger and resulted in the \u201c tariff of abominations, \u201d but even that was not so high as to stifle the free enterprise system. and the fed had plenty of money to run what is properly within its scope. in arguments during the consideration of the 16th amendment ( 1909 ), representative samuel mccall ( mass. ) stated \u201c \u2026. leads me to believe that the chief purpose of the tax is not financial, but social. it is not primarily to raise money for the state, but to regulate the citizen and to regenerate the moral nature of man. the individual citizen will be called on to lay bare the inner - most recesses of his soul in affidavits, and with the aid of the federal inspector, who will supervise his books and papers and business secrets, he may be made to be good, according the notions of virtue at the moment prevailing in washington. \u201d continue reading \u2192", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4372184071042873, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cdb74654-02d4-4862-a950-81950700e527>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.554751"}
{"text": "\u201c in nine months, a group of children left alone with a computer in any language will reach the same standard as an office secretary in the west. \u201d ~ dr. sugata mitra one fine day on 26 january 1999, the chief scientist at niit and his team plan to dig a hole in their office wall adjacent to the delhi slum area. they install a freely accessible computer and observe the rest. this computer created instant ripples and the inferences were revolutionary. the slum children not only learn basic computer skills but teach other children as well. this experiment known as the hole in the wall is the discovery of professor sugata mitra. he also coined the concept of minimally invasive education ; a pedagogy under which children driven by curiosity and peer support teach themselves and others. professor sugata mitra had always been fascinated with the idea of unsupervised learning and computers and when finally he put it into practice, it won him another award. on tuesday, february 26. dr. mitra was given the ted award 2013 which grants him $ 1 million to set up his own learning laboratory based on this concept. dr. mitra plans to set up learning spaces that would be totally automated and controlled from the cloud. the supervisor will not be a teacher or a computer expert but only a safety and health supervisor. probably set up in india, these learning spaces would take the hole in the wall experiment to the implementation stage. dr. mitra has been the chief scientist at niit and is currently professor of educational technology at newcastle university, uk. dr. mitra is a winner of \u201c man of peace award \u201d from together for peace foundation, usa, and \u201c social innovation award \u201d from institute of social inventions, uk. he has also been given the \u201c dewang mehta award \u201d by the government of india in recognition for his work related to hole - in - the - wall. according to dr. mitra, the learners of the new age need two things. a broadband connection and a teacher to stand back. he says, \u201c the victorians were great engineers. they engineered a [ schooling ] system that was so robust that it \u2019 s still with us today, continuously producing identical people for a machine that no longer exists. \u201d we were fortunate enough to have prof. mitra with us in one of the wiziq conversations. you can revisit his works and words anytime. professor mitra was self - taught and has a firm belief that others can do the same through technology and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5184953119230171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11d0c586-f276-4868-ad41-0f1fd339367e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.557148"}
{"text": "hpv virus is linked to 25, 000 cancers over five years. the human wart virus known as hpv caused 25, 000 cases of cancer in the united states between 1998 and 2003, including not only cervical cancer but also anal and mouth cancers, the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention reported on monday. the study suggests the need for screening of both men and women to be expanded for human papillomavirus, or hpv, said another team of researchers, who did a similar study. hpv includes about 100 different viruses, and they are the leading cause of cervical cancer. the viruses, transmitted sexually and by skin - to - skin contact, can also cause anal and penile cancers, as well as cancers of the mouth and throat. hpv also causes common warts. both merck and co. and glaxosmithkline make vaccines against some of the strains of hpv most strongly linked with cervical cancer, but not all. the vaccines are recommended for girls and young women who have not yet become sexual activity. \u201d currently available hpv vaccines have the potential to reduce the rates of hpv - associated cancers, like oral and anal cancers, that are currently on the rise and for which there is no effective or widely applied screening programs, \u201d the cdc \u2019 s dr. mona saraiya, who led the study, said in a statement. \u201c this gives us baseline data to measure the impact of hpv vaccine and cervical cancer screening programs in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer and other hpv - associated cancers \u2026. \u201d sleep is seen as the newest obesity fighter. consistently getting a good night \u2019 s sleep may help protect children from becoming overweight adults, a study published monday suggests. researchers found that among more than 1, 000 people followed from birth to age 32, those who got too little sleep as children were more likely than their well - rested counterparts to become obese adults, reuters news reports. the link between sleep deprivation during childhood and obesity risk later in life held up even when the researchers figured in things like the impact of a child \u2019 s weight or tv habits, and adulthood exercise level. all of this supports the idea that early sleep habits have a direct effect on weight in the long term, according to dr. robert john hancox, the study \u2019 s senior author. \u201c although we cannot prove that this is a cause - and - effect relationship, \u201d he told reuters health, \u201c this study provides strong evidence that it probably is. \u201d eating more fish can help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4209359873091827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:afc85103-c0df-4e66-87b4-0cda4290f91d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.561433"}
{"text": "mississippians know the strength of longleaf pines. these native trees braved hurricane katrina 48 percent better than their loblolly cousins. even so, the ancient longleaf pine forests of the south are a threatened ecosystem. these forests once dominated the region, spanning 90 million acres. now, they cover just 3 million acres. as longleaf habitat disappears, so do many important and endangered species, like the gopher tortoise, which rely on it. the gopher tortoise is considered a keystone species in longleaf pine habitat, with more than 300 different vertebrate and invertebrate species relying on burrows dug by the reptiles for their homes. longleaf pine forests are home to at least 122 endangered or threatened plant and animal species. in addition, they can contain as many as 300 different species of groundcover plants per acre, and about 60 percent of the amphibian and reptile species found in the southeast. usda \u2019 s natural resources conservation service ( nrcs ) wants to restore longleaf forests to their former glory with the help of landowners like orby wright of purvis, miss. the healthy forests reserve program ( hfrp ) offered by nrcs allows wright to manage his tall stands of longleaf pines and the blanket of legumes and forbs across the understory of his quail hollow ranch. hfrp is one of several programs in the tool chest of the longleaf pine initiative, a nine - state effort to bolster longleaf pine forests. forbs are clovers, sunflowers, milkweed and other common wildflowers typical of the mississippi forest floor. both forbs and legumes provide sustenance and cover for a wide range of wildlife. wright purchased about 2, 000 acres four years ago from a pecan company. the land boasts longleaf pines of different ages \u2014 some are decades old, while others are just saplings. with the help of nrcs, wright has planted new longleaf pines while taking care of his older, taller trees. a healthy longleaf pine ecosystem requires occasional fires. many years ago, wildfires frequented the longleaf landscape, creating food for wildlife and providing other benefits. to help maintain this rugged habitat, wright has installed fire lanes and carries out prescribed burns, all with nrcs \u2019 assistance. so far, nrcs programs have helped restore 1, 641 acres of longleaf pines in mississippi and assisted in prescribed burns on 1, 812 acres. in lamar county, where wright lives, 669", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4331078433359017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55762022-fd0e-4996-8262-42953a51b1b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.563908"}
{"text": "millennial themes : age, education, services december 01, 1999 the bureau of labor statistics recently released its work force projections for the period 1998 - 2008. some of the themes that may be important to watch unfolding over the next several years include : - the continuing aging of the labor force. the median age of workers is projected to rise to nearly 41 years. at that level, the median age of the labor force will just exceed the previous high of 40. 5 years reached in 1962. - the growing importance of education. occupations that require at least an associate degree will account for 40 percent of all job growth out to 2008, compared to a one - quarter share of all jobs that existed in 1998. - the dominance of the service - producing sector as a source of employment growth. in the projection period \u2014 1998 to 2008 \u2014 the service sector will account for more than 90 percent of job growth. projections of the labor force and the industrial and occupational composition of employment are a product of the employment projections program. to find out more, see articles from the november 1999 issue of monthly labor review. bureau of labor statistics, u. s. department of labor, the editor ' s desk, millennial themes : age, education, services on the internet at http : / / www. bls. gov / opub / ted / 1999 / nov / wk5 / art03. htm ( visited may 21, 2013 ). spotlight on statistics : productivity this edition of spotlight on statistics examines labor productivity trends from 2000 through 2010 for selected industries and sectors within the nonfarm business sector of the u. s. economy. read more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47115072764133425, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92daf194-1990-4461-8498-ee0beb8506f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.567106"}
{"text": "combined gas law the combined gas law combines charles law, boyle s law and gay lussac s law. the combined gas law states that a gas pressure x volume x temperature = constant. alright. in class you should have learned about the three different gas laws. the first one being boyle ' s law and it talks about the relationship between pressure and volume of a particular gas. the next one should be charles law which talks about the volume and temperature of a particular gas. and the last one should be gay lussac ' s law which talks about the relationship between pressure and temperature of a particular gas. okay. but what happens when you have pressure, volume and temperature all changing? well, we ' re actually going to combine these gas laws to form one giant gas law called the combined gas law. okay. if you notice then these three gas laws the pressure and volume are always in the numerator. so we ' re going to keep them on the numerator. p1v1. and notice the temperature is in the denominator over t1. so all these things are just squished into one and then p2v2 over t2. okay. so this is what we ' re going to call the combined gas law. so let ' s actually get an example and do one together. alright, so i have a problem up here that says a gas at 110 kilo pascals and 33 celsius fills a flexible container with an initial volume of two litres, okay? if the temperature is raised to 80 degrees celsius and the pressure is raised to 440 kilo pascals, what is the new volume? okay. so notice we have three variables. we ' re talking about pressure, temperature and volume. okay, so now we ' re going to employ this combined gas law dealing with all three of these variables. so we ' re going to look at our first, our first number 110 kilo pascals and that ' s going to, that is the unit of pressure. so we know that ' s p1. our p1 is 110 kilo pascals, at 30 degree celsius. i don ' t like things with celsius so i ' m going to change this to kelvin. so i ' m going to add 273 to that which makes it 303 kelvin. that ' s our temperature. and my initial volume is two litres so i ' m going to say v1 = 2 litres. okay then i continue reading. if the temperature is raised at 80", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5453436478771518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f1963a4-8da7-4d73-9dda-3c8691608115>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.609648"}
{"text": "to add 273 to that which makes it 303 kelvin. that ' s our temperature. and my initial volume is two litres so i ' m going to say v1 = 2 litres. okay then i continue reading. if the temperature is raised at 80 degree celsius, again we want it in kelvin, so we ' re going to add 273 making it to 353. so our t2 is 353 kelvin and the pressure increased to 440 kilo pascals, the pressure p2 is equal to 440 kilo pascals which i ' m very happy that i kept it in kilo pascals that i kept it in kilo pascals. i ' ve got to make sure these units are the same because pressure can be measured in several different units. i ' m going to make sure all units are the same. and what is the new volume? so our v2 is our variable, what we ' re trying to find. okay. so let ' s basically plug all these variable in into our combined gas law to figure out what the new volume would be. okay. so i ' m going to erase this and say our pressure one is 110 kilo pascals. our volume one is two litres. our temperature one is 303 kelvin. our pressure two is 440 kilo pascals. we don ' t know our volume so we ' re just going to say v2 over 353 kelvin. okay. when i ' m looking for a variable i ' m going to cross multiply these guys. so i ' m going to say 353 times 110 times 2 and that should give me seven, 77660, if you put that in a calculator. so i just cross multiply these guys. and i cross multiply these guys 303 times 440 times v2 gives me 133320v2. okay, so then i want to get my, i want to isolate my variable, so i ' m going to divide 133320. 133320. and i find that my new volume is 0. 58. 0. 58 metres. and that is how you do the combined gas law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5458424229717672, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f1963a4-8da7-4d73-9dda-3c8691608115>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.630986"}
{"text": "disease outbreaks, such as cholera, are commonly thought to happen after earthquakes and other natural disasters, but studies have found no evidence to support this. and the persistence of this belief may be hurting relief efforts. the devastating earthquake in haiti in january 2010 was followed by a deadly cholera outbreak. many saw this as an inevitable outcome of the disaster, as poor sanitary conditions combined with numerous dead bodies and survivors housed in cramped quarters to produce an incubator for deadly diseases. \u201c it \u2019 s what all of us worried about when we arrived in haiti just hours after the quake, \u201d said nbc ' s brian williams, according to popular science. \u201c beyond the death toll, the inevitable spread of disease. \u201d however, a forensic analysis of the outbreak has shown that it had very little to do with either the earthquake or the conditions in haiti afterwards. the spread of the disease was traced back to a small military base, that was built years before, and its faulty sanitation system that allowed human fecal matter to pollute the nearby river. analysis of the strain of vibrio cholerae that swept through the haitian population showed that it was identical to the one that was infecting people in nepal, where some of the soldiers at the base were stationed before they joined the haiti relief efforts. [ more geekquinox : man maps out stunning earth - like mars ] the problem with the belief in the ' inevitability ' of the outbreak, according to what journalist and author jonathan m. katz wrote in his popsci article, is \" most journalists and responders shrugged off cholera as a natural product of the disaster. the attitude made epidemiologists and aid workers less likely to seek out the source of what was in fact a particular infection not only new to haiti, but the entire hemisphere. \" \" and it has since continued to provide cover for the united nations as advocates press for reparations, and public health experts try to reform the peacekeeping system to prevent such a catastrophic error from happening again. \" he added. \" conditioned to look for a problem that wasn \u2019 t there, responders ignored the greatest public health threat of all : themselves. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4300747107505434, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab2f6e4b-0c56-4387-9ee3-1c5083ea9e1c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.633502"}
{"text": "water, united states, north america, government, membranes quenching a desert community ' s thirst desalination facilities create sustainable water supply for el paso in the arid southwestern united states, el paso water utilities was challenged by limited freshwater resources. to create a sustainable drinking water supply, the utility formed a unique partnership with fort bliss army base, and implemented the 27. 5 - million - gallon - per - day ( mgd ) kay bailey hutchison desalination facilities \u2014 north america \u2019 s largest desalination plant. north america \u2019 s largest desalination system applies reverse osmosis membranes to treat brackish groundwater and uses deep - well injection for inland disposal of concentrate \u2014 delivering reliable, economical drinking water to a growing desert community. the $ 87 million, state - of - the - art project taps brackish groundwater beneath the desert floor. we uniquely applied and refined reverse osmosis membranes \u2014 a proven technology for coastal desalination \u2014 for this inland application. fueled by solar energy, deep - well injection safely deposits 3 - mgd of concentrate more than 3, 500 feet below ground with no adverse environmental impacts. supported by this new drinking water supply, the army increased personnel and operations at fort bliss, supporting military readiness and benefiting the local economy. this flagship project demonstrates a holistic water supply approach \u2014 integrating fresh groundwater, brackish groundwater and surface water to maximize limited supplies. it will serve as a model and center of learning for other communities that are looking for sustainable options to meet their long - term water needs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4759530338114302, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96d8cfe5-d06e-4d62-8838-710790225e5b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.639536"}
{"text": "previous | next | title although the process of forming national constitutions in european states began more than two centuries ago, the actual texts of eu member state constitutions all date from the present century, with the single, obvious exception of the british constitution. the venerable british texts merit an obligatory nod of tribute to that paradoxical cradle of the constitutional state. a few european constitutional texts are the cumulative result of successive reforms of texts originally drafted in the nineteenth century or earlier, and are found in those societies that managed to avoid the dramatic upheavals which punctuate the histories of other european states. the majority of the constitutions were promulgated after the second world war, following governmental ruptures of varying intensity and duration. a final group of texts have their origin in the inter - war period and were drafted concurrent to the creation, or re - creation, of their corresponding states. the \" reformed \" texts often contain some structural traces of their origins in the preservation of the monarchy, or in the use of traditional formulae. however, the depth of the changes that were carried out makes it virtually impossible to establish clear distinctions, based upon constitutional content, between these and the newer texts. even those differences arising from the opposition of monarchy and republic are difficult to delineate clearly, in part due to the anomaly presented by spain. the spanish constitution is a new constitution, but it is also monarchical. in addition, the opposition in spain to the constitutional order is no longer of political importance. the king of spain is reputed to have stated long before his coronation that \" my aspiration is to be king of a spanish republic \" - a sentiment that acknowledged the reality that european monarchies are nothing more than republics with crowns. this set of cases includes belgium, denmark, luxembourg, the netherlands, and sweden. the swedish instrument of government, the oldest written constitution in europe, dates from 1720. prolonged and serious ruptures occurred in germany, spain, greece, italy, and portugal. in france the rupture brought about by the vichy regime was shorter and concluded with the constitution of 1946. a new and clear break occurred in 1958 when political circumstances surrounding the army revolt in algeria led to the replacement of the 1946 constitution. included here are the cases of austria, finland, and ireland. these constitutions have a number of distinctive characteristics which are not considered here. in the case of belgium, the extent of the constitutional reform affected the very contour of the state. previous | next | title top of the page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45533040420264403, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c9ab2d9-ca35-44a8-82dd-530e32a4bc57>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.644852"}
{"text": "- autonomy and freedom from bureaucratic rules - choice for parents, so they can choose to leave schools that fail them and go to schools that they think will do better - a willingness to take risks - a willingness to close or replace innovations and charters that fail here ' s what i think is the key passage : how much risk and failure are we willing to tolerate to create much better schools for students who don \u2019 t have them today? or, put another way, if i told you there was a way to create 10 outstanding networks of schools for students who lack decent educational options now but that the cost of doing this would be the creation of four lousy networks of schools, would you take the deal? critics of charter schools say this choice is a false one and that we should instead focus on improving existing schools. but their argument ignores the immediacy of educational failure. we \u2019 re talking about communities where public schools are not failing just a little but where the catastrophe of broken lives unfolds every school year, places where less than half of high schoolers graduate and where fewer than one in ten students finish college by their mid - 20s. and let \u2019 s not forget, despite all the noise about turning around persistently failing schools, that successful turnarounds are like snow leopards \u2014 more mythical than actually observed. charter proponents also disagree with the lose - some - to - win - some premise. their main argument against it is that bad charters can be shut down. it \u2019 s true that this does happen \u2014 government officials have refused to renew some charters \u2014 but it \u2019 s proving to be more difficult in practice than in theory. there is an old saw in education that closing a school is like moving a cemetery : you get very little help from the inside. charter parents and teachers often resist school closures just like their counterparts in the traditional system, and today there are not enough effective \u2014 read strong \u2014 charter school authorizers around the country. and i agree with that completely. if we want to achieve great success, the only way to figure out what works better is to try new approaches, and some of those approaches will not succeed - - may even be worse than already exists. but the difference is the choice that parents have. leaving just the monopoly system without real variety and choice for parents shackles students to a school and a system that has been mediocre or worse for decades. when charters fail, there are no shackles, and parents can freely leave to greener pastures. however, utah also faces the same con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4920336486003034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d4aca0c-2f3b-4877-8585-8d13ef2cc1c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.650422"}
{"text": "for parents shackles students to a school and a system that has been mediocre or worse for decades. when charters fail, there are no shackles, and parents can freely leave to greener pastures. however, utah also faces the same conundrum from the study noted above, namely that parents and school officials often resist the closure of a charter just like the same groups do at traditional schools. that makes it politically difficult to pull the closing trigger, and it ' s never actually happened in utah. i ' m a free - market guy who generally believes that if parents are satisfied enough to stay a a school, even if the bureaucracy or the government doesn ' t like it, we should give deference to what parents are choosing as the best option for their kid, even if the system thinks they shouldn ' t. finding the balance between parental choice and public accountability is a tricky balance. so, i suggest that utah needs the following : - expansion of charter schools, particularly successful charter schools, so that parents ' choices are not limited by mile - long waiting lists ; - school districts that embrace innovation, relying less on boundaries, and that really empower schools to innovate and achieve - - along with the inherent risks that come with allowing parents to choose to leave ; - a realistic mechanism to close or replace failing schools, both traditional and charter, including making it easier to convert a traditional school to a charter ( the state charter board has made progress in this area, but i believe they also need an enrollment trigger ) ; - real freedom in schools to allow for the variety that gives families real choices, including freedom in whom they hire, what they teach ( let a school decide that more time teaching reading is more important than teaching how to use laundry detergent ), and how they spend money ; - no fear to try something and fail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45324004876619955, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d4aca0c-2f3b-4877-8585-8d13ef2cc1c6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.651250"}
{"text": "epilepsy phenome / genome project ( epgp ) the purpose of this study is to collect detailed information about the characteristics and genetics of a large number of individuals with epilepsy. | study design : | | observational model : case control time perspective : prospective | official title : | | epilepsy phenome / genome project : a phenotype / genotype analysis of epilepsy | - epgp will recruit persons with specific forms of epilepsy. dna will be isolated from participants ' blood and genetic variants associated with common forms of epilepsy will be identified. [ time frame : over 4. 5 years ] [ designated as safety issue : no ] biospecimen retention : samples with dna | study start date : | | november 2007 | | estimated study completion date : | | december 2013 | | estimated primary completion date : | | december 2012 ( final data collection date for primary outcome measure ) | individuals with epilepsy epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders and is a major public health concern. approximately 30 percent of people with epilepsy have medically intractable epilepsy, and the medical and social consequences of the disorder are enormous. treatments developed for epilepsy have largely been experimental rather than based on knowledge of basic mechanisms because the mechanisms are poorly understood. the epilepsy phenome / genome project ( epgp ) is a large - scale, international, multi - institutional, collaborative research project aimed at advancing the understanding of the genetic basis of the most common forms of epilepsy. the overall goal of epgp is to collect detailed, high quality phenotypic ( i. e., characteristics of individuals, from the molecular level to the whole person ) information on persons with epilepsy and to compare the phenotypic information with genomic information. epgp will provide a resource that may lead to many discoveries related to the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, including the eventual development of new therapies based on a better understanding of causes of the disorder. show 25 study locations | principal investigator : | | daniel lowenstein, md | | university of california, san francisco, department of neurology | | principal investigator : | | ruben kuzniecky, md | | new york university, comprehensive epilepsy center |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5503216918731484, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03b02b25-c4eb-4057-8ea4-909c7d50a297>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.654453"}
{"text": "cybercrime costs $ 388 billion dollars in annual losses globally and it affected almost 7 in 10 adults last year. this week norton is released the results of the norton cybercrime report 2011, a study on the impact of cybercrime that included a survey of over 12, 000 adults in 24 countries. this provides an important and accurate picture of the scope of cybercrime globally and the results are shocking! every day of the past year, over 1 million online adults in 24 countries experienced cybercrime. this can also be broken down to 50, 000 victims per hour, 820 victims per minute, or 14 victims every second. in just the last 12 months 44 % of people have been a victim of cybercrime while only 15 % have been a victim of physical crime in the same period. i regularly meet with law enforcement who are fighting cybercrime. the above statistics clearly illustrate the biggest challenge faced by law enforcement \u2014 the enormous scope of the problem. with so many victims in many different countries, police can successfully stop one cybercriminal but still be left with thousands of more cases. the police do a great job trying to stop cybercrime but the problem requires significantly more resources than are currently being devoted to stop it. only 21 % of people in the norton study reported the cybercrime to law enforcement. this also creates a significant problem for police and prosecutors. some prosecutors will only accept cases that exceed a certain amount of victims or high level of damages. us law allows federal prosecutors to combine multiple victims into a common case if the crime is linked. this is critical in many cybercrime cases where there may be a small number of victims who have lost a relatively small amount individually. however, failure to report cybercrime prevents law enforcement from effectively addressing the problem. finally, the key message of this report is one of hope. despite the really frightening statistics on the scale of cybercrime, cybercrime is still largely a preventable crime. globally the three most common reported forms of cybercrime were viruses, online scams, and phishing attacks. all of these crimes are largely preventable by following good security practices and using updated security software. i have worked with crime victims in some capacity for over a decade now. nobody wants to be a victim. the police are trying to help but it is an extremely rare cybercrime case in which a victim actually recovers their lost money. time dealing with cybercrime is also lost forever. it is far better to use good security software and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4732482478576272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:671172b8-6b97-4e32-bfd9-76a9704816bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.657051"}
{"text": "expanding community resources : a collaborative effort - chapter 7. teaching and learning basic invasion - game tactics in 4th grade : a descriptive study from situated and constraints theoretical perspectives. rovegno, inez ; nevett, michael ; brock, sheri ; babiarz, matthew / / journal of teaching in physical education ; jul2001, vol. 20 issue 4, p370 focuses on the description of invasion - game tactics using theoretical perspective. implication of the content, instruction and learning ; recognition of the qualitative data ; identification of the high - ability and low - ability group. - the learning revolution : perched at the millennium. o ' banion, terry / / community college week ; 01 / 12 / 98, vol. 10 issue 12, p4 opinion. comments on the shift which has emerged in education in the united states, focusing on that change in community colleges. what this shift emerged initially as ; how some observers characterized this shift ; need for overhauling the architecture of education. - feedback. kelley, susan ; jones, barbara ; gordon, brian / / community college week ; 07 / 27 / 98, vol. 10 issue 26, p5 presents several feedback from educators on the learning revolution. problems with student learning ; measurement of the effectiveness of teaching ; support for and conversation about learning colleges. - what ' s your learning style? / / current health 1 ; oct96 1 of 2, vol. 20 issue 2, p23 describes a variety of learning styles. visual learning ; aural learning ; cooperative learning ; highlights of a teacher - students discussion on learning styles. - the notebook. white, elizabeth ross / / christian science monitor ; 6 / 16 / 98, vol. 90 issue 140, pb2 offers news briefs related to learning. gorp. com, a web site that provides outdoor recreation information ; details on the children ' s scholarship fund ; maine college of art exchange program with hanoi fine arts college in vietnam ; ministers to teach religion in a public high school in buena... - alignment and gategory learning. lassaline, mary e. ; murphy, gregory l. / / journal of experimental psychology. learning, memory & cognition ; jan1998, vol. 24 issue 1, p144 presents information on a series of studies which shows that alignment is involved in category learning. details on the experiments ; results of the experiments ; discussion on the experiments. - dynamic changes in hypermnesia across early and late tests ; a relation / item - specific account.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490997033648206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b24622c-19cd-408c-8e09-9b3d6022ddf5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.663707"}
{"text": "a series of studies which shows that alignment is involved in category learning. details on the experiments ; results of the experiments ; discussion on the experiments. - dynamic changes in hypermnesia across early and late tests ; a relation / item - specific account. mcdaniel, mark a. ; moore, brent a. ; whiteman, howard l. / / journal of experimental psychology. learning, memory & cognition ; jan1998, vol. 24 issue 1, p173 presents information on experiments which tested predictions derived from r. r. hunt, and m. a. mcdaniel ' s relational / item - specific account of hypermnesia. methodology of the experiments ; results of the experiments ; discussion on the experiments. - influences of temporal organization on sequence learning and transfer : comments on stadler ( 1995 ).. dominey, peter ford / / journal of experimental psychology. learning, memory & cognition ; jan1998, vol. 24 issue 1, p234 investigates the hypothesis that both the serial order of events and their temporal organization influence the internal representation of a sequence and thus influence its learnability. methodology of the investigation ; results of the investigation ; discussion on the investigation. - helping your child learn. / / humpty dumpty ' s magazine ; dec96, vol. 44 issue 8, p34 suggests techniques to encourage learning in children. promotion of reading by setting up a home library ; telling of family stories ; meeting with teachers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5863181143158847, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b24622c-19cd-408c-8e09-9b3d6022ddf5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.664293"}
{"text": "last updated : feb 17, 2012 fair trade is a sales model that honors each participant in the production and purchase process. it focuses on sustainability and protection of the environment, and is rooted in fair economic practices and interpersonal connections. when you purchase an item labeled as fair trade, you are helping support fair prices, environmental protections, direct trade, fair labor conditions, and local communities. why buy fair trade our modern world economy puts a heavy focus on the bottom line : in the decision between two similar products, price is usually the deciding factor. however, this practice often discriminates against small farmers, craftsmen, and labor cooperatives, since their per - unit production and materials costs are higher than those of mass producers. additionally, major manufacturers may employ unjust business practices, such as low wages or poor worker rights, to maintain low prices for their finished products. fair trade, on the other hand, honors the developing world ' s small businesses and promotes equal rights for workers and producers around the world. additionally, this business model supports social development, helping fund schools and community growth, and directly benefits some of the world ' s poorest communities. fair price & fair labor the international fair trade labeling organization sets the price for all fair trade certified\u2122 products, ensuring that each item is priced justly. by these standards, a fair price adequately covers the cost the production and living wages for workers. a living wage is defined as sufficient to cover medical care, education, food, shelter and cost of living. fair trade companies, farmers and artisans respect their environment and engage in sustainable production. for example, fair trade farmers avoid the use of most agrochemicals by employing natural methods like crop rotation and biological pest control. almost 85 % of fair trade certified\u2122 coffee is produced organically. the conventional supply chain employs many intermediaries \u2013 buyers, exporters, and importers, among others. fair trade supports a more direct route, connecting a producer or cooperative to a fair trade distributor, then to the store. this process allows for less profit dilution, and fosters long - term relationships between producers and importers. support local communities without fair trade, artisans, farmers and cooperatives from small, developing communities would not have access to the global market. by purchasing fair trade items produced by these workers, you contribute directly to their local economy. in fact, many fair trade producers invest profits back into their businesses and communities. additionally, all fair trade sales include a \" social premium, \" which is a set fee paid to the cooperative that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4900695729382786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ae78faf-b83b-4730-af4a-f48608d90368>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.670246"}
{"text": "influenza, or \u201c the flu, \u201d is a contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs which occurs most often in the late fall, winter, and early spring. flu is a serious infection which is associated, on average, with more than 200, 000 hospitalizations due to flu related complications and can lead to thousands of deaths every year in the united states. \u201c no one wants to spread the flu to family, friends, or colleagues. yet many of us admit to tossing our manners aside when we have the flu, \u201d said anna post, great - great - granddaughter of emily post and co - author of the 18th edition of emily post \u2019 s etiquette. \u201c knowing how to politely cancel an event you \u2019 re hosting or how to avoid shaking your client \u2019 s hand because you \u2019 re sick can help avoid a potentially difficult and awkward situation. by following appropriate flu etiquette, we can all play a role in preventing the spread of the flu virus. \u201d the emily post institute offers the following etiquette tips to manage common situations where the flu virus might be spread from one person to another : 1. share space, not the flu \u2013 covering sneezes and coughs is a good habit all year round, especially during flu season. the flu virus can spread up to six feet away from coughing, sneezing, or even just talking. 2. know when to take a sick day \u2013 the flu is highly contagious and the people you work with don \u2019 t want to get sick. knowing the symptoms of flu versus a cold is important so you know when to take a sick day and see a doctor. remember the acronym f. a. c. t. s. to recognize if you might have the flu ( fever, aches, chills, tiredness with sudden onset ). 3. in tight quarters \u2013 it \u2019 s tough to point out someone \u2019 s behavior mid - flight with hours left to go. however, flu is highly contagious. if there \u2019 s no other seat available, consider saying, \u201c i can see you \u2019 re not feeling well \u2014 would you mind covering your mouth when you cough? thanks. \u201d most people when prompted are eager to show good manners and do the right thing. \u201c every year, millions of americans get influenza. we are all personally responsible for helping to control its spread, \u201d says susan j. rehm, md, medical director at the national foundation for infectious diseases ( nfid ). \u201c the centers for disease control and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5041849714125706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85e34604-7e7a-404b-918b-79ab6b599779>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.673671"}
{"text": "in 1996, the phoenix zoo ' s first pair of wolves, chico and rosa, gave birth to 3 pups. the female pup was chosen by the american zoo and aquarium association ' s species survival plan and the mexican wolf recovery team to be paired up with a male wolf and released into the wild. on may 7, 1999 chico and his new mate, eureka, produced one healthy pup that was later sent to another breeding facility. in 2003 eureka was retired to southwest wildlife rehabilitation center where she lives with a retired male. currently the zoo has sonora and morela, both females born in 2001. the related females are held on exhibit in the arizona trail. there are no current plans to breed them. they are part of the ssp and are being housed in a large, naturalistic exhibit meant to properly interpret their current habitat type. other species in the same area representing northeastern arizona are thick billed parrots, bobcats, and a mountain lion. the wolves at the phoenix zoo are managed in a way so that the least amount of interaction as possible is made between them and the animal keepers. this is done to keep the wolves as \" wild \" as possible, by fostering behaviors and characteristics that will enhance their ability to survive in the wild. wolf awareness week is an interpretive program that is held annually. during this week, lectures, presentations, and stands are set up to increase visitor awareness of wolf issues in general, and of the mexican wolf reintroduction process in particular. - non - invasive research in coordination with the aza ' s reproductive advisory group and the mexican wolf ssp. - coordinated interpretive and research programs in collaboration with southwest wildlife rehabilitation and education foundation, as well as other local and regional ngo ' s and zoos holding wolves in captivity. - review and input into the wolf adaptive management oversight committee of the arizona game and fish department and cooperators during updates and public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43645370860483934, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19bb3d55-5708-4d6a-a247-bfb36e2c6c09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.675612"}
{"text": "record : darwin, c. r. geological diary : port desire. cul - dar34. 29 - 34 transcribed by kees rookmaaker, edited by john van wyhe ( darwin online, http : / / darwin - online. org. uk / ). revision history : transcribed by kees rookmaaker and john van wyhe, corrections by van wyhe and gordon chancellor 1. 2011. rn2 note : this document, part of the largest scientific document composed by darwin during the voyage of the beagle, is written mostly in ink. marginal notes are here integrated into the text. editorial symbols used in the transcription : [ some text ] ' some text ' is an editorial insertion [ some text ] ' some text ' is the conjectured reading of an ambiguous word or passage [ some text ] ' some text ' is a description of a word or passage that cannot be transcribed < > word ( s ) destroyed < some text > ' some text ' is a description of a destroyed word or passage text in small red font is a hyperlink or notes added by the editors. reproduced with the permission of the syndics of cambridge university library and william huxley darwin. n side of river. porphyry. \u2014 ascending which you arrive at a dead level plain, much divided & cut up by vallies one side corresponds to the other. \u2014 this plain reaches up to the foot of two hills is seen stretching to the west - ward. to the sw. & south of [ river ]. all level forming square pieces of table land. \u2014 covered with gravel of porphyry. \u2014 endless varieties, & some white quartz. pebbles here the size of r negro but evidently same sort \u2014 all water brackish, more or less. v [ bottle ] : is it washing any salt water of old sea? in one valley, which was deep, there was a coating of salt which resembled the salitrales more to the north. \u2014 v. specimen. \u2014 on the high plain, there are groups of many shells lying thick together, & curiously perfect, considering exposure to weather. \u2014 patellae. & mytilus with colour. \u2014 ( same as new bay ) not covered with diluvium. \u2014 recent sea cause of sterility. \u2014 i should imagine gravel 10 20 or 30 feet thick, for beneath this there appears a white. calcareo - sandy clay \u2014 clayey sandstone in soft. forming beds. seen in vallies at foot of 2 hills. \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5001272188365252, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1cc4711c-19c2-4f19-8ba1-4990a2323d7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.701713"}
{"text": "i saw. jan 4th ) are horizontally stratified ; the clay bed is half the thickness of cliff. \u2014 the gravel other half & the cliff about ( 80 feet ) or less than quarter the whole range, high plain, where we have seen calc. sandstone. \u2014 the organic remains, in the bed & the gypsum in upper part show it to be of same age as great st fe bed. \u2014 area greater size. \u2014 turritella more numerous. \u2014 but yet same general feature. \u2014 the calc. sandstone appears to be the same as occurs above oyster beds at r chupat & new bay. \u2014 on the \u2014 the 2 & 8 [ illeg ] cliffs south west of the ship are curious, they are essentially composed of feldspathic rock, but alternate & pass into each other incessantly. \u2014 the common rocks are white hard feldspathic ( 672. 673. 679. ) they generally rest on such as red, hard. porphyry ( 674 ). \u2014 which occasionally becomes more crystalline as ( 677 ). \u2014 there are no limits to these alternations & passages. another perhaps even more abundant rock a common feldspathic rock 1649, where the universal occurrence of very small rounded pebbles proves the action of water. \u2014 this is covered by such ( 674. 647. 1648 red porphyry : jasper porphyry, white [ illeg ] held. rock 1665 1650 ). \u2014 the sup more common superior bed is a rock, resembling ferruginous sandstone, but really a soft earthy snow white thick bed with particles of quartz. strikingly resembling calcareous matter. as ( 1651. 1675 ). then the white & red, fine grained, uncrystallized feldspathic rock. \u2014 31 verso [ blank ] the colouring matter of the red varieties, often times tinges the white of a delicate pink sometimes in lines. \u2014 at other times, in a horizontal section. in circular patches & parallel bands of white occur in the midst of the red. \u2014 v curious drawing on a small scale. \u2014 following section will illustrate | dip nw | | dip nnw | | 1 | | rock like 1683. without water lines | | 1683 | | ( like ) | | 2 | | same as 3 but much coarser | | 1668 | | 3 | | ( 1651 ) like mortar | | 1667 | | 4 | | 1674 ( like )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49007508185094073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1cc4711c-19c2-4f19-8ba1-4990a2323d7e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.707670"}
{"text": "without water lines | | 1683 | | ( like ) | | 2 | | same as 3 but much coarser | | 1668 | | 3 | | ( 1651 ) like mortar | | 1667 | | 4 | | 1674 ( like ) | | 1647 ( like ) | all same dips | 1667 | | 1647. 1648 | | 1672. 1673 | | like | | 1650 | | 1668 | | 1649. like | | 1674 like | coarser variety with pebbles | 1651 | | 1766. 1765 | | east entrance | | ( 1674. 1649 like ) | | 1767 | | 1768 | | clearly junction mark as in f | these rocks are traversed by dykes. of which i found three. 1st had even sides, straight & vertical & composed of the same substance as the surrounding mass, which was ( 1649 ), the central parts. were tinged red. \u2014 must be fissure filled up. \u2014 the two others were vertical, very tortuous & might be traced for long distance. \u2014 it the 2d was composed of rocks such as 1652 & 1672 ; about a foot thick \u2014 i could not perceive it altered the rocks. \u2014 it cut curious chemical nature all the beds, untill impeached the earthy feldspar, like 1651 & others something like 1683. \u2014 3d & thus [ sand ] in a ne & sw course an e & w course. \u2014 the 3d dyke was composed of rock ( 1670 ) with much mica & ran s & n \u2014 a small dyke of this nature cut through dyke 2d. \u2014 in one or two places there are conglomerate beds beneath such rocks as 1649. \u2014 1672. 1673. 74, always of a dark red colour. \u2014 they are composed of pebbles of a size of sand to that of a mans head. \u2014 the pebbles are of highly crystalline porphiries such as do not now exist near here. \u2014 they have been deposited in rapid current. from the stratification, general dip of beds same as usual. \u2014 from this & such specimens as ( 1783 ) with water lines i conclude all these rocks have been formed under water. \u2014 if i had only seen a section such as f. i should have thought ( 1677 ) had been melted & poured over the inferior rocks. \u2014 more especially as the junction is slightly inducted. \u2014 whatever origin of 1679 is it must be the same for all porphiries 1634 - - 39. for where section f is ; the cliffs end & great porphyritic formation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4932403113596592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1cc4711c-19c2-4f19-8ba1-4990a2323d7e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.709145"}
{"text": "inferior rocks. \u2014 more especially as the junction is slightly inducted. \u2014 whatever origin of 1679 is it must be the same for all porphiries 1634 - - 39. for where section f is ; the cliffs end & great porphyritic formation begins of which ( 1677 ) present in external form & nature a good type. \u2014 yet i cannot think rocks such as 1681. which pass into 1675. & such, 1673.,. 1674. which lie over rocks of aqueous origin such rocks as 1673 passing into. 1649 & pass into each other & alternate without marked change can owe their origins to such different causes as fire & water. section f is interesting, where porphyry 1677 dips into the sea. i thought it belonged to the range of hills behind the fort \u2014 it was only at its outcrop. i saw it overlying such rocks as 1678. 1679. ) & other coarser varieties with small pebbles such as ( 1649 ). \u2014 the dip is here w n w. \u2014 which is unusual & it is the point of a bite or bay & commencement of the tw softer rocks. \u2014 the general dip of all the above rocks is nnw. \u2014 but not accurately ; the stratification is in plains considerably disturbed. at dip at about 15\u00b0. \u2014 i noticed here the same fact as at the falklands namely outcrop behind outcrop without anticlinal lines. \u2014 [ sketch of anticlinal lines ] gran 1650 1675 white [ illeg ] 1681 1650 1674 red [ illeg ] 1649 1651 mortar & f. b. 1681 i may notice that form of harbor roughly agrees with stratification. creek running to the s. of w & e. \u2014 in the east of the fort, where the spaniards have quarried.. \u2014 the following rocks are visible. \u2014 1682 \u2014 \u2014 to 1691. \u2014 which tell something like same tale as section f. viz. that porphyry ( 1684 ) ( which is part of same bed with ( 1690 : 1691 ) & which include the principal varieties in the country. lies over rocks of a very earthy nature, sometimes quite soft. & very commonly lined with horizontal or waving ferruginous lines. as in sandstone, evidently formed in water. \u2014 these 6 rocks occur without any determinate order & pass into each other. \u2014 the passage of porhyry 1684. is certain. the laminated variety 1691. occurs at top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5015508718400333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1cc4711c-19c2-4f19-8ba1-4990a2323d7e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.714788"}
{"text": "lines. as in sandstone, evidently formed in water. \u2014 these 6 rocks occur without any determinate order & pass into each other. \u2014 the passage of porhyry 1684. is certain. the laminated variety 1691. occurs at top of bed. \u2014 which appears to be its common position. \u2014 these beds ( porphyry ) inducted dip to sse at 10\u00b0 ( or about ). now they rest on s side of great porphyry range. behind the fort. \u2014 this range runs about ene & wsw or ne & w. which line continued falls to the south of the cliffs. & therefore their northerly dip is explained by line of violence continued, although no actual hills are produced. the following facts are i think proved by geology of port desire viz that earthy & crystalline porphiries were formed, were covered by conglomerates & other mechanical rock ; that rocks partaking of both character of mechanical & chemical passed into each other & alternated an argument for the wernerians ; that there was a common deposit of white earthy feldspar : & that the dykes are of curious chemical nature, that the conglomerates are formed from the rolling of porphyries rocks now present. that these beds were upheaved by the chain of hills north of the fort. \u2014 that this roughly impressed the present form of land. \u2014 that in certain places, a great bed of yellowish sandy clay was deposited abounding with large ostreae very generally same fossils. with s josef & st fe contemporaneous. that the upper parts of this bed was purer clay & contained layers of gypsum, that above this there is bed of to earthy sandstone, sometimes generally ( same as in r. chupat near rios calcareous. \u2014 that these beds show no sign of violence. \u2014 that after this a most enormous alluvial action removed parts of the lower beds & deposited a vast thickness of rounded porphyry & white quartz pebbles. ( if these were two upheavals one took place at this period? ) \u2014 that the sea remained or this gave time enough to leave shells which now exist, even with their colours. elevated 247 feet above the sea. \u2014 then the land was elevated or sea subsided. \u2014 that some this there has been very great alluvial action, more than the present dry climate can account for. even if we put out of the case the great removals & immense vallies in the upper plain, where there are little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5266041695709405, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1cc4711c-19c2-4f19-8ba1-4990a2323d7e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.718035"}
{"text": ". \u2014 that some this there has been very great alluvial action, more than the present dry climate can account for. even if we put out of the case the great removals & immense vallies in the upper plain, where there are little traces of water ever running. we may instance the creek, which cuts through hard porphyry rocks, 100 to 200 feet high, nor only a little stream with which deposits mud. \u2014 leaving about pinnacles & overhanging crags, as a mark of former. \u2014 i saw one of the rude precipitatious side ravines, commencing at once, with a cliff 60 or 70 feet high, as in volcanic country. i think volcanic earthquakes must here have been present, & aided by rapid torrents. \u2014 would not old creeks, where is shown to exist in the harbour, when covered by modern beds yet be the lowest part & account for modern vallies coinciding with old ones. & these, leaving one to suppose present causes had effected them. when in such a case of this shells with their colour reducing you to a short period, renders it impossible. [ illeg ] gravel many from [ 2 words illeg ] shells rounded from the beach & mud from [ illeg ] with [ illeg ] bones. [ illeg ] 30 32. 164 in same hours. 4 3 / 4 7 = 10 / 4 7 = 19 / 28 of. 164. =. 111 28 / 3116 ( 111 ) 19 31 16 supposing to conflict or porphyry & modern beds upheave upheaved together ( proposing a foot or two this n. plain ) ( superposition of gravel. \u2014 ) ( age of bed. calc. sandstone ) 2. stratification & dip 1. general origin. \u2014 age & c & c porphyries up harbor & c great modern bed. ( elevation of plain, height & c sterility salt water vallies & c old system ( gravel above ( oyster & porphyries ) port st. julian nature of gravel [ sketch ] ( change in life from gravel the gravel not very long after the argilla being then not very darker for clay beds from oyster being found higher up. \u2014 yet after the deposit of gravel complete change of life. \u2014 modern shells inland of pectens julian & where it would appear to be a [ calanote ] over the than species on the right & being replaced by other sorts [ turions ] ( shells from coast ) patella", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4833589932814514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1cc4711c-19c2-4f19-8ba1-4990a2323d7e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.721060"}
{"text": "american journal of physical anthropology doi : 10. 1002 / ajpa. 21350 a mitochondrial revelation of early human migrations to the tibetan plateau before and after the last glacial maximum zhendong qin et al. as the highest plateau surrounded by towering mountain ranges, the tibetan plateau was once considered to be one of the last populated areas of modern humans. however, this view has been tremendously changed by archeological, linguistic, and genetic findings in the past 60 years. nevertheless, the timing and routes of entry of modern humans into the tibetan plateau is still unclear. to make these problems clear, we carried out high - resolution mitochondrial - dna ( mtdna ) analyses on 562 tibeto - burman inhabitants from nine different regions across the plateau. by examining the mtdna haplogroup distributions and their principal components, we demonstrated that maternal diversity on the plateau reflects mostly a northern east asian ancestry. furthermore, phylogeographic analysis of plateau - specific sublineages based on 31 complete mtdna sequences revealed two primary components : pre - last glacial maximum ( lgm ) inhabitants and post - lgm immigrants. also, the analysis of one major pre - lgm sublineage a10 showed a strong signal of post - lgm population expansion ( about 15, 000 years ago ) and greater diversity in the southern part of the tibetan plateau, indicating the southern plateau as a refuge place when climate dramatically changed during lgm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5235454336001812, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d32f9ddc-4262-42d6-9ee7-e333e68f6c2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.723713"}
{"text": "date : december 2004 creator : habel, agnieszka description : this problem in lieu of thesis is a discussion of two topics : brownian movement and quantum computers. brownian movement is a physical phenomenon in which the particle velocity is constantly undergoing random fluctuations. chapters 2, 3 and 4, describe brownian motion from three different perspectives. the next four chapters are devoted to the subject of quantum computers, which are the signal of a new era of technology and science combined together. in the first chapter i present to a reader the two topics of my problem in lieu of thesis. in the second chapter i explain the idea of brownian motion, its interpretation as a stochastic process and i find its distribution function. the next chapter illustrates the probabilistic picture of brownian motion, where the statistical averages over trajectories are related to the probability distribution function. chapter 4 shows how to derive the langevin equation, introduced in chapter 1, using a hamiltonian picture of a bath with infinite number of harmonic oscillators. the chapter 5 explains how the idea of quantum computers was developed and how step - by - step all the puzzles for the field of quantum computers were created. the next chapter, chapter 6, discus the basic quantum unit of information... contributing partner : unt libraries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.7444297127121304, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36a21367-2041-439f-8700-4349c0abc5be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.725596"}
{"text": "\u201c i think every kid has picked up an interesting rock, \u201d she said. \u201c have you ever picked up a rock that \u2019 s shaped like a heart? that \u2019 s shaped like a potato? that \u2019 s shaped like a bird? maybe it had a pretty color or had crystals in it. just about everybody as a child has collected some kind of rock. \u201d in this case, treasure has nothing to do with money, unless that includes the money roberts has invested in her rock hound habit. she was one of those children who picked up pretty rocks, but her appreciation never went away. today, she \u2019 s president of the north mississippi gem and mineral society, a group of like - minded people who think good things can be found by looking down. \u201c we don \u2019 t do a lot digging. you \u2019 re looking at the surface or just below the surface, \u201d said roberts, 61, of counce, tenn. \u201c a lot of material comes to the surface after a heavy rain. if you \u2019 re collecting a day or two after a heavy rain, you need your mud boots on. mississippi is known for its ooey, gooey clay. \u201d the society has regular field trips to hunt for new rocks and minerals. in these litigious days, it \u2019 s important to get permission from land owners before the searching begins. provisions include a rock hammer, shovel and safety glasses, as well as containers to hold fresh finds and a screwdriver to pry things up, roberts said. \u201c you \u2019 ve got to pack your own lunch and water, \u201d she said. \u201c some of the places we collect at are old quarries, so there aren \u2019 t any facilities. you have to be pretty self - sufficient. \u201d society members have loaned some of their finds for an exhibit at the oren dunn city museum in tupelo \u2019 s ballard park. the collection includes items on loan from the mississippi museum of natural science in jackson. the \u201c mississippi \u2019 s geologic history : written in stone \u201d exhibit features fossilized sea life from the mississippian period, which was 323 to 363 million years ago, as well as clay from monroe county used to make kitty litter. crystals, geodes and petrified wood also are included. the rare and common rocks, minerals and fossils will be on display until march 23. self - described rock hounds come to the hobby in different ways. while roberts likes to put on her mud boots and hunt for fossils, john byzet, 65, of tupelo, has other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39679661162682284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2e9108e-593e-4869-b017-cd543be281de>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.754324"}
{"text": "fossils will be on display until march 23. self - described rock hounds come to the hobby in different ways. while roberts likes to put on her mud boots and hunt for fossils, john byzet, 65, of tupelo, has other ways of attaining new rocks. \u201c i go on some field trips, but not many. some of it is mail order. some of it is swap meets. some of it is friends, \u201d he said. \u201c if i \u2019 ve got a friend going to africa, i say, \u2018 pick me up a rock or two. \u2019 i \u2019 ve got a friend going to israel. he \u2019 ll pick me up malachite. \u201d when he gets hold of stones, byzet likes to cut them into facets to reveal their beauty. \u201c mostly it \u2019 s amethyst, \u201d he said. \u201c i like that rock. it \u2019 s got a nice, purple glimmer to it. \u201d byzet got into collecting as a child, when a neighbor introduced him to the hobby. he didn \u2019 t know it at the time, but that neighbor and her husband were responsible for a semi - precious stone exhibit at a san diego museum. \u201c she gave me my first collection, \u201d byzet said. rocks lost their appeal for byzet over the years, and he put them away until about three or four years ago, when he saw them again through youthful eyes. \u201c my grandson was up here and saw some and he drew me back into it. i \u2019 ve been enjoying it. i \u2019 ve learned a lot. you can \u2019 t help but learn if you do it and piddle around, \u201d said byzet, who maintains the society \u2019 s website, www. nmgms. org. at its monthly meetings at the lee county library, the society holds workshops on various aspects of the hobby. there are classes on faceting, as well as tips on how to collect, identify and display collections. there \u2019 s also plenty of plain, old give - and - take between the members, said robert langford, 64, a professional geologist from saltillo. \u201c i just love geology, \u201d he said, \u201c and it \u2019 s a good opportunity to meet with people who have the same interests. \u201d like roberts, langford focuses on fossils, and that fascination has trickled down to two of his daughters. \u201c they have their own collections, \u201d he said. \u201c they have a good time collecting fossils. \u201d the hobby has come full", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4022101624141535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2e9108e-593e-4869-b017-cd543be281de>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.757799"}
{"text": ". \u201d like roberts, langford focuses on fossils, and that fascination has trickled down to two of his daughters. \u201c they have their own collections, \u201d he said. \u201c they have a good time collecting fossils. \u201d the hobby has come full circle for langford, who was helped and encouraged by his mother when he was a teenager. \u201c it \u2019 s about hunting and finding and trying to figure out what it was, \u201d he said. \u201c from a family standpoint, it \u2019 s a great hobby. \u201d treasure comes in all shapes and sizes, and people deal with it in different ways. a lot of langford \u2019 s collection is packed away in boxes, while byzet combines woodworking with rock hounding to create display cases out of black walnut. \u201c everybody comes at it their own way, \u201d roberts said. \u201c that \u2019 s what \u2019 s great about it. \u201d there is one commonality society members share. roberts said that at some point in their lives, \u201c they \u2019 ve picked up a rock and said, \u2018 i wonder if there is someone around who can tell me what this is. \u2019 \u201d the answer is \u201c yes. \u201d \u201c if we can \u2019 t tell them, \u201d roberts said, \u201c we know where to steer them. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4135570057908261, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2e9108e-593e-4869-b017-cd543be281de>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.759145"}
{"text": "as a policy, python doesn ' t run user - specified code on startup of python programs. ( only interactive sessions execute the script specified in the pythonstartup environment variable if it exists ). however, some programs or sites may find it convenient to allow users to have a standard customization file, which gets run when a program requests it. this module implements such a mechanism. a program that wishes to use the mechanism must execute the statement the user module looks for a file. pythonrc. py in the user ' s home directory and if it can be opened, executes it ( using execfile ( ) ) in its own ( the module user ' s ) global namespace. errors during this phase are not caught ; that ' s up to the program that imports the user module, if it wishes. the home directory is assumed to be named by the home environment variable ; if this is not set, the current directory is used. the user ' s. pythonrc. py could conceivably test for sys. version if it wishes to do different things depending on the python version. a warning to users : be very conservative in what you place in your. pythonrc. py file. since you don ' t know which programs will use it, changing the behavior of standard modules or functions is generally not a good idea. a suggestion for programmers who wish to use this mechanism : a simple way to let users specify options for your package is to have them define variables in their. pythonrc. py file that you test in your module. for example, a module spam that has a verbosity level can look for a variable user. spam _ verbose, as follows : import user verbose = bool ( getattr ( user, \" spam _ verbose \", 0 ) ) ( the three - argument form of getattr ( ) is used in case the user has not defined spam _ verbose in their programs with extensive customization needs are better off reading a program - specific customization file. programs with security or privacy concerns should not import this module ; a user can easily break into a program by placing arbitrary code in the. pythonrc. py file. modules for general use should not import this module ; it may interfere with the operation of the importing program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4483582376025545, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0d7a934e-59a5-4304-9f2f-f2ae12c2f02f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.771906"}
{"text": "preterm labor occurs between the 20th and 37th week of pregnancy. this labor includes both uterine contractions and cervical changes. a full - term pregnancy lasts 38 - 42 weeks but preterm labor can lead to early delivery. infants born before 37 weeks are considered premature. in most cases, the cause is of preterm labor is unknown. some preterm labor is associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes ( pprom ). pprom is the rupture of both the amniotic sac and chorion membranes. it generally occurs at least one hour before labor begins. the chance of preterm - labor is greatest in women under the 18 years or over 35 years. other maternal factors that may increase the chance of preterm labor include : - low socioeconomic status - lack of prenatal care and social support - being underweight or obese before becoming pregnant - physical, sexual, or emotional abuse - severe depression or anxiety - high blood pressure - clotting disorders - hormonal imbalance - certain medications to treat health problems or exposure to diethylstilbestrol ( des ) - illicit drug use - alcohol use pregnancy complications that may increase your risk of preterm labor include : - placental abruption - premature rupture of the membranes - carrying more than one baby - vaginal bleeding after 16 weeks, or during more than one trimester - infection in the cervix, uterus, vagina, or urinary tract including stds - being pregnant with a single fetus after in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) - presence of a retained intrauterine device - incompetent cervix - too much or too little fluid surrounding the baby - surgery on your abdomen during pregnancy - amniotic fluid infection - intrauterine fetal death - intrauterine growth delay - birth defects in the baby other factors associated with an increased chance of preterm labor include : - history of one or more spontaneous second - trimester abortions - less than six months between giving birth and the beginning of the next pregnancy - a previous preterm birth - uterine fibroids - abnormally shaped uterus symptoms may include : - abdominal pain that feels something like menstrual cramps - dull pain in the lower back - pressure in the pelvis and tightening in the thighs - vaginal bleeding or spotting, or watery discharge your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4068857246384894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3664d011-a31b-4646-9562-ba36ed5c68ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.792362"}
{"text": "cramps - dull pain in the lower back - pressure in the pelvis and tightening in the thighs - vaginal bleeding or spotting, or watery discharge your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your doctor may recommend tests to check your cervix and membranes have ruptured. an ultrasound will help your doctor see internal structures and the baby. fluids in the cervix will also be tested for sign of labor progression. a tocometer may be placed to help monitor contractions. treatment will depend on your baby ' s development, especially the growth of the lungs. if your doctor believes the baby is ready, the labor may be allowed to continue. if the baby is not ready to be delivered, your doctor may try to stop the labor. stopping labor is a complicated process and may not always work. some treatment options may include : - tocolytics \u2014 may delay labor for a few days - corticosteroids \u2014 to help the baby ' s lungs develop - antibiotics \u2014 if an infection is suspected or present to help reduce your chance of preterm labor, take the following steps : - get the proper prenatal care throughout your entire pregnancy. - eat a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. - avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs. - keep chronic diseases under control. - stay active during your pregnancy. your doctor can give you exercise guidelines that are right for you. - if you are at high - risk for premature birth, talk to your doctor about progesterone therapy. - reviewer : andrea chisholm, md ; brian randall, md - review date : 04 / 2013 - - update date : 04 / 23 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3969013472435114, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3664d011-a31b-4646-9562-ba36ed5c68ae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.795924"}
{"text": "sev331 : focus vocational skills - 1hr ( 2012 - 2013 ) curriculum program : special education course title : focus vocational skills - 1hr calendar year : 2012 - 2013 grade level : 9 - 12 course length : 36 weeks major concepts / content : the focus vocational skills course provides students with the knowledge and skills necessary to identify career options, access community resources, and practice work - related behaviors. the course provides guided \" on - the - job \" practice in school and community settings for a range of post - secondary careers. the skills necessary for success in the working environment are emphasized to include decision making, problem solving, critical thinking, interpersonal relationships, technology, workplace readiness, and communication. major instructional activities : practical application and generalization of course concepts occurs in natural settings such as home, school, and community. instructional activities include personal and career planning, resume writing, interview skills, investigating personality traits associated with various types of jobs, and completion of interest inventories / forms / applications. students have multiple opportunities to research various types of jobs, identify necessary income for post - secondary living expenses, research potential income for diverse jobs, and review employment sections of newspaper and internet. employer expectations will be emphasized to include decision making and problem solving skills, communication and social skills with supervisors and co - workers, following directions ( oral & written ), workplace readiness skills, and rights and responsibilities of employees. work - based strategies appropriate for this course include study trips to community businesses, job shadowing, and service learning. activities may require the student to be knowledgeable of the use of related technology, tools, and equipment. major evaluative techniques : students will be evaluated through informal and formal assessments. multiple authentic assessments will be used as students perform, produce and demonstrate skills both in the classroom and real life settings. this course may not be mastered in one year and students may earn multiple credits in this course. course objectives : the essential objectives of focus vocational skills are designed to facilitate learning outcomes appropriate to the instructional needs of each student. instructional activities are based upon real world needs with the goal of increased independence and autonomy in his or her home and community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4476948054510979, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:715d1589-354f-4cc0-bd8c-985ecdfa6240>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.801379"}
{"text": "labrador retriever originated in newfoundland, canada. small water dogs were used to retrieve birds and fish ; they even pulled small boats through the water. their strong desire to work, versatility, and waterproof coats impressed fishermen, one of whom brought a dog back to england with him. lord malmsbury saw this dog, then called a st. john \u2019 s dog, and imported several from newfoundland. lord malmsbury is credited with having started to call the dogs labradors, although the reason is lost to history. eventually, the english quarantine stopped additional imports from coming into the country, and the labradors already in england were cross - bred to other retrievers. however, breed fanciers soon put a stop to that, and the breed as we know it today was born. labrador retriever is probably the most popular dog breed in the world. labrador retriever is a medium - sized, strongly built dog breed that retains its hunting and working instincts. standing between 21. 5 and 24. 5 inches tall and weighing between 55 and 80 pounds, with females smaller than males, the breed is compact and well - balanced. labrador retrievers have short, weather - resistant coats that can be yellow, black, or chocolate. the head is broad, the eyes are friendly, and the tail is otterlike. grooming a labrador retriever is not difficult, although it is amazing how much the coat can shed at times. shedding is worst in spring and fall when the short, dense undercoat and coarser outer coat lose all the dead hair. brushing daily during these times will lessen the amount of hair in the house. photo : labrador retriever puppies \u2013 brown, black and yellow. labrador retrievers do everything with vigor. when it \u2019 s time to play, they play hard. when it \u2019 s time to take a nap, they do that with enthusiasm, too. but this desire to play and instinct to work means that labs need vigorous exercise every day and a job to do. they need to bring in the newspaper every morning, learn to pick up their toys, and train in obedience. labrador retrievers do very well in many canine activities, including agility, flyball, field tests and trials, tracking, search - and - rescue work, and therapy dog work. labrador retrievers still enjoy swimming, and if water is available, a swim is a great way to burn off excess energy. early socialization and training can teach a labrador retriever puppy household rules and social manners. training should continue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4315766571866127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1ed2d8a-27ec-4d1b-8271-d3ae5586c0ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.812209"}
{"text": "therapy dog work. labrador retrievers still enjoy swimming, and if water is available, a swim is a great way to burn off excess energy. early socialization and training can teach a labrador retriever puppy household rules and social manners. training should continue throughout puppyhood and into adulthood so that the labrador retriever \u2019 s mind is kept busy. the labrador retriever can learn advanced obedience, tricks, or anything else her owner wishes to teach her. labrador retrievers are great family dogs. they will bark when people approach the house but are not watchdogs or protective. labrador retriever puppies are boisterous and rambunctious and need to be taught to be gentle with young children. older kids will enjoy the lab \u2019 s willingness to play. most labrador retrievers are also good with other dogs and can learn to live with small pets, although interactions should be supervised. health concerns include hip and elbow dysplasia, knee problems, eye problems, and allergies. the labrador retriever loves to swim. however, as unlikely as it may seem, labs do not come \u201c out of the box \u201d knowing how to swim. furthermore, some labs become truly nervous around water. that having been said, most labs can be taught to swim quickly and easily, and a few simple lessons can lead to hours of enjoyment for both you and your dog. there are a number of reasons to teach your lab to swim while he \u2019 s still a pup. for one thing, it \u2019 s easier on the dog. a large dog has a lot of body weight to manage in the water, and for a dog new to swimming, this can increase the slope of the learning curve. puppies, because of their small size, have an easier time. see 7. 5 week old labrador pups go to the water for the first time even before you teach your lab to swim, you can start off on the right foot by building his confidence around water. take your dog for a walk around the local pond or lake. encourage any interest that your dog shows in the water with verbal praise. if he is willing to get his feet wet, encourage him to do so and praise him when he does. simple preliminaries like this lay a strong foundation for you because you teach the dog that there is no reason to fear water. remember that the primary goal here is to provide positive experiences for your lab around and in the water. making sure that the aquatic site you \u2019 ve chosen is safe goes a long way towards ensuring such experiences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4184633549408102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1ed2d8a-27ec-4d1b-8271-d3ae5586c0ae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.813506"}
{"text": "fixing math education 2 aka \" drill - n - kill \" vs \" inquiry based \" aka \" traditional \" vs \" progressive \" notice how some terms just naturally sound better than others? does that have anything to do with the substance of the ideas? so there ' s really no general agreement on what constructivism is. some people argue it ' s not curriculum or pedagogy, it ' s brain science. i simply use it to refer to those approaches of teaching mathematics that require students to develop their own mathematics from scratch. it might include \" problem solving, \" \" discovery learning, \" and \" inquiry - based learning ( ibl ). \" my apologies to those who will claim that i do violence to their pet definitions here. but there do seem to be two general camps. on the one hand we have those who think students should learn efficient, time - tested methods of solving problems, and learn them to mastery ( automation ). these i call \" traditionalists. \" on the other hand, we have those who emphasize that students should learn to think creatively, develop strategies to solve novel problems, and develop deep insights into mathematics. these i call \" constructivists. \" the answer is actually simple. we need both. however, when sacrifices must be made, there is one approach that is essential, and one that is merely desirable. unfortunately, reasonable people will disagree about which is which. this, however, is my blog, so my opinion is right. the much - maligned traditional method is essential. we must first realize that there is a great deal of disinformation floating around about the traditional method. its opponents claim the traditional method teaches rote memorization without understanding or thinking. except perhaps in some isolated enclaves where stereotypically poor teaching took place, this has never been the case. all the widely used math textbooks of the 19th century, for example, emphasized \" mental arithmetic, \" that is, the ability to think through multiple - step problems \" in your head \" and give the solution, not only without a calculator but even without a pencil. the kinds of thinking and understanding that were required differed from what is expected today, because the skill set expected of an educated person has changed. so in those days, being able to carry sums in your head was far more important than, say, sketching the graph of an exponential function. in honest debate, we must realize that \" back - to - the - basics \" or \" traditional education \" does not imply restricting ourselves to the content or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5892840325303652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3535704f-b5bd-472f-8527-dae8657df5b5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.817530"}
{"text": "your head was far more important than, say, sketching the graph of an exponential function. in honest debate, we must realize that \" back - to - the - basics \" or \" traditional education \" does not imply restricting ourselves to the content or objectives of a bygone era. the primary features of the traditional method include : 1 ) understanding a mathematical concept, e. g. \" what does it mean to add two numbers? \" 2 ) memorization of basic facts / definitions / results, e. g. \" the times tables. \" 3 ) application of memorized knowledge to novel problems and more advanced concepts. 4 ) review and maintenance of memorized knowledge. the traditional method results in efficient learning and provides the foundation necessary for creative thinking, even if it fails to sufficiently address that objective, according to its critics. and yes, even educators from singapore, whose students smoke the americans in international tests, are looking with envy at the creativity of some of our students. this demonstrates that a commitment to the essential objectives may not produce all the results that are desirable. it is well documented in cognitive science that the brain has a limited capacity to manipulate objects in \" working memory. \" it is often said that we cannot process more than seven memory objects at once, which supposedly explains why phone numbers have seven digits ( only now they have 10, but that ' s ok, because the phone remembers all the numbers for us ). the working memory is where problem solving and creative activities take place. the working memory can access permanent memory for information it needs. however, any new information that must be taken in to solve a problem must occupy space in the working memory, thus taking away from the space available for creative activity. that is why we quickly become frustrated when trying to follow assembly instructions that include many terms with which we are not familiar. even if the actual steps in the process are simple, if they involve several terms that are not defined in our permanent memory, those terms require space in our working memory which is then not available for solving the problem. this explains why the pedagogic fad of \" learning to learn \" is a failure. we do indeed need skills for learning - - but such skills are utterly dependent on a reliable bank of information which can be accessed instantly and does not require the use of working memory. the first step in problem solving or creativity must be putting as much relevant information as we can into permanent memory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5548426345663906, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3535704f-b5bd-472f-8527-dae8657df5b5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.818587"}
{"text": "a continuation of our predictions of big issues for 2011... don \u2019 t expect the debates on teaching quality to end anytime soon. we suspect that data from test scores ( a la the los angeles times series of 2010 ) will continue to be used to determine a teacher \u2019 s effectiveness in the classroom. beyond the problems of relying on one strand of data, this approach also reinforces the unfortunate lack of attention given to the early grades, since statewide tests are typically, and appropriately, not administered to children younger than 8 or 9. this disregard of teacher quality in the early years has led to a sorry state in many schools. a 2007 study published in science, for example, showed that only 10 percent of poor children experience high - quality instruction throughout their elementary school years. so we applaud the focus on effective teaching in principle. what we wish is that it would go much deeper. teachers and principals should be assessing the quality of their instruction using research - based tools that feed on most teachers \u2019 desires to improve. early childhood programs know this already. tools like the classroom assessment scoring system ( class ) are in use throughout the head start program and in several state - wide pre - k programs as well. ( in fact, they may become a tool for determining which head start programs have to re - compete for funds. ) these research - based tools use data from minute - by - minute observations of classroom interactions to determine where teachers excel and where they need to change their approach. according to anecdotal reports from teachers in these programs, the observational records are incredibly helpful in honing their craft. could this be the year for elementary and secondary schools to wake up to the potential of these kinds of tools? next up : hot spot # 5, striving readers and other competitions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4827756731058873, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d3a52c4-3b81-46a2-a495-28a1c3a3d883>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.820416"}
{"text": "president obama \u2019 s announcement friday that his administration will stop deporting eligible undocumented people under the age of 30 is certain to provide fodder for more election - season debates over immigration. politics aside, however, the new policy will certainly make waves in early learning centers, schools and social services agencies, where children and young parents affected by the new policy are likely to interact with schools and government programs in new ways. under the new policy, undocumented residents under 30 will be allowed to reside in the united states if they meet a set of criteria, such as having arrived in the united states before the age of 16 or having either a high school diploma, ged or serving in the military. the policy does not provide a path to citizenship, like many democrat versions of the dream act have in the past. below, three of our biggest questions on what \u2019 s to come : 1 ) will parents with children in states with strict immigration laws actually feel more protected? will those states bend to meet the spirit of the federal policy? the administration is emphasizing that it wants to focus resources on deporting people that pose a \u201c national security or public safety risk, \u201d and less on deporting as many illegal immigrants as possible, regardless of their contributions to society. but the new policy, which the associated press estimates will affect up to 800, 000 young people, doesn \u2019 t necessarily change the mood in states such as alabama, where a law passed last year ( and currently being challenged by the obama administration in the 11th circuit u. s. court of appeals ) requires children to document their immigration status when they enroll in school. many believe that the law is intimidating families with more than one undocumented member, and even preventing them from sending their children to school \u2014 despite the fact that undocumented children have the right to a public education in the u. s. 2 ) will the new policy have any effect on families \u2019 enrollment in home visiting programs or on children \u2019 s enrollment in child care and pre - k programs? parents who reside in the united states illegally have been known anecdotally to shy away from enrolling in home visiting programs and / or state - funded pre - k for fear that government officials could find out the immigration status of the family. it \u2019 s possible, then, that young immigrant parents in good standing with the government will be more inclined to enroll in such programs in the future. 3 ) how many parents with young children, illegal or legal, will be affected? many parents under 30 are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41782376885178363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a7e50e4-f630-4bc2-a484-cdffac70e05f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.823666"}
{"text": "s possible, then, that young immigrant parents in good standing with the government will be more inclined to enroll in such programs in the future. 3 ) how many parents with young children, illegal or legal, will be affected? many parents under 30 are now eligible to stay in the united states, but there is a limit to how helpful this will be : for example, under the new policy, an undocumented 8 - year old with parents over 30 still risks losing his or her parents due to deportation. ensuring that immigrant children grow up without their parents being deported isn \u2019 t the explicit goal of the new policy. it \u2019 s something to keep in mind, however, as these policies evolve and change in the future. if providing immigrant children with solid education and life opportunities and focusing immigration enforcement on those who pose security and public safety risks is the ultimate goal, then policies that help keep families together while kids are growing up is a logical next step, though it \u2019 s unlikely we \u2019 ll see much further action on this front until congress takes up the long - overdue issue of comprehensive immigration reform. update 6 / 19 : the foundation for child development ( full disclosure : one of our funders ) released a report this morning that reiterates why this issue should carry more weight : children in immigrant families provides a detailed assessment of trends in the well - being of the one in four children who are the sons and daughters of immigrants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4386255838663822, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a7e50e4-f630-4bc2-a484-cdffac70e05f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.824882"}
{"text": "do you ever feel like no matter what you do to get healthier or fit that you don \u2019 t seem to succeed? have you tried every diet out there, only to find the restrictions too difficult to manage? have you attempted in earnest to maintain a fitness program only to find that, despite your best efforts, doing a consistent routine is too difficult to manage? with all these starts and stops over years and decades, you may think : what \u2019 s the point of trying? or maybe you \u2019 ve given up and resolved to just accept poor health as part of your life. well, the inability to \u201c stick with it \u201d has many facets, some of which you may not be able to control. in fact, research shows that the self - control needed to succeed in many of these cases may be a limited resource. in 2006, michael inzlicht and colleagues at the university of toronto scarborough studied what happens in the brain when humans try to abstain from something they want. that is, when we try to use willpower to refrain from acting on our urges to do something specific. failure to control one \u2019 s behavior is found in all aspects of life. it includes acting out, saying mean things, stealing and drug abuse. it also encompasses not doing things that are good for you like walking, eating healthy and getting plenty of rest. inzlicht set up a study, published in the journal psychological science, which tested participants \u2019 self - control over time. participants were first asked to do something to deplete their \u201c store \u201d of willpower or behavioral control and then see how much they had left for another, unrelated task. first, participants watched an emotionally upsetting movie and were asked to suppress their emotions and try not to cry during especially difficult scenes. following this, participants completed what is called a stroop task. stroop is a psychological test that measures the reaction time needed to name colors that are printed in a color not associated with the color word. in other words, saying \u201c green \u201d when the word \u201c green \u201d was printed in the color red. this task may seem simple. while this seems simple, if you try it you will see how much self - control it takes not to blurt out the printed color and to have to suppress that urge and replace it with a correct response. during both the watching of the film and the stroop task, participants \u2019 brain activity was measured by an eeg ( electroencephalography ) device. this records the electrical activity on the scalp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5159163859738752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ece9155-b933-4d67-b97e-036f5f903fb3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.832966"}
{"text": "urge and replace it with a correct response. during both the watching of the film and the stroop task, participants \u2019 brain activity was measured by an eeg ( electroencephalography ) device. this records the electrical activity on the scalp to measure voltage changes within the brain \u2019 s neurons. what the researchers discovered was intriguing. when participants had to restrain themselves and exert quite a bit of self - control ( when not expressing emotions or when trying to say the names of colors ), there was an increase of brain activity in the part of the brain \u2019 s frontal lobe known as the anterior cingulate cortex. this is the region of the brain involved in autonomic functions, like regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision - making and emotion. the interesting finding in this study is that there was less frontal lobe activity with the stroop task after watching the gut - wrenching film. in other words, when a fair amount of self - control was previously used on one task, the next time it was needed there was less available for use. these findings suggest that people may not have as much willpower or control over their behavior as time progresses and demands are placed on them to exert such control. it is pretty discouraging to think that the human brain is capable only of providing a strong degree of self - control during a given time period. that might seem to leave most of us with little hope for change. think about it : if we use self - control to not eat a sticky bun with breakfast and force ourselves to take that morning jog, then we will have less available control over our behavior when it comes to making lunch and dinner choices, or passing on the second round of drinks, or going to the gym or to yoga class. is it any wonder why so many fail at diets and exercise routines time and time again? well, this needn \u2019 t be the case and more information has recently been published on this issue. a study again headed by inzlicht, this time with colleague brandon schmeichel of texas a & m university, appeared in the september issue of the journal perspectives on psychological science. in this further research, inzlicht now finds that the \u201c limited resource \u201d model of self - control is too narrow and does not explain the exceptions, the times when self - control is in place and one is able to maintain the level necessary to effect positive change by making repeated good choices. it is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5270448430177069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ece9155-b933-4d67-b97e-036f5f903fb3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.834006"}
{"text": "\u201c limited resource \u201d model of self - control is too narrow and does not explain the exceptions, the times when self - control is in place and one is able to maintain the level necessary to effect positive change by making repeated good choices. it is not a \u201c use it or lose it \u201d situation as previously thought, but more closely tied to motivation, this study shows. while previous research apparently pointed to a decrease in the amount of willpower available with each passing task requiring some form of self - control, this conclusion may be flawed because of the generic activity used in the studies. in other words, researchers had set up lab situations wherein subjects had no strong motivation influencing their behavior. the more recent study indicates that mood, personal beliefs, positive reinforcement and motivation play a big role in exerting willpower. inzlicht and schmeichel propose that \u201c engaging in self - control by definition, is hard work ; it involved deliberation, attention, and vigilance. \u201d it \u2019 s not the case that resisting an extra piece of bacon at breakfast uses up our daily store of willpower, making self - control more difficult later in the day when needed. rather, it seems that the motivation to exert our willpower later in the day seems less motivating. at that later time, we tend to want to reward ourselves for hard work done. in the end, as with everything else affecting health and well - being, you can divide your circumstances into things you can do to help reach your goals and things beyond your control. in the case of self - control, you need long - term behavior modification for success. my experience has shown that trying to restrict too many things is what leads to failure. for example, trying to set new exercise goals, diet routines and sleep patterns all at the same time creates an overwhelming struggle. instead, making one change for a few weeks before adding another seems to allow the brain and behaviors to reshape and recondition to the new activity. repetition over time turns a self - controlled behavior into a habit that then keeps taking place on autopilot. once the first piece of the healthy behavior is under new control, add the second piece, and so on. in this way, you don \u2019 t run out of your willpower stores, you don \u2019 t deplete your motivation and you learn new healthier behaviors along the way. without behavior modification, all programs for change will fail. think about times you have tried to make positive changes in your life and have fallen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.516614751815772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ece9155-b933-4d67-b97e-036f5f903fb3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.834958"}
{"text": "you wouldn \u2019 t guess that a bit of green slime could do so much. but from from food to fuel, petroalgae, inc. seems to have thought of everything. this florida - based renewable energy company has developed a technology in which algae and other microorganisms produce fuel to feed cars, animals, and even humans... and say they can do it cheaper than anyone else. with the addition of a few basic nutrients, algae gather most of their energy from the sun. the result is a protein and carbohydrate - rich slime that can be converted to a variety of products. first, the protein is extracted and processed into animal feed or blended into human food products. petroalgae actually lists one of its products as \u201c meal replacer \u201d, conjuring images of our new utopian future in which chewing is obsolete. after the protein extraction, what remains is a \u201c lipid - carbohydrate mash \u201d. petroalgae claims that this material can be sent directly to a petroleum refinery and processed into diesel, gas, or jet fuel without the need to retro - fit any of the refinery \u2019 s conventional equipment. algae cultivation requires very little square - footage relative to conventional crops, can be grown on non - arable land, and consumes up to twice its weight in carbon dioxide as it grows. in addition to algae, petroalgae draws from a large pool of microorganisms including diatoms, cyanobacteria, and micro - angiosperms ( tiny flowering plants ). while exact species remain unnamed, the company conscientiously notes that they use only species indigenous to the region in which a production facility will be installed. they have already begun licensing their technology to commercial facilities in asia, and are poised to complete contracts with the u. s. and several european countries this year. each licensee is promised the potential to produce 1. 5 million barrels of transportation fuel per year, or the equivalent of 1. 4 billion miles for a single truck. if petroalgae \u2019 s assertions hold true, the cost of fuel production is essentially paid for by the revenue from food and feed products, meaning that their microbe - derived fuels will remain competitive with fossil fuels, at any price. petroalgae is in the business of licensing its technology rather than building the algae plants itself. it already has deals with algae farms in india and china and is currently working on deals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5091021872153745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:235c3761-1dbf-4b3f-b89f-5074a6be7e73>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.837408"}
{"text": ". net type design guidelines | visual c # tutorials | |. net framework tutorials |. net type design guidelines | \u00a9 2006 microsoft corp. | | this tutorial \u2014. net type design guidelines \u2014 is from framework design guidelines : conventions, idioms, and patterns for reusable. net libraries, by krzysztof cwalina, brad abrams. copyright \u00a9 2006 microsoft corp.. all rights reserved. this article is reproduced by permission. this tutorial has been edited especially for c # online. net. read the book review! | ( this article was written and annotated by members of the microsoft common language runtime ( clr ) and. net teams and other experts. ) type design guidelines in. net from the clr perspective, there are only two categories of types \u2014 reference types and value types \u2014 but for the purpose of framework design discussion we divide types into more logical groups, each with its own specific design rules. figure 4 - 1 shows these logical groups. classes are the general case of reference types. they make up the bulk of types in the majority of frameworks. classes owe their popularity to the rich set of object - oriented features they support and to their general applicability. base classes and abstract classes are special logical groups related to extensibility. extensibility and base classes are covered in chapter 6. interfaces are types that can be implemented both by reference types and value types. this allows them to serve as roots of polymorphic hierarchies of reference types and value types. in addition, interfaces can be used to simulate multiple inheritance, which is not natively supported by the clr. structs are the general case of value types and should be reserved for small, simple types, similar to language primitives. enums are a special case of value types used to define short sets of values, such as days of the week, console colors, and so on. static classes are types intended as containers for static members. they are commonly used to provide shortcuts to other operations. delegates, exceptions, attributes, arrays, and collections are all special cases of reference types intended for specific uses, and guidelines for their design and usage are discussed elsewhere in this book. - do ensure that each type is a well - defined set of related members, not just a random collection of unrelated functionality. - it is important that a type can be described in one simple sentence. a good definition should also rule out functionality that is only tangentially related. | if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5514717106930918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c35af72-3e52-40ad-bf2e-d5f5676c535e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.841173"}
{"text": "- defined set of related members, not just a random collection of unrelated functionality. - it is important that a type can be described in one simple sentence. a good definition should also rule out functionality that is only tangentially related. | if you have ever managed a team of people you know that they don ' t do well without a crisp set of responsibilities. well, types work the same way. i have noticed that types without a firm and focused scope tend to be magnets for more random functionality, which, over time, make a small problem a lot worse. it becomes more difficult to justify why the next member with even more random functionality does not belong in the type. as the focus of the members in a type blurs, the developer ' s ability to predict where to find a given functionality is impaired, and therefore so is productivity. | | good types are like good diagrams : what has been omitted is as important to clarity and usability as what has been included. every additional member you add to a type starts at a net negative value and only by proven usefulness does it go from there to positive. if you add too much in an attempt to make the type more useful to some, you are just as likely to make the type useless to everyone. | | when i was learning oop back in the early 1980s, i was taught a mantra that i still honor today : if things get too complicated, make more types. sometimes, i find that i am thinking really hard trying to define a good set of methods for a type. when i start to feel that i ' m spending too much time on this or when things just don ' t seem to fit together well, i remember my mantra and i define more, smaller types where each type has well - defined functionality. this has worked extremely well for me over the years. on the flip side, sometimes types do end up being dumping grounds for various loosely related functions. the. net framework offers several types like this, such as |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5644787433549674, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c35af72-3e52-40ad-bf2e-d5f5676c535e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.841961"}
{"text": "principles of finance / section 1 / chapter 6 / corp / wacc when valuing a new venture by a company, it is necessary to use an appropriate discount rate. however, since corporations can be structured very differently, it is important to reflect that in the respective costs of capital. let ' s say there are two similar companies in the same industry. company a is financed 90 % by equity ( that is, stock ) and 10 % by debt ( long term corporate bonds ). company b is financed by 25 % equity, and 75 % debt. these two companies would have to be valued according to their respective risk levels and required returns. one common way to determine the cost of capital is to use the weighted average cost of capital, or wacc. in this formula, v is equal to the value of the firm, or debt ( d ) plus equity ( e ) example : akl corporation is currently financed with $ 1, 000, 000 of 7 % bonds, and $ 2, 000, 000 of common stock. the stock has a beta of 1. 5, and the risk free rate is 4 %, and the market risk premium is 3. 5 %. the marginal tax rate for a corporation of akl ' s size is 35 %. what is akl ' s wacc? the first thing we must do in this problem is determine the required rate on equity ( re ) for akl. we can plug the beta given and the risk free rate into the capm as follows : now, we have all of the necessary information to solve for wacc : last modified on 18 july 2009, at 09 : 23", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4593962422666613, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5faf0274-a8d8-4e38-81ae-f0e5994f14a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.844793"}
{"text": "benefits of xquery the principal benefits of xquery are : - expressiveness - xquery can query many different data structures and its recursive nature makes it ideal for querying tree and graph structures - brevity - xquery statements are shorter than similar sql or xslt programs - flexibility - xquery can query both hierarchical and tabular data - consistency - xquery has a consistent syntax and can be used with other xml standards such as xml schema datatypes xquery is frequently compared with two other languages, sql and xslt, but has a number of advantages over these. advantages over sql unlike sql, xquery returns not just tables but arbitrary tree structures. this allows xquery to directly create xhtml structures that can be used in web pages. xquery is for xml - based object databases, and object databases are much more flexible and powerful than databases which store in purely tabular format. unlike xslt, xquery can be learned by anyone familiar with sql. many of the constructs are very similar such as : - ordering results : both xquery and sql add an order byclause to the query. - selecting distinct values : both xquery and sql have easy ways to select distinct values from a result set - restricting rows : both xquery and sql have a where x = y clause that can be added to an xquery another big advantage is that xquery is essentially the native query language of the world wide web. one can query actual web pages with xquery, but not sql. even if one uses sql - based databases to store html / xhtml pages or fragments of such pages, one will miss many of the advantages of xquery ' s simple tag / attribute search ( which is akin to searching for column names within column names ). advantages over xslt unlike xslt, xquery can be quickly learned by anyone familiar with sql. xslt has many patterns that are unfamiliar to many procedural software developers. also, whereas xslt is good for using as a static means to convert one type of document to another, for example rss to html, xquery is a much more dynamic querying tool, useful for pulling out sections of data from large documents and / or large number of documents. the debate about xquery vs. xslt for document transformation there has been a debate of sorts about the merits of the two languages for transforming xml :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.42607246001943877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e5da1e0-fbf3-4bf9-bfb9-40a6d6a93da8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.851264"}
{"text": "useful for pulling out sections of data from large documents and / or large number of documents. the debate about xquery vs. xslt for document transformation there has been a debate of sorts about the merits of the two languages for transforming xml : xslt and xquery. a common misconception is that \" xquery is best for querying or selecting xml, and xslt is best for transforming it. \" in reality, both methods are capable of transforming xml. despite xslt ' s longer history and larger install base, the \" xquery typeswitch \" method of transforming xml provides numerous advantages. most people who need to transform xml hear that they need to learn a language called xslt. xslt, whose first version was published by the w3c in 1999, was a huge innovation for its time and, indeed, remains dominant. it was one of the very first languages dedicated to transforming xml documents, and it was the first domain - specific language ( dsl ) to use advanced theories from the world of functional programming to create very reliable, side - effect free transformations. many xml developers still feel strong indebted to this groundbreaking language, since it helped them see a new model of software development : one focused around the transformation of models and empowering them to fuse both the requirements and documentation of a transformation routing into a single, modular program. on the other hand, learning xslt requires overcoming a very substantial learning curve. xslt ' s difficulty is due, in part, to one of the key design decisions by its architects : to express the transformation rules using xml itself, rather than creating a brand new syntax and grammar for storing the transformation rules. xslt ' s unique approach to transformation rules also contributes to the steepness of the learning curve. the learning curve can be overcome, but it is fair to say that this learning curve has created a opening for an alternative approach. xquery has filled this demand for an alternative among a growing community of users : they find xquery has a lower learning curve, it meets their needs for transforming xml, and, together with xquery ' s other advantages, it has become a compelling \" all - in - one \" language. like xslt, xquery was created by the w3c to handle xml. but instead of expressing the language in xml syntax, the architects of xquery chose a new syntax that would be more familiar to users of server - side scripting languages such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4688324415514822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e5da1e0-fbf3-4bf9-bfb9-40a6d6a93da8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.852351"}
{"text": "xquery was created by the w3c to handle xml. but instead of expressing the language in xml syntax, the architects of xquery chose a new syntax that would be more familiar to users of server - side scripting languages such as php, perl, or python. xquery was designed to be similar to users of relational database query languages such as sql, while still remaining true to functional programming practices. despite its relative youth ( xquery 1. 0 was only released in 2007 when xslt had already reached its version 2. 0 ), xquery was born remarkably mature. xml servers like exist - db and marklogic were already using xquery as their language for querying xml and performing web server operations ( obviating the need for learning php, perl, or python ). so, in the face of the xslt community ' s contention that \" xslt is best for transforming documents and xquery is best for querying databases \", this community of users was surprised to find that xquery has entirely replaced their need for xslt. they have come to argue unabashedly that they prefer xquery for this purpose. how does xquery accomplish the task of transforming xml? the primary technique in xquery for transforming xml is a little - known expression added by the authors of xquery, called \" typeswitch. \" although it is quite simple, typeswitch enables xquery to perform nearly the full set of transformations that xslt does. a typeswitch expression quickly looks at a node ' s type, and depending on the node ' s type, performs the operation you specify for that type of node. what this means is that each distinct element of a document can have its own rule, and these rules can be stored in modular xquery functions. this humble addition to the xquery language allows developers to transform documents with complex content and unpredictable order - something commonly believed to be best reserved for the domain of xslt. despite the differences in syntax and approach to transformation, a growing community has actually come to see the xquery typeswitch expression as a valid, even superior, way to store their document transformation logic. by structuring a set of xquery functions around the typeswitch expression, you can achieve the same result as xslt - style transforms while retaining the benefits of xquery : ease of learning and integration with native xml databases. even more important for those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4685281735815709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e5da1e0-fbf3-4bf9-bfb9-40a6d6a93da8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.853339"}
{"text": "set of xquery functions around the typeswitch expression, you can achieve the same result as xslt - style transforms while retaining the benefits of xquery : ease of learning and integration with native xml databases. even more important for those users of native xml databases, the availability of typeswitch means that they only need to learn a single language for their database queries, web server operations, and document transformations. these xquery typeswitch routines have proved easy to build, test, and maintain - some believe easier than xslt. xquery typeswitch has given these users a high degree of agility, allowing them to master xquery fully rather than splitting their time and attention between xquery and xslt. that said, there is still a large body of legacy xslt transforms that work well, and there are xslt developers who see little benefit from transitioning to a typeswitch - style xquery. both are valid approaches to document transformation. a natural tension has arisen between the proponents of xquery typeswitch and xslt, each promoting what they are most comfortable with and believe to be superior. in practice you might be best served by trying both techniques and determining what style is right for you and your organization. without presuming a background or interest in xslt, this article and its companion article help you to understand the key patterns for using xquery typeswitch for your xml transformation needs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45198425395024805, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e5da1e0-fbf3-4bf9-bfb9-40a6d6a93da8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.853946"}
{"text": "| ban chao ' s names : | | given name | | style name | | pinyin | | ban chao | | zhong sheng | | wade - giles | | pan ch ' ao | | chung sheng | ban chao ( chinese : ; wade - giles : pan ch ' ao, 32 \u2013 102 ce ), courtesy name zhongsheng ( ), was born in xianyang, shaanxi, and the younger brother of the famous historian, ban gu ( chinese : ; wade \u2013 giles : pan ku, ( 32 \u2013 92 ce ) who, with his father ban biao, and sister, ban zhao, wrote the famous hanshu, or ' history of the former han dynasty '. ban chao was a general and cavalry commander in charge of the administration of the \" western regions \" ( central asia ) during the eastern han dynasty. he repelled the xiongnu and secured chinese control over the tarim basin region, and was awarded the title of ' protector general of the western regions '. he fought for 31 years. control of the tarim basin ban chao, like his predecessors huo qubing and wei qing from the former han dynasty before him, was effective at expelling the xiongnu from the tarim basin, and brought the various people of the western regions under chinese rule during the second half of the 1st century ce, helping to open and secure the trade routes to the west. he was generally outnumbered, but skillfully played on the divisions among his opponents. the kingdoms of loulan, khotan and kashgar came under chinese rule. ban chao was recalled to luoyang, but then sent again to the western region area four years later, during the reign of the new emperor han zhangdi. he obtained the military help of the kushan empire in 84 in repelling the kangju who were trying to support the rebellion of the king of kashgar, and the next year in his attack on turpan, in the eastern tarim basin. ban chao ultimately brought the whole of the tarim basin under chinese control. in recognition for their support to the chinese, the kushans ( referred to as da yuezhi in chinese sources ) requested, but were denied, a han princess, even though they had sent presents to the chinese court. in retaliation, they marched on ban chao in 90 ce with a force of 70, 000, but, exhausted by the expedition, were finally turned back by the smaller chinese force. the yuezhi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36336648788787373, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41741fe7-a9b5-4505-beaf-b5ada1b89e10>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.859053"}
{"text": "even though they had sent presents to the chinese court. in retaliation, they marched on ban chao in 90 ce with a force of 70, 000, but, exhausted by the expedition, were finally turned back by the smaller chinese force. the yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the chinese empire. ( later, during the yuanchu period, 114 - 120 ce, the kushans sent a military force to install chenpan, who had been a hostage among them, as king of kashgar ). in 91 ce, ban chao finally succeeded in pacifying the western regions and was awarded the title of protector general and stationed at qiuci ( kucha ). a wuji colonel was re - established and, commanding five hundred soldiers, stationed in the kingdom of nearer jushi, within the walls of gaochang, 29 kilometres southeast of turfan. in 94 ce, chao proceeded to again attack and defeat yanqi [ karashahr ]. subsequently, more than fifty kingdoms presented hostages, and submitted to the interior. in 97 ce ban chao sent an envoy, gan ying, who reached the persian gulf and left the first recorded chinese account of europe. some modern authors have even claimed that ban chao advanced to the caspian sea, however, this interpretation has been criticized as a misreading. in 102 ce ban chao was retired as protector general of the western regions due to age and ill health, and returned to the capital luoyang at the age of 70, but the following month died there in the 9th month of the 14th yongyuan year ( 30th sept. to 28th oct., 102 ). see : hou hanshu, chap 77 ( sometimes given as chap. 107 ). following his death, the power of the xiongnu in the western territories increased again, and subsequent chinese emperors were never to reach so far to the west. a family of historians ban chao also belonged to a family of historians. his father was ban biao ( 3 - 54 ce ) who started the history of the western han dynasty ( hanshu ; the book of han ) in 36, which was completed by his son ban gu ( 32 - 92 ) and his daughter ban zhao ( ban chao ' s brother and sister ). ban chao was probably the key source for the cultural and socio - economic data on the western regions contained in the hanshu. ban chao ' s youngest son ban yong ( ban yong ) participated in military campaigns with his father and continued to have a central military role in the tarim basin into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41260904206619614, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41741fe7-a9b5-4505-beaf-b5ada1b89e10>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.860010"}
{"text": "and socio - economic data on the western regions contained in the hanshu. ban chao ' s youngest son ban yong ( ban yong ) participated in military campaigns with his father and continued to have a central military role in the tarim basin into the 120s. ban chao ' s family - ban biao ( ; 3 - 54 ; father ) famous quotes - \" if you don ' t enter the tiger ' s den, how can you catch the tiger ' s cub? \" ( \u4e0d \uff0c \u4e0d \u5b50 ) - \" clear water can not harbor big fish, clean politics ( or strict enforcement of regulations ) can not foster harmony among the general public \" ( \u6c34 \u6e05 \u5927 \uff0c \u653f \u4e0d \u4e0b \u548c ) ban chao in idioms - see four - character idiom : - \" throw away your writing brush and join the military! \" ( ) based on his words \" a brave man has no other plan but to follow fu and zhang qian ' s footsteps and do something and become somebody in a foreign land. how can i waste my life on writing? ( \u5927 \u592b \u5fd7 \uff0c \u4ecb \u5b50 \u3001 \u5f35 \u7acb \uff0c \uff0c \u5b89 \u4e45 \u4e8b \u9593 \uff1f ) in hou hanshu. - \" clear water harbors no fish. \" ( \u6c34 \u6e05 ) ban chao of today see also - hill ( 2009 ), p. 43. - hill ( 2009 ), p. 5. - hill ( 2009 ), p. 5. - hill ( 2009 ), p. 5. - hill. ( 2009 ), p. 55. - j. oliver thomson, a history of ancient geography, cambridge 1948, p. 311. thomson cites richthofen, china, 1877, i, 469 and some other authors in support of the claim that ban chao marched to the caspian, and yule / cordier, cathay and the way thither, 1916 p. 40 ( p. 40f in vol. i of the 2005 edition by asian educational services ), chavannes, seidenstrassen, p. 8, and teggart, rome and china as references for such claims being erroneous. - chavannes ( 1906 ), p. 243. - hill ( 2009 ), p. xv. - chavannes, edouard ( 1906 ). \" trois generaux chinois de la dynastie des", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4507593042903984, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41741fe7-a9b5-4505-beaf-b5ada1b89e10>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.861859"}
{"text": "in statistics, a confidence region is a multi - dimensional generalization of a confidence interval. it is a set of points in an n - dimensional space, often represented as an ellipsoid around a point which is an estimated solution to a problem, although other shapes can occur. the confidence region is calculated in such a way that if a set of measurements were repeated many times and a confidence region calculated in the same way on each set of measurements, then a certain percentage of the time, on average, ( e. g. 95 % ) the confidence region would include the point representing the \" true \" values of the set of variables being estimated. however, unless certain assumptions about prior probabilities are made, it does not mean, when one confidence region has been calculated, that there is a 95 % probability that the \" true \" values lie inside the region, since we do not assume any particular probability distribution of the \" true \" values and we may or may not have other information about where they are likely to lie. the case of independent, identically normally - distributed errors suppose we have found a solution to the following overdetermined problem : where y is an n - dimensional column vector containing observed values, x is an n - by - p matrix which can represent a physical model and which is assumed to be known exactly, is a column vector containing the p parameters which are to be estimated, and is an n - dimensional column vector of errors which are assumed to be independently distributed with normal distributions with zero mean and each having the same unknown variance. a joint 100 ( 1 - ) % confidence region for the elements of is represented by the set of values of the vector b which satisfy the following inequality : where the variable b represents any point in the confidence region, p is the number of parameters, i. e. number of elements of the vector and s2 is an unbiased estimate of equal to the above inequality defines an ellipsoidal region in the p - dimensional cartesian parameter space rp. the centre of the ellipsoid is at the solution. according to press et al., it ' s easier to plot the ellipsoid after doing singular value decomposition. the lengths of the axes of the ellipsoid are proportional to the reciprocals of the values on the diagonals of the diagonal matrix, and the directions of these axes are given by the rows of the 3rd matrix of the decomposition. weighted and generalised least squares now let us consider the more general case where some distinct elements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5477097015200291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4fbedec-4c46-43aa-b850-373a3030b4cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.865833"}
{"text": "father christmas is the name used in many english - speaking countries outside the united states and canada for a figure associated with christmas. a similar figure with the same name ( in other languages ) exists in several other countries, including france ( pere noel ), spain ( papa noel, padre noel ), russia ( ded moroz, grandfather frost ), almost all hispanic south america ( papa noel ), brazil ( papai noel ), portugal ( pai natal ), italy ( babbo natale ), armenia ( dzmer papik ), india ( christmas father ), andorra ( pare noel ), romania ( mos craciun ) and turkey ( noel baba ). in england the earliest known personification of christmas does not describe him as old, or refer to him as ' father '. a carol attributed to richard smart, rector of plymtree from 1435 to 1477, takes the form of a sung dialogue between a choir and a figure representing christmas, variously addressed as \u201c nowell \u201d, \u201c sir christemas \u201d and \u201c my lord christemas \u201d. he does not distribute presents to children but is associated with adult celebrations. giving news of christ \u2019 s birth, christmas encourages everyone to eat and drink : \" buvez bien par toute la campagnie, / make good cheer and be right merry. \" however, the specific depiction of christmas as a merry old man emerged in the early 17th century. the rise of puritanism had led to increasing condemnation of the traditions handed down from pre - reformation times, especially communal feasting and drinking. as debate intensified, those writing in support of the traditional celebrations often personified christmas as a venerable, kindly old gentleman, given to good cheer but not excess. they referred to this personification as \" christmas \", \" old christmas \" or \" father christmas \". ben jonson in christmas his masque, dating from december 1616, notes the rising tendency to disparage the traditional forms of celebration. his character ' christmas ' therefore appears in outdated fashions, \" attir ' d in round hose, long stockings, a close doublet, a high crownd hat with a broach, a long thin beard, a truncheon, little ruffes, white shoes, his scarffes, and garters tyed crosse \", and announces \" why gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha ' kept me out? christmas, old christmas? \" later,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4393998999676314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7cc3b81-7818-40df-8a15-806d890b660b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.885468"}
{"text": ", white shoes, his scarffes, and garters tyed crosse \", and announces \" why gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha ' kept me out? christmas, old christmas? \" later, in a masque by thomas nabbes, the springs glorie produced in 1638, \" christmas \" appears as \" an old reverend gentleman in furred gown and cap \". during the mid - 17th century, the debate about the celebration of christmas became politically charged, with royalists adopting a pro - christmas stance and radical puritans striving to ban the festival entirely. early in 1646 an anonymous satirical author wrote the arraignment, conviction and imprisoning of christmas, in which a royalist lady is frantically searching for father christmas : this was followed months later by the royalist poet john taylor ' s the complaint of christmas, in which father christmas mournfully visits puritan towns but sees \"... no sign or token of any holy day \". a book dating from the time of the commonwealth, the vindication of christmas or, his twelve yeares ' observations upon the times ( london, 1652 ), involved \" old christmas \" advocating a merry, alcoholic christmas and casting aspersions on the charitable motives of the ruling puritans. in a similar vein, a humorous pamphlet of 1686 by josiah king presents father christmas as the personification of festive traditions pre - dating the puritan commonwealth. he is described as an elderly gentleman of cheerful appearance, \" who when he came look ' t so smug and pleasant, his cherry cheeks appeared through his thin milk white locks, like ( b ) lushing roses vail ' d with snow white tiffany \". his character is associated with feasting, hospitality and generosity to the poor rather than the giving of gifts. this tradition continued into the following centuries, with \" old father christmas \" being evoked in 1734 in the pamphlet round about our coal fire, as \" shewing what hospitality was in former times, and how little of it there remains at present \", a rebuke to \" stingy \" gentry. a writer in \" time ' s telescope \" ( 1822 ) states that in yorkshire at eight o ' clock on christmas eve the bells greet \" old father christmas \" with a merry peal, the children parade the streets with drums, trumpets, bells, ( or in their absence, with the poker and shovel, taken from their humble cottage fire ), the yule candle is lighted, and ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4072838191707494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7cc3b81-7818-40df-8a15-806d890b660b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.891560"}
{"text": "father christmas \" with a merry peal, the children parade the streets with drums, trumpets, bells, ( or in their absence, with the poker and shovel, taken from their humble cottage fire ), the yule candle is lighted, and ; \" high on the cheerful fire. is blazing seen th ' enormous christmas brand. \" a letter to the times in 1825, warning against poultry - dealers dishonestly selling off sub - standard geese at christmas time, is jokingly signed \" father christmas \". in these early references, father christmas, although invariably an old and cheerful man, is mainly associated with adult feasting and drinking rather than the giving of presents. since the mid - victorian era however, father christmas has gradually merged with the pre - modern gift - giver st nicholas ( dutch sinterklaas, hence santa claus ) and associated folklore. nowadays in britain the figure is often called santa claus but also often referred to as father christmas : the two names are synonyms. in europe, the figure is usually translated as father christmas ( pere noel, papa noel, padre noel, etc. ) rather than \" santa claus \" and is often said to reside in the mountains of korvatunturi in lapland province, finland. current folklore father christmas often appears as a large man, often around seventy years old. he is dressed in a red suit trimmed with white fur, often girdled with a wide black belt, a matching hat, often long and floppy in nature, and dark boots. often he carries a large brown sack filled with toys on his back ( rarely, images of him have a beard but with no moustache ). urban myth has it that the red suit only appeared after the coca cola company started an advertising campaign depicting a red suited father christmas in the 1930s. however, the red suit was used long before, including by american illustrator thomas nast. father christmas comes down the chimney to put presents under the christmas tree or in children ' s rooms, in their stockings. some families leave a glass of sherry or mulled wine, mince pies, biscuits, or chocolate and a carrot for his reindeer near the stocking ( s ) as a present for him. in modern homes without chimneys he uses alternative means to enter the home. in some homes children write christmas lists ( of wished - for presents ) and send them up the chimney or post them. he is often said to live at the north pole. in fiction father christmas appears in many english - language works of fiction, including j.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4153460418561946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7cc3b81-7818-40df-8a15-806d890b660b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.894894"}
{"text": "homes children write christmas lists ( of wished - for presents ) and send them up the chimney or post them. he is often said to live at the north pole. in fiction father christmas appears in many english - language works of fiction, including j. r. r. tolkien ' s father christmas letters ( written between 1920 and 1942, first published in 1976 ), the translation from the french of jean de brunhoff ' s babar and father christmas ( originally babar et le pere noel, 1941 ), c. s. lewis ' s the lion, the witch and the wardrobe ( 1950 ), raymond briggs ' s father christmas ( 1973 ), debbie macomber ' s there ' s something about christmas ( 2005 ), robin jones gunn ' s father christmas series ( 2007 ), catherine spencer ' s a christmas to remember ( 2007 ), and richard paul evans ' s the gift ( 2007 ). in music - in 1977, the kinks recorded the song \" father christmas \". - in addition, in 1974, greg lake ( of emerson, lake & palmer ) wrote and recorded the song, \" i believe in father christmas \", which was released as a single in 1975. - in their 1997 album pop, u2 cites father christmas in the song \" if god will send his angels \". see also - j. simpson and s. roud, the oxford dictionary of english folklore, oxford, 2001, pp. 119 - 20 - although an earlier elizabethan play by satirist thomas nashe, summer ' s last will and testament ( 1592 ), includes a character personifying christmas, he is atypically presented as a stingy nobleman who shuns festivity. nashe is satirising wealthy elizabethan gentry who avoid their traditional duty of feasting the poor at christmastime. the play text online at gutenberg. org - at the time \" father \" was a title sometimes given to older men worthy of respect : \"... a respectful title given to an old and venerable man... \" \" father, n. \". oed online. december 2012. oxford university press. 30 december 2012 < http : / / www. oed. com / view / entry / 68498? rskey = kf677t & result = 1 > - \" christmas, his masque - ben jonson \". hymnsandcarolsofchristmas. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23. - jean macintyre ( 1992 ). costumes and scripts in elizabeth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40482224236013065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7cc3b81-7818-40df-8a15-806d890b660b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.896162"}
{"text": "##t & result = 1 > - \" christmas, his masque - ben jonson \". hymnsandcarolsofchristmas. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23. - jean macintyre ( 1992 ). costumes and scripts in elizabethan theatres. university of alberta press. p. 230. - nabbes, thomas, the works of thomas nabbes, benjamin blom, inc, new york, 1968 available online at google books - j. a. r. pimlott ( 1960 ). history today 10 ( 12 ). http : / / www. historytoday. com / jar - pimlott / christmas - under - puritans - \" a christmassy post | mercurius politicus \". mercuriuspoliticus. wordpress. com. 2008 - 12 - 21. retrieved 2011 - 04 - 01. - the examination and tryal of father christmas \" - round about our coal fire, or christmas entertainments. j. roberts. 1734. - dawson, william francis ( 2007 ). the project gutenberg ebook, christmas : its origin and associations project gutenburg - father christmas, \" christmas geese \", the times ( london, england ) dated 24 december 1825, page 4. from the times digital archive, accessed 22 december 2012. - diarist barclay fox refers to a children ' s party given on 26 december 1842 featuring ' venerable effigies ' of father christmas and the old year ; '... father christmas with scarlet coat and cocked hat, stuck all over with presents for the guests... ' r. l. brett, ed., barclay fox ' s journal, bell and hyman, london, 1979 - \" bbc - father christmas, green or red? \". bbc news. 4 december 2009. retrieved 2011 - 04 - 01. - coke denies claims it bottled familiar santa image, jim auchmutey, rocky mountain news, december 10, 2007. - \" santa ' s arrival lights up the green \". - christmas in america - a history by penne l. restad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.436170199202605, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7cc3b81-7818-40df-8a15-806d890b660b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.897213"}
{"text": "| time period | | c. 400 \u2013? | [ a ] the semitic origin of the brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. note : this page may contain ipa phonetic symbols. the gupta script ( sometimes referred to as gupta brahmi script or late brahmi script ) was used for writing sanskrit and is associated with the gupta empire of india which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. the gupta script was descended from brahmi and gave rise to the nagari, sharada and siddham scripts. these scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important scripts of india, including devanagari ( the most common script used for writing sanskrit since the 19th century ), the gurmukhi script for punjabi language and the tibetan script. origins and classification the gupta script was descended from the ashokan brahmi script, and is a crucial link between brahmi and most other scripts in the brahmic family of scripts, a family of alphasyllabaries or abugidas. this means that while only consonantal phonemes have distinct symbols, vowels are marked by diacritics, with / a / being the implied pronunciation when the diacritic is not present. in fact, the gupta script works in exactly the same manner as its predecessor and successors, and only the shapes and forms of the graphemes and diacritics are different. through the 4th century, letters began to take more cursive and symmetric forms, as a result of the desire to write more quickly and aesthetically. this also meant that the script became more differentiated throughout the empire, with regional variations which have been broadly classified into three, four or five categories ; however, a definitive classification is not clear, because even on a single inscription, there may be variation in how a particular symbol is written. in this sense, the term gupta script should be taken to mean any form of writing derived from the gupta period, even though there may be a lack of uniformity in the scripts. the surviving inscriptions of the gupta script are mostly found on iron or stone pillars, and on gold coins from the gupta dynasty. one of the most important was the allahabad prasasti. composed by harishena, the court poet and minister of samudragupta, it describes samudragupta \u2019 s reign, beginning from his ascension to the throne as the second king of the gupta dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. gupta numismatics the study of gupta coins began with the discovery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4346606573354136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eda6968-0f2f-4a71-9e96-e26d6f1b709c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.901355"}
{"text": "##upta, it describes samudragupta \u2019 s reign, beginning from his ascension to the throne as the second king of the gupta dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. gupta numismatics the study of gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of gold coins in 1783. many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the bayana hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the gupta kings. many of the gupta empire \u2019 s coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. in fact, it was one of the first indian empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity. almost every gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, chandragupta i. the scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage. moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. an example is the symbol for / ta / and / na /, which were often simplified to vertical strokes. - ( spanish ) the gupta alphabet - ancientscripts. com entry on the gupta script - the shivlee collection of coins from the gupta dynasty in particular, note the limited space on the silver coins - an eastern variety of the post - gupta script : aksara list of themanuscripts of the mulamadhyamakakarika and buddhapalita ' s commentary, c. the 550 - 650, collection of sanskrit mss. formerly preserved in the china ethnic library - sharma, ram. ' brahmi script '. delhi : br publishing corp, 2002 - srivastava, anupama. ' the development of imperial gupta brahmi script '. new delhi : ramanand, 1998 - fischer, steven roger. ' a history of writing '. uk : reaktion, 2004 - bajpai, kd. ' indian numismatic studies. ' new delhi : abhinav publications 2004 - carl faulmann ( 1835 \u2013 1894 ), das buch der schrift, druck und verlag der kaiserlichen hof - und staatsdruckerei, 1880", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4273969767071094, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0eda6968-0f2f-4a71-9e96-e26d6f1b709c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.902286"}
{"text": "hundred years ' war ( 1369 \u2013 89 ) | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( may 2012 ) | | hundred years ' war ( 1369 - 1389 ) | | part of hundred years ' war | the battle of najera | kingdom of france crown of castile | kingdom of england | | commanders and leaders | | charles v of france charles vi of france | edward iii of england richard ii of england | casualties and losses | the caroline war was the second phase of the hundred years ' war between france and england, following the edwardian war. it was so - named after charles v of france, who resumed the war after the treaty of bretigny ( signed 1360 ). in may 1369, the black prince, son of edward iii of england, refused an illegal summons from the french king demanding he come to paris and charles responded by declaring war. he immediately set out to reverse the territorial losses imposed at bretigny and he was largely successful in his lifetime. his successor, charles vi, made peace with the son of the black prince, richard ii, in 1389. this truce was extended many times until the war was resumed in 1415. the reign of charles v saw the english steadily pushed back. although the english - backed claimant to the duchy of brittany, john of montfort, defeated and killed the french claimant, charles of blois, at the battle of auray in 1364, john and his heirs eventually reconciled with the french kings. the war of the breton succession ended in favour of the english, but gave them no great advantage. in fact, the french received the benefit of improved generalship in the person of the breton commander bertrand du guesclin, who, leaving brittany, entered the service of charles and became one of his most successful generals. at about the same time, a war in spain occupied the black prince ' s efforts from 1366. the castilian civil war pitted pedro the cruel, whose daughters constance and isabella were married to the black prince ' s brothers john of gaunt and edmund of langley, against henry of trastamara. in 1369, with the support of du guesclin, henry deposed pedro to become henry ii of castile. he then went to war with england, which was allied with portugal. twenty years of war just before new year ' s day 1370, the english seneschal of poitou, john chandos, was killed at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3818564476607212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c256dec-b503-420e-92a2-ceddf7b1a812>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.907578"}
{"text": "henry ii of castile. he then went to war with england, which was allied with portugal. twenty years of war just before new year ' s day 1370, the english seneschal of poitou, john chandos, was killed at the bridge at lussac - les - chateaux. the loss of this commander was a significant blow to the english. jean iii de grailly, the captal de buch, was also captured and locked up by charles, who did not feel bound by \" outdated \" chivalry. du guesclin continued a series of careful campaigns, avoiding major english field forces, but capturing town after town, including poitiers in 1372 and bergerac in 1377. du guesclin, who according to chronicler jean froissart, had advised the french king not to engage the english in the field, was successful in these fabian tactics, though in the only two major battles in which he fought, auray ( 1364 ) and najera ( 1367 ), he was on the losing side and was captured but released for ransom. the english response to du guesclin was to launch a series of destructive military expeditions, called chevauchees, in an effort at total war to destroy the countryside and the productivity of the land. but du guesclin refused to be drawn into open battle. he continued his successful command of the french armies until his death in 1380. in 1372, english dominance at sea, which had been upheld since the battle of sluys, was reversed, at least in the bay of biscay, by the disastrous defeat by a joint franco - castilian fleet at the battle of la rochelle. this defeat undermined english seaborne trade and supplies and threatened their gascon possessions. in 1376, the black prince died, and in april 1377, edward iii of england sent his chancellor, adam houghton, to negotiate for peace with charles, but when in june edward himself died, houghton was called home. the underaged richard of bordeaux succeeded to the throne of england. it was not until richard had been deposed by his cousin henry bolingbroke that the english, under the house of lancaster, could forcefully revive their claim to the french throne. the war nonetheless continued until the first of a series of truces was signed in 1389. charles v died in september 1380 and was succeeded by his underage son, charles vi, who was placed under the joint regency of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37668168791237994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c256dec-b503-420e-92a2-ceddf7b1a812>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.908686"}
{"text": "the french throne. the war nonetheless continued until the first of a series of truces was signed in 1389. charles v died in september 1380 and was succeeded by his underage son, charles vi, who was placed under the joint regency of his three uncles. on his deathbed charles v repealed the royal taxation necessary to fund the war effort. as the regents attempted to reimpose the taxation a popular revolt known as the harelle broke out in rouen. as tax collectors arrived at other french cities the revolt spread and violence broke out in paris and most of france ' s other northern cities. the regency was forced to repeal the taxes to calm the situation. see also - ormrod, w., ( 2002 ). edward iii. history today. vol. 52 ( 6 ), 20 pgs. - ayton, a., ( 1992 ). war and the english gentry under edward iii. history today. vol. 42 ( 3 ), 17 pgs. - harari, y., ( 2000 ). stategy and supply in fourteenth century western european invasion * campaigns. journal of military history. vol. 64 ( 2 ), 37 pgs. - saul, n., ( 1999 ). richard ii. history today. vol. 49 ( 9 ), 5 pgs. - jones, w. r., ( 1979 ). the english church and royal propaganda during the hundred years ' war. the journal of british studies, vol. 19 ( 1 ), 12 pages. - perroy, e., ( 1951 ). the hundred years ' war. new york, new york : oxford university press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3853441008343428, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c256dec-b503-420e-92a2-ceddf7b1a812>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.910473"}
{"text": "| | this article has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. preventive medicine or preventive care consists of measures taken to prevent diseases, ( or injuries ) rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. this contrasts in method with curative and palliative medicine, and in scope with public health methods ( which work at the level of population health rather than individual health ). occupational medicine operates very often within the preventive medicine. preventive medicine strategies are typically described as taking place at the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention levels. in addition, the term primal prevention has been used to describe all measures taken to ensure fetal well - being and prevent any long - term health consequences from gestational history and / or disease. the rationale for such efforts is the evidence demonstrating the link between fetal well - being, or \" primal health, \" and adult health. primal prevention strategies typically focus on providing future parents with : education regarding the consequences of epigenetic influences on their child, sufficient leave time for both parents or, for lack of it, at least some kin caregiving. simple examples of preventive medicine include hand washing, breastfeeding, and immunizations. preventive care may include examinations and screening tests tailored to an individual ' s age, health, and family history. for example, a person with a family history of certain cancers or other diseases would begin screening at an earlier age and / or more frequently than those with no such family history. on the other side of preventive medicine, some nonprofit organizations, such as the northern california cancer center, apply epidemiologic research towards finding ways to prevent diseases. | prevention levels | | doctor \u2019 s side | | primary prevention | | methods to avoid occurrence of disease. most population - based health promotion efforts are of this type. | | secondary prevention | | methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity. | | tertiary prevention | | methods to reduce negative impact of existent disease by restoring function and reducing disease - related complications. | | quaternary prevention | | methods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system. | universal, selective, and indicated gordon ( 1987 ) in the area of disease prevention, and later kumpfer and baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three - tiered preventive intervention classification system : universal, selective, and indicated prevention. amongst others, this typology has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5389249072923095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.926922"}
{"text": ") in the area of disease prevention, and later kumpfer and baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three - tiered preventive intervention classification system : universal, selective, and indicated prevention. amongst others, this typology has gained favour and is used by the u. s. institute of medicine, the nida and the european monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction. | universal prevention | | involves whole population ( nation, local community, school, district ) and aims to prevent or delay the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. all individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills needed to prevent the problem. | | selective prevention | | involves groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. subgroups may be distinguished by traits such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. for example, drug campaigns in recreational settings. | | indicated prevention | | involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc. | outside the scope of this three - tier model is environmental prevention. environmental prevention approaches are typically managed at the regulatory or community level and focus on ways to deter drug consumption. prohibition and bans ( e. g. on smoking, alcohol advertising ) may be viewed as the ultimate environmental restriction. however, in practice, environmental preventions programs embrace various initiatives at the macro and micro level, from government monopolies for alcohol sales through roadside sobriety or drug tests, worker / pupil / student drug testing, increased policing in sensitive settings ( near schools, at rock festivals ), and legislative guidelines aimed at precipitating punishments ( warnings, penalties, fines ). professionals involved in the public health aspect of this practice may be involved in entomology, pest control, and public health inspections. public health inspections can include recreational waters, swimming pools, beaches, food preparation and serving, and industrial hygiene inspections and surveys. in the united states, preventive medicine is a medical specialty, and has one of the 24 certifying boards recognized by the american board of medical specialties ( abms ) dedicated to it as well as one of the 18 certifying boards recognized by the american osteopathic association bureau of osteopathic specialists ( aoabos ). it encompasses three areas of specialization : - general preventive medicine and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.524284665679949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.928911"}
{"text": ") dedicated to it as well as one of the 18 certifying boards recognized by the american osteopathic association bureau of osteopathic specialists ( aoabos ). it encompasses three areas of specialization : - general preventive medicine and public health - aerospace medicine - occupational medicine to become board - certified in one of the preventive medicine areas of specialization, a licensed u. s. physician ( m. d. or d. o. ) must successfully complete a preventive medicine medical residency program following a one - year internship. following that, the physician must pass the preventive medicine board examination. the residency program is at least two years in length and includes completion of a master ' s degree in public health ( mph ) or equivalent. the board exam takes a full day : the morning session concentrates on general preventive medicine questions, while the afternoon session concentrates on the one of the three areas of specialization that the applicant has studied. in addition, there are two subspecialty areas of certification : these certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an mt or uhb fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 abms - recognized specialties or 18 aoabos - recognized specialties. prophylaxis ( greek : \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9 to guard or prevent beforehand ) is any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure, a disease or other medical issue. in general terms, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis ( to prevent the development of a disease ) and secondary prophylaxis ( whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process ). some specific examples of prophylaxis include : - many vaccines are prophylactic, vaccines such as polio vaccine, smallpox vaccine, measles vaccine, mumps vaccine and others have greatly reduced many childhood diseases ; hpv vaccines prevent certain cancers ; influenza vaccine. - birth control methods are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy. condoms, for instance, are sometimes euphemistically referred to as \" prophylactics \" because of their use to prevent pregnancy, as well as the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. - daily and moderate physical exercise in various forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one ' s health. cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular - and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - eating plenty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5219763039237619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.930074"}
{"text": "forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one ' s health. cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular - and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - eating plenty of fruits and vegetables each day may be prophylactic. it may reduce the risk of heart disease. - fluoride therapy and tooth cleaning, either at home or by a professional, are parts of dental prophylaxis or oral prophylaxis. - antibiotics are sometimes used prophylactically : for example, during the 2001 anthrax attacks scare in the united states, patients believed to be exposed were given ciprofloxacin. in similar manner, the use of antibiotic ointments on burns and other wounds is prophylactic. antibiotics are also given prophylactically just before some medical procedures such as pacemaker insertion. - tricyclic antidepressants ( tcas ) may, with caution, be an example of a chronic migraine preventive ( see amitriptyline and migraines ' prevention by medicine ). - antimalarials such as chloroquine and mefloquine are used both in treatment and as prophylaxis by visitors to countries where malaria is endemic to prevent the development of the parasitic plasmodium, which cause malaria. - mechanical measures ( such as graduated compression stockings or intermittent pneumatic compression ) and drugs ( such as low - molecular - weight heparin, unfractionated heparin, and fondaparinux ) may be used in immobilized hospital patients at risk of venous thromboembolism. - risk reducing or prophylactic mastectomies may be carried out for carriers of the brca mutation gene to minimise the risk of developing breast cancer. - early and exclusive breastfeeding provides immunological protection against infectious diseases and well as reduced risk of chronic diseases for both mother and child. - polypill for prevention of e. g. cardiovascular disease. - potassium iodide is used prophylactically to protect the thyroid gland from absorbing inhaled or ingested radioactive iodine, which may lead to the development of thyroid cancer ; radioactive iodine may be released into the environment in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant, or the detonation of a nuclear explosive ( see thyroid protection due to nuclear accidents and emergencies ). - prophylaxis may be administered as oral medication", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4990387736067924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.931051"}
{"text": "may be released into the environment in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant, or the detonation of a nuclear explosive ( see thyroid protection due to nuclear accidents and emergencies ). - prophylaxis may be administered as oral medication. oral prophylaxis includes : pep, npep, or prep. pep stands for post - exposure prophylaxis used in an occupational setting e. g., to prevent the spread of hiv or hepatitis c from patient to staff following an accidental needlestick. npep is non - occupational post - exposure prophylaxis. npep may be used in a sexual or injection exposure to hiv, hepatitis, or other infectious agents ; for example, during intercourse, if the condom breaks and one partner is hiv - positive, npep will help to decrease the probability that the hiv - negative partner becomes infected with hiv. ( an npep is sometimes known as a pepse - i. e. post - exposure prophylaxis sexual encounter. ) prep is a measure taken daily ( before, during, and after ) possible exposure ; for example, by a person who inconsistently uses condoms during sex with a partner who may have an hiv infection. since preventive medicine deals with healthy individuals or populations the costs and potential harms from interventions need even more careful examination than in treatment. for an intervention to be applied widely it generally needs to be affordable and highly cost effective. for instance, intrauterine devices ( iud ) are highly effective and highly cost effective contraceptives, however where universal health care is not available the initial cost may be a barrier. iuds work for several years ( 3 to 7 or more ) and cost less over a year or two ' s time than most other reversible contraceptive methods. they are also highly cost effective, saving health insurers and the public significant costs in unwanted pregnancies. making contraceptives available with no up front cost is one way to increase usage, improving health and saving money. preventive solutions may be less profitable and therefore less attractive to makers and marketers of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. birth control pills which are taken every day and may take in a thousand dollars over ten years may generate more profits than an iud, which despite a huge initial markup only generates a few hundred dollars over the same period. leading cause of preventable death | cause | | deaths caused ( millions per year ) | | sexually transmitted infections | | 3. 0 | | overweight and obesity | | 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5376689696645318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.932006"}
{"text": "markup only generates a few hundred dollars over the same period. leading cause of preventable death | cause | | deaths caused ( millions per year ) | | sexually transmitted infections | | 3. 0 | | overweight and obesity | | 2. 5 | | indoor air pollution from solid fuels | | 1. 8 | | unsafe water and poor sanitation | | 1. 6 | | intervention | | percent of all child deaths preventable | | water, sanitation, hygiene | | 3 | | newborn temperature management | | 2 | | nevirapine and replacement feeding | | 2 | | antibiotics for premature rupture of membranes | | 1 | | antimalarial intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy | | < 1 % | | cause | | deaths caused | | % of all deaths | | poor diet and physical inactivity | | 365, 000 | | 15. 2 | | sexually transmitted infections | | 20, 000 | | 0. 8 | see also - american board of preventive medicine - european college of preventive and lifestyle medicine - american osteopathic board of preventive medicine - mental illness prevention - monitoring ( medicine ) - post - exposure prophylaxis - pre - exposure prophylaxis - preventive medicine ( journal ) - prophylactic rule - preventive medicine at the us national library of medicine medical subject headings ( mesh ) - primal research centre, london - primal health research databank - effect of in utero and early - life conditions on adult health and disease, by p. d. gluckman et al., n engl j med 359 ; 1 - origins : how the nine months before birth shape the rest of your life, by annie murphy paul, time magazine, 176. 14, 2010 - kuehlein t, sghedoni d, visentin g, gervas j, jamoule m. quaternary prevention : a task of the general practitioner. primarycare. 2010 ; 10 ( 18 ) : 350 - 4. - primary prevention at the us national library of medicine medical subject headings ( mesh ) - secondary prevention at the us national library of medicine medical subject headings ( mesh ) - tertiary prevention at the us national library of medicine medical subject headings ( mesh ) - gofrit on, shemer j, leibovici d, modan b, shapira sc. quaternary prevention : a new look at an old challenge. isr med assoc j. 2000 ; 2 ( 7 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49377476796042474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.932965"}
{"text": "gofrit on, shemer j, leibovici d, modan b, shapira sc. quaternary prevention : a new look at an old challenge. isr med assoc j. 2000 ; 2 ( 7 ) : 498 - 500. - gordon, r. ( 1987 ), \u2018 an operational classification of disease prevention \u2019, in steinberg, j. a. and silverman, m. m. ( eds. ), preventing mental disorders, rockville, md : u. s. department of health and human services, 1987. - kumpfer, k. l., and baxley, g. b. ( 1997 ), ' drug abuse prevention : what works? ', national institute on drug abuse, rockville. - \" what is prophylaxis? \". wisegeek. - jamie michelle womack ( 2010 ) \" safety and adherence : issues that hinder childhood vaccinations \" journal of the american academy of physician assistants - lars bo andersen et al. ( june 2000 ). \" all - cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work \". archives of internal medicine 160 ( 11 ) : 1621 \u2013 8. doi : 10. 1001 / archinte. 160. 11. 1621. pmid 10847255. - united states department of agriculture. \" why is it important to eat fruit? \". united states department of agriculture. retrieved 8 february 2012. - \" recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the united states. centers for disease control and prevention \". mmwr. recommendations and reports : morbidity and mortality weekly report. recommendations and reports / centers for disease control 50 ( rr - 14 ) : 1 \u2013 42. 2001. pmid 11521913. - creeth, j. e. ; gallagher, a. ; sowinski, j. ; bowman, j. ; barrett, k. ; lowe, s. ; patel, k. ; bosma, m. l. ( 2009 ). \" the effect of brushing time and dentifrice on dental plaque removal in vivo \". journal of dental hygiene : jdh / american dental hygienists ' association 83 ( 3 ) : 111 \u2013 116. pmid 19723429. - de oliveira jc, martinelli m, d ' orio nishioka sa, et al. ( 2009 ). \" efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5562726699711852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.933920"}
{"text": "( 3 ) : 111 \u2013 116. pmid 19723429. - de oliveira jc, martinelli m, d ' orio nishioka sa, et al. ( 2009 ). \" efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter - defibrillators : results of a large, prospective, randomized, double - blinded, placebo - controlled trial \". circulation : arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2 ( 1 ) : 29 \u2013 34. doi : 10. 1161 / circep. 108. 795906. pmid 19808441. - qaseem a, chou r, humphrey ll, et al. ( 2011 ). \" venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hospitalized patients : a clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians \". annals of internal medicine 155 ( 9 ) : 625 \u2013 632. doi : 10. 1059 / 0003 - 4819 - 155 - 9 - 201111010 - 00011. pmid 22041951. - lederle fa, zylla d, macdonald r, et al. ( 2011 ). \" venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients and those with stroke : a background review for an american college of physicians clinical practice guideline \". annals of internal medicine 155 ( 9 ) : 602 \u2013 615. doi : 10. 1059 / 0003 - 4819 - 155 - 9 - 201111010 - 00008. pmid 22041949. - kahn sr, lim w, dunn as, et al. ( february 2012 ). \" prevention of vte in nonsurgical patients : antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed : american college of chest physicians evidence - based clinical practice guidelines \". chest 141 ( 2 suppl ) : e195s \u2013 e226s. doi : 10. 1378 / chest. 11 - 2296. pmid 22315261. - ip s, chung m, raman g, chewp, magula n, devine d, litt m, trikalinos t, lau j. breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. evidence report / technology assessment number 153. 2007 april ; ahrq publication no. 07 - e007. - j. joseph speidel, cynthia c. harper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47152903168153654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.934896"}
{"text": "j. breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. evidence report / technology assessment number 153. 2007 april ; ahrq publication no. 07 - e007. - j. joseph speidel, cynthia c. harper, and wayne c. shields ( september 2008 ). \" the potential of long - acting reversible contraception to decrease unintended pregnancy \". contraception. - james trussell, anjana lalla, quan doan, eileen reyes, lionel pinto, joseph gricar ( 2009 ). \" cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the united states \". contraception 79 ( 1 ) : 5 \u2013 14. doi : 10. 1016 / j. contraception. 2008. 08. 003. pmid 19041435. - monea j, thomas a ( june 2011 ). \" unintended pregnancy and taxpayer spending \". perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 43 ( 2 ) : 88 \u2013 93. doi : 10. 1363 / 4308811. pmid 21651707. - lopez ad, mathers cd, ezzati m, jamison dt, murray cj ( may 2006 ). \" global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001 : systematic analysis of population health data \". lancet 367 ( 9524 ) : 1747 \u2013 57. doi : 10. 1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 68770 - 9. pmid 16731270. - jones g, steketee r, black r, bhutta z, morris s, and the bellagio child survival study group * ( july 5, 2003 2003 ). \" how many child deaths can we prevent this year? \". lancet 362 ( 9524 ) : 1747 \u2013 57. - mokdad ah, marks js, stroup df, gerberding jl ( march 2004 ). \" actual causes of death in the united states, 2000 \". jama 291 ( 10 ) : 1238 \u2013 45. doi : 10. 1001 / jama. 291. 10. 1238. pmid 15010446. - us preventive medicine task force - us preventive medicine - the prevention plan - health - eu portal prevention and promotion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4613011971762619, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.935609"}
{"text": "real form ( lie theory ) in mathematics, the notion of a real form relates objects defined over the field of real and complex numbers. a real lie algebra g0 is called a real form of a complex lie algebra g if g is the complexification of g0 : real forms for lie groups and algebraic groups using the lie correspondence between lie groups and lie algebras, the notion of a real form can be defined for lie groups. in the case of linear algebraic groups, the notions of complexification and real form have a natural description in the language of algebraic geometry. just as complex semisimple lie algebras are classified by dynkin diagrams, the real forms of a semisimple lie algebra are classified by satake diagrams, which are obtained from the dynkin diagram of the complex form by labeling some vertices black ( filled ), and connecting some other vertices in pairs by arrows, according to certain rules. it is a basic fact in the structure theory of complex semisimple lie algebras that every such algebra has two special real forms : one is the compact real form and corresponds to a compact lie group under the lie correspondence ( its satake diagram has all vertices blackened ), and the other is the split real form and corresponds to a lie group that is as far as possible from being compact ( its satake diagram has no vertices blackened and no arrows ). in the case of the complex special linear group sl ( n, c ), the compact real form is the special unitary group su ( n ) and the split real form is the real special linear group sl ( n, r ). the classification of real forms of semisimple lie algebras was accomplished by elie cartan in the context of riemannian symmetric spaces. in general, there may be more than two real forms. suppose that g0 is a semisimple lie algebra over the field of real numbers. by cartan ' s criterion, the killing form is nondegenerate, and can be diagonalized in a suitable basis with the diagonal entries + 1 or - 1. by sylvester ' s law of inertia, the number of positive entries, or the positive index of intertia, is an invariant of the bilinear form, i. e. it does not depend on the choice of the diagonalizing basis. this is a number between 0 and the dimension of g which is an important invariant of the real lie algebra, called its index. split real form a real form g0 of a complex semisimple lie algebra g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6059333345697855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307c1388-d49d-46d7-a722-4f52f24df709>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.939527"}
{"text": "choice of the diagonalizing basis. this is a number between 0 and the dimension of g which is an important invariant of the real lie algebra, called its index. split real form a real form g0 of a complex semisimple lie algebra g is said to be split, or normal, if in each cartan decomposition g0 = k0 \u2295 p0, the space p0 contains a maximal abelian subalgebra of g0, i. e. its cartan subalgebra. elie cartan proved that every complex semisimple lie algebra g has a split real form, which is unique up to isomorphism. it has maximal index among all real forms. the split form corresponds to the satake diagram with no vertices blackened and no arrows. compact real form a real lie algebra g0 is called compact if the killing form is negative definite, i. e. the index of g0 is zero. in this case g0 = k0 is a compact lie algebra. it is known that under the lie correspondence, compact lie algebras correspond to compact lie groups. the compact form corresponds to the satake diagram with all vertices blackened. construction of the compact real form in general, the construction of the compact real form uses structure theory of semisimple lie algebras. for classical lie algebras there is a more explicit construction. let g0 be a real lie algebra of matrices over r that is closed under the transpose map, the complexification g of g0 decomposes into the direct sum of g0 and ig0. the real vector space of matrices is a subspace of the complex lie algebra g that is closed under the commutators and consists of skew - hermitian matrices. it follows that u0 is a real lie subalgebra of g, that its killing form is negative definite ( making it a compact lie algebra ), and that the complexification of u0 is g. therefore, u0 is a compact form of g. see also - helgason 1978, p. 426", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5946385735542041, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:307c1388-d49d-46d7-a722-4f52f24df709>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.940241"}
{"text": "| \u2014 neighborhood of boston \u2014 | | nickname ( s ) : southie, sobo | | annexed by boston | | 1804 | | time zone | | eastern ( utc - 5 ) | | area code ( s ) | | 617 / 857 | south boston is a densely populated neighborhood of boston, massachusetts, located south and east of the fort point channel and abutting dorchester bay. one of america ' s oldest and most historic neighborhoods, south boston is most popularly known as southie and is today often called sobo by the young urban professionals who now own the neighborhood. although formerly known as a working class irish - american neighborhood, it is also home to the boston area ' s small but vibrant polish and lithuanian communities and its demographics are rapidly changing. south boston contains dorchester heights, where george washington forced british troops to evacuate during the american revolutionary war. in addition to being home to some of the oldest housing projects in the united states, south boston has also more recently seen property values join the highest in the city. geographically, dorchester neck was an isthmus, a narrow strip of land that connected the mainland of the colonial settlement of dorchester with dorchester heights. landfill has since greatly increased the amount of land on the eastern side of the historical neck, and widened the connection to the mainland to the point that south boston is no longer considered separate from it. south boston gained an identity separate from dorchester, but the two were annexed by boston in pieces, from 1804 to 1870. it was here on dorchester heights, during the american revolutionary war that george washington placed his cannon and forced the evacuation of the british troops from boston on march 17, 1776. the british evacuated boston and fort william and mary for halifax, nova scotia. fort william and mary was replaced with a brick fortification known as fort independence. that fort was replaced by a granite fortification ( bearing the same name ) prior to the american civil war, and still stands on castle island as a national historic landmark. edgar allan poe was stationed at castle island for five months in 1827 and was inspired to write the cask of amontillado based on an early castle island legend. in the 1990s, south boston became the focus for a supreme court case on the right of gay and lesbian groups to participate in the saint patrick ' s day ( evacuation day ) parade. the case was decided in favor of the parade ' s sponsors when the united states supreme court supported the south boston allied war veterans ' right to determine who can participate in their annual st. patrick ' s day parade. in 1996", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4423058722839177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25112d3e-1b59-4727-b5a3-3cf6cc617d34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.952453"}
{"text": "evacuation day ) parade. the case was decided in favor of the parade ' s sponsors when the united states supreme court supported the south boston allied war veterans ' right to determine who can participate in their annual st. patrick ' s day parade. in 1996, local dorchester author paul walkowski and attorney william connolly detailed the case in their book \" from trial court to the united states supreme court \". \" southie \" is home to what is thought to be the first vietnam veterans memorial in the united states. it predated the vietnam veterans memorial in washington, d. c., by 13 months. it was dedicated on september 13, 1981 and is located at independence square, which is more commonly called m street park. in recent years, the reality of south boston has changed drastically as property values, especially in the city point neighborhood near castle island, have risen to the level of some of the highest in the city. the city point area of south boston, labeled \" east side \" by realtors, has seen a major increase in property values due to its close proximity to downtown boston and gentrification. the \" west side \" of south boston, also known as the \" lower end \" by lifelong residents, though slower to begin the gentrification process also benefits from the proximity to not only downtown but also the popular south end. additionally, the west side is home to the first green residence ( gold leed certified ) in boston \u2014 the macallen building which was featured in the movie the greening of southie. the city of boston is investing in the west side through developments like the ~ 150, 000 - square - foot ( 14, 000 m2 ) mixed use ( residential and commercial ) building being developed by the boston redevelopment authority on west broadway. waterfront redevelopment the section of south boston north of first street is targeted for massive redevelopment by the administration of mayor thomas menino and the boston redevelopment authority ( bra ). as of september 2010, the seaport square project was expected to cost $ 3 billion and replace parking lots between the federal courthouse and convention center with a 6, 300, 000 - square - foot ( 590, 000 m2 ) mixed - use development. construction was expected to begin in 2011. initially referred to as the \" seaport district \" by the bra, this area was officially restyled the \" south boston waterfront \" after virulent protest from natives and local politicians, including city council president james m. kelly. the central artery / tunnel ( ca / t ) project, also known as the big dig,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.436073074602167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25112d3e-1b59-4727-b5a3-3cf6cc617d34>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.953365"}
{"text": "was officially restyled the \" south boston waterfront \" after virulent protest from natives and local politicians, including city council president james m. kelly. the central artery / tunnel ( ca / t ) project, also known as the big dig, has created a completely new transportation network for this area and quite a few new hotel and office projects have come online in the past few years. the boston convention and exhibition center straddles d street, the seaport hotel and seaport world trade center is located on commonwealth pier, and a new home for the institute of contemporary art hangs over boston harbor just north of northern avenue. according to the boston waterfront guide the south boston waterfront now has 55 restaurants, 4 hotels, 9 major attractions and continues to grow. the latest restaurant to open in nearby is ming tsai ' s blue dragon restaurant in the old a street deli building. masschallenge has its headquarters at one marina park. fish and richardson is also presently at one marina park public schools are operated by boston public schools. - south boston high school, which is now divided into two different high schools all within the same building, 1st floor is excel high school which focuses on public safety studies, 2nd floor is also excel high school, which focuses on computer technology, 3rd floor is boston green academy, which focuses on science studies ( 9 - 12 ). - james condon elementary school ( k - 5 ) - joseph p. tynan school ( k - 5 ) - michael j. perkins school ( k - 5 ) - oliver hazard perry school ( k - 8 ) - up academy charter school of boston ( 6 - 8 ) - st. peter academy ( k - 8 ) - south boston catholic academy ( k - 8 ) ( formerly st. brigid ' s school and gate of heaven which were combined ) - julie ' s family learning center ( p, k, montessori ) cultural and language schools - szkola jezyka polskiego w bostonie ( john paul ii polish school for children and teens ) - wood ' s school of irish dance places of worship catholic churches - our lady of czestochowa ( polish ) - saint monica - saint augustine ( currently closed ) - saint peter ( lithuanian ) - saint vincent de paul - our lady of good voyage - saint brigid albanian orthodox churches - st george cathedral : located near the intersection of east and west broadway, st george is the largest orthodox christian house of worship in massachusetts. as the mother church of the albanian diocese, the cathedral serves as episcopal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43423588082229647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25112d3e-1b59-4727-b5a3-3cf6cc617d34>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.954243"}
{"text": "voyage - saint brigid albanian orthodox churches - st george cathedral : located near the intersection of east and west broadway, st george is the largest orthodox christian house of worship in massachusetts. as the mother church of the albanian diocese, the cathedral serves as episcopal seat of his grace, bishop nikon, bishop of boston, new england and the albanian archdiocese. - albanian holy trinity church, kisha shqiptare e shen trinise : located at 245 d street boston, massachusetts 02127. - st john the baptist - st matthew and the redeemer ( former ) community resources - south boston neighborhood house - boys and girls club of boston - laboure center - south boston branch library - south boston community health center - south boston action center - the paraclete center - tynan community center castle island, pleasure bay, m street beach and carson beach fort independence, a pentagonal five - bastioned, granite fort built between 1834 and 1851, is the dominating feature of castle island. this 22 - acre urban park is connected to the mainland by both pedestrian and vehicular causeways. pleasure bay, the m street beach and carson beach form a three - mile segment of parkland and beach along the south boston shoreline of dorchester bay. carson beach offers some beautiful views and great public amenities : a rehabilitated mothers ' rest, public restrooms, exhibit space, first aid and lifeguard functions, while the outdoor courtyards allow space for passive recreation. carson beach also features a walkway which allows one to walk, bike, or run along the water ' s edge from castle island to the kennedy library. fort independence and castle island are on the state and national registers of historic places, and the fort is a national historic landmark. fort independence is open from memorial day to columbus day, hours vary. fort tours are conducted by the castle island association in the summer months and there is interpretive signage for self - guided tours. the principal program theme, the history of castle island, stresses the role of the fort in harbor defense. \" dorchester heights ( thomas park ) atop the dorchester heights hill sits a tall monument commemorating the patriot battery that drove the british out of boston. a popular site to view the fourth of july fireworks, the thomas park ( the oval drive around dorchester heights ) area is one of the most attractive areas in south boston. medal of honor park ( m street park ) between m and n streets and north of broadway, the m street park was one of the most desirable addresses in boston in the late 19th century, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4488341355821818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25112d3e-1b59-4727-b5a3-3cf6cc617d34>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.955165"}
{"text": "one of the most attractive areas in south boston. medal of honor park ( m street park ) between m and n streets and north of broadway, the m street park was one of the most desirable addresses in boston in the late 19th century, and the brownstone buildings overlooking the park on the south side of the park remain some of the best examples of this style of architecture in new england. m street park is also home to the 1st standing vietnam memorial in the nation included in this memorial are all the names of the south boston residents who gave their lives fighting for the freedom of the united states. also a popular spot for, families, dog lovers, and for watching the st patrick ' s day parade. in addition also, two softball fields, little league field, basketball court, and play ground all attribute to the beautiful neighborhood which is south boston the m street softball league. public housing south boston is home to some of the oldest public housing projects in the united states. [ dead link ] in the last 30 years they have changed from having a mostly irish american population to a more ethnically mixed population. the housing facilities are under the control of the boston housing authority ( bha ) and include west broadway which was built in 1949 and occupies 20 acres ( 81, 000 m2 ), west ninth street ( these three facilities are next to each other and commonly called d street ), old colony which was built in 1941, and mary ellen mccormack, which is the bha ' s oldest development, being constructed in the 1930s. it was originally called old harbor village. ' the west broadway ninth street projects were knocked down in 2005 and are now a retirement housing building. mbta bus service connects these stations with the residential areas of south boston, downtown boston and the back bay. the mbta silver line, a bus rapid transit service running partly in a tunnel from south station, also serves the north side of south boston. south boston is also served by five bus routes including the numbers 5, 7, 9, 10, 11. notable residents south boston has been the birthplace and home to a number of notable people, including : references in popular culture - the 2010 crime thriller the town starring and directed by ben affleck, was partly filmed in south boston. scenes taking place at the fictional town flowers were filmed at thornton flower shop on dorchester street. - gone baby gone ( 2007 ), the directorial debut of ben affleck, was shot in south boston. - black irish ( 2007 ) - the departed ( 2006 ), starring leonardo dicap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39366750815741103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25112d3e-1b59-4727-b5a3-3cf6cc617d34>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.956071"}
{"text": "you ' re never gonna leave south boston and i ' m gonna see the whole damn world. \" - in the film the friends of eddie coyle, about a low level boston gangster who was looking at a long prison sentence for repeat offenses, and so decided to snitch on his friends to avoid jail time. - in the tv series buffy the vampire slayer the character of faith lehane ( eliza dushku ) is a slayer who originally hails from south boston. dushku grew up in nearby watertown. - eliza dushku ' s character refers to being a southie native in the \" stage fright \" episode of the tv series dollhouse. - the leverage character of nathan ford is possibly from south boston, as the episode \" the beantown bailout job \" indicated he had grown up with a ranking member of the irish mob. - julianne moore ' s character in a series of 2009 episodes of 30 rock mentioned that she was from south boston. - in an episode of sabrina, the teenage witch, soleil moon frye ' s character mentions that \" it ' s better than living in a shack in southie. \" - in the showtime drama dexter, the character joseph quinn ( played by desmond harrington ) is from south boston. there have been a number of books written about south boston. video games the scout from online game team fortress 2 hails from south boston. voodoo, in medal of honor ( 2010 ), is from south boston. he has a very distinct accent. - \" u. s. supreme court hurley v. irish - american gay group of boston, _ _ _ u. s. _ _ _ ( 1995 ) \". findlaw. 18 june 1995. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02. - walkowski, paul ; connolly, william ( april 1996 ). from trial court to the united states supreme court anatomy of a free speech case : the incredible inside story behind the theft of the st. patrick ' s parade. branden books. isbn 0 - 8283 - 2012 - 8. - \" history of the memorial \". south boston vietnam memorial. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02. - the greening of southie ( 2008 ) - \" south boston waterfront public realm plan \". boston redevelopment authority. october 21, 2003. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - \" seaport makeover to begin next year \". boston metro, 23 september 2010, p 3. - james m. kelly, long - time city councilor and south boston icon, dies. boston", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4000202848152809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25112d3e-1b59-4727-b5a3-3cf6cc617d34>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.957722"}
{"text": ". retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - \" seaport makeover to begin next year \". boston metro, 23 september 2010, p 3. - james m. kelly, long - time city councilor and south boston icon, dies. boston globe, january 9, 2007. - cf. sammarco ( 2006 ), p. 25 - history of the south baptist church, boston, boston : alfred mudge & son, 1865. - boston connects. south boston - \" welcome to the boston housing authority \". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - \" west broadway \". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - \" west ninth street \". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - \" old colony \". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - \" mary ellen mccormack \". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - \" foley \". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - \" monsignor powers \". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - marquard, bryan ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ). \" john ferruggio, at 84 ; hero of 1970 pan am hijacking \". boston globe. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27. - sammarco, anthony mitchell ; rosenberg, charlie, south boston : then & now, arcadia publishing company, 2006 further reading - charles bancroft gillespie ( 1900 ), illustrated history of south boston, south boston, mass : inquirer pub. co. - malloy, ione ( 1 october 1986 ). southie won ' t go : a teacher ' s diary of the desegregation of south boston high school. university of illinois press. isbn 0 - 252 - 01276 - 3. - o ' connor, thomas ( 24 february 1994 ). south boston, my home town : the history of an ethnic neighborhood. northeastern university press. isbn 1 - 55553 - 188 - 1. - alcorn, frank ( 7 october 2005 ). southie boy. cork hill press. isbn 1 - 59408 - 054 - 2. - weeks, kevin ; karas, phyllis ( 10 march 2006 ). brutal : the untold story of my life inside whitey bulger ' s irish mob. william morrow. isbn 0 - 06 - 112269 - 6. - macdonald, michael patrick ( 4 october 2007 ). all souls : a family story from southie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4086659860610554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25112d3e-1b59-4727-b5a3-3cf6cc617d34>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.958486"}
{"text": "molecular biology and genetics statistics of barcoding coverage | specimen records : | | 10 | | public records : | | 0 | | specimens with sequences : | | 8 | | public species : | | 0 | | specimens with barcodes : | | 0 | | public bins : | | 0 | | species with barcodes : | | 0 | locations of barcode samples the geastrales are an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes ( fungi ) that relates to cantharellales. the order contains the single family geastraceae, commonly known as \" earthstars \". it includes the genera geastrum and myriostoma. about 64 species are classified in this family, divided among eight genera. older classifications place this family in the order lycoperdales, but more recently they had been placed in phallales. as of 2010, the family is classified as the sole taxon in the geastrales order. one member of the geastraceae, sphaerobolus stellatus \u2014 a nuisance organism in landscapes known as \" shotgun fungus \" or \" cannonball fungus \" \u2014 colonizes wood - based mulches and may throw black, spore - containing globs onto nearby painted surfaces. the fruit bodies of several earthstars are hygroscopic : in dry weather the \" petals \" will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac, protecting it. in this state, often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around as a tumbleweed does. when the weather dampens, the \" petals \" moisten and uncurl and some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up. this then allows rain or animal movement to hit the spore sac so it will puff out spores when enough moisture is present for them to germinate. - hosaka k, bates st, beever re, castellano ma, colgan w 3rd, dominguez ls, nouhra er, geml j, giachini aj, kenney sr, simpson nb, spatafora jw, trappe jm. ( 2006 ). \" molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid - phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass phallomycetidae and two new orders \". mycologia 98 ( 6 ) : 949 \u2013 59. doi : 10. 3852 / mycologia. 98. 6. 949.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4337629342284943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23dbc58d-5aa3-4282-819f-daadba5a08c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.961461"}
{"text": "a token to the future : a digital \u2018 archive \u2019 of early australian children \u2019 s literature mallan, kerry m., cross, amy, & allan, cherie ( 2012 ) a token to the future : a digital \u2018 archive \u2019 of early australian children \u2019 s literature. papers : explorations into children ' s literature, 22 ( 1 ), pp. 94 - 108. this essay considers a specific digital \u2018 archive \u2019 of early australian children \u2019 s literature, known as the children \u2019 s literature digital resources ( cldr ), which is located in austlit : the australian literature resource ( http : / / www. austlit. edu. au ). we examine what the cldr collection can tell us about australia \u2019 s history. to narrow the scope, we focus on how australia was constructing itself as a nation with its own character, or national identity, in texts written for children from the latter part of the nineteenth century up until the end of world war ii. our approach is to consider how early australian children \u2019 s literature included in the cldr collection rhetorically constructs nation and place, and in so doing constructs an australian identity for its implied readers. citation countsare sourced monthly fromand citation databases. these databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and web of science generally from 1980 onwards. citations counts from theindexing service can be viewed at the linked google scholar\u2122 search. full - text downloadsdisplays the total number of times this work \u2019 s files ( e. g., a pdf ) have been downloaded from qut eprints as well as the number of downloads in the previous 365 days. the count includes downloads for all files if a work has more than one. | item type : | | journal article | | keywords : | | australian children ' s literature, digital archive, austlit, children ' s literature digital resources, national identity | | subjects : | | australian and new zealand standard research classification > languages communication and culture ( 200000 ) > literary studies ( 200500 ) > australian literature ( excl. aboriginal and torres strait islander literature ) ( 200502 ) | | divisions : | | current > research centres > children & youth research centre | | copyright owner : | | copyright 2012 the authors | | deposited on : | | 03 sep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48881337747337283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f6f145d-d5bf-4c79-9f37-fe2fc1499f66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.964039"}
{"text": "snow leopard population discovered in afghanistan the wildlife conservation society has discovered a surprisingly healthy population of rare snow leopards living in the mountainous reaches of northeastern afghanistan ' s wakhan corridor, according to a new study. the discovery gives hope to the world ' s most elusive big cat, which calls home to some of the world ' s tallest mountains. between 4, 500 and 7, 500 snow leopards remain in the wild scattered across a dozen countries in central asia. the study, which appears in the june 29th issue of the journal of environmental studies, is by wcs conservationists anthony simms, zalmai moheb, salahudin, hussain ali, inayat ali and timothy wood. wcs - trained community rangers used camera traps to document the presence of snow leopards at 16 different locations across a wide landscape. the images represent the first camera trap records of snow leopards in afghanistan. wcs has been conserving wildlife and improving local livelihoods in the region since 2006 with support from the u. s. agency for international development ( usaid ). \" this is a wonderful discovery \u2013 it shows that there is real hope for snow leopards in afghanistan, \" said peter zahler, wcs deputy director for asia programs. \" now our goal is to ensure that these magnificent animals have a secure future as a key part of afghanistan ' s natural heritage. \" according to the study, snow leopards remain threatened in the region. poaching for their pelts, persecution by shepherds, and the capture of live animals for the illegal pet trade have all been documented in the wakhan corridor. in response, wcs has developed a set of conservation initiatives to protect snow leopards. these include partnering with local communities, training of rangers, and education and outreach efforts. anthony simms, lead author and the project ' s technical advisor, said, \" by developing a community - led management approach, we believe snow leopards will be conserved in afghanistan over the long term. \" wcs - led initiatives are already paying off. conservation education is now occurring in every school in the wakhan region. fifty - nine rangers have been trained to date. they monitor not only snow leopards but other species including marco polo sheep and ibex while also enforcing laws against poaching. wcs has also initiated the construction of predator - proof livestock corrals and a livestock insurance program that compensates shepherds, though initial wcs research shows that surprisingly few livestock fall to predators in the region. in afghanistan, usaid has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43298039863152377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87c22f43-e8d7-47ab-939e-f4104c80536c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.968431"}
{"text": ". wcs has also initiated the construction of predator - proof livestock corrals and a livestock insurance program that compensates shepherds, though initial wcs research shows that surprisingly few livestock fall to predators in the region. in afghanistan, usaid has provided support to wcs to work in more than 55 communities across the country and is training local people to monitor and sustainably manage their wildlife and other resources. one of the many outputs of this project was the creation of afghanistan ' s first national park \u2013 band - e - amir \u2013 which is now co - managed by the government and a committee consisting of all 14 communities living around the park. snow leopards have declined by as much as 20 percent over the past 16 years and are considered endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ). wcs is a world leader in the care and conservation of snow leopards. wcs ' s bronx zoo became the first zoo in the western hemisphere to exhibit these rare spotted cats in 1903. in the past three decades, nearly 80 cubs have been born in the bronx and have been sent to live at 30 zoos in the u. s. and eight countries in europe, asia, australia, and north america. source : wildlife conservation society - wildlife conservation society finds ' world ' s least known bird ' breeding in afghanistanwed, 13 jan 2010, 14 : 10 : 53 est - wcs confirms the return of the persian leopard in afghanistan ' s central highlandsmon, 5 dec 2011, 22 : 39 : 32 est - first ever videos of snow leopard mother and cubs in dens recorded in mongoliathu, 12 jul 2012, 18 : 05 : 03 edt - wildlife conservation society documents pneumonia outbreak in endangered markhor sun, 8 jan 2012, 21 : 31 : 30 est - rare andean cat no longer exclusive to the andeswed, 16 mar 2011, 14 : 36 : 29 edt - threatened snow leopards found in afghanistanfrom ap sciencefri, 15 jul 2011, 0 : 00 : 36 edt - elusive snow leopards thrive in afghan regionfrom msnbc : sciencethu, 14 jul 2011, 16 : 00 : 21 edt - photos : elusive snow leopards thrive in surprising spotfrom live sciencethu, 14 jul 2011, 11 : 30 : 44 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upithu, 14 jul 2011, 5 : 30 : 29 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upiwed, 13 jul 2011, 18 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4775548373380758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87c22f43-e8d7-47ab-939e-f4104c80536c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.969298"}
{"text": "30 : 44 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upithu, 14 jul 2011, 5 : 30 : 29 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upiwed, 13 jul 2011, 18 : 00 : 26 edt - snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom science blogwed, 13 jul 2011, 14 : 00 : 23 edt - snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom science dailywed, 13 jul 2011, 13 : 30 : 31 edt - snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom physorgwed, 13 jul 2011, 12 : 32 : 13 edt - healthy snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom newswise - scinewswed, 13 jul 2011, 12 : 32 : 02 edt latest science newsletterget the latest and most popular science news articles of the week in your inbox! it ' s free! check out our next project, biology. net from other science news sites popular science news articles - uc davis engineers create on - wetting fabric drains sweat - not just blowing in the wind : compressing air for renewable energy storage - amazon river exhales virtually all carbon taken up by rain forest - 1 in 10 teens using ' study drugs, ' but parents aren ' t paying attention - slow earthquakes : it ' s all in the rock mechanics no popular news yet no popular news yet - stem cell transplant restores memory, learning in mice - 2 landmark studies report on success of using image - guided brachytherapy to treat cervical cancer - researchers discover mushrooms can provide as much vitamin d as supplements - cutting back on sleep harms blood vessel function and breathing control - study : low - dose aspirin stymies proliferation of 2 breast cancer lines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5222908236218798, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87c22f43-e8d7-47ab-939e-f4104c80536c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.969903"}
{"text": "brussels, 21 december 2005 the european commission today proposed a new strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste. this long - term strategy aims to help europe become a recycling society that seeks to avoid waste and uses waste as a resource. it will draw on the knowledge that the thematic strategy on resources, also adopted today, will generate. as a first step, the commission proposes revising the 1975 waste framework directive to set recycling standards and to include an obligation for member states to develop national waste prevention programmes. this revision will also merge, streamline and clarify legislation, contributing to better regulation. the waste and resources strategies are two of the seven ' thematic ' strategies required under the 6th environment action programme ( 2002 - 2012 ). environment commissioner stavros dimas said : \u201c waste volume has been disproportionately increasing outpacing even economic growth. waste generation, disposal and recycling are of concern to all of us : individuals, companies and public authorities. now is the time to modernise our approach and to promote more and better recycling. our strategy does precisely that. more waste than ever eu environment legislation has helped improve the way we dispose waste and recycle specific waste streams, such as municipal waste, packaging, cars and electric and electronic equipment. waste management has moved a long way from being a dirty, polluting business. high standards exist for landfills and incinerators. industry now seeks to make a profit from waste instead of dumping it. however, waste generation in the eu is estimated at more than 1. 3 billion tonnes per year and is increasing at rates comparable to economic growth. for example, both gdp and municipal waste grew by 19 % between 1995 and 2003. one consequence of this growth is that despite large increases in recycling, landfill - the environmentally most problematic way to get rid of waste - is only reducing slowly. waste policy must contribute to improving the way we use resources what is needed now is to modernise and widen eu waste policy in the light of new knowledge. companies and public authorities need to take a life - cycle approach that does not only look at pollution caused by waste. it must also take account of how waste policies can most efficiently reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with the use of resources through preventing, recycling and recovering wastes. to move towards this objective eu waste law must create the right regulatory environment for recycling activities to develop. measures proposed by the strategy the strategy comes as a package. it includes a legislative proposal to modernise the 1975 waste framework directive. the main elements of the proposed revision of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4460404424865464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724b072d-4416-480f-8044-551ca1a525ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.974695"}
{"text": "woodrow wilson, as described in the introductory section of the text, was the leader of the immediate post - war period and was the architect of an internationalist vision for a new world order. yet, as discussed in the paragraphs below, he was not able to persuade the other allied leaders at the peace settlement negotiations in paris to embrace his vision. but it was not just the opposition of clemenceau and lloyd george to some of his ideas that moved the conference away from wilson ' s vision. wilson became so blindingly caught up in his vision, thinking that everything he advocated was what democracy and justice wanted, that he completely alienated the other negotiators in paris, and they stopped listening to him. another historian points to a different problem, that wilson himself stopped listening to his earlier vision, having become convinced that a harsh peace was justified and desirable. even if that historical view is accurate, wilson was probably still more moderate in his conception of a harsh peace than were clemenceau and lloyd george. but as the conference dragged on and the departure from wilsonianism became more and more pronounced, wilson clung to his proposal for the league of nations. in fact, he seemed to place all his faith in his pet project, believing it would solve all the evils the negotiators were unable to solve during the conference. unfortunately, wilson made it clear that the league was his primary objective, and it came to be his only bargaining chip. he then compromised on numerous issues that had no corollary in his vision in order to maintain the support for the creation of the league. thus, though full of good intentions and a vision for a just and peaceful future, wilson ' s arrogance and ineffective negotiating skills largely contibuted to the downfall of his vision. finally, it must be mentioned that wilson ' s inability to negotiate with the senate in its discussion of the ratification of the treaty of versailles caused the senate to reject the treaty, leaving the united states noticeably absent from the newly created league of nations, which greatly undermined the effectiveness and importance of wilson ' s principal goal. nonetheless, wilson was awarded the 1919 nobel peace prize for his efforts to secure a lasting peace and the success in the creation of the league of nations. david lloyd george, the british prime minister, entered the negotiations in paris with the clear support of the british people, as evidenced by his convincing win in the so - called khaki election of december 1918. during the weeks leading up to the election, though, he had publicly committed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.521824960744222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54521255-4567-40ea-9b12-eccf47e11bd7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.986033"}
{"text": "minister, entered the negotiations in paris with the clear support of the british people, as evidenced by his convincing win in the so - called khaki election of december 1918. during the weeks leading up to the election, though, he had publicly committed himself to work for a harsh peace against germany, including obtaining payments for war damages committed against the british. these campaign promises went against lloyd george ' s personal convictions. knowing that germany had been britain ' s best pre - war trading partner, he thought that britain ' s best chance to return to its former prosperity was to restore germany to a financially stable situation, which would have required a fairly generous peace with respect to the vanquished enemy. nonetheless, his campaign statements showed lloyd george ' s understanding that the public did not hold the same convictions as he did, and that, on the contrary, the public wanted to extract as much as possible out of the germans to compensate them for their losses during the war. so lloyd george and clemenceau were in agreement on many points, each one seeming to support the other in their nationalist objectives, and thereby scratching each other ' s back as the \" game of grab \" of germany ' s power played itself out. but most historians do not attribute to lloyd george a significant role in the treaty negotiations. in their defense, clemenceau and lloyd george were only following popular sentiment back home when they fought for harsh terms against germany. it is clear from historical accounts of the time that after seeing so many young men not return from the trenches on the western front, the french and british wanted to exact revenge against the germans through the peace settlement, to ensure that their families would never again be destroyed by german aggression. in that respect, democracy was clearly functioning as it is intended in a representative democracy. in fact, lloyd george is the quintessential example of an elected leader serving the interests of his people, putting his personal convictions second to british public opinion. yet it was that same public opinion ( in france and britain ) that wilson had believed would support his internationalist agenda, placing germany in the context of a new and more peaceful world order which would prevent future aggression. wilson ' s miscalculation was one of the single greatest factors leading to the compromise of his principles and the resulting harsh and, in the eyes of many, unjust treatment of germany within the treaty of versailles. [ see also the biographies of the big three listed on the links 1. james l. stokesbury, a short history of world war i, 1981,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46055326255971046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54521255-4567-40ea-9b12-eccf47e11bd7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.987160"}
{"text": "and, in the eyes of many, unjust treatment of germany within the treaty of versailles. [ see also the biographies of the big three listed on the links 1. james l. stokesbury, a short history of world war i, 1981, p. 309. 2. manfred f. boemeke, \" woodrow wilson ' s image of germany, the war - guilt question, and the treaty of versailles, \" inthe treaty of versailles : a reassessment after 75 years, ch. 25, boemeke, feldman & glaser, eds., 1998, pp. 603 - 614. 3. robert h. ferrell, woodrow wilson and world war i : 1917 - 1921, 1985, p. 146. 4. lawrence e. gelfand, \" the american mission to negotiate peace : an historian looks back, \" in the treaty of versailles : a reassessment after 75 years, ch. 8, boemeke, feldman & glaser, eds., 1998, p. 191. 5. see ferrell, supra note 3, ch. 10, \" the senate and the treaty. \" 6. information from this paragraph is taken from ferrell, supra note 3, at 142, 144, 151. 7. id. at 151. 8. stokesbury, supra note 1, at 311 - 312.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46941560850064457, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54521255-4567-40ea-9b12-eccf47e11bd7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.989570"}
{"text": "children are willing to ask one parent and then the next to get the desired answer. parental communication is key to combating this divisive strategy. children determine from an early age which parent they should ask for permission in which circumstance. i can illustrate this with the example of my own family. if the request involved some degree of daring, risk, or danger, they always approached dad, the one more likely to allow a bareback ride on the horse or a run down a black diamond ski slope. when it came to social events, they made the intelligent choice to come to mom. i am \u2014 and always have been \u2014 more of a social butterfly than dear old dad. this division of labor in regard to granting permission is logical and harmless. the problems begin when a child asks one parent, is denied permission, and then asks the other parent, looking for an override of the first ruling \u2014 divide and conquer. if this is allowed in your family, it will definitely be disruptive. when divide and conquer is successful, mom and dad find themselves distracted and in conflict with each other. that leaves the child free to disregard the first parent \u2019 s decision. to combat the divide and conquer strategy, you need to communicate. find out if there has been an initial answer given to your child \u2019 s request. if the other parent has already responded, it is best to let the first answer hold. if you find that the two of you are continually disagreeing, it would be best to simply address your child \u2019 s request by saying, \u201c your dad and i will have to talk about it. \u201d it is always good to have a united front or, as i like to say, to be singing off the same songsheet. for your reflection : have you ever been the victim of a divide and conquer strategy?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4821470119601199, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1707c04d-9f53-40ca-9a31-5bf2a56449ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:02.991538"}
{"text": "united states naturalization and citizenship from familysearch wiki | line 286 : | | line 286 : | < u > ' ' ' town of origin ' ' ' < / u > < u > ' ' ' town of origin ' ' ' < / u > most researchers hope to find the town of origin in naturalization records. this information usually is listed in naturalization records most researchers hope to find the town of origin in naturalization records. this information usually is listed in naturalization records when the forms were standardized. the country of origin is only listed and the town not normally given. however, because each court recorded different information prior to 1906, it is important to search naturalization records. prior to 1906, each court created their own naturalization forms. each form was different, so information recorded on the form differed. you may find substantial information in one court ( date and place of immigration, age of applicant ) and prior to 1906, each court created their own naturalization forms. each form was different, so information recorded on the form differed. you may find substantial information in one court ( date and place of immigration, age of applicant ) andinformation ( country of origin ) in another court. [ http : / / www. uscis. gov / portal / site / uscis / menuitem. 5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a /? vgnextchannel = d21f3711ca5ca110vgnvcm1000004718190arcrd & vgnextoid = 8d6bfd262fa4b110vgnvcm1000004718190arcrd visa ], required from 1924 to 1944, is the only naturalization record to the immigrant \u2019 s parents ' names. copies of [ http : / / www. uscis. gov / portal / site / uscis / menuitem. 5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a /? vgnextchannel = d21f3711ca5ca110vgnvcm1000004718190arcrd & vgnextoid = 8d6bfd262fa4b110vgnvcm1000004718190arcrd visa files ] can only be obtained from the [ https : / / wiki. familysearch. org / en /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39113419748536427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.013255"}
{"text": ". the basic requirements have been residency in the country for a given period of time, good moral character, and an oath of loyalty or allegiance given in a court of record. colonial naturalization ( pre - 1790 ) british immigrants were automatically citizens of the colonies ( british empire ). a few protestant immigrants from other countries gave oaths of allegiance or appeared before a civil authority to request citizenship ( a process sometimes referred to as denization ). seven of the original colonies had their own laws for naturalizing foreigners as citizens of the british empire colony. after the revolutionary war, the individual states established their own naturalization laws and procedures. types of colonial naturalization - denization - - a type of naturalization used to obtain land. you could buy and sell land, but could not hold public office. there were no political privileges associated with denization. - oath of allegiance - - this type of naturalization during the colonial period was used to renounce all former country loyalties. this gave the immigrant full privileges, including voting and holding public office. - collective citizenship - - this naturalization process was used to naturalize a group of people without using documents. collective naturalization happened when the united states became a country in 1776 and all those living in the country ( except native americans and african americans ) were collectively and automatically made us citizens. naturalization from 1790 - 1906 the first naturalization law was enacted in 1790. over the years, naturalization laws changed numerous times, but generally speaking the process required a declaration of intention and a petition to be filed to become a citizen ( except during the years 1798 to 1828. see report and registry listed below ). after 1906, several other documents were created during the naturalization process. the immigrant also had to be a resident in the united states 5 years and a 1 year resident in the the state before becoming a citizen. in 1795, there was a 3 year waiting period, later changed to 2 years in 1824, between filing the declaration and the petition. the naturalization process is completed in a court of law. the process usually required several steps to complete and various documents related to naturalization may be found in the court records described below. the typical naturalization process involved three steps : - declaration of intention. the immigrant filed a declaration of intention ( also called first papers ) to renounce allegiance to foreign governments and to later prove he or she had resided in the country long enough to apply for citizenship. residency laws changed consistently over time ranging from no residency requirement ( meaning they could declare right after they \" came", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46454462883176084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.015321"}
{"text": "first papers ) to renounce allegiance to foreign governments and to later prove he or she had resided in the country long enough to apply for citizenship. residency laws changed consistently over time ranging from no residency requirement ( meaning they could declare right after they \" came off the boat \" ) to 14 years residency. however, generally speaking, an immigrant filed a declaration of intention up to two years after he immigrated to the united states. the immigrant could declare any time after he arrived after fulfilling the residency requirement. some immigrants waited as late as 20 years after coming to the united states to begin the process to become a citizen. there are some exceptions to the naturalization process where the immigrant was not required to file a declaration. - petition. the immigrant had to wait anywhere between one to three years after he filed his declaration to file his petition for citizenship ( also called second or final papers ). most often the petition was filed in a court nearest to the town where the immigrant settled. an oath of allegiance was also signed to pledge the immigrants allegiance to the untied states and sign a written oath. - certificate. after all requirements were completed, the immigrant was sworn in as a citizen and issued his or her certificate. the certificate is given from the same court the petition is filed in. it is called the certificate of citizenship or certificate of naturalization. report and registry, 1798 - 1828 from 1798 to 1828, a new immigrant was required to appear before a local court and register his arrival in the united states. this was usually recorded in the court minutes. sometimes a separate document, a report and registry or aliens ' register was created instead. the immigrant could obtain a certificate showing that he had registered in order to prove his residency later when he applied for citizenship. the report and registry could take place at a different time and different court than the immigrant ' s declaration. the report and registry may include the following information depending on the court recording the information : - name of immigrant - nation of allegiance - county of migration - place of intended settlement naturalization after 1906 when the ins was created in 1906, other naturalization records were created to process naturalizations and keep track of immigrants in the united states. copies of these documents are only in the possession of the former ins, now united states citizenship and immigration services ( uscis ). a summary of some of these documents are listed below : - certificate of arrival, 1906 to the present - - after 1906 an immigrant was required to submit a certificate of arrival when he petitioned for citizenship in order to prove the length of his residency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4284455148378863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.016288"}
{"text": "). a summary of some of these documents are listed below : - certificate of arrival, 1906 to the present - - after 1906 an immigrant was required to submit a certificate of arrival when he petitioned for citizenship in order to prove the length of his residency. this document gives the place of entry, manner of arrival, and date of arrival. this was kept in the file with the petition. - certificate of registry - - a certificate created by the ins to document immigrants who arrived prior to july 1, 1924 to the united states where no original arrival record could not be located. - visa and application - - began with the immigration act of 1924. all aliens had to have a visa to enter the united states. visas were obtained at us embassies and consulates abroad. visa files contain birth information, parents, children, previous residence and a photograph beginning in 1929. - alien registration - - the alien registration act of 1940 required that every non - citizen of the united states, age 14 years and up, had to register and fill out the alien registration form. the alien registration program created a specific form, ar - 2, for this program and forms were created from 1 aug 1940 to 31 mar 1944 during world war ii. all original alien registration forms were microfilmed and are at the united states citizenship and immigration services. the originals were destroyed after filming. - an alien registration form contains the following information : - name at time of entry to the us - other names used - date of birth - marital status - height & weight - hair & eye color - port, date, ship, and class of admission at last arrival in us - date of first arrival in us - years lived in us - intended stay in us - usual occupation - present occupation - present employer, including address - club, organization, or society memberships - military service ( country, branch, dates ) - date and number of declaration of intention ( if filed ), and city and state where filed - date of petition for naturalization ( if filed ), and city and state where filed - arrest history - date and place of registration naturalization records by state locating naturalization records by time period - what to know before searching colonial naturalization records ( pre - 1790 ) naturalization records before 1790 differ vastly from later naturalization records. colonial naturalizations consist mostly of lists of those that took the oath of allegience. the colony where the immigrant was living had jurisdiction over naturalizations. a good source to begin searching for colonial naturalization records is william p. filby ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4392751314760711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.017250"}
{"text": "colonial naturalizations consist mostly of lists of those that took the oath of allegience. the colony where the immigrant was living had jurisdiction over naturalizations. a good source to begin searching for colonial naturalization records is william p. filby ' s passenger and immigration lists index, 1500s - 1900s. this source has indexed published passenger lists as well as early published naturalization records. passenger and immigration lists index, 1500s - 1900s includes the original sources where the information came from. passenger and immigration lists index, 1500s - 1900s is available in book form, cd - rom, and ancestry. com. there are several sets and supplements that have been added to the original publication. the most current supplement, 2009 is in book form and not included in the cd - rom or ancestry. com database. records between 1790 and september 1906 an immigrant may have completed naturalization proceedings through any of 5, 000 federal, state, or local courts that had the authority to grant citizenship. naturalization proceedings were most often completed in county, superior or common pleas courts, or in state and u. s. circuit and district courts. because some municipal, police, criminal, probate, and other courts also provided this service, you may need to search the records of all local courts. you may need to search the records of each place where your immigrant ancestor lived to locate both naturalization records. he may have filed the declartion of intention in one court in one state and filed the petition several years later in another court and state. begin first by looking for naturalization records in the courts of the county or city where the immigrant settled. most likely the petition ( second papers ) was filed in that county or city. records since september 1906 beginning in september 1906, the federal government began regulating the naturalization process. the bureau of immigration and naturalization ( now the united states citizenship and immigration services or uscis ) required specific forms for declarations and petitions. only these forms could be used and the bureau controlled the number of courts able to naturalize by controlling distribution of the forms. however, both state and federal courts were allowed to naturalize. the declaration of intent ( form 2202 ) was completed in triplicate. the court kept the original and gave copies to the applicant and the bureau. the applicant was to use the declaration to apply for the petition. if the declaration is still in possession of the family, the immigrant probably did not complete the process and was not a citizen. the petition for naturalization ( form 2204 ) was kept by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.400480245957216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.018188"}
{"text": "applicant was to use the declaration to apply for the petition. if the declaration is still in possession of the family, the immigrant probably did not complete the process and was not a citizen. the petition for naturalization ( form 2204 ) was kept by the court and a duplicate was sent to the ins. the certificate of naturalization ( form 2207 ) was given to the new citizen and a stub of the certificate was kept in the court to prove it was issued. a duplicate of the petition was sent to the ins. in 1929 the ins changed the forms and required photographs of the applicants. because the new forms were not distributed immediately, many state courts ceased naturalizing. however, naturalizations were still taking place in local county courts as well as federal courts and the records of any court still naturalizing should be consulted to locate your ancestor ' s records. finding naturalization records immigrants could naturalize in any court that performed naturalizations. that included city, county, state and federal courts. after 1906, federal courts naturalized many immigrants, however, other local courts continued to naturalize as late as 1985. check all possible courts in the area your ancestor lived. begin by looking for naturalization records in the courts of the county or city where the immigrant lived. look first for the petition ( second papers ), because they are usually easier to find in courts near where the immigant eventually settled. after 1906, the declaration can be filed with the petition as the immigrant was required to submit a copy when he submitted the petition. because immigrants were allowed to naturalize in any court, they often selected the most convenient court. if they lived in new jersey but worked in new york city, also check the courts of new york city for the naturalization records. if an immigrant lived on the border of a county, they may have naturalized in the adjacent county because the courthouse may have been closer. locating the correct district court one federal court that may contain your ancestor ' s naturalization records is the district court. however, to search the these records you must first determine the correct district court. click on united states district court jurisdictions to help you identify the correct district court. you must know the county your ancestor resided in. on the internet there are many online resources available for researching naturalization records. these online resources include naturalization indexes as well as digital images of naturalization records. - online searchable naturalization indexes and records - - this website contains links to naturalization indexes and records. it is arranged by state and gives the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42704615311820204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.019139"}
{"text": "these online resources include naturalization indexes as well as digital images of naturalization records. - online searchable naturalization indexes and records - - this website contains links to naturalization indexes and records. it is arranged by state and gives the statewide indexes and records first. it then gives the countywide indexes and records. this website is updated regularly and is a great source to begin searching for naturalization records on the internet. - footnote. com - - this website has a partnership with the national archives to bring digital images of some of the national archives collections online. part of the website is free, other images are only available through a subscription. free access is given to the website at the national archives, at national archives regional branches, and at family history centers that have internet access. to locate naturalization databases on footnote. com, choose the \" browse all \" link. under the category list, click on naturalizations 1700s - mid 1900s. at the bottom of the screen, use the \" search within \" box to type in a name. there is also an \" advanced search \" option that helps narrow down common names when more information is known about the ancestor. - ancestry. com - - this is a subscription website. most of ancestry ' s naturalization records are found under the heading immigration and emigration. you can access these records by the following methods : - 1 ) ancestry database card catalog - - type the word naturalization in the database title box. this will give you a listing of naturalization records. - olive tree genealogy naturalizations - - free access to many indexes. some are submitted by olive tree genealogy ( otg ) volunteers. - united states citizenship and immigration services ( uscis ) - - after 1906, a copy of all naturalization records were sent to the immigration and naturalization service or ins, now called the uscis. you may access their records through the uscis genealogy program. their website is www. uscis. gov. more details are listed below under, using the genealogy program at the united states citizenship and immigration services. at the family history library naturalization records at the library are listed in the place search of the family history library catalog under one of the following : [ state ] - naturalization and citizenship [ state ], [ county ] - naturalization and citizenship [ state ], [ county ], [ town ] - naturalization and citizenship the library has also acquired large collections of naturalization records from the national archives branches in atlanta, chicago, los angeles, new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37377722419671294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.021015"}
{"text": ", [ county ] - naturalization and citizenship [ state ], [ county ], [ town ] - naturalization and citizenship the library has also acquired large collections of naturalization records from the national archives branches in atlanta, chicago, los angeles, new york, and seattle. in some states, naturalization records are included in other court records and are not separately identified. the state research outlines will help you locate these records. a key reference book is : \u2022 schaefer, christina k. guide to naturalization records in the united states. baltimore, maryland : genealogical publishing company, 1997. ( fhl book 973 p4s. ) it identifies records at both the national archives and the family history library. it also describes many state and county courthouse collections. this book was published in 1997 and has not been updated. the family history library has added naturalization records to their collection since the publication. at regional archives and other repositories the clerk of the court where the immigrant was naturalized may still have the original records. some copies of court naturalization records have been transferred to national archives regional branches. check these regional branches for federal court records as they charge less than the uscis. national archive regional branches have websites that often state which naturalization records they have available. to locate the regional branch covering the location of the court where the naturalization document was filed, click here. using the genealogy program at the united states citizenship and immigration services the united states citizenship and immigration services ( uscis ) has instituted the genealogy program for public access to all records from 1906 to 1956 created by this agency, formerly immigration and naturalization service ( ins ). review the genealogy frequently asked questions website to expedite your order and ensure success for your request. - certificate files ( c - files ) from september 27, 1906 to april 1, 1956 - alien registration forms from august 1, 1940 to march 31, 1944 - visa files from july 1, 1924 to march 31, 1944 - registry files from march 2, 1929 to march 31, 1944 - alien files ( a - files ) numbered below 8 million ( a8000000 ) and documents therein dated prior to may 1, 1951 when ordering by mail, use forms g - 1041 ( for an index search ) and g - 1041a ( for obtaining the record ). do not submit g - 1041a until you have completed a search with form g - 1041 unless you have a valid file number. once the form is filled out, include a money order or cash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42005415872815755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.021955"}
{"text": "states the court where the petition was filed. this helps locate a copy of the petition, which can contain more information about the immigrant. if your ancestor had a united states passport, your ancestor completed the naturalization process and was a us citizen. passports were only given to u. s. citizens. they were and was not required for travel outside of the united states during times of war. often newly naturalized citizens would obtain passports to keep them from being drafted in their native country ' s military. for more information about united states passports, click here. tips for success for success in finding naturalization records and obtaining the information desired, remember that there are limitations in naturalization records, exceptions to the naturalization process and search strategies that should be used such as checking spelling variations. town of origin most researchers hope to find the town of origin in naturalization records. this information usually is listed in naturalization records after 1906 when the forms were standardized. before 1906, often the country of origin is only listed and the town not normally given. however, because each court recorded different information prior to 1906, it is important to search the earlier naturalization records. prior to 1906, each court created their own naturalization forms. each form was different, so information recorded on the form differed. you may find substantial information in one court ( date and place of immigration, age of applicant, place of birth ) and very little information ( name of aaplicant, country of origin ) in another court. thus, it is important to always obtain the naturalization records of an immigrant even if they naturalized before 1906. names of parents exceptions to the naturalization process there are exceptions to naturalization process that can determine whether you find a declaration of intention or a petition for your ancestor or not. immigrant children - even today - receive their citizenship from their parents. starting in 1790, children recieved derivative citizenship from their father ( or mother in some cases ). derivative citizenship is defined as getting one ' s citizenship from another person. when the child ' s father became naturalized, his children under 16 ( or 18, depending on the year ) automatically became citizenship. there was no paperwork that was created. to prove his or her citizenship, the child would need his or her father ' s certificate of citizenship ( or certificate of naturalization ). beginning in 1824 until 1906, immigrants under the age of 21 ( whose parents did not naturalize ) could be naturalized without filing a declaration of intent after they reached the age of 21 and had met the residency requirements. the declaration was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43140254206588635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.023918"}
{"text": "naturalization ). beginning in 1824 until 1906, immigrants under the age of 21 ( whose parents did not naturalize ) could be naturalized without filing a declaration of intent after they reached the age of 21 and had met the residency requirements. the declaration was often submitted with the petition. in 1855, derivative citizenship ( obtaining one ' s citizenship from another person ) was also available for immigrant women marrying us citizens or if their husbands obtained their citizenship during their marriage. the wife ' s proof that she was a us citizen was her husband ' s certificate of citizenship ( or certificate of naturalization ) and her marriage certificate. in 1922, citizenship was no longer available to women through marriage. however, between 1907 to 1922, a woman could lose her us citizenship if she married an alien - even if she was born in the united states. for more information, read marion l. smith ' s article, women and naturalization, ca. 1802 - 1940. to serve in the united states military, one did not need to be a united states citizen - even today. in fact, the united states government passed some naturalization laws to help encourage new immigrants to serve in the military in their new homeland. these laws made becoming a naturalized citizen easier for the immigrant. the following are the laws concerning service in the military : army - - beginning in 1862, the declaration was waived, and the residency requirement was reduced to one year, for a soldier with an honorable discharge. navy & marines - - beginning in 1894, with an honorable discharge, the declaration was waived and the residency requirement was reduced to one year. world war i - - in 1918, during wwi, the residency requirement was waived and the declaration was also waived. soldiers are naturalized at military posts. in some instances, entire groups have been collectively granted u. s. citizenship. collective naturalization is defined as a group of people all receiving their citizenship through an act of congress or treaty. in these cases you will not find individual naturalization papers. in 1868, african - americans made citizens by the fourteenth amendment of the unites states constitution. in 1924, native americans made finally made citizens - although some chiefs of tribes became citizens before this date. the native americans were not included in the fouteeneth amendment because they were considered a seperate nation. collective naturalization also occurred for residents of the louisiana purchase in 1803, texas in 1845, and hawaii in 1898. search all spellings of the surname. think about how the surname was pronounced, and how it sounded in your ancestor ' s probable accent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4175414384565572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.024907"}
{"text": "collective naturalization also occurred for residents of the louisiana purchase in 1803, texas in 1845, and hawaii in 1898. search all spellings of the surname. think about how the surname was pronounced, and how it sounded in your ancestor ' s probable accent. the surname may be spelled differently in earlier records that were closer to your ancestor ' s immigration date. other naturalization topics there are over 150 us naturalization laws that have been enacted since 1790. these laws change the residency requirements and those that qualified for naturalization. a summary of some of the major naturalization acts passed by congress can be found here. the united states citizenship and immigration services has a full discussion of all naturalization laws in pdf format. - \u2191 1. 0 1. 1 schaefer, christina k. guide to naturalization records of the united states ( baltimore, md : christina k. schaefer, 1997 ). - \u2191 2. 0 2. 1 newman, john j. american naturalization records 1790 - 1990. ( bountiful, ut : heritage quest, 1998 ). - \u2191 united states citizenship and immigration services, : alien registration forms on microfilm, 1940 - 1944 - \u2191 greenwood, val d. the researcher ' s guide to american genealogy, 3rd ed. ( baltimore, md : genealogical publishing co., inc., 2000 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4165300197390522, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.025454"}
{"text": "reports of a serious amount of corn planted in central and southern illinois, and at least a sprinkling of acres planted in indiana before the first official day of spring has some people scratching their heads. try to explain that to your grandfather or great - grandfather! emerson nafziger at the university of illinois says it may mean this is an educational season because he can ' t remember this much corn planted so early. he also says that in all test results he can find, corn planted the last week of april typically slightly out yields corn planted in late march of early april. other universities have shown similar data. however, nafziger acknowledges it depends upon the weather conditions that come after planting and the year itself. here ' s what we think is often left out of the equation, especially for farmers with large acreages to plant. while the data is what it is for late - april being an ideal planting time in the central midwest, few people add this caveat. what if soil conditions are right now, and temperatures are right now, but it ' s too wet or too cool to plant the last week of april? what if the last week of april becomes the first week of may? during the past two seasons in much of indiana, for example, the last week of april became the last week of may or the first two weeks of june. one could argue that the proper comparison ought to be not the first of april planting vs. the last of april, but the first of april planting vs. planting the last week of may? which corn is likely to yield more? most university data and data form several seed companies, including beck ' s hybrids through their practical farm research demonstration plots, would say that anything planted in april has a higher percentage of yielding more than corn planted the last week of may. given that logic, who can blame someone who has watched their planter sit for four weeks straight in may for the past two years if they want to get some crop in the ground now? of course if fair weather continues or if the last week of april is ideal, and you could guarantee that, it would make a difference. farming doesn ' t come with guarantees. ken scheeringa, an assistant climatologist at purdue university, says warmer than normal weather is likely through april, although it may not be as extreme on the warm side as in march, as compared to normal. rainfall is more of a fuzzy call. the real issue is that may and june aren ' t on the radar screen yet. some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4081006842483089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d42b33fa-9c85-4d46-a240-2be2f8712ffe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.030755"}
{"text": "sheep & wolf to join forces? birdlife international and face ( the federation of associations for hunting and conservation of the eu ) have signed a historic agreement recognising that the conservation of bird species and their habitats is a common objective. both organisations agree that the birds directive is the appropriate instrument for bird conservation in the european union, and undertake not to attempt to change it. both recognise the importance of the natura 2000 network, which includes all the special protection areas for birds required under the birds directive. they also agree to cooperate in promoting strategic conservation priorities, such as halting biodiversity decline by 2010, protecting sites, and reforming the common agricultural policy. the agreement, signed on 12 october by mike rands, director and chief executive of birdlife international and gilbert de turckheim, president of face, was welcomed and countersigned by mrs margot wallstr? m, commissioner for the environment. progress towards this agreement began in 2001, when the european commission launched the sustainable hunting initiative ( shi ) to create a constructive dialogue between conservationists and hunters, represented by birdlife international and face. the shi was started at a time when the two organisations could be considered arch - enemies, and constant confrontations on hunting issues seemed to be leading nowhere, said dr clairie papazoglou, birdlife ` s head of eu policy. this agreement proves that reasonable hunters and reasonable conservationists can work together for the benefit of birds and people. it represents an important step forward in the relations of the two organisations, which on the basis of this text can chart a list of common actions, to be carried out in the years to come. it can also be the basis on which birdlife ` s partners can promote similar initiatives at the national level. created : 5th nov 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4635556340900255, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67e8d8a9-0152-4e50-b52a-9991a3d8f3a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.032713"}
{"text": "cognitive moral development and loevinger ' s concept of ego development ( kohlberg ) this study explored the nature of the relationship between cognitive moral development as defined by lawrence kohlberg and ego development as defined by jane loevinger. the effects of general cognitive development were controlled by the selection of subjects who were capable of formal operational thinking. subjects were 120 jewish volunteers comprised of equal numbers of junior high - school, senior high - school, and college students of both sexes. all subjects received three tests : a screening measure for formal operations, the sentence completion test ( sct ) which measures ego development, and the moral judgment interview ( mji ). results indicated the existence of significant positive correlations between the sct and mji in the overall sample, in the total male and female samples, in the entire college group, and in the female college group. no significant correlations were found in the junior high - school and senior high - school groups, possibly due to restricted ranges of scores. in addition, most subjects at moral development stages 3 / 4 and above had attained at least the conscientious - conformist level. results also indicated the presence of differences between male and female scores. the correlations for females were consistently higher than for males, females scored significantly higher on the sct, males scored significantly higher on the mji, and the relationship between specific moral and ego development stages seemed to be stronger for females than for males. the differences found in this study between the sexes in performance on the mji are consistent with gilligan ' s theory about the distinctions between male and female approaches to moral dilemmas. however, that theory was found to be inadequate in explaining the stronger relationship between mji and sct scores manifested by the females in this study. the sct was criticized for not specifying clearly the ego development features that it measured. it was suggested that the exact nature of the interplay between moral and ego development could be illuminated more fully by research that focused on specific well - defined features of ego development. ^ \" cognitive moral development and loevinger ' s concept of ego development ( kohlberg ) \" ( january 1, 1984 ). etd collection for fordham university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5476738170834928, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f696ba90-1549-4d50-a12f-3bce184b3072>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.034939"}
{"text": "dwc is prone to root rot, always due to low do * altitude play an important role in how much do a solution can carry. if you reduce your nute loads, your solution can carry more do. if you live in denver, you may have a problem indoor growing with any temps above 65\u00baf if you check out roseypanties experiment, you will see he had much better result using a reduced nute load. there were two positive effects on the plants, that were grown using the reduced nute load. the first good thing that happened was, his do increased, due to the reduced salinity, of his nutrient solution. second, osmotic pressure was reduced in the rhyzome, allowing the plant to take in more h2o and thus grow faster. what does this second statement really mean? take your hand, and leave it in salt water for an hour. your skin wrinkles,... why? because the salt has caused the osmotic pressure on the outdside of your skin to be higher than the pressure inside your skin, and as the water in your hand is sucked out through your skin, your hand actually shrinks from the loss of fluid and the skin becomes loose it is harder for your plant to uptake water and nutrients when you use high nute loads, because the salt creates negative osmotic pressure ( hypertonicity ) against the semipermeable membrane of the root cell walls. here is the wiki \" scientific answer \". osmotic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane ( your roots ) due to a differential in the concentrations of solute. osmoregulation is the homeostasis mechanism of an organism to reach balance in osmotic pressure. osmotic potential is the opposite of water potential with the former meaning the degree to which a solvent ( usually water ) would want to stay in a liquid and not pass through the membrane. hypertonicity is a solution that causes cells to shrink. it may or may not have a higher osmotic pressure than the cell interior since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane. hypotonicity is a solution that causes cells to swell it may or may not have a lower osmotic pressure than the cell interior, since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane. isotonic is a solution that produces no change in cell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5113371914974573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:224b6496-c3b4-475a-99d5-12c23def6edc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.038950"}
{"text": "causes cells to swell it may or may not have a lower osmotic pressure than the cell interior, since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane. isotonic is a solution that produces no change in cell volume. ( this is what you want your nute solution to be ) when a biological cell is in a hypotonic the cell interior accumulates water, water flows across the cell membrane into the cell, causing it to expand. in plant cells, the cell wall restricts the expansion, resulting in pressure on the cell wall from within called turgor like swollen ankles or hands, are not as productive. ) if you are good at math, and want to get your nute solution perfect, the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution can be calculated using this formula i = the van t hoff factor m = the molarity r = the gas constant, where r = 0. 08206 l \u00b7 atm \u00b7 mol - 1 \u00b7 k - 1 t = the thermodynamic temperature ( formerly called absolute temperature ) note : the similarity of the above formula to the ideal gas law and also that osmotic pressure is not dependent on particle charge. this equation was derived by van ' t hoff. now doing this calculation would be nice if there are any college math majors out there, but i use this chart, and it has worked well for me. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % of nute load as you can see, 50 - 75 % is very adequate, and it has been my personal experience, that i have improved yields and better taste, when i use the lower end of \" sufficient \", on that chart.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4968172332931692, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:224b6496-c3b4-475a-99d5-12c23def6edc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.039701"}
{"text": "hi andy, welcome to linux mint programming with python is fun, at least i think so. many programs developed by linux mint are actually written in python, like the software manager and update manager for example. so i hope you do pick it up, but most important is you have a good time and enjoy using linux mint google has a very basic python class to get you started : https : / / developers. google. com / edu / python /. the hitchhiker ' s guide to python may be a nice resource along the way also : http : / / docs. python - guide. org / en / latest / index. html. another good resource is learn python the hard way, which throws you in the deep end but gets you going fast with the basics : http : / / learnpythonthehardway. org / book /. you don ' t need much to get started, gedit or kate both already have syntax highlighting for python source code, though you may want to look into a lightweight programmer ' s editor like geany to get a little more productive as your programming skills grow ( you can install it from the software manager ; i recommend you also install geany - plugins for some extra tools ). but there are plenty of other programmer ' s editors and ides suitable for use with python.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.41377959872707953, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:039741ee-b974-4af4-93d5-f899e5af6e6f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.041472"}
{"text": "walking under the metal gate that reads \u201c arbeit macht frei \u201d ( \u201c work brings freedom \u201d ) is a seminal moment for visitors to auschwitz \u2014 a chill - inducing passage into a place of death. it comes as some surprise, then, to learn that it was actually upon passing the ticket - takers \u2019 booth in the parking lot that visitors entered what was the main complex of the concentration camp. the communist government that took control of auschwitz after the war altered the physical complex in innumerable unmarked ways, changes that were largely made to serve the story of the holocaust told behind the iron curtain. in communist eastern europe, the central narrative of the holocaust was not the death of jews ; it was the story of communist resistance and fascist atrocity. as a result, the focus of the auschwitz museum is the complex known as auschwitz 1, where the bulk of polish political prisoners were killed early in the war. in the communist incarnation of the museum, only two of the barracks in auschwitz 1 were given over to a discussion of the jews. that has broadened in the post - communist years, but there continues to be a very european focus on nationalism. the dutch government was given a barrack where they tell a story of brave dutch resistance ; they do not mention that, aside from poland, no country allowed a higher proportion of its jews to be killed than the netherlands. the museological focus on auschwitz 1, however, has the unintended effect of leaving the much more massive birkenau complex \u2014 the center of mass extermination \u2014 in a relatively unadulterated state. few spaces convey the physical enormity of jewish death during the holocaust like the fields of birkenau, with the outlines of destroyed barracks stretching out over a vast desolate field. at the back of the birkenau complex, the soviets erected an abstract granite memorial that towers over the surroundings. it represents the soviet story, which was always one of triumph, skipping as quickly as possible over the mourning stage. this effort to create a narrative, though, is overwhelmed by the remains of the two brick buildings nearby that held the gas chambers, now collapsing in on themselves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4594308428306914, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8cceb1a4-fe2e-4399-a86b-54e75cb6317f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.046623"}
{"text": "there are several other differences including different meaning for the symbols ( [ different rules for which symbols need escaping ( they can ' t be the same as both standard posix and extended posix ) you should read the full documentation for pcre before chaging any posix regex to use pcre. differences from posix regex as of php 5. 3. 0, the posix regex extension is deprecated. there are a number of differences between posix regex and pcre regex. this page lists the most notable ones that are necessary to know when converting to pcre. - the pcre functions require that the pattern is enclosed by delimiters. - unlike posix, the pcre extension does not have dedicated functions for case - insensitive matching. instead, this is supported using the i ( pcre _ caseless ) pattern modifier. other pattern modifiers are also available for changing the matching strategy. - the posix functions find the longest of the leftmost match, but pcre stops on the first valid match. if the string doesn ' t match at all it makes no difference, but if it matches it may have dramatic effects on both the resulting match and the matching speed. to illustrate this difference, consider the following example from \" mastering regular expressions \" by jeffrey friedl. using the pattern one ( self )? ( selfsufficient )? on the string oneselfsufficient with pcre will result in matching oneself, but using posix the result will be the full string oneselfsufficient. both ( sub ) strings match the original string, but posix requires that the longest be the result. add a note user contributed notes differences from posix regex - [ 1 notes ] jasen at treshna dot com \u00b6 1 year ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4868249513742674, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31708733-dbee-47f1-88c5-054e01a19ca2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.048579"}
{"text": "\u201c utopian \u201d has almost become a put - down or a suggestion that one is being unrealistic, if not naive. but i would argue that socialists must be utopian, not in the sense of expecting fundamental change instantaneously, but in the sense of holding in their very being the deep desire for the realization of a world completely unlike our own. it is that for which generations have fought and it is that ideal that has kept many a freedom fighter going despite tremendous adversities. what is especially interesting about the history of capitalism is that with its rise there also emerged the impulse towards alternatives. these alternatives were not necessarily elaborated as eloquently as were the theories behind capitalism and, specifically, democratic capitalism, but they were nevertheless important. the oppressive and often criminal nature of rising capitalism brought with it revolutionary movements that challenged either the system itself or components of the system. these revolts took various forms, such as the slave revolts that spanned the entire period of the african slave trade. peter linebaugh \u2019 s the many - headed hydra : sailors, slaves, commoners, and the hidden history of the revolutionary atlantic offers a glimpse into the world of the north atlantic and the development of capitalism. it was a world of significant resistance carried out by men and women ; slaves and the free ; mutinies and worker conspiracies. and in most cases there was a deep desire, sometimes elaborated, toward a not - always - defined freedom from the exploitation and oppression that accompanies capitalism. with this as a backdrop, one can see that the desire for a utopia has always been a component of progressive and revolutionary anti - capitalism. utopia was not simply a dream, but it represented the ideological and spiritual outlines of the ideal alternative. it became something for which movements fought. for many, that utopia took the name \u201c socialism. \u201d in the 19th century, there were two diametrically opposed approaches to the question of socialism. on the one hand, there were the formations of local communities based on ideal socialist principles, such as equality and shared work. these were generally referenced as examples of \u201c utopian socialism. \u201d these communities attempted to live side - by - side with capitalism, hoping to demonstrate a viable alternative. yet in their failure to tackle the system itself, these communities were strangled by the ever - growing amoral beast of capitalism. in contrast, there were revolutionary movements, initially based in europe, that sought to gain power for workers through struggle. karl marx and frederick engels were only two of those associated with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4975545977069712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff332c0e-86bd-4089-a859-a5b5f69a5240>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.052915"}
{"text": "communities were strangled by the ever - growing amoral beast of capitalism. in contrast, there were revolutionary movements, initially based in europe, that sought to gain power for workers through struggle. karl marx and frederick engels were only two of those associated with this approach. these movements also co - existed ( and usually not very well ) with revolutionary anarchists who envisioned the immediate end of not only capitalism, but any governmental / state system. it was also during the 19th century that the first great experiment in the creation of a worker \u2019 s state took place during the short - lived paris commune of 1871. this urban uprising of the dispossessed shook the world and suggested that worker power was more than a slogan. the 20th century was the moment for the great socialist experiments, beginning with the russian / soviet revolution in october 1917, and continuing on with china, vietnam, cuba and numerous other locales. time and space do not permit anything approaching an exhaustive look at the twists and turns of the socialist experiments of the last century and the many conclusions that we could draw. for the purposes of this essay, let us say that revolutionary transformation proved to be far more difficult than the overthrow of a particular state structure. among other things, capitalism is not simply about a ruling class of capitalists, but about toxic practices, many of them day - to - day, which people have learned over generations and, as the great italian marxist antonio gramsci would say, have come to be accepted as \u201c common sense. \u201d these practices and expectations operate like the ghostly hands of demons in a graveyard reaching out and placing often unexpected constraints on the ability to break free of such haunted spaces. we also discovered that socialism was about far more than economics. it must be about the expansion of democracy and the actual control over the lives of working people by the workers themselves. this means that there will be mistakes, setbacks, and detours. but the people themselves need to take these on, since there is no omnipotent individual or organization that can ensure success in a process that knows no guarantees. socialism, then, is not a utopia but a step in a process that takes us in the direction of an idea - that is, a society free of all exploitation and oppression, and with the elimination of all oppressing and oppressed classes. for me, it is summarized not in the text of a great socialist treatise, but, ironically perhaps, in the words of a fictional character, captain jean luc picard of the starship enterprise, in the film star trek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5404550682852438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff332c0e-86bd-4089-a859-a5b5f69a5240>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.053919"}
{"text": "correlation and application of statistics to problems of heredity 63 oxford, and the three last were two men who committed suicide under circumstances of great disgrace and palmer, the rugeley murderer, who was hanged. there is possibly little knowledge to be obtained from the result for a single medical school, but comparative statistics for several would be of considerable value. chapter v deals with normal variability, and galton shows how the distribution depends only on the two constants, the median and the quartile, and further that if two individuals whose grades are known be actually measured, then the median and quartile, and so the whole distribution of variation, can be discovered ( p. 62, footnote, and cf. our vol. ii, p. 385 ). the origin of the normal distribution is illustrated mechanically by aid of the \" quincunx \" ( see our pp. 9 and 10 ). nor is galton able to avoid becoming poetically enthusiastic in a paragraph headed the charms of statistics, for he writes \" it is difficult to understand why statisticians commonly limit their inquiries to averages and do not revel in more comprehensive views. their souls seem as dull to the charm of variety as that of the native of one of our flat english counties, whose retrospect of switzerland was that, if its mountains could be thrown into its lakes, two nuisances would be got rid of at once. an average is but a solitary fact, whereas if a single other fact be added to it, an entire normal scheme, which nearly corresponds to the observed one, starts potentially into existence. \" some people hate the very name of statistics, but i find them full of beauty and interest. whenever they are not brutalised, but delicately handled by the higher methods, and are warily interpreted, their power of dealing with complicated phenomena is extraordinary. they are the only tools by which an opening can be cut through the formidable thicket of difficulties that bars the path of those who pursue the science of man. \" ( pp. 62 - 63. ) galton at the end of his chapter v gives the two fundamental propositions on which his normal surface for the distribution of characters in two relatives depends. he envisages it in the following manner. \" ( 1 ) bullets are fired by a man who aims at the centre of a target, which we will call its 11f, and we will suppose the marks that the bullets make to be painted red, for the sake of distinction. the system of lateral deviations of these red marks from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5328732267473208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20c7beae-1f7d-4186-b2cf-5cd460c3597a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.057382"}
{"text": "who aims at the centre of a target, which we will call its 11f, and we will suppose the marks that the bullets make to be painted red, for the sake of distinction. the system of lateral deviations of these red marks from the centre m will be approximately normal, whose q [ probable error ] we will call c. [ this is the distribution of the first relative. ] then another man takes aim, not at the centre of the target, but at one or other of the red marks, selecting these at random. we will suppose his shots to be painted green. the lateral distance of any green shot from the red mark at which it was aimed will have a probable error, that we will call b. now if the lateral distance of a particular green mark from m is given [ a ], what is the most probable distance from m of the red mark at which it was aimed? it is + b2 a *. \" ( 2 ) what is the probable error of this determination? in other words, if estimates have been made for a great many distances founded upon the formula in ( 1 ), they would be correct on the average, though erroneous in particular cases. the errors thus made would form a normal system whose q [ probable error ] it is desired to determine. its value is, / b2 l2 1. \" * unfortunately galton has the value v o + b21 which is very liable to confuse the reader. t in more modern notation, this may be looked upon as the variability of the array of the second relative = c2 ( 1 -? - ' i ) ; therefore r =. / c2 / ( c2 + b 2 ). hence the regression of first relative on second relative = rc / jc2 + b2 x a = ~ + b2 x a. again the variance of the difference in character between the two relatives = c2 + ( c2 + b2 ) - 2c1 / c2 + b2 r = b2, or b has for physical meaning the probable error of the distribution of the difference in character between the two relatives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5724070831069912, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20c7beae-1f7d-4186-b2cf-5cd460c3597a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.058154"}
{"text": "| page ( 1 ) of 1 - 03 / 02 / 13 | | email article | | print page | the power is in the pixels : power generation game added to thinking skills club ( march 02, 2013 ) toronto, on ( prweb ) march 02, 2013 a steam kettle whistles. the steam activates an electric current causing a beaker of water to heat up and drip onto a turbine, which activates a new current and completes the circuit. not the usual way to get energy from point a to point b, but a creative and compelling way to get to the next level in an online game called electric box. the game, hosted by candystand. com, was recently added to the thinking skills club, an after school club where in grades 3 through 8 play computer games that help kids develop a variety of cognitive skills. thinking skills club founder mitch moldofsky says the game was chosen because it employs logic, the concept of cause and effect, planning and making mistakes in order to win. \" making mistakes is very important in learning, \" says moldofsky, an educator and cognitive science graduate from the university of toronto, \" i do it all the time. \" moldofsky believes the game encourages the development of executive function skills in the frontal lobes of the brain, based on another executive function training method, tools of the mind. \" what they ' ve found with tools of the mind is that simply modifying activities during the school day to include things like self - reflection, evaluation, planning and trial and error can radically shape a student ' s approach to activities outside the classroom as well, such as behavior, \" says moldofsky. \" games like these encompass all of these skills. \" unlike other brain training games on the web, which moldofsky claims are often repetitive and boring, the games on the thinking skills club are \" fun - tested, \" since they are culled from gaming sites. \" these games are already being played by the kids in this age group, without the coercion of parents or teachers. they ' re intrinsically rewarding, \" he says. there are five other types of games on the thinking skills club aside from executive function, including attention and memory, even social skills. \" there ' s some good new research out there about the effects of prosocial games, \" says moldofsky, \" and they ' re not too hard to find if you know where to look. \" read the full story at http : / / www. prweb. com /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5513655009736113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ae9e392-2482-4846-924d-a108adcb5157>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.062884"}
{"text": "about the effects of prosocial games, \" says moldofsky, \" and they ' re not too hard to find if you know where to look. \" read the full story at http : / / www. prweb. com / releases / 2013 / 3 / prweb10486757. htm. related keywords : education, adult education, further education, religious education, computing and information technology, satellite technology, wireless technology, science and technology, technology ( general ), identification technology, agricultural research and technology, plastic art, internet, entertainment award, entertainment ( general ), arts ( general ), arts, culture and entertainment, arts, culture and entertainment, entertainment ( general ), entertainment award, computer crime, commonwealth games, winter goodwill games, summer asian games, winter asian games, panamerican games, african games, mediterranean games, southeast asiatic games, panpacific games, southpacific games, panarabic games, summer goodwill games, world games, paralympic games, government aid, government debt, government contract, education, adult education, further education, religious education, government health care, government, national government, government departments, non government organizations ( ngo ), family, family planning, market research, research and development, medical research, science and technology, applied science, material science, human science, natural science, philosophical science, research, science ( general ), animal science, micro science,, weather science, agricultural research and technology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5309978173315304, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ae9e392-2482-4846-924d-a108adcb5157>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.063605"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s a fact. men are better than women \u2026 at sweating. yep, we do it more frequently and more effectively. congrats guys. researchers at osaka international university in japan measured the perspiration rates of men and women while they biked for an hour under controlled conditions. the researchers had 37 subjects cycle for an hour at increasing intensities \u2014 active subjects had participated in endurance sports for more than six years, while inactive subjects had, for the most part, not performed regular physical activity in the previous three years. the scientists measured the subjects \u2019 temperature, sweat rate and activated sweat glands for a number of sites on the body, including the forehead and thigh. the information was used to calculate sweat gland output and measure performance. the study revealed that physically fit men sweat more than anyone else. in general, men sweat more than women, and that has its advantages. sweating is how our body cools off. so, by sweating more than women, men are able to exercise for a longer time. \u2018 \u201d it appears that women are at a disadvantage when they need to sweat a lot during exercise, \u201d said yoshimitsu inoue, the study \u2019 s coordinator. \u201c especially in hot conditions. \u201d previous physical training increased sweating in both men and women, but the increase was greater with men. as the workouts got more intense, the difference in sweating between the sexes increased. interestingly enough, fit women sweat more than unfit men, but by an insignificant margin. the researchers believe that testosterone could explain why men sweat better than women. prior research has shown a link between the male sex - hormone testosterone, physical training and an increase in sweat rate. although they did not measure the hormone among their subjects, the researchers suggest the hormone may play a role in their results. so guys, the next time you enter into a women \u2019 s marathon, just make sure it \u2019 s really hot out. you \u2019 ll sweat more, and you \u2019 ll be a lock to win.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4606897453772121, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4eccc5c-f0ea-404a-b76d-110c1605b778>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.065560"}
{"text": "a. j. nestebatteries at a station on a philadelphia commuter line capture excess current when trains brake and store the power for use when a train accelerates. a giant battery bank installed by the side of the southeast pennsylvania transit authority \u2019 s subway tracks a little over a month ago is saving about nine megawatt - hours of power a week, its manufacturer says, which is more electricity than the typical apartment - dweller uses in a year. the battery system, which i wrote about last year, is allowing the trains to run a bit like prius hybrids. when they slow down at a station, their motors turn into generators, converting torque into current. before the battery bank was installed, some of that current was returned to the third rail ; but if the voltage got too high, it was shunted instead into a giant electric heater under the train, which simply dissipated the energy as heat. now the battery captures excess current, about 3. 5 to 4 kilowatt - hours per train that stops, and puts it back on the line when a train is accelerating. sometimes it does this for several trains at once. the battery bank is also receiving signals every four seconds from the regional grid operator and either absorbing energy or giving it back to the grid to help balance supply and demand. until very recently, the solar industry was mainly concerned with getting a toehold in the production of electricity at a utility - level scale. now a new jersey company is looking for its niche in a different field \u2014 how to handle a system that is saturated with solar energy, sometimes enough to destabilize the electric grid. the company, petra solar, has a highly visible product : it is under contract to supply 200, 000 panels that public service electric & gas will attached to utility poles around new jersey. around 75, 000 are already up. about six feet wide and four feet high, the panels make 200 watts when in full sun, and newer models will make 225 watts, the company says. on a mild day, one could almost meet the needs of an entire house in the daytime ; on a hot day, four or five would run a window air conditioner. on the top side of the panel, the side angled toward the sun, is the obvious attention - getter, the polycrystalline solar cell. what is different is the electronics bolted to the bottom, which are meant to prevent a solar power overdose. they could turn out to be crucial, according to company executives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5335197542355796, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84a0fd6d-8e59-48fe-8697-123a6e44ede3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.067898"}
{"text": "vedic art : indian miniature painting, part 14 by : sun staff ahmadnagar, c. 1595 dec 26, 2011 canada ( sun ) a serial presentation of india ' s artistic legacy in paintings, sculpture and temple architecture. the deccani schools 16th to 18th centuries like the group of bikaner paintings featured in yesterday ' s segment, of govinda fluting with his cows, there are many beautiful vaisnava themes to be found among the deccan miniatures. today we take a brief look at paintings from the ahmednagar school, a sub - category of the deccan school. in the ahmednagar miniatures, vaisnava themes are overshadowed by the persian influence, no doubt because the earliest examples of this school are no longer in existence. ahmednagar, maharashtra, situated about 250 km. due east of mumbai, was an islamic kingdom during the sixteenth century. during the late iron age it was part of the territory of the sattavahanas and during the 1st millennium a. d. it was ruled by the yadavas, until it fell to the muslim intruders. ragamala, ahmednagar, 17th c. nearly all the early examples of ahmednagar painting are in the persian style, an influence seen not only in themes, but also in the richly brilliant colors, high horizons, golden skies and landscapes, and gilt scripts framing the wide borders of manuscript illustrations. this style is equally evident in ahmednagar school ragamala illustrations of the period. in the ragamala illustration of vasanta raga above, the painting is bordered along with top with the raga verse in devanagari script vas ( anta ). not shown is an additional caption above that, in arabic characters, which mislabels the painting as hindola raga and vasant ragini. the raga depicted is actually the vasanta, and it was no doubt the introduction of the swing ( hindola ) that led to the confusion of titles. the sanskrit verses for this raga describe how vasanta ( the male personification of spring, or kamadeva ) is sprayed with holi colors by young maids in a mango grove, on a kashmiri mountain. praised by strings of bees, he disports himself on a swing. like a blue lotus ( dark complexioned ) and dressed in a tawny garment, he holds in his fingers the shoots of the fresh mango. in the painting, the young male spring wears a four - pointed coat, a fashionable style worn during the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43150854508211883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd139b8b-215c-4fe8-b0df-366928585a4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.070716"}
{"text": "- current issue sign in to access the harper \u2019 s archive alert : usernames and passwords from the old harpers. org will no longer work. to create a new password and add or verify your email address, please sign in to customer care and select email / password information. ( to learn about the change, please read our faq. ) from \u201c what democracy? the case for abolishing the united states senate, \u201d by richard n. rosenfeld in the may 2004 harper \u2019 s. americans believe in the idea of democracy. we fight wars in its name and daily pledge allegiance to its principles. curiously, the fervor with which we profess our faith in democracy is matched only by the contempt with which we regard our politics and politicians. how interesting that we should so dislike the process that we claim to revere. perhaps, however, our unhappiness with politics points to something significant ; perhaps americans dislike the daily reality of their political system precisely because it falls short of being a proper democracy. indeed, in the last presidential election, we saw a man take office who did not win the popular vote. money above all else shapes our political debate and determines its outcome, and in the realm of public policy, even when an overwhelming democratic majority expresses its preference ( as for national health insurance ), deadlocks, vetoes, filibusters, and \u201c special interests \u201d stand in the way. no wonder so few people vote in national elections ; we have become a nation of spectators, not citizens. the united states of america is not, strictly speaking, a democracy ; indeed, the u. s. constitution was deliberately designed to prevent the unfettered expression of the people \u2019 s will. yet the founders were not, as some imagine, of one mind concerning the proper shape of the new american union, and their disputes are instructive. the political dysfunction that some imagine to be a product of recent cultural decadence has been with us from the beginning. in fact, the document that was meant to prevent democracy in america has bequeathed the american people a politics of minority rule in which our leaders must necessarily pursue their unpopular aims by means of increasingly desperate stratagems of deceit and persuasion. yet hope remains, for if americans have little real experience of democracy, they remain a nation convinced that the best form of government is by and for the people. growing numbers of americans suspect that all is not right with the american way. citizens, faced with the prospect of sacrificing the well -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5209323200494457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fc7dcc3-bde9-4bfd-82b0-3dce93b2dd0b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.075957"}
{"text": "of democracy, they remain a nation convinced that the best form of government is by and for the people. growing numbers of americans suspect that all is not right with the american way. citizens, faced with the prospect of sacrificing the well - being of their children and grandchildren on the altar of supply - side economics, the prospect of giving up new schools and hospitals so that the colony in iraq might have zip codes and modern garbage trucks, have begun to ask hard questions. politics, properly understood as the deliberate exercise of citizenship by a free people, appears to be enjoying a renaissance, but the hard point must be made nonetheless that tinkering with campaign - finance reform is unlikely to be sufficient to the task. true reform becomes possible only if americans are willing to return to the root of our political experiment and try again. and if democracy is our aim, the first object of our constitutional revision must be the united states senate. \u201c we now have probably the most powerful upper house of any legislature, \u201d ritchie said. \u201c combine that with the inequality, and it creates some peculiar situations. \u201d not all small states are g. o. p. strongholds. ( hello, vermont, delaware and rhode island. ) and it \u2019 s true that obama won the 2008 nomination thanks in part to racking up caucus victories in states such as idaho and wyoming. but since obama took office, senators from the wide - open spaces have asserted themselves against him over and over. conrad opposed his plan to cut subsidies for wealthy farmers. chuck grassley ( r - iowa ) pushed to focus transportation funding in the stimulus bill on rural areas and last week blocked the lifting of sugar tariffs to protect the ethanol industry. \u2013 \u201c the gangs of d. c. : in the senate, small states wield outsize power. is this what the founders had in mind? \u201d by alec macgillis, the washington post ezra klein with harper \u2019 s editor luke mitchell on the leonard lopate show today ; insurance and citizenship ; the leading cause of catastrophic injury in young women : cheerleading ; a review of why this world : a biography of clarice lispector by \u201c new books \u201d author benjamin moser according to plant pathologists, this killer round of blight began with a widespread infiltration of the disease in tomato starter plants. large retailers like home depot, kmart, lowe \u2019 s and wal - mart bought starter plants from industrial breeding operations in the south and distributed them throughout the northeast. ( fungal spores, which can travel up to 40 miles,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4345228351125424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fc7dcc3-bde9-4bfd-82b0-3dce93b2dd0b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.076986"}
{"text": "in tomato starter plants. large retailers like home depot, kmart, lowe \u2019 s and wal - mart bought starter plants from industrial breeding operations in the south and distributed them throughout the northeast. ( fungal spores, which can travel up to 40 miles, may also have been dispersed in transit. ) once those infected starter plants arrived at the stores, they were purchased and planted, transferring their pathogens like tiny trojan horses into backyard and community gardens. perhaps this is why the northeast was hit so viciously : instead of being spread through large farms, the blight sneaked through lots of little gardens, enabling it to escape the attention of the people who track plant diseases. it \u2019 s important to note, too, that this year there have been many more hosts than in the past as more and more americans have taken to gardening \u2026 the explosion of home gardeners \u2014 the very people most conscious of buying local food and opting out of the conventional food chain \u2014 has paradoxically set the stage for the worst local tomato harvest in memory. \u2013 \u201c you say tomato, i say agricultural disaster, \u201d dan barber, the new york times suggestions for flavours range from gooey decimal system to sh - sh - sh - sherbet. woodworth writes on facebook that the logic behind the scheme is that \u201c libraries are awesome, ben & jerry \u2019 s ice - cream is tasty, therefore a library - themed ben & jerry \u2019 s ice - cream would be tasty awesome. \u201d gooey decimal system could combine dark fudge alphabet letters with caramel swirls in hazelnut ice - cream, he suggests, while dusty stacks could be a layered ice - cream with speckles of cocoa in every layer. li - berry pie could mix lime sherbet with raspberry sauce and pie - crust pieces, and overdue fine as fudge chunk could drop fudge brownies and white chocolate coins into milk chocolate ice - cream swirled with caramel. the fine details of sh - sh - sh - sherbet aren \u2019 t pinned down quite yet \u2013 it could be key lime, or possibly a vanilla / chocolate combination \u2013 \u201c book fans develop a taste for library - themed ice - cream, \u201d alison flood, the guardian lucas mann on hope and change in a minor - league - baseball city minimum number of baboons forced to smoke crack in a 1989 study testing the efficacy of cigarettes as a drug delivery device : a reduction in distrust toward atheists was documented among pious canadians who are reminded of the vancouver police. a missouri cinema apologized for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45669448717937616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fc7dcc3-bde9-4bfd-82b0-3dce93b2dd0b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.077865"}
{"text": "the parathyroid glands are four pea - sized glands. they are located next to the thyroid gland in the neck. the glands secrete the parathyroid hormone ( pth ). pth helps to regulate the level of calcium in the blood. in hypoparathyroidism there is not enough pth secreted. this causes very low levels of calcium in the blood. low blood calcium is known as hypocalcemia. several factors are known to cause hypoparathyroidism, including : the following factors increase your chance of developing hypoparathyroidism : many patients with hypoparathyroidism will have not symptoms. if symptoms do develop, they may include : your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. you may be referred to specialist. endocrinologists focus on hormone disorders. your doctor may need to test your bodily fluids. this can be done with : your doctor may need pictures of your body structures. this can be done with : talk with your doctor about the best plan for you. treatment options include the following : calcium and vitamin d will usually be taken indefinitely. they are often taken by mouth. calcium may be given by injection. this is done when immediate symptom relief is needed. national organization for rare disorders, inc. thyroid foundation of canada definition of hypoparathyroidism and related disorders. the hypoparathyroidism association website. available at : https : / / www. hypopara. org / about - hpth / definition. html. accessed january 2, 2013. hypoparathyroidism. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed. updated march 7, 2012. accessed january 2, 2013. hypoparathyroidism. national organization for rare disorders website. available at : http : / / www. raredis.... accessed january 2, 2013. marx sj. hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid disorders. n engl j med. 2000 ; 343 : 1863. moffett jm, suliburk j. parathyroid autotransplantation. endocr pract. 2011 mar - apr ; 17 suppl 1 : 83 - 89. testini m, gurrado a, lissidini g, nacchiero m. hypoparath", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44578821312872424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:482a2c71-8abc-49b1-9b9d-53417277d35f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.080208"}
{"text": "an osteochondroma is the most common type of benign bone tumor. it arises from cartilage tissue in children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 20, usually appearing on the long bones ( arms and legs ) and less often on the pelvic bones and wing bones ( scapulae ). an osteochondroma ordinarily stops growing when a person reaches full height. most tissue in the body can grow beyond normal limits and form a mass, also known as a tumor. tumors come in two forms : benign and malignant. the malignancies which are referred to as cancer, rarely stop growing. the benign tumors reach a certain size and then stop. bones can host at least ten different benign tumors, some of which turn into cancers. less than 1 % of osteochondromas turn into a bone cancer called chondrosarcoma, usually in later years. the cause of osteochondroma remains unknown. a hereditary form of the disease is presumably related to one or more gene mutations ( see below ). the following factors increase your chance of developing osteochondroma. if you have any of these risk factors, tell your doctor : if you experience any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to osteochondroma. these symptoms may be caused by other, more serious health conditions. if you experience any one of them, see your physician. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. you will very likely be referred to an orthopedic surgeon for further diagnosis and treatment. tests may include the following : treatment options include the following : if the lump is not uncomfortable or likely to cause a fracture or other problem, and there is no evidence that it is malignant, it can be left alone. your doctor may want to retest periodically. if the lump is large, uncomfortable, in a dangerous location, or suspected of being cancerous, surgical removal is the treatment of choice. this involves a general or regional anesthetic and a few days in the hospital. if the bone is weakened by the surgery, the surgeon may need to rebuild it, and the recovery time may be extended to weeks or months. since remnants of the tumor may remain after surgery, your doctor may want to retest you every few years to make sure it doesn \u2019 t start to grow again. department of orthopaedic surgery, johns hopkins university canadian orthopaedic association childhood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45177471998463514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ed50bc0e-2931-4f69-9f2f-ffad162631cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.083075"}
{"text": "- born ca. 1721 - revolutionary leader - cousin of thomas jefferson - attorney general of virginia colony - chaired first and second continental congress - died 1775 first to be called \u201c father of country \u201d peyton randolph was on the black list of patriots the british proposed to arrest and hang after he presided over the continental congress in 1775. upon his return to williamsburg, the volunteer company of militia of the city offered him its protection in an address that concluded : \" may heaven grant you long to live the father of your country \u2013 and the friend to freedom and humanity! \" if his friend george washington succeeded him as america \u2019 s patriarch, randolph nevertheless did as much as any virginian to bring the new nation into the world. he presided over every important virginia assembly in the years leading to the revolution, was among the first of the colony ' s great men to oppose the stamp act, chaired the first meeting of the delegates of 13 colonies at philadelphia in 1774, and chaired the second in 1775. randolph was born 54 years before the second continental congress \u2013 probably in williamsburg in 1721 \u2013 the second son of sir john and lady susannah randolph. his first name was his maternal grandmother ' s maiden name, just as his older brother beverley ' s was their mother ' s. the surname randolph identified him as a scion of 18th - century virginia ' s most powerful clan. when peyton randolph was three or four years old, the family moved into the imposing wooden home on market square now known as the peyton randolph house. his father, among virginia ' s most distinguished attorneys, speaker of the house of burgesses, and a wealthy man, died when peyton was 16, leaving the house and other property for him in trust with his mother. the will also gave peyton his father ' s extensive library in the hope he would \" betake himself to the study of law. \" by then, he had a brother john and a sister mary. study of law attentive to his father ' s wishes, peyton randolph attended the college of william & mary, then learned the law in london ' s inns of court. he entered the middle temple on october 13, 1739, and took a place at the bar february 10, 1743. returning to williamsburg, he was appointed the colony ' s attorney general by governor william gooch on may 7, 1744. his father had filled the office before him, and his brother would assume the role after. at the age of 24, randolph was eligible for his inheritance. on march 8, 1746, he married betty harrison, and on july 21", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40319576185779077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e1e4fc1-e4fe-49ae-aa7b-90e0301cdcec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.092893"}
{"text": "7, 1744. his father had filled the office before him, and his brother would assume the role after. at the age of 24, randolph was eligible for his inheritance. on march 8, 1746, he married betty harrison, and on july 21 ( more than two years after his return from london ), he qualified himself for the private practice of law in york county. his cousin thomas jefferson may have shed some light on the delay in a character sketch he wrote of randolph years later. \" he was indeed a most excellent man, \" jefferson said, but \" heavy and inert in body, he was rather too indolent and careless for business. \" he was, as well, occupied with myriad public duties. in 1747, he became a vestryman of bruton parish church, and in 1748, he became williamsburg ' s representative in the house of burgesses, and in 1749, a justice of the peace. randolph returned to the house in 1752 as the burgess for the college of william & mary and on december 15, 1753, the house hired him as its special agent for some \u201c ticklish business \u201d in london. soon after he arrived in virginia in 1751, governor robert dinwiddie had begun to exercise a right no governor before him had tried : the imposition of a fee for certifying land patents. for his signature, dinwiddie demanded a pistole, a spanish coin worth about 20 shillings. regarding the fee as an unauthorized tax, virginians objected, though to no avail. peyton randolph was dispatched to england as the house ' s agent, with directions to go over the governor ' s head. but as attorney general, it was his duty to represent the interests of the crown, of which dinwiddie was the principal representative in virginia. randolph was attacking the right of the governor he was appointed to defend! the governor refused to give peyton randolph permission to leave the colony, but he left anyway. in london, he had to answer for his action, and he was ousted from the attorney general ' s office. dinwiddie had already named george wythe as acting attorney general in randolph ' s place. nevertheless, the london officials pointedly suggested that dinwiddie reconsider his fee and said that they would have no objection to peyton randolph ' s reinstatement if he apologized. so he did, and subsequently resumed office soon after his return to williamsburg. french and indian war reelected burgess for the college of william & mary in 1755, he involved himself the next year in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3883871915827706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e1e4fc1-e4fe-49ae-aa7b-90e0301cdcec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.094842"}
{"text": "to peyton randolph ' s reinstatement if he apologized. so he did, and subsequently resumed office soon after his return to williamsburg. french and indian war reelected burgess for the college of william & mary in 1755, he involved himself the next year in a somewhat ludicrous, though harmless, attempt to promote morale during the french and indian war. with other prominent men, he formed the associators, a group to raise and pay bounties for private troops to join the regular force at winchester. george washington, in charge of the fort there, wasn ' t sure what he would do with the untrained men if they arrived. not enough came, however, to cause any inconvenience. in 1757, randolph joined the college ' s board, and he served as a rector for one year. he was reelected burgess for williamsburg in 1761, and thus entered the phase of his life that thrust him into a leadership role in the revolution. word of parliament ' s intended stamp act brought virginians and their burgesses into conflict with the crown itself in 1764. peyton randolph was appointed chairman of a committee to draft protests to the king, the house of lords, and the house of commons maintaining the colony ' s exclusive right of self - taxation. disagreement with patrick henry this responsibility put peyton randolph at odds with patrick henry, the virginian most noted for opposition to the tax. at the end of the legislative session in 1765, henry, a freshman, introduced seven resolutions against the act. peyton randolph, george wythe, and others thought that henry ' s resolutions added nothing to the colony ' s case and that their consideration was improper until the colony had a reply to its earlier protests. in the final days of the session, after many opponents had left the city, patrick henry introduced his measures and made the famous speech in which he said \u201c caesar had his brutus, charles the first had his cromwell, and george the third... \u201d prompting cries of treason from the remaining burgesses present. peyton randolph, though not yet speaker, was presiding. when speaker john robinson resumed the chair the following day ( may 30 ), henry carried five of his resolves by a single ballot. a tie would have allowed robinson to cast the deciding \" nay. \" jefferson, standing at the chamber door, said peyton randolph emerged saying, \" by god, i would have given one hundred guineas for a single vote. \" patrick henry left town, and the next day his fifth ( and most radical ) resolution was expunged by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3978691634590245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e1e4fc1-e4fe-49ae-aa7b-90e0301cdcec>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.095819"}
{"text": "the chamber door, said peyton randolph emerged saying, \" by god, i would have given one hundred guineas for a single vote. \" patrick henry left town, and the next day his fifth ( and most radical ) resolution was expunged by the burgesses who remained. nevertheless, it was reprinted with the others in newspapers across the colonies as if it stood. speaker of the house of burgesses peyton randolph was elected speaker on november 6, 1766, succeeding the deceased robinson and defeating richard henry lee. peyton ' s brother john succeeded him as attorney general the following june. by now the brothers had begun to disagree politically ; john ' s conservatism would take him to england in 1775 while peyton joined the rebellion. leads rebel meeting at raleigh tavern another set of patrick henry ' s resolves, against the townshend duties, came before the house in may 1769. this time peyton randolph approved their passage, but governor botetourt did not. he dissolved the assembly. the \" former representatives of the people, \" as they called themselves, met the next day at the raleigh tavern with speaker peyton randolph in the chair. they adopted a compact drafted by george mason and introduced by george washington against the importation of british goods. speaker randolph was the first to sign. when the new legislature met in the winter, the governor was pleased to announce the repeal of all of the townshend duties, except the small one on tea. legislative attention turned to other, calmer affairs. the next summer peyton randolph became chairman of the building committee for the public hospital. closing of boston harbor troubles virginia burgesses tempers flared again in 1773, when great britain proposed to transport a band of rhode island smugglers to england for trial. the implications for virginia were troublesome, and the burgesses appointed a standing committee of correspondence and inquiry with speaker peyton randolph as chairman. the following may brought word of the closing of the port of boston in retaliation for its tea party. on may 24, 1774, robert carter nicholas introduced a resolution drafted by thomas jefferson that read : \" this house, being deeply impressed with apprehension of the great dangers, to be derived to british america, from the hostile invasion of the city of boston, in our sister colony of massachusetts bay, whose commerce and harbour are, on the first day of june next, to be stopped by an armed force, deem it highly necessary that the said first day of june be set apart, by the members of this house, as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, devoutly to implore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40793818321495745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e1e4fc1-e4fe-49ae-aa7b-90e0301cdcec>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.096769"}
{"text": "june next, to be stopped by an armed force, deem it highly necessary that the said first day of june be set apart, by the members of this house, as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, devoutly to implore the divine interposition for averting the heavy calamity which threatens destruction to our civil rights, and the evils of civil war ; to give us one heart and one mind to firmly oppose, by all just and proper means, every injury to american rights ; and that the minds of his majesty and his parliament, may be inspired from above with wisdom, moderation, and justice, to remove from the loyal people of america, all cause of danger, from a continued pursuit of measure, pregnant with their ruin. \" the resolution was adopted. house of burgesses dissolved governor dunmore summoned the house on may 26, 1774 and told peyton randolph : \" mr. speaker and gentlemen of the house of burgesses, i have in my hand a paper published by order of your house, conceived in such terms as reflect highly upon his majesty and the parliament of great britain, which makes it necessary for me to dissolve you ; and you are accordingly dissolved. \" continental congress proposed on may 27, 1774, a group of 89 burgesses gathered again at the raleigh tavern to form another \u201c non - importation association, \u201d and the following day the committee of correspondence proposed a continental congress. twenty - five burgesses met at peyton randolph ' s house on may 30 and scheduled a state convention to be held on august 1 to consider a proposal from boston for a ban on exports to england. peyton randolph led the community to bruton parish church on june 1 to pray for boston, and soon he was organizing a williamsburg drive to send provisions and cash for its relief. the first virginia convention approved the export ban and elected as delegates to the congress peyton randolph, richard henry lee, george washington, patrick henry, richard bland, benjamin harrison, and edmund pendleton. signs will before departure for the first continental congress before he left williamsburg on august 18, 1774, peyton randolph wrote his will, leaving his property to the use of his wife for life. they had no children. the property was to be auctioned after her death and the proceeds divided among randolph ' s heirs. unanimously elected chairman of continental congress when congress convened in philadelphia on september 5, thomas lynch of south carolina nominated peyton randolph to be chairman. he was elected by unanimous vote. delegate silas deane wrote his wife, \" designed by nature for the business", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4161844458561724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e1e4fc1-e4fe-49ae-aa7b-90e0301cdcec>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.097651"}
{"text": ". unanimously elected chairman of continental congress when congress convened in philadelphia on september 5, thomas lynch of south carolina nominated peyton randolph to be chairman. he was elected by unanimous vote. delegate silas deane wrote his wife, \" designed by nature for the business, of an affable, open and majestic deportment, large in size, though not out of proportion, he commands respect and esteem by his very aspect, independent of the high character he sustains. \" 500 merchants sign trade ban against england in october 1774, peyton randolph returned to williamsburg to preside at an impending meeting of the house. repeatedly postponed, it did not meet until the following june. nonetheless, on november 9 peyton randolph accepted a copy of the continental association banning trade with england signed by nearly 500 merchants gathered in williamsburg. disperses angry crowd gathered at courthouse in williamsburg peyton randolph was in the chair again at the second virginia convention in richmond on march 23 when patrick henry rose and made his \" liberty or death \" speech in favor of the formation of a statewide militia. in reaction, governor dunmore removed the gunpowder from williamsburg ' s magazine on april 21. alerted to the theft, a mob gathered at the courthouse. peyton randolph was one of the leaders who persuaded the crowd to disperse and averted violence. british put randolph on rebel execution list peyton randolph led the virginia delegation to the second continental congress in may 1775, and he again took the chair. general thomas gage, commander of british forces in america, had been issued blank warrants for the execution of rebel leaders and a list of names with which to fill them. peyton randolph ' s name was on the list. he returned to williamsburg under guard, and the town bells pealed to announce his safe arrival. the militia escorted him to his house and pledged to guarantee his safety. the third virginia convention reelected its speaker to congress in july 1775, and randolph left for philadelphia in late august or early september. by this time, john hancock had succeeded him to its chair. died before independence about 8 p. m. on sunday, october 23, peyton randolph began to choke, a side of his face contorted, and he died of an \" apoplectic stroke. \" he was buried that tuesday at christ ' s church in philadelphia. his nephew, edmund randolph, brought his remains to williamsburg in 1776, and he was interred in the family crypt in the chapel at the college of william and mary on november 26. peyton randolph ' s estate was auctioned on february 19, 1783, following the death of his widow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3944665278752741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e1e4fc1-e4fe-49ae-aa7b-90e0301cdcec>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.098541"}
{"text": "what does the term \" flawed democracy \" actually mean? why are some of the world ' s successful democracies like france, israel and india rated \" flawed democracies \" by the economist intelligence unit? first off the wikipedia page that you cite to is based on the economist intelligence unit ' s democracy index ( \" eiudi \" ) which is not an academic source. the methodology used to assemble the report is not known, but that doesn ' t mean that it is not useful. with that in mind from the eiudi 2011 report : the eiudi report uses five criteria to measure a country ' s democracy : the countries that you are interested in scored as follows for these five categories : france : france scores relatively low on \" functioning of government, \" \" political participation, \" and \" political culture. \" israel : israel scores pretty bad on \" civil liberties, \" and sort of mediocre on everything else. india : india scores bad on both \" political participation, \" and \" political culture. \" so these countries have good governments, but there are certain issues typically related to the political culture that bring their overall score down and make them flawed democracies according to the index. | show 2 more comments | democracy, in this index in particular, mostly refers to participation in the governments system of elections. not electioneering, laws or even policies that could inherently discriminate. it is a weak index and is only useful for investors looking for a predictable government to trade with, or to entrench a western cultural world view. its virtually guaranteed that foreign exchange controls and this index are highly correlated. besides the methodology of collecting information being scientifically unsound, this is not an indicator of human rights, discrimination in the public space, respect for international law or even outright racist laws and policies. these can all be violated \" democratically \". but then again, this is the economist, which has proven repeatedly to present a highly neo - liberal bias in it ' s political commentary ( white - male - westerners will likely disagree ). not a good index, not representative of the reality of the world. civil rights : the most important thing in a democracy is human and civil rights, as well as the rule of the law ( ie not arbitrary decisions ). with the indefinite detention act voted in the usa, plus guantanamo, non respect for international laws, drones strikes, the enforced role of the military in the civilian sector, police brutality... and so much more, the usa is way down in the rank", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5262810915506804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff23bc37-bfb7-4d69-85ba-d80f191bef1c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.101855"}
{"text": "the indefinite detention act voted in the usa, plus guantanamo, non respect for international laws, drones strikes, the enforced role of the military in the civilian sector, police brutality... and so much more, the usa is way down in the rank of democracies. political culture : this is set upside down, a ridiculous way of evaluation. france gives exposure to all presidential as well as house representatives candidates : equal time to speak on tv, equal exposure in all aspects during the weeks before the elections. and that ' s how you can promote knowledge and awareness, which is culture. it is not at all this way in america. on the contrary, the us people are stuck with their two political parties system that represents the rich and powerful elite only, those capable of paying to be heard and known by the public. \" culture \" in the us is only available on given topics, the point of views of the rich and interests of big business only. this only promotes ignorance. actually, the usa is not democracy, it ' s plutocracy. it does not deserve a high rank. it has one of the lowest and most backwards political culture and system in the western world, belonging to the beginning of the 20th century, no longer to the 21rst. corruption should be a major criterion to include in the index. there, france ranks very low. so does the usa. freedom of press is an aspect, but the actual representation of a greater diversity of points of views from all sides should be the criterion to include in the index. that ' s the means and obstructions to freedom of expression. it is huge in the usa with over 85 % of all news coming out of 5 corporations linked to the cia, defense conglomerate and corporate interests in general. and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5014395543577371, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff23bc37-bfb7-4d69-85ba-d80f191bef1c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.102531"}
{"text": "a reading for cultural anthropology by walter trobisch ( adapted from readings in missionary anthropology ii, edited by william smalley. used under the educational \" fair use \" provision of the 1976 u. s. copyright acts. ) \" jesus took the man aside, away from the crowd... and said to him ' be opened. ' with that his ears were opened, and at the same time the impediment was removed. \" ( mark 7 : 33 - 35 ) what we need is a message tailored for each individual. in a concrete situation, general principles alone are not enough. let us therefore take three people aside - - away from the crowd. let us try to help them and take responsibility for them as a congregation. all three of them are real persons. they come from three different african countries, thousands of miles apart, but i shall not tell you from which countries and i have changed their names. they have given me permission to use their cases as an example, so i am not breaking their confidence. joseph is a 26 - year - old teacher at a mission school. i never met him, but we corresponded for almost three years. he wrote me after he had read my book i loved a girl : three years ago i married a 15 year - old person. i have ten years of schooling, my wife only six. god blessed us one year ago with a baby. i purposely did not choose a. girl with a higher level of education, for i intended to educate my wife in order that she become exactly as i wanted her to be in her work and cleanliness, in her whole life. but she does not satisfy me any more with her obedience. she does not do what i command her to do. if i insist, we quarrel. i ask you for a solution to save this young marriage. in order to help joseph we have to understand his way of thinking. for him, marriage is an alliance with an inferior being. for him, a woman is primarily a garden. man is then primarily the bearer of the seed of life. such is their mutual destiny. their destiny decides their function. their function defines their relationship. according to this conception the woman can never be as important as the man, any more than the soil can be as important as the seed. by her very nature, she is secondary, auxiliary. this is the root of all discrimination between man and woman that has shaped the history of mankind, not only in africa, but also in asia and - - until recently - - in europe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4950969001996615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.128507"}
{"text": "seed. by her very nature, she is secondary, auxiliary. this is the root of all discrimination between man and woman that has shaped the history of mankind, not only in africa, but also in asia and - - until recently - - in europe and america. this conception of marriage is not only based on a wrong and inaccurate biology. it is also not in accordance with the new testament which conceives of husband and wife as equal partners before god. my task was to change joseph ' s image of marriage. here is my answer : joseph, you have not married a wife. you have married a daughter. you were looking for a maid, obedient to your commandments. she was 15 when you married her. now she is 18. in these three years she has developed from a girl to a young woman. in addition she has become a mother. this has changed her personality completely. she wants to be treated as a person. she wants to become your partner... it strikes me that your quarreling started after god gave you a baby. how long is the period of lactation in your tribe? could it be that your quarreling has a deeper reason? it is not god ' s will for a married couple to abstain from physical union for such a long time. joseph ' s answer came quickly : you are exactly right... it is true that we abstain from sex relations for two years after the birth of a child... this habit is incorporated in us. otherwise we are afraid of losing the baby, especially if the mother breast - feeds it and if it is a boy... my father - in - law pointed this out to me when our child was born. the practice of abstaining from sex relations during the period of lactation presupposes a polygamous society. according to the biological conception of marriage, a man can have several gardens to be planted one after the other. a garden can have one proprietor only, joseph wants to be a christian. he has been taught by his church that polygamy is sin. but he has been left with this negative message. he has not received any positive advice on how to live with one wife as a partner, nor has he been told how to space his children. it is interesting that joseph did not confide his problem to his pastor. evidently he did not expect any help from the pastor. still, joseph looks for a counselor. he may find that counselor in a questionable friend, maybe one that is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49731131669806483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.129645"}
{"text": ". it is interesting that joseph did not confide his problem to his pastor. evidently he did not expect any help from the pastor. still, joseph looks for a counselor. he may find that counselor in a questionable friend, maybe one that is not even a christian, and he may be advised to do things which are poison for his marriage. the method our couple uses for spacing their children - - complete abstention - - will lead to an estrangement and husband and wife will slowly drift apart. let us imagine that joseph would have tried to solve his problem by taking a second wife. it is evident that refusing him communion as punishment for this action would have been the most inadequate answer to his problem on how to space his children. what is needed in africa are not church disciplinarians, but marriage counselors. in this case had joseph not gone ahead and simply taken a second wife, but confided his intention to his pastor, explaining his motive, would his pastor have been able to help? would the pastor have received enough training in this respect at the seminary? when a christian takes a second wife, it is mostly due to the fact that his congregation has not carried responsibility for him. it is unkind and merciless if missionaries condemn polygamy as sin, but keep silent to africans about methods of conception control which they themselves use. it is even more so because a missionary usually has powdered milk at his disposal while an african villager does not. let us imagine another possibility. maybe joseph did not take a second wife, but secretly had sexual relations with an unknown girl, or even the wife of another man. in other words, he had committed adultery. now, since he wants to be a christian, his conscience hurts him. what could he have done? would he have found someone in your congregation to whom he could have gone, confessed his sin and received the absolution? if he had come to you, whether you are a pastor or not, would you have known what to do? what is needed in africa are not ex - communicators but confessors who are keep the secret of confession absolute. what kind of training do our pastors receive in this respect? here is the heart of the congregational responsibility for the individual. the offer of private confession is probably the most helpful contribution the lutheran church could make to the african churches as a whole. martin luther said : \" no one knows what private confession can do for him, except he who has struggled much with the devil.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4504154036981696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.132739"}
{"text": "the offer of private confession is probably the most helpful contribution the lutheran church could make to the african churches as a whole. martin luther said : \" no one knows what private confession can do for him, except he who has struggled much with the devil. yes the devil would have slain me long ago, if the confession would not have sustained me. \" it is also possible that joseph would not have dared to confess, but maybe you would have heard anyway about his sin. then it would have been your duty to go to him. responsibility for the individual means to take the initiative. just as god has taken the initiative in jesus christ and has spoken to us without our inviting him, so we have to take the initiative and talk to our brother, even if he does not ask us. this is \" church discipline \" according to the new testament. \" go ye therefore... \" not to put him out of the church but to win him back to jesus christ ( matthew 18 : 15 ; 2 thessalonians 3 : 15 ; 2 timothy 2 : 25 ). church discipline means to go and to win, not to wait and to judge. there is not time to report the case of joseph in full. the relationship between him and his wife improved after i informed him about other methods of conception control. later on a new problem arrived. the family moved from the village to town. while living in the village joseph ' s wife had fed her family from that which she had grown in her own garden. but in town she did not have a garden. she had to go shopping. joseph had to give her money, which had rarely happened before. here is joseph ' s letter : tell me how to make up a family budget and how to convince a woman - - however idiotic she may be - - to keep it. most of the time my wife buys things which we don ' t need and then they spoil. i made up a detailed monthly budget according to joseph ' s income and included as one item, \" pocket money for each one of you. \" joseph wrote : my wife was very happy about it. after we had divided up the money, she was frank enough to tell me also the criticisms which she had in her heart about my spending habits. she was overwhelmed by joy to see the item, \" pocket money for each one of you. \" this was, after almost three years of correspondence, the first time that joseph had reported to me a reaction of his wife. the fact that he had shared my letter with her,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46062522290260743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.138088"}
{"text": "see the item, \" pocket money for each one of you. \" this was, after almost three years of correspondence, the first time that joseph had reported to me a reaction of his wife. the fact that he had shared my letter with her, that he even listened to her reproaches, but above all the fact that he gave her spending money, shows that his marriage had grown from a patriarchal pattern where the husband - father dominates his wife, into a marriage of partnership. a garden cannot rejoice and talk. one cannot listen to a garden. joseph ' s wife had changed from a garden to a person. she had become a wife. formerly, the course of life was channeled. the individual made very few decisions on his own. the road was marked by customs and traditions. this had changed now. the individual has to make up his mind about many things which formerly were decided by the family and the group. but - - as the case of joseph and his wife shows - - the individual is not trained to make these decisions. counseling therefore becomes indispensable. it belongs to the responsibility of the congregation. it is the service which the christian church must give in a situation of social change. the work of the counselor can be compared best of all with \" swimming. \" the time is past when a counselor could stand on a solid hilltop and give prefabricated rules and commandments to the counselee. the counselor has to descend from the hilltop and go into the water. counselor and counselee have to swim together. with this picture of \" swimming \" in mind, the fact of uncertainty is expressed. at the outset the counselor may be more in need of advice than his counselee. but he swims together with him, trying to make. out beforehand the whirlpools and the rapids, the islands and the riverbanks. for a limited time, while exploring the situation for clarification and solutions, the counselor becomes the partner of his counselee. god is in this situation and the counselor has to find his will together with the counselee. only what the latter is able and willing to accept and put into practice will help him. the development of joseph ' s marriage during the time of our correspondence proves that marriage guidance by letter can be fruitful. it may even be easier to confide the most intimate problems to a complete stranger. because of the long distances and the lack of trained counselors, marriage guidance by mail has great promise in africa, all the more because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4999180872489142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.143137"}
{"text": "letter can be fruitful. it may even be easier to confide the most intimate problems to a complete stranger. because of the long distances and the lack of trained counselors, marriage guidance by mail has great promise in africa, all the more because a personal letter there is highly treasured. it gives the receiver the experience of \" being taken aside, away from the crowd, \" to have his impediment removed. marriage guidance is not only a counseling task. it is also a missionary opportunity. since marriage is part of practical christian living, the christian marriage counselor has the possibility of proclaiming the gospel to non - christians along with the advice he gives. marriage has become the problem of life today. people of all confessions, religions, classes and races are interested in it. every heathen, muslim or communist will listen to those who have something useful to say about marriage. as christians, i believe we do have something useful to say. but, do we say it? or is the church in possession of a treasure of knowledge and wisdom and is keeping it locked up instead of handing it out? elsie is a high school student and the daughter of a \" minister of religion \" as she calls it. i know her too only by letter. she wrote to me and asked : \" how can i meet a christian boy? \" i advised her to attend church. there she could meet boys. here is her answer : the old people in our churches don ' t want boys to meet girls, not even to talk to them in their presence. always the sunday service begins by speaking against boys and girls. this has turned away most of the boys and girls from attending church. the other day the pastor said : \" if any boy has written to you a letter, return it to him and tell him never to write to you any letter. \" i answered, but for a long time did not hear from elsie. later i learned that her school principal had confiscated my letter. i was not on the list of men with whom she was allowed to correspond. so my letter went to her parents, who lived in a small village hundreds of miles away from her school. it took three months before the permission came and my letter was handed over to elsie. finally she wrote again : i have met a boy who is not of my tribe. he is a keen christian and a student in a secondary school. it appears to me as if he would make a good husband according to the direction in your book i loved a girl. i went home and talked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47079952719403584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.148393"}
{"text": "boy who is not of my tribe. he is a keen christian and a student in a secondary school. it appears to me as if he would make a good husband according to the direction in your book i loved a girl. i went home and talked to my parents about him. they said they would not allow me to marry from any other tribe apart from mine. they claim that men from my boyfriend ' s tribe are going about with other women, even if they are married. i have tried to tell them that not all men from that tribe are bad, but they insist on my marrying someone from my own tribe. since we are told that we should honor our parents, i cannot do something which is against their will. to make it worse : i do not live at home. i know very few boys from my own tribe. seeing that this boy is interested in me, should i disregard my parents ' advice? in my answer i advised elsie to take her boyfriend home once and present him to her parents so that they could meet him as a person. if she is certain about god ' s will for her marriage, she should obey god more than men. elsie ' s answer : my parents have become impossible. they cannot approve the choice i have made. they say they have heard rumors that the man i have chosen was misbehaving at college. but ever since i met him, he has never showed me any nonsense. i have decided to remain single for the whole of my life, unless i can marry him. marriage between two christians must be based on mutual trust and confidence. confidence demands free choice. free choice demands opportunities where young people can meet in a healthy atmosphere without suspicion. it belongs to the responsibility of the congregation to provide such opportunities. many marriage problems in africa have their root in the fact that the couple never had time and opportunity to really meet and get acquainted before marriage. many african boys and girls have a list with names of a limited number of persons with whom they correspond. in a society where the meeting of the sexes is still difficult, also for outward reasons, we have to recognize that letter - writing as a means to establish contacts, can be a good one. instead of intercepting mail, schools should rather teach criteria of how to evaluate a letter and give helpful instructions for answering. elsie ' s case reflects two areas of conflict. there is the conflict between the younger and older generation. dealing with parents, uncles and grandparents is probably the thorniest problem of a marriage counselor in africa. it has been overlooked that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47505821936720244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.150591"}
{"text": "instructions for answering. elsie ' s case reflects two areas of conflict. there is the conflict between the younger and older generation. dealing with parents, uncles and grandparents is probably the thorniest problem of a marriage counselor in africa. it has been overlooked that, in a fast - changing society, the education of the older generation is also a responsibility of the congregation. the church may have to speak out on the rules of exogamy ( the tradition forcing a young man to find a bride outside a defined group of relatives ) or endogamy ( reversely, the rule that a bride can only be found within a close core of relatives. ) once a young african wrote me that he had 11, 000 girls ( \" sisters \" ) in his tribe which he could not marry. unfortunately, he had fallen in love with one of them. there is also the conflict between individual freedom and the obligation to tradition and family. elsie has new possibilities of choice, unknown to her parents. she is caught between ( 1 ) making use of this freedom and ( 2 ) submission to rules originating from customs no longer relevant to her situation. like joseph, she is in need of personal counseling in her new freedom. her decision to renounce this freedom and the wish of her heart, even against the advice of her counselors, poses lots of questions : - if you had been her counselor, what would you have advised her to do? - assuming that god called elsie to stay single, would it be possible for her to put this ' decision into practice? - does our church have a message for single girls? - what would be the responsibility of her congregation for her? - is the decision against individual freedom and for submission to tradition always god ' s will? - where are the limitations of the fourth commandment? - what is behind the attitude of her parents? ( her father is a pastor! ) - how far here is also the \" biological \" conception of marriage at work? - will they be pleased by her \" obedience \" or rather be shocked that their \" garden \" shall never be planted? - what could be done to help her parents to better understand their daughter? elsie ' s case is an encouraging one. she has character. she proves that one of the oncoming generation of african girls is able to make up her mind by herself instead of being pushed around and dominated. she is on her way to mature womanhood. africa ' s future will depend upon this growth. there will be no free nations, unless there are free couples. there will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49083104736382577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.153139"}
{"text": "make up her mind by herself instead of being pushed around and dominated. she is on her way to mature womanhood. africa ' s future will depend upon this growth. there will be no free nations, unless there are free couples. there will be no free couples unless the wife grows into true partnership with her husband. it is the responsibility of the congregation to help toward such growth. it is the solution for joseph ' s case as much as for elsie ' s and even for our next case. on one trip, i worshipped in an african church where nobody knew me. after the service i talked to two boys. \" how many brothers and sisters do you have? \" i asked the first one. \" are they all from the same stomach? \" \" yes, my father is a christian. \" \" how about you? \" i addressed the other boy. he hesitated. in his mind he was adding up. i know immediately that he came from a polygamous family. \" we are nine, \" he finally said. \" is your father a christian? \" no, \" was the typical answer, \" he is a polygamist. \" \" are you baptized? \" \" yes, and my brothers and sister too, \" he added proudly. \" and their mothers? \" \" they are all three baptized, but only the first wife takes communion. \" \" take me to your father. \" the boy led me to a compound with many individual houses. it breathed cleanliness, order and wealth. each wife had her own house and her own kitchen. the father - - a middle - aged, good - looking man, tall, fat and impressive - - received me without embarrassment and with apparent joy. omodo, as we shall call him, was well - educated, wide awake and intelligent, with a sharp wit and a rare sense of humor. from the outset, he made no apologies for being a polygamist. he was proud of it. here ' s the essential content of our conversation which lasted for several hours. \" welcome to the hut of a poor sinner! \" the words were accompanied by good - hearted laughter. \" it looks like a rich sinner, \" i retorted. \" the saints come very seldom to this place, \" he said, \" they don ' t want to be contaminated with sin. \" \" but they are not afraid to receive your wives and children. i just met them in church. \" \" i know. i give everyone a coin for the collection plate. i guess i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4704629959143798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.154833"}
{"text": "they don ' t want to be contaminated with sin. \" \" but they are not afraid to receive your wives and children. i just met them in church. \" \" i know. i give everyone a coin for the collection plate. i guess i finance half of the church ' s budget. they are glad to take my money, but they don ' t want me. \" i sat in thoughtful silence. after a while he continued, \" i feel sorry for the pastor. by refusing to accept the polygamous men in town as church members, he has made his flock poor. they shall always be dependent upon subsidies from america. he has created a church of women whom he tells every sunday that polygamy is wrong. \" \" wasn ' t your first wife heart - broken when you took a second one? \" omodo looked at me almost with pity. \" it was her happiest day, \" he said finally. \" tell me how it happened. \" \" well, one day after she had come home from the garden and had fetched wood and water, she was preparing the evening meal, while i sat in front of my house and watched her. suddenly she turned to me and mocked me. she called me a ` poor man, ' because i had only one wife. she pointed to our neighbor ' s wife who could care for her children while the other wife prepared the food. \" \" poor man, \" omodo repeated. \" i can take much, but not that. i had to admit that she was right. she needed help. she had already picked out a second wife for me and they get along fine. \" i glanced around the courtyard and saw a beautiful young woman, about 19 or 20, come out of one of the huts. \" it was a sacrifice for me, \" omodo commented. \" her father demanded a very high bride price. \" \" do you mean that the wife, who caused you to become a polygamist is the only one of your family who receives communion? \" \" yes, she told the missionary how hard it was for her to share her love for me with another woman. according to the church, my wives are considered sinless because each of them has only one husband. i, the father, am the only sinner in our family. since the lord ' s supper is not given to sinners, i am excluded from it. do you understand that, pastor? \" i was entirely confused. \" and you see, \" omod", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44845433909199556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.157210"}
{"text": ", am the only sinner in our family. since the lord ' s supper is not given to sinners, i am excluded from it. do you understand that, pastor? \" i was entirely confused. \" and you see, \" omodo continued, \" they are all praying for me that i might be saved from sin, but they don ' t agree from which sin i must be saved. \" \" what do you mean? \" \" well, the pastor prays that i may not continue to commit the sin of polygamy. my wives pray that i may not commit the sin of divorce. i wonder whose prayers are heard first. \" \" so your wives are afraid that you become a christian? \" \" they are afraid that i become a church member. let ' s put it that way. for me there is a difference. you see, they can only have intimate relations with me as long as i do not belong to the church. in the moment i would become a church member, their marriage relations with me would become sinful. \" \" wouldn ' t you like to become a church member? \" \" pastor, don ' t lead me into temptation! how can i become a church member if it means disobeying christ? christ forbade divorce, but not polygamy. the church forbids polygamy but demands divorce. how can i become a church member if i want to be a christian? for me there is only one way : be a christian without the church. \" \" have you ever talked to your pastor about that? \" \" he does not dare to talk to me, because he knows as well as i do that some of his elders have a second wife secretly. the only difference between them and me is that i am honest and they are hypocrites. \" \" did a missionary ever talk to you? \" \" yes, once. i told him that with the high divorce rate in europe, they have only a successive form of polygamy while we have a simultaneous polygamy. that did it. he never came back. \" i was speechless. omodo accompanied me back to the village. he evidently enjoyed being seen with a pastor. \" but tell me, why did you take a third wife? \" i asked him. \" i did not take her. i inherited her from my later brother, including her children. actually my older brother would have been next in line. but he is an elder. he is not allowed to sin by giving security to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4817794958351825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.159559"}
{"text": "i asked him. \" i did not take her. i inherited her from my later brother, including her children. actually my older brother would have been next in line. but he is an elder. he is not allowed to sin by giving security to a widow. \" i looked in his eyes. \" do you want to become a christian? \" \" i am a christian. \" omodo said without smiling. what does it mean to take responsibility as a congregation for omodo? i am sorry that i was not able to see omodo again. our conversation contains in a nutshell the main attitudes of polygamists toward the church. it is always healthy to see ourselves with the eyes of an outsider. i asked myself : what would i have done if i were the pastor in omodo ' s town? let me share with you my thoughts and then ask for your criticism. they are based on many experiences in dealing with other polygamist families. maybe you have better ideas than i have. please, help me to help omodo. the trouble with omodo is that, unlike joseph or elsie, he did not ask for help. but that does not mean that he is not in need of help. the fact that he did almost all the talking and hardly gave me a chance, proves his inner insecurity. his sarcasm showed me that deep down in his heart he was afraid of me. in order to take this fear away, i accepted defeat. you will have noticed that i was a defeated person when i left him. if you want to win someone over, nothing better can happen to you than defeat. in the eyes of the world the cross of jesus christ was a defeat. yet, god saved the world by this defeat. in talking with people we must remember this truth. we can easily win an argument, but lose a person. our task is not to defend, but to witness. humble acceptance of defeat is often the most convincing testimony we can give for our humble lord. it is the one thing which the other one does not expect. counseling is not preaching at a short distance. it is ninety percent listening. when i have a conversation like this i ask myself first of all, where is the other one right? i think omodo is right in his criticism of contradictory church policies, which sometimes deny our own doctrines. we have made the church the laughing - stock of a potentially polygamous society. we have often acted according to the statement, \" there are three things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4568896287089857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.166531"}
{"text": "like that of omodo ' s, we might find the key to deal with many others. so, what would i have done? first of all, i would have gone back to visit him again. church discipline, as the new testament understands it, starts with me, not with the other one. if possible, i would have taken my wife along. i would have asked her to tell omodo what she would think of me if i let her work all day in the garden, get wood and water, care for the children and prepare the food while i sit idly in the shade all day under the eaves of my hut and watch her work. i think she would have told him that he does not have three wives, but actually he has no wife at all. he is married to three female slaves. consequently, he is not a real husband ; he ' s just a married male. only a real husband makes a wife a real wife. in the meantime i would have talked to omodo ' s first wife and told her precisely the same, that only a real wife makes a husband a real husband. i would have challenged her because she had not demanded enough from her husband. she had behaved like an overburdened slave trying to solve her problem by getting a second slave. instead, she should have asked her husband to help her. she should have behaved like a partner and expected partnership. she probably would have thought i was joking and not have understood at all. so i would have explained and we would have talked, visit after visit, week after week. then finally i would have asked her why she ridiculed her husband. i am sure there was something deeper behind it, a concrete humiliation for which she took revenge, a hidden hatred. at the same time, i would have continued to talk to omodo - - not telling him anything which i had learned from his wife, but listening to his side of the story. i am sure i would have heard precisely the opposite of what his wife had said. i would have tried to make him understand his wife and to make his wife understand her husband. then, maybe after months, i would have started to see them both together at the same time, possibly again accompanied by my wife. the best way to teach marriage of partnership is by example. one day we were discussing this in our \" marriage class, \" a one - year course i taught at cameroon christian college. the students were telling me that african women are just not yet mature enough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42857491056717534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.211037"}
{"text": "best way to teach marriage of partnership is by example. one day we were discussing this in our \" marriage class, \" a one - year course i taught at cameroon christian college. the students were telling me that african women are just not yet mature enough to be treated as equal partners. while we were discussing this, rain was pouring down. we watched through the window of the classroom the wife of the headmaster of our primary schools, who jumped from her bicycle and sought refuge under the roof of the school building. after a little while a car drove up. out stepped her husband. he handed her the car keys, and off she drove with the car, while he followed her on the bicycle getting soaked in the rain. this settled the argument. it is up to the husband to make his wife a partner. then, one day i would have attacked the case of the second wife. i can imagine her story. she probably was given into marriage with omodo for a high bride price at a very young age. i would have tried to find out how she felt about her situation. young and attractive as she was, i cannot imagine that she was so terribly excited by old fat omodo. it is very likely that she had a young lover alongside. i have found that women in polygamous marriages often live in adultery, because their husbands, staying usually with one wife for a week at a time, are not able to satisfy them. solving the problem of the second wife would involve talks with her father and \" fathers \" and also with the young man she really loves. it would have been a hard battle, but i do not think a hopeless one. it is a question of faith. i would trust jesus that he can do a miracle. i would ask some christians in the congregation who understand the power of prayer to pray when i talk to the father. every father wants to have a happy daughter. i would try to convince him to pay the bride price back to omodo ( or at least a part of it ). the first time i would have suggested to omodo to let his second wife go, he probably would have thrown me out the front door. so i would have entered again through the back door. i would have tried to tire him out by an unceasing barrage of love. it is very important that by now a very deep personal contact and friendship is established between omodo and me, a \" partnership in swimming. \" in this partnership jesus christ becomes a reality between us even when his name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4850213544980048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.213966"}
{"text": "permanent adultery \" as a missionary once tried to tell me. adultery is never permanent. it is a momentary relationship in secrecy with no responsibility involved. polygamy, on the other hand, is a public state, often based on a legally valid contract. it involves life - long responsibility and obligations. if polygamy is marriage, separation is divorce. if we compare marriage with a living organism, husband and wife can be compared with the two essential organs, the head and the heart. in all higher - developed organisms one head corresponds to one heart. only primitive organisms are just a plurality of cells, as for example the alga volvox globator. parts of that organism are relatively independent from the whole. a tapeworm can be cut apart and the parts are still able to live. one could compare polygamy with a primitive organism, which has not yet reached the state in which one head corresponds to one heart. still, a tapeworm is one organism as much as polygamy is marriage. our dilemma is that we want monogamy and we do not want divorce. yet, in a polygamous situation we cannot have one without the other. there are situations in life where we have the choice between two sins and where the next step can only be taken in counting on the forgiveness of our crucified savior. it is in such situations where luther gave the advice in all evangelical freedom, \" sin bravely! \" being guided by the love for your neighbor and by what is most helpful to that neighbor. for me, there is no doubt that in omodo ' s case the most helpful solution for his second wife would be to marry the man she loves. the case of omodo ' s third wife, whom he had inherited from his late brother, is probably the most difficult one. in 0modo ' s case it was especially difficult, because she was blind. i would have gathered the elders of the church and explored possibilities with them on how to support her through congregational help in case she wanted to live independently. the way a congregation treats their widows is the best test of their willingness and ability to carry responsibility for the individual. one question is still open : when would i have baptized omodo? i do not know. one cannot answer this question theoretically. i hope you understand that what i have just described is not the work of an afternoon, but of months, maybe years. under the condition that this work is done, the moment chosen for baptism is not of decisive importance. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5258449395501539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.217123"}
{"text": "this question theoretically. i hope you understand that what i have just described is not the work of an afternoon, but of months, maybe years. under the condition that this work is done, the moment chosen for baptism is not of decisive importance. there are no chronological laws in the process of salvation. i would not have baptized omodo before he had an experience of private confession and absolution. but then, someplace along the way, i would have done it, asking god for guidance together with the congregation for the right moment. we should get away from considering church discipline as a matter of sin and righteousness, but rather put it on the basis of faith and unbelief. faith is not a nothing and the use of the sacraments is not a nothing. in case it would have taken years to find a solution for omodo ' s wives, i would have expected such a solution as fruit of his baptism and not as a condition for it. in the meantime, while working and praying for a solution, omodo would have to \" sin bravely, \" sensing his polygamous state more and more as a burden. as his brother in christ, together with the congregation, i could only act then according to galatians 6 : 2 which says : \" bear one another ' s burden and fulfill the law of christ. \" if we followed that course of action, would then the walls break and the church be flooded by polygamy? i do not believe so. for economic reasons, polygamy is on the retreat anyway in africa. the current generation of africans longs for a monogamous marriage of partnership. we overestimate ourselves if we always think we have to keep shoring up the walls so they won ' t break. the statement \" god is a god of order \" is not in the bible. first corinthians 14 : 33 reads, \" god is not a god of disorder, but of peace. \" counseling the individual is putting congregational responsibility into practice. in the process of counseling, the unacceptable person is taken aside, away from the crowd, and unconditionally accepted. to help the individual in the name of the god of peace, we need both the rules and the exceptions. the counselor has to give himself into life with its many different situations and happenings and \" swim \" with his counselee. god is with them in the water. howard culbertson, southern nazarene university, 6729 nw 39th, bethany, ok 73008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4904581538771583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d143f1c2-7648-4a73-8714-c8ebe3fa3d2e>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.241436"}
{"text": "if you are in reasonably good health, preferably over age 18, and have the necessary time and energy, you can run a marathon. things you \u2019 ll need : - establish a solid fitness base. from a recommended 15 to 20 miles a week, gradually build to a peak mileage range of 30 to 40 miles. - minimize the stress on your body by doing other sports, such as swimming or biking, especially after a long or hard run. - practice the hard / easy principle. intersperse stress and rest by taking days off to recover and adapt to marathon training. - increase gradually. up your training mileage by no more than 10 percent a week. - run at least three long runs, from 18 to 20 miles. - stick with 20 miles. most experts say there is no reason to go beyond this amount in training, and the risk of injury increases with longer runs. - consider speed work. faster running isn \u2019 t necessary for first - timers, but it can be useful. make sure to consult an expert, such as a coach. - practice racing. use shorter events to practice pacing and drinking, and to test running gear. tips & warnings - find a friend or training group. consider a training partner and / or a group to help get you through the long runs. - practice mentally as well as physically. the marathon can take enormous concentration. visualize yourself successfully running it in training. - remember to stretch. this is important to maintain flexibility and prevent injuries. stretching before training is a bonus, but it \u2019 s especially important after running. - study the distance. read books and articles, and talk to experienced marathoners. - if you have any condition that would impair or limit your ability to engage in physical activity, please consult a physician before attempting this activity. this information is not intended as a substitue for professional medical advice or treatment. how to train for your first marathon,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4217736796891019, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a59f8096-8b98-4e99-87c1-ca46ea4e3afa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.289042"}
{"text": "the use of brainstorming in increasing student \u2019 s motivation in speaking ability in al - muhibbin junior high school grade viii by : iin nurkhasanah - i. introduction 1. 1 background of the study english is one of the most important subjects learned in almost all school in every country including indonesia. the reason why it is important is that because english become an international language. people use english around the world. it is studied seriously because the language is becoming second language in almost all countries. people consciously take many courses and education of english because of an important of the language. many sectors in our daily life need english as the prerequisites. all job application will not be fulfilled without capability of english. people certainly realize and concern about the importance of english since mostly the widespread of the issue had english to become important object to be searched and mastered. english is widely used in mass media and oral communication as means of exchanging information, including science and technology reasons. harmer ( 2000 : 1 ) stated that english has become a lingua franca. it means that english is a means for people who have different language to communicate orally or written form. they use english to enable them to communicate and transfer information. this paper highlights ( 1 ) the use of brainstorming, ( 2 ) students \u2019 motivation and ( 3 ) speaking ability 1. 2 problem of the study - what technique use in improving student \u2019 s speaking skill? - how the use of brainstorming in correct procedure so that students are interesting to engaged with. 1. 3 objective of the study - to know what technique use to improve students \u2019 speaking skill. - to know how to apply brainstorming in the class correctly. 1. 4 significance of the study this research is intended to offer an alternative technique in enhancing students \u2019 speaking comprehension achievement since a good teacher of english is required to train the students by applying good strategies. the use of brainstorming can make the student feel convenient and confident to speak because the topic is already discussed or they have known before. based on the background of the study above, the hypotheses will be formulated the null hypothesis ( ho ) and alternative hypothesis ( ha ) as follows. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h1 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h0 : there is no significant improvement in average score", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49424545540824205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd5ee54-081f-40f3-bfae-bd27fc2c153b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.331571"}
{"text": "who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h1 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h0 : there is no significant improvement in average score in speaking between students who are taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h2 : there is a significant improvement in average score in speaking between students who are taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h0 : there is no significant improvement in average score in speaking between students \u2019 who are already taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h3 : there is a significant improvement in average score in speaking between students \u2019 who are already taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students \u2019 after taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h4 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students \u2019 after being taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students \u2019 after being taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h5 : there is a significant difference in average score in speaking between students \u2019 after being taught speaking using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are being taught speaking using brainstorming and conventional technique. h6 : there is a significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are being taught speaking using brainstorming and conventional technique. h0 : there is no interaction effect of using brainstorming technique and conventional technique towards students \u2019 speaking achievements. h7 : there is no interaction effect of using brainstorming technique and conventional technique towards students \u2019 speaking achievements. 1. 6 the criteria for testing hypothesis in this study, the hypothesis that has been formulated before, the writer used the critical value of t - table at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. if the value of t - obtained is higher than value of t - table, the alternative hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be accepted and the null hypothesis will be rejected. and if the value of t - table is higher than value of t - obtained, they null hypothesis will be accepted and the alternative hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be rejected. in variance analysis, at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. - ii. literature review the use of brainstorming brainstorming is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.546052126946117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd5ee54-081f-40f3-bfae-bd27fc2c153b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.336837"}
{"text": "hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be rejected. in variance analysis, at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. - ii. literature review the use of brainstorming brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a problem. in 1953 the method was popularized by alex faickney osborn in a book called applied imagination. osborn proposed that groups could double their creative output with brainstorming. oxford defined that brainstorming is a way of making a group of people all think about something at the same time, often in order to solve a problem or to create good ideas. brainstorming is the name given to a situation when a group of people meet to generate new ideas around a specific area of interest. using rules which remove inhibitions, people are able to think more freely and move into new areas of thought and so create numerous new ideas and solutions. the participants shout out ideas as they occur to them and then build on the ideas raised by others. all the ideas are noted down and are not criticized. only when the brainstorming session is over are the ideas evaluated. the other meaning of brainstorming is to brainstorm is to use a set of specific rules and techniques which encourage and spark off new ideas which would never have happened under normal circumstances. so there you have it : brainstorming will help you come up with new ideas. and not only will you come up with new ideas but you will do so with surprisingly little effort. brainstorming makes the generation of new ideas easy and is a tried - and - tested process. exactly what you apply brainstorming techniques to depends on what you want to achieve. you can apply them to develop new products, services and processes in your job, or you can apply them to develop your personal life. there are two models of brainstorming - traditional brainstorming the normal view of brainstorming is where a group of people sit in a room and shout out ideas as they occur to them. they are told to lose their inhibitions and that no ideas will be judged so that people are free to shout out any ideas at all without feeling uncomfortable. people should build on the ideas called out by other participants. the purpose of this is to gain as many ideas as possible for later analysis. out of the many ideas suggested there will be some of great value. because of the free - thinking environment, the session will help promote radical new ideas which break free from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5999867740135474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd5ee54-081f-40f3-bfae-bd27fc2c153b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.347663"}
{"text": "the purpose of this is to gain as many ideas as possible for later analysis. out of the many ideas suggested there will be some of great value. because of the free - thinking environment, the session will help promote radical new ideas which break free from normal ways of thinking. - advanced brainstorming the model we propose is an extension of the traditional brainstorming scenario and makes the whole process easier and more effective. advanced brainstorming builds on the current methods of brainstorming to produce more original ideas in a more efficient way. specialized techniques, better processes and better awareness, combined with new technologies make traditional brainstorming a less frustrating process. most of the problems associated with traditional brainstorming disappear as a more effective process is used. keep on reading for more details of how you can do advanced brainstorming for great profit to you and your organization. advanced brainstorming uses : - new processes and new training to reduce inhibitions - creative and lateral thinking techniques - new materials for stimulation and recording ideas motivation in learning english motivation is the driving force which help causes us to achieve goals. motivation is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic. according to various theories, motivation may be rooted in a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less - apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. there are many things instructors can do to prevent glazed - over eyes or nodding heads in a classroom. faculty can help maintain and increase student motivation by - establishing challenging, but not impossible goals for students. offering intellectual tasks that are a \u201c reach \u201d can spur learners to higher levels of success. - helping students set their own goals for learning that are ambitious, but realistic and achievable. research shows that, if given a choice, people will choose a challenging, though not daunting task over one that is too hard \u2013 or too easy. while it \u2019 s often helpful to offer an easy question first in a discussion or on an exam, it \u2019 s counterproductive to make everything too easy. - being clear, specific, and concrete in explaining course material and in giving examples. - organizing student learning ; for example, consciously building new material on facts or concepts that students already know. - offering positive, consistent, and timely feedback \u2013 which doesn \u2019 t have to mean grades. a brief comment \u2013 if sincere \u2013 may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5360561574635906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd5ee54-081f-40f3-bfae-bd27fc2c153b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.350088"}
{"text": "examples. - organizing student learning ; for example, consciously building new material on facts or concepts that students already know. - offering positive, consistent, and timely feedback \u2013 which doesn \u2019 t have to mean grades. a brief comment \u2013 if sincere \u2013 may suffice. engaging students in a variety of teaching activities, such as role - playing, problem - solving, or any kind of student interaction, especially if these activities can relate the course to students \u2019 interests and skills. the key here is activity, as passivity can be an impediment to feeling motivated. speaking means to be able to use language ( oxford, 1986 : 6 ). according to finnociaro and brumfit ( 1983 : 1440 ) in nurkhasanah speaking is one of the important language skills that have to be mastered by language learners. they consider that speaking skill is a complex skill, which involves the knowledge of sound, vocabulary and cultural sub - system of english language. it means that the knowledge from pronunciation, structure, vocabulary and cultural system of english system are important and much needed for communicating to society. according to yorkey, speaking skill is a skill and like other skill, it must be practiced continuously. the teacher role is becoming important for students later. there are many keys to support speaking skill by listening cassette, watching tv, watching film, practicing with foreigners, practicing with partners. dobson is quoted by fita krisnawati in her thesis. speaking is an ability when students can judge how accurate their selling and how they use the sentences they have learned and it merely different when it is conveyed to writing skill, they usually produce rather mistakes but in free speaking, they have tendency to make mistakes that they wouldn \u2019 t make in writing 2. speaking is easy, but conveys the speaking in to meaning is not easy. by having some experts \u2019 statement and some guidance, the writer believes that speaking will easier when someone else opens a certain topic or do the brainstorming. brainstorming can motivate student to speak because the way of brainstorming work is interesting. it can be compared to students who have no any topic to be talked, they will keep silent because they don \u2019 t know what should be talked, the feel afraid to speak, the afraid of making mistakes etc. the use of brainstorming is a good idea to convey students in speaking english everyday. nurkhasanah, iin. the effectiveness of teaching speaking through debate activity of efac course in intermediate level. 2007 richard c york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.522850692215676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd5ee54-081f-40f3-bfae-bd27fc2c153b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.352473"}
{"text": "november 9, 2012 a couple of cups of coffee may help our brains process some words faster, a small experiment suggests. but we only get the message faster if the words are emotionally positive. the study included 66 healthy young men. they were told to consume no caffeine, nicotine or alcohol in the 12 hours before the experiment. the men were randomly divided into 2 groups. one group took a tablet containing 200 milligrams of coffee, about the amount in 2 to 3 cups of coffee. each person in the other group received a placebo ( fake ) pill. half an hour later, the men were given tests that involved being shown a series of real and invented words. they had to press buttons to indicate whether a word was real or not. men who took the caffeine pills did this faster and more accurately for words with a positive emotional connotation. they did not perform better than men who got the placebo pills for recognizing neutral or negative words. the journal plos one published the study online. healthday news wrote about it november 8. by howard lewine, m. d. harvard medical school what is the doctor ' s reaction? you often hear people say things like \" don ' t talk to me. i haven ' t had my coffee yet. \" researchers from germany offer us new insight into why we might feel that way. the study comes from the department of psychology at ruhr university. in general, people recognize and process the meaning of words faster if the words have a positive emotional slant. what these researchers found is that caffeine speeds up that link even more. but caffeine did not speed up how quickly people recognize and process emotionally neutral or negative words. low doses of caffeine tend to put you in a more positive mood. caffeine also generally helps you do mental tasks faster and with fewer errors. now we can add the faster processing of positively charged emotional content. these are good explanations for why you want that first cup of coffee before talking to anyone. how caffeine affects the brain is not completely understood. but here is how most experts explain it. caffeine gets absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. it enters the blood stream and is distributed throughout the body, including the brain. once it reaches the brain, caffeine probably has multiple targets. but the main one seems to be adenosine receptors. adenosine is a chemical that dampens brain activity. this counters the action of another brain chemical, dopamine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5006684302804321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89e82935-b31c-4a4c-9c49-78b21d4506fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.609489"}
{"text": "it reaches the brain, caffeine probably has multiple targets. but the main one seems to be adenosine receptors. adenosine is a chemical that dampens brain activity. this counters the action of another brain chemical, dopamine. dopamine acts as a brain stimulant and mood enhancer. by hogging the adenosine receptor sites, caffeine doesn ' t allow adenosine to dampen brain activity. this puts the balance in favor of dopamine. it leads to feeling more awake and alert, with a more positive mood. what changes can i make now? overall, coffee is generally safe when used in moderation. but the key word is moderation. in some people, too much caffeinated coffee can raise blood pressure. teenagers seem to be more susceptible to an increase in blood pressure from caffeine. coffee also can interfere with how well your body absorbs iron and calcium. but you need to drink a lot of coffee for it to greatly lower the amount of iron and calcium in your bloodstream. and it ' s not the caffeine that interferes with the absorption. it ' s related to another ingredient in coffee called phenolic acid. so decaf coffee also will decrease absorption of these minerals. depending on how you make your coffee, it can raise cholesterol levels a little. again, it ' s not the caffeine that influences cholesterol levels. it ' s the coffee oil from the bean. if you boil or press your coffee, then the coffee oil gets into the brew. however, today most coffee in the united states is filtered through paper. and filtered coffee does not increase cholesterol levels. so what ' s the bottom line? if you are already a coffee drinker, enjoy it. if you don ' t drink coffee, processing of words that convey positive emotions is not a good enough reason to start. there ' s probably some amount of coffee ( and other drinks containing caffeine ) that carries a risk of real health hazards. i am still unclear as to what that level is for an otherwise healthy adult. my advice : if even one cup of coffee makes you jittery or anxious, or interferes with sleep, that is one cup too many. i am honest with patients. i don ' t know if 10 cups of coffee per day is too much. i would not drink that much ; 3 cups per day is my own limit. what can i expect looking to the future? the great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4877673503452362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89e82935-b31c-4a4c-9c49-78b21d4506fa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.611889"}
{"text": "the well - being of people all over the world depends on the various goods and services provided by ecosystems, including food, fuel, construction materials, clean water and air, and protection from natural hazards. ecosystems, however, are under increasing pressure from unsustainable use and other threats including outright conversion. to address this concern, iucn promotes the sound management of ecosystems through the wider application of the ecosystem approach \u2013 a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that places human needs at its centre, through the ecosystem management programme. the ecosystem management programme works on four key programmatic areas for iucn : - drylands, where the programme aims to demonstrate the importance of dryland ecosystem services for livelihood improvement and for adapting to climate change. - climate change, where the climate change initiative aims to include biodiversity concerns in adaptation and mitigation polices and practice, as well as furthering natural resource management strategies that help biodiversity and people to adapt to the impacts of climate change. the initiative coordinates climate change work across iucn ' s programmes, regions, commissions and member organizations. - islands, where the islands initiative focuses on addressing integrated management challenges for marine, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems, for the conservation of island biodiversity and the sustainable development of island communities, and facilitates iucn \u2019 s work on islands across the union. - disaster risk reduction, where the programme aims to promote integration of ecosystem management, livelihoods, community vulnerability and climate change adaptation to disaster management. in addition, the programme provides technical input on integrating wider ecosystem - scale biodiversity issues into iucn \u2019 s programmes globally, regionally and nationally. the programme also serves as a focal point in the secretariat for iucn \u2019 s commission on ecosystem management ( cem ), a network of more than 800 volunteer ecosystem management experts from around the world. the ecosystem management programme works in close collaboration with cem to realize the commission \u2019 s objectives in enhancing the implementation of the ecosystem approach. cem members also contribute technical information to the ecosystem management series : a compilation of best practices and lessons learnt in implementing the ecosystem approach.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43716865848879605, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f6b9831-1ffd-4a9a-96e8-9d9b2d8b2c4b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.614387"}
{"text": "the enola gay in history and memory by christine girardin with the 60th anniversary of the atomic bombings fast approaching, commemorative events and symposia are being planned across the globe in places as diverse, yet symbolically significant, as hiroshima, nagasaki, tinian, london, tokyo, washington, and los alamos. while forthcoming books by historians tsuyoshi hasegawa, gerard degroot, and martin sherwin and kai bird will advance the scholarly criticism of the bombings and show that viable alternatives for quickly ending the war without a u. s. invasion of the japanese homeland existed, the bombs ' defenders, including gen. paul tibbets, the pilot of the enola gay, will also be out in force. tibbets, echoing a refrain made popular by president harry truman, insists that he never lost sleep over that decision. interestingly, the 1952 hollywood film, above and beyond, on which tibbets consulted, shows him unable to sleep on the night before the bombing of hiroshima as he grappled with the profound consequences of what he was about to do. as historian peter kuznick explains, those consequences included not only the wanton slaughter of over 200, 000 people in hiroshima and nagasaki, and the condemning of additional scores of thousands to a life of torment, but the inauguration of the nuclear era in a fashion that truman and others understood could ultimately end life on the planet. the major mobilization this may around strengthening the non - proliferation treaty during the review meetings at the united nations is designed to reverse the spread of nuclear weapons and the further increase in nuclear weapons states to make sure that that dire prospect is never realized. japan focus introduction. titusville - - there were 12 men onboard the b - 29 that dropped the world ' s first atomic bomb in war, annihilating 70, 000 people that day in hiroshima, japan, and killing about 130, 000 more in the aftermath. historians still disagree about whether the bombing was necessary to prevent the loss of more lives in battle, but the man who flew the aircraft on aug. 6, 1945, remains proud of his role in the closing days of world war ii. col. paul tibbets with the enola gay on tinian prior to takeoff for hiroshima \" i regretted it was necessary, but to me it was necessary to do it. i tell everybody i never lost a night ' s sleep over it, \" said retired gen. paul w. tibbets, who is telling tales of those heady days and meeting fans this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46376121137281556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74581009-3a2a-42a8-aa5e-39304863da08>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.621819"}
{"text": ", but to me it was necessary to do it. i tell everybody i never lost a night ' s sleep over it, \" said retired gen. paul w. tibbets, who is telling tales of those heady days and meeting fans this weekend at the 28th annual tico airshow in titusville. col. paul w. tibbets stands next to the b - 29 superfortress \" enola gay \" which he piloted over hiroshima, japan, aug. 6 1945, to drop the world ' s first atomic bomb in combat. tibbets, 90, makes about a dozen appearances a year, promoting his book and talking about his place in military history. but the enola gay, and it ' s payload, little boy, weren ' t always something he talked about. for the first 10 or 12 years after the war, nobody wanted to revisit the manhattan project and the two atomic bombs it produced - - at least not publicly. everyone was just so tired of killing that talking about it was shunned, tibbets said. it was when the tide of public and scholarly opinion began to turn against the bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki that tibbets went on the offensive. ever since, he ' s talked about the special b - 29 developed under his supervision to carry little boy, and details about the bombing run into japanese skies. that bombing has been ranked as the most important news event of the 20th century, and one that changed humankind forever, said peter kuznick, director of the nuclear studies institute at american university in washington, d. c. as a scholar who believes it probably wasn ' t necessary to drop the atomic bomb to end wwii, kuznick said the ultimate lesson about the event is that once such terribly effective weapons are developed, they are extremely likely to be used. moral debates and a scientific awareness of potential long - term problems won ' t be enough to prevent their use, just as they weren ' t enough to stop president harry s. truman from giving the order to drop the bomb. \" he knew it wasn ' t just another bomb. he knew it wasn ' t just a bigger, more terrible bomb. he knew that he was beginning a process that could ultimately mean the annihilation of the human species, \" kuznick said. proof of the bomb ' s destructive power is displayed in old photographs on the hiroshima peace memorial museum ' s web site. survivors closest to the blast, a little more than half a mile from the explosion ' s center,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41137091977138746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74581009-3a2a-42a8-aa5e-39304863da08>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.623202"}
{"text": "introduction / history jews represent the oldest monotheistic religion of modern times. because of the uniqueness of their history and culture, all jews have a strong sense of identity. persecution of and discrimination against the jews have been the historical reasons for their migrations and settlements around the world. the jews of europe arrived on the continent at least 2, 000 years ago during the early days of the roman empire. since then, they have been a significant influence in the history and culture of europe. much of what is considered \" jewish \" today finds its roots among the european jews. one of the unique features among european jews is the distinction between the ashkenazic jews and the sephardic jews. the word ashkenaz is derived from a biblical word for the larger germanic region of europe. therefore, ashkenazim jews are those whose ancestry is linked to that area. this group traditionally speaks the yiddish language, which is a german dialect that has hebrew and slavic elements. the word sephard was the name used by jews in medieval times for the iberian peninsula. sephardim jews, then, are the descendants of the jews who lived in spain or portugal prior to expulsion in 1492 by king ferdinand and queen isabella. sephardim also have a distinctive language called ladino, or judeo - spanish. this is a dialect of castilian spanish with hebrew and turkish elements. what are their lives like? during the last few centuries, eastern europe had the largest jewish population in the world. national attitudes toward the jews were ambivalent, depending on the usefulness of the jewish inhabitants to the nations ' rulers. anti - semitism was prevalent and frequently led to either persecution or expulsion. the holocaust of world war ii was the climax of jewish persecution in europe, leading to the extermination of six million jews. many eastern european countries lost the majority of their jewish population in this tragedy. as a result of the holocaust, thousands of jewish survivors and their descendants have emigrated from eastern europe to israel, the united states, or western europe. the recent memories of the holocaust as well as the centuries of discrimination and persecution play a strong part in modern jewish identity. european jews are strong supporters of \" zionism, \" a revival of jewish culture and support of israel as a national, secure, jewish homeland. since the dissolution of the soviet empire, former soviet jews no longer live under oppressive government rule. anti - semitism is still a concern, but jewish life has been revitalized in recreated countries like the ukraine. synagogues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4949543254734439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58c97692-7ec3-45e2-add2-5f67fd45724c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.635524"}
{"text": "secure, jewish homeland. since the dissolution of the soviet empire, former soviet jews no longer live under oppressive government rule. anti - semitism is still a concern, but jewish life has been revitalized in recreated countries like the ukraine. synagogues are functioning and kosher ( traditional, acceptable ) food is once again available. the jewish emigration from eastern europe is cause for concern among the remaining aged jewish population. as the older jews die, the jewish community dwindles. many of the younger jews are unlearned in their jewish identity. they are either non - observant or have assimilated into the prevailing culture. however, strong efforts are being made to maintain a jewish presence and clarify their identity. jewish schools are being opened and judaic studies are being promoted in universities. jewish hospitals and retirement homes are being built. community centers also promote cultural events such as the israeli dance, theater, yiddish and hebrew lessons, and sports. western europe now has the largest concentration of european jewish residents. the netherlands received a large influx of sephardic jews from portugal in the late 1500 ' s, and another contingent of ashkenazic jews after world war ii. they have been very influential in the development of dutch commerce. england ' s jews are concentrated in the greater london area and have been politically active for over 100 years. they have been avid supporters of zionism and solidly committed to the settlement of diaspora jews in israel. a large percentage of england ' s jews are affiliated with the traditional orthodox synagogues. italy ' s jewish population is primarily sephardic due to its absorption of spanish jews in the 1500 ' s. france ' s ashkenazic community received 300, 000 sephardic jews from north africa in recent decades. what are their beliefs? for religious jews, god is the supreme being, the creator of the universe, and the ultimate judge of human affairs. beyond this, the religious beliefs of the jewish communities vary greatly. european jews are extremely diverse in religious practice. the ashkenazic jews are the most prevalent, representing the orthodox, ultra - orthodox, conservative, and reform movements. the unusual and adamantly traditional hasidic movement was born in poland and has gained a strong following in the united states and israel. the sephardic denomination is similar to the orthodox ashkenazic, but is more permissive on dietary rules and some religious practices. each jewish denomination maintains synagogues and celebrates the traditional jewish holiday calendar. while most european jews are religiously affiliated, there is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49991447799818145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58c97692-7ec3-45e2-add2-5f67fd45724c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.637160"}
{"text": "denomination is similar to the orthodox ashkenazic, but is more permissive on dietary rules and some religious practices. each jewish denomination maintains synagogues and celebrates the traditional jewish holiday calendar. while most european jews are religiously affiliated, there is a significant minority which is not religious. what are their needs? the jews have a wonderful understanding of their connection with the abrahamic covenant. however, they also have a history of rejecting jesus christ as messiah, the one who has fulfilled that covenant. pray that as the gospel is shared, it will not be viewed as anti - semitic, but rather as the fulfillment of what god promised through abraham centuries ago. prayer pointsview jew, eastern yiddish - speaking in all countries. * ask the lord of the harvest to send forth loving christians to work among the jewish communities. * ask the holy spirit to grant wisdom and favor to the missions agencies that are focusing on the european jews. * pray that the jewish people will understand that jesus is the long - awaited messiah. * ask the lord to soften the hearts of the jews towards christians so that they might hear and receive the message of salvation. * pray that the lord jesus will reveal himself to the jews through dreams and visions. * pray that god will grant jewish believers favor as they share their faith in christ with their own people. * pray that strong local churches will be raised up in each jewish community. * pray for the availability of the jesus film in the primary language of this people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4663221416012937, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58c97692-7ec3-45e2-add2-5f67fd45724c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.638234"}
{"text": "by julie steenhuysen chicago ( reuters ) - in the latest installment in the mammogram debate, a new study finds that getting a mammogram every other year instead of annually did not increase the risk of advanced breast cancer in women aged 50 to 74, even in women who use hormone therapy or have dense breasts, factors that increase a woman ' s cancer risk. the findings, released on monday by researchers at the university california, san francisco, support the conclusions of the u. s. preventive services task force, an influential government panel of health advisers, which in 2009 issued guidelines that said women should have mammograms every other year starting at age 50 rather than annual tests starting at age 40. the controversial recommendations to reduce the frequency and delay the start of mammogram screening were based on studies suggesting the benefits of detecting cancers earlier did not outweigh the risk of false positive results, which needlessly expose women to the anguish of a breast cancer diagnosis and the ordeal of treatment. the matter, however, is not settled. the american cancer society still recommends women be screened for breast cancer every year they are in good health starting at age 40, but the group is closely watching studies such as this. \" i don ' t think any one study ought to change everything, \" dr. otis brawley, chief medical officer of the american cancer society, said in a telephone interview. but he added, \" this is one of several studies that are all pointing in the same direction over the last several years. \" brawley said he did not expect screening recommendations from professional organizations to change in the next year, but he does see doctors moving toward a more personalized approach over the next five years. there may be some women who need to be screened every six months and others every two years depending on their breast density, family history and genetic testing. in the latest study, dr. karla kerlikowske of the university of california, san francisco, and colleagues wanted to see whether risk factors beyond a woman ' s age play a role in the decision of when to start mammogram screening. in addition to age, the team considered whether women had dense breast tissue - which has a higher ratio of connective tissue to fat - or took combination estrogen and progesterone hormone therapy for more than five years, both of which can increase the risk of breast cancer. \" if you have these risk factors, would it help if you got screened annually vs. every two years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4028521891045231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07a59dc4-01d9-4277-b867-90979646b6ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.645395"}
{"text": "or took combination estrogen and progesterone hormone therapy for more than five years, both of which can increase the risk of breast cancer. \" if you have these risk factors, would it help if you got screened annually vs. every two years? \" said kerlikowske, whose study was published online in jama internal medicine. to study this, the team analyzed data from 11, 474 women with breast cancer and 922, 624 without breast cancer gathered from 1994 to 2008. even after looking at these other factors, the team found no increased risk of advanced cancer in women 50 to 74 who got a mammogram every other year instead of every year. \" it didn ' t matter whether you screened that group every year or every two years, the risk of advanced disease or having a worse tumor was no different, \" kerlikowske said. more frequent screening in these women did result in more false - positive results. women aged 50 to 74 who had annual mammograms had a 50 percent risk of having a false - positive result over a 10 - year period, but a 31 percent risk when they were screened every other year. studies suggest a false positive can have lasting psychological effects. a march study in the annals of family medicine said, \" three years after a false - positive \ufb01nding, women experience psychosocial consequences that range between those experienced by women with a normal mammogram and those with a diagnosis of breast cancer. \" breast density was a factor in younger women, however. when the team looked at screening frequency in women 40 to 49, they found those with extremely dense breasts who were screened every other year had a higher risk of having a more advanced cancer than those who got screened every year. younger women also were far more likely to have false - positive results and undergo unnecessary procedures. without getting a mammogram in their 40s, kerlikowske said, \" women aren ' t going to know if they have extremely dense breasts. \" among women in their 40s, about 12 percent to 15 percent have extremely dense breast tissue. for these women, kerlikowske said she recommends that they get a mammogram if they have other risk factors that might put her at risk of breast cancer, including having a first - degree relative that a common term, or just \" close relative \"? such as a mother or a sister with breast cancer. \" once we see their breast density is high, we will offer annual mammography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4576403807911775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07a59dc4-01d9-4277-b867-90979646b6ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.646357"}
{"text": "breast cancer, including having a first - degree relative that a common term, or just \" close relative \"? such as a mother or a sister with breast cancer. \" once we see their breast density is high, we will offer annual mammography, \" she said. the american college of radiology and the society of breast imaging, groups that represent radiologists, said the study ' s methodology was flawed because it used early and late breast cancers to determine the outcomes of breast screening rather than more refined measures of tumor size, nodal status and cancer stage, which could determine whether screening detected cancers at an earlier stage. it also faulted the study for not being a closely controlled, randomized clinical trial. the study used data from the breast cancer surveillance consortium, a national mammography screening database that gathers information from community mammography clinics on millions of women. \" we ' re never going to have a randomized study. this is the best in terms of the type of study anyone can actually hope for, \" said brawley, whose group monitors scores of breast studies from around the world each year. he said such a study would take decades and would be prohibitively expensive. catching cancers earlier does not always translate into lives saved, according to a november study published in the new england journal of medicine by dr. gilbert welch of the dartmouth institute for health policy & clinical practice in new hampshire. that study suggested that as many as a third of cancers detected through routine mammograms may not be life - threatening, contradicting the deeply ingrained belief that cancer screening is always good. kerlikowske said the strength of her study is that it allows researchers to consider other risk factors, such as breast density, allowing doctors to offer women personalized choices about when to start breast cancer screening. \" we ' re trying to move it away from this idea that it all should be based on age. there should be some thoughtfulness to it, \" she said. ( reporting by julie steenhuysen ; additional reporting by bill berkrot ; editing by jilian mincer and douglas royalty )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47599701673402894, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07a59dc4-01d9-4277-b867-90979646b6ea>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.647154"}
{"text": "indo - china : the new frontier time. monday, may. 29, 1950 the u. s. now has a new frontier and a new ally in the cold war. the place is indo - china, a southeast asian jungle, mountain and delta land that includes the republic of viet nam and the smaller neighboring kingdoms of laos and cambodia, all parts of the french union. for more than three years this land, in prewar times the rich french colony of indo - china, has been suffering, on a lesser scale, the ruinous kind of civil war which won china for communism. the mao tse - tung of the indo - chinese is a frail, but enduring comrade, who looks like a shriveled wizard ; his nom de guerre is ho chi minh ( or one who shines ). chiang kai - shek has no counterpart in indo - china. the initial brunt of the red attack has been borne by french soldiers. meanwhile, the job of rallying native anti - communist forces falls mainly on the meaty shoulders of the emperor bao dai ( or guardian of greatness ), who now bears the official title of chief of state of viet nam. while the dust of the chinese civil war was settling before the bemused eyes of the state department, the u. s. paid scant attention to the indo - chinese struggle. it seemed largely a local affair between the french and their subjects. since the dust has settled in china, asia \u2019 s communism is thrusting southward. indo - china stands first on the path to singapore, manila and the indies ( see map ). last january, led by peking and moscow, the world \u2019 s communist bloc recognized ho chi minh \u2019 s \u201c democratic republic. \u201d it was more than the kremlin had ever done for the communist rebels of greece. over the past several weeks, arms and other supplies were reported passing from russia and china to the comrades in indo - china. the stakes in southeast asia were big \u2014 as big as the global struggle between communism and freedom. a fortnight ago in paris, u. s. secretary of state dean acheson drew a line in the dust that has so long beclouded u. s. diplomacy. he implicitly recognized that the war in indo - china is no local shooting match. he pledged u. s. military and economic aid to the french and vietnamese. the u. s. thus picked up the russian gauntlet. what kind of frontier and what kind of ally had history chosen for the u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4401221816241371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.663293"}
{"text": "shooting match. he pledged u. s. military and economic aid to the french and vietnamese. the u. s. thus picked up the russian gauntlet. what kind of frontier and what kind of ally had history chosen for the u. s.? a golden asset. unlike china, where u. s. traders and missionaries began a fruitful acquaintance more than a century ago, indo - china has had little contact with americans, either commercial, cultural or diplomatic. * the last comprehensive u. s. book on the country was published in 1937. among other things, its author observed : \u201c indochina lies too far off the main scene of action to play any but a secondary role in the pacific drama. \u201d in the pre - french past, most of indo - china had been conquered by the chinese, who had left their culture indelibly behind. \u2020 through the last half of the 19th. century, the french converted indo - china into a tight, profitable colonial monopoly. they explored its fever - laden jungles, lofty ranges, great river valleys. they discovered its antiquities, including the majestic loth century towers of angkor wat in northern cambodia. they wrote about its mandarins, its buddhist temples and confucian family life. the french invested $ 2 billion, built up indo - china \u2019 s rice and rubber production ; before world war ii, the colony, along with siam and burma, was one of the world \u2019 s three leading rice exporters. its surplus went to rice - short china, a fact of great significance these days in communist china \u2019 s support of communist ho chi minh. all the raw rubber france needed came from indo - china. there were other lucrative items : coal, wolfram, pepper, opium ( which, to french shame, was sold to the natives through a state monopoly ) and many jobs for a white bureaucracy. french politicians called the colony \u201c our marvelous balcony on the pacific. \u201d a dangerous liability. indo - china is no longer a golden asset for france. as everywhere in the east, the old colonialism has died beneath the impact of western nationalist, egalitarian ideas, a process greatly hastened by the japanese march in world war ii under the slogan \u201c asia for the asiatics. \u201d the french have bowed grudgingly to the times. in an agreement signed march 8, 1949 with bao dai, they promised limited freedom for viet nam within the french union. under its terms, a viet nam cabinet has charge of internal affairs, the right to a national army. paris keeps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43774064660191975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.664195"}
{"text": "the times. in an agreement signed march 8, 1949 with bao dai, they promised limited freedom for viet nam within the french union. under its terms, a viet nam cabinet has charge of internal affairs, the right to a national army. paris keeps direct control of foreign policy, maintains military bases and special courts for frenchmen, retains a special place for french advisers and the french language. by that time the french were up to their necks in a costly campaign to crush ho chi minh and his communist bid for power. the civil war has cut rice production in half and disrupted the rest of indo - china \u2019 s economy. it has tied down 130, 000 french troops, about half of the fourth republic \u2019 s army, and thereby weakened the contribution france might make to western europe \u2019 s defense. in lives, the indo - china war has cost the french 50, 000 casualties. in money, it has cost $ 2 billion \u2014 just about the sum of ecaid to france. indo - china, in brief, has become a dangerous liability for france \u2014 nor does any realistic frenchman think it can ever again be an asset. why, therefore, spend more blood and treasure in thankless jungle strife? why not pull out? the answer is : more than french war weariness and prestige are at stake. if indo - china falls to communism, so, in all probability \u201d, will all of southeast asia. for u. s. citizens, the first fact about their new frontier is that it will cost money to hold \u2014 much more than the french can pay alone, much more than the $ 15 million in arms and $ 23 million in economic aid thus far promised by washington. the second fact is more compelling : the new frontier, if it is not to crumble, may need u. s. troops as well as french. otherwise, the u. s. might surfer another catastrophic defeat in the far east. a question of sympathy. the french have made more than the usual colonial mistakes. all too often, especially since they put the foreign legion and its german mercenaries to the work of restoring order after world war ii, they have been arrogant and brutal toward the indo - chinese. they are paying for it now, for the bulk of communist ho chi minh \u2019 s support comes from anti - french, or anti - colonial indo - chinese. a sign over an indo - chinese village street tells the story ; it reads \u201c communism, no. colonialism, never. \u201d but the issue of native sympathy is complex. the vast majority of the people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.437783127738374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.665121"}
{"text": ", or anti - colonial indo - chinese. a sign over an indo - chinese village street tells the story ; it reads \u201c communism, no. colonialism, never. \u201d but the issue of native sympathy is complex. the vast majority of the people are simple rice farmers, who want peace and order so they may tend their paddy - fields. ho chi minh himself does not now preach communism openly : his explanation is that his people have no understanding of the word. besides a crude, hate - the - french appeal ( including atrocity propaganda \u2014 see cut ), he has another effective persuasion : terror. his guerrillas and underground operators stalk the countryside ; his assassins and bomb - throwers terrorize the cities. indefatigably he spreads the word that he is winning, as his comrades have won in china. the result is that many are cowed into helping him, or at least staying out of the anti - communist effort. others, especially among the intelligentsia, sit on the fence, waiting to jump on the winning side. this is where bao dai comes in. a display of strength. it is bao dai \u2019 s mission, and the u. s. - french hope, to rally his countrymen to the anti - communist camp of the west. in this undertaking he needs time. \u201c nothing can be done overnight, \u201d he says. he needs time to organize an effective native government, train an army and militia that can restore order in the villages, win over the doubting fence - sitters among the intelligentsia. besides a military shield, he also needs a display of winning strength and patient understanding by his western allies. as a national leader, bao dai has his weaknesses, and largely because of them he does not enjoy the kind of popularity achieved by india \u2019 s jawaharlal nehru. but, as the lineal heir of the old monarchs of annam, he is his nation \u2019 s traditional \u201c father & mother, \u201d its first priest ( buddhist ) and judge. the french say that bao dai should act more decisively ; whenever he does, there is impressive popular response. nehru \u2019 s government of india, trailed by burma \u2019 s thakin nu, indonesia \u2019 s soekarno and even by the philippines \u2019 elpidio quirino, has so far refused to follow the major western democracies in recognizing bao dai \u2019 s viet nam republic. they look on him as a french puppet. but bao dai has shown a judgment on the crucial ideological conflict of his time that compares strikingly and favorably with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45734677667702006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.666109"}
{"text": "refused to follow the major western democracies in recognizing bao dai \u2019 s viet nam republic. they look on him as a french puppet. but bao dai has shown a judgment on the crucial ideological conflict of his time that compares strikingly and favorably with the petulant, third - force position of pandit nehru. recently, for example, bao dai told a time correspondent about his impressions of ho chi minh in 1946, when both leaders were cooperating with the french to establish a new viet nam regime. \u201c at first, \u201d recalled bao dai, \u201c we all believed the ho government was really a nationalistic regime... i called ho \u2018 elder brother \u2019 and he called me \u2018 younger brother. \u2019... \u201c then, i saw he was fighting a battle within himself. he realized that communism was not best for our country. but it was too late. he could not overcome his own allegiance to communism. \u201d a royal notion. bao dai is essentially a product of the old french colonialism \u2014 the best of it thwarted by some of the worst. born in 1913, the only son of the ailing emperor khai dinh, he studied under chinese tutors until nine. then his father \u2019 s french advisers decided he should go to france for a western education. the emperor put on a parasol - shaped red velvet hat and a golden - dragon robe, accompanied his son on the first trip abroad for any of their dynasty. in paris he put the prince under the tutelage of former annam governor eugene charles. \u201c i bring you a schoolboy, \u201d said khai dinh. \u201c make of him what you will. \u201d three years later, khai dinh died. he was buried in a splendid mausoleum, at hue ; at the foot of his tomb lay his prized french decorations, toothbrush, thermos bottles and \u201c big ben \u201d alarm clock. bao dai, who had come \u2018 home for the funeral, was crowned the 13th sovereign of the nguyen ( pronounced new inn ) dynasty. he turned the throne over to a regent, and hurried back to paris. the young emperor continued his chinese lessons, studied annamite chronicles, browsed through french history, literature and economics. he was especially fond of books on henry iv, the dynast from navarre who began the bourbon rule in france with the cynical remark, \u201c paris is worth a mass, \u201d and the demagogic slogan, \u201c every family should have a fowl in the pot on sunday. \u201d bao dai put his money in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4133262702676941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.666995"}
{"text": "navarre who began the bourbon rule in france with the cynical remark, \u201c paris is worth a mass, \u201d and the demagogic slogan, \u201c every family should have a fowl in the pot on sunday. \u201d bao dai put his money in swiss banks ( and thereby saved it from world war ii \u2019 s reverses ), collected stamps, practiced tennis with champion henri cochet, learned ping - pong, dressed in tweeds and flannels, vacationed in the pyrenees, scented himself heavily with coty and chanel perfumes. up to this point the emperor had absorbed a good deal of the education of an intelligent, progressive french adolescent. he had high notions of applying what he had learned back home. in 1932, at 19, bao dai formally took over the dragon throne at hue ; two years later he married beautiful mariette - jeanne nguyen huu thi lan, the daughter of a wealthy cochin - chinese merchant. the empress nam phuong was a roman catholic, educated at paris \u2019 convent \u201c aux oiseaux. \u201d bao dai reigned but he did not rule. the french ( third republic and vichy ) shrugged off his earnest pleas for social and economic reforms and more native political autonomy. cleverly, as they thought, they encouraged the emperor to devote himself to sport and pleasure. bao dai was hunting tigers near his summer villa at dalat when the japanese, early in 1945, made their 1940 control of the colony official and complete. they surprised his party, took him prisoner, installed him as a puppet emperor \u2014 until their own capitulation to the allies a few months later. agitator ho. at this point, the lines of bao dai \u2019 s destiny first crossed those of his fellow annamite ho chi minh. the two men made a dramatic contrast. the emperor was young ( then 32 ), plump, clean - shaven, bland - faced, fond of snappy western sport clothes. ho was aging ( 55 ), slight ( hardly 5 ft. tall ), goat - bearded, steelyeyed, usually seen in a frayed khaki tunic and cloth slippers. ho chi minh, too, had gone to france for education. as a young man, he had been sent into exile by the french police of indo - china because of his family \u2019 s nationalist agitation. his father and a brother went to political prison for life. a sister received nine years of hard labor. in paris, ho ( then known as nguyen ai quoc ) became a photographer \u2019 s assistant,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4143034685614077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.667870"}
{"text": "because of his family \u2019 s nationalist agitation. his father and a brother went to political prison for life. a sister received nine years of hard labor. in paris, ho ( then known as nguyen ai quoc ) became a photographer \u2019 s assistant, wrote anti - imperialist articles. he also joined the french communist party. he was sent to moscow for training, became a comintern functionary, re - emerged in 1925 at canton, where he helped russian agent borodin in communism \u2019 s first attempt to seize china. from hong kong in 1931 ho chi minh organized the first indo - chinese communist party. the british clapped him into jail for a year. when he came out, he continued organizing red cells in his country. japan and world war ii gave him his big chance. using popular front - tactics, ho established the viet minh \u2014 league for the independence of viet nam. it directed guerrilla war against both vichy french and japanese, enlisted the support of many indo - chinese nationalists. american oss agents and arms were parachuted to ho \u2019 s side. \u201c uncle ho. \u201d by the time the french were ready to pick up the postwar strings again in indo - china, communist ho was very much a popular hero, better known as \u201c uncle ho. \u201d he spoke a \u201c soft \u201d communist line, talked more about freedom, democracy and reform. bao dai was in a different position. he had suffered in reputation because he had \u201c gotten along \u201d with vichy french and japanese. the returning french began negotiations with the viet minh leader. there were polite hints that bao dai must go \u2014 he was too \u201c unpopular. \u201d bao abdicated, and ho was in the saddle. bao dai stayed on in indo - china for a while, as plain citizen nguyen vinh thuy and honorary councilor to the republic. nobody had much use for him. he went abroad and flung himself into a reckless round of pleasure and sport. playboy. most of his time he spent at cannes, on the french riviera, where he had bought the palatial chateau de thorenc ( reported purchase price : $ 250, 000 ). in his garage were a pale blue lincoln convertible, a black citroen limousine, a blue simca \u201c gordoni \u201d one - seat racer, a sleek italian two - seater, a simca - 8 sports model. he also kept several motorcycles. he insisted that every engine run \u201c as accurately as a watch. \u201d he dallied in the bars and casinos, chain - smoked cheap gauloise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.422879047292189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.668790"}
{"text": "sleek italian two - seater, a simca - 8 sports model. he also kept several motorcycles. he insisted that every engine run \u201c as accurately as a watch. \u201d he dallied in the bars and casinos, chain - smoked cheap gauloise cigarettes, treated hangers - on to champagne and caviar, played roulette for 10, 000 - franc chips ( \u201c his majesty \u2019 s losses, \u201d remarked a croupier, \u201c befitted his rank \u201d ), sometimes conducted jazz bands, sent his secretary to open negotiations with the many women who caught his eye. ( \u201c my grandfather had 125 wives and 300 children, \u201d bao dai once remarked to a journalist. \u201c i have a few mistresses. what then? \u201d ) he played golf capably and bridge like a master. a crack shot with rifle or revolver, he often arranged target competitions with the chateau \u2019 s servants. meanwhile the french, back in indo - china, had broken with ho chi minh, were floundering in a communist - led nationalist uprising. they appealed to bao dai to come home again and help rally his people against the red menace. they promised to grant viet nam gradual independence within the new french union. bao was persuaded. on march 8, 1949, he signed the document creating the new indo - chinese republic which he would head as chief of state. as he left the gaudy safety of the riviera for the hazards of a country torn by civil war, he grinned and said : \u201c i risk my skin. \u201d french communists snarled : \u201c cet empereur des boites de nuit [ this nightclub emperor ]. \u201d behind him, at the chateau de thorenc, he left empress nam phuong and their family of two boys and three girls. statesman. bao dai has been back in indo - china about a year. he has made some progress, but it is slow and the difficulties are enormous. the french have promised his government more authority, but they are vague in making good and sometimes stupidly petty. one point of friction between bao dai and french high commissioner leon pignon concerns the high commissioner \u2019 s residence in saigon. it is the old imperial palace, and the symbol, in native eyes, of paramount place. bao dai wants it for his own use, and he stays away from the city lest he lose face by residing elsewhere. the french, with bureaucratic pigheadedness, have refused to part with it, though there are reports that they will soon do so.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4085242308634883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.669752"}
{"text": "it for his own use, and he stays away from the city lest he lose face by residing elsewhere. the french, with bureaucratic pigheadedness, have refused to part with it, though there are reports that they will soon do so. another disappointment has been bao dai \u2019 s effort to enlist capable ministers and lower - echelon administrators. partly this is because so many vietnamese are fence - sitters or fear the terror of viet minh agents. partly it is a consequence of french failure, in the past and at present, to train enough natives to take over the government. bao dai seems to be counting on u. s. pressure to loosen up the french in this respect. most serious failure is the sluggish pace in recruiting a viet nam army. bao dai \u2019 s government has thus far assembled only four battalions, about 4, 000 men. field of decision. though ho chi minh \u2019 s forces ( 70, 000 regulars with equipment as good as the french, plus 70, 000 well - trained guerrillas and an unknown number of poorly equipped village militia ) have been pushed back from such centers as hanoi in northern viet nam, french officers report that \u201c the situation steadily grows no better. \u201d french commander in chief marcel carpentier aims to sweep ho chi minh \u2019 s men from the lower, heavily populated mekong and red river valleys. these are the best rice - producing areas and consequently the best source of rebel supply. by airlift and truck convoy, the french maintain a line of forts at the chinese border, where aid could flow in for ho. it is rugged hit & run fighting in forest and swamp terrain well suited for guerrilla tactics. by day the french control about half the countryside ; and if they want to, they can penetrate where they will, though ambush takes its toll. at night, however, the french draw into their forts and garrisoned centers. then ho chi minh \u2019 s men steal forth, terrorize peasants, collect taxes ( two - fifths of a farmer \u2019 s rice harvest ), and run the countryside almost everywhere the french insist that the military problem is the no.. i problem, and that western men and arms must lick it. given sufficient u. s. equipment, up to $ 150 million a year or more, they think they can crush ho chi minh within three years. lacking such support, they may be facing a debacle within one year ; and, of course, down in the wreckage would go bao dai. the piecemeal approach. all in all, the new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41332490727371357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.670662"}
{"text": "crush ho chi minh within three years. lacking such support, they may be facing a debacle within one year ; and, of course, down in the wreckage would go bao dai. the piecemeal approach. all in all, the new u. s. ally in southeast asia is a weak reed. and the alliance is as ironic as anything in history. for the same u. s. government which abandoned the chinese nationalists because they were not good enough was committed by last fortnight \u2019 s decision to defend a playboy emperor and the worst and almost the last example of white man \u2019 s armed imperialism in asia. nevertheless, indo - china had to be defended \u2014 if it could be defended. so had formosa, last stand of china \u2019 s nationalists, which has advantages not to be found in indo - china \u2014 a strong government, a well - trained defending fighting force, and easily defensible tactical position. the u. s. decision to go into such a doubtful project as the defense of indo - china was the result of an idea that it ought to do something, somehow, to stop the communists in southeast asia. but the u. s. policy in indo - china was a piecemeal operation. not until it saw the southeast asia problem whole, until it went to the help of all threatened governments, would the u. s. be making soldier \u2019 s or statesman \u2019 s sense. * there was one abortive attempt to get acquainted in the 18305, when president andrew jackson sent envoy edmund roberts of new hampshire to draw up a treaty with emperor ming mang. reported roberts : \u201c the insulting formalities required as preliminaries to the treaty... left me no alternative save that of terminating a protracted correspondence marked... by duplicity and prevarication in the official servant of the emperor. \u201d roberts was told to 1 ) make five kowtows, 2 ) beg for \u201c deep condescension, \u201d 3 ) change a sentence in president jackson \u2019 s letter to the emperor from \u201c i pray to god \u201d to \u201c i pray to the gods of heaven. \u201d he refused. \u2020 the chinese invasions took place between 213 b. c. and 186 a. d. from the latter date until the loth century the chinese governed the country. then the annamites threw off the chinese yoke ; it was clapped on again for a brief span in the 15th century. french missionaries and traders ( preceded by the portuguese and dutch ) came to indo - china in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43981704394882454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9e34aac-8a8f-497f-bee6-437d888956ea>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.671520"}
{"text": "a testosterone test measures the blood level of the male sex hormone testosterone. testosterone, which plays an important role in sexual development, is produced mainly by the testes in boys and in much smaller amounts by the ovaries in girls. testosterone is also produced by the adrenal glands in both girls and boys. in young boys, testosterone levels are normally low. as puberty approaches \u2014 usually between the ages of 10 and 14 \u2014 the pituitary gland ( a pea - sized gland near the base of the brain ) secretes two hormones ( luteinizing hormone, or lh ; and follicle - stimulating hormone, or fsh ) that work together to stimulate the testes to make testosterone. increased testosterone production is what causes boys to develop deeper voices, bigger muscles, and body and facial hair. it also helps the testes produce sperm, and it plays a role in speeding a boy ' s growth in height during puberty. two separate assessments may be performed as part of a testosterone test : total testosterone, which measures the entire amount of testosterone in the body, including both the amount bound to proteins that help transport the hormone through the bloodstream and free testosterone free testosterone, which measures only the testosterone that ' s not attached to proteins the doctor may order one or both tests. however, because sexual development involves many other hormones, a more complete picture can often be obtained by performing other tests at the same time, including an lh or fsh test. for example, low levels of testosterone can be due to a problem with the testes ' production of testosterone or to the pituitary gland not making enough of the hormones that stimulate the testes to produce testosterone. why it ' s done doctors may order a testosterone blood test if a boy appears to be entering puberty earlier or later than expected. high levels are associated with precocious ( early ) puberty, while low levels may indicate a delay in sexual development. in girls, high levels can be associated with the appearance of masculine characteristics, such as facial hair. the test may also be used in either boys or girls to check for damage or disease of the testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, or pituitary gland, or to check for steroid use. in teens and adults, testosterone levels can help doctors evaluate fertility or menstrual problems and sexual function. no special preparations are needed for this test. the doctor may want to perform the test in the morning, when testosterone levels usually are highest. on the day of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46519811374000536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aafb4e60-d364-46e2-b7de-0991f82b4eb1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.674778"}
{"text": "testosterone levels can help doctors evaluate fertility or menstrual problems and sexual function. no special preparations are needed for this test. the doctor may want to perform the test in the morning, when testosterone levels usually are highest. on the day of the test, it may help to have your child wear a short - sleeve shirt to allow easier access for the technician who will be drawing the blood. a health professional will clean the skin surface with antiseptic, and place an elastic band ( tourniquet ) around the upper arm to apply pressure and cause the veins to swell with blood. then a needle is inserted into a vein ( usually in the arm inside of the elbow or on the back of the hand ) and blood is withdrawn and collected in a vial or syringe. after the procedure, the elastic band is removed. once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed and the area is covered with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. collecting blood for this test will only take a few minutes. what to expect collecting a sample of blood is only temporarily uncomfortable and can feel like a quick pinprick. afterward, there may be some mild bruising, which should go away in a few days. the blood sample will be processed by a machine and the results are commonly available after a few days. the testosterone test is considered a safe procedure. however, as with many medical tests, some problems can occur with having blood drawn : fainting or feeling lightheaded hematoma ( blood accumulating under the skin causing a lump or bruise ) pain associated with multiple punctures to locate a vein helping your child having a blood test is relatively painless. still, many children are afraid of needles. explaining the test in terms your child can understand might help ease some of the fear. allow your child to ask the technician any questions he or she might have. tell your child to try to relax and stay still during the procedure, as tensing muscles and moving can make it harder and more painful to draw blood. it also may help if your child looks away when the needle is being inserted into the skin. if you have questions if you have questions about the testosterone test, speak with your doctor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44153809205763056, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aafb4e60-d364-46e2-b7de-0991f82b4eb1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.675540"}
{"text": "12. june 2012 10 : 55 retinal hemorrhage occurs when the blood vessels in the retina get damaged or ruptured, leading to abnormal bleeding. the retina, which is composed of rods and cones is the region of the eye responsible for sensitivity to light, and vision. the retinal vein and artery, along with a dense network of capillaries, are responsible for transmitting the blood supply to the retina. when these blood vessels are damaged, due to any reason, this affects the blood supply to the retina, which in turn leads to a decrease in visual acuity. diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in people aged between 20 and 65. the dense network of cells in the retina is extremely sensitive, and can be damaged with even a slight trauma. the causes due to which this damage might occur include : - high blood pressure - forceful blows in the head region - child abuse in infants - improper development of blood vessels in infants born prematurely - blurred vision - spotted vision - lines in the field of vision - blind spots - distorted vision - progressive vision loss - the disease is diagnosed by an ophthalmologist, who uses an opthalmoscope to examine the internal structure of the eye. - another method that is commonly used to detect the abnormalities in the blood vessels is a fluorescein angiography test, in which a fluorescent dye is injected into the patient \u2019 s bloodstream, after which photographs are clicked to view the blood vessels. - in some cases, the physician might also order for a blood test to be performed. - the disorder is self - limiting in most patients, with more than 85 % cases healing on their own. - the most common treatment for retinal hemorrhages is laser treatment, in which a laser beam is used to remove the affected blood vessels. - if the disease is caused by some underlying medical condition like diabetes or hypertension, the treatment focuses on eliminating that disorder. - injection of anti - vegf drugs like avestin has been found to be effective in the treatment of hemorrhages associated with the growth of new vessels. - the administration of various nutritional and herbal supplements like antioxidants, omega - 3 - rich foods, antioxidant vitamins, zinc, lutein, pine bark extract, grape seed extract, etc. has also been found to be effective in improving the symptoms of the disease. we at killeen eyecare center are renowned throughout killeen for providing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5236645743846435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a57e8d8-1439-48dd-8688-080cf98e78c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.678996"}
{"text": "by chris wickham london ( reuters ) - scientists in switzerland have come up with a material mimicking the way tendons connect to bones, which could speed the development of stretchy, wearable electronic devices. the stretchable electronics industry is in its infancy but devices that are able to flex without breaking could revolutionize devices from smartphones and solar cells to medical implants. futurists have long predicted clothes with sensors that monitor the vital signs of the wearer, or smartphones and screens woven into the fabric of shirts or jackets. but while circuits and wiring are quite happy on rigid surfaces like those in a tablet computer, they break easily when combined with materials that stretch. \" you have two materials with very different mechanical properties, \" andre studart, a researcher at the swiss federal institute of technology in zurich, told reuters. \" the challenge is to bridge these different properties. \" studart and his team have overcome the problem with a stretchy material made from polyurethane that contains \" islands \" stiff enough to house and protect delicate circuits. while the soft part can stretch by 350 percent, the stiff regions created by impregnating the material with tiny platelets of aluminum oxide and a synthetic clay called laponite, hardly deform and can protect the electronics. the material, presented in research published in the journal nature communications, is made from bonded layers and because the concentration of the platelets is gradually increased, the junction between the stretchy and stiff parts is also durable. \" there are many biological materials that have these properties as well, like the way tendons link muscle to bone, \" said studart. \" but there are not so many examples in synthetic materials. \" one of the companies trying to commercialize stretchable electronics is mc10 inc, a massachusetts - based start - up born out of research by john rogers and his team at the university of illinois. the firm recently announced plans to start selling a sensor - laden, flexible skullcap that monitors impacts to the head during sports. it was developed with reebok and goes on sale next year. amar kendale, the company ' s strategist, said the skullcap gives a level of contact with the head that previous attempts to put sensors in helmets or gum shields have not been able to achieve. mc10 is using a different approach from the zurich team. the company uses extremely thin silicon chips sandwiched in a stretchable polymer and connected by tiny wires in a concertina configuration that can stretch about 60 percent, about the same as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5051159006362735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82a3456c-29b8-4dcb-9306-ea76ba63d58b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.682021"}
{"text": "achieve. mc10 is using a different approach from the zurich team. the company uses extremely thin silicon chips sandwiched in a stretchable polymer and connected by tiny wires in a concertina configuration that can stretch about 60 percent, about the same as the body ' s soft tissues. mc10 has also developed a balloon catheter with built - in electronic sensors for heart patients, which researchers plan to start testing on people in the next year or so. \" decorating the surface of the balloon with sensors or a mechanism that delivers energy gives a good way of delivering therapy to soft tissue, like the heart, to correct arrhythmia, \" kendale said. market potential is difficult to estimate but kendale said the technology could be applied to the monitoring and management of chronic diseases from diabetes to hypertension. the swiss researchers say their technique could also be used to build synthetic cartilage or false teeth with better matches to their natural counterparts. currently the ceramics used for dental fillings are so hard they can damage natural teeth if a patient bites too hard. and one treatment for women with crumbling vertebrae from osteoporosis involves injecting a stiff polymer that over time can damage the surrounding healthy vertebrae. \" the problem is that it is equally stiff everywhere, \" said studart. \" the vision is that you will be able to make materials that are as heterogeneous as the biological ones. \" ( editing by david holmes )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5323748941623585, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82a3456c-29b8-4dcb-9306-ea76ba63d58b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.682551"}
{"text": "fertilizer facts : april 1997, number 15 response of oat to water and nitrogen land resources and environmental sciences dept. montana state university nitrogen ( n ) is the most common nutrient that limits oat production in montana. deficiency symptoms are frequently characterized by general chlorosis ( yellowing ) of leaves and a reduction in overall plant vigor and growth. oat n deficiency symptoms, as with other cereal grains, will most often appear in the early to late spring depending on severity. once present, symptoms become more severe through vegetative growth stages. at flowering, n deficient plants are stunted and have fewer tillers and smaller heads than healthy plants. grain yield is reduced primarily through a reduction in kernels per head and head density. nitrogen typically represents a grower ' s largest fertilizer input cost. current fertilizer n recommendations in montana are based on an average relationship between n requirement ( nr ) and estimated yield potential [ yield potential ( bu / a ) x 1. 1 = nr ( lbs / a ) ] ( table 1 ). the recommendation assumes 1. 1 lbs n / a are needed to produce each bushel of grain. however, this relation may vary with growing season and the yield potential at an individual site. since yield potential is most closely associated with available water ( stored soil water + growing season precipitation ), we were interested in determining the effects of available water supply on the n requirement and oat yield potential. field experiments were conducted on a lohmiller silty clay loam ( ustic torrifluvents ) at the southern agricultural research center near huntley during 1993 and 1994. initial soil n levels ( 0 - 36 in. depth ) were 15 and 22 lbs / a in 1993 and 1994. field experiments were previously seeded to barley. a line - source sprinkler irrigation system was used to establish a water gradient in the field. monida oats were planted in early april at 18 seeds per square foot. stripped at right angles to the water gradient were six fertilizer n levels ( 0, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160 lbs n / a ). the combined treatments produced a field site with a wide range of available water and n conditions. table 1. predicted n requirements for oats with growing season water. | growing season water | | yield potential | | available n requirement | | n : yield ratio | as expected, available water increased oat yield potential and the response to n. under high water stress, the response to n was small and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49932784782433226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9602c7df-0543-4d69-86ae-9dc0a1d13c7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.686519"}
{"text": "water. | growing season water | | yield potential | | available n requirement | | n : yield ratio | as expected, available water increased oat yield potential and the response to n. under high water stress, the response to n was small and yield potential was low, producing a comparatively flat curve. as water conditions improved, the response to n increased, producing a steeper curve that reached a higher plateau ( figure 1 ). yield potential at the plateau levels, or where n was no longer limiting yields, were similar for the two growing seasons. however, oat yields without n fertilizer were higher in 1994 than 1993. this difference may have been a result of greater n mineralization from organic matter in 1994, resulting in less n deficiency where no fertilizer n was applied. maximum economic yield ( mey ) was defined as the point along the yield - n curves ( figure 1 ) where increases in n no longer paid for themselves through higher yield ( < 1 bushel increase in yield resulted from 4 lbs additional n ), or where dollars returned from n was maximized. maximum economic yields were generally within 2 % of the theoretical maximum, hence they provide a good estimate of yield potential. the mey - available water relationships ( figure 2 ) indicate that yield potential increased linearly with water in both 1993 and 1994. the relationships indicate that it takes approximately 4 to 5 in. of water to produce the first bushel of oat, and thereafter yield increases 12 to 14 bu / a with each inch of additional water. available n requirements ( soil n + fertilizer n ) for mey increased linearly with water for both growing seasons. the slopes of the lines for the two seasons were similar and indicate that n requirements increased approximately 8 lbs n with each inch of additional water. however, the intercepts for the lines differ for the two seasons. as a result, it took approximately 35 to 40 lbs / a less n in 1994 to achieve mey than in 1993 at similar water levels. background soil n analysis levels for the two seasons were similar. however, barley residue from the preceding crop was burned prior to seeding the 1994 oat crop. this likely enhanced organic n mineralization and resulted in the lower calculated n requirement. typically, most cereal growers do not burn their residue, hence under most situations the upper line in figure 3 is probably the better predictor of fertilizer n needs. using this approach, sufficient fertilizer n should be applied to achieve 60 lbs available n / a where 8 inches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4733808000691571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9602c7df-0543-4d69-86ae-9dc0a1d13c7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.687435"}
{"text": "types of literature primary sources are publications that report the results of original research. they may be in the form of conference papers, monographic series, technical reports, theses and dissertations, or journal articles. because they present information in its original form ( that is, it has not been interpreted or condensed or otherwise \u201c repackaged \u201d by other writers ), these are considered primary sources. the works present new thinking / discoveries / results and unite them with the existing knowledge base. journal articles that report original research are one of the more common and important steps in the information sharing cycle. they often go through a process in which they are \u201c peer reviewed \u201d by other experts who evaluate the work and findings before publication. secondary sources are those which are published about the primary literature, that generalize, analyze, interpret, evaluate or otherwise \u201c add value \u201d to the original information, or which simplify the process of finding and evaluating the primary literature. some examples of secondary sources are \u201c review \u201d articles and indexes or bibliographies, such as pubmed or the sciencedirect. tertiary sources compile or digest information from primary or secondary sources that has become widely accepted. they aim to provide a broad overview of a topic, or data, already proven facts, and definitions, often presented in a convenient form. they provide no new information. these include \u201c reference \u201d types of works such as textbooks, encyclopedias, fact books, guides and handbooks, and computer databases such as the handbook of the microbiological media and scifinder. gray literature are source materials not available through the usual systems of publication ( e. g., books or periodicals ) and distribution. gray literature includes conference proceedings, dissertations, technical reports, and working papers. locating this type of literature is a little more difficult, but there are finding tools such as dissertations abstracts and papersfirst. what is a literature review? a literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. a literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. a summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re - organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. it might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. and depending on the situation, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4959020629850003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36c1f567-48f3-46f4-b9c2-332bfdf4d2b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.691593"}
{"text": ", or a reshuffling, of that information. it might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. and depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant. but how is a literature review different from an academic research paper? while the main focus of an academic research paper is to support your own argument, the focus of a literature review is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others. the academic research paper also covers a range of sources, but it is usually a select number of sources, because the emphasis is on the argument. likewise, a literature review can also have an \" argument, \" but it is not as important as covering a number of sources. in short, an academic research paper and a literature review contain some of the same elements. in fact, many academic research papers will contain a literature review section. but it is the aspect of the study ( the argument or the sources ) that is emphasized that determines what type of document it is. why do we write literature reviews? literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. if you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. for professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. for scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field. literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper ' s investigation. comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers. who writes these things, anyway? literature reviews are written occasionally in the humanities, but mostly in the sciences and social sciences ; in experiment and lab reports, they constitute a section of the paper. sometimes a literature review is written as a paper in itself. excerpt from \u201c literature reviews \u201d from the writing center, university of north carolina at chapel hill ( http : / / writingcenter. unc. edu / resources / handouts - demos / specific - writing - assignments / literature - reviews ), 2007. collection development librarian 1014 boswell ave. crete ne 68333", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48878284295500385, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36c1f567-48f3-46f4-b9c2-332bfdf4d2b6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.692448"}
{"text": "educationala ' s great web sites for kids the american library association \u2019 s search engine of recommended sites for children. includes grade level appropriateness and summaries of each website. california preschools and daycare centers looking for a preschool or daycare for your child? this site lets you search preschools by city and includes address, phone number, tuition, hours of operation, and links to the school ' s webpage. california reading list ( crl ) this site provides reading lists that corresponds with the child \u2019 s reading level from grades k - 12, based on their scores reflected in the california english - language arts standards test. education. com advice, reference articles, and an online community for parents of preschool to high school students. great schools discusses california school - related issues and provides ratings and tips on how to evaluate a school. helping your child with homework the u. s. department of education \u2019 s publication explaining the \" hows \" and \" whys \" of homework which includes helpful tips. home schooling resources from the librarian ' s index to the internet links to home schooling websites including california organizations. star program resources additional resources including the star scoring guide, sample subject and writing test questions and informative guides for parents and teachers. star program results school, district, county and statewide summary results for standardized testing and reporting ( star ) program for the current year. includes prior year cst, sat / 9, and cat / 6 results. star test questions gives a list of cst released test questions and answers from 2003 - 2008, by subject and grade. created by moms, this site contains books reviews from a parent ' s perspective. find \" fiction that fits \" your criteria for a good book. recommended by the 2010 association for library service to children ' s great websites for kids committee.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42748718030914995, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a43b7a8-83ba-4fc1-aa62-b611a14eaa31>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.697080"}
{"text": "your toddler 18 - 36 months - your 18 - 24 month old : your toddler learns new things every day! he or she may carry books around and pretend to read, recognize favorite books, and develop a routine with a caregiver that involves reading. - by the age of 2, children have a constantly growing vocabulary of between 1, 000 and 2, 000 words. he or she may use words in simple combinations such as \" all done \" or \" pick up. \" - your 24 - 36 month old : your toddler will be speaking in sentences, and will ask and answer simple questions. he or she will imitate sounds, actions, and words in books, as well as label parts of illustrations. your toddler will enjoy hearing his or her favorite stories read aloud repeatedly and will enjoy reading being a part of daily routines. - by age 3, children often demonstrate obvious enjoyment of reading, and will label items in illustrations. toddlers at this age may also begin creating scribbles that resemble printing. tips for reading with your toddler : - discuss the books that you read with your child. ask who, what, where, when, why, and how questions. - your child will enjoy the chance to answer questions like \" what is this animal? \" or \" what do you think will happen next? \" be sure to give your child enough time to answer questions before telling them the answer or moving on. counting to ten silently in your head will help you to wait long enough for a response. this will show your child that you have respect for their developing thinking and speaking skills. - choose books that show characters doing things that your toddler does too ( eating, playing, going to bed ). - keep books on low shelves so that your toddler has easy access to them. - choose non - fiction books about colors, shapes, animals, families, etc. - teach your toddler how to handle books correctly and carefully. - share stories with repetitive text and encourage your child to repeat familiar parts along with you. - recite rhymes and sing songs during daily routines. books for toddlers : - brown bear, brown bear, what do you see? by bill martin - chicka chicka boom boom by bill martin jr. and john archambault - freight train by donald crews - from head to toe by eric carle - gingerbread baby by jan brett - my car by byron barton - planes by byron barton - the little red hen by bryon barton - the very hungry caterpi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3920370626123494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b584e78-e3d4-489e-a76b-dbbde1eadcad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.699602"}
{"text": "world water day is on monday, march 22nd, and it ' s a crucial moment in the fight against the global sanitation and water crisis that \u2019 s killing thousands of people every single day. no matter where you are in the world you can celebrate world water day! check out some of the ways below : the world \u2019 s longest toilet queue is a mass mobilization event and guinness world record attempt bringing together thousands of campaigners from across the world to demand real change. ever seen water flow uphill? without help of petrol or electricity? meet the hydraulic ram, a robust and simple water - powered water pump. the ram pumps uses the power of water with a height difference flowing in the spring, stream or river to lift a fraction of the water up to 200 meters vertically, and sometimes pump it over a kilometre or two to where it is needed. no fuel or electricity required. the ram pump holds great potential for rural drinking water and irrigation water supply in hilly and mountainous areas, such as afghanistan, colombia, nepal, and the philippines. photo above : children surrounding a hydraulic ram produced by aidfi on the island negros, the philippines. if you are in the los angeles area, come celebrate world water day with a night of generosity at skybar on march 22nd at 8pm. water is big business. just five beverage companies consume enough water over the course of a year to satisfy the daily water needs of every person on the planet. of course, we may not be able to control how much water is put in a can of soda or a beer ( less water, more alcohol, please ) or the amount it takes to make paper, but we can control our own use at the workplace and even influence those who manage supplies. it may not be our nickel that gets spent on the utility bill at work, but the gains are certainly ours when we reduce the corporate water footprint on the planet. water prices are poised to rise due to increased water stress, and corporate growth is expected to be impeded as resources dwindle. make no mistake, all of this comes out of our paychecks in one way or another. at this very moment, millions of women are carrying 40 pounds of water on the return leg of their average 3. 5 - mile daily trek. so today, on international women ' s day, i want to pay tribute to the resiliency of these women, and highlight the collective possibility they embody - - if freed from the back - breaking and time - consuming burden of collecting water. providing women with access to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4453234607808886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69ef3535-bb5e-4b13-a8cc-4034bfea1f88>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.703774"}
{"text": "women ' s day, i want to pay tribute to the resiliency of these women, and highlight the collective possibility they embody - - if freed from the back - breaking and time - consuming burden of collecting water. providing women with access to a nearby source of clean water frees up their days to earn an income or engage in other more productive activities \u2013 which can help significantly elevate their status in the community. photo by beth harper via creative commons. outdoors is where we as residents tend to use huge amounts of water. in some parts of the country, mostly out in the arid west, 70 percent or more of residential water is used for lawn irrigation. something is seriously wrong with this picture. pink flamingos and fountains aside, decorative lawns that need lots of care and lots of water are scourges. it may be that suburbia is making the wells run dry. indeed, homeowners use an average of 120 gallons of water each day for things outside. think about that for a second : \" things outside \" - - where rain should be able to do the job nicely - - if we stick with the vegetation that grows naturally in our locale, that is. irrigation, my dear water - freak neighbor, was invented to keep our fields of food alive, not your imported turf. un secretary general ban ki - moon and former u. s. president bill clinton unveiled a new united nations program to raise money to help fight hiv / aids, malaria, tuberculosis, and more. through the program, called massivegood, travelers can donate a minimum of $ 2 on top of their airfare to support an international un health financing initiative by clicking on massivegood. five clicks, the equivalent of $ 10, bought an insecticide - treated bed net, while 25 clicks was enough to pay for a year \u2019 s worth of hiv medication for one child. around the world, most boreholes are drilled with big, heavy equipment which arrives by truck, makes a lot of noise, and gets the job done in a short time, at a cost of about $ 5, 000 to $ 20, 000 per borehole. but there is a growing interest in doing it in a different way - - drilling by hand. it takes longer, it is heavy work, but it also gets the job done. why are people getting interested? a hand - drilled borehole costs about $ 500 or less. lakarmissionen is one of our ngo partners in sweden and is helping us to fight the global water crisis. their operation began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4397340578637543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69ef3535-bb5e-4b13-a8cc-4034bfea1f88>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.704681"}
{"text": "knowledge is from the heart as well as the mind. it is not a mere mental perception of the forms of things or a knowledge of their material nature ; it must include the soul of things, the divine ideas that they enshrine. everything is dependent on the small things : relaxation - you always relax more ; acceptance, oneself and others - can always try ; house - cleaning - will always be just as difficult, but at least you have done it before. it is important to do all these little things question : - how can we discern whether it is the divine conscience animating us and directing us in a certain direction, or the animal soul seeking release from seemingly unfavorable environments : answer : - the divine conscience acts in all struggles for betterment, but clouded more or less in each by reason of education and habit of thought ; hence it varies in brightness. it is not possible to make a hard - and - fast fixed rule for finding out what is the animating motive. if we are trying to get into a better state, it is for us to decide if that be simply and wholly selfish. all actions are surrounded by desire as the rust is round the polished metal or the smoke round the fire, but we must try. so if we fix for ourselves the rule that we will try to do the best we can for others, we will generally be led right. if we rely on the higher self and aspire to be guided by it, we will be led to the right even if the road goes through pain, for sorrow and pain are necessary for purification of the soul. but if we wish to run away from an environment because we do not like it and without trying to live in it while not of it, we are not altering ourselves but simply altering the circumstances, and may not always gain anything. questioner : what is your attitude to the early teachings of theosophy, the blavatsky type? do you consider we have deteriorated or advanced? krishnamurti : i am afraid i do not know, because i do not know what madame blavatsky ' s teachings are. why should i? why should you know of someone else ' s teachings? you know, there is only one truth, and therefore there is only one way, which is not distant from the truth ; there is only one method to that truth, because the means are not distinct from the end. now you who have studied madame blavatsky ' s and the latest theosophy, or whatever it is,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5460809945333825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94c05889-67fb-45ec-b0e9-6e5f7d80bc05>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.718113"}
{"text": "is not distant from the truth ; there is only one method to that truth, because the means are not distinct from the end. now you who have studied madame blavatsky ' s and the latest theosophy, or whatever it is, why do you want to be students of books instead of students of life? why do you set up leaders and ask whose teachings are better? don ' t you see? please, i am not being harsh, or anything of that kind. don ' t you see? you are christians ; find out what is true and false in christianity \u2014 and you will then find out what is true. find out what is true and false in your environment with all its oppressions and cruelties, and then you will find out what is true. why do you want philosophies? because life is an ugly thing, and you hope to run away from it through philosophy. life is so empty, dull, stupid, ignominious, and you want something to bring romanticism into your world, some hope, some lingering, haunting feeling ; whereas, if you really faced the world as it is, and tackled it, you would find it something much more, infinitely greater than any philosophy, greater than any book in the world, greater than any teaching or greater than any teacher. we have really lost all sense of feeling, feeling for the oppressed, and feeling for the oppressor. you only feel when you are oppressed. so gradually we have intellectually explained away all our feelings, our sensitiveness, our delicate perceptions, until we are absolutely shallow ; and to fill that shallowness, to enrich ourselves, we study books. the theosophical society has had three objects for more than a century. they are : of these three objects the first has been considered the most important, at least since the time h. p. blavatsky and h. s. olcott arrived in india in 1879. strangely enough the ' mission - statement ' of the theosophical society in wheaton ( adyar ) rephrases the above, but leaves brotherhood out. it is as follows : to encourage open - minded enquiry into world religions, philosophy, science, and the arts in order to understand the wisdom of the ages, respect the unity of all life, and help people explore spiritual self - transformation. a mission statement is merely another word for aim or object. so one would expect the three objects of the theosophical society to agree precisely with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5493677393788492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94c05889-67fb-45ec-b0e9-6e5f7d80bc05>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.719115"}
{"text": "of the ages, respect the unity of all life, and help people explore spiritual self - transformation. a mission statement is merely another word for aim or object. so one would expect the three objects of the theosophical society to agree precisely with the mission - statement. one would also expect the wording of the mission - statement to be more modern. in that vein it would have been a nice challenge if the board of directors of the us - section of the ts had found a new sex - neutral way of saying that people should treat each other well. what else does a ' nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity ( etc ) ' mean? but to leave it all out is really going too far for me, and for several of the people i met in wheaton this summer. this mission - statement sounds selfish to me. great : i find an organisation where people will help me with my self - transformation en where my open enquiry into religions, spirituality and science will be supported. wonderful. and there is no suggestion that i personally need to do anything at all. i don ' t need to practice loving kindness. i don ' t need to find tolerance in my heart for those i ' ve learned to despise or ignore. i will perhaps learn to respect the unity of all life in abstract, but there is no need for me to do anything practical at all... i ' m obviously being cynical. in actual fact the attempt to form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity, without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or color is work. it means a constant attempt to overcome my conditioning. it means reaching out to people. it means practicing kindness. it means learning to deal with people i may not like. i find it very disappointing that the ts in america has edited this very important attempt out of its ' mission statement ' and hope they will change things soon. each summer the american section of the theosophical society ( ts ) has a gathering that is both business meeting and summer school. non - members of the ts are not explicitly invited, but in practice nothing is done to discourage them from coming either. the atmosphere of the gathering was both very familiar to me, as strange and new. familiar, as it was as comfortable talking to these overseas theosophists, as it has always been talking to theosophists here in the netherlands. strange as well, as inevitably things are done differently, when there is a different host - country. the opening was a lot former than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5409290020842337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94c05889-67fb-45ec-b0e9-6e5f7d80bc05>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.720153"}
{"text": "these overseas theosophists, as it has always been talking to theosophists here in the netherlands. strange as well, as inevitably things are done differently, when there is a different host - country. the opening was a lot former than i ' m used to seeing it. ' evening dress optional ' says it all, i think. for those who have not been to olcott for this : evening dress means suits and ties and dresses and in the case of theosophists : saris and indian dresses in general. first betty bland, the national president of the ts in the usa, welcomed us. then there were prayers from ' all the world ' s religions ', though this is obviously practically impossible there were a lot. the atmosphere of that ceremony was more informal than i saw it in india. it looked like people could just come up and give whatever prayer they wanted. among the many prayers more than one christian denomination was represented, as well as islam, the gayatri mantra and a humanist prayer. the opening ended with greetings from all over the world. i gave greetings from the netherlands and the international theosophical centre at naarden also in the netherlands. the business meeting consisted of reports from the various departments. i was surprised to see the work that went into making it literally entertaining. the quest bookshop even got a ( fake ) stance on the way in which annie besant appeared. this is certainly different from how i ' m used to seeing it, but i enjoyed myself anyhow. the theme of the school was ' theosophy in action '. radha burnier, international president, gave most of the lectures. room had been made for diana chapotin ' s coverage of the order of service, john algeo and joy mills. after the main lecture, each morning, there were group discussion that were - as usual - very interesting. in the afternoon there were usually lectures, workshops and meditation classes. to be honest i wasn ' t impressed with what i saw of the meditation classes. theosophists don ' t have a reputation of being very good at meditation and this didn ' t help any in my book. the morning meditation even reminded me of group hypnosis. a bad sign that confirmed this impression was that several people told me that they had a tendency to fall asleep during the morning - meditation. the lectures were very good. radha burnier ' s opening lecture was about finding balance. she meant finding a balance between the development of buddhi ( roughly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4984753060521185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94c05889-67fb-45ec-b0e9-6e5f7d80bc05>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.721059"}
{"text": "that several people told me that they had a tendency to fall asleep during the morning - meditation. the lectures were very good. radha burnier ' s opening lecture was about finding balance. she meant finding a balance between the development of buddhi ( roughly intuition ), thought, emotion and action. if there is insight, don ' t act on it immediately. let it germinate, it will express itself naturally in action or words at some point. spiritual aspiration as well needs to be in harmony. too much of it leads to ambition, too much tension or waste of energy. mental balance includes overcoming the duality of thought. this means that likes and dislikes will disappear and we will neither accept nor reject what is. diana chapotin, in her lecture about the theosophical order of service ( tos ), stressed that theosophists are active in social service in various ways. one of the main ways is individual action. she meant that theosophists all over the world are active in social work through organisations that have nothing to do with theosophy. the second way in which theosophists are active practically in the world is through the activities of local theosophical lodges and sections. the tos complements all that with very specific projects in area ' s like education, animal welfare, vegetarianism and help in case of natural disasters like recently katrina. on an organisational level tos - groups are led by theosophists, but the volunteers don ' t have to be members. though any kind of social work can be taken on, it is necessary that central theosophical values behind the work are communicated regularly to keep the work theosophical. diana explained that the work of the tos has grown dramatically recently under her leadership. she can ' t cope on her own anymore and a reorganisation is necessary. joy mills gave a public lecture on the vitality of living truth. she stressed the difference between living wisdom and book wisdom. theosophists always risk not going beyond book wisdom. if we really see the truth, our heart and our whole being will change. that ' s the power of living truth. in order for that to happen, we need to actually practice truth as we know it ( not as we want it to be ) in our daily lives. every experience that broadens our sensitivity, mirrors living truth for us. in modern thought the interconnectedness of everything is becoming quite clear. h. p. blavatsky actually went one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196462739692024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94c05889-67fb-45ec-b0e9-6e5f7d80bc05>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.721981"}
{"text": "we want it to be ) in our daily lives. every experience that broadens our sensitivity, mirrors living truth for us. in modern thought the interconnectedness of everything is becoming quite clear. h. p. blavatsky actually went one step further : she saw everything as one living being, one life. the theory of gaia shows this on the level of the earth, but for blavatsky it ' s true of the whole universe. breath is used as an image of that oneness. radha ' s second lecture dealt with a very central theme : growing in wisdom. in this lecture she repeated a theme that threads through her watchtower pieces in the theosophist as well : humanity grows in knowledge, but not in wisdom. the knowledge that has been developed over the past two centuries leads to destruction because there is no knowledge on what is right in the long run. it is relatively easy to develop knowledge. it is very hard to find out what right action is. we don ' t realise enough that in hurting someone else, we hurt ourselves. wisdom leads to a peaceful, sensitive world. knowledge leads to pride and this can only be challenged by becoming aware of the limitations of knowledge. otherwise knowledge leads to a feeling of separateness. on the other hand it is necessary to learn to think independently and become aware to what extent we are all influenced by others. an example she gave is that the simple life is no longer seen as ideal. everybody wants to live as is portrayed on television. in all her lectures this week radha reminded us that our personal problems need to come second. growth in wisdom means growth in altruism and that means forgetting self. our personal problems and our joys are both temporary. we make them bigger than they are. why is suffering such a large problem? the ts was founded to fight prejudice. prejudice hinders an insight into real problems and can only be dissolved by a feeling of connectedness with all human beings. our altruism needs to become universal. the buddha said : it ' s better to give a little lovingly, than to give a lot without love. it was very impressive to hear the report of theosophists living near the area where katrina hit. there were slides as accompanying there very personal report. the most important insight i got from that was that storms are normal for the people in this region. normally people do not leave in case of a storm. despite that fact, and this has not been stressed enough, this was the most successful evacuation in history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5310020114495438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94c05889-67fb-45ec-b0e9-6e5f7d80bc05>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.722875"}
{"text": "most important insight i got from that was that storms are normal for the people in this region. normally people do not leave in case of a storm. despite that fact, and this has not been stressed enough, this was the most successful evacuation in history. around 90 - 95 % of the people in the new orleans region were evacuated. we were told that criminals always stay behind so they can loot. this is part of the pattern. because this storm did so much more damage than most other storms, everything got bigger than usual. john algeo spoke about the most holy mission of theosophy. he started by saying that blavatsky in her final five years on earth, had left a legacy of five : these three letters were the backbone to johns two lectures. they give direction to theosophical work in the world. blavatsky ' s last years were tough, but john stressed that out of disaster, blessings often come. disasters mix things up. tibetan buddhism would never have spread to the west as it has, if china hadn ' t invaded tibet. in her 1891 letter, blavatsky mainly spoke of living theosophy, not the teachings. in her first letter she stressed the aim of the theosophical society to unite people of all nations and altruism. organisations are important, but they can ' t created holiness, health or wholeness. we have to become fully human, that is what the word master signifies : to master ourselves. there can only be harmony in organisations, if opposites are balanced, not through wiping out differences. in his second lecture he returned to the theme of unifying people of all nations. he also pointed out that every wise administration knows that things can ' t be forced. no rule can open the heart - mind of people. no group is safe from fundamentalism. theosophists too run this risk, though in real theosophy there can be no dogmas, because it is based on real insight and rational thinking. real theosophy reflects divine reason, the reason of buddhi. john closed with blavatsky ' s words in the last letter to the american conventions : to be theosophists, live theosophy. in her next lecture radha talked about growing in love. love is our true being, that aspect of ourselves which is one with every other. love is beyond words, it ' s part of universal life. it is necessary to feel affection for kids and animals. continually looking for security, that wish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.514454098223361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94c05889-67fb-45ec-b0e9-6e5f7d80bc05>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.723796"}
{"text": "love. love is our true being, that aspect of ourselves which is one with every other. love is beyond words, it ' s part of universal life. it is necessary to feel affection for kids and animals. continually looking for security, that wish masks a desire for love. our world is dark, there is little friendship, little love. how do we remove the barriers that separate us from our essential nature : love? to this practical question, radha ' s answer is to be more sensitive. we have to feel as others feel, without identifying with their pain. you can ' t help others by going along with their pain, but you have to know what it is. right action requires going beyond social custom and convention and being really sensitive. this sensitivity doesn ' t hinder our happiness. our real nature isn ' t just love, it ' s also bliss. but we need to become conscious of other people. unkind thoughts hurt others, and ultimately ourselves. they are like a hungry wolf that eats up our best tendencies. annie besant said that if we can ' t see god in others, we must be the worst possible atheists. the problem with gossip is that it is superficial. we have to learn to look under the surface, without judgment of any kind. the habit to criticize strengthens the ego. be a missionary of love and generosity. be prepared to give of yourself. don ' t just do what is necessary, but actively contribute to the welfare of people in conversation. every tendency of personality has to disappear. that way of looking teaches us to overcome pettiness. the first step is the last step, because the direction in which we move is of primary importance. radha ' s final lecture was called ' purification through action '. real wisdom is in seeing action in non - action and non - action in action. the central question she asked : what is right action? each of us has to decide that for ourselves. keep in mind that our energy impacts the world, not just our actions. everything is interconnected. that ' s why abstaining from action isn ' t the same thing as freedom from action. when actions create problems, it ' s not right action. right action is necessary, but we have to avoid identifying with it. in everything you do, ask yourself if there is egoism involved. the tricky part is that even that thought is in a way selfish. we need an inner balance that is independent of success or failure. success and failure are part of the ups and downs of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5770117451406502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94c05889-67fb-45ec-b0e9-6e5f7d80bc05>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.724741"}
{"text": "you do, ask yourself if there is egoism involved. the tricky part is that even that thought is in a way selfish. we need an inner balance that is independent of success or failure. success and failure are part of the ups and downs of life, but we don ' t have to inwardly get involved in that. the risk of accomplishment is that one starts thinking : i can do this. that feeling can get in the way of right action. the problem with selfish action is that even if the short - term result seems good, it ' s never permanent. radha closed with one of krishnamurti ' s insights : actions that are a product of the past, don ' t work. action only works if it ' s the consequence of right insight. this lecture was very insightful, but i missed one aspect that the title does suggest : that sometimes insight follows unselfish action. right action can help clean the personality. one has to start somewhere. the final session was a question and answer round with radha burnier, joy mills and john algeo. the questions had come in through the internet and from the discussion groups. what follows is a selection. can muslims become members of the theosophical society? yes, we have muslim members in indonesia, india and pakistan. radha stressed that muslim women aren ' t forced to stay at home in all countries. in many countries they are free. why do people ignore the middle path? the middle path is hard, said radha, people prefer it easy. it ' s hard to overcome the tendency to overdo things. a question was asked about loving yourself. joy mills answered that it is important to look at yourself objectively. observe yourself, it is unnecessary to become emotional or judgmental about yourself. loving yourself means accepting what is, and resolving to change. radha asks what it means to love yourself. can you love your shadow? reality is, it doesn ' t need to be loved. as this summary shows, the lectures were very interesting and deep. i really enjoyed myself and met some very good people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5343327852476668, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94c05889-67fb-45ec-b0e9-6e5f7d80bc05>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.725486"}
{"text": "math is all about problem solving. one of the best ways to help children learn math is to present them with a problem in which they have to devise their own strategies to find the solution ( s ). there is usually more than 1 way to solve math problems and children need the opportunity to discover shortcuts and their own algorithms to determine the appropriate solution, they should also justify their solution ( s ). the following math word problems are specific for children in the sixth grade and are divided into the main math cagegories : number concepts, patterns and algebra, geometry and measurement, data management and probability. children should be involved in problem solving activities every day. problems for second grade students should be read to them. students should also be able to describe why their solutions work or how they know it ' s the right solution. my favorite question to children is ' how do you know '. when they have to explain how they arrived at their answer, you immediately know the learning that has taken place. patterns and algebra kelly ' s classroom organized an e - pal club. 11 people joined the club. each of of them sent an email to each of the members of the club. how many emails were actually sent? how do you know? ticket sales for the bake sale were underway. four people bought tickets on the first day of sales, twice as many people bought tickets on the second day and each day afterwards twice as many people bought tickets. how many tickets were sold after 16 days? data management and probability pet parade : mr. james has 14 cats, dogs and guinea pigs. what are all the combinations he could have? how many different types of pizza can you make with the following toppings : pepperoni, tomatoes, bacon, onions and green peppers? show your answer. sam bought 8 ball caps, one for each of her eight friends, for $ 8. 95 each. the cashier charged her an additional $ 12. 07 in sales tax. she left the store with a measely $ 6. 28. how much money did sam start with? geometry and measurement. watch your favorite television show from beginning to end. time each of the commercials and determine the percentage of commercial time for the entire show. now determine the percentage of time the actual show is. what is the fraction of commercials? two squares are beside each other. one square has 6 times the lenght of the other square, how many times greater is the area of the larger square? how do you know?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.502986230055692, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ffb7d15-c8a3-47fa-8912-14163d5bfad5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.730024"}
{"text": "playing with equations to solve problems date : 09 / 16 / 2003 at 10 : 48 : 13 from : mara subject : to state the geometric property of an equation i need to give the geometric property common to all lines in the family x - ky = 1 i know that the answer is that all lines in this family have an x - intercept at x = 1 but i am totally clueless about showing why this is the case. at first i thought that using the double - intercept equation ( x / a ) + ( y / b ) = 1 would work but i couldn ' t get it in the correct form. then i tried to solve for x and y and got x = 1 + ky and y = ( - 1 / k ) + ( - x / k ) but now i do not know what to do with this. so i was wondering if you knew how to go about solving this? date : 09 / 16 / 2003 at 12 : 28 : 52 from : doctor peterson subject : re : to state the geometric property of an equation hi, mara. i don ' t think there is any method you can use to solve this sort of problem without a lot of thinking and testing. let ' s see how i personally would approach it ( as well as i can construct it, considering that i know the answer already! ). then i ' ll look at some alternative approaches you might take. we have x - ky = 1 and we want to know what property all these lines have in common. probably, since this is an open - ended question and i don ' t expect it to be straightforward, i would start by just \" playing \" with the equation, getting a feel for how it works by trying a few special cases. i might take k = 0, 1, and - 1 and graph those three lines, x = 1 x - y = 1 x + y = 1 i would find that they all intersect at ( 1, 0 ), and my answer would be that all the lines seem to contain that point. ( in a sense this is a more purely \" geometric \" property than the x - intercept, since it does not refer to the coordinates. ) then i would want to prove that this is true for all k, to make sure i hadn ' t fooled myself by choosing three cases that happened to intersect. thinking of this as a point shared by all lines in the family, i would prove it by simply substituting x = 1, y = 0 in the general equation : x - ky = 1 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5512245075960052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69dca799-4921-4967-8dea-92828ca59f08>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.736068"}
{"text": "myself by choosing three cases that happened to intersect. thinking of this as a point shared by all lines in the family, i would prove it by simply substituting x = 1, y = 0 in the general equation : x - ky = 1 1 - k * 0 = 1 is true for all k so ( 1, 0 ) is indeed on all the lines, not just the three i tried. or, i might think of it as a common x - intercept, as you said ; then i would do what you suggested and put the equation into two - intercept form x / a + y / b = 1 that ' s easy ; all it takes is to interpret - ky as y divided by - 1 / k : x / 1 + y / ( - 1 / k ) = 1 so the x - intercept is 1 for all these lines, and the y - intercept is - 1 / k. so my approach is to experiment ( the more adult word for \" play \"! ) and make a conjecture ( the more adult word for \" guess \" ), and then prove that conjecture. now, is there any other way you might approach this? if you were really smart ( and i might possibly have done this if i were faced with the equation afresh ), you could just see that the equation looks like the two - intercept form, and gone directly to the proof. if you could do that, fine ; but you can ' t depend on such insight! you might instead just go through each form of the equation, starting probably with slope - intercept, and see whether any important feature ( such as the slope or y - intercept ) is constant. when that failed, it would be hard to move on to the point - slope or two - point form, because you would have to choose the point ( s ), and there is no obvious basis for that choice. so you would probably next try the two - intercept form ( which many studuents never see, so you ' re lucky ). your approach came close. when you solved for x, you just had to look and see that the x - intercept ( the constant in that form ) is always 1. but since that form, the slope - x - intercept form, is little - known, it ' s not surprising that you did not know what to do with it. but i really think that my approach is the most reasonable hope to find the answer quickly. if you have any further questions, feel free to write back. - doctor peterson, the math forum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5118676947486179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69dca799-4921-4967-8dea-92828ca59f08>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.737970"}
{"text": "the physics help forum not working today, at least not from my isp, so this goes here. it ' s basically a math deal anyway : the formula to calculate the force of a point of mass, let ' s call them planets, that results from its being gravitationally attracted by another point of mass is newton ' s : where is the force of the planet that results from the gravitational attraction exerted upon it by the other planet, is newton ' s gravity constant, and are the respecive masses of the planets, and d is the distance between them. for simplicity ' s sake let ' s say all the planets considered are of the same mass, so we can write instead of. now, if i ' m not mistaken, the formula for calculating the force of a planet resulting from the gravitational attraction of more than two planets is : where is the force on the jth planet resulting from the gravitational attraction of the other planets, and is the distance between the jth planet and the kth planet. my question is \" where is the vector addition? \" that is, when considering the force on one planet that results from the gravitational attraction of many other planets, we have to take into account not only the distance of the other planets from planet j but also their position with respect to it ( right? ). take for example the simple case of three planets in the same plane. planet j is at the origin. planet k is one unit to the right of j on the x axis, while planet l is one unit up the y axis. if the masses all equal 1, then, by the formula above, the force on planet j would be : but is a function of both the distance and the position, right? so we must consider not only the gravitational forces individually exerted upon j by k and l, but also the angle at which these forces are exerted. that is, we must add the vectors. to add vectors you just plug in the x value and y value sums of the added vectors into pythagoras ' formula. the force on planet j should therefore be : ( where is the angle subtended by a line drawn from planet j to planet x. i. e. and ) so, what am i missing here? i am fully aware that i, and not newton, am missing something here. someone please help point this out for me.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5755747461268561, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d99e7e1-4e2a-4168-989f-9de25f473394>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.741007"}
{"text": "the doping - drug epo has an impact in the brain sportsmen and women dope with the blood hormone epo to enhance their performance. researchers from the university of zurich now discovered by animal testing that epo has a performance - enhancing effect in the brain shortly after injection and not only after days by improving oxygen transport in blood. as epo also increases motivation, it could be useful in treating depression. the well - known blood hormone epo is not only used for medicinal purposes ; some athletes misuse it for doping. it boosts the number of red blood cells, thereby increasing the transport of oxygen to the muscles. this leads to improvements in performance, which can especially give endurance athletes such as cyclists or marathon runners the edge. epo has immediate impact on exercise performance in a recently published study, max gassmann, a veterinary physiologist from the university of zurich, proved that epo also drastically increases motivation in the brain as soon as it has been injected, without the number of red blood cells increasing. gassmann ' s team tested exercise performance of differently treated mice, studying genetically modified mice that produce human epo solely in the brain and mice that the researchers had injected with epo and the hormone reached the brain thus by blood. both mouse groups exhibited an increased performance on the treadmill compared to the untreated control animals. \" we assume that epo in the brain triggers a motivation boost to increase physical performance, \" explains professor gassmann. he and his team are now testing the performance - enhancing effect of epo on volunteers. epo probably has an impact on people ' s moods, too. it might thus be used in patients who suffer from depression. the latest experiments conducted by a german - danish research group reveal that epo can also alleviate the condition of patients suffering from schizophrenia by improving their mental performance. provided by university of zurich - biker ' s warning! erythropoietin hits blood vessels to raise blood pressure in the brain dec 10, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - a new way to boost red blood cell numbers jan 10, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - new discovery leaves blood - doping athletes scratching their heads sep 20, 2007 | not rated yet | 0 - memory enhanced by sports - cheat drug sep 09, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - epo doping helps combat cerebral malaria apr 21, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4934737283203296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dad321a9-a0b8-4907-96c9-d5ef581977e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.749936"}
{"text": "09, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - epo doping helps combat cerebral malaria apr 21, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 pressure - volume curve : elastic recoil pressure don ' t make sense may 18, 2013 from pressure - volume curve of the lung and chest wall ( attached photo ), i don ' t understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? may 17, 2013 i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri ( head with contrast ). the people i talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... ratio of hydrogen of oxygen in dessicated animal protein may 13, 2013 as an experiment, for the past few months i ' ve been consuming at least one portion of jell - o or unflavored knox gelatin per day. i ' m 64, in very... alcohol and acetaminophen may 13, 2013 edit : sorry for the typo in the title, can ' t edit i looked around on google quite a bit and it ' s very hard to find precise information on the... marie curie ' s leukemia may 13, 2013 does anyone know what might be the cause of marie curie ' s cancer - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories a new report suggests that improved health care and significant reductions in drug costs might be attained by breaking up the age - old relationship between physicians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5669549652683668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dad321a9-a0b8-4907-96c9-d5ef581977e4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.750894"}
{"text": "what might be the cause of marie curie ' s cancer - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories a new report suggests that improved health care and significant reductions in drug costs might be attained by breaking up the age - old relationship between physicians and drug company representatives who promote the newest,... medications 17 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 federal health regulators say an experimental insomnia drug from merck can help patients fall asleep, but it also carries worrisome side effects, including daytime drowsiness and suicidal thinking. medications 19 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 ( ap ) \u2014 former navy secretary richard j. danzig, who has served as a bio - warfare adviser to the president, the pentagon, and the department of homeland security, urged the government to stockpile an anti - anthrax drug while... medications may 20, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 europe ' s medicines watchdog said friday the benefits of acne drug diane - 35, also widely used as a contraceptive, outweigh the risk of developing blood clots in the veins \u2014 when correctly prescribed. medications may 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 singapore ' s agency for science, technology and research ( a * star ) and switzerland ' s cytos biotechnology ag today announced that the first healthy volunteer has been dosed in a phase 1 clinical trial with their... medications may 17, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 1 each day, an average of nine people are killed in the united states and more than 1, 000 injured by drivers doing something other than driving. 7 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 ( medical xpress ) \u2014 we spend about a third of our life asleep, but why we need to do so remains a mystery. in a recent publication, researchers at university of surrey and university college london suggest a new hypothesis,... 2 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 johns hopkins researchers say they have discovered specific chemical alterations in two genes that, when present during pregnancy, reliably predict whether a woman will develop postpartum depression. 2 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | a nobel prize - winning scientist tuesday played down \" shock - horror scenarios \" that a new virus strain will emerge with the potential to kill millions of people. 1 hour ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 ( medical xpress ) \u2014 a three - year multinational study has tracked and detailed the progression of huntington ' s disease ( hd )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4738259564565309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dad321a9-a0b8-4907-96c9-d5ef581977e4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.752041"}
{"text": "cancer debate : are tumors fueled by stem cells? how can a cancer come back after it ' s apparently been eradicated? three new studies from american, belgian, british and dutch researchers are bolstering a long - debated idea : that tumors contain their own pool of stem cells that can multiply and keep fueling the cancer, seeding regrowth. if that ' s true, scientists will need to find a way to kill those cells, apart from how they attack the rest of the tumor. stem cells in healthy tissues are known for their ability to produce any kind of cell. the new research deals with a different kind, cancer stem cells. some researchers, but not all, believe they lurk as a persisting feature in tumors. over the past decade, studies have found evidence for them in tumors like breast and colon cancers. but this research has largely depended on transplanting human cancer cells into mice that don ' t have immune systems, an artificial environment that raises questions about the relevance of the results. now, three studies reported online wednesday in the journals nature and science present evidence for cancer stem cells within the original tumors. again, the research relies on mice. that and other factors mean the new findings still won ' t convince everyone that cancer stem cells are key to finding more powerful treatments. but researcher luis parada, of the university of texas southwestern medical center in dallas, believes his team is onto something. he says that for the type of brain tumor his team studied, \" we ' ve identified the true enemy. \" if his finding applies to other cancers, he said, then even if chemotherapy drastically shrinks a tumor but doesn ' t affect its supply of cancer stem cells, \" very little progress has actually been made. \" the three studies used labeling techniques to trace the ancestry of cells within mouse tumors. collectively, they give \" very strong support \" to the cancer stem cell theory, said jeffrey m. rosen, a professor of molecular and cellular biology at baylor college of medicine in houston. he did not participate in the work but supports the theory, which he said is widely accepted. parada ' s team worked with mice genetically primed to develop a certain type of brain tumor. the scientists genetically labeled particular cells in the tumor and then attacked the cancer with the same drug given to human patients. it kills growing tumor cells and temporarily stops the cancer ' s growth. after treatment, when the tumor started growing again in the mice, the researchers showed that the vast majority, if not all, of its new cells had descended", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46713702378753674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb52b86c-5e15-44e7-b139-07de45e43b47>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.758610"}
{"text": "given to human patients. it kills growing tumor cells and temporarily stops the cancer ' s growth. after treatment, when the tumor started growing again in the mice, the researchers showed that the vast majority, if not all, of its new cells had descended from the labeled cells. apparently these were the tumor ' s cancer stem cells, they concluded. parada said his team is now trying to isolate cancer stem cells from mouse brain cancers to study them and perhaps get some leads for developing therapies to eradicate them. he also said that preliminary study of human brain tumors is producing results consistent with what his team found in the mice. parada ' s study appears in nature. in a second nature report, british and belgian researchers found evidence for cancer stem cells in early stage skin tumors in mice. and in the journal science, a dutch group found such evidence in mouse intestinal polyps, which are precursors to colon cancer. scott kern of the sidney kimmel comprehensive cancer center at johns hopkins university in baltimore is skeptical about whether tumors contain cancer stem cells. he said that since the new studies didn ' t involve human tumors, it ' s not clear how relevant they are to people. the two european studies focused largely on lesions that can lead to tumors, he said. and as for parada ' s brain cancer study, he said he believed the results could be explained without relying on the cancer stem cell theory. copyright 2012 the associated press. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. - study suggests new treatment target for glioblastoma multiforme aug 01, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - cancer stem cell vaccine in development shows antitumor effect apr 02, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - herceptin targets breast cancer stem cells jul 09, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - new role for vascular endothelial growth factor in regulating skin cancer stem cells oct 19, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - stem cells, potential source of cancer - fighting t cells sep 20, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46051933265861544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb52b86c-5e15-44e7-b139-07de45e43b47>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.759540"}
{"text": "better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 pressure - volume curve : elastic recoil pressure don ' t make sense may 18, 2013 from pressure - volume curve of the lung and chest wall ( attached photo ), i don ' t understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? may 17, 2013 i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri ( head with contrast ). the people i talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... ratio of hydrogen of oxygen in dessicated animal protein may 13, 2013 as an experiment, for the past few months i ' ve been consuming at least one portion of jell - o or unflavored knox gelatin per day. i ' m 64, in very... alcohol and acetaminophen may 13, 2013 edit : sorry for the typo in the title, can ' t edit i looked around on google quite a bit and it ' s very hard to find precise information on the... marie curie ' s leukemia may 13, 2013 does anyone know what might be the cause of marie curie ' s cancer - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories older prostate cancer patients with other underlying health conditions should think twice before committing to surgery or radiation therapy for their cancer, according to a multicenter study led by researchers in the ucla... cancer 11 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | intensity - modulated radiation therapy has become the most commonly used type of radiation in prostate cancer, but research from the university of north carolina suggests that the therapy may not be more effective than older", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5698160670089383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb52b86c-5e15-44e7-b139-07de45e43b47>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.761688"}
{"text": ". cancer 11 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | intensity - modulated radiation therapy has become the most commonly used type of radiation in prostate cancer, but research from the university of north carolina suggests that the therapy may not be more effective than older,... cancer 13 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 new research suggests that a compound abundant in the mediterranean diet takes away cancer cells ' \" superpower \" to escape death. by altering a very specific step in gene regulation, this compound essentially re - educates cancer... cancer 14 hours ago | 4. 8 / 5 ( 12 ) | 2 | ( healthday ) \u2014 for young adults needing either a chest or abdominopelvic computed tomography ( ct ), the short - term risk of death from underlying morbidity is greater than the long - term risk of radiation - induced... cancer 15 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 in a new study described in the journal oncogene, researchers reveal how a key player in cell growth, immunity and the inflammatory response can be transformed into a primary contributor to tumor growth. cancer 20 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | a nobel prize - winning scientist tuesday played down \" shock - horror scenarios \" that a new virus strain will emerge with the potential to kill millions of people. 42 minutes ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 no new human cases of the h7n9 virus have been recorded in china for a week, national health authorities said, for the first time since the outbreak began in march. 24 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 johns hopkins researchers say they have discovered specific chemical alterations in two genes that, when present during pregnancy, reliably predict whether a woman will develop postpartum depression. 1 hour ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 a research team, led by jeremy barr, a biology post - doctoral fellow, unveils a new immune system that protects humans and animals from infection. 11 hours ago | 4. 6 / 5 ( 13 ) | 5 | children who have suffered maltreatment are 36 % more likely to be obese in adulthood compared to non - maltreated children, according to a new study by king ' s college london. the authors estimate that the prevention or effective... 1 hour ago | not rated yet | 0 early - life exposure to traffic - related air pollution was significantly associated with higher hyperactivity scores at age 7, according to new research from the university of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5205845093223431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb52b86c-5e15-44e7-b139-07de45e43b47>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.762727"}
{"text": "research finds novel airborne germ - killing oral spray effective in fighting colds and flu university hospitals case medical center clinical researchers will present findings about a one - two punch to prevent colds and flu in san francisco at the interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy ( icaac ) on september 9, 2012. the research team is presenting data in two poster presentations that a new oral antiseptic spray is effective in killing 99. 9 percent of infectious airborne germs. findings from these two presentations led to the development of halo oral antiseptic, a first - of - its kind germ - fighting spray which is currently on store shelves. \" respiratory tract disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, \" says frank esper, md, infectious disease expert at uh rainbow babies & children ' s hospital and lead author of one of the studies. \" yet there has been limited progress in the prevention of respiratory virus infections. halo is unique in that it offers protection from airborne germs such as influenza and rhinovirus. \" dr. esper and a team of researchers used glycerine and xanthan gum as a microbial barrier combined with cetylpyridinium chloride ( cpc ) as a broad - spectrum anti - infective agent to fight respiratory illnesses. to test this, clinical strains of 2009 pandemic h1n1 were used as a prototype virus to demonstrate halo ' s anti - infective activity in cell culture assays. \" the glycerine and xanthan gum prevent the germs from entering a person ' s system and the cpc kills the germs once they ' re trapped there, \" explains dr. esper, who is also associate professor at case western reserve university school of medicine. dr. esper will present his findings that halo will have clear benefit to aid against infection and reduce disease from epidemic, sporadic or pandemic respiratory viral infections, particularly helping people at risk for severe respiratory illness including immune - compromised individuals with chronic lung disease, and military personnel. another study on halo will be presented by mahmoud ghannoum, phd, of uh case medical center, showing halo ' s effectiveness against disease - causing pathogenic germs. the presentation asserts that respiratory and / or systemic infections through airborne and manually transmitted pathogenic microbes often enter the system through the mouth, making halo, an oral spray that targets these pathogens, an effective way to prevent infections. additionally, preliminary data from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47800169178192026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5639c852-ee99-4994-8b0d-957aaa025883>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.768247"}
{"text": "asserts that respiratory and / or systemic infections through airborne and manually transmitted pathogenic microbes often enter the system through the mouth, making halo, an oral spray that targets these pathogens, an effective way to prevent infections. additionally, preliminary data from the researchers found that halo completely kills all 11 clinical strains of whooping cough ( bordetella pertussis ) against which the spray was tested. the results showed that when a person used three sprays of halo, it destroyed airborne germs breathed in for up to six hours, even when people were eating and drinking. the concept of coating the back of the oral cavity to prevent germs from entering and then providing sustained antiseptic action to kill airborne germs was developed by a cleveland company, oasis consumer healthcare. \" exposure to airborne germs is inevitable \u2013 especially in crowded environments and when traveling, \" said dr. ghannoum, who is also the director of the center for medical mycology at case western reserve university school of medicine. \" unlike other products that support the immune system or protect from germs on surfaces or hands, halo is the first and only product of its kind to offer protection from airborne germs. \" provided by university hospitals case medical center - new study finds resistant organisms at core of soft contact lens corneal infections jan 28, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - give dirty mouths a brush apr 13, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - sharing musical instruments means sharing germs may 12, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - new aids - like disease in asians, not contagious aug 22, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - bus, tram passengers warned to keep germs to themselves jan 18, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 classical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.480668377573807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5639c852-ee99-4994-8b0d-957aaa025883>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.769166"}
{"text": "decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 classical and quantum mechanics via lie algebras apr 15, 2011 i ' d like to open a discussion thread for version 2 of the draft of my book ' ' classical and quantum mechanics via lie algebras ' ', available online at http : / / lanl. arxiv. org / abs / 0810. 1019, and for the... - more from physics forums - independent research more news stories no new human cases of the h7n9 virus have been recorded in china for a week, national health authorities said, for the first time since the outbreak began in march. diseases, conditions, syndromes 33 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 a nobel prize - winning scientist tuesday played down \" shock - horror scenarios \" that a new virus strain will emerge with the potential to kill millions of people. diseases, conditions, syndromes 51 minutes ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 bacteria resistant to the antibiotic colistin are also commonly resistant to antimicrobial substances made by the human body, according to a study in mbio, the online open - access journal of the american society for microb... diseases, conditions, syndromes 5 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 ( ap ) \u2014 federal investigators probing the hantavirus outbreak blamed for three deaths at yosemite national park recommend that design changes to tent cabins and other lodging run by private concessionaires first be reviewed... diseases, conditions, syndromes 11 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 a new diagnostic test for a worm infection that can lead to severe enlargement and deformities of the legs and genitals is far more sensitive than the currently used test, according to results of a field... diseases, conditions, syndromes 12 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 a three - year multinational study has tracked and detailed the progression of huntington ' s disease ( hd ), predicting clinical decline in people carrying the hd gene more than 10 years before... 44 seconds ago | not rated yet | 0 1 hour ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 a research team, led by jeremy barr, a biology post - doctoral fellow, unveils a new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6133661865534726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5639c852-ee99-4994-8b0d-957aaa025883>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.770120"}
{"text": "news tagged with renewable energy related topics : energy, wind turbines, electricity, solar panels, fossil fuels renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources \u2014 such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat \u2014 which are renewable ( naturally replenished ). in 2006, about 18 % of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13 % coming from traditional biomass, such as wood - burning. hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3 % of global energy consumption and 15 % of global electricity generation. wind power is growing at the rate of 30 percent annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 121, 000 megawatts ( mw ) in 2008, and is widely used in european countries and the united states. the annual manufacturing output of the photovoltaics industry reached 6, 900 mw in 2008, and photovoltaic ( pv ) power stations are popular in germany and spain. solar thermal power stations operate in the usa and spain, and the largest of these is the 354 mw segs power plant in the mojave desert. the world ' s largest geothermal power installation is the geysers in california, with a rated capacity of 750 mw. brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country ' s automotive fuel. ethanol fuel is also widely available in the usa. while most renewable energy projects and production is large - scale, renewable technologies are also suited to small off - grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development. kenya has the world ' s highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30, 000 small ( 20 \u2013 100 watt ) solar power systems sold per year. some renewable energy technologies are criticised for being intermittent or unsightly, yet the renewable energy market continues to grow. climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices, peak oil and increasing government support are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. new government spending, regulation, and policies should help the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. this text uses material from wikipedia and is available under the gnu free documentation license.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5084999099196558, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1408e655-896d-4edf-80ab-9e169370da2f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.772359"}
{"text": "breast cancer represents one of the most common cancers among women in the united states. data indicates that more than 180, 000 american women received a diagnosis of breast cancer in 2009. the various risk factors include : the female gender, heredity, genetic factors, aging and idiopathic causes. what you should know about breast cancer the short answer to what you should know about breast cancer is that it \u2019 s a malignant tumor in the breast tissue. with non - invasive breast cancer, the tumor stays localized and does not spread ( metastasize ) from its origin of growth. experts refer to this as \u201c carcinoma in situ \u201d. the tumor occurs in and remains confined to the ducts ( ductal carcinoma in situ ) or confined to the lobules ( lobular carcinoma in situ ). \u201c duct \u201d and \u201c lobules \u201d refer to the milk duct and the milk producing glands, respectively, in the mammary glands. most breast cancers start in the ducts and spread to other tissues. lobular carcinoma doesn \u2019 t meet the criteria of a true cancer by itself, but is a marker for many other types of cancer \u2013 both invasive and non - invasive. an invasive tumor spreads beyond its area of origin and can have three different stages of invasiveness \u2013 localized, regional and distant stages. as the names suggest localized types include those which remain localized to the breast tissues, the regional stage refers to the spread of the tumor to the tissues surrounding the breast ( e. g. \u2013 lymph nodes ) and the distant tumors are those that spread away from the breast to other tissues and organs. needless to mention, patients with distant tumors are not easily managed. about breast cancer stages doctors base breast cancer stages on the tumor size, nodal status ( involvement of lymph nodes ) and degree of spread ( metastasis ) tumors are grouped into 5 stages \u2013 0 to iv. stage zero means the carcinoma cells confined to the duct or lobule and has not spread elsewhere. this is the foremost stage of breast cancer. in stage i the tumor is very small \u2013 less than or equal to 2 cm in diameter and is confined to an area in the breast, not spread to the lymph nodes or surrounding tissues. in stage ii, the tumor grows to 1 - 2 inches in diameter and cancer cells appear at the lymph nodes. sometimes the tumor is even bigger than 5cms, but the lymph nodes remain unaffected. in stage iii,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4760804423870555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e00197ed-c31f-4b4c-8011-262e1663c6c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.777756"}
{"text": ". in stage ii, the tumor grows to 1 - 2 inches in diameter and cancer cells appear at the lymph nodes. sometimes the tumor is even bigger than 5cms, but the lymph nodes remain unaffected. in stage iii, the tumor grows more than 5 cm and spreads to the lymph nodes and sometimes even to multiple lymph nodes, skin and chest wall. stage iv is the last one and in this case the cancer spreads to somewhere else in the body. diagnostic tests for breast cancer a biopsy of the tumor determines the type of cancer. this enables the doctors to freeze on the treatment methods and also to figure out how quickly the cancer might grow. the hormone receptor status and her2 status of the patient is also of prime importance to the doctors, because female hormones estrogen and progesterone play a vital role in the development of some cancer types. \u201c er + \u201d and \u201c pr + \u201d are, respectively, estrogen receptor positive and progesterone receptor positive tumors. hormonal therapy has been found to be beneficial in patients with such tumors. her2 status also influences the mode of treatment. therapy and treatment of breast cancer the most widely used breast cancer treatment methods include mastectomy and lumpectomy procedures. the former refers to the removal of the entire affected breast through surgery and the latter refers to the removal of only the tumor and some surrounding tissues believed to contain the roots of the tumor. as is the case with most cancer types, the cancer cells in breast cancer are too tiny for detection and doctors cannot rule out the chances that some cells will remain in the body, even after a successful surgery. the leftover cells can cause recurrence. to rule out recurrence adjuvant therapies are advised. such therapies include : - hormonal therapy - targeted biological therapy in chemotherapy, the oncology health care team will administer a chemical to the patient ( usually intravenously, but sometimes orally ) to disrupt communication and growth of the cancerous cells. hormonal therapy involves dosing the patient with a drug that works to bring down the estrogen levels or reduce its action. experts believe estrogen promotes growth in some tumors. in targeted biological therapy, doctors inject the body with monoclonal antibodies trained to recognize and destroy certain proteins and cells ( the cancerous cells ) through phagocytosis ( mechanism of destruction through immune system ). how to cope with breast cancer it \u2019 s important that breast cancer patients get rid of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4526491073285043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e00197ed-c31f-4b4c-8011-262e1663c6c9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.778715"}
{"text": "the oregon trail opened the way west for intrepid settlers and enterprising miners. once it was well established and the roads were cleared and expanded, once towns had grown up along the route and locations in the rockies and further west were settled, it was only natural that a new method of transportation would take over : stagecoaches. the technology behind stagecoaches wasn \u2019 t new. carriages were the primary form of mass transportation in the pre - locomotive age. what made stagecoaches different from regular carriages were their size and the way they were supported on the wheel frame. rather than relying on springs, which jostled a rider up and down, stagecoaches made use of thoroughbraces, leather straps that supported the body of the stagecoach and gave it more of a rocking motion. stagecoaches could generally fit nine passengers inside and six outside. inside, as you can probably guess, meant that passengers traveled inside the body of the coach. they would ride on three benches, two facing forward and the foremost one facing backwards, three riders to a bench. as you can imagine, it was a tight squeeze. passengers in the first two benches would often have to wedge their knees between one another to make room. they would carry their baggage and often have mail under their feet. but if that wasn \u2019 t bad enough, the six passengers riding outside of the carriage would be just as cramped and exposed to the elements. but what passengers lost in comfort, they made up for in speed. the most common type of stagecoach was the concord stagecoach, manufactured in concord, new hampshire. these stagecoaches rarely broke down. they were drawn by a team of six horses and could cut through the new roadways of the west much faster than any wagon train ever could. this is part of the reason that almost all stagecoaches carried mail as well as passengers. more than just mail, in fact. it was common for stagecoaches to carry gold and cash being transported on behalf of one bank or another. this, of course, meant that there was a real danger of robberies along the road. the first major stagecoach robbery in california took place in 1852 when reelfoot williams and his gang robbed a nevada city coach. the gang had set up a network of informants to monitor when stages were coming and what money and passengers they were carrying. they carried off the heist, setting a precedent that many would follow. for that reason, and because of the very real threat of attacks by native americans, passengers were advised to carry guns and knives with them and drivers were well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4565282480060572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44892bde-dc4e-4668-88dc-48f754c76b11>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.782463"}
{"text": "they were carrying. they carried off the heist, setting a precedent that many would follow. for that reason, and because of the very real threat of attacks by native americans, passengers were advised to carry guns and knives with them and drivers were well armed. so, you might ask yourself. who was in charge of all these stagecoaches? you probably already know the answer without knowing it. there were several stagecoach companies in the east that had been in operation even before the 19th century. but one of the biggest and most successful companies developed in the 1830s as a service to deliver packages between boston, new york, and philadelphia. adams & company gradually moved west as steamships replaced overland routes for fast transportation between the major eastern cities. adams & company did well in california after the gold rush, until mismanagement and the emergence of a serious competitor changed everything. that competitor was a little company started by two men, henry wells and william g. fargo. the company that wells and fargo started offered more than just stagecoach service. it offered banking and mail services as well. in fact, by the time the 1850s rolled around, wells fargo was widely known to be faster and more reliable about delivering the mail than the u. s. postal service. then came the panic of 1855. the california banking system, puffed up on speculation of continued profits from the gold rush, collapsed. many businesses, including adams & company, folded. but wells fargo managed to hold on. not only did it hold on, it emerged as one of the only viable options in stagecoach transportation. since wells fargo pretty much had a monopoly on stagecoach transportation in the west after 1855, they could make the rules. and some of those rules were : abstinence from liquor is requested, but if you must drink share the bottle. to do otherwise makes you appear selfish and unneighborly. if ladies are present, gentlemen are urged to forego smoking cigars and pipes as the odor of same is repugnant to the gentler sex. chewing tobacco is permitted, but spit with the wind, not against it. gentlemen must refrain from the use of rough language in the presence of ladies and children. buffalo robes are provided for your comfort in cold weather. hogging robes will not be tolerated and the offender will be made to ride with the driver. don \u2019 t snore loudly while sleeping or use your fellow passenger \u2019 s shoulder for a pillow ; he or she may not understand and friction may result. firearms may be kept on your person for use in emergencies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44804420596029443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44892bde-dc4e-4668-88dc-48f754c76b11>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.783412"}
{"text": "a machine for turning, that is, for shaping articles of wood, metal, or other material, by causing them to revolve while acted upon by a cutting tool. basically, a machine that fashions work by making the work turn on an axis. the cutting is done by a tool that is not rotating. on wood lathes the wood usually turns between the headstock and the tailstock. the turner holds the tool by hand and moves it to cut various shapes on the wood. on metal lathes the work ( whatever material is being fashioned ) turns and the tool is held rigid whilst the operator moves the tool using hand wheels. lathes are very versatile, come in a myriad of styles, and many contradict the above definitions. wood can be cut in any metal lathe and soft metals can usually be cut on wood lathes. a machine that is used for working metals and plastics by rotating about the horizontal axis against a tool that shapes it. a machine that spins timber, this makes it unique as all other power tools move whilst the timber remains static. a lathes is a machine which holds a piece of wood or metal between two centers and turns it so the work can be shaped by hand - held \" turning chisels. \" foot operated or hand cranked. a machine designed to center a piece of wood on an axis : as it turns, the woodturner can cut into the wood to create symmetrical objects. a machine that hold a piece of metal or wood and turns it rapidly against a cutting tool for shaping finally, he used a lathe to shape the wooden bowl. a machine on which logs are peeled to yield veneer for plywood. machine tool for shaping metal or wood ; the workpiece turns about a horizontal axis against a fixed tool a common tool used in machining a machine for changing the shape of a piece of wood, metal, etc a machine for use in working metal or wood which holds the material and rotates it against a tool that shapes it a machine in which a piece of wood is rotated around a fixed axis while being shaped by a fixed tool a machine that cuts away small amounts of the comm to restore it to a trued state a machine that holds the wood on a rapidly spinning axis a machine that rotates a piece of wood to create a uniform circular design when the wood is cut with a chisel a machine that turns metal, wood, etc a machine tool for shaping metal or other material a machine tool, specifically designed to help in the a machine tool that generates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5586420783946034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bf9ca97-bd47-4fc8-85c3-dcaeffba0555>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.787766"}
{"text": "of wood to create a uniform circular design when the wood is cut with a chisel a machine that turns metal, wood, etc a machine tool for shaping metal or other material a machine tool, specifically designed to help in the a machine tool that generates circular sections by rotating the job around an axis and cutting it with a tool a machine tool that removes unwanted material from a cylindrical work piece by rotating it against a cutting tool a machine tool used to produce mechanical parts with cylindrical features a machine used for shaping parts a machine used for turning wood, metal and other materials by rotating the article against tools which cut it to shape a machine used to turn rounded objects a marvelous tool an ancient tool that was used by the egyptians, greeks, romans, and other ancient and medieval peoples an object created by revolving a spline curve, which determines the contour of the shape, around an axis a power tool that spins the wheel around and slowly shapes it until all the sides are the same a tool for making round things a tool used to create objects with cylindrical symmetry such as table legs a very easy to make primitive tool a machine for shaping a piece of wood, metal, etc. by holding and turning it rapidly against the edge of the cutting tool. a tool, usually free standing, for turning a piece while tools are held against it. typically several feet long and about a foot wide. different lathes are used for wood or metal ( or glass ) pieces. a lathe commonly has a headstock that grips the piece and has gears and a motor drive for turning the piece and a tailstock that guides the other end of long pieces. most lathes allow working a piece held only at the headstock, as for making bowl shaped pieces. the tailstock is normally mounted on rails ( the bed ) so it can be moved accurately to different distances while remaining centered on the headstock. a wood lathe will have a tool rest to help guide the handheld tools along the piece while a metal lathe will have a solid tool holder with screw adjustments to withstand the increased force. glass lathes are used to join medium and large diameter tubing for scientific glass work, keeping two tubes aligned as heat is applied all around the joint. rev. 2003 - 02 - 27 a lathe is used for turning materials like wood and bone when they are being worked. a machine tool by which work is rotated on a horizontal axis and shaped or cut by a fixed tool. a machine which derives its usefulness by rotating stock against which tooling may be brought to bear. springs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5129834690058847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bf9ca97-bd47-4fc8-85c3-dcaeffba0555>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.788708"}
{"text": "and bone when they are being worked. a machine tool by which work is rotated on a horizontal axis and shaped or cut by a fixed tool. a machine which derives its usefulness by rotating stock against which tooling may be brought to bear. springs are often wound on a lathe. power tool, which is used to turn wood or metal objects so that cutting tools may shape it while it, rotates. machine for shaping turned parts by the application of cutting edges against the revolving wood. a lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation. in 3 d computer graphics, a lathed object is a 3d model whose vertex geometry is produced by rotating the points of a spline or other point set around a fixed axis. the lathing may be partial ; the amount of rotation is not necessarily a full 360 degrees. the point set providing the initial source data can be thought of as a cross section through the object. a metal lathe is generic description for a rigid machine tool designed to remove material from a workpiece, through the action of a cutting tool. they were originally designed to machine metals however with the advent of plastics and other materials, and with their inherent versatility, they are used in a wide range of applications, and a broad range of materials.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5581651895904521, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bf9ca97-bd47-4fc8-85c3-dcaeffba0555>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.789253"}
{"text": "venerated from the early centuries of christianity, saint christopher \u2014 whose name means \" christ - bearer \" \u2014 was honored as the protector of travelers. according to \" the golden legend, \" christopher ferried a small child across a river. as he did so, the child ' s weight grew increasingly heavy. when christopher complained that it seemed as if he had carried the weight of the world, the child replied, \" wonder not, christopher, for not only has thou borne the whole world upon thy shoulders, but him who created the world. for i am christ thy king. \" in this imposing statuette - reliquary, christopher strides through the water, twisting as he turns to look at the christ child, who holds an orb in reference to his dominion. the small leaves sprouting from the top of christopher ' s staff are a harbinger of the miracle promised by christ \u2014 that if the saint, upon his return home, planted the staff in the ground, it would bear leaves and fruit in the morning. the hallmarks stamped on the hem of the saint ' s cloak and on the statue ' s base indicate that this piece was made by a goldsmith in toulouse. the reliquary, excellently preserved, reveals a masterful treatment of the material. the soft, rich folds of the saint ' s cloak belie their metal substance. the ungilded surfaces of the faces are framed by the crisp design of the hair. the engraving of the short curls of the christ child, the hair and flowing beard of the saint, and the fish in the turbulent water are accented by the juxtaposition of large areas of silver with bright flashes of gilding. a now - lost relic of the saint was placed in the small box covered with crystal on the statue ' s base, through which the relic could be seen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43597905357907074, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55ed2eb8-2776-44f6-ae73-380c74e9b789>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.790853"}
{"text": "halloween blackout of ' 57 spurs creation of portable pacemakerby lorna benson, minnesota public radio fifty years ago a massive halloween blackout disrupted power across a highly populated section of minnesota and western wisconsin. people from st. cloud to faribault, the twin cities and eau claire had no electricity for up to three hours. for most, the outage was simply inconvenient. but for a few young heart patients connected to pacemakers it was life - threatening. the blackout did spur the creation the first portable, battery - powered pacemaker. minneapolis, minn. \u2014 at the university of minnesota hospital 50 years ago, surgeons had recently started using pacemakers to help children recover from heart surgery. the devices plugged into a wall socket, so when the power went out in patients ' rooms, their pacemakers stopped working too. it ' s hard to piece together exactly what it was like at the hospital during the blackout. but what can be gleaned from old newspaper accounts paints a frenzied picture, according to historian jack norton. \" they had police officers pull up to the side of the surgery suites and simply turn on their headlights to provide light for the surgeons, \" says norton. \" they scrambled to try and keep blood cold by grabbing ice from various coolers to stick in the blood refrigerator. \" norton dug up dozens of newspaper stories about the blackout while doing research for medtronic. he says the articles show that the university hospital had no reason to suspect it was vulnerable to a power failure because it was connected to two different power plants. \" they thought if one of them went down, the other would provide them with electricity, \" says norton. but this was a rolling blackout that took down plants all across the power grid. no one anticipated that happening, norton says. \" it ' s a nightmare scenario and there ' s a certain amount of irony that it happens on halloween, that this nightmare in critical care happens on the day when we all know it ' s famed for scary happenings. \" probably the scariest place to be that morning was the children ' s cardiac recovery unit. a number of young kids were connected to pacemakers after undergoing heart surgery. when the power went off, doctors scrambled to find drugs to keep their patients hearts pumping. still, one child didn ' t survive the three hour ordeal. the trauma of that event rattled pioneering university of minnesota heart surgeon c. walter lillehei. the next day in the hospital hallway lillehei flagged down earl bakken, an electrical engineer who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4901521792560568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05fefdab-90b6-42cd-9e98-f142563a8ded>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.796600"}
{"text": ", one child didn ' t survive the three hour ordeal. the trauma of that event rattled pioneering university of minnesota heart surgeon c. walter lillehei. the next day in the hospital hallway lillehei flagged down earl bakken, an electrical engineer who spent a lot of his time collaborating with university surgeons on new medical devices. bakken had just started medtronic a few years earlier and was still running the company out of his garage. bakken says lillehei was clearly troubled about the blackout. \" we got together and talked about it and said we have to have some way to back these pacemakers up when there ' s a power failure, \" bakken said in a recent interview. lillehei asked bakken if he could create a portable pacemaker that ran on a battery. \" so we talked about well how do we do that? how do we get the battery backup?, \" says bakken. \" and i said, ' well, we ' ll take a six volt automobile battery and then use an inverter to convert the six volts to 115 volts to run the pacemaker. ' \" bakken and a his employees built the device. bakken says it would have worked fine, but the car battery produced more power than he needed for his pacemaker. so he started looking for alternatives. then he remembered an article he had read in his popular electronics magazine. it was about a new circuit for a metronome. \" a metronome has the same rates as heart rates, \" says bakken. the metronome circuit also had the advantage of being much smaller. bakken ' s invention fit in a box about the size of a small paperback book, which meant the pacemaker could be placed in the bed with the patient, rather than on a medical cart next to the bed. bakken took his new invention to the university of minnesota and tested it out on a laboratory dog that had been given an artificial heart block. \" and i said, ' okay now. this seems to work, so i ' ll go back to my garage and make a pacemaker we can use on humans, ' \" says bakken. but he never got the chance. when bakken returned to the hospital the next day, he saw his invention being used in the recovery room. \" there was a child in there with this pacemaker connected to him... what a great feeling that is to see here ' s something we made with our own hands keeping this child alive. \" still bakken wasn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47539455120624524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05fefdab-90b6-42cd-9e98-f142563a8ded>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.797544"}
{"text": "in the recovery room. \" there was a child in there with this pacemaker connected to him... what a great feeling that is to see here ' s something we made with our own hands keeping this child alive. \" still bakken wasn ' t convinced his portable pacemaker was really ready for human use. he sought out lillehei and asked him why he didn ' t wait for the human version of the machine. \" and he said well as long as this battery operated pacemaker was available he wasn ' t going to risk losing another child to a power failure. \" bakken says it was probably inevitable that a portable pacemaker would have been invented in the 1950 ' s even if he hadn ' t created the device. surgeons at the time were making remarkable advances in treating heart conditions. he says the halloween blackout simply highlighted the urgency in developing new medical technologies as fast as possible. it ' s a trend that continues today. modern pacemakers have advanced considerably in the past 50 years. they ' re still battery operated. but they ' re much smaller. they fit in the palm of your hand. and they ' re no longer a piece of excess body baggage. they are implanted directly into a patient ' s chest, making it much easier for patients to lead normal lives. - morning edition, 10 / 31 / 2007, 7 : 20 a. m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45861228660007003, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05fefdab-90b6-42cd-9e98-f142563a8ded>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.798106"}
{"text": "due : monday may 13, 2013 as we have discussed in class, elijah is surrounded by an aura of mystery : we know nothing of his parentage ; his tribe of origin and birthplace are unknown ( though he is identified as a \u201c resident of gilead \u201d ) ; we are ignorant about his early life and call to prophecy ; he travels widely, performs miracles, and of greatest importance, defies a conventional death, ascending to heaven in a fiery chariot instead. approximately four centuries after elijah \u2019 s strange prophetic career came to a close, the prophet malachi believed he would return to earth to fulfill another divine mission : \u201c behold, i will send the prophet elijah to you before the coming of the awesome, fearful day of the lord. he shall reconcile parents with children, and children with their parents, so that, when i come, i do not strike the whole land with utter destruction \u201d ( malachi 3 : 23 - 24 ). later on in rabbinic literature and folk legends, elijah would take on a mythical role as the prophet who wanders the world generation after generation, protecting the weak and disadvantaged, humbling the arrogant who persecute the powerless. capable of any disguise, he travels unrecognized through crowds of people, mysteriously appearing when needed and then just as mysteriously disappearing, revealing his identity on rare occasions only. it is fair to say that elijah has captured the religious imagination of jews as few other figures have. the final project for 8th grade tanakh will focus on elijah \u2019 s larger - than - life role in jewish literature and liturgy. choose one of the following. please note the final project is in lieu of a final exam, and will count significantly toward your grade \u2014 along with other factors like participation, conduct, effort and attendance. here are your choices : 1. draw 3 - 4 pictures about elijah, each telling a different story. you may wish to draw upon the biblical texts or folk stories we have studied ( listed below ) in creating your images. at least one of your pictures should place the prophet in a modern context. if elijah came back today where would he go and whom would he visit? what would he look like? each of your pictures should be accompanied by a paragraph or two explaining the setting and the reasons for depicting the prophet as you have. 2. create a folktale about elijah. while drawing upon the biblical texts and folk stories we studied in class for inspiration, your literary effort should be creative, and not a simple retelling of a traditional story. i would encourage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47870298300823555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76a4d786-85f5-491d-b1a9-489169361ccd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.801667"}
{"text": "you have. 2. create a folktale about elijah. while drawing upon the biblical texts and folk stories we studied in class for inspiration, your literary effort should be creative, and not a simple retelling of a traditional story. i would encourage you to read elie wiesel \u2019 s powerful short story, an evening guest ( copies will be available from cassie vichozsky as of 4 / 22, and will also be distributed at our next class ), which places elijah in a small hungarian town in 1944 as a messenger sent to warn jews about the nazi death camps \u2014 it \u2019 s a great example of taking the traditional picture of elijah... and then turning it inside out in a very compelling way. your folktale should be no shorter than 3 pages ( typed, double - spaced, 12 - font type ). 3. research references to elijah in the siddur and on religious occasions. at what ceremonies and celebrations do we invoke his name? where in our liturgy does he appear? when and how did elijah become connected with these particular rituals / prayers? why do we mention his name at these specific times / places? your research paper should be 4 pages at a minimum ( typed, double - spaced, 12 - font type ). 4. elijah has also captured the religious imagination of christians and muslims. research how elijah is depicted in christian and muslim scripture and compare / contrast this with the ways in which judaism describes his role. what are the similarities and differences in the jewish understanding of the prophet elijah and the way the other abrahamic faiths view him? your research paper should be 4 pages at a minimum ( typed, double - spaced, 12 - font type ). we have studied the following sources about elijah : first kings, chapters 17, 18 & 19 ; second kings, chapter 2 ; folk stories about elijah ( handout distributed in class from peninah schram \u2019 s jewish stories one generation tells another ). first kings, chapter 21 ; malachi, chapter 3 ; elie wiesel \u2019 s short story, an evening guest ( available from cassie as of 4 / 22 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48383810905177244, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76a4d786-85f5-491d-b1a9-489169361ccd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.802424"}
{"text": "the predator. the reaper. the gorgon stare. the dennymite. today \u2019 s high tech uavs have the lure of hollywood to thank for their existence. one of the first drones was built by an english wwi pilot who hopped the pond to pursue his acting dream. in between small roles alongside greta garbo and frank sinatra, reginald denny turned his remote control airplane hobby into a military contract. his first rp - 1, designed for military target practice, would become the us military \u2019 s first mass - produced unmanned aerial vehicle. \u201c he pitched basically a radio controlled airplane to fly as a target, \u201d says tony chong, the in - house historian at northrop grumman, which purchased denny \u2019 s company in 1952. \u201c a lot of people knew how to fly radio controlled planes back then. it wasn \u2019 t a big leap to teach military personnel how to use them. \u201d reginald denny, oq - 3 launch, 1940. denny ( not to be confused with the l. a. riot \u2019 s reginald denny ) named his company radioplane and modified the design of his target drone, selling 53 rp - 4s to the us army in 1940. during world war ii, the company manufactured 15, 000 drones for the us army from its factory at the van nuys airport in los angeles. the navy also got in on the action, calling their drones the tdd - 1 : \u201c target drone denny 1 \u201d. it wasn \u2019 t until the late 1940s that radioplane started developing the technology to pre - program plane routes. the next step was fully autonomous systems, which were around as early as the mid - 70s. but before drones would become a strange sign of our robot future, denny \u2019 s acting career would take off \u2013 he became a character actor, and appeared in hitchcock \u2019 s rebecca. and he and his enterprise might also take credit for helping to launch the career of the most famous actress ever. denny, believing there was real \u2018 morale \u2019 potential on his factory floor, urged the captain of the army \u2019 s pr hollywood division ( ronald reagan, natch ) to send over a photographer. and that \u2019 s where he found a young woman named norma jeane working the assembly line. marilyn monroe had been discovered. how \u2019 s that for morale?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40916205763130414, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71695187-aaee-40b0-bd96-4b14e2492744>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.805280"}
{"text": "after the british pyrrhic ( costly ) victory at bunker hill in 1775, british general william howe decided a lethal blow needed to be delivered to the patriot cause. howe proposed to launch an attack on new york city using tens thousands of troops. he began mobilizing the massive fleet in halifax, nova scotia. meanwhile, american commander - in - chief george washington had ordered general charles lee to prepare for the defense of the city. that june, howe and 9, 000 troops set sail for new york. howe \u2019 s army was to be met in the city by additional regiments of german and british troops. reinforcements from halifax led by howe \u2019 s brother would follow them. howe \u2019 s initial fleet arrived in new york harbor and began landing troops on staten island. on april 27, 1776, british forces engaged the americans at the battle of brooklyn heights ( also called the battle of long island ). howe \u2019 s army successfully outflanked washington \u2019 s, eventually causing the patriots, after some resistance, to withdraw to manhattan under the cover of darkness, thereby avoiding a potentially costly siege at the hands of the british. after failed peace negotiations, the british army next struck at lower manhattan, where 12, 000 british troops quickly overtook the city. most of the continental army had retreated to defensible positions at harlem heights and then to white plains, well north of the city, but some soldiers remained at fort washington in manhattan. howe \u2019 s army chased washington and the continental army into positions north of white plains before returning to manhattan. in manhattan, howe set his sights on fort washington, the last patriot stronghold in manhattan. in the furious, three - pronged attacked, british forces easily took the fort, capturing nearly 3, 000 american prisoners and at least 34 cannons in the process. most of the prisoners were taken to squalid british prison ships where all but 800 or so died of disease or starvation. general washington, now at fort lee, directly across the hudson river from fort washington, witnessed the events that happened. following the fall of fort washington, british forces ferried up the hudson river in barges toward fort lee. washington ordered the evacuation of the fort \u2019 s 2, 000 soldiers across the hackensack river at new bridge landing. washington would lead his army clear across the delaware river into pennsylvania. following the events in and around new york city, the outlook was bleak for the continental army. morale in the army was extremely low, enlistments were ending, and desertions were commonplace. even general washington admitted his army \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42755173930477247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9f94478-8f2d-45d3-b081-710593609b23>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.807855"}
{"text": "- position your mouse pointer over the image. - click the right mouse button. - select the \" save picture as \" or the \" save image as \" menu item. - enter the directory and name of the file to create. need a world file? click the \" world file \" link located above the image on the right to obtain the geographic reference coordinates of the above image. use your browser ' s file. saveas menu option to save the world file to the same directory where you saved the image. make sure world file extension is it takes a few moments to construct a single image from the image tiles you were viewing. the repeating \" your image is being constructed... \" message will be replaced with your image. please be patient. once the image is displayed, use your web browser ' s save picture or save image function to copy your image to a location on your computer system. on microsoft internet explorer, you can save the image by clicking on the image with the right mouse button. a pop - up menu will be displayed. click the \" save picture as \" menu item. on firefox, right - click on the image and select the \" save image as \" menu item. the web browser will display a \" save picture as \" window. there will be \" file name : \" field on the bottom of the save as window. change the name of the file to your liking and click the save button. windows users, you should make sure you end your filename with the. jpg. all images downloaded from microsoft msr maps are in the jpeg image", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44604746423167724, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac458d88-099d-46dc-94ec-3a58670022d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.809465"}
{"text": "michigan gov. rick snyder announced on twitter ( @ onetoughnerd ) that he has signed michigan ' s right to work laws. this makes michigan the 24th state to protect workers from being forced to join a union. earlier this year, indiana became the 23rd state to do so. \" i have signed the freedom to work bills into law. \" - gov rick snyder \u2014 rick snyder ( @ onetoughnerd ) december 11, 2012 often misunderstood, \" right to work \" is actually a simple and very limited policy. it prevents union contracts from making payment of union dues a condition of employment. that ' s all. unions can exist, but can ' t force people to give them money. that is, unions must convince workers that the union does something or provides something worth paying for. what anti - trust laws do to business, right - to - work laws do to unions : these laws prevent monopolies in order to protect consumers and workers. one reason monopolies are disfavored was on display today on the michigan capitol lawn. as lord acton said, power corrupts, but it is absolute power that tends to corrupt absolutely. when a union is granted a monopoly, that power is eventually reinterpreted as a \" right, \" and then as an entitlement. defense of union power becomes an ends that justifies almost any means. and so in michigan today, supporters of right to work were brutally assaulted and their property vandalized and destroyed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44542374650361294, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc6ec9d8-b926-4e0a-b1eb-e9ba12a0af3c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.814726"}
{"text": "the jersey breed originated over 600 years ago on the island of jersey, located in the english channel between france and england. today, outstanding herds of jerseys can be found from denmark to new zealand, from canada to south america, and from south africa to japan. the first jerseys to be registered by the american jersey cattle association were imported to the united states in 1850, but cattle from jersey island had been imported to this country much earlier. today, there are almost 400, 000 jersey cows in the united states and they are an important part of the dairy industry in all 50 states. california has the most jersey cows, followed by wisconsin, oregon, pennsylvania, and ohio. jersey calves weigh about 55 pounds at birth. mature jersey females usually weigh about 950 pounds and males about 1, 500 pounds. jerseys reach maturity the earliest of all dairy breeds and are efficient reproducers. they also have the longest productive life, or longevity in the milking herd, of any dairy breed. jerseys are more tolerant of heat than the larger breeds, and are adapted to a wide range of climatic and geographical conditions. jersey milk has a rich, smooth flavor because it naturally contains higher percentages of protein, calcium, and other important nutrients than milk from other dairy breeds ( for the latest milk test results, click here ). the extra protein is the reason jersey milk yields the greatest amount of cheddar cheese : 12. 35 pounds of cheese from 100 pounds of milk. this compares to the yield of average milk produced in the united states of 10. 04 pounds of cheese. the jersey is the most efficient dairy producer in the world, producing more pounds of milk per pound of body weight than any other breed. an average jersey in the united states produces 16 times her bodyweight in milk each year, or about twice her body weight in cheddar cheese. the jersey production champion produced over 40 times her body weight in one year : 49, 250 lbs. of milk containing 1, 645 lbs. of protein. that is equal to 70, 752 half - pint servings of milk, enough milk for an entire year ' s lunches in a school of 400 students. the american jersey cattle association was organized in 1868 to improve and promote the breed of jersey cattle in the united states. it is located at 6486 east main street in reynoldsburg, ohio 43068. for more information, subscribe to the jersey journal or log onto the ajca ' s website at www. usjersey. com. jersey breeders in your area may be found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4541097529278589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b59d112-ae10-4ed9-be01-7561680b8b54>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.817241"}
{"text": "iowa state university \u2019 s veterinary diagnostic laboratory ( vdl ) at ames closely monitors the incidence of animal diseases, including those caused by swine influenza viruses ( siv ). the vdl uses state - of - the - art molecular diagnostic technology to diagnose siv, track seasonal trends for prevalence and monitor which siv strains or subtypes are most prevalent. this helps veterinarians and producers understand herd health status and appropriate vaccine or control measures. the emergence of the h1n1 influenza a virus that sickened people has led isu swine veterinarian and virologist k. j. yoon and his team of molecular diagnosticians to analyze a bank of siv viruses from case submissions from october 2008 to april 2009. the goal is to determine if the h1n1 flu virus is in the iowa swine population. so far, screening of samples has not detected the novel h1n1 virus in the domestic hog population. \u201c each day we are learning more about this novel influenza virus, \u201d yoon says. \u201c we are particularly learning about its genetic makeup. this virus was originally coined the name \u2018 swine flu \u2019 as it contains viral components that have been previously identified in influenza viruses causing disease in pigs. however, this novel h1n1 virus has been reportedly spreading primarily from direct human - to - human contact, which is more similar to how emerging strains of \u2018 seasonal influenza \u2019 are commonly transmitted. it is also important to understand that influenza virus is transmitted by direct exposure to respiratory secretions, and is not a foodborne illness or food safety concern. \u201d diagnostic testing for the hybrid flu virus at the vdl is done by gene sequence analysis which takes up to seven days. isu researchers are currently developing a high throughput polymerase chain reaction diagnostic test that will differentiate human, swine and avian viruses usually within 24 hours. \u201c we have an excellent team of applied veterinary diagnosticians and researchers working diligently to serve the emerging needs of our stakeholders helping safeguard both animal and human health, \u201d says rodger main, dvm, director of isu \u2019 s veterinary diagnostic laboratory operations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4896852245808153, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25a09f95-32e7-4b2d-a18e-881524c48952>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.819327"}
{"text": "a mask carved from a human skull, the nose and tongue skewered by ceremonial daggers. this artifact, on display at the field \u2019 s exclusive and expansive new exhibit, \u201c the aztec world, \u201d exemplifies the most shocking aspects of the mesoamerican tribe that, in just 200 years, shaped the foundations of modern - day mexico. caricaturized in the popular media as brutal and blood - thirsty, the aztecs were in actuality a deeply complex, sophisticated society fascinated with dyads : male and female, light and darkness, life and death. this assemblage of nearly 300 artifacts has been collected in collaboration with ten mexican museums. the exhibit explores the stark and shocking duality of the aztecs : an empire that embraced life through technical and artistic achievements, and death through ritual human sacrifice. museum guests can view wares from the great aztec market, which dwarfed its european counterparts, as well as large stone statues excavated from the \u201c house of eagles \u201d and the templo mayor in mexico city. another artifact \u2014 a large, rabbit - shaped drinking vessel for the alcoholic pulque \u2014 exemplifies a little - known aspect of aztec culture : a charming and whimsical sense of humor. the aztecs saw a rabbit \u2019 s silhouette in the face of the moon, thereby associating rabbits with a popular nighttime activity : drunkenness. ( laura hawbaker ) \u201c the aztec world \u201d runs at the field museum, 1400 south lake shore, through april 19, 2009. leave a reply you must be logged in to post a comment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46546774736819174, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23bf6caf-196c-41f4-8daa-51c6f8994982>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.822954"}
{"text": "by vaudine england bbc news, hong kong a study by doctors in hong kong has concluded that epilepsy can be induced by the chinese tile game of mahjong. the study said the syndrome affects more men than women the findings, published in the hong kong medical journal, were based on 23 cases of people who suffered mahjong - induced seizures. the report ' s four authors, from hong kong ' s queen mary hospital, said the best prevention - and cure - was to avoid playing mahjong. the study led the doctors to define mahjong epilepsy as a unique syndrome. epileptic seizures can be provoked by a wide variety of triggers, but one cause increasingly evident to researchers is the playing - or even watching - of mahjong. this chinese tile game, played by four people round a table, can involve gambling and quickly becomes compulsive. the game, which is intensely social and sometimes played in crowded mahjong parlours, involves the rapid movement of tiles in marathon sessions. the doctors conclude that the syndrome affects far more men than women ; that their average age is 54 ; and that it can hit sufferers anywhere between one to 11 hours into a mahjong game. they say the attacks were not just caused by sleep deprivation or gambling stress. mahjong is cognitively demanding, drawing on memory, fast calculations, concentration, reasoning and sequencing. the distinctive design of mahjong tiles, and the sound of the tiles crashing onto the table, may contribute to the syndrome. the propensity of chinese people to play mahjong also deserves further study, the doctors say. what is certain though, is that the only sure way to avoid mahjong epilepsy, is to avoid mahjong, which for many people is easier said than done.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.513838905821594, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3401ea53-2a0b-4d30-95ce-80ff56d3c1e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.824599"}
{"text": "assessing the effectiveness of a model program they developed, dartmouth medical school researchers dr. w. carl cooley, adjunct associate professor in pediatrics, and jeanne mcallister, research associate in pediatrics, review the experience of four practices in vermont and new hampshire who used their program to identify and implement changes to improve the care they deliver to children with special health care needs. the concept of community - based \" medical homes \" places where care is managed through coordination of clinicians, educators, therapists, healthcare professionals, and caregivers has been advocated by national health policy makers and the american academy of pediatrics as the best model for providing systematic yet individualized care to children with complex conditions and multiple needs. still, the changes required for a practice to become an effective medical home can be difficult to make. \" introducing change into a busy pediatric practice is like trying to repair a bicycle while riding it, \" the authors write. \" even the most motivated practice finds change difficult to implement. many primary care providers believe that implementing the medical home concept is the right thing to do but question how they can do so and remain solvent. \" to make the process easier, the authors developed a medical home improvement tool kit that allows practices to look at key functions of the medical home, assess their own operation, and identify the steps and strategies they will follow to become a medical ho contact : andy nordhoff dartmouth medical school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.500251978128066, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8f6bf18-97d3-49a7-a912-aa8a8b42b8db>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.826006"}
{"text": "like the sound of music \u2018 s von trapp family hiding in the alps, plants may find refuge from a warming climate in the mountains. research in the swiss alps suggests diverse mountain habitats could act as stepping stones to allow plants to escape into more hospitable hideaways as their usual homes heat up. a large, flat savannah offers little variation in temperature. if the temperature warms up, the whole area warms up. but daniel scherrer and christian korner from the university of basel, switzerland found a broad spectrum of habitats in the central swiss alps after studying an alpine meadow for two seasons. in the rugged mountain landscape, different conditions existed close together. the plants growing in those varied conditions were adapted to the particular set of temperatures of the micro - climates, the scientists found. the research suggests that these plants could start growing in neighboring habitats as the temperature increases. to test this, scherrer and korner used a computer model to simulate what would happen if the temperature went up 3. 6 degrees fahrenheit. they found that only 3 percent of all temperature conditions disappeared. some of the cooler habitats shrank or shifted, but pockets remained. this suggests that plants have the opportunity to shift habitats, instead of just dying off. preserving mountain habitats is even more new important now in light of this research. a diverse alpine meadow could save many different habitats, compared to a single habitat in a grassland of equal size. \u201c it is known from earlier geological periods that mountains were always important for survival of species during periods of climatic change such as in glacial cycles, because of their \u2018 habitat diversity, \u2019 \u201d concluded korner. \u201c mountains are therefore particularly important areas for the conservation of biodiversity in a given region under climatic change and thus deserve particular protection, \u201d korner said. photo : different habitats exist close together in the alps. wikimedia commons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46982889772078934, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e12fbfc8-76ea-4109-8fcc-20b3e9f9c58f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.830207"}
{"text": "- it is not possible to clone lonesome george now, but other endangered animals have been successfully cloned. - in the future, cloning and further studying lonesome george might be possible, so scientists are focusing on preserving his tissues now. - biobanks known as \" frozen zoos \" hold tissues and other remains of certain endangered animals. the recent death of lonesome george, the famed galapagos tortoise believed to be the last representative of his subspecies, has many experts wondering how we should try to save other endangered and at - risk animals. cloning is one option. while cloning methods for reptiles are not as advanced as those for mammals, scientists also say they face other incredible obstacles. \" at the most, i could envision one male turtle of this subspecies cloned in future or maybe two males, but where are you going to get a female? \" asked martha gomez, a senior scientist with the audubon nature institute, which has one of the world ' s few \" frozen zoos. \" frozen zoos stockpile biological materials from a wide variety of rare and critically endangered species. the biological material is usually composed of gametes ( sperm and egg cells ), embryos, tissue samples, serum and other items. together, they represent a bank vault of irreplaceable genetic information that can be preserved for possibly hundreds of years or more. in most cases, the materials are stored in holding tanks filled with liquid nitrogen. oliver ryder, director of genetics at the san diego zoo, spoke to discovery news as his team was racing to the galapagos islands to help preserve the tissues of lonesome george. the san diego zoo operates one of the other few frozen zoos. \" this is an extremely urgent matter, \" ryder said. \" we had planned to meet in the galapagos in two weeks to discuss preservation of the tortoises there. it is a bitter irony that lonesome george died before we could even finish setting up the plans. it underscores the importance of preserving such animals. \" \" we are facing some logistical problems now, but we don ' t want to look back with ' what if ' s, ' \" he added. \" this may be the only chance we ' ll have to preserve, document and study this tortoise subspecies. \" ryder believes discussions of cloning lonesome george are premature at this point. before that takes place, he thinks more must be learned about this particular tortoise ' s physiology and reproduction. studying lonesome george", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4403006234679663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c901aef6-8e50-46c9-81bb-1ba56593fbbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.833725"}
{"text": "study this tortoise subspecies. \" ryder believes discussions of cloning lonesome george are premature at this point. before that takes place, he thinks more must be learned about this particular tortoise ' s physiology and reproduction. studying lonesome george ' s remains may also help to reveal how tortoises often live to advanced ages, information that could one day lead to breakthroughs in extending human lifespans. for cloning, researchers are focusing more on \" species where we have detailed knowledge of their reproductive biology, \" ryder said. that is one reason why cats, dogs and mice were among the first animals to be cloned. scientists are now working to clone endangered relatives of such animals, in hopes of releasing those individuals into the wild to strengthen natural populations. earlier this year, gomez and her colleagues successfully cloned endangered black - footed cats. an endangered wild ox, called a gaur, and a banteng ( wild cattle ) have also been successfully cloned. work is underway to clone and otherwise increase the population of sumatran rhinos, which presently number only about 200 - 300 in the wild. while one healthy clone is an interesting novelty, clones must also be able to reproduce in order to be fully successful. gomez said that kittens of cloned wild cat parents have died \" due to problems with nuclear programing, \" but some normal kittens have resulted and continue to thrive. both she and ryder say that there is no international policy calling for cloning and preservation of highly endangered species. instead, isolated facilities and the work of dedicated individuals are responsible for the successes. \" the effort needs to be more widespread and organized, \" gomez said. through published papers and talks, ryder and his colleagues have repeatedly called for an organized global effort. it would need an \" overarching international body \" on par with unesco, he believes. \" the first step is saving tissue samples, as we ' re in the process of doing for lonesome george, \" he said. \" but we who are among the forefront would like to train others to establish frozen zoo biobanks in other countries. \" \" i am confident that one day such an international structure will come together, bringing in other conservation work, such as preserving habitat, \" ryder concluded. \" it ' s poignant to lose a subspecies like that of lonesome george. people in the future will be looking back at us, wondering why we didn ' t act sooner. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4373064131772574, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c901aef6-8e50-46c9-81bb-1ba56593fbbb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.834686"}
{"text": "for national geographic news explosive population growth is driving human evolution to speed up around the world, according to a new study. the pace of change accelerated about 40, 000 years ago and then picked up even more with the advent of agriculture about 10, 000 years ago, the study says. and while humans are evolving quickly around the world, local cultural and environmental factors are shaping evolution differently on different continents. \" we ' re evolving away from each other. we ' re getting more and more different, \" said henry harpending, an anthropologist at the university of utah in salt lake city who co - authored the study. for example, in europe natural selection has favored genes for pigmentation like light skin, blue eyes, and blond hair. asians also have genes selected for light skin, but they are different from the european ones. \" europeans and asians are both bleached africans, but the way they got bleached is different in the two areas, \" harpending said. he and colleagues report the finding this week in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences. snips of dna the researchers analyzed the dna from 270 people in the international hapmap project, an effort to identify variation in human genes that cause disease and serve as targets for new medicines. the study specifically looked for genetic variations called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or snps ( pronounced \" snips \" ), which are mutations at a single point on a chromosome. ( see an interactive overview of human genetics. ) \" we look for parts of chromosomes that are common in the population but are new, and if they are common but recent, they must have gotten to high frequency by selection, \" harpending explained. sources and related web sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48692517900631715, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:faa2c08a-b40c-4dea-b8ca-9c8852139641>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.836451"}
{"text": "this is outstanding, but how does the cerebrospinal fluid stop the brain receiving harmful pathogens in the same way that the blood would? any answers welcome, i ' m just interested! image courtesy j. iliff and m. nedergaard, aaas green tracer molecules drift through cerebrospinal fluid crowding around a blood vessel. image courtesy j. iliff and m. nedergaard, aaas published august 16, 2012 talk about brainwashing \u2014 a newfound plumbing system, identified in mice, likely helps the brain empty its waste, a new study says. because mouse biology is similar to ours, the same findings should apply to people too, experts say. thanks to a blood - brain barrier \u2014 a natural wall that protects the brain tissue \u2014 the organ never touches blood, thus protecting it from microbes, viruses, and other pathogens. to get nutrients to brain tissue and remove its waste, the brain makes a liquid called cerebrospinal fluid. but exactly how the fluid removes gunk generated by brain cells wasn ' t certain until now. watch a video explaining the newfound plumbing system. experiments in the 1950s and ' 60s hinted that diffusion \u2014 the passive method by which, say, food coloring spreads out in a glass of water \u2014 moved cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. yet this process is too slow to explain the brain ' s lightning - fast activity and immaculate cleanliness. it turns out that, while studying brain tissue, the researchers in the 1950s and ' 60s unwittingly turned off the plumbing that washes the tissue. \" the idea of a cleaning system based on pressure has been around for a long time, but if you open the skull anywhere, like a hydraulic pump, it stops. they thought [ the cleaning system ] didn ' t exist, \" said study leader maiken nedergaard, a neuroscientist at the university of rochester medical center. the pump system is \" on the order of a thousand times faster than diffusion, \" she said. \" i ' m surprised that no one had discovered this until now. \" brain under pressure nedergaard and her colleagues dubbed the newfound plumbing the glymphatic system, after neural tissue called glial cells, which power the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. glial cells do this by growing their \" feet \" around vessels and veins that carry blood, forming a sort of pipe around a pipe. tiny pores in this outer pipe then suck nutrient - rich", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5063670928800533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53b01003-7a03-46bd-a8b2-c29887001e66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.840086"}
{"text": "flow of cerebrospinal fluid. glial cells do this by growing their \" feet \" around vessels and veins that carry blood, forming a sort of pipe around a pipe. tiny pores in this outer pipe then suck nutrient - rich cerebrospinal fluid from the blood vessels into channels dense with nerve cells, and pores at other locations pump the fluid out. the process simultaneously carries away the brain ' s waste while feeding its cells. nedergaard and her team used a special two - photon microscope, whose infrared light allows a deep, clear look into living brain tissue without harming it. \" these microscopes are revolutionizing neuroscience, and they ' ve only become commercially available in the past five or six years, \" nedergaard said. studying living mouse brains required opening their skulls. yet unlike in previous experiments, the researchers sealed each hole with a tiny glass plate, keeping the fluid pressure while providing a window for the microscope. fluorescent dyes injected into the mouse brains then allowed the team to record movies of the cerebrospinal fluid moving through brain tissue. \" the fact we could look at it and make a movie was very important to showing the flow, \" nedergaard said. ( see brain pictures. ) brain study makes scientist ' s \" heart sing \" clinical neuroscientist bruce ransom, who studies glial cells but was not involved in the study, said the work makes his \" heart sing. \" \" it wasn ' t impossible to imagine that cerebrospinal fluid moves with enough force to be a garbage - disposal system, but that was always speculative, \" said ransom, of the university of washington in seattle. \" this team, however, has done something very clever to find this system : demonstrate how it works and show it can vigorously wash away waste. \" now that the plumbing has been found, study leader nedergaard and her colleagues are exploring its implications. a big one may be in its role in alzheimer ' s disease, which is thought to arise when brain cells are killed by the accumulation of a protein waste called beta - amyloid. \" next we need to move beyond mice, \" nedergaard said. \" we need to see if this same system exists in humans \u2014 which i suspect it does. \" the study of the brain ' s plumbing system was published in the journal science translational medicine. these six scientists were snubbed for awards or robbed of credit for discoveries \u2026 because they were women. sweden needs garbage to maintain its energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5288789469737751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53b01003-7a03-46bd-a8b2-c29887001e66>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.840939"}
{"text": "washington, aug 9 ( ians ) the formation in the air of sulphuric acid, which smells like rotten eggs, is significantly impacting our climate and health, says a study. the study led by roy lee mauldin iii, research associate at the university of colorado - boulder ' s atmospheric and oceanic sciences department, charts a previously unknown chemical pathway for the formation of sulphuric acid, which can trigger both increased acid rain and cloud formation as well as harmful respiratory effects on humans. sulphuric acid plays an essential role in the earth ' s atmosphere, from the ecological impacts of acid precipitation to the formation of new aerosol particles, which have significant climatic and health effects. our findings demonstrate a newly observed connection between the biosphere and atmospheric chemistry, mauldin was quoted as saying in the journal nature. more than 90 percent of sulphur dioxide emissions are from fossil fuel combustion at power plants and other industrial facilities, says the us environmental protection agency, according to a university statement. other sulphur sources include volcanoes and even ocean phytoplankton. sulphur dioxide reacts with hydroxide to produce sulphuric acid that can form acid rain, harmful to terrestrial and aquatic life on earth. airborne sulphuric acid particles, which form in a wide variety of sizes, play the main role in the formation of clouds, which can have a cooling effect on the atmosphere, mauldin said. most of the lab experiments for the study were conducted at the leibniz - institute for tropospheric research in leipzig, germany.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47244412157008553, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:597b3d2d-8580-4486-a845-d0f996cf51af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.842484"}
{"text": "glasses - free 3d is something available on just a handful of tvs, which manage it only through complicated hardware, and at no small cost. still, the effect is pretty smooth and no more tiresome for the eyes than glasses - assisted technology, from what we ' ve been able to gather. there is one more accomplishment that tech experts are looking for : holographic television, which offers a different perspective at the action, depending on the angle from which one beholds the tv. researchers from the massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) claim to have created something of the sort. called tensor display, it uses several layers of liquid crystal displays ( lcds ) with a refresh rate of 360 hz per second. the technique is different from the one used in nintendo ' s 3ds, which has two layers of lcd screens ( the bottom for light and dark bands and the top for the two slightly offset images ). the problem with this old method ( a century old really ) is that the only way so far known for creating multiple perspectives would rely on complicated hardware and algorithms. hundreds of perspectives would have to be produced in order to suit a moving viewer, and that means that too much info has to be displayed at once. every frame of the stereo - 3d video would need the screen to flicker 10 times, each with a different pattern. thus, a convincing stereo - 3d illusion would need a 1, 000 hz refresh rate. mit ' s tensor display lowers that requirement by using a higher number of lcds, although it does bring another problem : the pattern calculation becomes more complex. fortunately, the researcher had a convenient factor to exploit : not all aspects of a scene change with the viewing angle. this reduced the amount of information that needed to be sent to the lcd screens. the end result was a panel that produces stereo - 3d images based on calculations similar to those behind ct, x - ray and computed tomography, of all things ( they produce 3d images of internal organs ). the media lab researchers will demo a tensor display prototype at siggraph 2012 ( 5 - 9 august ), made of three lcd panels. a second model will have two lcds with a sheet of lenses between them ( refract light left and right ), primarily for wider viewing angles ( 50 degrees rather than 20 ). practical and commercial applications should appear soon, or at least sooner than any alternatives. \u201c holography works, it \u2019 s beautiful, nothing can touch its quality. the problem, of course, is that holograms don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5672776705751114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efffa1be-d968-41f5-b3e7-ddb772865645>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.846590"}
{"text": "dubai, jan. 20 ( xinhua ) - - with new oil and gas nations coming up and renewable energy usage gaining global momentum, the fossil fuels - rich gulf states might run into rough waters in the upcoming decades. the gulf states like saudi arabia and kuwait are today synonyms for oil, but that could change soon. according to the international energy agency ( iea ), the gulf monopoly of oil supply is contested by the united states which is on the way to become the largest oil exporter throughout the world by 2030. meantime, lebanon and israel, two old arch - foes in the middle east technically still at war, started digging deeply off the mediterranean coast in search for oil and gas. in addition, the global rise of solar power, wind energy and bio - thermal heat rivals the fossil fuels ' monopoly as the only safe and reliable source of energy. at the 6th world future energy summit ( wfes ) that was held on jan. 15 - 17 in abu dhabi, the participants were able to see how the world would function without the use of oil and gas or at least with less fossil fuels. the catecar, a switzerland - based company, presented the dragonfly, a solar - powered hybrid which does not need to be plugged because the solar panel is fixed on the roof. meanwhile, abu dhabi ' s environmental city masdar launched a pilot project aiming at running sea - water desalination plants with solar or wind power by 2020 \" in order to reduce the very expensive use of oil and gas to run such plants, \" said dr. sultan al - jaber, the chief executive of masdar. at present, half of the world ' s desalinated water is produced in the gulf arab region. during the summit, the abu dhabi urban planning council presented how we live next in the estidama - house, a building equipped only with environmentally - friendly installations that secure an efficient use of water and electricity. washington ' s independence on arab oil till 2030 would have deep implications for u. s. military bases in the region, where two thirds of the world ' s known oil reserves are located, the german daily die welt reported in a secret study which the german intelligence service bnd released. the report estimated that most of middle eastern oil would flow to east asia. moreover, the united states is sitting on large shale gas reserves as a source of natural gas. due to shale gas discoveries, the world ' s largest economy might also become autonomous in producing its own natural gas. however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47624060075020114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f95463bb-cac0-4d2f-9ef3-f4608252a4f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.850037"}
{"text": "oil would flow to east asia. moreover, the united states is sitting on large shale gas reserves as a source of natural gas. due to shale gas discoveries, the world ' s largest economy might also become autonomous in producing its own natural gas. however, the method to access shale gas through \" fracking \" is strongly slammed by environmentalists who see huge danger for nature if shale gas is extracted from mountainous regions. meanwhile, lebanon, known so far as the only arab country without a desert and without oil, held the country ' s first international oil and gas summit in beirut. the summit was held after an exploration company from norway found huge gas reserves beneath the eastern mediterranean sea offshore of lebanon, which would have the potential of becoming a second kuwait once it starts exporting gas. lebanon ' s southern neighbor israel claims parts of that field known as leviathan, comprising 17 trillion cubic foot of natural gas. a dubai - based economist, who requested anonymity, said that the disputed gas field might lay the foundation for the next middle east war. morten mauritzen, the president for the gulf region at u. s. energy giant exxonmobil, said at the energy summit in abu dhabi, which harbors some 7 percent of the world ' s known oil reserves, that the demand for oil and gas would rise 35 percent until 2040, dampening hopes that renewable energy like wind power, solar energy or thermal earth - heat would play a significant role in the future. \" oil and gas are reliable, safe and accessible for all, while solar energy is not scalable to satisfy the huge demand, \" said mauritzen. according to exxonmobil ' s forecast, world population will grow to 8. 7 billion in the next 30 years, up from the current 7 billion. exxonmoil currently upgrades together with abu dhabi national oil company drilling technologies in the upper zakum, the world ' s largest offshore oilfield. \" we are reclaiming land to build four artificial islands in the upper zakum in order to build stations for machines and staff, \" said mauritzen. he noted that this was a unique example how oil exploration can be done in a cost - efficient way.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4536772905816502, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f95463bb-cac0-4d2f-9ef3-f4608252a4f2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.850833"}
{"text": "warmer temperatures, variable monsoons, and other signs of climate change are a hot topic of conversation among many himalayan villagers, according to scientific sampling of climate change perception among local peoples. \u201c this area is cold and it \u2019 s often raining. even during the non - monsoon times there is mist and fog so inevitably conversations here turn to weather, \u201d said kamal bawa, biologist at the university of massachusetts, boston ( umb ), and president of ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment ( atree ) in bangalore, india. \u201c when you stop and have a cup of tea in someone \u2019 s kitchen, the conversation invariably turns to the weather. but then they soon start talking about how the weather has been changing. \u201d bawa is also a member of the national geographic committee for research and exploration. bawa didn \u2019 t set out to study himalayan perceptions of climate change. but after hearing the same themes repeated again and again during household conversations he decided to investigate. with umb graduate student pahupati chaudhary, he surveyed some 500 homes spread across 18 villages in darjeeling hills, west bengal, india and nepal \u2019 s ilam district. the pair found some surprisingly consistent observations. three - fourths of the people surveyed believe that their weather is getting warmer and two - thirds believe that summer and monsoon season have begun earlier over the past ten years. seventy percent believe that water sources are drying up while forty - six percent said that they think there is less snow on the high mountains. many villagers also told chaudhary they \u2019 d noticed shifts in some species ranges and earlier flowering and budding of plants. new pests have also arrived, villagers routinely reported, to plague crops and people \u2014 including mosquitoes where none had been before. most of these changes were reported by much higher percentages of people living at higher altitudes than by those at lower altitudes. \u201c we \u2019 ve shown in earlier research that people at high altitudes seem to be more sensitive to climate change, and of course it \u2019 s known that climate change is more severe at higher altitudes, so that \u2019 s not a surprise, \u201d bawa said. many himalayan peoples live in areas where predicted and observed impacts of climate change, like species migration, are more acute. many of them also live \u201c close to the land, \u201d where agricultural - based livelihoods make them especially attuned to weather patterns. listening to locals can help climate science scientific data on climate change have been hard to come by in the region, bawa reported. few", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4829904143738574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:666a34c3-a3b0-48d9-822b-04ba99c0d218>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.854981"}
{"text": "\u201c close to the land, \u201d where agricultural - based livelihoods make them especially attuned to weather patterns. listening to locals can help climate science scientific data on climate change have been hard to come by in the region, bawa reported. few weather stations dot remote and high - altitude locales and where they do exist their data are often incomplete. but where data can be found they seem to corroborate local observations, bawa said, citing his own research on temperature and rainfall records as well as the work of other scientists listed in recent biology letters and current science reports of bawa and chaudhary \u2019 s research. \u201c governments in the region are now gearing up towards more research, \u201d bawa said. \u201c but it will take time to gather this climate data. \u201d that \u2019 s why local knowledge can be such valuable human intelligence, he added. it can be gathered quickly and widely and used to \u201c jump start \u201d scientific efforts. \u201c there seems to be quite a bit of knowledge residing with local communities, in the himalaya and elsewhere, and we can really use that knowledge to formulate scientific questions for further research and make more rapid assessments of the impacts of climate change. \u201d bawa said it \u2019 s hard to determine to what extent local peoples are familiar with the global dialogue on climate change, or how much that might have influenced their perceptions. but most of those he spoke with didn \u2019 t identify a clear cause for the changes they \u2019 d observed. \u201c we \u2019 re saying that people seem to be aware that the climate is changing, but they may not necessarily be aware of why it \u2019 s changing. i think when you come to that question people don \u2019 t have any ideas \u2014 or they may have some very different ideas. \u201d bawa pointed to a recent study of this topic in tibet, where many respondents believed that humans are causing climate change \u2014 but not by producing greenhouse gasses as most climate scientists believe. \u201c they seem to think that the climate is changing because the gods are not happy and perhaps the people in the younger generations are not praying enough. \u201d this research was supported in part by a committee for research and exploration grant of the national geographical society.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4568359384951872, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:666a34c3-a3b0-48d9-822b-04ba99c0d218>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.855827"}
{"text": "violence against women act march 24, 2008 the violence against women act ( vawa ) renewal passes the house and senate and signed into law new law will safely and effectively meet the needs of more victims the violence against women act ( vawa ) is the cornerstone of our nation ' s response to domestic and sexual violence. a strong bipartisan bill to reauthorize vawa ( s. 47 ) passed in the senate on february 12, 2013 ( 78 - 22 ) and in the house of representatives on february 28, 2013 ( 286 - 138 ). president obama signed the bill into law on march 7, 2013. your calls made a difference! this is our collective victory for survivors. want to make one more call? visit our legislative action center to find out how you can thank your senators and representatives for voting for vawa. what will this renewal of the violence against women act ( vawa ) change? the violence against women act ( vawa ) has improved our nation ' s response to violence. however, not all victims have been protected or reached. vawa 2013 will close critical gaps in services and justice. vawa 2013 reauthorized and improved upon lifesaving services for all victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking - including native women, immigrants, lgbt victims, college students and youth, and public housing residents. vawa 2013 also authorized appropriate funding to provide for vawa ' s vitally important programs and protections, without imposing limitations that undermine effectiveness or victim safety. justice and safety for native american women : native american victims of domestic violence often cannot seek justice because their courts are not allowed to prosecute non - native offenders - - even for crimes committed on tribal land. this major gap in justice, safety, and violence prevention must be addressed. vawa 2013 includes a solution that would give tribal courts the authority they need to hold offenders in their communities accountable. justice and safety for lgbt survivors : lesbian, gay, bisexul and transgender survivors of violence experience the same rates of violence as straight individuals. however, lgbt survivors sometimes face discrimination when seeking help and protection. vawa 2013 prohibits such discrimination to ensure that all victims of violence have access to the same services and protection to overcome trauma and find safety. safe housing for survivors : landmark vawa housing protections that were passed in 2005 have helped prevent discrimination against and unjust evictions of survivors of domestic violence in public and assisted housing. the law, however, did not cover all federally subsidized housing programs. vawa 2013 expands these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4251578411724295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b88bede0-7364-4f3d-9998-15f56b8d1a27>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.864079"}
{"text": "protections that were passed in 2005 have helped prevent discrimination against and unjust evictions of survivors of domestic violence in public and assisted housing. the law, however, did not cover all federally subsidized housing programs. vawa 2013 expands these protections to individuals in all federally subsidized housing programs, explicitly protects victims of sexual assault and creates emergency housing transfer options. protections for immigrant survivors : vawa 2013 maintains important protections for immigrant survivors of abuse, while also making key improvements to existing provisions including by strengthening the international marriage broker regulation act and the provisions around self - petitions and u visas. justice on campuses : college students are mong thos emost vulnerable to dating violence. provisions in vawa 2013 add additional protections for students by requiring schools to implement a recording process for incidences of dating violence, as well as report the findings. in addition, schools would be required to create plans to prevent this violence and educate victims on their rights and resources. maintaining vawa grant programs : vawa grants are effectively meeting the needs of millions of victims across the country. vawa 2013 includes many important improvements to these grant programs, including allowing state domestic violence coalitions to be the lead applicant on the grants to encourage arrest program ; ensuring that specific stakeholders, including domestic violence coalitions, play a meaningful role in developing state stop plans ; and providing a formal process for the office on violence against women to receive coalition and other key domestic violence and sexual assault community input. the violence against women act ( vawa ) is effective and important : vawa creates and supports comprehensive, cost - effective responses to the pervasive and insidious crimes of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking. since its enactment in 1994, vawa programs, administered by the departments of justice ( doj ) and health and human services ( hhs ), have dramatically improved federal, tribal, state, and local responses to these crimes. - there has been as much as a 51 % increase in reporting by women and a 37 % increase in reporting by men. - the number of individuals killed by an intimate partner has decreased by 34 % for women and 57 % for men, and the rate of non - fatal intimate partner violence against women has decreased by 67 %. - vawa not only saves lives, it saves money. in its first six years alone, vawa saved taxpayers at least $ 12. 6 billion in net averted social costs. a recent study found that civil protection orders saved one state ( kentucky ) on average $ 85 million in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44054441157856605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b88bede0-7364-4f3d-9998-15f56b8d1a27>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.865157"}
{"text": "it saves money. in its first six years alone, vawa saved taxpayers at least $ 12. 6 billion in net averted social costs. a recent study found that civil protection orders saved one state ( kentucky ) on average $ 85 million in a single year. - find more information here. initially passed in 1994, vawa created the first u. s. federal legislation acknowledging domestic violence and sexual assault as crimes, and provided federal resources to encourage community - coordinated responses to combating violence. its reauthorization in 2000 improved the foundation established by vawa 1994 by creating a much - needed legal assistance program for victims and by expanding the definition of crime to include dating violence and stalking. its subsequent reauthorization in 2005 took a more holistic approach to addressing these crimes and created new programs to meet the emerging needs of communities working to prevent violence. included in the 2005 reauthorization were new focus areas such as prevention, landmark housing protections for survivors, funding for rape crisis centers, and culturally - and linguistically - specific services. vawa 2013 will ensure the continuation and improvement of these vital, lifesaving programs and laws. nnedv continues to be a leading force in efforts to reauthorize vawa. nnedv and its member state domestic violence coalitions also played a crucial role in the passage of vawa in 1994 and its reauthorizations in 2000 and 2005. nnedv is currently working with state coalitions, national organizations, and congress to ensure vawa \u2019 s swift reauthorization and targeted investments in vawa grant programs through the appropriations process. nnedv ' s role in vawa reauthorization nnedv played an integral role in efforts to reauthorize vawa. nnedv and its member state domestic violence coalitions also played a crucial role inthe passage of vawa in 1994 and its reauthorization in 2000 and 2005. - nnedv ' s press statements on vawa - nnedv ' s president kim gandy on msnbc - nnedv ' s vice president of development & innovation cindy southworth on pbs learn more and take action : - vawa 2013 reauthorization factsheet - s. 47 - the full text of the bill to reauthorize the violence against women act of 2013 - legislative action center learn more about vawa : - vawa 2005 fact sheet - section by section summary of vawa 2005 - the violence against women act of 2005 the full text of the \" violence against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42538674952370614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b88bede0-7364-4f3d-9998-15f56b8d1a27>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.866032"}
{"text": "a group of teachers were keen to embed rich tasks from the nrich website http : / / nrich. maths. org into their curriculum for all ks3 and ks4 students. in this article, the teachers share the issues they needed to consider and what they are doing to address them. the catalysts for change were our desire to : these changes took some of us, and our colleagues, out of our comfort zone as we adapted the way in which we worked in our classrooms and tried out different roles for ourselves and our we needed to take into account the different needs of individual teachers in our schools and their students as they began to use in order to improve both teachers ' and students ' abilities to work on the rich tasks, it was necessary to take account of, and find ways of supporting : the challenges involved in learning mathematics through rich the use of a range of lesson structures the use of effective questioning to promote thinking in what follows, we have identified some problems from the nrich website, closely linked to the curriculum, which are ideal for use by schools wishing to introduce rich tasks. the aim is to be able to predict the area of any tilted what areas are possible? what areas are impossible? is there a connection between the \" tilt \" and the area of a what observations, thoughts and conclusions can you offer? the nrich website offers teachers ' notes to many problems. these include suggestions for how the problems might be used in the briefly, introduce the environment with an interactive whiteboard ( iwb ), or drawing diagrams on the board. ask students to work in pairs to find one or more ways to calculate the exact area of the square displayed on the board. obtain suggestions, with students coming to the board to demonstrate their methods, until the group seem confident with both techniques i. e. ' boxing in ' and dissection. then pose the questions give them five minutes to work on their own / in pairs to think about, and make some brief notes on how they will start working on the problem and why they think such an approach would be share ideas about strategies as a whole group. they will need to find ways of breaking the problem down working systematically and keeping track of their data. it may be useful to stop the group and share \" good ideas \" as work progresses. the aim is to mediate the problem by encouraging systematic approaches. as conjectures emerge ask learners to write them on a poster / the board and ensure they have convincing arguments or proofs to hand that can justify them. encourage students to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.52171312244134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2faacea6-deef-4f8d-906b-0a283138e9f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.872429"}
{"text": "work progresses. the aim is to mediate the problem by encouraging systematic approaches. as conjectures emerge ask learners to write them on a poster / the board and ensure they have convincing arguments or proofs to hand that can justify them. encourage students to find clear concise vocabulary to express their rules, and to express how certain they are about them ( e. g. probable pattern / result from choose four consecutive whole numbers, for example, 4, 5, 6 multiply the first and last numbers together. multiply the middle pair together. choose different sets of four consecutive whole numbers and do what do you notice? choose five consecutive whole numbers, for example, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. multiply the second and fourth numbers together. choose different sets of five consecutive whole numbers and do what do you notice now? what happens when you take 6, 7, 8, '? \u00a6 n consecutive whole numbers and compare the product of the first and last numbers with the product of the second and penultimate numbers? explain your findings. establish that the group knows the meaning of ' consecutive ' - consecutive days, consecutive letters in the alphabet... choose four consecutive numbers and tell your students that you will multiply the outer ones and the inner ones. ask students to pick their own sets of four consecutive numbers and do the same. record all the results on the board. what do they notice? will this always happen? even with consecutive negative how could we explain it? encourage algebraic and geometric much of what will follow will depend on the arithmetical and algebraic confidence of the group. use the extension and support remarks below to indicate the best way to use this resource beyond the questions in the problem. this problem only operated on the end numbers and the ' end but one ' numbers. could you make a more general statement and justify if you have an odd number of consecutive numbers, what ' s the difference between the product of the end numbers and the square of the middle number? this problem could also be approached purely numerically, as an exercise in developing fluency with multiplication tables while looking for pattern and structure. a multiplication grid could be used for recording results, with the pair products highlighted according to how many consecutive numbers were being used. visualisation through blocks of dots or rectangle areas may help students explain why their pattern must work in every case. imagine you have a large supply of 3kg and 8kg weights. four 3kg weights and one 8kg weight have an average weight of how many of each weight would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5447375340292758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2faacea6-deef-4f8d-906b-0a283138e9f3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.873355"}
{"text": "help students explain why their pattern must work in every case. imagine you have a large supply of 3kg and 8kg weights. four 3kg weights and one 8kg weight have an average weight of how many of each weight would you need for the average ( mean ) of the weights to be 6kg? if you had other combinations of the 3kg and 8kg weights, what other whole number averages could you make? what ' s the smallest? what ' s the largest? can you make all the whole number values in between? what if you have a different pair of weights ( for example 2kg what averages can you now make? try other different pairs of weights. do you notice anything about your results? do they have anything in common? can you use what you notice to find, for example, the combination of 17kg and 57kg weights that have an average of 44kg...... of 52kg....... of 21kg.....? explain an efficient way of doing this. can you explain why your method works? given the original 3kg and 8kg weights, can you find combinations that produce averages of 4. 5kg... of 7. 5kg... of 4. 2kg... of 6. 9kg...? convince yourself that all averages between 3kg and 8kg are possible. what averages are possible if you are allowed a negative number of 3kg and 8kg weights? you may initially wish to restrict the weights used to those which have a difference of 2kg, then 3kg, then 4kg, etc. in order to model working systematically, and to make the pattern of results some students may find multilink cubes useful to support their here are two examples of students work on searching for this is a game for two players. you will need a 100 square which you can download or you can use the first player chooses a positive even number that is less than 50, and crosses it out on the grid. the second player chooses a number to cross out. the number must be a factor or multiple of the first number. players continue to take it in turns to cross out numbers, at each stage choosing a number that is a factor or multiple of the number just crossed out by the other player. the first person who is unable to cross out a number loses. switch the challenge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5613610242244704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2faacea6-deef-4f8d-906b-0a283138e9f3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.874264"}
{"text": "continue to take it in turns to cross out numbers, at each stage choosing a number that is a factor or multiple of the number just crossed out by the other player. the first person who is unable to cross out a number loses. switch the challenge from winning the game to covering as many numbers as possible. pupils can again work in pairs trying to find the longest sequence of numbers that can be crossed out. can more than half the numbers be crossed out? this challenge could run for an extended period : the longest sequence can be displayed on a noticeboard and pupils can be challenged to improve on it ; any improved sequences can be added to ask pupils to explain why their choice of numbers is good. a semi - regular tessellation has two properties : can you find all the semi - regular tessellations? can you show that you have found them all? to help you when you are working away from the computer, multiple copies of the different polygons are available to print and cut out. ask students to suggest shapes that could fit round a point. test out their suggestions. record what works and what doesn ' t. e. g. 1 pentagon, 2 squares and 1 triangle don ' t fit round a why do some fit and some don ' t? could you tell in advance, without using the interactivity? elicit from students the idea that the interior angles of regular polygons are a crucial factor in determining whether the regular polygons will fit together or not. before moving on to the computers ask students to work on paper finding combinations of regular polygons that will fit round a point. this may encourage students to work systematically when using the interactivity provided. resources are provided at the end of the problem to support students working away from the challenge students to find all the possible semi - regular tessellations and to provide convincing evidence that they have got the complete set. each school worked in different ways. here are examples of what some of the schools did : this is what the schools said about how their practice has this article is the result of the collaborative work of : susanne mallett, steve wren, mark dawes and colleagues from comberton village college amy blinco, brett haines and colleagues from gable hall school jenny everton, ellen morgan and colleagues from longsands community craig barton, debbie breen, geraldine ellison and colleagues from the range school danny burgess, jim stavrou and colleagues from sawston village catherine carre and fran watson and colleagues from sharnbrook david cherry, chris hawkins and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.543085974584876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2faacea6-deef-4f8d-906b-0a283138e9f3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.875146"}
{"text": "throat cancer is a disease in which cancer cells grow in an abnormal way in the throat. cancer occurs when cells in the body \u2014 in this case throat cells \u2014 divide without control or order. normally, cells divide in a regulated manner. if cells keep dividing uncontrollably when new cells are not needed, a mass of tissue forms, called a growth or tumor. the term cancer refers to malignant tumors, which can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. a benign tumor usually does not invade or spread. factors that can increase your chance of developing throat cancer include : - age : 40 or older - sex : male - smoking or use of any tobacco products - excessive alcohol consumption - family history - vitamin a deficiency - diet low in fruits and vegetables - suppressed immune system infections caused by certain viruses such as : - epstein - barr virus - human papillomavirus - radiation exposure - excess consumption of cured meats or fish - marijuana use exposure to certain materials such as in : - nickel refining - working with textile fibers if you have any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to throat cancer. these symptoms may be caused by other conditions. tell your doctor if you have any of these : - sore throat - feeling that something is caught in the throat - difficulty chewing or swallowing - difficulty moving the jaw or tongue - voice changes or hoarseness - change in voice quality - pain in the head, throat, or neck - lump in the neck - unexplained weight loss - coughing blood the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. the doctor may feel for any lumps in your neck. you may be referred to an otolaryngologist, a doctor who specializes in head and neck surgery. your bodily fluids and tissue may be tested. this can be done with : your internal structures may need to be viewed and examined. this can be done with : when throat cancer is found, staging tests are done to find out if the cancer has spread. treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. surgery removes the cancerous tumor and nearby tissue, and possibly nearby lymph nodes. in very rare cases, surgery to remove large tumors of the throat may also require removal of tissue for swallowing. as a result, food may enter the windpipe and reach the lungs, which might cause pneumonia. in cases when this is a risk, your surgeon may remove the larynx or voice box. the windpipe will be attached to the skin through a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49065340132110613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07a7d3db-49eb-4c14-b183-962c00182982>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.880402"}
{"text": "a result, food may enter the windpipe and reach the lungs, which might cause pneumonia. in cases when this is a risk, your surgeon may remove the larynx or voice box. the windpipe will be attached to the skin through a hole in the neck, which is used for breathing. this is the use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. radiation may be : - external radiation therapy \u2014 radiation directed at the tumor from a source outside the body - internal radiation therapy \u2014 radioactive materials placed into the throat in or near the cancer cells this is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. chemotherapy may be given in many forms including pill, injection, and / or via a catheter. the drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body killing mostly cancer cells, but also some healthy cells. combined modality therapy often times, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used together to kill cancer of the throat. this combined approach may be better than surgery or radiation alone. to reduce your chance of getting throat cancer, take the following steps : - don ' t smoke or use tobacco products. if you do smoke or use tobacco products, get help to quit. - drink alcohol only in moderation. moderate alcohol intake is two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women. - eat a healthful diet, one that is low in saturated fat and rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. - see your doctor and dentist regularly for check - ups and cancer screening.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4710515324471418, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07a7d3db-49eb-4c14-b183-962c00182982>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.880966"}
{"text": "oceana released a new report today outlining the shocking amount of subsidies that pour into europe \u2019 s fishing industry. european taxpayers are essentially paying for overfishing \u2013 to the tune of 3. 3 billion euros ( $ 4. 6 billion ) in 2009. here are some other stunning facts from the report : - oceana \u2019 s analysis found that a total of at least \u20ac3. 3 billion of subsidies were available to the european union fishing sector in 2009. this is more than three times quoted public figures, which only reference the european fisheries fund. - total subsidies to the fishing sector are equivalent to 50 percent of the value of the total fish catch by the european union in the same year ( \u20ac6. 6 billion ) - spain, france, denmark, the united kingdom and italy received the most fishing subsidies. - 13 european union countries had more fishing subsidies than the value of the landings of fish in their ports. - europe is one of the world \u2019 s top three subsidizers, along with china and japan. - as a result of these major subsidies, the european union now has a fishing fleet that is two to three times larger than what is needed to fish sustainably. - more than two - thirds of these subsidies have the ability to enhance fishing capacity and promote overfishing. check out the full report and pass it on! - what do historic co2 levels mean for the oceans? posted tue, may 14, 2013 - u. s. coast guard captures illegal fishermen in texas posted tue, may 14, 2013 - victory! delaware becomes seventh state in u. s. to ban shark fin trade! posted thu, may 16, 2013 - it ' s endangered species day! posted fri, may 17, 2013 - stocks show signs of recovery, but still work to do posted fri, may 17, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.408399747819159, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:016f5117-c65b-4059-a15e-0d335f034a1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.882556"}
{"text": "kikuyu culture & traditions | kenya is famous for its 42 cultures, but other than the nomadic maasai and samburu, not many of these are widely known to the outside world. a new cultural centre devoted to the kikuyu, kenya \u2019 s largest offers a unique experience of this tradition rich culture existing in a modern world. | riuki cultural centre is located not far outside of nairobi, in the kikuyu heartland of kiambu. the centre is run by dr. kinuthia njoroge, who wanted to build a traditional kikuyu village homestead to show local children the history and customs of their community. the kikuyu are the largest community in kenya, and have always played a central role in the development of the independent nation. for this reason, many may believe that modern influence has eroded the traditional way of life for this community, who mainly live around the capital city and the highlands. but as riuki demonstrates, this is not the case. while the traditional huts and ceremonies may be displays of a proud history, many of the same beliefs and customs persist in modern life. in cuisine, music, marriage and everyday family life, most kenyan kikuyus still hold true to their identity. it is this pride that riuki strives to encourage and strengthen, with its own blend of the modern and traditional. now visitors to kenya can come to riuki and spend a day learning more about this little known culture. welcomed to the centre by a group of elders, all of whom live in the local area, guests are welcomed in true kikuyu style, with an invitation to drink from a horn filled with muratina, a locally brewed drink. there is a tour of a traditionally built hut with an explanation of how the traditional society operated. communities always remained bound by strict and strong ties of clan loyalty and an even stronger sense of tribal unity - there was an age set system among young men, known as mariika, but all clans and villages ( itura ) always paid deference to the wisdom and law of the tribe. at riuki, traditional songs, proverbs and dances bring the myths and legends of the kikuyu to life. according to kikuyu mythology, all of creation began at the summit of mount kenya. the icy peak was the realm of ngai, the supreme creator, who descended from the heavens to his mountainous throne to survey his newly created lands. the mountain became kirinyaga, his resting place, and it was from here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40187361697217666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38200e43-f234-40b2-a69d-d4dc57504c0d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.886465"}
{"text": "mount kenya. the icy peak was the realm of ngai, the supreme creator, who descended from the heavens to his mountainous throne to survey his newly created lands. the mountain became kirinyaga, his resting place, and it was from here that he called forth gikuyu, the father of the kikuyu people. ngai told him that all of the lands around kirinyaga would be the home of gikuyu and his children forever. he sent gikuyu to grove of fig trees, where he found a woman called mumbi. this grove would become known as mukuru wa nyagathanga, the birthplace of all kikuyu, still revered as a sacred place. among the fig trees, gikuyu and mumbi produced nine daughters - wanjiku, wanjiru, wanjeri, wambui, wangari, wacera, waithera, wairimu, and nyambura. ( traditionally all kikuyu girls should be given one of these names ) the girls grew into beautiful young women, who each full moon wandered the lands around kirinyaga in search of men so that they could bear children. they begged their father to appeal to ngai for help. finally he bowed before the mountain, and ngai commanded him to make sacrifice among the figs and light a fire. the sacrifice of a goat beneath a fig tree is still considered a way to call rain in times of drought, but in this first case it was a different form of life sustaining rain that gikuyu sought. after the sacrifice he plunged nine sticks into a fire, and prayed. the fire erupted into an inferno, from which nine strong young men emerged. giving thanks, gikuyu took them back to his daughters, and the nine marriages were blessed by ngai. each of the daughters made her own homestead, and nine separate clans of the kikuyu were born. the unity of these clans was known as the nyumba ya mumbi, in honour of their mother. the peak of kirinyaga has since remained the sacred home of ngai. as at riuki, all kikuyu homesteads were traditionally built to face this holy mountain. a group of local women come to the centre to perform for visitors, with a series of dances traditionally performed at weddings and initiations and to sing songs. these are simple love and courting songs, traditional hunting songs and chants used when going to work in the fields. the highlands of kenya are rich fertile land", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44699708991534925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38200e43-f234-40b2-a69d-d4dc57504c0d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.887330"}
{"text": "irish fiddle lessons - ian walsh teaches the irish hornpipe the golden eagle. tags : how to play the song \" the golden eagle \" on an iris, ian walsh, irish fiddle lesson, learn to play fiddle, learning irish fiddle, the golden eagle, violin fiddle lessons grab video code : hi! welcome to onlinelessonvideos. com. i \u2019 m ian walsh and i \u2019 m going to teach an irish tune today on the fiddle. it \u2019 s called the golden eagle and it \u2019 s a horn pipe. we \u2019 ll play it in the key of g. i \u2019 ll start off by playing you a sample of the tune along to a quick track that i \u2019 ve set at about 70 beats per minute. so here we go with the golden eagle. let \u2019 s begin by leading into this tune with some pickup notes. we \u2019 ll start on the c, this is on the a string here. you work up a, b, c which plays right next to your first finger pretty much right on top of it. so that could be our first note and we \u2019 ll start with the triplet here. so three notes and then we \u2019 ll go to the g. so let \u2019 s just cycle through that a few times [ demonstration ]. try sliding into your first note, the c and i \u2019 ll give it a little bit of an aggressive edge [ demonstration ]. let \u2019 s take a look at another section here, we go down to our b on the g string and we play. so we \u2019 re crossing three strings, pretty quickly there and i \u2019 m not doing anything special with my bow. i \u2019 m keeping my bow movement short and i \u2019 m working at the top of my bow but i \u2019 m not slurring any notes, i \u2019 m going straight up and down here. so from b [ demonstration ], so those notes are b, d, g, b. let \u2019 s take a look at another section here. we start with the open d. this is a little bit easier, you \u2019 re only working across two strings and you \u2019 re using your first and third fingers. let \u2019 s take a look at another one. this is more or less a g arpeggio and it starts on the g on the d string and we play [ demonstration ]. so again, you \u2019 re moving across three strings here ending on the e string on that g note with your second finger. so let \u2019 s go back to the beginning here and we \u2019 ll look at that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41934222101154517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:afdd3c40-c728-4afb-9da5-d8df0a5255f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.890030"}
{"text": "students in the 12 - quarter graphic design bachelor? s degree program have an opportunity to expand on theory, practice and process, developing skills in creative problem solving. this program is designed to establish a strong foundation in traditional design and computer skills, and then build advanced competence in the application of the skills. students have an opportunity to learn to couple their creativity with sound business skills necessary for entry into the field. they can learn to initiate, manage, produce, and deliver effective design concepts. students study two - and three - dimensional design, marketing, and media design. they explore color theory, visual composition, typography, information graphics, digital and print production processes, and law as it relates to the graphic arts. students also have an opportunity to learn to use computer illustration, image manipulation, web layout and programming, and page layout programs to master design skills. graphic design students have the opportunity to learn the skills to write effective r? sum? s and conduct successful job interviews. they graduate with a professional portfolio to show potential employers and are prepared to join the industry in entry - level positions in fields such as advertising, business communication, publishing, and education. for graphic designers, exciting challenges are available ; they work on projects like corporate identity programs, consumer package designs, annual reports, exhibition materials, direct mail literature, brochures, manuals, catalogs, and interactive presentations. they create company logos, business cards and stationery, letterheads, print advertisements, magazine and cd covers, posters, signs, and billboards. graduates will be prepared to seek entry - level positions in agencies, design firms, print houses, and corporate environments. objectives : upon completion of this program, graduates will be able to :? demonstrate and apply competencies in industry - specific computer software programs within the context of producing concrete projects. this includes technical aspects of prepress, output, and quality reproduction as well as web design.? analyze and incorporate aesthetics and formal concepts of layout design. this includes spatial relationships, communication legibility and effectiveness, interrelationships among imagery and text, balance, typography, and color theory.? demonstrate design concepts and relate these to historical and contemporary trends and social context by producing successful visual solutions to assigned problems.? model the interdependence of content and visual expression and be able to evaluate and critique their ideas. graduates must be able to verbally articulate the vision behind their creative work and explain and promote their solutions.? demonstrate professional presentation ; articulation of knowledge of graphic design and visual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.477937263814604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2af3a8c9-eab6-459c-9473-6dcd8158de02>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.895814"}
{"text": "i \u2019 ve seen several articles debating when oil production will peak. for those of you who have missed them, oil prices rise due to scarcity ( real or not ) or increased production costs, and the latter become important sometime around when oil production peaks. also, the time for us to go through the second half of the world \u2019 s oil will be considerably less than the history of oil use to date, and our transportation infrastructure in particular is heavily oil - based. among climate change scientists, there seems to be less worry about running out of oil, and considerably more worry about its use. recent readings have given me some understanding. david greene, et al, from ( pdf file ) running out of and into oil : analyzing global oil depletion and transition through 2050 \u201c it is possible that the world could go partway down the path of developing unconventional oil resources and later reverse direction. but such a strategy would strand huge investments in the more capital - intensive production and refining of unconventional oil. if the transition to unconventional oil is gradual, there might be time to introduce low - carbon alternatives and a reversal might not be too costly. but if the transition to unconventional oil is sudden and massive, the world \u2019 s economies might quickly become locked into a high carbon future. avoiding or even slowing the transition to unconventional fossil resources might improve the world \u2019 s chances of successfully dealing with global climate change. \u201d the unconventional oil sources referred to are coal to liquids ( synfuel ), for example, or natural gas to liquids ( isn \u2019 t all natural gas needed for electricity and heating? ) both increase carbon emissions, in part because of the energy needed to convert them to liquid. both are expensive because they require so much energy for the process. oil prices will rise if we hit a peak, but europeans and others are already living with much higher gasoline prices. detour : a vote on the arctic national wildlife refuge is expected soon. my understanding is that oil companies are not particularly interested in drilling there without some kind of guarantee ( a large guarantee, but will that dissuade congress? ), as there is relatively little oil, and it \u2019 s relatively far from where it would be used. i \u2019 m not sure why anyone would vote for opening up the site to oil drilling, both for practical reasons and because it \u2019 s nice to imagine those few places in the world not crowded by us. what i hear is, \u201c got you, you crummy environmentalists \u201d, but perhaps our legislators have other reasons, poorly articulated to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4727888826683341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f33fe76-fd4e-4211-8d6f-f209603fa1a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.902074"}
{"text": "for practical reasons and because it \u2019 s nice to imagine those few places in the world not crowded by us. what i hear is, \u201c got you, you crummy environmentalists \u201d, but perhaps our legislators have other reasons, poorly articulated to date. certainly these reasons have little to do with oil security, even for the rare person who also votes to increase car mileage standards. that said, the overwhelming concern to the caribou is not the drilling, but the use of oil. climate change alters the environment at high altitudes faster, and refuge status will not protect anwr. return : from my reading, it is apparent that the rest of the world, as non - opec is generally referred to, is running out of oil much faster than is opec. fareed zakaria in the future of freedom : illiberal democracy at home and abroad points out that governments that finance themselves without taxes are not as accountable to citizens. hence there is worldwide discomfort at financing these governments. but the discomfort is not great enough here in the united states to taxing oil in order to encourage us to change our behavior. we would be much better off raising taxes on oil use today. even a moderate tax, perhaps as little as $ 1 / gallon, will begin to shift behavior, to help stretch out our current oil supply and allow the transitions away from fossil fuels, so that we don \u2019 t finance opec governments so heavily. oh, i \u2019 ve heard many, particularly poor people, say, but we can \u2019 t afford it. perhaps more earned income credit, or some other mechanism, could help the poor in this transition, and let people choose whether to spend the extra money on a car or the bus. it isn \u2019 t right to ignore those who will be hurt in a transition. but we are wrong if we do not transition. some talk about making the carbon tax revenue neutral, an idea i was more sympathetic to until the bush deficits, and back when i thought roads and bridges are paid for by the current gasoline tax rather than out of general revenue. we could do more regional planning of mass transit systems. we could use some of the gasoline tax to pay for the roads and mass transit that makes our roads less crowded. we could teach bicycling as a pe option, as those who learn to bicycle and signal correctly are less dangerous to themselves and others and are more likely to continue bicycling as adults. this would leave more oil for those of you who can \u2019 t or don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43603699476077623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f33fe76-fd4e-4211-8d6f-f209603fa1a6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.903068"}
{"text": "tax day has just passed by, and there has been customary grumbling in some circles about how awful income taxes are in the united states. however, most of the data on taxes indicate that americans are actually paying the least they have in decades. the tax burden is lighter on nearly every segment of society. politicians wonder how we wound up with a deficit the 1950s were an ideal decade to a lot of people. wholesome and clean television shows like \u201c howdy doody \u201d and \u201c leave it to beaver \u201d ruled the airwaves ; people pursued the american dream with gusto and patriotism ; and they paid more in income tax \u2014 before medicare and medicaid ever existed, according to usa today. average americans devoted about 27 percent of their gross income to taxes from the 1950s until the 1990s, when the tax rate began to trail off. in 2010, it was down to 23. 6 percent of gross income. were taxes to be raised back to 1950s levels of taxation, it would raise approximately $ 500 billion. according to msn, the internal revenue service estimates that it issues more than $ 328 billion in tax refunds every year. the people who have benefited, at least in some way, from lower income taxes and some generous tax breaks are poorer households, according to cnn. it was widely reported that the tax policy center found that 45 percent of households did not or would not have to pay a dime in income taxes. not having to pay taxes does sound attractive, but 68 percent of those people earned $ 50, 000 per year or less. for people who earned $ 500, 000 to $ 1 million per year, only 1. 6 percent didn \u2019 t owe or have to pay any taxes, and only 1 percent of people who earned $ 1 million or more didn \u2019 t owe or have to pay. still, the tax burden placed on the wealthiest seems disproportionate even to the wealthy. charles munger, right hand man to none other than warren buffet, said at a recent berkshire - hathaway conference that hedge fund managers paying lower tax rates than \u201c professors of physics or cab drivers \u201d was \u201c demented, \u201d according to the motley fool. irs not immune to fraud the internal revenue service is collecting less and paying more these days. the irs wound up paying more than $ 12 million to dead people in a tax scam ring, according to msn. more than 5, 000 returns were filed fraudulently using the names and social security numbers of deceased individuals in the hopes of fooling the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37552352692577984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4fec1c52-d0a0-4b2c-86cd-e1a3f4d3aea3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.905840"}
{"text": "rutabagas are a wonderful addition to the winter diet. they are a member the brassica genus of plants which includes other cruciferous vegetables like cauliflower, brussels sprouts and broccoli. their sweet, yellow flesh can be mashed, roasted, steamed or sauteed. rutabagas are rich in vitamin c, dietary fiber, potassium and antioxidant compounds, important nutrients for any healthy diet. and they offer plenty of those nutrients! - one cup of cubed, boiled rutabaga contains 66 calories \u2019 it has 2. 2 grams of protein, 4 percent of the recommended daily amount! - that one cup of rutabagas also offers 12 percent of the recommended daily intake of fiber. one cup provides 3. 1 grams. - it also provides 16 percent of the daily potassium requirements and 10 percent of the daily value of magnesium and phosphorus. - rutabaga is an excellent source of vitamin c. one cup provides 53 percent of the recommended daily value and 4 to 9 percent of the b - vitamins. - rutabaga contains the phytochemicals called isothiocyanates. these are best obtained from raw cruciferous vegetables because they can \u2019 t be absorbed as well after the vegetable is cooked. the health benefits of you \u2019 ll gain from these flavorful roots are also impressive! - the phytochemicals remove carcinogens from the body and help the liver process toxins. one phytochemical, glucosinolate, may inhibit the growth of cancerous tumors. - it \u2019 s store of antioxidants help prevent free radical damage to our cells and dna, boosts the immune system and helps prevent illness and disease. rutabaga also contains carotenoids, which help stimulate the antioxidant activity. - rutabaga is a good source of fiber which helps support the body \u2019 s digestive system, is essential to colon health, digestion and healthy metabolism. the glucosinolates may also help the stomach process bacteria. - the potassium found in rutabaga helps promote bone strength, aids in energy production and supports heart health and metabolism. still not sold on rutabaga? try slow - roasting with a touch of sea salt, and grape seed oil as part of a winter dinner, add to soups and stews, or get a big dose of phytochemicals with a crunchy salad of walnuts, chopped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4420885469753267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ce88218b-b210-481d-a995-085cb9bc5de9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.908305"}
{"text": "oct. 13, 2010 - - the idiom \u201c a dog \u2019 s life \u201d suggests that pooches have it made when it comes to happiness, but new research indicates that the emotional states of dogs can be as varied as the moods of their owners. dogs can see their food bowls as half empty rather than half full, just as human pessimists see a glass of water as half empty instead of half full. british researchers who tested separation reactions of dogs say they found that some dogs are more likely than others to become depressed and anxious when left alone, causing them to bark, scratch at doors, chew on furniture, and generally misbehave. on the other hand, optimistic dogs are more likely to behave better and become more relaxed when left alone. mike mendl, phd, head of animal welfare and behavioral research at the university of bristol, and colleagues, studied 24 dogs, males and females, that had been sent to two animal centers. each dog was tested beforehand for separation anxiety - related behaviors. a researcher played with each dog in an isolated room for 20 minutes. the next day the dogs were taken back to their rooms and left alone for five minutes while video cameras recorded their behavior. some of the dogs barked, jumped on furniture, and scratched at the door, but the \u201c optimistic \u201d ones did not - - or didn \u2019 t do it as much. to study optimistic or pessimistic tendencies, the dogs were trained so that when a bowl was placed at one location in a room, it contained food, but when put somewhere else, it didn \u2019 t. then the bowls were placed at ambiguous locations between the positive and negative positions. \u201c dogs that ran fast to these ambiguous locations as if expecting the positive food reward were classed as making relatively \u2018 optimistic \u2019 decisions, \u201d mendl says in a news release. \" interestingly, these dogs tended to be the ones who also showed least anxiety - like behavior when left alone for a short time. \u201d he says about half of dogs may at some point engage in behaviors related to separation anxiety, such as barking, scratching, or tearing things up when separated from owners. \u201c our study suggests that dogs showing these types of behavior also appear to make more pessimistic judgments generally, \u201d he says. \u201c we all have a tendency to think that our pets and other animals experience emotions similar to our own, but we have no way of knowing directly because emotions are essentially private, \u201d he says. \u201c however, we can use findings from human psychology research to develop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5346961247578308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52681c3d-daf8-4700-b8a8-2bd20c0f2f2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.912620"}
{"text": "european decorative arts and sculpture cloister with elements from the abbey of saint - genis - des - fontainesmade in roussillon, france, europe 1270 - 80s, with medieval elements from southwestern france and modern additions artist / maker unknown, french 1928 - 57 - 1bpurchased with funds contributed by elizabeth malcolm bowman in memory of wendell phillips bowman, 1928 labelat the heart of every medieval monastery stood a cloister, an arcaded walkway surrounding a courtyard. the museum \u2019 s cloister is modeled after a thirteenth - century example at the abbey of saint - genis - des - fontaines in the roussillon region of southwestern france, and includes sculpture originally from the abbey, contemporary elements from the province, and early - twentieth - century reproduction carvings. medieval cloisters served both practical and spiritual purposes. most were open air, often with a garden in the courtyard. a ninth - century architectural drawing known as the plan of saint gall, which is considered a blueprint of the ideal monastic compound, features a large, centrally located cloister that would have been reserved for the monks. at saint - genis - des - fontaines, the outer walkway held doors that opened into the dining hall, the chapter house ( where the abbey was administered ), and the church. in addition to functioning as a connecting space, the courtyard and its colonnade were used by the religious community for processions, services, and communal readings. the cloister also provided an area where individual monks could engage in private prayer and contemplation. social tags [? ] european art 1100 - 1500 [ x ] period room [ x ] st - genis - des - fontaines [ x ] st - michel - de - cuxa [ x ] [ add your own tags ] * works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43214423638668875, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:480a1f3c-11fd-4c2f-a1f4-2d9c533c3289>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.915723"}
{"text": "thursday, september 1st, 1859, 11 : 18am : thirty three year - old richard carringto, widely acknowledged to be one of england ' s foremost solar astronomer, was in his well - appointed private observatory. just as usual on every sunny day, his telescope was projecting an 11 - inch - wide image of the sun on a screen, and carrington skillfully drew the sunspots he saw. on that morning, he was capturing the likeness of an enormous group of sunspots. suddenly, before his eyes, two brilliant beads of blinding white light appeared over the sunspots, intensified rapidly, and became kidney - shaped. realizing that he was witnessing something unprecedented and \" being somewhat flurried by the surprise, \" carrington later wrote, \" i hastily ran to call someone to witness the exhibition with me. on returning within 60 seconds, i was mortified to find that it was already much changed and enfeebled. \" he and his witness watched the white spots contract to mere pinpoints and disappear. friday, september 2nd, 1859 : just before dawn the next day, skies all over planet earth erupted in red, green, and purple auroras so brilliant that newspapers could be read as easily as in daylight. indeed, stunning auroras pulsated even at near tropical latitudes over cuba, the bahamas, jamaica, el salvador, and hawaii. even more disconcerting, telegraph systems worldwide went haywire. spark discharges shocked telegraph operators and set the telegraph paper on fire. even when telegraphers disconnected the batteries powering the lines, aurora - induced electric currents in the wires still allowed messages to be transmitted. [ click the following images for better reading. ] monthly notices of the royal astronomical society forecasting the impact of an 1859 - calibre superstorm on satellite resources the 1859 solar \u2013 terrestrial disturbance and the current limits of extreme space weather activity may be read online. space radiation hazards and the vision for space exploration : report of a workshop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5089117330633802, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e52e7ea-1df1-4a26-9c50-5d397191c265>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.917840"}
{"text": "acrophobia is defined as a fear of heights. unlike a specific phobia like aerophobia - - fear of flying - - and other specific phobias, acrophobia can cause a person to fear a variety of things related to being far from the ground. depending on the phobia ' s severity, an acrophobic person may equally fear being on a high floor of a building or simply climbing a ladder. acrophobia and related conditions true vertigo is a medical condition that causes a sensation of spinning and dizziness. illyngophobia is a phobia in which the fear of developing vertigo can actually lead to vertigo - like symptoms. acrophobia can induce similar feelings, but the three conditions are not the same. see a doctor for tests if you experience vertigo symptoms. medical tests may include bloodwork, ct scans and mris, which can rule out a variety of neurological conditions. bathmophobia, or the fear of slopes and stairs, is sometimes related to acrophobia. in bathmophobia, you may panic when viewing a steep slope, even if you have no need to climb the slope. although many people with bathmophobia have acrophobia, most acrophobia sufferers do not also experience bathmophobia. climacophobia is related to bathmophobia, except that the fear generally occurs only when contemplating making a climb. if you suffer from climacophobia, you are probably not afraid to see a steep set of stairs as long as you can remain safely at the bottom. however, climacophobia may occur in tandem with acrophobia. aerophobia is the specific fear of flying. depending on the severity of your fear, you may be afraid of airports and airplanes, or may only feel the fear when in the air. aerophobia may occasionally occur alongside acrophobia. symptoms of acrophobia if you experience acrophobia, you may never experience vertigo symptoms. instead, you may feel a sense of panic when at height. you may instinctively begin to search for something to cling to. you may find that you are unable to trust your own sense of balance. common reactions include descending immediately, crawling on all fours and kneeling or otherwise lowering the body. emotionally and physically, the response to acrophobia is similar to the response to any other phobia. you may begin to shake, sweat, experience heart palpitations and even cry or yell out. you may feel terrified and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5134534933629593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0f43b23-b360-4611-bd33-a1d38dba609e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.923949"}
{"text": "body. emotionally and physically, the response to acrophobia is similar to the response to any other phobia. you may begin to shake, sweat, experience heart palpitations and even cry or yell out. you may feel terrified and paralyzed. it might become difficult to think. if you have acrophobia, it is likely that you will begin to dread situations that may cause you to spend time at height. for example, you may worry that an upcoming vacation will put you into a hotel room on a high floor. you may put off home repairs for fear of using a ladder. you might avoid visiting friends ' homes if they have balconies or upstairs picture windows. danger of acrophobia the biggest danger that most phobias present is the risk of limiting one ' s life and activities to avoid the feared situation. acrophobia is unusual, however, in that having a panic attack while high in the air could actually lead to the imagined danger. the situation may be safe as long as normal precautions are taken, but panicking could lead you to make unsafe moves. therefore, it is extremely important that acrophobia be professionally treated as quickly as possible, particularly if heights are a regular part of your life. causes of acrophobia research shows that a certain amount of reluctance around heights is normal, not only for humans but for all visual animals. in 1960, famed research psychologists gibson and walk did a \" visual cliff \" experiment which showed crawling infants, along with babies of numerous species, who refused to cross a thick glass panel that covered an apparently sharp drop - off. the presence of the infant ' s mother, encouragingly calling him, did not convince the babies that it was safe. therefore, acrophobia seems to be at least partially ingrained, possibly as an evolutionary survival mechanism. nonetheless, most children and adults use caution but are not inordinately afraid of heights. acrophobia, like all phobias, appears to be a hyper - reaction of the normal fear response. many experts believe that this may be a learned response to either a previous fall or a parent ' s nervous reaction to heights. cognitive - behavioral therapy, or cbt, is a main treatment of choice for specific phobias. behavioral techniques that expose the sufferer to the feared situation either gradually ( systematic desensitization ) or rapidly ( flooding ) are frequently used. in addition, the client is taught ways of stopping the panic reaction and regaining emotional control. traditionally,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46196697858218966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0f43b23-b360-4611-bd33-a1d38dba609e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.924926"}
{"text": ". behavioral techniques that expose the sufferer to the feared situation either gradually ( systematic desensitization ) or rapidly ( flooding ) are frequently used. in addition, the client is taught ways of stopping the panic reaction and regaining emotional control. traditionally, actual exposure to heights is the most common solution. however, several research studies performed since 2001 have shown that virtual reality may be just as effective. a major advantage of virtual reality treatment is the savings in both cost and time, as there is no need for \" on - location \" therapist accompaniment. this method is not yet readily available, but may be worth trying to find if you can. the drug d - cycloserine has been in clinical trials for anxiety disorder treatment since 2008. it appears that using the medication in tandem with cognitive - behavioral therapy may improve results, but the research remains preliminary at this time. acrophobia appears to be rooted in an evolutionary safety mechanism. nonetheless, it represents an extreme variation on a normal caution, and can become quite life - limiting for sufferers. it can also be dangerous for those who experience a full panic reaction while at a significant height. acrophobia can share certain symptoms with vertigo, a medical disorder with a variety of possible causes, as well as with other specific phobias. for these reasons, if you experience the signs of acrophobia, it is extremely important to seek professional help as soon as possible. sources : gibson, e. j., & walk, r. d. \" the ' visual cliff '. \" scientific american. 1960. 202, 67 - 71. may 5, 2008. retrieved from http : / / www. wadsworth. com / psychology _ d / templates / student _ resources / 0155060678 _ rathus / ps / ps05. html emmelkamp, paul, bruynzeel, mary, drost, leonie, van der mast, charles. \" virtual reality treatment in acrophobia : a comparison with exposure in vivo \" cyberpsychology & behavior. june 1, 2001, 4 ( 3 ) : 335 - 339. may 5, 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5103151179453693, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0f43b23-b360-4611-bd33-a1d38dba609e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.925702"}
{"text": "with the worlds energy needs growing rapidly, can zero - carbon energy options be scaled up enough to make a significant difference? how much of a dent can these alternatives make in the worlds total energy usage over the next half - century? as the mit energy initiative approaches its fifth anniversary next month, this five - part series takes a broad view of the likely scalable energy candidates. of all the zero - carbon energy sources available, wind power is the only one thats truly cost - competitive today : a 2006 report by the u. s. energy information administration put the total cost for wind - produced electricity at an average of $ 55. 80 per megawatt - hour, compared to $ 53. 10 for coal, $ 52. 50 for natural gas and $ 59. 30 for nuclear power. as a result, wind turbines are being deployed rapidly in many parts of the united states and around the world. and because of winds proven record and its immediate and widespread availability, its an energy source thats seen as having the potential to grow very rapidly. wind is probably one of the most significant renewable energy sources, simply because the technology is mature, says paul sclavounos, an mit professor of mechanical engineering and naval architecture. there is no technological risk. globally, 2 percent of electricity now comes from wind, and in some places the rate is much higher : denmark, the present world leader, gets more than 19 percent of its electricity from wind, and is aiming to boost that number to 50 percent. some experts estimate wind power could account for 10 to 20 percent of world electricity generation over the next few decades. taking a longer - term view, a widely cited 2005 study by researchers at stanford university projected that wind, if fully harnessed worldwide, could theoretically meet the worlds present energy needs five times over. and a 2010 study by the national renewable energy laboratory found that the united states could get more than 12 times its current electricity consumption from wind alone. but impressive as these figures may sound, wind power still has a long way to go before it becomes a significant factor in reducing carbon emissions. the potential is there with abundant wind available for harvesting both on land and, especially, over the oceans but harnessing that power efficiently will require enormous investments in manufacturing and installation. so far, installed wind power has the capacity to generate only about 0. 2 terawatts ( trillions of watts ) of energy worldwide a number that pales in comparison to an average world demand of 14 terawatts, expected to double by 2050. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5475862408518666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e056fb34-f179-4408-9978-c5312487a2df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.931728"}
{"text": "has the capacity to generate only about 0. 2 terawatts ( trillions of watts ) of energy worldwide a number that pales in comparison to an average world demand of 14 terawatts, expected to double by 2050. the world wind energy association now projects global wind - power capacity of 1. 9 terawatts by 2020. but thats peak capacity, and even in the best locations the wind doesnt blow all the time. in fact, the worlds wind farms operate at an average capacity factor ( the percentage of their maximum power that is actually delivered ) somewhere between 20 and 40 percent, depending on their location and the technology. some analysts are also concerned that widespread deployment of wind power, with its inherently unpredictable swings in output, could stress power grids, forcing the repeated startup and shutdown of other generators to compensate for winds variability. many of the best wind - harvesting sites are far from the areas that most need the power, necessitating significant investment in delivery infrastructure but building wind farms closer to population centers is controversial because many people object to their appearance and their sounds. one potential solution to these problems lies offshore. while many wind installations in europe have been built within a few miles of shore, in shallow water, there is much greater potential more than 20 miles offshore, where winds blow faster and more reliably. such sites, while still relatively close to consumers, are generally far enough away to be out of sight. mits sclavounos has been working on the design of wind turbines for installation far offshore, using floating platforms based on technology used in offshore oilrigs. such installations along the eastern seaboard of the united states could theoretically provide most of the electricity needed for the eastern half of the country. and a study in california showed that platforms off the coast there could provide more than two - thirds of the states electricity. such floating platforms will be essential if wind is to become a major contributor to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, says research engineer stephen connors, director of the analysis group for regional energy alternatives ( agrea ) at the mit energy initiative. wind energy is never going to get big if youre limited to relatively shallow, relatively close [ offshore ] sites, he says. if youre going to have a large impact, you really need floating structures. all of the technology needed to install hundreds of floating wind turbines is well established, both from existing near - shore wind farms and from offshore drilling installations. all thats needed is to put the pieces together in a way that works", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48750405988636225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e056fb34-f179-4408-9978-c5312487a2df>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.932689"}
{"text": "really need floating structures. all of the technology needed to install hundreds of floating wind turbines is well established, both from existing near - shore wind farms and from offshore drilling installations. all thats needed is to put the pieces together in a way that works economically. but deciding just how to do so is no trivial matter. sclavounos and his students have been working to optimize designs, using computer simulations to test different combinations of platforms and mooring systems to see how they stand up to wind and waves as well as how efficiently they can be assembled, transported and installed. one thing is clear : it wont be one design for all sites, sclavounos says. in principle, floating structures should be much more economical than wind farms mounted on the seafloor, as in europe, which require costly construction and assembly. by contrast, the floating platforms could be fully assembled at an onshore facility, then towed into position and anchored. whats more, the wind is much steadier far offshore : whereas a really good land - based site can provide a 35 percent capacity factor, an offshore site can yield 45 percent greatly improving the cost - effectiveness per unit. there are also concerns about the effects of adding a large amount of intermittent energy production to the national supply. ron prinn, director of mits joint center for the science and policy of global change, says, at large scale, there are issues regarding reliability of renewable but intermittent energy sources like wind that will require adding the costs of backup generation or energy storage. exactly how big is offshore wind powers potential? nobody really knows for sure, since theres insufficient data on the strength and variability of offshore winds. you need to know where and when its windy hour to hour, day to day, season to season and year to year, connors says. while such data has been collected on land, there is much less information for points offshore. its a wholly answerable question, but you cant do it by just brainstorming. and the answers might not be what wind powers advocates want to hear. some analysts raise questions about how much difference wind power can make. mit physicist robert jaffe says that wind is excellent in certain niche locations, but overall its too diffuse that is, too thinly spread out over the planet to be the major greenhouse gas - curbing technology. in the long term, solar is the best option to be sufficiently scaled up to make a big difference, says jaffe, the otto ( 1939 ) and jane morningstar professor of physics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4411864081330481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e056fb34-f179-4408-9978-c5312487a2df>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.933644"}
{"text": "the solar and heliospheric observatory ( soho ) spacecraft is expected to discover its 1, 000th comet this summer. the soho spacecraft is a joint effort between nasa and the european space agency. it has accounted for approximately one - half of all comet discoveries with computed orbits in the history of astronomy. \" before soho was launched, only 16 sun grazing comets had been discovered by space observatories. based on that experience, who could have predicted soho would discover more than 60 times that number, and in only nine years, \" said dr. chris st. cyr. he is senior project scientist for nasa ' s living with a star program at the agency ' s goddard space flight center, greenbelt, md. \" this is truly a remarkable achievement! \" about 85 percent of the comets soho discovered belongs to the kreutz group of sun grazing comets, so named because their orbits take them very close to earth ' s star. the kreutz sun grazers pass within 500, 000 miles of the star ' s visible surface. mercury, the planet closest to the sun, is about 36 million miles from the solar surface. soho has also been used to discover three other well - populated comet groups : the meyer, with at least 55 members ; marsden, with at least 21 members ; and the kracht, with 24 members. these groups are named after the astronomers who suggested the comets are related, because they have similar orbits. many comet discoveries were made by amateurs using soho images on the internet. soho comet hunters come from all over the world. the united states, united kingdom, china, japan, taiwan, russia, ukraine, france, germany, and lithuania are among the many countries whose citizens have used soho to chase comets. almost all of soho ' s comets are discovered using images from its large angle and spectrometric coronagraph ( lasco ) instrument. lasco is used to observe the faint, multimillion - degree outer atmosphere of the sun, called the corona. a disk in the instrument is used to make an artificial eclipse, blocking direct light from the sun, so the much fainter corona can be seen. sun grazing comets are discovered when they enter lasco ' s field of view as they pass close by the star. \" building coronagraphs like lasco is still more art than science, because the light we are trying to detect is very faint, \" said dr. joe gurman, u. s. project scientist for soho at goddard. \" any imperfections in the optics or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4579598488978099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78cbe1bd-1849-4138-b59a-5521e93122a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.936849"}
{"text": "forcing yourself to look at the big picture, or pretending that you are a fly on the wall observing a scene as it unfolds, can be an effective anger management strategy. experts say that changing the focus from being a participant in a stressful situation, to being an observer from a distanced perspective can help an individual come to a true understanding of their feelings. researchers call this strategy \u201c self - distancing. \u201d in a new study, college students who believed a lab partner was berating them for not following directions responded less aggressively and showed less anger when they were told to take analyze their feelings from a self - distanced perspective. \u201c the secret is to not get immersed in your own anger and, instead, have a more detached view, \u201d said dominik mischkowski, lead author of the research performed at ohio state university. \u201c you have to see yourself in this stressful situation as a fly on the wall would see it. \u201d while other studies have examined the value of self - distancing for calming angry feelings, this is the first to show that it can work in the heat of the moment, when people are most likely to act aggressively, mischkowski said. the worst thing to do in an anger - inducing situation is what people normally do : try to focus on their hurt and angry feelings to understand them, said brad bushman, ph. d., a co - author of the study. \u201c if you focus too much on how you \u2019 re feeling, it usually backfires, \u201d bushman said. \u201c it keeps the aggressive thoughts and feelings active in your mind, which makes it more likely that you \u2019 ll act aggressively. \u201d study findings are found online in the journal of experimental social psychology and will be published in a future print edition. to prove the concept, researchers performed to related studies. the first involved 94 college students who were told they were participating in a study about the effects of music on problem solving, creativity and emotions. the students listened to an intense piece of classical music while attempting to solve 14 difficult anagrams ( rearranging a group of letters to form a word such as \u201c pandemonium \u201d ). they had only seven seconds to solve each anagram, record their answer and communicate it to the experimenter over an intercom. but the plan of the study was to provoke the students into anger, which the experimenters did using a technique which has been used many times in similar studies. the experimenter interrupted the study participants several times to ask them to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48864828379030734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02ca231a-b8c6-40ad-8911-29c64d8023f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.943144"}
{"text": "over an intercom. but the plan of the study was to provoke the students into anger, which the experimenters did using a technique which has been used many times in similar studies. the experimenter interrupted the study participants several times to ask them to speak louder into the intercom, finally saying \u201c look, this is the third time i have to say this! can \u2019 t you follow directions? speak louder! \u201d after this part of the experiment, the participants were told they would be participating in a task examining the effects of music on creativity and feelings. the students were told to go back to the anagram task and \u201c see the scene in your mind \u2019 s eye. \u201d they were put into three groups, each of which were asked to view the scene in different ways. some students were told to adopt a self - immersed perspective ( \u201c see the situation unfold through your eyes as if it were happening to you all over again \u201d ) and then analyze their feelings surrounding the event. others were told to use the self - distancing perspective ( \u201c move away from the situation to a point where you can now watch the event unfold from a distance and watch the situation unfold as if it were happening to the distant you all over again \u201d ) and then analyze their feelings. the third control group was not told how to view the scene or analyze their feelings. each group was told to replay the scene in their minds for 45 seconds. then the researchers tested the participants for aggressive thoughts and angry feelings. results showed that students who used the self - distancing perspective had fewer aggressive thoughts and felt less angry than both those who used the self - immersed approach and those in the control group. \u201c the self - distancing approach helped people regulate their angry feelings and also reduced their aggressive thoughts, \u201d mischkowski said. in a second study, the researchers went further and showed that self - distancing can actually make people less aggressive when they \u2019 ve been provoked. in this study, 95 college students were told they were going to do an anagram task, similar to the one in the previous experiment. but in this case, they were told they were going to be working with an unseen student partner, rather than one of researchers ( in reality, it actually was one of the researchers ). in this case, the supposed partner was the one who delivered the scathing comments about following directions. as in the first study, the participants were then randomly assigned to analyze their feelings surrounding the task from a self - immersed or a self", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5671520474462162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02ca231a-b8c6-40ad-8911-29c64d8023f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.946245"}
{"text": "researchers ). in this case, the supposed partner was the one who delivered the scathing comments about following directions. as in the first study, the participants were then randomly assigned to analyze their feelings surrounding the task from a self - immersed or a self - distanced perspective. participants assigned to a third control group did not receive any instructions regarding how to view the scene or focus on their feelings. next, the participants were told they would be competing against the same partner who had provoked them earlier in a reaction - time task. the winner of the task would get the opportunity to blast the loser with noise through headphones \u2013 and the winner chose the intensity and length of the noise blast. investigators discovered participants who used the self - distancing perspective to think about their partners \u2019 provocations showed lower levels of aggression than those in the other two groups. that is, their noise blasts against their partner tended to be shorter and less intense. \u201c these participants were tested very shortly after they had been provoked by their partner, \u201d mischkowski said. \u201c the fact that those who used self - distancing showed lower levels of aggression shows that this technique can work in the heat of the moment, when the anger is still fresh. \u201d of interest is the discovery that those who used the self - distancing approach showed less aggression than those in the control group, who were not told how to view the anger - inducing incident with their partner. this suggests people may naturally use a self - immersing perspective when confronted with a provocation \u2013 a perspective that is not likely to reduce anger. thus, the tendency to immerse oneself in a problem ( anger ) to work through the situation, may backfire and make an individual more aggressive. a better technique to use when angry is distraction \u2013 thinking of something calming to take the mind off the anger. however, even this technique is only a short - term strategy. mischkowski believes the research clearly shows that self - distancing is the best method to mitigate anger. \u201c but self - distancing really works, even right after a provocation \u2013 it is a powerful intervention tool that anyone can use when they \u2019 re angry. \u201d source : ohio state university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5143027899766228, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02ca231a-b8c6-40ad-8911-29c64d8023f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.947082"}
{"text": "within the next 10 years the eu - funded diabetes prevention study, part of an international study called trigr ( trial to reduce iddm in the genetically at risk ), coordinated at the university of helsinki, finland, will generate a definite answer to the question whether early nutritional modification may prevent type 1 diabetes later in childhood. type 1 diabetes is a growing health problem among european children. european data indicate that the disease incidence has increased five - six - fold among children under the age of 15 years after world war ii, and there are no signs that the increase in incidence is levelling off. the most conspicuous increase has been seen among children under the age of 5 years. the trigr study is the first study ever aimed at primary prevention of type 1 diabetes. the study is designed to answer to the question whether excluding cow ' s milk protein from the infant ' s diet decreases the risk of fu - ture diabetes. all subjects are followed for 10 years to get information on whether the dietary recommendations for infants at increased genetic risk of type 1 diabetes should be revised. starting in may 2002, 76 study centres from 15 countries ( australia, canada, the czech republic, estonia, finland, germany, hungary, italy, luxembourg, the netherlands, poland, spain, sweden, switzerland and usa ) have been recruiting families for the study. to be eligible the newborn infant has to have at least one family member ( mother, father and / or sib ) affected by type 1 diabetes and carry a hla genotype conferring increased risk for type 1 diabetes. the initial recruitment target of 2032 eligible infants was reached at the be - ginning of september 2006, but the study group has decided to continue recruitment till the end of december 2006 ( when the eu contribution will finish ) to make the study even more powerful statistically. a majority of the study participants ( 52 % ) have been recruited in europe. the international coordinating cen - tre ( icc ) is located at the university of helsinki, helsinki, finland and the data management unit ( dmu ) at the university of south florida, tampa, florida, usa. the trial has logistically been a true challenge for both the icc and dmu. dmu has been successful in establishing a secure, real - time, web - based, interactive data management system that works extremely well. this system can be directly applied to future international mul - ticentre studies. the trigr study is generating a wealth of information on breast - feeding practices, infant nutrition and growth in young children in various countries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4809989309044541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71509d5a-2aba-488b-9331-3062e3583c21>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.950342"}
{"text": "management system that works extremely well. this system can be directly applied to future international mul - ticentre studies. the trigr study is generating a wealth of information on breast - feeding practices, infant nutrition and growth in young children in various countries. at 2 weeks of age almost all the participating infants were breast - fed. exclusive breast - feeding continued longer in europe than in north america. more than one third of the infants ( 35 % ) received other foods in addition to breast milk and / or infant formulas at the age of 4 months, while who recommends that supplementary food should be introduced at the earliest by the age of 6 months. in europe the first foods to be introduced are typically vegetables and fruits, whereas gluten - free cereals are most commonly introduced in north america. newborn infants in northern europe ( ne ) had a higher birth weight but a shorter birth length than infants in central and southern europe ( cse ). the ne children remained heavier than those from cse at least up to the age of 18 months. the ne children were also taller than the cse children starting already from the age of 3 months up to the age of 18 months. accelerated growth in infancy has been identified as a risk factor for type 1 diabetes later in childhood. accordingly the observed growth pattern may contribute to the higher incidence of type 1 diabetes in ne compared to cse. professor mikael knip, university of helsinki phone : + 358 40 844 7671 study websites : http : / / www. trigr. org last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49658263556063786, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71509d5a-2aba-488b-9331-3062e3583c21>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.950956"}
{"text": "the clutch assembly consists of a clutch disc, a clutch pressure plate, and a clutch release bearing. all these components are usually replaced at the same time. the clutch assembly has two key functions : it transmits power produced by the engine to the gearbox, and it allows that power to be interrupted when the clutch pedal is depressed. power produced by the engine requires this interruption. it makes it possible to change gears and to shift into neutral at a traffic light or stop sign. when the clutch assembly is not operating correctly, two things can happen. it either doesn ' t interrupt the power from the engine to the gearbox, which causes grinding sounds and difficulty in selecting gears. or it fails to transmit the drive from the engine to the gearbox. this results in the engine \u201c revving up \u201d without the vehicle speed increasing. in the case of a complete failure, the engine will rev up, but the vehicle will not move. clutch components naturally wear out. clutch components may fail or wear due to ; bad driving habits, being driven with the clutch improperly adjusted, or from exposure to oil. to replace the clutch assembly, the driveshaft ( or half shafts where applicable ) and the manual transmission ( gearbox ) must be removed to gain access to the clutch components. new clutch components are fitted and the gearbox is then reinstalled.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47370704327265917, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33218927-4548-4a5c-a711-b4aee4521596>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.953320"}
{"text": "people who struggle to find enough food to eat are poor. the world bank \u2019 s poverty line is an income of less than $ 1. 25 a day. financial times readers, who spend more than that amount on their morning newspaper, are in no position to dispute that judgment. in the past two decades, economic growth in china and india has reduced global poverty by an unprecedented amount. that achievement is not diminished because some individuals in both these countries have become very rich. fundamentally, poverty is about absolute deprivation. kay observes that there is also a relative definition of poverty : under the definition that i have proposed on this blog for wealth, poverty would simply be an absence of wealth, or a deficit of valued outcomes. the median income is the level that equal numbers of people are above and below, so that a rise in sir martin sorrell \u2019 s bonus does not lead anyone into poverty \u2013 that would confuse poverty and inequality. but the choice of median income as a reference level has a wider significance. it encapsulates the idea that in a rich society, poverty is an enforced inability to participate in the everyday activities of that society. you might therefore be poor if you lack access to antibiotics or facebook, even though in this respect you are no worse off than the sun king or john d. rockefeller, and in other respects considerably better off than most people in the world. however, to define poverty as social exclusion takes the definition far away from the assessment of income. it is not hard to imagine places in which few, if any, people experience a sense of exclusion. these might include both sophisticated societies with high incomes per head \u2013 towns in scandinavia \u2013 and simple cultures without access to modern essentials \u2013 rural villages in the developing world. poverty becomes a cultural and political phenomenon rather than an economic one. but once we define poverty in terms of outcomes beyond simple incomes as measured in currency units, we have indeed entered the territory of culture and politics, and ultimately, what constitutes a life worth living. just as gdp doesn ' t measure all that matters when it comes to wealth, i am deeply skeptical of efforts to define multi - dimensional metrics of \" poverty \" that integrate different valued outcomes. statistics are indeed important inputs to policy, and i prefer mine simple and transparent. so let ' s leave poverty defined in terms of absolute income, as defined by the world bank and others. if we care about obesity, lack of access to antibiotics or even facebook - - all perfectly legitimate valued outcomes - - then let ' s track these outcomes on their merits and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5559815926429302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3e96514-e784-44b4-9bdd-92774b612428>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.955776"}
{"text": "- giovanni battista montini son of a prominent newspaper editor. ordained in brescia, italy on 29 may 1920, he continued his studies in rome, italy, and became part of the vatican secretariat of state in 1922. one of two pro - secretaries to pope pius xii. archbishop of milan from 1954 to 1963 where he worked on social problems and to improve relations between workers and employers. created cardinal - priest of santi silvestro e martino ai monti on 15 december 1958. elected 262nd pope in 1963. as pope, paul continued the reforms of john xxiii. he re - convened the second vatican council, and supervised implementations of many of its reforms, such as the vernacularization and reform of the liturgy. he instituted an international synod of bishops ; bishops were instructed to set up councils of priests in their own dioceses. powers of dispensation devolved from the roman curia onto the bishops, rules on fasting and abstinence were relaxed, and some restrictions on inter - marriage were lifted. a commission to revise canon law revision was established. in 1964, paul made a pilgrimage to the holy lands, becoming the first pope in over 150 years to leave italy. that was followed by trips to india in 1964, the united states in 1965, where he addressed the united nations, africa in 1969, and southeast asia in 1970. relations between the vatican and the communists improved, and communist leaders visited the vatican for the first time. paul met with leaders of other churches, and in 1969 addressed the world council of churches, and limited doctrinal agreements were reached with the anglicans and lutherans. paul issued frequent reassertions of papal primacy in the face of growing dissent within the roman catholic church itself. he enlarged the college of cardinals, and added cardinals from third world countries. in the 1968 encyclical humanae vitae, paul reaffirmed the church \u2019 s ban on contraception, a disappointment to many liberals. it led to protests, and many national hierarchies openly modified the statement. liberals raised questions about priestly celibacy, divorce, and the role of women in the church, but paul held to traditional church positions. - if you have information relevant to the beatication of pope paul, contact rev. antonio marrazzo, cssr associazione paolo vi via trieste, 13 25121 brescia, italy - \u201c venerable pope paul vi \u201c. saints. sqpn. com. 6 february 2013. web. 21 may 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35715378794315567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24eaca55-0211-43a0-be6e-cb01fd222f9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.958811"}
{"text": "by tom baxter a few years ago, emory \u2019 s michael c. carlos museum hosted a fascinating exhibit based on the papyrus legal records of a family which lived in egypt in the 5th century bc. as a testament to the lasting lessons such archaeological treasures can transmit, it came to mind last week when barack obama became the first sitting u. s. president to endorse same - sex marriage. the papyri were the legal documents of a couple, ananiah, a jewish temple official, and his wife tamut, an egyptian woman who \u2019 d been sold into slavery as a child. they lived on the island of elephantine in the nile, in a time when egypt was part of the persian empire and jewish mercenaries guarded its southern border. as it is today, relationships could be complicated back then. when she married ananiah on july 3, 449 bc, tamut was owned by another man, meshullam, who didn \u2019 t free her or her daughter for another 22 years. things worked out, though. later papyri record ananiah giving tamut part ownership of their house, selling a house to his son - in - law and making payments on a wedding gift for their daughter. the records are a striking contrast of the bizarre with the familiar. the conventions of legalese have changed so little over the millenia that a modern - day lawyer would feel completely at home with these contracts. but the concept of marriage around which these legal proceedings revolve appears to have been radically different from ours today. the contract between ananiah and tamut is so detailed that it specifies on which side of the stairs each is to walk up and down. but as far as the state was concerned, marriage contracts like theirs \u2013 the notarized enumeration of what one party could take the other to court for, if things didn \u2019 t work out \u2013 was all the marriage was. since ananiah was a religious leader, there may have been a ceremony to sanctify the marriage within the jewish community on the island, but over the whole of egyptian society, the state \u2019 s involvement in defining, protecting and preserving marriage was quite limited and specific to each coupling. if government has developed a better way to deal with this complex aspect of human society, it was not in evidence last week, when north carolina voters overwhelmingly declared their support for an amendment defining marriage solely as the union between a man and a woman, and obama declared the next day that he \u2019 d decided his \u201c evolving \u201d views on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44204795268889135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fbdcbf83-8cf4-45a2-a5f2-a351c443e142>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.964307"}
{"text": "it was not in evidence last week, when north carolina voters overwhelmingly declared their support for an amendment defining marriage solely as the union between a man and a woman, and obama declared the next day that he \u2019 d decided his \u201c evolving \u201d views on the subject and supports the right of people of the same sex to marry. by comparison with other historic stands taken by presidents, obama \u2019 s carried remarkably little weight. the states decide this issue, and one just had. obama \u2019 s statement on a morning news show the following day was couched more as something which had been forced by vice president joe biden \u2019 s unguarded comments on the subject rather than the embarrassment of a big vote in the state where the democrats will hold their convention this summer. this sounds progressively more fishy the longer you think about it, particularly when you hear how angry the obama staffers sounded about biden \u2019 s goofiness, according to the reporters who repeated on - the - record what the staffers told them off - the - record. yet symbolically, obama \u2019 s statement was rightly looked on as an historic event. the north carolina vote, which put into the state constitution what was already on the books as state law, was also largely symbolic. and lemme tell you \u2013 as former gov. roy barnes might have said after his bitter experience with changing the state flag \u2013 symbolism is the rat poison of good government. should government get more involved in marriage, as those on both sides of the current controversy would have it, or less? at present the states and the federal government find themselves in a cycle of ineffectiveness. washington has no power over what the states define marriage to be, but because of the defense of marriage act, signed by president clinton, which prohibits same - sex couples from the rights and protections of marriage in more than a thousand federal laws, it really doesn \u2019 t matter what the states do either. because our modern concept of marriage \u2014 unlike the egyptians \u2014 involves a certain fusion, long since blurred, between the provinces of religion and the state, we appear bound to debate state by state an issue which in some respects can only be settled congregation by congregation. nor does government at the federal or the state level have the ability to stop the steady decline in heterosexual marriage, as attested by a voluminous array of statistics on divorce, unwed mothers and single - parent households. in terms of the work hours it has to invest, government \u2019 s biggest involvement with marriage today is the administration of breakups and the management of the carnage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48393279212992846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fbdcbf83-8cf4-45a2-a5f2-a351c443e142>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.965372"}
{"text": "whenever citing a reference in the text source, it is made with its author \u2019 s surname and the year of publication is to be inserted in the text. choose from the listed below to see examples : \u2022 citing the author in the \u2022 using direct quotes \u2022 citing works by more than \u2022 citing works by three or more authors \u2022 citing a chapter of section \u2022 citing an organization \u2022 citing works by the same author written in the same year \u2022 citing secondary sources citing the author in the text dogs were the first animals to be domesticated ( sheldrake, 1999 ). if the author \u2019 s name occurs naturally in the sentence the year is given in brackets. sheldrake ( 1999 ) asserted that dogs were the first animals to be domesticated. using direct quotes if you quote directly from a source, you must insert the author \u2019 s name, date of publication and the page number of the quotation. the domestication of dogs, long predated the domestication of other animals ( sheldrake, 1999 ). citing works by more than one author if your source has two authors, you should include both names in the text. anderson and poole ( 1998 ) note that a \u201c narrow line often separates plagiarism from good scholarship. \u201d citing works by three or more authors if there are three or more authors, you should include the first named author and then add \u2018 et al. \u2019 in italics followed by a full stop. this is an abbreviation of \u2018 et alia \u2019 which means \u2018 and others \u2019 in the united states, revenue from computer games now exceeds that of movies ( kline et al., 2003 ). citing chapter or section when referring to a chapter or section which is part of a larger work, you should cite the author of the chapter not the editor of the whole work. the sea level has risen by approximately 10cm in the last 100 years ( mason, citing an organization if an organization or company ( e. g., department of health, arcadia group limited ) is named as the author of a work rather than a person, you should cite their names. make sure that you use the same version of the organizations name in both the text and list of references ( e. g., always use \u2018 department of health \u2019, don \u2019 t abbreviate to \u2018 doh \u2019 ). spain became a member of the united nations in 1955 ( united nations, 2000 ). citing secondary sources when citing secondary sources ( i. e., an author refers to a work which you have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4410879669705474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28fdbf3c-9ee8-4910-b446-26c475aed538>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.967816"}
{"text": "introduction to how colorblindness works roses are red, violets are blue - - well, bluish. the sky is blue, too. grass is green. these are things that most of us know for a fact and don ' t question. but what if you were colorblind? what would you see? is life one long black - and - white movie? in \" the wizard of oz, \" dorothy gale steps out of her black - and - white kansas farmhouse and into the color - saturated land of oz. she moves from a humdrum existence of chores and troubles to an intense fantasyland peopled with curious creatures, trading in a clapboard house for yellow brick roads, red ruby slippers and a brilliant green city of emeralds. what would her transformation have been without this rainbow of colors? color isn ' t just a component of vision. we associate color with beauty, like in a gorgeous sunset. some colors have meaning in and of themselves - - purple is for royals, red signifies passion. colors seep into our expressions - - if we ' re depressed, we say we ' re feeling blue. we ' re also \" green with envy, \" we \" see red \" and we might go \" white with fear. \" colors even have practical meaning - - red means stop, green means go. certain colors are said to help you sleep, while others make you hungry. and never underestimate the effect of a bright red dress. color is important. in this article, we ' re going to learn what the world looks like for someone who ' s colorblind.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.52128409995797, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a156e57-9605-4c4f-91cd-8c59df957cd2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.969491"}
{"text": "you have to break a few ( hundred ) eggs to make a good crystal space science news home you have to break a few ( hundred ) eggs to make a good crystal bell curve shape to crystal quality may point to best candidates for flight sept. 20, 1999 : did you ever ask the teacher to grade a tough test \" on the curve \"? what you were asking was that the grades be adjusted so that a \" c \" fell under the part of the curve where most of your classmates had scored. a few were to the left and got a d or f ; and few were to the right and got a b or an a. right : to the crystallographer, this may not be a diamond but it ' s just as priceless. a lysozyme crystal grown in orbit looks great under a microscope, but the real test is x - ray crystallography. the colors are caused by polarizing filters. links to 549x379 - pixel, 69kb jpg. credit : nasa / marshall. that ' s basically how the bell curve works. in nature, objects and events quite often can be grouped along a bell curve. in a population of adult animals, most will be around the same size. a few will be larger and a few will be smaller. \" if you talk to statisticians, \" noted dr. russell judge of the university of alabama in huntsville, \" variations within populations in nature can be described in terms of distributions. \" december 3 : mars polar lander nears touchdown december 2 : what next, leonids? november 30 : polar lander mission overview november 30 : learning how to make a clean sweep in space the question now is whether scientists can use the microgravity of space to shift the curve to the right to grow the large, nearly perfect crystals they need for molecular lock - picking, the first step in designing drugs that can treat a broad range of diseases and disorders. \" we want to determine how the growth of crystals effect their quality, \" judge said in may when nasa selected his investigation for development, \" and then take that into space to see how microgravity is enhancing the growth characteristics that lead to good crystals. from this we want to develop techniques, so that by observing crystal growth on the ground, we can predict which proteins are likely to benefit the most from microgravity crystallization. \" sign up for our express science news delivery these functions are a result not just of a chemical formula, but of structure which can be quite large ( on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5017114215861365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ca019-7b31-4e9b-8c46-9219b443a12f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.981923"}
{"text": ", we can predict which proteins are likely to benefit the most from microgravity crystallization. \" sign up for our express science news delivery these functions are a result not just of a chemical formula, but of structure which can be quite large ( on the atomic scale ) and fragile. if the shape isn ' t right, the protein cannot match up with other proteins or chemicals to do its job, just as the wrong key won ' t unlock a door. sickle cell anemia, for example, results from structural differences in the hemoglobin that carries oxygen in red blood cells. designing new treatments means designing altered proteins or other chemicals that act as a skeleton key or as a sophisticated lock pick. proteins can form crystals, generated by rows and columns of molecules that form up like soldiers on a parade ground. shining x - rays through a crystal will produce a pattern of dots that can be decoded to reveal the arrangement of the atoms in the molecules making up the crystal. like the troops in formation, uniformity and order are everything in x - ray crystallography. x - rays have much sorter wavelengths than visible light, so the best looking crystals under the microscope won ' t necessarily pass muster under x - rays. left : judge ( left ) and dr. edward snell, a national research council fellow working at nasa / marshall, inspect the sample holder in the x - ray crystallography unit. links to 600x616 - pixel, 188kb jpg, or click here for a 1207x1240 - pixel, 543kb jpg. credit : nasa / marshall. this has become an invaluable tool for understanding the structure and the function of dozens of proteins. but many proteins remain shrouded in mystery because on earth crystal imperfections are introduced by fluid flows and the settling of the crystals to the bottom of the container. this leaves internal defects that distort or blur the view of the structure. \" in order to have crystals to use for x - ray diffraction studies, \" judge said, \" you need them to be fairly large and well ordered. \" scientists also need lots of crystals since exposure to air, the process of x - raying them, and other factors destroy the crystals. getting just one perfect specimen isn ' t enough. dozens may be needed, and the quality might not be known until well into the analysis. research has heavy implications. july 1998. crystal - clear view of insulin should lead to improved therapies for diabetics growing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5565475022888015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ca019-7b31-4e9b-8c46-9219b443a12f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.982958"}
{"text": "specimen isn ' t enough. dozens may be needed, and the quality might not be known until well into the analysis. research has heavy implications. july 1998. crystal - clear view of insulin should lead to improved therapies for diabetics growing protein crystals in the microgravity of space has yielded striking results, such as determining to a fine resolution how certain molecules of insulin join so scientists can improve injectable insulin needed by diabetics. there have also been disappointments when crystals in other experiments did not grow as expected. since the 1970s, scientists have used a variety of approaches in trying to determine what leads to the growth of a large, perfect crystal. judge tried a different approach that built on results noted by researchers dating as far back as 1946. he and his team looked at the effects of concentration, temperature, and ph ( acid vs. base ) on the growth of lysozyme, a common protein in chicken egg white. lysozyme ' s structure is well known and it has become a standard in many crystallization studies on earth and in space. although lysozyme has an atomic mass of 14, 300 daltons - almost 92 times that of the ordinary sugar that many of us crystallized in elementary school science - it ' s a relative lightweight in the protein world. to exclude impurities often found in commercial lysozyme preparations, judge and his team purified lysozyme extracted from eggs obtained from a local egg farm. while one experiment run required only five dozen eggs, the full series of experiment consumed about 200 eggs. judge and his team grew the crystals in trays with small plastic wells filled with solutions containing a trace of salt to help stimulate crystal growth. temperatures ranged from 4 to 18 deg c ( 39 - 64 deg f ) and ph from 4. 0 to 5. 2 ( slightly acidic ; pure water theoretically has a ph of 7 ). judge also varied the driving force behind the crystal growth process, called supersaturation, by varying the initial concentration of protein. protein concentration must be set above a critical limit, the solubility, in order to form crystals ( below this concentrations the protein stays dissolved and never forms crystals ) left : a bell curve for lysozyme crystals produced in judge ' s experiments, and a possible shift in the curve that microgravity experiments might produce. links to 660x440 - pixel, 39kb jpg. credit : nasa / marshall. the tough part was examining each of the over 2000 wells and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5518267324291242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ca019-7b31-4e9b-8c46-9219b443a12f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.984033"}
{"text": "experiments, and a possible shift in the curve that microgravity experiments might produce. links to 660x440 - pixel, 39kb jpg. credit : nasa / marshall. the tough part was examining each of the over 2000 wells and counting the crystals. it turned out that the solution ph had the largest effect on the growth of the crystals, possibly due to changes in charges on the surface of the molecules. when solution conditions had been optimized to give a small number of large crystals, a sample of 50 crystals was withdrawn for x - ray diffraction analysis. judge hoped that when the ideal conditions were found and then applied to subsequent batches, he would be able to grow consistently large, high quality crystals of lysozyme. the expectation was that with ideal conditions, quality crystals could be cranked out as if in a factory. instead, nature put him on the curve. \" some variation is occurring there, \" judge said, \" but we haven ' t quite pinpointed the cause. \" judge got a bell curve when he measured the x - ray clarity, properly called the signal - to - noise ratio ( a radio with static has a low signal - to - noise ratio ). a graph of the number of crystals versus the signal - to - noise ratio forms a bell curve, albeit slightly skewed to one side. right : distribution of diffraction characteristics - essentially a measure of quality - for a batch of crystals approximates a bell curve. links to 875x637 - pixel, 66kb jpg. credit : nasa / marshall. \" the distribution is saying a very few crystals form perfectly in solution, \" he continued, \" and a small number are really poor. the majority of crystals are in - between. \" it ' s doubly puzzling because the crystals were grown from the same batch of lysozyme that was poured into 120 wells in the experiment tray and crystallized under the same conditions. \" we have some ideas, \" judge said, \" but we haven ' t tested them yet, so we ' re hesitant to say it might be this or that. \" the research will continue with insulin, the crucial protein that conveys sugar from the blood stream into a body ' s cells, and with glucose isomerase, a larger ( 46, 000 daltons ) protein used in industrial processes to convert glucose to a sweeter sugar called fructose. left : crystals of insulin grown in space let scientists determine the vital enzyme ' s structure and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5714610045456384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ca019-7b31-4e9b-8c46-9219b443a12f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.985087"}
{"text": "glucose isomerase, a larger ( 46, 000 daltons ) protein used in industrial processes to convert glucose to a sweeter sugar called fructose. left : crystals of insulin grown in space let scientists determine the vital enzyme ' s structure and linkages with much higher resolution that earth - grown crystals had allowed. links to 640x448 - pixel, 104kb jpg. larger format versions of these and related images are available from the nasa image exchange and using the keyword \" insulin. \" credit : nasa / marshall. \" in all of the proteins we ' re using the structure is pretty well known, \" judge added. in addition to ground - based experiments, judge hopes to conduct flight experiments in the next year or so. he would use the vapor diffusion apparatus, a device developed by the university of alabama in birmingham and well - proven in a number of space shuttle flights. \" most researchers say that crystals grown in microgravity will be better than those on the ground, \" judge said. and a number of experiments bear out that belief. \" somehow, microgravity pushes up the end of the distribution curve. \" right : crystals of glucose isomerase, a larger molecular weight protein, will be grown to see if they, too, are graded \" on the curve. \" links to 1018x749 - pixel, 365kb jpg. credit : nasa / marshall. with expected flight experiments on lysozyme, insulin and glucose isomerase, judge will have crystals grown in conditions as close as possible to the ideal conditions he had determined so far. at the same time, he will grow crystals on earth from the same mix as the flight batch and using identical hardware and conditions so that microgravity is the only variable. eventually, he hopes that his studies will lead to a tool for screening candidate proteins for flight. the effect of temperature and solution ph on the nucleation of tetragonal lysozyme crystals. biophysics journal, september 1999, p. 1585 - 1593, vol. 77, no. 3 russell a. judge, * randolph s. jacobs, # tyralynn frazier, \u00a7 edward h. snell, and \u00b6 marc l. pusey * alliance for microgravity material science and applications, nasa / marshall space flight center, huntsville, alabama 35812 ; # department of chemical engineering, university of alabama in huntsville, huntsville, alabama 35899 ; \u00a7 biochemistry department, michigan state university, east lansing, michigan 48", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.562057398121002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ca019-7b31-4e9b-8c46-9219b443a12f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.986158"}
{"text": "and applications, nasa / marshall space flight center, huntsville, alabama 35812 ; # department of chemical engineering, university of alabama in huntsville, huntsville, alabama 35899 ; \u00a7 biochemistry department, michigan state university, east lansing, michigan 48825 ; and \u00b6 biophysics sd48, nasa / marshall space flight center, huntsville, alabama 35812 usa part of the challenge of macromolecular crystal growth for structure determination is obtaining crystals with a volume suitable for x - ray analysis. in this respect an understanding of the effect of solution conditions on macromolecule nucleation rates is advantageous. this study investigated the effects of supersaturation, temperature, and ph on the nucleation rate of tetragonal lysozyme crystals. batch crystallization plates were prepared at given solution concentrations and incubated at set temperatures over 1 week. the number of crystals per well with their size and axial ratios were recorded and correlated with solution conditions. crystal numbers were found to increase with increasing supersaturation and temperature. the most significant variable, however, was ph ; crystal numbers changed by two orders of magnitude over the ph range 4. 0 - 5. 2. crystal size also varied with solution conditions, with the largest crystals obtained at ph 5. 2. having optimized the crystallization conditions, we prepared a batch of crystals under the same initial conditions, and 50 of these crystals were analyzed by x - ray diffraction techniques. the results indicate that even under the same crystallization conditions, a marked variation in crystal properties exists. more space science headlines - nasa research on the web life and microgravity sciences and applications information from nasa hq on science in space microgravity research programs office headquartered at marshall space flight center microgravity news online version of nasa ' s latest in microgravity advancements, published quarterly. join our growing list of subscribers - sign up for our express news delivery and you will receive a mail message every time we post a new story!!! for more information, please contact : | dr. john m. horack, director of science communications curator : linda porter nasa official : m. frank rose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5626268933678762, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a7ca019-7b31-4e9b-8c46-9219b443a12f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.987051"}
{"text": "freshwater drum - ( aplodinotus grunniens ) length : up to about 14 inches, although it may become quite large in rivers weight : 5 - 15 pounds, world record is 54 1 / 2 pounds coloring : gray or silvery in turbid waters, bronze - colored in clearer waters. the head is somewhat darker than the rest of the body ; the ventral portion of the fish is white. the pectoral and pelvic fins are white, but the rest of the fins are dusky. common names : sheepshead, croaker, thunder pumper, lake drum, grunt, bubbler, grinder found in lakes : all great lakes the freshwater drum is the only member of its family that lives entirely in freshwater habitats, and it has the largest native range of any sport fish in the region. drum are an important commercial crop on the mississippi river but constitute only a small portion of the commercial perch catch in lake michigan. the drum earned part of its latin name, \" grunniens \" ( meaning \" grunting \" ), by its odd grunting noises, which are produced by a special set of muscles located in the body cavity that vibrates against the swim bladder. the purpose of the noise is unknown, but only mature males develop the structure ( by the time they reach three years of age ), suggesting that it is most likely related to spawning. drums also may croak like bullfrogs when removed from the water, and scientists still don ' t know if the croaking noise is generated in the same way. identification of this fish is fairly easy. drum have two dorsal fins that are joined by a narrow membrane. the anterior fin is spiny, and the posterior fin has soft rays. the are the only fish found in wisconsin with a lateral line that extends through the caudal fin. the drum ' s otoliths are exceptionally large and look a great deal like ivory. in times past they have been worn as protective amulets, made into jewelry, and traded into areas far from the fish ' s native range ( such as utah and california ). drum are a bottom - dwelling species found in lakes and rivers ; they tolerate both clear and turbid conditions. their diet consists mainly of immature insects, crayfish, and minnows, although they may also feed on mollusks. the white, flaky flesh of the drum is tasty and has a low oil content. ( nutritional information ) when cooking, be sure that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4223812329783167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef121ba7-f769-4750-b9e3-25ccd8ef6491>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.991309"}
{"text": "assessing students ' understanding of complex systems assessing student understanding of complex thinking is quite challenging. as with assessing student learning on any topic, the first step is to identify your learning goals for your students. once you have identified learning goals, it becomes easier to choose one or more assessment tools appropriate to the task. here is a list of possible learning objectives related to students ' thinking about complex systems ( i. e., skills expected from students who exhibit complex systems thinking ). while this is in no way intended to be a comprehensive list of possible learning goals, it may help you to articulate your own list. a student who demonstrates complex systems thinking can : - identify and explain the characteristics of a complex system - describe and / or model a process where there is a feedback mechanism at work - build a model that mimics the expected behavior of the target system - identify stocks / reservoirs and flows - correctly identify positive / negative feedbacks - test a model through trial and error and comparison to real - world data - explore the possible outcomes of a system under different parameters - bridge across scales : student explanations of processes show fidelity across scales ( e. g., a student applies the concept of homeostasis at multiple levels ) - create and interpret graphical information - predict attributes of system behavior based on specific inputs or components of the system - understand that a complex system is irreducible, unpredictable, historical, nonlinear, and has emergent properties, and be able to describe what these terms mean a number of assessment tools can be used to assess students ' understanding ( or progress toward understanding ) of complex systems. a few of these tools are listed below. a concept map is a diagram with hierarchical nodes, labeled with concepts. the nodes are linked together with directional lines and are arranged from general to specific. by developing concept maps, students literally illustrate their understanding of a complex system. this method can be used for summative or formative assessment, and has the benefit of highlighting any misconceptions. students can develop and run physical or computer models to gain an understanding of how a system works. the choices a student makes in developing a model ( what components of the system to include, how they are linked, and so on ), along with how the student explains his or her choices, illustrate that student ' s understanding of the system in question. their ability to explain the behavior of the model ( describe the outcomes given different inputs, find patterns in the output, etc. ) offers further opportunity for assessment. this method can be employed for summative or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5766682768756612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e8b8aa5-69b0-451f-a0f1-f733ed427b6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.996915"}
{"text": "s understanding of the system in question. their ability to explain the behavior of the model ( describe the outcomes given different inputs, find patterns in the output, etc. ) offers further opportunity for assessment. this method can be employed for summative or formative assessment ( or both ). an understanding of graphical representations of data is an essential component of data analysis. students can demonstrate their understanding of complex systems by interpreting graphical data illustrating the relationships between system variables. this method can be employed for summative or formative assessment ( or both ). for more information about using graphs in the classroom, see the starting point web pages on describing and analyzing graphs. assessing students ' thinking processes much frustration can be avoided by engaging in formative assessment : assessing student learning during the learning process. one way to do this is to incorporate several \" checkpoints \" in each teaching activity or assignment where you ask students to articulate what the results are and how they got there. this serves two functions : 1 ) it exposes misconceptions or misapplications at an early stage, and 2 ) it requires students to think about what they are doing and why - - and whether their progress makes sense in the context of what they know or expect. this opens up the realm of metacognition, wherein students think specifically about their own learning and engage in self - monitoring and self - regulatory behavior. research demonstrates that metacognition improves learning ( lovett, 2008 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5572698858870967, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e8b8aa5-69b0-451f-a0f1-f733ed427b6e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:03.997554"}
{"text": "many people think that a robot : - is not ' natural ' / was made by man. - can see, hear or feel. - can do a job / useful work. - is intelligent, or can make choices. - can be programmed to do different things. - can move. - seems to have a life of its own, like an animate object. - is roughly the same shape as a human. people have been interested in building machines to do work for us for a long time. but it takes time and money to build just one machine, so early ideas stayed ideas, or were built to make rich people laugh. leonardo da vinci designed a man - shaped machine to look like a knight in 1464. it would be controlled with ropes and wheels. other engineers and dreamers drew mechanical men. so in 1920, karel capek wrote a novel about them, and he used a word from czech that is connected with ' work ' : robot. but the most successful robot designs in the 1900 ' s were not made to look like people. they were designed for their use. george devol made the first of these, the unimate, in 1954, and general motors bought it in 1960. the next year, it started work in a factory in new jersey. the engineers could program it, and reprogram it if they had to. modern robots [ change ] robots now have many uses. many factories use robots to do lots of hard work quickly and without many mistakes. these are ' industrial ' robots. the military uses robots to find and get rid of bombs. if someone makes a mistake, the robot is damaged or destroyed, which is better than a person being killed. there are also robots that help at home, to vacuum or cut grass, for example. such robots must learn about the area of work. there are two robots on mars. because it takes a long time to send a signal from earth to mars, the robots do much of their work alone, without commands from earth. people still think of robots as having a shape like a person \u2014 two legs, two arms, and a head. asimo is one robot that is helping scientists learn how to design and program robots. it can walk, which is not easy to program. eastern and western views [ change ] eastern thoughts on robots [ change ] roughly half of all the robots in the world are in asia, 32 % in europe, and 16 % in north america, 1 % in australasia and 1 % in africa. 30 % of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47030894141157176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f6ca1ad-49bf-450a-a1db-c5d67c6adfbe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.004081"}
{"text": "change ] eastern thoughts on robots [ change ] roughly half of all the robots in the world are in asia, 32 % in europe, and 16 % in north america, 1 % in australasia and 1 % in africa. 30 % of all the robots in the world are in japan. japan has the most robots of any country in the world, and is the leader in the world robotics industry. japan is actually said to be the robotic capital of the world. in japan and south korea, ideas of future robots have been mainly positive. the positive reception of robots there may be partly because of the famous cartoon robot, ' astroboy '. china expressed views on robotics that are similar to those of japan and south korea, but china is behind both america and europe in robotic development. the east asian view is that robots should be roughly equal to humans. they feel robots could care for old people, teach children, or serve as assistants. the popular opinion of east asia is that it would be good for robots to become more popular and more advanced. this view is opposite to the popular western view. \" this is the opening of an era in which human beings and robots can co - exist, \" says japanese firm mitsubishi about one of the many human - like robots in japan. the south korean ministry of information and communication has predicted that every south korean household will have a robot by between 2015 and 2020. in this sense, people in japan are much more likely to be affected by technosexuality, as they are much more exposed to robots in their society. south korea aims to put a robot in every house there by 2015 - 2020 in order to help catch up technologically with japan. this will obviously have an impact on the technosexuality of south korea. china, like south korea, wishes to catch up with japan, and has been developing robots very quickly. after china becomes more developed, and each person has more money to view the media, where robots could be seen, or to buy robots, as is happening in japan and south korea, technosexuality will probably rise there too, when considering the current opinions of the people of robots. with a limited number of robots in the rest of the world away from japan, and even in japan too, movies and literature are the where most of the technosexuality will be towards. futuristic images / descriptions or robots may encourage technosexuality. at the moment, there are not that many real human - like robots in the world. the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46731391538609907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f6ca1ad-49bf-450a-a1db-c5d67c6adfbe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.005015"}
{"text": "literature are the where most of the technosexuality will be towards. futuristic images / descriptions or robots may encourage technosexuality. at the moment, there are not that many real human - like robots in the world. the most human - like robot in the world, ' actroid ', made by japanese company ' kokoro ' a division of ' sanrio ', is a good example of the target for technosexuality. western thoughts on robots [ change ] western societies are more likely to be against, or even fear the development of robotics, through much media output in movies and literature that they will replace humans. the west regards robots as a ' threat ' to the future of humans, which is also muchly due to religious influence of the abrahamic religions, in which creating machines that can think for themselves would almost be playing god. obviously, these boundaries are not clear, but there is a significant difference between the two ideologies. robot laws [ change ] the writer isaac asimov told many stories about robots who had three robot laws to keep them safe, as well as to keep humans safe from them. - a robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. - a robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the first law. - a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first or second law. these were not used in real life when he invented them. however, in today ' s world robots are more complicated, and one day real laws may be needed, much like isaac asimov ' s original three laws. these laws are talked about in the megaman video games. other pages [ change ] other websites [ change ] | wikimedia commons has media related to : robots | - research societies - ieee robotics and automation society ( ras ) and its wiki. - international foundation of robotics research ( ifrr ) - robotics at the open directory project - http : / / robots. net \u2013 daily news about robots, robotics, and ai - a brief history of robotics - a giant list of known robots - nasa and robots - nasa robotics division - international federation of robotics - should we be worried by the rise of robots? - podcast ' talking robots ' - interviews with high - profile professionals in robotics and artificial intelligence - french collection of toy robot - introduction to robotics - robot world news - robot news, robot tutorials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4647417550172702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f6ca1ad-49bf-450a-a1db-c5d67c6adfbe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.005936"}
{"text": "- should we be worried by the rise of robots? - podcast ' talking robots ' - interviews with high - profile professionals in robotics and artificial intelligence - french collection of toy robot - introduction to robotics - robot world news - robot news, robot tutorials, robot videos and robot chatbox - robot news, theory of robotics - list of robots - brandweek : even robot suicide is no laughing matter - robots today and tomorrow : ifr presents the 2007 world robotics statistics survey ; world robotics ; 2007 - 10 - 29 ; retrieved on 2007 - 12 - 14 - reporting by watanabe, hiroaki ; writing and additional reporting by negishi, mayumi ; editing by norton, jerry ; japan ' s robots slug it out to be world champ ; reuters ; 2007 - 12 - 02 ; retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 01 - lewis, leo ; the robots are running riot! quick, bring out the red tape ; timesonline ; 2007 - 04 - 06 ; retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 02 - biglione, kirk ; the secret to japan ' s robot dominance ; planet tokyo ; 2006 - 01 - 24 ; retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 02 - domestic robot to debut in japan ; bbc news ; 2005 - 08 - 30 ; retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 02 - robotic age poses ethical dilemma ; bbc news ; 2007 - 03 - 07 ; retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 02 ; - chamberlain, ted ; photo in the news : ultra - lifelike robot debuts in japan ; national geographic news ; 2005 - 06 - 10 ; retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 02 - yang, jeff ; asian pop robot nation why japan, and not america, is likely to be the world ' s first cyborg society ; sfgate ; 2005 - 08 - 25 ; retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 02 - spencer, richard ( 2007 - 03 - 08 ). \" s korea devises ' robot ethics charter ' \". the telegraph. http : / / www. telegraph. co. uk / news / worldnews / 1544936 / s - korea - devises - robot - ethics - charter. html. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 27.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43355520842434614, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f6ca1ad-49bf-450a-a1db-c5d67c6adfbe>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.006677"}
{"text": "the modern olympics 1932 - - los angeles, the united states of america 1, 408 athletes, 37 nations despite the stock market crash of 1929, los angeles put on a impressive show for 1932 games and still ended up with a million - dollar surplus. attendance was low because many other countries did not even have the money to participate in the games. the american team dominated the competition. for olympic posters many new innovations were showcased at the games. the first olympic village was built and every athlete was housed, fed and transported for less than $ 2 a day. the village included a hospital, library, post office, barber shop, cinema, and dining rooms. since los angeles athlete villages have been the norm at the olympic games. electric - photo timing, the victory stand, and the playing of the national anthems were also introduced in los angeles. duncan mcnaughton won a gold medal in the high jump and horace \" lefty \" gwynne placed first in bantamweight boxing. canada ' s other medals came from track and field, wrestling, rowing and yachting events. canadians were disappointed when their female athletes were outclassed and did not repeat the success they had in amsterdam. hilda strike of montreal won two silver medals in track after coming second to stella walsh from poland. when walsh was shot and killed years later an autopsy showed \" she \" was actually a man. if a sex - test had been used in 1932 strike would have won gold. a sex - test was not introduced at the olympics until 1968. before the 1968 games several world - class athletes suddenly retired indicating that walsh was probably not the only man who ever tried to pass as a female athlete. gold 2, silver 5, bronze 8 previous olympics - 1908 - 1952 photos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38765416108593453, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c982bba6-a606-49ab-91e7-3ebe35d68faa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.008293"}
{"text": "12 feb 13 biodiversity is a recent word. it was used for the first time in washington in 1986 by an entomologist ( edward o. wilson ) and can be a misunderstood topic. in actual fact it should be a simple concept, because at its essence, it signifies nature, life itself, and the diversity of life on many levels - from the smallest and most basic ( genes - the building blocks of life ) to animal and plant species, up to the most complex levels ( ecosystems ). all these levels intersect and influence each other and each other \u2019 s evolution. studies from the university of stanford have compared the species and varieties of an ecosystem to rivets that hold an airplane together. if we remove the rivets, for a while nothing will happen and the airplane will continue to operate. but little by little the structure will weaken and, at a certain point, just removing one rivet will cause the plane to crash. in the history of the planet, everything has a beginning and an end, and in every era, many species have become extinct. but never at the horrifying rate of recent years, one that is a thousand times greater than previous eras. this summer after a thorough study of many years, the prestigious university of exeter in england declared that the earth is undergoing its sixth mass extinction ( with the fifth, 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs disappeared ). yet there is a substantial difference between this and the extinctions of the past : the cause. for the first time man is responsible. man continues to destroy rainforests, cement the land, pollute waters and grounds with chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and accumulate plastic in the oceans. and he insists on excluding the earth \u2019 s last custodians : those small - scale farmers, shepherds and fishers that know and respect the fragile equilibrium of nature. slow food started its work with biodiversity in 1997 and our foot in the door - that since the beginning has given us a unique perspective - was food. if biodiversity disappears what will happen to our food? together with the plants and wild animals, the plants domesticated by man, breeds selected ( for milk or meat ) will also disappear. according to the fao, 75 % of plant varieties have been irreversibly lost. in the usa the figure is 95 %. today 60 % of the world \u2019 s food is based on three cereals : wheat, rice and corn. not on the thousands of rice varieties selected by farmers that once were cultivated in india and china,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5562437747371554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1064cefa-1437-44d0-b113-bfb9248a916b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.014287"}
{"text": "in the usa the figure is 95 %. today 60 % of the world \u2019 s food is based on three cereals : wheat, rice and corn. not on the thousands of rice varieties selected by farmers that once were cultivated in india and china, or on the thousands of varieties of corn that were grown in mexico, but on the few hybrid varieties selected and sold to farmers by a handful of multinationals. slow food \u2019 s first intuition was this : look after domestic biodiversity. meaning not just the panda or the seal, but also the gascon chicken and the alpago lamb ; not just the edelweiss, but also the violet asparagus from albenga. but not just this. we became interested in taste and the knowledge connected to it, and traditional techniques of breeding, growing, and processing. and this led us to our second intuition : on our ark of taste \u2013 a catalogue of products to save \u2013 we have also included transformed foods : breads, cheese, cured meats, sweets. because this is also biodiversity. once we had identified our field of action, how did we work? we linked diverse worlds that normally didn \u2019 t interact : farmers, cooks, veterinarians, journalists \u2026 in order to achieve two objectives : 1 \u2013 help small - scale farmers : to save a breed, we didn \u2019 t start from genetic selection ; to save an apple variety, we didn \u2019 t start from a collection of varieties. instead, we began by seeking out the shepherds that bred that certain breed, the farmers that still cultivated that apple, and we went and spoke to them. with this crucial step, the presidia project was launched, that today is supporting producers in every corner of the world. 2 \u2013 raise awareness about biodiversity : we need to work with producers and experts, but also with schools, journalists, restaurant and so on. we need to write and tell these stories of producers with every tool at our disposal, because these themes transcend university lecture halls and scientific institutions, and become the heritage of us all. biodiversity can \u2019 t be saved by scientists alone, nor by the powerful of the world, because it is of no interest to the market. and it \u2019 s probable that noah won \u2019 t be arriving with his ark. this battle, therefore, is one that needs to be taken up by us, together with all the people we manage to involve, on our lands, every day - with our ark of taste, presidia, earth markets, community and school gardens, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47471081565802287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1064cefa-1437-44d0-b113-bfb9248a916b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.015324"}
{"text": "therefore, is one that needs to be taken up by us, together with all the people we manage to involve, on our lands, every day - with our ark of taste, presidia, earth markets, community and school gardens, and the thousands of other ideas still to come. because the battle to save biodiversity isn \u2019 t like any other battle. it \u2019 s the battle for the life of our planet. slow food foundation for biodiversity general secretary search the slow stories archive latest slow stories italy | 20 / 05 / 2013 | buzzword, fad or innovative philosophy? a unisg master \u2019 s student sheds some light on the natural wine... mexico | 17 / 05 / 2013 | a massive wind farm development threatens the environment and livelihood of indigenous fishers and farmers in... united states | 16 / 05 / 2013 | slow food usa reconnects around local food at their 2013 national leadership conference from today in new... italy | 15 / 05 / 2013 | fao and slow food agree today to a three - year plan to develop joint actions to improve biodiversity and the... italy | 14 / 05 / 2013 | the problems and possible solutions to the massive overfishing of small fish for use as animal feed around...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4860028130725702, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1064cefa-1437-44d0-b113-bfb9248a916b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.015820"}
{"text": "giant chipmaker intel has a new baby born from the one laptop per child project called the studybook, a rugged tablet pc meant for use by students of all ages in developing countries in the middle east, asia and africa. scientific american wednesday reported that computer makers in participating countries will make the intel studybook, and students at the nearest schools will use the tablets, a manufacturing system that will dramatically reduce the cost per unit. the studybook will have a 17. 8 - centimeter multi - touch lcd screen about the size of an amazon kindle fire. it has basic front and rear cameras with 0. 3 - and 2 - megapixel capacities, a microphone, one gigabyte of memory, and 22 gigabytes of storage. the intel tablet \u2014 its low cost notwithstanding \u2014 will also be equipped with an accelerometer and light sensor. and since the studybook is primarily meant for use by students in all conceivable environments, one of its best features is its sturdiness. made from a single piece of plastic, the studybook frame contains a rubber gasket seat for its screen, making the tablet waterproof. the sturdy plastic construction allows the studybook to absorb a 70 - centimeter or 2 - foot drop without breaking. intel \u2019 s wayne grant, director for research and planning for the chipmaker \u2019 s education market platforms group, said the tablet can also connect to networks via wi - fi, 3g or bluetooth, and current models now run on windows 7 os. grant said in a few months, versions that run on google \u2019 s android operating system would be available, depending on schedules announced by the various participating manufacturers. the tablet will likely cost around $ 200 \u2013 $ 300 each, a clear third of the price of other tablets in the market today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4499777504336735, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:175319d2-4777-471b-ba4a-b52f202797bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.017544"}
{"text": "the potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial solanum tuberosum of the solanaceae family ( also known as the nightshades ). the word potato may refer to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. in the region of the andes, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. potatoes were first introduced outside the andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of much of the world \u2019 s cuisine. it is the world \u2019 s fourth - largest food crop, following rice, wheat, and maize. long - term storage of potatoes requires specialised care in cold warehouses. wild potato species occur throughout the americas, from the united states to uruguay. the potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently in multiple locations, but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the area of present - day southern peru ( from a species in the solanum brevicaule complex ), where they were domesticated 7, 000 \u2013 10, 000 years ago. following centuries of selective breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes. of these subspecies, a variety that at one point grew in thechiloe archipelago ( the potato \u2019 s south - central chilean sub - center of origin ) left its germplasm on over 99 % of the cultivated potatoes worldwide. following the spanish conquest of the inca empire, the spanish introduced the potato to europe in the second half of the 16th century. the staple was subsequently conveyed by european mariners to territories and ports throughout the world. the potato was slow to be adopted by distrustful european farmers, but soon enough it became an important food staple and field crop that played a major role in the european 19th century population boom. however, lack of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. in 1845, a plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus - like oomycete phytophthora infestans, spread rapidly through the poorer communities of western ireland, resulting in the crop failures that led to the great irish famine. nonetheless, thousands of varieties persist in the andes, where over 100 cultivars might be found in a single valley, and a dozen or more might be maintained by a single agricultural household. the annual diet of an average global citizen in the first decade of the 21st century included about 33 kg ( 73 lb ) of potato. however, the local importance of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5099877291741275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:424c1a04-3abb-4758-92ae-65b6243c4b74>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.023875"}
{"text": "single valley, and a dozen or more might be maintained by a single agricultural household. the annual diet of an average global citizen in the first decade of the 21st century included about 33 kg ( 73 lb ) of potato. however, the local importance of potato is extremely variable and rapidly changing. it remains an essential crop in europe ( especially eastern and central europe ), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern asia. china is now the world \u2019 s largest potato - producing country, and nearly a third of the world \u2019 s potatoes are harvested in china and india. the english word potato comes from spanish patata ( the name used in spain ). the spanish royal academy says the spanish word is a compound of the taino batata ( sweet potato ) and the quechua papa ( potato ). the name potato originally referred to a type of sweet potato rather than the other way around, although there is actually no close relationship between the two plants. the english confused the two plants one for the other. in many of the chronicles detailing agriculture and plants, no distinction is made between the two. the 16th - century english herbalist john gerard used the terms \u201c bastard potatoes \u201d and \u201c virginia potatoes \u201d for this species, and referred to sweet potatoes as \u201c common potatoes \u201d. potatoes are occasionally referred to as \u201c irish potatoes \u201d or \u201c white potatoes \u201d in the united states, to distinguish them from sweet potatoes. the name spud for a small potato comes from the digging of soil ( or a hole ) prior to the planting of potatoes. the word has an unknown origin and was originally ( c. 1440 ) used as a term for a short knife or dagger, probably related to dutch spyd and / or the latin \u201c spad - \u201d root meaning \u201c sword \u201d ; cf. spanish \u201c espada \u201d, english \u201c spade \u201d and \u201c spadroon \u201d. the word spud traces back to the 16th century. it subsequently transferred over to a variety of digging tools. around 1845 it transferred over to the tuber itself. the origin of \u201c spud \u201d has erroneously been attributed to a 19th century activist group dedicated to keeping the potato out of britain, calling itself the society for the prevention of an unwholesome diet. it was mario pei \u2019 s 1949 the story of language that can be blamed for the false origin. pei writes, \u201c the potato, for its part, was in disrepute some centuries ago. some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44292473586599274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:424c1a04-3abb-4758-92ae-65b6243c4b74>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.024831"}
{"text": "of an unwholesome diet. it was mario pei \u2019 s 1949 the story of language that can be blamed for the false origin. pei writes, \u201c the potato, for its part, was in disrepute some centuries ago. some englishmen who did not fancy potatoes formed a society for the prevention of unwholesome diet. the initials of the main words in this title gave rise to spud. \u201d like most other pre - 20th century acronymic origins, this one is false. there are about five thousand potato varieties worldwide. three thousand of them are found in the andes alone, mainly in peru, bolivia, ecuador, chile, and colombia. they belong to eight or nine species, depending on the taxonomic school. apart from the five thousand cultivated varieties, there are about 200 wild species and subspecies, many of which can be cross - bred with cultivated varieties, which has been done repeatedly to transfer resistances to certain pests and diseases from the gene pool of wild species to the gene pool of cultivated potato species. genetically modified varieties have met public resistance in the united states and in the european union. the major species grown worldwide is solanum tuberosum ( a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes ), and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated. there are also four diploid species ( with 24 chromosomes ) : s. stenotomum, s. phureja, s. goniocalyx, and s. ajanhuiri. there are two triploid species ( with 36 chromosomes ) : s. chaucha and s. juzepczukii. there is one pentaploid cultivated species ( with 60 chromosomes ) : s. curtilobum. there are two major subspecies of solanum tuberosum : andigena, or andean ; and tuberosum, or chilean. the andean potato is adapted to the short - day conditions prevalent in the mountainous equatorial and tropical regions where it originated. the chilean potato, native to the chiloe archipelago, is adapted to the long - day conditions prevalent in the higher latitude region of southern chile. the international potato center, based in lima, peru, holds an iso - accredited collection of potato germplasm. the international potato genome sequencing consortium announced in 2009 that they had achieved a draft sequence of the potato genome. the potato genome contains 12 chromosomes and 860 million base pairs making it a medium - sized plant genome. above 99 percent of all current varietiesof potatoes currently grown are direct descendants of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47102485434615504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:424c1a04-3abb-4758-92ae-65b6243c4b74>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.025792"}
{"text": "in 2009 that they had achieved a draft sequence of the potato genome. the potato genome contains 12 chromosomes and 860 million base pairs making it a medium - sized plant genome. above 99 percent of all current varietiesof potatoes currently grown are direct descendants of a subspecies that once grew in the lowlands of south - central chile. nonetheless, genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species affirms that all potato subspecies derive from a single origin in the area of present - day southern peru ( from a species in the solanum brevicaule complex ) most modern potatoes grown in north america arrived through european settlement and not independently from the south american sources. however, at least one wild potato species, solanum fendleri, is found as far north as texas and used in breeding for resistance to a nematode species that attacks cultivated potatoes. a secondary center of genetic variability of the potato is mexico, where important wild species that have been used extensively in modern breeding are found, such as the hexaploid solanum demissum, as a source of resistance to the devastating late blight disease. another relative native to this region, solanum bulbocastanum, has been used to genetically engineer the potato to resist potato blight. potatoes yield abundantly with little effort, and adapt readily to diverse climates as long as the climate is cool and moist enough for the plants to gather sufficient water from the soil to form the starchy tubers. potatoes do not keep very well in storage and are vulnerable to molds that feed on the stored tubers, quickly turning them rotten. by contrast, grain can be stored for several years without much risk of rotting. if you require a high quality printout of this article, just click on the printer symbol next to \u2019 share and enjoy \u2019, and we will do the rest. this site is hosted by ( click on the graphic for more information ) return from potato to home page if you want to increase your site popularity and gain thousands of visitors \u2013 check out these sites they are free. spanishchef more than doubled its \u2018 new visitors \u2019 last month simply by signing up to these sites :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45027656959557794, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:424c1a04-3abb-4758-92ae-65b6243c4b74>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.026708"}
{"text": "according to news reports, the recent heat wave in california resulted in about 150 deaths. the united nations \u2019 intergovernmental panel on climate change predicts that global warming will exacerbate the problem dramatically, doubling or tripling the number of heat - related fatalities in north american cities in the next decade. the un is dead wrong, because it assumes what climate researchers call the \u201c stupid people hypothesis \u201d : that people will simply sit around and fry to death without doing anything to beat the heat. global warming or not, our cities are warming, and will continue to do so. sprawling masonry and blacktop retain heat, and the density of urban construction prevents wind from cooling it off. ( here in d. c., there \u2019 s an additional warming effect : waste heat from all the money changing hands. ) but heat and heat - related deaths are not synonymous. in fact, in several refereed papers published in recent years, my virginia colleague robert davis and i demonstrated that heat - related deaths have, in aggregate, declined significantly as our cities have warmed. in fact, in a statistical sense, we have completely engineered heat - related mortality out of several of our urban cores, particularly in eastern cities like philadelphia. considering every decade of mortality data at once is misleading ; examining it decade - by - decade is more informative. when looked at sequentially, the data reveals a remarkable adaptation : as cities have warmed, the \u201c threshold \u201d temperatures at which mortality begins to increase have also risen \u2014 more than the temperatures of the cities. for example, in philadelphia in the 1960s, mortality began to increase once the high temperature exceeded 83 degrees. in the 1970s, the mortality threshold rose to the low 90s. in the last decade, there has been little evidence for any threshold at which mortality increases. in other words, people have adapted to their changing climate. how? instead of simmering, people buy air conditioning. every level of government warns of the danger of excessive exposure to heat, and people seek out cooler places. social adaptation can take place very quickly. in mid - july 1995, over 500 people died from an intense weekend heat wave in chicago. research by university of illinois climatologist michael palecki, published in the bulletin of the american meteorological society in 2001, shows that a 1999 chicago heat wave of comparable intensity resulted in only 15 percent as many deaths. this summer \u2019 s heat is a bit unusual. usually, when it \u2019 s very hot in the eastern u. s., temperatures are normal or below average in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48932825666945134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cc090fe-4c5a-497d-85d8-8ab810906aec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.030442"}
{"text": "1999 chicago heat wave of comparable intensity resulted in only 15 percent as many deaths. this summer \u2019 s heat is a bit unusual. usually, when it \u2019 s very hot in the eastern u. s., temperatures are normal or below average in the west, or vice - versa. this year it \u2019 s hot everywhere. is history repeating itself, or is global warming at work? it \u2019 s hard to say. several summers in the 1930s were known for intense heat across the nation. nineteen - thirty was a scorcher : in rural virginia, far from washington \u2019 s sprawl, people suffered a total of 21 triple - digit days. even with the excess heat contributed by the growth of the city, washington currently averages only one 100 degree day per year. the fact is that we cannot completely discriminate between repetitive history and prospective warming when it comes to a single summer. the better place to look for warming is in the winter. greenhouse - effect theory predicts that the coldest temperatures of winter will rise much more sharply than the hottest ones of summer. and indeed, for the last several decades, winter \u2019 s lows have warmed out of proportion to summer \u2019 s highs. all of which illustrates the complexity of global warming. would people accept \u2014 even welcome? \u2014 climate change that greatly alleviated winter discomfort at the cost of slightly higher summer temperatures? clearly, people have adapted to the heat. the evidence shows that, the warmer the city, the more quickly its residents adapt. heat - related deaths are increasing in only one major american city : chilly seattle. san francisco and los angeles, two other cities that are relatively cool in the summer compared to those to their east, show no change in mortality. as the un \u2019 s climatologists should recognize, heat waves are dangerous when they are rare and unexpected, because people are unfamiliar with them and slow to take appropriate actions to minimize their exposure. as heat waves become more common, we will simply be better prepared for them and incorporate them into our daily lives and routines \u2014 just as the people of phoenix and dallas and houston and new orleans do, every summer day. because they \u2019 re not stupid.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4765636361026703, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cc090fe-4c5a-497d-85d8-8ab810906aec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.031283"}
{"text": "britain has, at least going by ministerial statements, apparently grasped the difference between arranged marriages, which are part of the indian cultural tradition, and forced marriages, unjustifiable from any standpoint. yet it is a challenging task to tackle the problem of forced marriages. according to the british reckoning, the figures for this sordid practice are around 3, 000 per year. unofficial estimates suggest that the tally may be even higher. most victims are known to be women aged between 15 and 24. another 15 - 20 per cent of cases involve young men. about 65 per cent of known cases involve those of pakistani origin, another 25 per cent are of bangladeshi origin, and the rest are of indian or various african and eastern european origins. individual stories are heart - rending, with many of the \u2018 husbands \u2019 extraordinarily violent and abusive to the victims. the british government and parliament have now begun taking this issue seriously. the foreign and commonwealth office ( fco ) has put up a website on this problem of forced marriages, giving links to groups and helplines run by people, including former victims, who have specific experience in the field. annually, the fco \u2019 s forced marriage unit website receives about 5, 000 inquiries and currently helps about 400 victims ; some british diplomatic missions abroad have taken victims into safe custody for repatriation to the united kingdom. legislation raises awkward issues. although forced marriage itself is not a british criminal offence, the violent actions that often ensue are criminal offences, and any non - consensual sex is of course rape. many victims have pointed out that they would not have been forced into marriage by their parents had forcible marriage been made a criminal offence. yet there is the concern that if the practice is made a criminal offence, it would not be eliminated but only go underground, preventing legal action against this abhorrent trend. hence the british government has proceeded cautiously in this regard. the english forced marriages ( civil protection ) act 2007 is only a civil measure. but the pressure to take firm action is building. visa regulations for young married people from abroad joining british spouses have been tightened. the british parliament \u2019 s home affairs select committee has suggested that the subjects of forced marriages and honour killings be made a compulsory part of the sex and relationships curriculum in schools. other agencies in the u. k. are now becoming aware of this problem. but this awareness must translate into concerted efforts to stop forced marriages, which are nothing but the criminal abuse of hapless women. 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4367293306381604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0095fff2-a205-4d2c-8382-6f40c8021d1a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.033767"}
{"text": "tooth decay prevalent among alaska native children sep 23, 2011, 7 : 36 a. m. by yereth rosen anchorage, alaska ( reuters ) - native alaskan children living in remote villages have rates of tooth decay about four times the national average, a government study showed. lack of fluoridated water and an abundance of sugary, carbonated soda pop were the major reasons cited in the research that tracked dental health of children in the mostly yupik eskimo region of southwestern alaska. dr. brad whistler, alaska state oral health director and a co - author of the study, said children need major dental work. \" when they smile, you see a lot of silver teeth, \" he said. such severe decay sets up children to have serious dental problems as adults, whistler said. one reason for the high level of tooth decay is poor water - system infrastructure in many alaska native villages, which prevents the fluoridation of drinking water that has helped lower rates of tooth decay. in some villages that were part of the study, residents must haul water home from central pumps, he said. even those places with more sophisticated systems are likely to lack fluoride in drinking water, because few qualified technicians are available to work in such far - flung locations and install the necessary equipment. the other major problem is the erosion of the traditional native diet with the introduction of food laden with sugar, whistler said. the study, by the federal centers for disease control and the alaska department of health and social services, analyzed 2008 dental records and habits of 348 children between the ages of four and 15. ( editing by alex dobuzinskis and cynthia johnston )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43716584677634596, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4759913c-8438-40ae-a72f-7bb00cf046b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.035393"}
{"text": "how to do just that particularly in the virgin islands was on display tuesday at good hope school as the st. croix environmental association sponsored its second environmental science career expo in partnership with the v. i. network of environmental educators. the goal of the event was to enable middle school and high school students to learn about the career path choices, work experience and skills required to attain jobs in science and technological fields with representatives from private enterprises, government and nonprofit agencies participated. \u201c we want to get kids excited about science. we live on a small piece of land and are surrounded by the ocean and we have to take care of it, \u201d said st. croix environmental association spokeswoman lynnea roberts. \u201c beyond that, we want kids to be excited about college and going to study science, \u201d she said. \u201c there is a lot of science going on around the island that is sort of undercover and a lot of people don \u2019 t know about it. \u201d roberts said she hopes to put on two more of these career fairs later this year at both central and complex high schools. marcia taylor of the university of the virgin islands \u2019 center for marine and environmental studies said she was there to recruit the future. \u201c we want more young people going into careers related to the marine environment, \u201d taylor said. \u201c we want to get more local students trained so they can take the jobs here in their home. \u201d \u201c there are a lot of opportunities down here and it would be great if people that lived here could benefit from that, \u201d taylor said. she said graduates of the program, if they \u2019 ve wanted to stay and work in the territory, have had success in finding careers here. she also noted the same marine issues roberts mentioned \u2014 overfishing and ocean acidification. she said future job prospects in these fields would be plentiful for those interested in learning how to manage those problems and mitigate the effects of them, especially as they pertain to the v. i. coral reef systems. \u201c there are more federal dollars being spent down here because we realize we \u2019 re on the brink of losing an incredible resource. there \u2019 s more grants related to that, more people studying it and that \u2019 s an area where there \u2019 s more money being pumped in all the time. \u201d as students wandered from booth to booth learning about the work of those participating organizations, some teachers were even collaborating with agency representatives in the hopes of doing hands on work inside the classroom at a later date. leila muller of the v. i. energy office and teacher sarah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4201000357069118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:856f7292-cbb4-4f99-891f-b70d8fb34f56>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.039351"}
{"text": "booth to booth learning about the work of those participating organizations, some teachers were even collaborating with agency representatives in the hopes of doing hands on work inside the classroom at a later date. leila muller of the v. i. energy office and teacher sarah christiansen of az academy were just one example as they were planning renewable energy demonstrations for christiansen \u2019 s fifth - and eighth - grade science students. \u201c this is the future, right here, \u201d christiansen said, pointing at some solar energy demonstrations. \u201c kids need to know what the future is going to be like and need to prepare for the future and what types of jobs and careers will be available. \u201d muller said, \u201c we \u2019 re also going to be doing more sustainable buildings and green buildings, \u201d adding that \u2019 s where the future is. \u201c and we want the young minds to know what opportunities there are in the field of energy. \u201d az academy sophomores conrad yanez and rick beggs said they came away from the event with more environmental knowledge of how to protect st. croix and with a possible goal to attain in the future. \u201c i might be interested in the science part of it, \u201d beggs said. \u201c maybe one day i \u2019 ll come up with a new way to protect corals. \u201d \u201c i think i might be a marine biologist, maybe mangroves or something like that, \u201d yanez added. \u201c i like working in places like salt river. it \u2019 s pretty interesting. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4439597638170646, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:856f7292-cbb4-4f99-891f-b70d8fb34f56>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.040084"}
{"text": "elements | blogs wednesday, september 7, 2011 is there oxygen in space? yes, this summer astronomers using the herschel telescope identified oxygen molecules in space. they found these molecules in the orion nebula, 1, 344 light years away. oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe. until now, scientists have only seen individual oxygen atoms in space. we do not breathe individual oxygen atoms, but rather oxygen molecules. ( a molecule is a group of atoms banded together and it is the smallest unit of chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. ) oxygen molecules make up 20 % of the air we breathe. scientists theorize that the oxygen molecules were locked up in water ice that... thursday, march 10, 2011 i ' m atoms ( scientific cover of jason mraz ' s i ' m yours ) here in chicago it has been gray for the last three weeks \u2013 no sun, just melting snow and rain. this song made our day. it has sunshine, great music and atoms! the lyrics include fabulous lines such as : \u201c atoms bond together to form molecules most of what \u2019 s surrounding me and you \u2026 \u201d this science verse has been set to the music of jason mraz \u2019 s \u201c i \u2019 m yours \u201d. this is a must watch! saturday, february 26, 2011 the deep carbon observatory here at supersmart carbon, we love learning about carbon. apparently, we are not alone. there is a project being launched called the deep carbon observatory that is being funded by the alfred p. sloan foundation. the purpose of this group is to study carbon deep inside the earth. carbon makes up somewhere from 0. 7 % to 3. 2 % of the earth \u2019 s elements. we know that there is carbon trapped under the earth \u2019 s crust, but we don \u2019 t know how much. the deep carbon observatory is going to study how much carbon there is in the earth and what happens to it. another question is what form is the... friday, february 25, 2011 where does gas come from? carbon! ( we always love it when the answer is carbon. ) the gas we use to power our cars comes from decomposing organic matter. what does that mean? all life has carbon in it - - this includes everything living from you and me to zebras, tapeworms, tulips and seaweed. since all living things have carbon in them, they are referred to as organic matter. non - organic matter includes things like rocks, water and metals. when something organic dies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5803926651673219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5177112-be1e-4086-9d85-858522f9c4b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.043031"}
{"text": "tutorials - grants workshop resources for history & social studies teachers resources and links compiled and annotated by salem in history staff. franklin and eleanor roosevelt institution grants franklin d. roosevelt presidential library and museum the roosevelt presidential library provides grants of up to $ 2500 for research in their archives on the roosevelt era. see website for application and deadlines. this page of the h - net website includes a listing of upcoming grant deadlines. grants for individuals michigan state university the msu library website has a large list of grants available to individuals in a number of areas, including history and education. kennedy library research grants john f. kennedy presidential library the jfk library offers several grants for researchers utilizing the collections of the library. although preference is given for phd candidates, all proposals are welcome. stipends range from $ 500 to $ 2500. see website for details. local cultural council program massachusetts cultural council through the mcc local cultural council program, cities and towns make grant money available for arts and education programs in their communities. the website has a list of contacts for local cultural councils. the millipore foundation funds programs including educational institutions and programs with an emphasis on grades k through 12 and culture. presidential libraries grants national archives & records administration funding is available from private foundations for research in several presidential libraries, including the john f. kennedy library in boston, the franklin d. roosevelt library in new york and the herbert hoover library in iowa. grants range from $ 500 to $ 2500. rogers family foundation the rogers family foundation was funded by the owners of eagle - tribune publishing company. they fund programs in the area of historical preservation, education and youth development, among others. save our history grants the history channel offers grants up to $ 10, 000 for schools to partner with local history organizations on projects that work to preserve local history. see website for application details and deadlines. associated grant makers associated grant makers is an organization connecting non - profit and philanthropic organizations. their boston office has a library of grant resources and offers classes on grant research and writing ( some are free ). there is also free public access to many of agm \u2019 s resources at the lowell telecommunications corporation at 246 market street, lowell ( http : / / www. ltc. org ). boston public library the boston public library social sciences department in copley square has a collection of material for grant researchers and writers, including grant directories and guides to proposal writing. the foundation center website has information on grant seeking and grant writing, and much of the material is free. provides a free database of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44329932652916754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fa73d7-4a52-4510-ac2f-19b3a1ec5a25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.051601"}
{"text": "copley square has a collection of material for grant researchers and writers, including grant directories and guides to proposal writing. the foundation center website has information on grant seeking and grant writing, and much of the material is free. provides a free database of grants that can be searched by keyword and funding agency. salem state college the salem state college grants office provides grant research and writing support to ssc faculty, staff and students. the grants office website has a list of resources, grants databases, proposal writing guides and a glossary of grants terminology. the website also has a list of upcoming grants deadlines. \u201c a teacher \u2019 s guide to fellowships and awards \u201d massachusetts department of education this is an online guide to fellowships and awards available to teachers in massachusetts. included is a section on history / social studies. of particular interest : - ellender fellowships, for high school teachers to travel to washington, d. c. with their students. - fasse general grant, for innovative projects in social studies education. - geraldine r. dodge curriculum design award in history, for grade 7 - 12 innovative history curriculum design. - outstanding social studies teacher of the year awards. - taft seminars for teachers, advanced courses in american constitutional government for teachers. - torch programs, one week summer institutes for middle and high school teachers. also on the doe website is information on the following educator recognition programs ( http : / / www. doe. mass. edu / eq / recognition ) : - george washington teachers \u2019 institute, a one - week study program held at mount vernon. - preserve american history teacher of the year. christa mcauliffe reach for the stars award national council for the social studies grants of up to $ 1, 500 to assist social studies classroom teachers in developing and implementing imaginative, innovative, and illustrative social studies teaching strategies ; and supporting student implementation of innovative social studies, citizenship projects, field experiences, and community connections. c - span teacher fellowships the c - span teacher fellowships bring middle and high school teachers who use material from the c - span online archives in their classroom to washington, d. c. to share their lessons with other educators. national endowment for the humanities the neh offers fellowships for primary and secondary school teachers to conduct full - time advanced research in the humanities. see the website for instructions and deadlines. james madison memorial foundation fellowships james madison fellowships are granted to a select group of individuals desiring to become outstanding teachers of the american constitution. the boston athenaeum offers up to eight month - long fellowships to conduct research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4671284109341204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fa73d7-4a52-4510-ac2f-19b3a1ec5a25>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.052766"}
{"text": "the website for instructions and deadlines. james madison memorial foundation fellowships james madison fellowships are granted to a select group of individuals desiring to become outstanding teachers of the american constitution. the boston athenaeum offers up to eight month - long fellowships to conduct research in their collections. research may be used to develop curriculum and programs, and secondary school teachers are invited to apply. stipends of up to $ 1, 500 are provided for selected applicants. see the website for details and restrictions. massachusetts historical society the massachusetts historical society offers two summer fellowships for k - 12 teachers. they each provide a $ 4000 stipend for one month of research to prepare primary source - based curricula based on material in the mhs collections. the adams teacher fellowship requires the use of the adams family papers ( http : / / www. masshist. org / adams ). the swensrud teacher fellowship is available for projects using any primary sources in the mhs collections. professional development seminars & institutes civil war teachers institute the civil war preservation trust runs a free civic war teachers institute for grade 4 - 12 teachers. landmarks of american history and culture workshops national endowment for the humanities landmarks of american history summer workshops for teachers are offered across the country during the summer. they are designed to facilitate learning about particular aspects of american history through the study of primary sources and the interpretation of historical sites. k - 12 teachers are eligible to apply for workshops. if selected, applicants receive a stipend of $ 500 to help cover travel, living expenses and books. see the website for an updated list of summer workshops and application details. summer seminars for teachers gilder lehrman institute the gilder lehrman institute ( in nyc ) runs week - long summer seminars for teachers of history. seminars are taught by scholars from universities across the country. tuition is free and accepted teachers receive books, housing and a $ 500 stipend. see website for upcoming topics, applications and deadlines. supreme court institutes and seminars supreme court historical society & street laws, inc. \u201c the institutes and seminars are designed to help teachers grow professionally by deepening their knowledge about the supreme court and learning innovative teaching methods to help students master standards - based content related to the court and its cases. \u201d teacher resource center organization of american historians this website provides information about publications, resources and activities for history teachers. includes links to the oah magazine of history, recommended reading, conferences and professional development opportunities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46862846797940694, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92fa73d7-4a52-4510-ac2f-19b3a1ec5a25>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.053753"}
{"text": "painting, artists and art ( technique, of all times ) painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface. in art, the term describes both the act and the result, which is called a painting. paintings may have for their support such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay or concrete. paintings may be decorated with gold leaf, and some modern paintings incorporate other materials including sand, clay, and scraps of paper. what is painting? is the fourth in a series of installations drawn from the museum ' s collection of contemporary art. it presents a selection of artworks made since approximately 1965, including a number of recent acquisitions and many works displayed for the first time since the museum ' s reopening. a variety of responses to the question \" what is painting? \" are proposed in loose chronological sequence, ranging from ironic to sincere ; from figurative to abstract ; and from an embrace and creative reimagining of painting ' s possibilities to a critical engagement with its limits. the installation ' s title derives from john baldessari ' s eponymous painting of 1966 \u2013 68 ( with the addition of a question mark ), acknowledging the ongoing debates over the practice of painting and its place within contemporary art. painting is a mode of expression, and the forms are numerous. drawing, composition or abstraction and other aesthetics may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. paintings can be naturalistic and representational ( as in a still life or landscape painting ), photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion or be political in nature... wikipedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5550338735215214, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d0f3709-9f73-470c-b7df-0928b53a7f93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.055451"}
{"text": "september 3rd, 2012 03 : 56 pm et the empowered patient is a regular feature from cnn senior medical news correspondent elizabeth cohen that helps put you in the driver ' s seat when it comes to health care. while there ' s no ironclad way to keep hantavirus away, there are steps you can take to minimize the chances that it will hurt you or your family. the virus is relatively rare : only 602 cases have been reported in the united states since 1993, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. recently, six cases of hantavirus were reported among people who visited yosemite national park in california. two of those infected people died. however, it ' s very deadly : about half of all people who get hantavirus die of it, according to the national institutes of health. though some people do get it from camping, such as the recent yosemite cases, many more people contract hantavirus in their own homes, according to the cdc. the virus is spread by rodent droppings and urine. here are some tips from the cdc and nih for keeping hantavirus at bay : 1. seal holes inside and outside your home to keep rodents out. 2. trap rodents around your home. 3. while camping, sleep on ground cover and a pad. 4. when opening an unused cabin, open all doors and windows. leave for 30 minutes, and when you return, spray disinfectant and then leave for another 30 minutes. 5. know the signs : early symptoms include chills, fever and muscle aches. within one or two days, it becomes hard to breathe. september 3rd, 2012 03 : 00 pm et we all know stress is bad for you, but just how bad? it would be unethical to intentionally subject people to extreme psychological duress in the name of science. but ongoing military operations offer opportunities to see what happens to people exposed to stressful situations. researchers in the netherlands found the brains of soldiers who go into combat show impairment in function and structure upon returning, but that these effects largely go away over time. about this blog get a behind - the - scenes look at the latest stories from cnn chief medical correspondent, dr. sanjay gupta, senior medical correspondent elizabeth cohen and the cnn medical unit producers. they ' ll share news and views on health and medical trends - info that will help you take better care of yourself and the people you love.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46193155720888607, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b6048262-df69-4d01-8c4d-961ce3587ab7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.057770"}
{"text": "turning of the tide at tonle sap tonle sap is an interesting body of fresh water. certain times of the year, it is a lake and other times of the year it is a river. during the dry season ( november - may ) the water drains into the mekong in phnom penh creating a river and when the monsoon season hits ( june - october ), the flow of water reverses back and forms a lake. the lake / river hybrid is also an important element of cambodia because of the area \u2019 s rich diversity of ecological life and the water \u2019 s importance to the villagers in the area. bon om thong or the khmer water festival is celebrated during late october or early november \u2019 s full moon when the water reverses its flow. for three days, the towns and villages along the river, including phnom penh bursts into life with fleets of luminously decorated boats filling tonle sap. celebrations also happen in angkor wat, although smaller in scale it is still impressive, with the temple serving as a scenic backdrop. the highlights of the festival are the boat races that draw huge crowds from all over and are contested by hundreds of boats comprising thousands of paddlers. the festival itself has ancient roots. angkorian kings would hold competitions and see who the greatest warriors were. you can compare this competition to a joust in europe as a means of training and a contest under the king \u2019 s watchful eye. bon om thong also has spiritual significance. people would pray and thank the river for providing water, fertile land, and fish. being around tonle sap around this time is an excellent time to discover cambodia and join the locals in the biggest celebration of the year. * * * * * published on 11 / 12 / 09", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4478692818451851, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5fc03f4-3ce4-4568-86dd-977ba930839b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.059401"}
{"text": "gallup has conducted an expansive survey in an attempt to determine how many people openly identify as a member of the lgbt community across the united states. while the difference between specific states was not particularly significant, research gary gates points out that the findings do show that states with more protections for lgbt people tend to have more out lgbt people : in general, states where residents express more liberal views are more accepting of lgbt individuals, while socially conservative areas are less accepting. of the 10 states and d. c. where at least 4 % of respondents identified as lgbt, seven are among the most liberal states in the country. conversely, six of 10 states with the lowest percentage of lgbt - identified adults are among the top 10 conservative states in the country. the states with proportionally larger lgbt populations generally have supportive lgbt legal climates. with the exception of south dakota, all of the states that have lgbt populations of at least 4 % have laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity and allow same - sex couples to marry, enter into a civil union, or register as domestic partners. of the 10 states with the lowest percentage of lgbt adults, only iowa has such laws. with demographics, it \u2019 s always important to keep in mind that the number represents something very specific : the number of people who are willing to disclose their identity to an anonymous pollster. it doesn \u2019 t represent the number of people who are actually gay but don \u2019 t want to tell a pollster, who don \u2019 t yet know that they \u2019 re gay, who deny that they \u2019 re gay, or who don \u2019 t identify as gay but do engage in same - sex behavior. still, these numbers are telling. the health benefits of coming out are well documented, so in an indirect way, these results show that having laws that protect lgbt people not only protect them from discrimination, but support their mental health and well - being. indeed, the value of such positive climates is arguably a more compelling conclusion from this study than the demographics themselves. here \u2019 s how the states ranked in terms of how many people identified as lgbt :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4440140103488425, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41ffb0fa-f19f-487f-9298-2ab9b0a074cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.062784"}
{"text": "| 12 / 7 / 1941 - world war ii : attack on pearl harbor - the imperial japanese navy attacks the us pacific fleet and its defending army air forces and marine air forces at pearl harbor, hawaii. pearl harbor was one of those watershed events in history that would make an impression on everyone whether they were there or not. the link is a page about pearl harbor presented by the eye witness to history site, where historical events are explored using interviews and reporting of statements from eyewitnesses. this site is always a good place to go to get a little more personal with your history. attack at pearl harbor, 1941 world war cycle - depression / world war ii era - fourth turning, crisis ( 1930 - 1944 ) b. 12 / 7 / 1873 - willa cather, american novelist ( d. april 24, 1947 ) last year ( 12 / 7 / 2005 ) : nobel prize in literature winner harold pinter accuses britain and the united states of engaging in state terrorism in iraq and demands the prosecution of george w. bush and tony blair. this week ' s news / tomorrow ' s history ( 12 / 6 / 2006 ) : the iraq study group, a bipartisan group chartered by the united states congress, states that the situation in iraq is \" grave and deteriorating \" and calls for a change in strategy including the removal of most united states troops by early 2008. view prior history today posts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4458992028475148, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a83f2453-814a-46d7-872a-e44b25534a6c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.064986"}
{"text": "an economist who put a premium on truth : obituary of leonid hurwicz financial times comment, 19 july 2008 leonid hurwicz, the economist who last year became the oldest person ever to win a nobel prize, helped transform economic thinking in the second half of the 20th century. for years economists had been passionately debating the rival merits of state planning versus free markets. in both systems, people had incentives to lie to bureaucratic planners or to employers about their interests, their skills or their circumstances. \u201c leo \u201d, who has died at the age of 90, founded the field of \u201c mechanism design \u201d, a new way of thinking which focused on giving people incentives to tell the truth and to do so in a way that would benefit society as a whole. his mechanism design idea has applications in a range of practical areas, from the design of computer networks and voting systems to arbitration rules. the debate between state planning and free markets must have seemed far from academic to hurwicz. his parents were polish jews who fled the kaiser \u2019 s invading army, going to moscow, where hurwicz was born in 1917. they returned to poland in a horse - drawn wagon to escape the bolsheviks when he was two. he went to the university of warsaw and took a degree in law, though he also studied piano at the conservatory. throughout his life hurwicz was a renaissance man whose interests included music, linguistics, maths, physics and meteorology. yet as a student his interest was kindled in economics. he went to london to study and then, via geneva, to the us, where he arrived in 1940. his parents and his brother joined him but only after fleeing another invading german army \u2013 this time the nazis \u2013 and then spending time in soviet labour camps. on his travels, hurwicz had studied under both ludwig von mises and friedrich hayek, who was at the london school of economics as hurwicz began his phd studies there in 1938. von mises and hayek argued that a centrally planned economy was doomed to collapse : because every individual knew his own needs and capabilities best, government planners could never hope to piece it all together and make sensible decisions. other economists, such as oskar lange, disagreed. a burgeoning economic theory of competitive markets, and bitter experience of the failings of socialist economies, led many to conclude that von mises and hayek were right. hurwicz was more interested in advancing the debate than declaring victory. \u201c panaceas are not to be found at either end of the spectrum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45842064132533444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:993fbde4-e496-4653-8cac-58dec4be4c66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.069576"}
{"text": "the failings of socialist economies, led many to conclude that von mises and hayek were right. hurwicz was more interested in advancing the debate than declaring victory. \u201c panaceas are not to be found at either end of the spectrum, \u201d he wrote in 1984. he agreed with hayek and von mises that a bureaucrat who simply demanded results would be met with slacking, budgetpadding and lies. but rather than giving up, hurwicz attacked the problem directly. he asked what \u201c mechanisms \u201d an intelligent but ill - informed planner might use to extract information from others and then allocate resources fairly, efficiently or profitably. such mechanisms are as old as trade itself, most obviously the auction, in which even an ignorant seller can expect a good price. but hurwicz laid the foundations for thinking systematically about designing mechanisms, defining all the terms rigorously and showing what might be possible. hurwicz described a mechanism as a kind of \u201c message centre \u201d, where market participants would submit information, true or false, and a pre - specified set of rules would adjudicate the result. that abstract description is a perfect account of an ebay auction : a seller sets a minimum bid, a time limit and perhaps a reserve price, while bidders submit bids that may bear no resemblance to the true value they place on the prize. ebay is just one example of a message centre ; hurwicz showed that it was useful to think about many economic institutions in this way. participants in a mechanism can always lie. a keen buyer can pretend to be an indifferent one ; a brilliant worker can conceal his laziness. hurwicz realised that in order to get a better bid from the keenest buyer, for example, the seller must give that buyer a reason to tell the truth. similarly, an employer cannot persuade the ablest worker to work just as hard as the rest unless the extra effort brings extra rewards. the general problem of persuading the \u201c best \u201d agents to act differently from the rest is called the \u201c incentive compatibility constraint \u201d. one example would be an auction where the highest bidder wins but only has to pay the second highest bid. this strange - sounding rule is all it takes to persuade the keenest bidder to tell the truth about the real value he places on the prize. ebay uses a similar rule. although hurwicz studied with the greats of the field \u2013 including nicholas kaldor at the lse, and paul samuelson \u2013 he never had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5683700247950791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:993fbde4-e496-4653-8cac-58dec4be4c66>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.071827"}
{"text": "the truth about the real value he places on the prize. ebay uses a similar rule. although hurwicz studied with the greats of the field \u2013 including nicholas kaldor at the lse, and paul samuelson \u2013 he never had an economics degree. \u201c whatever economics i learned, i learned by listening and learning, \u201d he said, after winning the nobel prize. a warm and charming man, he had an impish wit. once, a seminar speaker wrote an equation on the board, declared that the proof was \u201c obvious \u201d and stared around, daring anyone to challenge him. \u201c is that proof by intimidation? \u201d hurwicz quipped. he joined the faculty of the university of minnesota in 1951 and stayed there all his working life, even as his reputation outstripped the department \u2019 s. \u201c self - promotion was completely alien to him, \u201d said john roberts, a professor at stanford. \u201c he could have moved and he chose not to. \u201d he travelled widely, spending time as a visiting professor at many universities, including stints in bangalore, tokyo and beijing. a long - time member of the minnesota democrats, he supported the anti - vietnam war candidacy of eugene mccarthy and sat as a delegate at the party \u2019 s national convention in 1968. he remained involved in the party up until his death. some felt he should have won the nobel prize sooner. he was not outwardly perturbed. \u201c i never had the impression that the wait bothered him, \u201d said eric maskin, who shared the prize with hurwicz and roger myerson. he is survived by his wife, evelyn jensen \u2013 they married in 1944 \u2013 and their two sons and two daughters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44944574981652896, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:993fbde4-e496-4653-8cac-58dec4be4c66>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.072459"}
{"text": "it ' s easy at first glance to envision the caribbean islands as all being the same sunny, sandy vacation destinations, but they are different in as many ways as they are similar. just as political and economic factors determine the personality of the islands, so do various landforms that may, or may not, be shared from island to island. the islands of the caribbean, like all other islands, have water that surrounds them on every side. individual islands and groups of islands belong to various nations. puerto rico and the american virgin islands belong to the united states. among the territories of britain are bermuda and the british virgin islands. the islands range widely in size, with cuba being the largest, followed by hispaniola and jamaica. many of the smaller islands are uninhabited. some of the uninhabited islands, such as the isla de ratones just off the shore of puerto rico, are available for day trips and are reached by ferries, boats or kayaks. the larger islands of the caribbean have enough land space to support rivers. hispaniola has four primary rivers : yaque del norte, yuna river, yaque del sur and the artibonite river. cuba ' s important rivers are the rio cauto, which is the longest, rio almendares and rio yurimi. smaller rivers contribute to these three main rivers. the grande de arecibo is puerto rico ' s longest river. this river, along with several others such as the cibuco, loiza and la plata, run north. one river runs westward : the grande de anasco. the bahamas have no rivers. many of the caribbean islands have mountainous areas. most of puerto rico ' s mountains are located on the island ' s interior. jamaica has mountains that cover almost all of its surface. the dry harbour mountains run east - west along the northern part of the island, with the blue mountains on the east. cuba is not a very mountainous country, but it has a few mountain ranges. the sierra maestra in cuba are on the easternmost diagonal coastline, and the cordillera de guaniguanico is on the west coast. the grupo guamuhaya are in the center and south - center of the island. because the caribbean consists of islands, one of the prevalent landforms is the beach. temperate weather and access to sand and surf have helped the caribbean islands thrive as tourist destinations. the sand on the beaches of the caribbean come in many different colors. beaches in bermuda and the bahamas are known for their pink sands, formed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4179555234701926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a241520e-3432-491a-bc33-eadc0c1d869b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.077927"}
{"text": "the beach. temperate weather and access to sand and surf have helped the caribbean islands thrive as tourist destinations. the sand on the beaches of the caribbean come in many different colors. beaches in bermuda and the bahamas are known for their pink sands, formed by the shells of certain tiny sea creatures. some caribbean beaches are the result of volcanic matter breaking down. black sand is not as smooth as typical white, tan or pink sand, and many black sand beaches are pebble beaches. these beaches are found on montserrat, st. kitts and granada, among others. salt flats form when salt water evaporates, leaving the salt behind on large, flat areas of land. the salt flats of puerto rico, located in the cabo rojo region in the southwest part of the island, are protected as a part of the u. s. fish and wildlife service ' s cabo rojo national wildlife refuge. another place in the caribbean that has salt flats is the small island of bonaire. the salt is harvested from the flats that lie on the southern tip of the island, but a portion of the salt flats of bonaire is set aside as a sanctuary for flamingos. the central coastline is the tourist area of bonaire which is a frequent port of call for caribbean cruise ships. - world atlas : caribbean landforms - cabo rojo puerto rico : isla de ratones - hispaniola. com : geography of the dominican republic - havana - guide. com : major rivers in cuba - welcome to puerto rico : geography of puerto rico - the bahamas guide : bahamas geography and geology - sol boricua : geography of puerto rico - geography and history of jamaica : physical features - hicuba. com : geography of cuba - caribbean magazine : types of caribbean beaches - - white, pink and black - dc productions / photodisc / getty images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4239716398442499, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a241520e-3432-491a-bc33-eadc0c1d869b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.078699"}
{"text": "teaching strategies : effective discussion leading while lecturing is a fast and direct way to communicate a body of knowledge, discussion encourages students to discover solutions for themselves and to develop their critical thinking abilities. they learn how to generate ideas, consider relevant issues, evaluate solutions, and consider the implications of these solutions. thus, although discussion is not as efficient as lecture in conveying facts, it helps students learn how to think better and more clearly about the facts that they should learn from their reading and their lectures. leading a discussion, however, offers its own set of challenges : participants can spend too much time exploring small, sometimes irrelevant issues, forget that they are progressing toward an identifiable goal, and become bored. the leader must guide the conversation carefully without stifling creativity and students ' initiative and without surrendering to some students ' desire for answers that they can write down and memorize. here are four strategies that can help faculty and tas encourage students explore issues themselves : we all know that creating a fine lecture requires research and planning ; we sometimes forget that leading a good discussion requires the same research and planning and demands spontaneous responses in the classroom. the beauty of the extra demand is that developing the skills for intervening and directing discussions leads to exciting, productive exchanges that help students learn to think clearly and creatively, while simultaneously inspiring you to teach more thoroughly and carefully. \" discussions : leading and guiding, but not controlling, \" the teaching professor vi, 8 [ october 1992 ]. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47741408263830876, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:03dc16ec-33ae-4c39-a06b-93924571a72e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.081067"}
{"text": "february 11, 2011 > low fat doesn ' t have to mean low flavor low fat doesn ' t have to mean low flavor lunch and learn cooking demonstration focuses on heart healthy options in an ideal world, steamed broccoli and that slice of cheesecake in the refrigerator would have the same amount of calories and fat. sadly, in the real world, that ' s just not the case. to stay healthy, we have to watch what we eat, and every day decisions we make regarding our diet can have an enormous impact - on a lot of things... the pounds on the scale, our waistline, how much energy we have, and our heart health. according to data published on the centers for disease control ( cdc ) ' s web site, the most common heart disease in the united states is coronary heart disease, which often appears as a heart attack. in 2010, an estimated 785, 000 americans had a new coronary attack, and about 470, 000 had a recurrent attack. that means every 25 seconds, an american will have a coronary event, and about one every minute will die from one. not surprisingly, heart disease represents the no. 1 cause of death in the united states. for both men and women. and although heart disease is sometimes thought of as a \" man ' s disease, \" women account for nearly 50 percent of heart disease deaths, the cdc states. when it comes to risk factors for heart disease, there are some things we can ' t change, such as our gender, age and genetics. other things we can. making sustainable lifestyle changes, like eating a low fat diet, has been shown to help lower the risk of heart disease. but changing old habits isn ' t as easy as snapping our fingers, is it? nutrition labels on our favorite foods can be hard to decode - and what about those recipes that call for things like butter, cream cheese and sour cream? are they banished forever? on wednesday, feb. 16, anna mazzei, a registered dietitian and certified diabetes educator at washington hospital, will be whipping up a low fat cooking demonstration at the washington women ' s center to help participants get an idea of how to modify their cooking and eating habits. \" national heart month is recognized in february, and one of the things that people love are foods that are typically high in fat, \" mazzei says. \" the question is : how do we get the same satisfaction without as much fat? \" during her demonstration, mazzei says she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47726984308746956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a43665b-f3d7-4732-9d7c-91951d3c9e40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.085023"}
{"text": "and one of the things that people love are foods that are typically high in fat, \" mazzei says. \" the question is : how do we get the same satisfaction without as much fat? \" during her demonstration, mazzei says she won ' t be going for an all or nothing approach because, to be successful, it ' s more about being creative than cutting out anything and everything. \" now in the marketplace there are lighter products available, \" she says. \" you don ' t have to go to nonfat, but probably to lighter products to help cut down some fat and calories. \" items that are high in fat - like a slice of cheesecake - also pack in the calories with little nutritional reward in the form of essential vitamins and minerals. whereas a serving of broccoli runs you about 25 calories, the same quantity of cheesecake is more like 250 calories. \" i ' m going to look at some of the highest fat items and how to scale them down, \" mazzei explains. \" we ' re going to do some taste testing and focus on how to take these things and make a satisfying, yet lighter version. \" examples of items mazzei is going to sample during the food demonstration include : * fried chicken * chicken nuggets * recipes with butter and cream cheese another great way to improve heart health - and something goes hand in hand with a low fat diet - is exercise. if you missed the evening exercise for your health class at the women ' s center earlier this month, call to find out about the center ' s range of fitness classes, from gentle yoga to the official arthritis foundation ' s official exercise program. if you ' re interested in learning more about how to create a tasty, low - fat diet, join mazzei for her lunch and learn cooking demonstration at the washington women ' s center conference room on wednesday, feb. 16, from noon to 1 p. m. * the washington women ' s center is located at 2500 mowry ave., suite 150. * space is limited to 20 participants. to register, ( 800 ) 963 - 7070 or go online at www. whhs. com / womenscenter for more information about exercise programs and other services at the women ' s center, call ( 510 ) 608 - 1301 or toll - free at ( 866 ) 608 - 1301. learn more about heart health washington hospital physicians dr. jon - cecil walkes, cardiothoracic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42997801892968185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a43665b-f3d7-4732-9d7c-91951d3c9e40>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.085938"}
{"text": "here are the basics about the boy scouts of america : boy scouts of america or bsa founded on 8 february 1910, in washington, dc, by chicago publisher william boyce chartered by the us congress in 1916 ( a few other youth programs have congressional charters, including the civil air patrol, girl scouts of the usa, the boys & girls clubs of america, future farmers of america [?? ], and 4 - h [?? ] ) headquarters in irving, texas ( near dallas ) the bsa is the usa ' s only boy scouting organization recognized by the world organization of the scout movement ( many countries have several scouting programs ). the bsa actually provides the scouting program to three countries : the us plus the pacific island nations of the marshall islands and micronesia, which are served by hawaii ' s aloha council. the bsa is divided into about 300 local councils. the bsa and its local councils employ about 4000 full - time professional staff. the bsa is the second largest scouting organization in the world ( the largest is indonesia ). total membership ( from a march 2011 fact sheet on the bsa website, although its information varies slightly from other numbers on the bsa website ) ( 12 / 31 / 2010 ) was 3 630 779 ( 2 588 326 youth and 1 042 453 adults ). this does not include membership in the school - based learning for life subsidiary of the bsa, but does count 666 lone scouts and 43 310 adult council scouters. the bsa has four program divisions, three traditional scouting programs based on grade or age, plus a fourth classroom - based non - traditional subsidiary : cub scouting division ( boys, grades 1 through 5 ) members in grade 1 are called tiger cubs. members in grades 2 and 3 are called cub scouts, and work on wolf rank ( grade 2 ) or bear rank ( grade 3 ). members in grades 4 and 5 are called webelos scouts, and work on the webelos rank and the arrow of light rank. webelos scouts usually graduate into boy scouting in about february of grade 5. the overall cub scouting program is family - centered, adult - run, and offers very little camping or outdoor activities. adult leaders can be male or female, over age 21 ( age 18 - 20 for certain assistant positions ). the leader of the pack is the cubmaster, and each den is led by an adult den leader. the only boy leadership position is denner, rotated monthly among the den members, which consists mostly of helping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4484456945691956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40b0b62c-dcd6-47ed-a305-5fc63a58bb36>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.091983"}
{"text": "- 20 for certain assistant positions ). the leader of the pack is the cubmaster, and each den is led by an adult den leader. the only boy leadership position is denner, rotated monthly among the den members, which consists mostly of helping the den leader and making a den report at the monthly pack meeting. as of 12 / 31 / 2010, cub scout youth membership included 226 211 tiger cubs, 707 868 cub scouts, and 573 522 webelos scouts, for a total of 1 507 601, a one - year loss of 7. 8 %. there are 47 259 packs, with an average size of 32 youth members. and there are 421 405 adult cub scout leaders. boy scouting division ( boys, age about 10 - 1 / 2 until 18 ) two programs \u2014 boy scouting and varsity scouting boy scouting is traditional scouting for boys age approximately 10 - 1 / 2 until 18. in addition to the general camping program for all scouts, older scouts in a troop can form a venture patrol to do high adventure activities. note that the troop ' s venture patrol and venturing ( see below ) are completely separate and unrelated programs, despite the confusingly similar names. boy scouts work on 6 ranks : tenderfoot, second class, first class, star, life, eagle. eagle scouts can also earn eagle palms, but these are not ranks. the overall boy scouting program is mostly boy - run with adults providing guidance and training, and is strongly oriented toward a camping and outdoor program. at about age 14, a boy scout can choose to remain in the troop, or transfer to a varsity team, or transfer to a venturing crew. adult troop leaders can be male or female, over age 21 ( age 18 - 20 for assistant scoutmasters ). the adult leader of the troop is the scoutmaster. the boy leader of the troop is the elected senior patrol leader, and each patrol is led by an elected boy patrol leader. as of 12 / 31 / 2010, boy scouting membership included 792 202 youth members and 493 852 adult leaders. there are 40 099 troops, with an average size of 20 youth members. varsity scouting is a separate, optional, non - coed, and little - used program for boys age 14 until 18 ( mostly used by the lds / mormon church ). varsity scouts wear the same uniform as boy scouts ( with slightly different insignia ), and work on the same ranks. varsity scouts typically camp like boy scouts, and often compete in team sports. adult team", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42033021817011795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40b0b62c-dcd6-47ed-a305-5fc63a58bb36>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.092878"}
{"text": "mostly used by the lds / mormon church ). varsity scouts wear the same uniform as boy scouts ( with slightly different insignia ), and work on the same ranks. varsity scouts typically camp like boy scouts, and often compete in team sports. adult team leaders can be male or female, over age 21 ( age 18 - 20 for assistant coaches ). the adult leader of the team is the coach. the boy leader of the team is the elected team captain, and each squad is led by an elected squad leader. as of 12 / 31 / 2010, varsity scouting membership included 59 863 youth members and 22 806 adult leaders. there are 8539 teams, with an average size of only 7 youth members. as of 12 / 31 / 2010, overall youth membership in the boy scouting division ( boy scouts + varsity scouts ) totaled 852 065, a one - year loss of 5. 1 %. sea scouting ( formerly sea exploring ) is part of the venturing program. the former career - awareness exporing program is now part of learning for life. male venturers can work on the same ranks as boy scouts ( technically, they must earn the ranks through first class as a member of a boy scout troop ). in addition, all venturers have their own advancement system, culminating with the venturing silver award. and sea scouts have an additional advancement program, culminating with the quartermaster award. bsa ' s venturing division is unusual compared to the equivalent programs in most other countries because high - school - aged young men have the option of being a venturer, or they can remain in a scout troop or join a varsity team. there is no bsa program equivalent to the rover programs available in some countries ( for those over age 21 ). adult leaders can be male or female, over age 21 ( age 18 - 20 for associate advisors ). the adult leader is called the venturing advisor. the key youth leader of a venturing crew is the elected crew president. as of 12 / 31 / 2010, venturing youth membership totaled 227 994, a one - year loss of 11. 4 %. there are 18 856 crews, with an average size of 12 youth members. female youth membership is 31 % of the total. and there are 61 080 adult venturing leaders. two programs \u2014 learning for life ( school - based programs ) and exploring ( work - site - based program ) learning for life is a non - traditional, coed, classroom - based character education program, with programs set up by grade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4651243121224403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40b0b62c-dcd6-47ed-a305-5fc63a58bb36>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.094680"}
{"text": "dr. gerstenfeld held this lecture on the 8th of november in helsinki finland. the summary of the lecture is republished here with the author \u2019 s consent. the abuse of holocaust memory 2011 - 2012 summary of lecture in helsinki 8 november 2012 by manfred gerstenfeld the holocaust has become a symbol of absolute evil in western society. this happened gradually over the past decades. it was not the case in say, 1960. yet one might have expected that with the second world war more than 65 years behind us, the mention and memory of it would fade away. indeed, there is in many circles what is termed \u201c holocaust fatigue. \u201d these people do not want to hear anything anymore about the holocaust. at the same time, many others increasingly mention and discuss the holocaust. it took 60 years until in 2005 the united nations general assembly named 27 january as international holocaust remembrance day. on this day, every member state of the un has an official obligation to honor the victims of the nazi era and develop educational material about the holocaust. this year the remembrance of the holocaust is devoted to children. 1 why this interest in the holocaust? what are the main reasons for this increasing interest in the holocaust? we can identify some but do not know their relative weight. memorial celebrations take place every year in many places. there are also new monuments still going up and new memorial centers are being inaugurated. one was at drancy the major transit camp in france. there 63, 000 of the 76, 000 deported jews transited before almost all of them were sent to their deaths. yet both memorial days pass and monuments disappear from the public eye most of the time. new historical research is being published about the holocaust. additional documents are also discovered. one example among many was that in october 2012, pictures taken by hitler \u2019 s personal photographer hugo jaeger, of polish jews in the ghetto of kutno between 1939 and 1940 were released. this was done to mark the official establishment of the warsaw ghetto in october 1940. 2 such research and discoveries are mentioned in the media. thus they also play a role in the increased interest. the increasing central place of the holocaust in european societies is also due to a number of other important developments. one is that european societies have become increasingly secular, which means that their common norms and values have to a large extent broken down. in such an ideological and moral vacuum, one seeks out standards many people more or less agree upon. the holocaust partly fills that function. it plays a role as a defining moment in european history. the holocaust touches upon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.469545979630573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c271c94-3cbe-4735-a314-de7c0d7ccbdb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.099532"}
{"text": "to a large extent broken down. in such an ideological and moral vacuum, one seeks out standards many people more or less agree upon. the holocaust partly fills that function. it plays a role as a defining moment in european history. the holocaust touches upon very basic questions which many europeans do not like to ask themselves explicitly. what was it in european culture and in european societies that made the holocaust possible? this leads to a taboo question. have the elements which made the holocaust possible disappeared, or are they to some extent still with us? the first nations which should ask these questions are germany and austria. yet at present they do not seem inclined to do so. the present generation is not responsible for what their ancestors did. however, the holocaust and nazism can not be eliminated from german history. i would like to phrase the question somewhat differently. many of the ancestors of contemporary germans and austrians were nazi enthusiasts. many other germans and austrians went along with the nazis without hesitation. is it at all imaginable that nothing of these attitudes has remained in these countries today? another element of importance for the increasing interest in the holocaust is the growing uncertainty in the world. that requires more and more points of reference for events which take place almost daily. one example which has to be analyzed is the emergence of parties in european countries with many neo - fascist and neo - nazi characteristics. this becomes problematic in particular if these parties enter parliament. while the interest in the holocaust is growing there is simultaneously also a massive increase in the distortion of the history and the memory of the holocaust. to understand the abuse of the holocaust in our days, we have to start looking at it by category. in my book, \u201c the abuse of holocaust memory, distortions and responses \u201d i have developed eight categories of distortion. these are : holocaust justification and promotion, holocaust denial, holocaust deflection and whitewashing, de - judaization, holocaust equivalence, holocaust inversion, i. e the portraying of israel and jews as nazis, holocaust trivialization and obliterating holocaust memory the massive ongoing abuse of the holocaust brings us to the question, what can be done about it? there is no single way to fight against the abuse of the holocaust. education is very important. so are memorials, monuments etc. the crucial point however remains not to let abuse of the holocaust enter further in the public debate. it is a task for everybody to react when israel is called a nazi state and to call on governments to bring the iranian leaders grand ayatollah khamenei and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.518355821569445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c271c94-3cbe-4735-a314-de7c0d7ccbdb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.100485"}
{"text": "gluten free facts what is gluten? gluten is the protein found in wheat, barley, rye and related wheat species such as spelt and kamut. it helps baked goods keep their form and chewy texture and is also added to other food items more and more, both for consistency and taste purposes. helpful hint : buckwheat, contrary to its name, is not actually wheat and does not contain gluten. what foods contain gluten? the obvious foods that contain gluten include foods made from a flour base. wheat, barley, and rye based breads, cookies, pastries, and bagels all contain gluten. however, hidden sources of gluten are abundant in many packaged goods from soy sauce to spice mixes, to breath mints. more and more companies are voluntarily labeling their products as gluten free and some even go through a gluten free certification process. here is a short list of foods that can have hidden gluten : - luncheon meat - blue cheese - gravy and gravy powder - baked beans - self basting turkeys - seasoning mixes - instant coffee - brown rice syrup - potato chips - soy sauce - hot chocolate - salad dressings - curry powder - white pepper - malt vinegar - breath mints - oats ( while naturally gluten free, there is a risk of contamination through harvesting, milling, and processing ; udi \u2019 s only uses certified gluten free oats ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) for a full list of unsafe ingredients, click here : who should eat a gluten free diet? some people must eat a gluten free diet because they \u2019 ve been diagnosed with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, in which the only cure is a gluten free diet. others eat gluten free because they suspect gluten is causing them undesirable symptoms that they wish to avoid. still others have learned that gluten can cause inflammation and therefore they seek to eliminate it from their diet. no matter what your situation, a gluten free lifestyle may be of benefit to you. who can get celiac disease or have a gluten sensitivity? the short answer is : anyone. some are more predisposed to have this disease or intolerance than others, especially if a family member has been diagnosed. it has been noted that northern european countries, specifically nordic countries, as well as italy and ireland have a higher rate of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4909256552256793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21de632a-39a2-40b6-a86e-a7f52efac89d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.104916"}
{"text": "some are more predisposed to have this disease or intolerance than others, especially if a family member has been diagnosed. it has been noted that northern european countries, specifically nordic countries, as well as italy and ireland have a higher rate of celiac disease, and approximately 1 out of every 133 americans have celiac disease. ( 7 ) what is celiac disease? celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where gluten triggers the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine. over time, celiac disease can cause malabsorption, leading to a wide range of health problems such as iron and mineral deficiencies, osteoporosis, liver disease, infertility, neurological disorders, and even some forms of cancer. ( 3, 4 ) for more information, click here : celiac disease and diabetes about 1 % of the total population has celiac disease. it is more common in people with type 1 diabetes. an estimated 10 % of people with type 1 diabetes also have celiac disease. for more information, click here : what is gluten anyway and where is it? by danna korn, living gluten free for dummies, 2nd edition gluten has a couple of definitions ; one is technically correct but not commonly used, and the other is commonly used but not technically correct. here \u2019 s the common definition : gluten is a mixture of proteins in wheat, rye, and barley. oats don \u2019 t have gluten, but may be contaminated, so they \u2019 re forbidden on a strict gluten - free diet, too. you can find lots of information about what you can and can \u2019 t eat on a gluten - free diet at www. celiac. com or other websites. but you need to have a general idea of what kinds of food have gluten in them so you know what to avoid. foods with flour in them ( white or wheat ) are the most common culprits when you \u2019 re avoiding gluten. the following are obvious gluten - glomming foods : - cookies, cakes, and most other baked goods but along with these culprits come not - so - obvious suspects too, like licorice, many ( read \u2018 most \u2019 ) cereals, and natural flavorings. when you \u2019 re gluten - free, you get used to reading labels, calling manufacturers, and digging a little deeper to know for sure what you can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4720737141908006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21de632a-39a2-40b6-a86e-a7f52efac89d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.105791"}
{"text": "breaking the cycle of poverty more than one - third of the 242 counties in the southeastern persistent poverty region are located in georgia. spanning from athens - clarke county to miller to troup, these counties are defined by statistics that boggle the mind, especially against the backdrop of georgia ' s economic strength over the past decade : - 20. 9 percent of the total population and 27. 4 percent of children live below poverty level ( defined as an income of $ 17, 650 for a family of four ) ; - 29. 5 percent of residents age 25 and above do not have a high school diploma ; - the unemployment rate is 7. 1 percent, 40 percent higher than other georgia counties ; - the rate of low birth - weight babies is 25 percent higher than the national rate. \" the data confirmed what i already knew about the region, but it was still startling to see the unevenness of growth and development, \" said art dunning, vice president for public service and outreach at uga. \" this is an economic issue, pure and simple. \" \" what was a complete surprise to me was the disparity between rural georgia and metropolitan georgia, \" said jim ledbetter, director of the carl vinson institute of government at uga, which conducted the study. \" these problems have persisted for decades. we need both a body of knowledge and a set of programs built over the years to address these issues. \" u. s. senator zell miller secured $ 250, 000 in federal funding to help start the data collection on poverty in georgia and other southern states. macon businessman benjy griffith matched that with a $ 250, 000 gift to the uga foundation in support of the study. the year - long study, completed in december 2002, paints a stark picture of a region not only separated from the economic boom that metro atlanta has enjoyed, but of a region which also threatens to draw the rest of georgia into the cycle of poverty. \" i ' ve seen this problem up close, \" said griffith, whose timberland and real estate business stretches from georgia to texas. \" i believe uga research can help develop a plan to address poverty in this state. somebody has to do something. \" \" we need a population which can fully participate in the 21st century and a community infrastructure which supports that population, \" said ledbetter, looking ahead to the next phase of the study. \" then we can craft a set of policies and programs to address these issues. \" \" this is not an issue of historical or social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48280962990368465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4fb49f3f-2c30-4c77-82fd-354e8dab71f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.108077"}
{"text": "elementary matrices generate the general linear group okay, so we can use elementary row operations to put any matrix into its ( unique ) reduced row echelon form. as we stated last time, this consists of building up a basis for the image of the transformation the matrix describes by walking through a basis for the domain space and either adding a new, independent basis vector or writing the image of a domain basis vector in terms of the existing image basis vectors. so let \u2019 s say we \u2019 ve got a transformation in. given a basis, we get an invertible matrix ( which we \u2019 ll also call ). then we can use elementary row operations to put this matrix into its reduced row echelon form. but now every basis vector gets sent to a vector that \u2019 s linearly independent of all the others, or else the transformation wouldn \u2019 t be invertible! that is, the reduced row echelon form of the matrix must be the identity matrix. but remember that every one of our elementary row operations is the result of multiplying on the left by an elementary matrix. so we can take the matrices corresponding to the list of all the elementary row operations and write which tells us that applying all these elementary row operations one after another leads us to the identity matrix. but this means that the product of all the elementary matrices on the right is. and since we can also apply this to the transformation, we can find a list of elementary matrices whose product is. that is, any invertible linear transformation can be written as the product of a finite list of elementary matrices, and thus the elementary matrices generate the general linear group.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5511693766811279, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf863937-0ee5-440d-baec-55365a75d0fc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.110741"}
{"text": "from uncyclopedia, the content - free encyclopedia heliocentrism is a theory which has become an established dogma in 21st century privately - funded science, despite having been abandoned in the 20th century, according to conservapedia. heliocentrism is the concept that a giant magnet is located in the center of the earth, and the planets and the universe revolve around it, attracted by the magnetic energy. heliocentrism is criticized for ignoring the everyday observations of mountain climbers and airplane travellers. it has been characterized by sarah palin as \" a lie perpetrated by scientists to diminish the glory of america \" and pushed onto the good, god - fearing people by ignorant pagan - types suffering from gross moral turpitude. edit proponents of heliocentrism the most ardent supporters of heliocentrism are found in us academia, despite or perhaps because of how the theory is being used to diminish the central role of the usa and its establishment at the center of the universe. among those scientists that support it, the overwhelming majority also support the theories of evolution, climate change, nuclear fusion, ley line energy production, spacial time distortion, and extra - dimensional astral travel as well as using more tax dollars to fund their own research. notable believers in heliocentrism include charles darwin, lenin, al gore and ellen degeneres. edit evidence of heliocentrism heliocentrism is widely considered as being in accordance with the teaching of the holy book, which is commonly accepted as scientific evidence. firm proofs of heliocentrism include : - he has fixed the earth firm, immovable. ( 1 chronicles 16 : 30 ) - thou didst fix the earth on its foundation so that it never can be shaken. ( psalm 104 : 5 ) - who made the earth and fashioned it, and himself fixed it fast \u2026 ( isaiah 45 : 18 ) - the sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. ( ecclesiastes 1 : 5 ) as a reliable scientific theory, heliocentrism has surprisingly been approved by school boards in kansas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5718594755223717, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23b43ef7-f137-4eac-b012-72ee844afe98>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.112660"}
{"text": "coral reefs aren ' t just pretty, they ' re also vital to marine species and island communities. but they ' re also facing threats from warming seas. nbc ' s anne thompson reports. more than half of 82 species of coral being evaluated for inclusion under the endangered species act \" more likely than not \" would go extinct by 2100 if climate policies and technologies remain the same, federal scientists concluded. the experts cited \" anthropogenic, \" or manmade, releases of carbon dioxide as a key driver of warming seas and oceans absorbing more co2, in turn making waters more acidic. \" the combined direct and indirect effects of rising temperature, including increased incidence of disease and ocean acidification, both resulting primarily from anthropogenic increases in atmospheric co2, are likely to represent the greatest risks of extinction to all or most of the candidate coral species over the next century, \" the experts concluded in a report released friday by the national marine fisheries service. the report was part of a process to determine which species, if any, merit protection. the center for biological diversity in 2009 had petitioned for the review of 82 species it considered in jeopardy. of the 82 species, all of which are in u. s. waters, 46 are \" more likely than not \" to face extinction by 2100, while 10 are \" likely, \" the report stated. the authors did note that the limited science of corals meant that \" the overall uncertainty was high. \" the fisheries service will next seek public comment as it considers the petition for listing. the center for biological diversity, which in 2006 petitioned and got protection for staghorn and elkhorn corals, said conditions have only worsened for corals. \" coral reefs are home to 25 percent of marine life and play a vital function in ocean ecosystems, \" the center said in a statement. \" since the 1990s, coral growth has grown sluggish in some areas due to ocean acidification, and mass bleaching events are increasingly frequent. \" more content from msnbc. com and nbc news : - baseball - sized hail, 40 tornadoes reported as dangerous storms slam midwest - nra official accuses media of sensationalizing trayvon martin story - reports : secret service personnel accused of hiring prostitutes - american nazi party gets its first lobbyist - judge in zimmerman case cites possible conflict of interest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4122582209885288, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:341895fc-0dbb-4ebb-a24c-bce9caf290b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.114700"}
{"text": "courtesy iona knapp iona knapp, right, has been diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, a potential precursor to alzheimer ' s disease. like 1 in 7 people with alzheimer ' s or other dementias, the 65 - year - old lake monticello, va., woman lives alone. her daughter, sharon mullen, lives 90 minutes away, in manassas. iona knapp \u2019 s father died of alzheimer \u2019 s disease and her late mother suffered from dementia. now, the 65 - year - old lake monticello, va., woman has been diagnosed herself with mild cognitive impairment, or mci, and she fears their fate soon may be her own. the trouble is, knapp lives by herself, which would make her one of 5. 4 million people in the u. s. living with alzheimer \u2019 s disease and other dementias - - and one of 800, 000 americans doing it alone, according to a new report issued thursday by the alzheimer \u2019 s association. the report, \u201c 2012 alzheimer \u2019 s disease facts and figures, \u201d estimates that one in seven people with alzheimer ' s or dementia lives alone, and that up to half of those people have no identifiable caregiver. most are older women with milder impairment. \u201c that \u2019 s a huge issue, \u201d said dr. kenneth langa, professor of medicine at the university of michigan, and an expert on the economics and demographics of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. as the baby boom generation ages, more and more people diagnosed with alzheimer \u2019 s will be living alone, sometimes because they choose to do so, but also because a spouse has died, or because they have few or no children living nearby, said langa, who wasn \u2019 t involved in the new report. the analysis finds that alzheimer \u2019 s costs the country about $ 200 billion per year in medicare, medicaid, and personal out - of - pocket expenses. as enormous as that cost is, it takes 15. 2 million unpaid caregivers, usually family members, to keep it from rising even higher. the personal impact on living alone with alzheimer \u2019 s, dementia, or even mci like knapp \u2019 s, can be dramatic compared to living with a caregiver. patients who live alone have a much higher risk of wandering off, suffering bad falls, missing medication and doctor appointments, and exacerbating other medical conditions like heart disease or diabetes. ultimately that \u2019 s not only harmful to those people, but it ratchets up costs, too. as kn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4235948754883178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b21fa17-f991-4edc-bfc0-a6ed528436d1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.119283"}
{"text": "wandering off, suffering bad falls, missing medication and doctor appointments, and exacerbating other medical conditions like heart disease or diabetes. ultimately that \u2019 s not only harmful to those people, but it ratchets up costs, too. as knapp herself discovered when she served as an unpaid caregiver to her mother, living alone has a host of practical costs and dangers. when she accompanied her mother to the bank one day, \u201c the teller said, \u2018 your mother is way overdrawn. she has no money, \u2019 \u201d knapp recalled. \u201c i looked back over the past two years of records, and found my mother had bankrupted herself. \u201d now, she said, \u201c i imagine my own future. i meet with my attorney on friday. i want to talk to him about all kinds of things i can put in place so my older daughter can step in and take over financially. \u201d such advanced planning is critical for anybody with alzheimer \u2019 s, but especially for those who live alone, said angela geiger, chief strategy officer for the alzheimer \u2019 s association. legal and logistical considerations like advanced directives, power of attorney designations, and answers about who will be part of the care team must be addressed. none of these decisions is pleasant, geiger explained, but they must be addressed. \u201c you really want to say, \u2018 here are the two or three triggers for me. i \u2019 d like to go to assisted living as soon as possible, \u2019 or, \u2018 do i want to stay in my house as long as possible? ' ' who pays my bills? \u2019 \u201d while knapp wrestles with those decisions, she \u2019 s trying to adapt so she can continue to live by herself, independently, for as long as possible. but it \u2019 s a challenge. she writes reminders on a white board. she programs appointments into her smart phone. such tactics aren \u2019 t foolproof, though : this week, she missed a doctor \u2019 s appointment. knapp is considering the purchase of an alarm button she can wear to alert emergency services in case she finds herself injured or lost. she \u2019 s also thinking of selling her house, and moving into senior housing close to her daughter, sharon mullen, whose family lives in manassas, va. transportation will be available there, she hopes, because she \u2019 s already growing worried about her own driving. \u201c there are times now, when i \u2019 ll be, like, \u2018 where am i going? \u2019 \u201d the alzheimer \u2019 s association has created an online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40076473346525177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b21fa17-f991-4edc-bfc0-a6ed528436d1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.120158"}
{"text": "with over 58 % of the energy consumed in the home going to heating water and heating and cooling the rooms, you can make drastic changes in the amount of energy consumed and the money you pay for it just by making modifications to the way you control the temperature in your home. solar water heaters : your water heater is a constant energy waster and largely goes unnoticed when considering ways to conserve energy. current energy tax credits and solar rebates make converting to a solar water heating system extremely affordable. read more \u00bb solar electric : the heating and cooling system is by far the biggest user of energy in any home. photovoltaic pv systems not only can reduce or eliminate your energy costs, they can actually generate enough energy to sell back to the power grid through the utilities. read more \u00bb the greatest user of energy in commercial buildings is heating and cooling the work spaces and the water. computer facilities not only consume great amounts of energy, they also require a considerable expense in energy to keep cool. in the meantime, the sun is contributing to the consumption of energy instead of being used as solar energy to generate it. commercial solar panels have the capacity to reduce energy consumption in commercial buildings to less than half, simply by changing the way we heat and cool the work spaces. that savings goes directly towards the bottom line \u2014 the company ' s profits. read more \u00bb commercial solar water heating is the ideal compliment to solar electric systems. according to the us dept. of energy \" the energy tied up in water heating can be a significant component of the building ' s total energy consumption. for example, in the lodging industry, 42 percent of energy use goes for water heating. other commercial buildings with heavy hot water demand include restaurants, commercial laundries, buildings with industrial processes, dormitories or other high - density housing facilities. \" read more \u00bb with the growth in government comes the growth in government buildings. not only is government a large - scale consumer of energy in its administration, elements of government are also responsible for meeting all demand for energy, nationwide. what source we use to generate that electricity is of great concern to us all. in utah, electrical rates have increased 11 times in the past 7 years. add that to the growth within the state and we are rapidly growing toward the unaffordable consumption of power for us all. electrical generation using fossil fuels have risen four - fold in the past 15 years, but has never dropped significantly. much of our dependence on generating electricity in this way is on foreign oil. clearly, dependence on energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5560821069667703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c816e650-6d09-47de-98d8-3c741b61249e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.122586"}
{"text": "best known for : catalan painter joan miro combined abstract art with surrealist fantasy to create his lithographs, murals, tapestries, and sculptures for public spaces. born to the families of a goldsmith and a cabinet - maker, he grew up in the barri gotic neighborhood of barcelona. his father was miquel miro adzerias and his mother was dolores ferra. he began drawing classes at the age of seven at a private school at carrer del regomir 13, a medieval mansion. in 1907 he enrolled at the fine art academy at la llotja, to the dismay of his father. he studied at the cercle artistic de sant lluc and he had his first solo show in 1918 at the dalmau gallery, where his work was ridiculed and defaced. inspired by cubist and surrealist exhibitions from abroad, miro was drawn towards the arts community that was gathering in montparnasse and in 1920 moved to paris, but continued to spend his summers in catalonia. he said, \u201c the painting rises from the brushstrokes as a poem rises from the words. the meaning comes later. \u201d after overcoming a serious bout of typhoid fever in 1911, miro decided to devote his life entirely to painting by attending the school of art taught by francesc gali. he studied at la lonja school of fine arts in barcelona, and in 1918 set up his first individual exhibition in the dalmau galleries, in the same city. his works before 1920 ( the date of his first trip to paris ) reflect the influence of different trends, like the pure and brilliant colors used in fauvism, shapes taken from cubism, influences from folkloric catalan art and roman frescos from the churches. his trip to paris introduced him to and developed his trend of surrealist painting. in 1921, he showed his first individual exhibition in paris, at la licorne gallery. in 1928, he exhibited with a group of surrealists in the pierre gallery, also in paris, although miro was always to maintain his independent qualities with respect to groups and ideologies. from 1929 - 1930, miro began to take interest in the object as such, in the form of collages. this was a practice which was to lead to his making of surrealist sculptures. his tormented monsters appeared during this decade, which gave way to the consolidation of his plastic vocabulary. he also experimented with many other artistic forms, such as engraving, lithography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4314039663945425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d056ffa-c919-45e1-9379-3d3afab6d15d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.125547"}
{"text": "was a practice which was to lead to his making of surrealist sculptures. his tormented monsters appeared during this decade, which gave way to the consolidation of his plastic vocabulary. he also experimented with many other artistic forms, such as engraving, lithography, water colors, pastels, and painting over copper. what is particularly highlighted from this period, are the two ceramic murals which he made for the unesco building in paris ( the wall of the moon and the wall of the sun, 1957 - 59 ). joan miro unesco mural - \u201c the moon and the sun \u201d it was at the end of the 60\u00b4s when his final period was marked and which lasted until his death. during this time, he concentrated more and more on monumental and public works. he was characterized by the body language and freshness with which he carried out his canvasses, as well as the special attention he paid to material and the stamp he received from informalism. he concentrated his interest on the symbol, not giving too much importance to the representing theme, but to the way the symbol emerged as the piece of work. miro had a very eccentric style that is the embodiment of his unique approach to his artwork. in 1976 the joan miro foundation centre of contemporary art study was officially opened in the city of barcelona and in 1979, four years before his death, he was named doctor honoris causa by the university of barcelona. he said, \u201c for me an object is something living. this cigarette or this box of matches contains a secret life much more intense than that of certain human beings. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46624664149730743, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6d056ffa-c919-45e1-9379-3d3afab6d15d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.126124"}
{"text": "our constitution offers us \" life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, \" but we can ' t pursue anything if we are unhealthy. yet, health disparities in the united states are a fact of life. african americans have shorter lives than whites for three reasons. one has to do with income and poverty. poor people [ 27 percent of african americans are poor, compared to about 10 percent of whites ] have less money and less access, often having to make a choice between medical treatment, food to eat, prescription drugs and rent. the second barrier to health equality is proximity and access. in other words, african americans are more likely to be located a distance from hospitals. there are fewer hospitals and clinics in the ' hood than in wealthier areas. and some preventative clinics ( such as a diabetes clinic in harlem ) have been eliminated because of money. another barrier to health access is simply attitudes. those health providers who have racial and other attitudes choose to treat patients differently. according to a study by the institutes of medicine ( iom ), an african american or latino man who goes to an emergency room with a broken bone is less likely to get painkillers than a white man. part of this year ' s presidential debate revolves around the issue of health care. mitt romney, the architect of massachusetts health care system that resembles the obama health plan, is now jogging ( at least that ' s healthy ) away from himself, rejecting plans he once championed. or is he? recently, he said he would preserve some aspects of obamacare, not others. i am sure you have been asked to name three people, living or dead you ' d like to dine with. i ' d like to dine with mitt romney and the truth \u2013 at the same time. those who understand health care challenges understand that the world won ' t be the way it was and our health care system needs to be revised. president obama, offering the first tweak in the social insurance contract in 80 years, has done so by passing health care legislation that pushes the envelope. it ' s not enough, but it is better than it has ever been. still, the system will be strained by the aging baby boomers, and challenged by the need to offer patient education and preventative services to prevent costly interventions. the uncoupling of employment and health insurance allows more people the opportunity to deal with their health. thus, the health care industry will be pushed to absorb people who are newly empowered to deal with their health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47418035983072526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52017160-cc56-4353-84de-fecece23feac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.129831"}
{"text": "##ative services to prevent costly interventions. the uncoupling of employment and health insurance allows more people the opportunity to deal with their health. thus, the health care industry will be pushed to absorb people who are newly empowered to deal with their health. too many folks ignore their health because they have few options. i spent last weekend in the mississippi delta : in cleveland, mound bayou and ruleville. i traveled there with members of the sojourner truth statue committee, under the direction of pat reid - merritt, the richard stockton university distinguished professor who led the national committee. we had the pleasure of offering a statue of fannie lou hamer to the ruleville community in the peaceful garden where fannie lou hamer and her husband \" pap \" are buried. there are so many reasons that the moment was moving, especially the presence of hundreds of children who joined the celebration. fannie lou hamer, an international treasure, a tribute to audacity, a woman who endured a brutal beating because she exercised her right to register and vote, died at 60 from untreated breast cancer. this woman climbed every mountain, cleared every hurdle, stood down the biggest and the baddest in the majority community and in her own. still, she did not have access to the health care that might have saved her life. she could stare down the democratic national committee on national television, but she could not stare down the breast cancer that killed her because she neither had the dollars nor the access to treatment. fannie lou hamer died in 1977 at the age 60. imagine what we might be as a community had she been able to live to 80, or to 90. she might have been able to shape and influence our movements, offer advice and influence, keep the democratic party accountable, and perhaps explore independent politics and the ways republicans might be engaged in the struggle for freedom. we don ' t know what she would have done, but we know that she died too early. that ' s why i believe that health care is a civil right. if we have the right to a life with liberty and the pursuit of happiness, we have the right to be healthy enough to pursue happiness. the fight for the presidency is partly a fight for the pursuit of health and happiness. which candidate supports the 47 percent in this fight? julianne malveaux is a washington, d. c. - based economist and writer. she is president emerita of bennett college for women in greensboro, n. c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4699297036002651, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52017160-cc56-4353-84de-fecece23feac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.130704"}
{"text": "\u201c eau canada \u201d brings together 28 of canada \u2019 s top water experts to debate canada \u2019 s most critical water issues, and to map out solutions. the diverse range of contributors \u2013 geographers, environmental lawyers, former government officials, aquatic scientists, economists, and political scientists \u2013 reflects the broad range of issues involved in water management debates. contributors argue that weak governance is at the heart of canada \u2019 s water problems. the first three sections of the book provide background on canadian water uses ( and abuses ), identify key weaknesses in canadian water governance, and explore controversial debates over jurisdiction, transboundary waters, water exports, and water privatization. solutions for more sustainable water management are mapped out in the final sections of the book, including a cross - canada consensus on water policy, water conservation and pricing, and an engagement with the implications of new legal frameworks on indigenous people \u2019 s water rights. the book is targeted at a broad audience with the objective of promoting informed debate about some of the most controversial and pressing water issues facing canadians. it will be of relevance to academics and students of geography, politics, economics, environmental studies, engineering, and canadian studies. it will also be of particular interest to water supply managers, environmental and water policy analysts, government officials, community groups, and politicians from across canada.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5065032209115334, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fee2d1f8-4fc8-465c-bbe4-b36beb3bb9bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.131990"}
{"text": "air massan extensive body of the atmosphere whose physical properties, particularly temperature and humidity, exhibit only small and continuous differences in the horizontal. it may extend over an area of several million square kilometres and over a depth of several kilometres. backing windcounter - clockwise change of wind direction, in either hemisphere. beaufort scalewind force scale, original based on the state of the sea, expressed in numbers from 0 to 12. fetchdistance along a large water surface trajectory over which a wind of almost uniform direction and speed blows. fogsuspension of very small, usually microscopic water droplets in the air, generally reducing the horizontal visibility at the earth ' s surface to less than 1 km. frontthe interface or transition zone between air masses of different densities ( temperature and humidity ). gale force windwind with a speed between 34 and 47 knots. beaufort scale wind force 8 or 9. gustsudden, brief increase of the wind speed over its mean value. hazesuspension in the atmosphere of extremely small, dry particles which are invisible to the naked eye but numerous enough to give the sky an opalescent appearance. highregion of the atmosphere where the pressures are high relative to those in the surrounding region at the same level. hurricanename given to a warm core tropical cyclone with maximum surface winds of 118 km / h ( 64 knots ) or greater in the north atlantic, the caribbean, the gulf of mexico and in the eastern north pacific ocean. knotunit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour. ( 1. 852 km / h ) land breezewind of coastal regions, blowing at night from the land towards a large water surface as a result of the nocturnal cooling of the land surface. line squallsquall which occurs in a line. lowregion of the atmosphere in which the pressures are lower then those of the surrounding regions at the same level. mistsuspension in the air of microscopic water droplets which reduce the visibility at the earth ' s surface. pressureforce per unit area exerted by the atmosphere on any surface by virtue of its weight ; it is equivalent to the weight of a vertical column of air extending above a surface of unit area to the outer limit of the atmosphere. ridgeregion of the atmosphere in which the pressure is high relative to the surrounding region at the same level. sea breezewind in coastal regions, blowing by day from a large water surface towards the land as a result of diurnal heating of the land surface. sea fogfog which forms in the lower part of a moist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5859105291351265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c43d0fad-4182-427f-88ff-559827fbce8b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.136313"}
{"text": "region at the same level. sea breezewind in coastal regions, blowing by day from a large water surface towards the land as a result of diurnal heating of the land surface. sea fogfog which forms in the lower part of a moist air mass moving over a colder surface ( water ). sea statelocal state of agitation of the sea due to the combined effects of wind and swell. squallatmospheric phenomenon characterizes by an abrupt and large increase of wind speed with a duration of the order of minutes which diminishes suddenly. it is often accompanied by showers or thundershowers. storm force windwind with a wind speed between 48 and 63 knots. beaufort scale wind force 10 or 11. storm surgethe difference between the actual water level under influence of a meteorological disturbance ( storm tide ) and the level which would have been attained in the absence of the meteorological disturbance ( i. e. astronomical tide ). swellany system of water waves which has left its generating area. thunderstormsudden electrical discharge manifested by a flash of light and a sharp or rumbling sound. thunderstorms are associated with convective clouds and are, more often, accompanied by precipitation in the form of rain showers, hail, occasionally snow, snow pellets, or ice pellets. tropical cyclonegeneric term for a non - frontal synoptic scale cyclone originating over tropical or sub - tropical waters with organized convection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. tropical depressionwind speed up to 33 knots. tropical disturbancelight surface winds with indications of cyclonic circulation. tropical stormmaximum wind speed of 34 to 47 knots. troughan elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure. veeringclockwise change of wind direction, in either hemisphere. visibilitygreatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions can be seen and recognized against the horizon sky during daylight or could be seen and recognized during the night if the general illumination were raised to the normal daylight level. waterspouta phenomenon consisting of an often violent whirlwind revealed by the presence of a cloud column or inverted cloud cone ( funnel cloud ), protruding from the base of a cumulonimbus, and of a bush composed of water droplets raised from the surface of the sea. its behaviour is characterized by a tendency to dissipate upon reaching shore. wave heightvertical distance between the trough and crest of a wave. wave periodstime between the passage of two successive wave crests past a fixed point.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5877500675776617, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c43d0fad-4182-427f-88ff-559827fbce8b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.137209"}
{"text": "gospel of mark the gospel according to mark, also known as the gospel of mark, is one of the four canonical gospels. it was most likely the earliest of the four to be written. scholars typically estimate it was written between 70ce and 90ce, by an unknown author. in mark 9 : 1, jesus says to his followers : - \" verily i say unto you, that there be some of them that stand here, which shall not taste of death, till they have seen the kingdom of god come with power. \" 17 and when he was gone forth into the way, there came one running, and kneeled to him, and asked him, good master, what shall i do that i may inherit eternal life? 18 and jesus said unto him, why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, god. significance of mark mark is quite significant in understanding the other gospels in the biblical corpus because it is said that mark \" strung the pearls \" i. e. was the first to bring together sayings, teachings and stories of jesus to create a gospel. the significance of this is that mark is thus extremely significant with regards to understanding matthew, luke and john. for example, mark was written in 70 ad whereas matthew was written in 80 - 85 ad. there are thus 2 prevalent theories for as to where the gospel story comes from in matthew. first is the 2 source theory which states that the gospel of matthew is derived from mark and another source, q. second is the 4 source theory which states that the gospel of matthew is derived from things unique to matthew, things from the gospel of luke, mark, and this other source q. in both of these suggestions the gospel of mark is a predominant figure with regards to understanding matthew. this holds true with the other two gospels, although john is a little more intricate ( cf. the perrin suggestion ). - r. h. gundry, mark : a commentary on his apology for the cross ( grand rapids : wm. b. eerdmans, 1993 ) - v. taylor, the formation of the gospel tradition ( london : macmillan & co., 1953 ) - d. m. smith, john among the gospels ( minneapolis : augsburg / fortress, 1992 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4389231337913497, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ac7e1583-8bca-495a-b1d1-08d7fd501b63>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.140939"}
{"text": "short - limbed toad with rough skin - covered with warts, prominent parallel parotid glands and ( usually ) a bright yellow stripe centrally down the back ( b159, b160, b161 ). - male : to about 2. 5 inches ; female : slightly larger ( b161 ). - normally 7 - 8cm, occasionally to 10cm, females larger than males ( b159 ). head : parallel parotid glands ( b159 ). eye : greenish yellow ( b160, b161 ) ; legs : relatively short, toes no more than half webbed ( b159, b160 ). skin : warty ( b159, b161 ). - dorsal : : grey / olive green, / brownish with darker markings ( brown / green / red warts ) and yellowish stripe central from snout caudally to end of body. - abdomen : whitish, with dark green spotting. - bluish / mauve ( b161 ). - vocal sac under chin, inflated when calling ( b161 ). - three inner fingers of forelimbs have grasping pads ( b161 ). - paired tubercles under longest hind toe ( b159 ). tadpole : similar to those of common toads, darker than those of frogs and smaller than similar - age frog tadpoles or common toad tadpoles ( b161 ). similar species :. differentiated from bufo bufo - common toad by smaller size, parallel parotid glands and yellow stripe down centre of back ( b159 ). | range and habitat and central europe eastwards to western russia. ( b159 ). britain : scattered, local distribution, including south - west ireland ( b159, b161 ). - in north of range ( including britain ) found in sandy areas. - in remainder of range, wider variety of habitats. - up to 200m in iberia. - remain near pond. much of time is spent in crannies, or in burrows in soft sand. - active swimmers. - walk on land, and run, are also able to hop. - poor swimmer. - burrow in soft soil / sand. - mainly nocturnal. - in summer spend daytime in burrows, emerge at night to feed. - head - down, hindquarters - up posture when alarmed. ( b159, b160, b161 ). - crows, magpies, herons - rats, hedgehogs, stoats and weasels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40525729692534307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80681567-c13b-40f2-84b6-1dd8caed5fe5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.143533"}
{"text": "feed. - head - down, hindquarters - up posture when alarmed. ( b159, b160, b161 ). - crows, magpies, herons - rats, hedgehogs, stoats and weasels - some natrix natrix - grass snake. skin shedding : - - longevity : more than 15 years ( b160 ). place : in shallow water, sometimes in puddles near a pond rather than in the pond itself ( b160, b161 ). timing : late march to beginning of august but usually late april to june in britain ( b160 ) ; mid - april to as late as july ( b161 ) courtship : male clasps female, gripping axillae ( b160 ). eggs : 3, 000 - 4, 000 laid in strings ; initially in two rows, later in a single row ( b160, b161 ). tadpole development : rapid. tadpole free of egg by about a week after spawning. develop into toadlets by six to eight weeks. may leave water by early june ( b160, b161 ) - late october to late february or early march. - in burrows or under large stones b161 adults : beetles, other insects, worms, spiders, woodlice, small tadpoles : initially algae on leaves and stems of plants, later animal food : dead fish, fledglings, tadpoles ( b161 ). feeding : catch prey on the move ( b160 ). organisations ( uk contacts ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4242881332907719, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80681567-c13b-40f2-84b6-1dd8caed5fe5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.144024"}
{"text": "so write it offline in an editor ( e. g., notepad ) and paste it in your little post box, viz. : from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia this article is about the general notion of determinism in philosophy. for other uses, see determinism ( disambiguation ). not to be confused with fatalism, predeterminism, or predictability. determinism is a metaphysical philosophical position stating that for everything that happens there are conditions such that, given those conditions, nothing else could happen. \" there are many determinisms, depending upon what pre - conditions are considered to be determinative of an event. \" determinism throughout the history of philosophy has sprung from diverse considerations, some of which overlap. some forms of determinism can be tested empirically with ideas stemming from physics and the philosophy of physics. the opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism ( otherwise called nondeterminism ). determinism is often contrasted with free will. determinism often is taken to mean simply causal determinism, that is, basing determinism upon the idea of cause - and - effect. it is the concept that events within a given paradigm are bound by causality in such a way that any state ( of an object or event ) is completely determined by prior states. this meaning can be distinguished from other varieties of determinism mentioned below. the introduction of \" cause - and - effect \" introduces unnecessary complications related to what is meant by a ' cause ' and how the presence of a ' cause ' might be established, the interpretation of which varies from one physical theory to another. these complications are avoided by a more general formulation based upon connections between ' events ' supplied by a theory : \" a theory is deterministic if, and only if, given its state variables for some initial period, the theory logically determines a unique set of values for those variables for any other period. \" \u2014 ernest nagel, alternative descriptions of physical state p. 292 this quote replaces the idea of ' cause - and - effect ' with that of ' logical implication ' according to one or another theory that connects events. in addition, an ' event ' is related by the theory itself to formalized states described using the parameters defined by that theory. thus, the details of interpretation are placed where they belong, fitted to the context in which the chosen theory applies. other debates often concern the scope of determined systems, with some maintaining that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.628350951240635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.154471"}
{"text": "to formalized states described using the parameters defined by that theory. thus, the details of interpretation are placed where they belong, fitted to the context in which the chosen theory applies. other debates often concern the scope of determined systems, with some maintaining that the entire universe ( or multiverse ) is a single determinate system and others identifying other more limited determinate systems. for example, using the definition of physical determinism above, the limitations of a theory to some particular domain of experience also limits the associated definition of ' determinism ' to that same domain. there are numerous historical debates involving many philosophical positions and varieties of determinism. they include debates concerning determinism and free will, technically denoted as compatibilistic ( allowing the two to coexist ) and incompatibilistic ( denying their coexistence is a possibility ). determinism should not be confused with self - determination of human actions by reasons, motives, and desires. determinism rarely requires that perfect prediction be practically possible \u2013 merely predictable in theory. many philosophical theories of determinism frame themselves with the idea that reality follows a sort of predetermined path causal determinism is \" the idea that every event is necessitated by antecedent events and conditions together with the laws of nature \". however, causal determinism is a broad enough term to consider that \" one ' s deliberations, choices, and actions will often be necessary links in the causal chain that brings something about. in other words, even though our deliberations, choices, and actions are themselves determined like everything else, it is still the case, according to causal determinism, that the occurrence or existence of yet other things depends upon our deliberating, choosing and acting in a certain way \". causal determinism proposes that there is an unbroken chain of prior occurrences stretching back to the origin of the universe. the relation between events may not be specified, nor the origin of that universe. causal determinists believe that there is nothing uncaused or self - caused. historical determinism ( a sort of path dependence ) can also be synonymous with causal determinism. nomological determinism ( sometimes called ' scientific ' determinism, although that is a misnomer ) is the most common form of causal determinism. it is the notion that the past and the present dictate the future entirely and necessarily by rigid natural laws, that every occurrence results inevitably from prior events. quantum mechanics and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6599370415845622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.155426"}
{"text": "misnomer ) is the most common form of causal determinism. it is the notion that the past and the present dictate the future entirely and necessarily by rigid natural laws, that every occurrence results inevitably from prior events. quantum mechanics and various interpretations thereof pose a serious challenge to this view. nomological determinism is sometimes illustrated by the thought experiment of laplace ' s demon. physical determinism holds holds that all physical events occur as described by physical laws. depending upon definitions, there is some room here for the view that not everything in the universe must be tied to some physical state, but that view is not usually emphasized by adherents of physical determinism because of the widely accepted scientific view that the operation of all physical systems ( often unnecessarily taken to mean everything ) can be explained entirely in physical terms, the assumed causal closure of physics. necessitarianism is very related to the causal determinism described above. it is a metaphysical principle that denies all mere possibility ; there is exactly one way for the world to be. leucippus claimed there were no uncaused events, and that everything occurs for a reason and by necessity. predeterminism is the idea that all events are determined in advance. the concept of predeterminism is often argued by invoking causal determinism, implying that there is an unbroken chain of prior occurrences stretching back to the origin of the universe. in the case of predeterminism, this chain of events has been pre - established, and human actions cannot interfere with the outcomes of this pre - established chain. predeterminism can be used to mean such pre - established causal determinism, in which case it is categorised as a specific type of determinism. it can also be used interchangeably with causal determinism - in the context of its capacity to determine future events. despite this, predeterminism is often considered as independent of causal determinism. the term predeterminism is also frequently used in the context of biology and hereditary, in which case it represents a form of biological determinism. fatalism is normally distinguished from \" determinism \". fatalism is the idea that everything is fated to happen, so that humans have no control over their future. fate has arbitrary power, and need not follow any causal or otherwise deterministic laws. types of fatalism include hard theological determinism and the idea of predestination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.650344880588474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.156365"}
{"text": "fated to happen, so that humans have no control over their future. fate has arbitrary power, and need not follow any causal or otherwise deterministic laws. types of fatalism include hard theological determinism and the idea of predestination, where there is a god who determines all that humans will do. this may be accomplished either by knowing their actions in advance, via some form of omniscience or by decreeing their actions in advance. theological determinism is a form of determinism which states that all events that happen are pre - ordained, or predestined to happen, by a monotheistic deity, or that they are destined to occur given its omniscience. two forms of theological determinism exist, here referenced as strong and weak theological determinism. the first one, strong theological determinism, is based on the concept of a creator deity dictating all events in history : \" everything that happens has been predestined to happen by an omniscient, omnipotent divinity \". the second form, weak theological determinism, is based on the concept of divine foreknowledge - \" because god ' s omniscience is perfect, what god knows about the future will inevitably happen, which means, consequently, that the future is already fixed \". there exist slight variations on the above categorisation. some claim that theological determinism requires predestination of all events and outcomes by the divinity ( i. e. they do not classify the weaker version as ' theological determinism ' unless libertarian free will is assumed to be denied as a consequence ), or that the weaker version does not constitute ' theological determinism ' at all. with respect to free will, \" theological determinism is the thesis that god exists and has infallible knowledge of all true propositions including propositions about our future actions \", more minimal criteria designed to encapsulate all forms of theological determinism. theological determinism can also be seen as a form of causal determinism, in which the antecedent conditions are the nature and will of god. logical determinism or determinateness is the notion that all propositions, whether about the past, present, or future, are either true or false. note that one can support causal determinism without necessarily supporting logical determinism and vice versa ( depending on one ' s views on the nature of time, but also randomness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5617236283035527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.157258"}
{"text": "the past, present, or future, are either true or false. note that one can support causal determinism without necessarily supporting logical determinism and vice versa ( depending on one ' s views on the nature of time, but also randomness ). the problem of free will is especially salient now with logical determinism : how can choices be free, given that propositions about the future already have a truth value in the present ( i. e. it is already determined as either true or false )? this is referred to as the problem of future contingents. adequate determinism focuses on the fact that, even without a full understanding of microscopic physics, we can predict the distribution of 1000 coin tosses often synonymous with logical determinism are the ideas behind spatio - temporal determinism or eternalism : the view of special relativity. j. j. c. smart, a proponent of this view, uses the term \" tenselessness \" to describe the simultaneous existence of past, present, and future. in physics, the \" block universe \" of hermann minkowski and albert einstein assumes that time is a fourth dimension ( like the three spatial dimensions ). in other words, all the other parts of time are real, like the city blocks up and down a street, although the order in which they appear depends on the driver ( see rietdijk \u2013 putnam argument ). adequate determinism is the idea that quantum indeterminacy can be ignored for most macroscopic events. this is because of quantum decoherence. random quantum events \" average out \" in the limit of large numbers of particles ( where the laws of quantum mechanics asymptotically approach the laws of classical mechanics ). stephen hawking explains a similar idea : he says that the microscopic world of quantum mechanics is one of determined probabilities. that is, quantum effects rarely alter the predictions of classical mechanics, which are quite accurate ( albeit still not perfectly certain ) at larger scales. something as large as an animal cell, then, would be \" adequately determined \" ( even in light of quantum indeterminacy ). nature and nurture interact in humans. a scientist looking at a sculpture after some time does not ask whether we are seeing the effects of the starting materials or environmental influences. although some of the above forms of determinism concern human behaviors and cognition, others frame themselves as an answer to the nature or nurture debate. they will suggest that one factor will entirely determine behavior. as scientific understanding has grown, however", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6606001917505799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.158264"}
{"text": "influences. although some of the above forms of determinism concern human behaviors and cognition, others frame themselves as an answer to the nature or nurture debate. they will suggest that one factor will entirely determine behavior. as scientific understanding has grown, however, the strongest versions of these theories have been widely rejected as a single cause fallacy. in other words, the modern deterministic theories attempt to explain how the interaction of both nature and nurture is entirely predictable. the concept of heritability has been helpful to make this distinction. biological determinism, sometimes called genetic determinism, is the idea that each of our behaviors, beliefs, and desires are fixed by our genetic nature. behaviorism is the idea that all behavior can be traced to specific causes \u2014 either environmental or reflexive. this nurture - focused determinism was developed by john b. watson and b. f. skinner. cultural determinism or social determinism is the nurture - focused theory that it is the culture in which we are raised that determines who we are. environmental determinism is also known as climatic or geographical determinism. it holds the view that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture. supporters often also support behavioral determinism. key proponents of this notion have included ellen churchill semple, ellsworth huntington, thomas griffith taylor and possibly jared diamond, although his status as an environmental determinist is debated. a technological determinist might suggest that technology like the mobile phone is the greatest factor shaping human civilization. other ' deterministic ' theories actually seek only to highlight the importance of a particular factor in predicting the future. these theories often use the factor as a sort of guide or constraint on the future. they need not suppose that complete knowledge of that one factor would allow us to make perfect predictions. psychological determinism can mean that humans must act according to reason, but it can also be synonymous with some sort of psychological egoism. the latter is the view that humans will always act according to their perceived best interest. linguistic determinism claims that our language determines ( at least limits ) the things we can think and say and thus know. the sapir \u2013 whorf hypothesis argues that individuals experience the world based on the grammatical structures they habitually use. economic determinism is the theory which attributes primacy to the economic structure over politics in the development of human history. it is associated with the dialectical materialism of karl marx. technological determinism is a reductionist theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.603934280364263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa5b85ba-af47-43af-a2ff-d30a8b594bab>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.159168"}
{"text": "- date : january 25, 2011 - in this story : asian tiger reserves can support more than 10, 000 wild tigers \u2014 three times the current estimate \u2014 if they are managed as large - scale landscapes that protect core breeding sites and benefit local communities, according to the world \u2019 s leading conservation scientists in a new study published on january 25. this positive news reveals that doubling the number of tigers in the wild is feasible. \u201c in the midst of a crisis, it \u2019 s tempting to circle the wagons and only protect a limited number of core protected areas, but we can and should do better, \u201d said dr. eric dinerstein, chief scientist at wwf and co - author of the study. \u201c we absolutely need to stop the bleeding, the poaching of tigers and their prey in core breeding areas, but we need to go much further and secure larger tiger landscapes before it is too late. \u201d wild tiger numbers have declined to as few as 3, 200 today compared to 100, 000 a century ago, due to poaching of tigers and their prey, habitat destruction and human - tiger conflict. \u201c a landscape - based conservation strategy to double the wild tiger population \u201d in the current issue of conservation letters provides the first assessment of the political commitment made by all 13 tiger range countries at november \u2019 s historic tiger summit to double the tiger population across asia by 2022. the study found that the 20 priority tiger conservation landscapes with the highest probability of long - term tiger survival could support more than 10, 500 tigers, including about 3, 400 breeding females. \u201c tiger conservation is the face of biodiversity conservation and competent sustainable land - use management at the landscape level, \u201d said study co - author dr. john seidensticker of the smithsonian conservation biology institute. \u201c by saving the tiger we save all the plants and animals that live under the tiger \u2019 s umbrella. \u201d the study also revealed that major infrastructure projects such dams, roads and mines will threaten tiger landscapes in the next decade. however, channeling revenues to communities from wildlife tourism, forest management in corridors and buffer zones, and earning carbon credits will provide new opportunities. read the full study view a map of the 12 best places to double the number of tigers in the wild learn more about wild tigers \u201c without strong countervailing pressures, short - term economic gains will inevitably trump protection of the critical ecosystems necessary for sustainable development, \u201d said keshav varma, program director of the global tiger initiative at the world bank. the study calls for mainstreaming wildlife conservation to shift to well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4321950756203168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f63be90-a486-431d-b2d2-80abce277e86>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.163180"}
{"text": "are the cables in your living room creating a jungle? don ' t worry \u2013 we ' ll help you untangle things so that digital television makes sense. just pick the category that describes your problem, and we ' ll guide you through it \u2013 step - by - step. last updated : thu, 09 jun 2011 > related articles this article addresses faqs about hdtv including : picture quality, picture display, and common terms. hdtv ( high definition tv ) is a tv display technology that provides a higher picture and sound quality than standard tv sets. roughly half of prime time tv programs of the major networks are available in the hdtv format ( 16 : 9 ). the other half are available in the standard - definition format ( 4 : 3 ). the aspect ratio of the content is controlled by the content providers ; example : hbo and showtime. you can access the providers website to see which programming is released in the hdtv format ( 16 : 9 ). - when a standard - definition ( 4 : 3 aspect ratio ) program is viewed on a hdtv ( 16 : 9 aspect ratio ), the hdtv centers the image on the screen with black or gray bars on either side. - when hdtv ( 16 : 9 aspect ratio ) content is displayed on a standard - definition tv ( 4 : 3 aspect ratio ), black bars will appear at the top and bottom of the screen. refer to your tv user guide for directions on removing the bars. if you have a scientific atlanta cable box, use the stretch and zoom hd settings to fill the tv screen area with the image. - a tv is considered to have burn - in when the hdtv colors are not evenly displayed across the screen. - to avoid burn - in, use the stretch and zoom hd settings to fill the tv screen area with the image. in some cases you can substitute gray bars for black bars to minimize burn in. you can also try turning your contrast down to 50 percent or lower. - burn in is usually not covered under warranty, and only affects the following tv displays : - direct - view crt - plasma flat - panel - crt - based rear projection the 4 : 3 aspect ratio is the shape of the standard tv monitor ( square ). the 16 : 9 aspect ratio is the shape of most hdtv monitors ( rectangular ). hdtvs have been manufactured in both 4 : 3 and 16 : 9 aspect ratios. widescreen is a term used for the 16 : 9 aspect ratio which is larger than the standard definition tv screen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4987114870246273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71129903-65ce-4171-bbdb-1ed8cf3c14d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.166421"}
{"text": "shape of most hdtv monitors ( rectangular ). hdtvs have been manufactured in both 4 : 3 and 16 : 9 aspect ratios. widescreen is a term used for the 16 : 9 aspect ratio which is larger than the standard definition tv screen. - 1080p is the shorthand identification for a category of hdtv video modes. the number 1080 represents 1, 080 lines of vertical resolution ( 1, 080 horizontal scan lines ), while the letter p stands for progressive scan ( meaning the image is not interlaced ). the term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16 : 9, implying a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels. - 1080i is a ( hdtv ) video mode. the term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16 : 9, implying a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels and a frame resolution of 1920\u00d71080 or about 2. 07 million pixels. - 720p is the shorthand name for a category of hdtv video modes. the number 720 stands for the 720 horizontal scan lines of display resolution ( also known as 720 pixels of vertical resolution ), while the letter p stands for progressive scan or non - interlaced. - 720 or 1080 lines of resolution from both the channel broadcast and the hdtv monitor ( note : a 480i dvd is not high definition, even though the image quality is considerably higher than a standard definition tv broadcast on a standard definition tv. ) - ability to display 16x9 aspect ratio pictures - y pb pr video component connections from the cable receiver to the hdtv - audio in the dolby digital ( ac - 3 ) format to support \" 5. 1 \" surround sound most hdtv monitors can display an sdtv ( 480i ) signal. if \" sidebars \" appear, you can press the settings button on the remote control twice to access the hdtv settings. then select the 480i stretch setting, which will stretch the 4 : 3 program to fill the entire screen area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5180921155260017, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71129903-65ce-4171-bbdb-1ed8cf3c14d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.167119"}
{"text": "a consistent csg model is one which is made up of solid objects with no dangling surfaces. in rayshade, it is quite easy to construct inconsistent models, which will usually appear incorrect in the final images. in rayshade, csg is implemented by maintaining the tree structure of the csg operations. this tree is traversed, and the operators therein applied, on a per - ray basis. it is therefore difficult to verify the consistency of the model ` ` on the fly. ' ' one class of csg problems occur when surfaces of objects being operated upon coincide. for example, when subtracting a box from another box to make a square cup, the result will be wrong if the tops of the two boxes coincide. to correct this, the inner box should be made slightly taller than the outer box. a related problem that must be avoided occurs when two coincident surfaces are assigned different surface properties. it may seem that the union operator is unnecessary, since listing two objects together in an aggregate results in an image that appears to be the same. while the result of such a short - cut may appear the same on the exterior, the interior of the resulting object will contain extraneous surfaces. the following example show this quite clearly. difference box - 2 0 - 3 2 3 3 union / * change to list ; note bad internal surfaces * / sphere 2 1 0 0 sphere 2 - 1 0 0 end end rotate 1 0 0 - 40 rotate 0 0 1 50 the visual evidence of an inconsistent csg object varies depending upon the operator being used. when subtracting a consistent object from and inconsistent one, the resulting object will appear to be the union of the two objects, but the shading will be incorrect. it will appear to be inside - out in places, while correct in other places. the inside - out sections indicate the areas where the problems occur. such problems are often caused by polygons with incorrectly specified normals, or by surfaces that exactly coincide ( which appear as partial ` ` swiss cheese ' ' objects ). the following example illustrates an attempt to subtract a sphere from a pyramid defined using an incorrectly facing triangle. note that the resulting image obviously points to which triangle is reversed. name pyramid list triangle 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 triangle 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 triangle 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 triangle 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 / * wrong order * / end difference object pyramid scale 3 3 3 rotate 0 0 1 45", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.528157934363361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efcea14c-a2c8-4dab-ad72-6a68776cb2bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.169457"}
{"text": "to use kickstart mode, you must first create a kickstart file, and make it available to the red hat linux installation program. normally this is done by copying the kickstart file to the boot diskette, or making it available on the network. the network - based approach is most commonly used, as most kickstart installations tend to be performed on networked computers. this also makes it easier to install red hat linux on many computers, as the kickstart files can be kept on single server system, and read by the individual computers during the installation. let ' s take a more in - depth look at the locations where kickstart file may be placed. to perform a diskette - based kickstart installation, the kickstart file must be named ks. cfg, and reside in the boot diskette ' s top - level directory. note that the red hat linux boot diskettes are in ms - dos format, making it easy to copy the kickstart file under linux using the mcopy command ( or, if you insist, you can also use windows ). although there ' s no technological requirement for it, most diskette - based kickstart installations install red hat linux from cd - rom. network installations using kickstart are quite common, because system administrators can easily automate the installation of many networked computers quickly and painlessly. in general, the approach most commonly used is for the administrator to have both a bootp / dhcp server and an nfs server on the local network. the bootp / dhcp server is used to give the client system its networking information, while the nfs server serves the actual files used during the installation. often these two servers run on the same physical machine, but there is no requirement for this. to do a network - based kickstart installation, you must have a bootp / dhcp server on your network, and it must include configuration information for the machine you are attempting to install. the bootp / dhcp server will be used to give the client its networking information as well as the location of the kickstart file. if a kickstart file is specified by the bootp / dhcp server, the client system will attempt an nfs mount of the file ' s path, and will copy the specified file to the client, using it as the kickstart file. the exact settings required vary depending on the bootp / dhcp server you use. here ' s an example for the dh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44752625306883986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ed9e761-54db-4500-a92e-a1e5ccef8adf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.172280"}
{"text": "the file ' s path, and will copy the specified file to the client, using it as the kickstart file. the exact settings required vary depending on the bootp / dhcp server you use. here ' s an example for the dhcp server shipped with red hat linux : filename \" / usr / new - machine / kickstart / \" ; next - server blarg. redhat. com ; note that you should use filename for the kickstart file ' s name ( or the directory in which the kicstart file resides ), and next - server to set the nfs server name. if the filename returned by the bootp / dhcp server ends with a slash ( ` ` / ' ' ), then it is interpreted as a path only. in this case, the client system mounts that path using nfs, and searches for a specially - named file. the filename the client searches for is : the < ip - addr > section of the filename should be replaced with the client ' s ip address in dotted decimal notation. for example, the filename for a computer with an ip address of 10. 10. 0. 1 would be 10. 10. 0. 1 - kickstart. note that if you don ' t specify a server name, then the client system will attempt to use the server that answered the bootp / dhcp request as its nfs server. if you don ' t specify a path or filename, the client system will try to mount / kickstart from the bootp / dhcp server, and will try to find the kickstart file using the same < ip - addr > - kickstart filename as described above.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46548262779300353, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ed9e761-54db-4500-a92e-a1e5ccef8adf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.172895"}
{"text": "water creatures caught stealing dna tiny freshwater organisms that have a sex - free lifestyle, may have survived so well because they steal genes from other creatures, us scientists report. researchers from the harvard university in cambridge, massachusetts, have found genes from bacteria, fungi and even plants incorporated into the dna of bdelloid rotifers - minuscule animals that appear to have given up sex 40 million years ago. their report appears in this week ' s edition of science. sex is used by most life forms as a way of coping with changing circumstances, by allowing organisms to develop useful new genes and ditch harmful, mutated ones. the resilience of bdelloid and their sex - free lifestyle has stumped scientists. the team, headed by professor matthew meselson, looked at the dna of bdelloid rotifers to see how they manage to survive and evolve. it appears they overcome this hurdle by stealing dna from our organisms. \" our result shows that genes can enter the genomes of bdelloids in a manner fundamentally different from that which, in other animals, results from the mating of males and females, \" says meselson. \" we found many genes that appear to have originated in bacteria, fungi, and plants. \" the translucent, waterborne creatures, which range in size from 0. 1 to 1 millimetres long, lay eggs, but all their offspring are female. the researchers believe that when bdelloids dry out, they fracture their genetic material and rupture cellular membranes. when they rehydrate, they rebuild their genomes and their membranes, incorporating shreds of genetic material from other bdelloids and unrelated species in their vicinity. \" these fascinating animals not only have relaxed the barriers to incorporation of foreign genetic material, but, more surprisingly, they even managed to keep some of these alien genes functional, \" report co - author dr irina arkhipova says. according to the researchers, the next step is to determine whether bdelloid genomes also contain homologous genes imported from other bdelloids. meselson and his colleagues also hope to examine whether the animals actually use any of the hundreds of snippets of foreign dna they appear to vacuum up. understanding how the animals acquire and make use of these new genes could have implications for medicine. genetic mutations, which occur constantly in any living organism, underlie cancer, heart disease and various other diseases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5116685476378873, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ccc0e8f-b8e3-42aa-8ed8-47b14f3a075c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.175058"}
{"text": "while any kind of dog can attack, some breeds are more prone to attacks than others. in fact, some dogs are more likely than others to kill humans. the centers of disease control estimates that more than 4. 7 million people are bitten by dogs every year. of those, 20 percent require medical attention. in a 15 - year study ( 1979 - 1994 ) a total of 239 deaths were reported as a result of injuries from dog attacks in the united states. through its research, the cdc compiled a list of the dogs most responsible for human fatalities. they are as follows : the study found that most dog - bite - related deaths happened to children. but, according to the cdc there are steps children ( and adults ) can take cut down the risk of a dog attack from family pets as well as dogs they are not familiar with : - don ' t approach an unfamiliar dog. - if an unfamiliar dog approaches you, stay motionless. - don ' t run from a dog or scream. - if a dog knocks you down, roll into a ball and stay still. - avoid looking directly into a dog ' s eyes. - leave a dog alone that is sleeping, eating or taking care of puppies. - let a dog see and sniff you before petting it. - don ' t play with a dog unless there is an adult present. - if a dog bites you, tell an adult immediately. but, the cdc ' s report says most attacks are preventable in three ways : 1. \" owner and public education. dog owners, through proper selection, socialization, training, care, and treatment of a dog, can reduce the likelihood of owning a dog that will eventually bite. male and unspayed / unneutered dogs are more likely to bite than are female and spayed / neutered dogs. \" 2. \" animal control at the community level. animal - control programs should be supported, and laws for regulating dangerous or vicious dogs should be promulgated and enforced vigorously. for example, in this report, 30 % of dog - bite - related deaths resulted from groups of owned dogs that were free roaming off the owner ' s property. \" 3. \" bite reporting. evaluation of prevention efforts requires improved surveillance for dog bites. dog bites should be reported as required by local or state ordinances, and reports of such incidents should include information about the circumstances of the bite ; ownership, breed, sex, age, spay / neuter status, and history of prior aggression of the animal ; and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3896781904685469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da55ad67-a163-461b-9317-72c3b8b457e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.178333"}
{"text": "ask a question about ' gypsy breynton ' start a new discussion about ' gypsy breynton ' answer questions from other users is the heroine of an eponymous series of books written by elizabeth stuart phelps elizabeth stuart phelps ward, born mary gray phelps, was an american author and an early advocate of clothing reform for women, urging them to burn their corsets. - biography :.... the books were written in 1866 - 7 for sunday school sunday school is the generic name for many different types of religious education pursued on sundays by various denominations. - england : the first sunday school may have been opened in 1751 in st. mary ' s church, nottingham. another early start was made by hannah ball, a native of high wycombe in... s and so are of an improving nature. gypsy, as the name indicates, is an impetuous tomboy a tomboy is a girl who exhibits characteristics or behaviors considered typical of the gender role of a boy, including the wearing of typically masculine - oriented clothes and engaging in games and activities that are often physical in nature, and which are considered in many cultures to be the... who lives a chaotic life lacking a system. her development and experiences provide the basis for the restrained moralising of the stories. the four books in the series are - gypsy breynton - gypsy ' s cousin joy - gypsy ' s sowing and reaping - gypsy ' s year at the golden crescent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39326685761553226, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f465f72-b58b-4869-948a-924697aeb414>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.179833"}
{"text": "italian food & cuisine history despite the common american misconception, there is no typical approach when it comes to italian cuisine. instead, styles have developed over the centuries on the regional levels resulting in a multitude of customs and techniques. if there were to be a unifying theme in italian cooking, however, it would have to be the utilization of fresh, seasonal ingredients. however, due to the diversity of climate and geography in italy, even the available ingredients themselves are different from area to area. a good example of the regionalism of styles and ingredients can be found in the differences between northern and southern italian cooking. much of southern diet is influenced by its proximity to the mediterranean sea, resulting in its reliance on fresh fish such as tuna and swordfish. in addition, its abundance of seafood has caused the cooking style to be lighter and simpler, highlighting ingredients such as tomatoes and olive oil. this style has even been deemed by the italian government as the \u201c mediterranean cuisine \u201d. the northern style however, replaces the southern reliance on fish with beef, pork, and dried beans which are more readily available in the region. in addition, the north uses butter and cream rather than olive oil as it \u2019 s dominating cooking fat. the result is a tradition that is heavier and heartier than the southern provinces. it is worth mentioning that many of the new trends in italian cuisine seen in america are actually part of this approach. risotto, a savory rice dish which relies on the breakdown of starches to produce its characteristic creaminess, and polenta, a side dish made from corn meal, have long been mainstays of the northern italian diet. despite the popularity of these broader dishes to this country \u2019 s restaurant scene, most americans still associate italian food with pasta and pizza. and while pasta does play an important role in italian cuisine, it is much more versatile than just spaghetti and meatballs. orzo, for example, is rice - shaped pasta that is seen often prepared as a side dish to beef or veal while gnocchi are potato dumplings often seen tossed in simple sauces that highlight their delicateness. even heartier pastas are often paired with more than just marinara sauce. examples of this are the northern - used bolognese sauce, a meaty blend of tomatoes and cream, and the dramatically different pesto, a light blend of chopped basil, garlic, olive oil, and pine nuts. finally, desserts play an important part of the italian diet. cannolis and tiramisu, both", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41085635815113003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c34151-124d-491d-8090-9c7619705e4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.182918"}
{"text": "tomatoes and cream, and the dramatically different pesto, a light blend of chopped basil, garlic, olive oil, and pine nuts. finally, desserts play an important part of the italian diet. cannolis and tiramisu, both of which contain sweetened mascarpone fillings, are the most widely known in america though others have recently gained attention. for example, gelatos are similar to ice cream but differ in that they are served in a semi - frozen state which results in a creamier, smoother texture. for the more health - conscious, a granita might be preferred. because of the absence of milk or cream, the final texture is coarser and more crystalline. on the other end of the dessert spectrum are those made with wine or alcohol. zabaglione is an egg custard often times flavored with marsala or champagne which is often served with strawberries and zaletti, light cornmeal cookies. we hope this overview has helped you to better understand the diversity of italian cuisine. of course, the best learning is accomplished through experience so we encourage you to use our site and find the italian restaurant that has been waiting for you. buon appetito! click here to find italian restaurants in dallas, ga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4328969375186903, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3c34151-124d-491d-8090-9c7619705e4d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.183507"}
{"text": "you had surgery to treat your gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). gerd is a condition that causes food or liquid to come up from your stomach into your esophagus ( the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach ). your surgeon probably repaired a hiatal hernia with stitches. a hiatal hernia develops when the natural opening in your diaphragm is too large. your diaphragm is the muscle layer between your chest and belly. your stomach may bulge through this large hole into your chest. this bulging is called a hiatal hernia. it may make gerd symptoms worse. your surgeon also wrapped the upper part of your stomach around the end of your esophagus to create pressure at the end of your esophagus. this pressure helps prevent stomach acid and food from flowing back up. your surgery was done by making a large incision in your upper belly ( open surgery ) or with a laparoscope ( a thin tube with a tiny camera on the end ). what to expect at home most patients go back to work 2 - 3 weeks after laparoscopic surgery and 4 - 6 weeks after open surgery. you may have a feeling of tightness when you swallow for 6 - 8 weeks. this is from the swelling inside your esophagus. you may also have some bloating. when you get back home, you will be drinking a clear liquid diet for 2 weeks. you will be on a full liquid diet for about 2 weeks after that, and then a soft - food diet after that. on the liquid diet : start off with small amounts of liquid, about 1 cup at a time. sip. do not gulp. drink liquids often during the day after surgery. avoid cold liquids. do not drink carbonated beverages. do not drink through straws ( they can bring air into your stomach ). crush pills, and take them with liquids for the first month after surgery. when you are eating solid foods again, chew well. do not eat cold foods. do not eat foods that clump together, such as rice or bread. eat small amounts of food several times a day instead of 3 big meals. your doctor will give you a prescription for pain medicine. get it filled when you go home so you have it when you need it. take your pain medicine before your pain becomes too severe. if you have gas pains, try walking around to ease them. do not drive, operate any machinery, or drink alcohol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4253268413494571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d934532a-3dd9-4d33-b499-c5477d7cce19>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.187094"}
{"text": "it filled when you go home so you have it when you need it. take your pain medicine before your pain becomes too severe. if you have gas pains, try walking around to ease them. do not drive, operate any machinery, or drink alcohol when you are taking narcotic pain medicine. this medicine can make you very drowsy, and driving or using machinery is not safe. walk several times a day. do not lift anything heavier than 10 pounds ( about the same as a gallon of milk ). do not do any pushing or pulling. slowly increase how much you do around the house. your doctor will tell you when you can increase your activity and return to work. take care of your wound ( incision ) : if sutures ( stitches ), staples, or glue were used to close your skin, you may remove the wound dressings ( bandages ) and take a shower the day after surgery. if tape strips ( steri - strips ) were used to close your skin, cover the wounds with plastic wrap before showering for the first week. tape the edges of the plastic carefully to keep water out. do not try to wash the steri - strips off. they will fall off on their own after about a week. do not soak in a bathtub or hot tub, or go swimming, until your doctor tells you it is okay. when to call the doctor call your doctor or nurse if : your temperature is above 101 \u00b0f. your incisions are bleeding, red, warm to the touch, or have a thick, yellow, green, or milky drainage. your belly swells or hurts. you have nausea or vomiting for more than 24 hours. you have problems swallowing that keep you from eating. you have problems swallowing that do not go away after 2 or 3 weeks. you have pain that your pain medicine is not helping. you have trouble breathing. you have a cough that does not go away. you cannot drink or eat. your skin or the white part of your eyes turns yellow. peterson rp, pelligrini ca, oelschlager bk. hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux disease. in : townsend : sabiston textbook of surgery, 19th ed. philadelphia, pa : wb saunders ; 2011 : chap 44. kahrilas pj, shaheen nj, vaezi mf, hiltz sw, black e, modlin im. american gastroenterological association medical position statement on the management of gastroes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3988195930244005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d934532a-3dd9-4d33-b499-c5477d7cce19>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.187916"}
{"text": "first homer encyclopedia brings epic poetry and ancient greece to life tuesday, april 17, 2012 tau researcher sheds light on homer ' s reception in the western, jewish and arabic worlds homer, one of the most famous poets of all time, is firmly entrenched in the western canon as a master of classical literature. his two most renowned works, the iliad and the odyssey, are core texts for students and scholars alike. now, prof. margalit finkelberg of tel aviv university ' s department of classics has created an illuminating new tool, the world ' s first homer encyclopedia. published in three volumes by wiley - blackwell last year and more recently in electronic form, the encyclopedia is an invaluable window into homer ' s life and work, elucidating the characters and settings of his work from primary characters to the smallest village mentioned in passing. the volumes also examine the pre - history of homer and the period in which he lived and wrote, and how the text has been received and transmitted by various cultures and societies throughout history to the present day. one of its groundbreaking areas of research is the reception of homer in the jewish and arabic traditions, a subject that has rarely been explored. with contributions from 132 scholars worldwide, this three volume work is a universal exploration of all things homer. \" through this encyclopedia, you can enter homer ' s world and get lost in it, \" says prof. finkelberg, who was recently awarded the 2012 rothschild prize in the humanities. \" it is unique for its comprehensive view \u2014 the entire field is seen as vibrant, alive and contemporary. homer ' s work is put in a modern living context, rather than approached as an impenetrable classic monument. \" an avatar of greek culture one section of the encyclopedia examines \" textual reception \" over 2, 000 years of history. its purpose is to examine how homeric texts were received from the view of different societies and cultures, e. g. victorian england. studying the history of the reception of a major text is an emerging field of study, prof. finkelberg explains \u2014 and profoundly important to the progress of the humanities. one of the most original features of this work is an in - depth study of homer in the context of jewish and arabic traditions, conducted by leading specialists. though homer ' s work is foundational to the western tradition, it has never been central to these eastern traditions, which put more of an emphasis on \" useful \" texts, such as those regarding science, medicine, and philosophy. the findings, she says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45216258230483175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2803558a-d055-4608-8cef-0426746bf557>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.191253"}
{"text": "homer ' s work is foundational to the western tradition, it has never been central to these eastern traditions, which put more of an emphasis on \" useful \" texts, such as those regarding science, medicine, and philosophy. the findings, she says, are surprising. because the hellenic world is little - known in these cultures, homer is seen as a symbol of greek culture in its entirety. \" poetry was not translated in these cultures, and because of this, very little was known about the art of the greeks beyond philosophers like aristotle. for them, homer represented everything to do with greek culture, including paganism, \" explains prof. finkelberg. anything \" greek \" was essentially \" homeric \" and vice versa. prof. finkelberg believes that the publication is a crucial addition to encyclopedias on the work of other poets such as dante and virgil. after all, homer is not just any writer. in the absence of the sacred religious texts that are central to other traditions, such as the bible to judeo - christian traditions, the iliad and the odyssey are the formative texts of greek culture. because of this, the fields of homeric archaeology and biblical archaeology rest on the same historical axis, suggests prof. finkelberg. homer ' s use of history reflects real historical events and has inspired actual archaeological discovery. it was through homer, for example, that german archaeologist heinrich schliemann was to search for the ruins of troy, the site of the trojan war in homer ' s works. previously, the city was believed to be a mere literary invention. though homer cannot be used as a historical text in the modern sense, prof. finkelberg says that his literary works are themselves not unlike an archaeological site, where different levels of history can be pieced together to reveal intriguing tale of a world long past. for more arts and culture news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49953434457197965, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2803558a-d055-4608-8cef-0426746bf557>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.191978"}
{"text": "inspecting heating systems & carbon monoxide carbon monoxide poisoning has been on the rise in recent years, and it stems in large part from the home \u2019 s heating system. at first glance, modern heating systems may seem the same as those that have been used safely for years. however, there are some key differences that make today \u2019 s homes more susceptible to carbon monoxide buildup. as a home inspector, it is important to understand heating systems, what causes toxic gases to be present in the home, and how to prevent it. in a nutshell, toxic gases in the home can be attributed to the following common situations : - today \u2019 s houses are more air - tight. homeowners are aware of the cost of heating drafty homes and take steps to seal up windows, doors and other areas of air - infiltration. consequently, there is less fresh air coming into a home and not as many pathways for stale or polluted air to leave it. in addition, when furnaces and boilers are starved for of the oxygen needed to burn fuels completely, carbon monoxide is produced. - manufacturers have designed new, high technology heating appliances with greater efficiency to help us save money, conserve natural resources and decrease environmental pollution. however, the new breed of high efficiency gas and oil furnaces - when vented into existing chimney flues - often do not perform at an optimum level. the difference in performance creates conditions that allow toxic gases to enter living spaces more easily. the above conditions point out a number of older, ongoing problems that still require detection by a professional home inspector as well as correction in order to prevent toxic gases from filtering into the house. these include damaged or deteriorating flue liners, soot build - up, debris clogging the passageway, and animal or bird nests obstructing chimney flues. what can you tell your home inspection clients about preventing these problems from arising? ahit recommends that heating systems be tuned - up on an annual basis by a qualified hvac contractor and that chimneys / flues be evaluated by a certified chimney sweeper to ensure the entire system is operating properly and safely. reference material provided by the csia. back to home inspection industry news > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48648086476873753, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f446189b-fb4b-4d49-a4e4-daed9cffb0d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.194848"}
{"text": "a study released this week by the centers for disease control and prevention may have the weary thinking about getting some rest before they get behind the wheel. the study found that one in 24 u. s. adults said they recently fell asleep while driving. the national highway safety administration estimates 2. 5 percent of fatal motor vehicle crashes ( about 730 in 2009 ) and 2 percent of all crashes with non - fatal injuries ( about 30, 000 in 2009 ) involved drowsy driving, according to the cdc. \u201c however, although data collection methods make it challenging to estimate the number of crashes that involve drowsy drivers, some modeling studies have estimated that 15 to 33 percent of fatal crashes might involve drowsy drivers, \u201d the report stated. in the study, about 4 percent of u. s. adults said they nodded off or fell asleep at least once while driving in the previous month. the study surveyed 147, 000 people in 19 states by telephone in 2009 and 2010. researchers found that drowsy driving was more common among people ages 25 to 34, adults who reported usually sleeping six hours or less per day, snoring or unintentionally falling asleep during the day. steve deibel, owner and founder of aiken driving academy, said that a section of his classes address fatigued driving. he shows students a video on a new jersey law known as \u201c maggie \u2019 s law. \u201d the law was enacted following an accident in 1997, during which college student maggie mcdonnell was killed in a car accident when struck by a van driven by someone who had not slept for 30 hours and had also been using drugs. the driver fell asleep at the wheel when the accident occurred. after two trials, the driver of the van was given a $ 200 fine and a suspended jail sentence. the law defines fatigue as being without sleep for more than 24 consecutive hours and makes driving while fatigued a criminal offense. \u201c we show that video and talk to our young people about fatigue, \u201d deibel said. \u201c they \u2019 re tired because they stay up late. they get six or eight hours of sleep at night but need 10 to 12. \u201d deibel, a former law enforcement officer, said there have been fatalities in aiken county related to fatigued driving. \u201c it \u2019 s very overlooked, and it \u2019 s very serious, \u201d he said. \u201c you \u2019 ve got to have rest. you can \u2019 t be on the road when you \u2019 re tired or fatigued. \u201d deibel said the video also followed a news reporter that was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41321060825403844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72cf3e15-c5fe-4d04-976f-706de0baa23a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.198441"}
{"text": "and it \u2019 s very serious, \u201d he said. \u201c you \u2019 ve got to have rest. you can \u2019 t be on the road when you \u2019 re tired or fatigued. \u201d deibel said the video also followed a news reporter that was kept awake for 30 hours as part of an experiment. he then was hooked up to monitoring machines and drove a car on a closed course. \u201c what came of the study \u2013 you fall asleep but your eyes are open, \u201d deibel said. \u201c our bodies are built to shut down. if you have somebody that \u2019 s fatigued behind the wheel and they \u2019 re essentially asleep, you might as well just blindfold them. \u201d deibel said falling asleep at the wheel is as dangerous as driving 2. 5 times the legal blood - alcohol limit. \u201c i hate making those correlations, because impaired driving is extremely dangerous, \u201d he said. \u201c i think you have to lump fatigued driving into all the serious dangers of driving. you can \u2019 t look at it as, \u2018 i \u2019 m sleepy. i \u2019 ll just get some coffee. \u2019 \u201d if you feel fatigued while driving, deibel suggests pulling over, getting out of the vehicle and getting something to eat, especially if you find yourself rubbing your eyes, rolling down the window, turning on the air conditioner or doing other things to keep yourself awake. \u201c if you start doing things to stay awake, you need to stop and look at your sleep cycle, \u201d he said, adding that if the last time you slept was more than 18 to 20 hours, you don \u2019 t need to be driving. he added that fatigued driving, as opposed to \u201c tired driving, \u201d usually occurs after being awake for 18 hours or more. if you \u2019 ve been awake 18 hours or more, \u201c you need to start looking very hard at where you \u2019 re driving, when you \u2019 re driving and if you need to be driving, \u201d deibel said. he added that caffeine is only a temporary fix in some cases. \u201c how much caffeine does it take to keep somebody awake who \u2019 s been awake for 20 - plus hours? \u201d he said. \u201c it eventually wouldn \u2019 t, because your body is just going to shut down. \u201d teddy kulmala covers the crime beat for the aiken standard. he is a graduate of clemson university and hails from williston.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41892484170486594, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72cf3e15-c5fe-4d04-976f-706de0baa23a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.199322"}
{"text": "the savannah river site is likely a prime contender for storing spent nuclear fuel for decades to come, according to a report released thursday. the study by robert alvarez, a former senior adviser at the department of energy and professor at johns hopkins university, outlines the possible impact of making srs an interim storage site for the country \u2019 s commercial nuclear power plant waste. recently formed environmental group don \u2019 t waste aiken commissioned alvarez, an expert on nuclear waste with washington, d. c., think tank the policy institute, to produce a study outlining the impact of storing spent nuclear fuel at srs. speaking at a press conference announcing his findings, alvarez outlined the amount of radioactivity spent fuel could bring \u2013 more than double the radioactivity present at srs currently in high - level waste could be delivered. high level liquid waste tanks at srs have near 280 million curies of radioactivity. spent fuel looking to be stored could bring 1 billion curies to the doe - owned site. \u201c this would be one of the largest concentrations of radioactivity in the united states in one place \u201d alvarez said. \u201c i \u2019 m not questioning the ability of the people at savannah river to handle this material. i \u2019 m really trying to give people an idea of what the implications are. \u201d the report also said some 2, 500 shipments of high - level waste initially could travel across the nation \u2019 s highways for storage at srs if sent by truck ; however, alvarez noted that he thought a single repository was unlikely and impractical. alvarez \u2019 report will be officially released thursday as discussion intensifies over how to deal with the nation \u2019 s growing amount of commercial power plant waste. the nation today has about 70, 000 tons of spent fuel. the deadly material was originally scheduled to go to yucca mountain, nev., for disposal, but president obama canceled the project in 2010 after citing environmental concerns. last month, the department of energy released a three - point plan for replacing yucca mountain. the plan calls for establishing an interim storage site by 2021 and a larger interim storage site by 2025. a permanent disposal ground would be available by 2048, according to the doe. although there is no official proposal to build an interim storage site at srs, the site \u2019 s history in dealing with waste, its workforce, community support and infrastructure make it an obvious contender. \u201c i don \u2019 t know where there is a better site, \u201d alvarez said thursday. \u201c srs is not the only option. \u201d overall,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41145249988460486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44691f5b-30b7-4bfb-8d34-4252868c4489>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.201848"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia battle of the kentish knock the battle of the kentish knock ( also known as the battle of the zealand approaches ) was a naval battle of the first anglo - dutch war fought on 8 october 1652 near the shoal called the kentish knock in the north sea about 30 km from the mouth of the river thames. dutch admiral maarten tromp had been suspended after his failure to bring the english to battle off the shetland islands in august, and replaced by admiral witte de with, who saw an opportunity to concentrate his forces and gain control of the seas. he set out to attack the english fleet at anchor at the downs near dover on 5 october 1652, but the wind was unfavourable. when the fleets finally met on 8 october, the united provinces had 57 ships ; the commonwealth of england 68 ships under general at sea robert blake. action was joined at about 17 : 00. the english ships were larger and better armed than their opponents and by nightfall two dutch ships had been captured and about twenty \u2014 mostly commanded by captains from zeeland who resented the domination of holland \u2014 had broken off the engagement. de with withdrew the rest of his force with many casualties. the dutch recognized after their defeat that they needed larger ships to take on the english, and instituted a major building program that was to pay off in the second anglo - dutch war. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39393305066434137, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f30c0c74-8589-44ae-acf1-d05f946e33c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.203257"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia the sampling frequency or sampling rate defines the number of samples per second taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal. the inverse of the sampling frequency is the sampling period or sampling time, which is the time between samples. the sampling frequency can only be applied to samplers in which each sample is periodically taken. there is no rule that limits a sampler from taking a sample at a non - periodic rate. if a signal has a bandwidth of 100 hz then to avoid aliasing the sampling frequency must be greater than 200 hz. in some cases, it is desirable to have a sampling frequency more than twice the bandwidth so that a digital filter can be used in exchange for a weaker analog anti - aliasing filter. this process is known as oversampling. in digital audio, common sampling rates are : - 8, 000 hz - telephone, adequate for human speech - 11, 025 hz - 22, 050 hz - radio - 44, 100 hz - compact disc - 48, 000 hz - digital sound used for films and professional audio - 96, 000 or 192, 400 hz - dvd - audio, some lpcm dvd audio tracks, bd - rom ( blu - ray disc ) audio tracks, and hd - dvd ( high - definition dvd ) audio tracks in digital video, which uses a ccd as the sensor, the sampling rate is defined the frame / field rate, rather than the notional pixel clock. all modern tv cameras use ccds, and the image sampling frequency is the repetition rate of the ccd integration period. - 13. 5 mhz - ccir 601, d1 video - continuous signal vs. discrete signal - digital control - sample and hold - sample ( signal ) - sampling ( information theory ) - signal ( information theory ) the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5995837492527237, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d25b5562-8f30-4fd1-bc51-46f94956427e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.205020"}
{"text": "the main objectives of the project are : to strengthen the indigenous organizations for the exercise of human rights and the promotion of the rights of the declaration the desired results are the strengthening of indigenous organizations in relation with the declaration of united nations and their mechanisms of implementation, taking actions and preparing programs for the exercise of rights. the planned actions are : 1. 1 the carrying out of training courses on the declaration and human rights for leaders in : - ecuador through tukui shim and conaie. - argentina through the confederation and the observatory. - paraguay through capi and acidi. - colombia in cano mochuelo. 1. 2 workshops to raise awareness and spread human rights and the declaration in the communities. 1. 3 publications on the implementation of rights since the implementation of the declaration. - publication in ecuador ( comparative report of the constitution and the declaration ). - publication on the exercise of the territorial rights in the interamerican system. - informative material on the declaration. 2. 1 advice and definition of strategies to implement the rights in the international arena. 2. 2. the support and escort to the carrying out of defense actions and promotion of rights, including strategies of international action ( the project would begin with the same organizations we will make the training courses ). - proposals of regulations and political negotiations. - defence of rights in trials against indigenous organizations and people. - lawsuit to implement rights. - international actions of condemnation and support. 2. 3. support and escort for the consolidation of observatories on indigenous rights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47575404448394154, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2901c59e-25e4-4e1c-98d9-3b894b16a11b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.206473"}
{"text": "in one form or another, the sustainment warfighting function described in field manual ( fm ) 3 \u2013 0, operations, has been an essential feature of the army \u2019 s operational past since at least world war i. the sustainment concept was institutionalized in march 1942 as part of a massive army reorganization that accompanied the entry of the united states into world war ii. driven by chief of staff of the army general george c. marshall, the reorganization aimed to reduce the number of officers and organizations that had immediate access to him. the resulting reorganization restructured the army into three major commands : the army ground forces ( agf ), the army air forces ( aaf ), and a command initially called the services of supply ( sos ) \u2014 the army \u2019 s sustainment command. everything that did not fit clearly into the agf or the aaf went to the sos. lieutenant general brehon b. somervell was selected to command the sos organization. army service forces in march 1943, the war department staff renamed the sos the \u201c army service forces \u201d ( asf ) because they thought the word \u201c supply \u201d did not accurately reflect the broad range of activities that had been assigned to the command. at the war department level, the asf was a consolidation of logistics, personnel, and administrative functions. under ordinary circumstances, these functions were the responsibility of the war department g \u2013 4 and g \u2013 1, who relied on the technical and operational support of the finance, judge advocate general \u2019 s, and adjutant general \u2019 s departments ; the chaplain corps ; inspector general ; provost marshal general ; and chief, special services. nothing about the asf organization was simple or uncomplicated. as recorded in the army \u2019 s official history of the organization, the asf was without \u201c direct precedent \u201d and unusual \u201c in the variety of tasks entrusted to it.... [ i ] t was a hodgepodge of agencies with many and varied functions. \u201d from the beginning until it was disestablished in 1946, \u201c the asf struggled constantly to build a common unity of purpose and organization. \u201d lieutenant general somervell, a career logistician, admitted never liking the part of the reorganization that gave him responsibility for personnel. he gave most of his attention to the monumental task of procurement and supply. however \u201c hodgepodge \u201d it may have been, the asf survived the war, fulfilling its massive responsibility of supporting the millions of u. s. soldiers located all over the globe in multiple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44887725209579454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5633ff3d-3ba0-4ed0-b60b-283bda550d69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.218965"}
{"text": "his attention to the monumental task of procurement and supply. however \u201c hodgepodge \u201d it may have been, the asf survived the war, fulfilling its massive responsibility of supporting the millions of u. s. soldiers located all over the globe in multiple theaters of operations. one unifying factor that kept somervell on task and held the asf together was the obligation to sustain warfighting commanders and the soldiers who served them. if unity of purpose was lost to the asf organization, the asf gained from efficiencies resulting from the unified effort to sustain our soldiers at war. combat service support group following world war ii, the army began establishing combat development agencies as a way for each branch of the army to integrate new technologies and tactical organizations into the combat army. ultimately, all combat development agencies were realigned under a unified combat developments command ( cdc ) in 1962 as part of an extensive reorganization of the army. the cdc established two combat development \u201c integrating agencies \u201d modeled after the mission and functions of the agf and asf of world war ii. one agency integrated the development of combat and combat support functions, and the other, the combat service support group, acted as integrator for what we today would call the sustainment function. the combat development agencies of the adjutant general \u2019 s, finance, judge advocate general \u2019 s, and chaplain branches were joined with the various logistics combat development agencies of the quartermaster, ordnance, and transportation branches to form the combat service support group, headquartered at fort lee, virginia. corresponding with the larger army reorganization, the army command and general staff college adopted the concept of combat service support to identify the varied, yet related, functions that together defined the sustainment mission. in its essence, the combat service support group represented a reconstitution of the sustainment concept embedded in the asf of world war ii. the cdc managed the army \u2019 s total combat development effort until the end of the vietnam war. personnel issues during the vietnam war following the vietnam war and the gut - wrenching realization that many of the army \u2019 s most serious operational issues were related to the \u201c personnel system, \u201d senior leaders of the army began to question the asf model that had framed the sustainment concept since the beginning of world war ii. early in the vietnam war, it had taken the wife of an army battalion commander embroiled in the battle of ia drang valley to convince senior pentagon officials that yellow - cab delivery of casualty notification telegrams to soldiers \u2019 next - of - kin was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48682670817490103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5633ff3d-3ba0-4ed0-b60b-283bda550d69>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.219868"}
{"text": "in the vietnam war, it had taken the wife of an army battalion commander embroiled in the battle of ia drang valley to convince senior pentagon officials that yellow - cab delivery of casualty notification telegrams to soldiers \u2019 next - of - kin was deeply insensitive and destructive of homefront morale. the draft, used to sustain manpower levels in the vietnam war, had embittered many who objected to conscription on principle and others who believed it forced into service a disproportionate number of poor, working - class, and minority members of u. s. society. racial problems in society at large had been magnified in the military by the collapsing public support for the war. drug and alcohol abuse among military personnel was rampant. replacement and rotation policies that caused constant personnel turbulence had undermined unit integrity and the commitment of soldiers to one another and the mission. perceived failings of command in vietnam gave rise to the study of military leadership and the historical and ethical foundations of the military profession. together with the dissolution of the draft, the advent of the all - volunteer army, and the commitment to more thoroughly integrate women into the force, the personnel lessons of the vietnam war created a highly charged environment conducive to a full - scale assault on the army \u2019 s personnel system. army training and doctrine command emerging from the many discussions concerning the personnel lessons learned from the vietnam war were plans to establish a \u201c clearing house \u201d ( an administrative center or school complex ) that would form the center of gravity for an army - wide personnel system. the opportunity to establish an agency of this kind came with operation steadfast, the 1973 reorganization of the army that disestablished the continental army command and the combat developments command. from operation steadfast came two new commands, the army training and doctrine command ( tradoc ) and the army forces command. tradoc, as the name implied, became responsible for army training, doctrine, and combat developments. at the core of the new tradoc organization were three mid - level \u201c integrating centers \u201d for combat developments : the combined arms center ( cac ) at fort leavenworth, kansas ; the logistics center ( logc ) at fort lee ; and the administration center ( admincen ) at fort benjamin harrison, indiana. cac and logc were essentially re - creations of former combat developments command operating agencies ; admincen was a new organization altogether. based partly on lessons from the vietnam experience, planners intended admincen to become the collection point for all matters related", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46118842657943715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5633ff3d-3ba0-4ed0-b60b-283bda550d69>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.220820"}
{"text": "cac and logc were essentially re - creations of former combat developments command operating agencies ; admincen was a new organization altogether. based partly on lessons from the vietnam experience, planners intended admincen to become the collection point for all matters related to the army \u2019 s personnel system and the human dimension of military operations. it was a kind of doctrinal \u201c think tank \u201d and training ground that directly extended from the mission of the army g \u2013 1 and its associated branches and specialties. considerable resistance to admincen was voiced by members of the operation steadfast study group, who balked at the idea of elevating personnel doctrine, training, and combat developments to near - equal status with the combined arms and logistics missions. however, the continental army command commander, general ralph e. haines, jr., directed that admincen be included in the detailed plan of reorganization. the establishment of admincen reflected the view of general haines and other senior military officials that a refashioned personnel system was critical to restoring public confidence in the army, recovering from the war \u2019 s assault on soldier morale and unit cohesion, and building an all - volunteer force. chief of staff of the army general creighton w. abrams, jr., testifying before the senate appropriations committee in march 1974, called the management of human resources the army \u2019 s \u201c single most important function.... unless we run our people programs well, the army itself will not be well. \u201d likewise, lieutenant general bernard w. rogers, then the army \u2019 s deputy chief of staff for personnel, began to take a hard look at the way the army managed its people. he said that the army \u2019 s personnel system should \u201c provide in the right place at the right time the required number of qualified, motivated people to accomplish the army \u2019 s mission, and to provide for their maintenance and care as well as that of their dependents. \u201d as the army \u2019 s focal point for personnel and personnel systems, admincen became the proponent for a new category of military operations called personnel service support ( pss ). in july 1973, the admincen was activated at fort benjamin harrison. the personnel and administration combat development activity, admincen \u2019 s combat development activity, assumed responsibility for integrating the doctrine, organization, and equipment developments of the adjutant general \u2019 s, finance, chaplain, judge advocate general \u2019 s, medical service, and women \u2019 s army corps. the personnel and administration combat development activity \u2019 s integrating mission also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43144409691827496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5633ff3d-3ba0-4ed0-b60b-283bda550d69>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.221733"}
{"text": "responsibility for integrating the doctrine, organization, and equipment developments of the adjutant general \u2019 s, finance, chaplain, judge advocate general \u2019 s, medical service, and women \u2019 s army corps. the personnel and administration combat development activity \u2019 s integrating mission also included the defense information school ( for public affairs ) and the army school of music ( for army bands ). the three - center model, which was the basis for tradoc \u2019 s organization, constituted a restructuring of the sustainment model that had been in place since the army reorganized for world war ii. instead of the one - piece model, operation steadfast institutionalized a two - piece model \u2014 one piece to address logistics functions and another for personnel and administration. much like asf of old, admincen became a magnet for every developmental mission and program that did not fit clearly into either combat and combat support ( cac \u2019 s focus ) or logistics ( logc \u2019 s focus ) mission areas. also like asf, admincen struggled from the beginning to build a commonly held vision and understanding of purpose and mission. during the command \u2019 s 17 - year history, it went through no less than 10 major reorganizations, each hoping to build a unity of purpose that had eluded it from the very beginning. in 1980, admincen reorganized into the army soldier support center as a result of the mandate to manage and develop programs related to the human dimension of military operations. soldier support institute the collapse of the soviet union and the end of the cold war in the late 1980s brought immediate demands from congress and the public at large to radically reduce the defense budget and take advantage of the \u201c peace dividend. \u201d those demands essentially called for the demobilization of the nation \u2019 s defense structure that had been built to deter soviet and communist aggression around the world. the war against iraq in 1990 and 1991 interrupted the debate but did little to alter the political intent to reduce deficit spending and shift public funds formerly allocated for defense to other areas. tradoc \u2019 s initial response to the reality of post - cold war military budgets was to \u201c reengineer \u201d its combat development program. a significant piece of the plan called for eliminating the army soldier support center by consolidating it with logc at fort lee. the resulting organization, the army combined arms support command ( cascom ), like the combat service support group before it, assumed responsibility for the combat, doctrine, and training developments of the army \u2019 s logistics and personnel and administrative functional areas. the soldier support center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47617004712141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5633ff3d-3ba0-4ed0-b60b-283bda550d69>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.222653"}
{"text": "organization, the army combined arms support command ( cascom ), like the combat service support group before it, assumed responsibility for the combat, doctrine, and training developments of the army \u2019 s logistics and personnel and administrative functional areas. the soldier support center was reduced to a \u201c schools \u201d center, the army soldier support institute, which included the adjutant general, finance, and recruiting and retention schools and a noncommissioned officer academy. the may 1990 cascom organization plan went through four phases and took 4 years to complete. under phase 1 of the plan, people and funds supporting the pss integrating mission were transferred to cascom. the final phase of the project called for the transfer of combat and training development programs of the ordnance center and schools at aberdeen proving ground, maryland, and redstone arsenal, alabama, and the transportation school at fort eustis, virginia, to fort lee to be consolidated with like assets from the quartermaster school. the ordnance and transportation schools, however, continued to provide classroom instruction at their original locations. the consolidation marked the elevation of logc from an integrating center to an agency responsible also for capability and training developments for the logistics community ( the ordnance, transportation, and quartermaster schools ). since the soldier support institute was in the process of moving from fort benjamin harrison to fort jackson, south carolina, under a defense base closure and realignment ( brac ) commission mandate, the combat and training development assets of the soldier support institute were exempted from the move to fort lee. the people and programs that would have moved to fort lee were already committed to moving to fort jackson and the multimillion dollar facilities that were being constructed there to receive them. problems with integration under cascom senior leaders of the army \u2019 s personnel and finance communities were also concerned that capability and training development support for the adjutant general and finance schools would largely disappear in an organization committed largely to the army \u2019 s logistics mission. many of the army - wide personnel programs formerly sponsored by the soldier support center began to flounder with the transfer of the pss integrating mission to cascom. at issue was the family of human resource programs belonging to no particular branch of the army but closely connected to the army \u2019 s deputy chief of staff for personnel. the soldier support center in the early 1980s, for instance, sponsored the development and integration of the army \u2019 s new manning system and the follow - on regimental system intended to strengthen unit cohesion and the bonds of affiliation that tied soldiers to particular units and army branches. much of the justification for the establishment of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4563295285501183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5633ff3d-3ba0-4ed0-b60b-283bda550d69>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.223656"}
{"text": "sponsored the development and integration of the army \u2019 s new manning system and the follow - on regimental system intended to strengthen unit cohesion and the bonds of affiliation that tied soldiers to particular units and army branches. much of the justification for the establishment of the army community and family support center in 1984 resulted from the soldier support center \u2019 s sponsorship of an expanded army community services program and various studies and programs related to the impact of soldiers \u2019 service and sacrifice on army families. under the transfer of the integrating function, statutory responsibility for human resources had been vested with cascom, the responsible agent for integrating both logistics and personnel issues across the army. however, one of the first issues to confront the commandant of the adjutant general school in 1994 was whether the army \u2019 s adjutant general \u2019 s corps ought to assume responsibility for equal opportunity ( eo ) and other related human resources programs. knowing that the army \u2019 s deputy chief of staff for personnel needed a tradoc advocate for human resources, the adjutant general school commandant absorbed the eo mission into the adjutant general \u2019 s corps \u2019 doctrine, training, and combat developments program. in taking responsibility for other human resources programs, the adjutant general \u2019 s corps, as the technical proponent for the army \u2019 s personnel system, had broadened its mission to include responsibility for \u201c people \u201d programs and other human - dimension programs that were formerly a part of the soldier support center \u2019 s capabilities development integrating mission. | a soldier with the 147th adjutant general postal company from kaiserslautern, germany, inspects a box that a soldier is sending home from iraq. in 1993, tradoc published its first attempt at post - cold war operational doctrine : fm 100 \u2013 5, operations. the 1993 version of fm 100 \u2013 5 listed six critical logistics functions that together constituted combat service support. of the six, two addressed the former pss functional area. the chapter titled \u201c manning the force \u201d described personnel readiness management, replacement management, and casualty management. the chapter titled \u201c sustaining soldiers and their systems \u201d included health service support, personnel services, financial services, public affairs, and religious and legal support. for leaders and soldiers belonging to the personnel and administrative areas of the army mission, the interchangeable use of the terms \u201c logistics \u201d and \u201c combat service support \u201d validated previous predictions about cascom \u2019 s narrow focus on logistics. sustainment functions falling within the combat service support functional area but outside the logistics domain had become afterthoughts. | a soldier who serves as a debt management and special action noncommissioned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4709577897749573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5633ff3d-3ba0-4ed0-b60b-283bda550d69>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.224592"}
{"text": "predictions about cascom \u2019 s narrow focus on logistics. sustainment functions falling within the combat service support functional area but outside the logistics domain had become afterthoughts. | a soldier who serves as a debt management and special action noncommissioned officer for the 101st finance company, 10th sustainment brigade troops battalion, files his daily paperwork. the sustainment warfighting function the most recent version of army operational doctrine, fm 3 \u2013 0, operations, resolves previous exclusionary problems caused by definitions by rescinding the terms \u201c combat arms, \u201d \u201c combat support, \u201d and \u201c combat service support, \u201d which described the three functional areas represented in planning and conducting a military operation. in their place, the fm names eight elements of combat power : leadership, information, movement and maneuver, fires, intelligence, command and control, protection, and sustainment. these are believed to be a more accurate reflection of the contemporary, if not the past, operating environment. together, the eight elements of combat power point to a new and broader understanding of combined arms operations. instead of the narrow combination of weapon systems, the new definition applies leadership and information and selected warfighting functions in a \u201c synchronized and simultaneous \u201d fashion to achieve the \u201c full destructive, disruptive, informational, and constructive potential \u201d of combat power. sustainment, one of the six warfighting functions, has replaced combat service support as the approved concept used to describe the collective tasks and related logistics, personnel services, and health services systems essential to support the operational army in the fulfillment of a given mission. from a branch and specialty perspective, sustainment involves the combined functions and capabilities provided by the adjutant general \u2019 s, chaplain, finance, judge advocate general \u2019 s, medical service, ordnance, quartermaster, and transportation corps. based on recent experience, our new doctrine is a candid admission that successful military operations in the full - spectrum environment of the 21st century require a measured, combined, and focused application of the various elements of combat power. regardless of size and scope, the sustainment community \u2019 s ability to provide commanders at the right time and place with all the logistics, personnel, and health services support necessary for mission accomplishment is essential to the success of any future operation. on 9 january 2009, officials at fort lee, virginia, dedicated the new sustainment center of excellence ( scoe ). established as the result of brac decisions, the scoe represents a further consolidation of cascom, the army logistics university ( formerly the army logistics management college ), and the army", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46524997666798684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5633ff3d-3ba0-4ed0-b60b-283bda550d69>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.225549"}
{"text": ", dedicated the new sustainment center of excellence ( scoe ). established as the result of brac decisions, the scoe represents a further consolidation of cascom, the army logistics university ( formerly the army logistics management college ), and the army quartermaster, transportation, and ordnance schools. as part of the brac plan, the students, faculty, and staff of the ordnance mechanical maintenance school at aberdeen proving ground, the ordnance munitions and electronics maintenance school at redstone arsenal, and the transportation school at fort eustis will move to fort lee. the new organization represents a complete consolidation of the logistics community \u2019 s doctrine, training, and combat development programs. scoe is indeed about the future of logistics and the logistics branches, but it is also about the other elements of the sustainment function \u2014 the branches and missions that make up the personnel services and health service support functions. based on our new doctrine, scoe also represents our best opportunity in years to unify the effort as well as create a common understanding of purpose that bridges the diverse programs and missions that make up the army \u2019 s total sustainment community. much of our success as a community will depend on ensuring the proper alignment and integration of non - logistics units and personnel that are currently being added to our theater and expeditionary sustainment commands and sustainment brigades. they, too, are critically necessary for freeing commanders for action, extending operational reach, and prolonging the endurance of our soldiers, who respond to any and all threats that compromise the safety and well - being of the american people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44919834295372524, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5633ff3d-3ba0-4ed0-b60b-283bda550d69>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.226142"}
{"text": "the onset of the disease - drinking alcohol - public transport - personal finances - handling money - going out alone it is best to consider as soon as possible how you are going to deal with certain matters relating to the person \u2019 s independence. matters relating to their personal liberty such as whether it is safe for them to drive, go out alone, drink alcohol or smoke have to be dealt with. financial matters also have to be considered, e. g. should they be able to write out cheques and make financial decisions? these and similar questions should be discussed with the person with dementia at an early stage when they are still able to play a role in decision making. when you are trying to decide how to handle the above - mentioned situations, you will probably find yourself split between trying to leave the person with dementia with as much independence as possible and at the same time trying to protect them from possible risks and dangers. the following guidelines may help you in making your decisions. in the early stages some people who have been diagnosed as having alzheimer \u2019 s disease can still drive safely, but as the disease progresses the ability to drive will almost certainly deteriorate. the person may start to find it difficult to find familiar places, fail to observe road signs and respect rules of the road, drive too fast or too slow, have slow reactions and become confused, frustrated or angry while driving. however, people with dementia are often extremely reluctant to give up the right to drive, as it is one of the last signs of their independence and adulthood. it can therefore be difficult to convince them of the necessity to stop driving. but, it is too dangerous an issue not to be dealt with straight away. you should first try to discuss the issue of driving with the person with dementia, pointing out the possible dangers of driving, as well as the benefits of not having to. they may feel angry and depressed about the loss and need support during this awkward period. it might soften the blow if you were to arrange for other forms of transport or for other people to drive the person around. however, persuasion does not always work and some carers have tremendous difficulties trying to stop the person with dementia from driving. if this is the case, you might find that the person is more willing to listen to a doctor, the police or someone in authority. if this is also unsuccessful, you may have to try to prevent them from driving. you could, for example, hide the car keys, arrange for the car not to work ( e. g. by removing the distributor cap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4454110826788344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76c1270c-d66c-4a18-b8ba-734c49751e38>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.232405"}
{"text": "or someone in authority. if this is also unsuccessful, you may have to try to prevent them from driving. you could, for example, hide the car keys, arrange for the car not to work ( e. g. by removing the distributor cap ) or park the car further down the street out of sight. if it is not needed, you could even sell the car and the money saved would help pay for other means of transport. one carer overcame this problem by leaving the car out ready to drive without the ignition key. her husband sat in it and happily \u201c drove \u201d for hours changing gears and signalling without actually moving. whatever you decide to do, you should inform the insurance company about the diagnosis of dementia. care should be taken not to let the person with dementia smoke alone as it is a fire hazard. also, some people with dementia might forget that they are holding a cigarette and it could burn their fingers. you should try to persuade the person to cut down on smoking and preferably stop. people with dementia often forget to smoke and then don \u2019 t miss cigarettes once the habit has been broken. however, if they continue smoking, there are a few useful precautions to take, e. g. put large ashtrays everywhere, replace wastepaper baskets with metal bins, buy flame resistant clothes and furniture, fit smoke alarms and keep matches out of reach. smoking alone, particularly in bed, is the biggest risk. you might have more success persuading the person with dementia to restrict their smoking to times when there is company, rather than trying to prevent it altogether. it is important to pay particular attention not to let the person smoke if they are using nicotine patches as this greatly increases health risks. alcoholic drinks may increase confusion in the person with dementia. although the occasional social drink should not cause particular concern, it is best to ask your doctor \u2019 s advice about whether the person with dementia should have access to alcoholic drinks. this is particularly important if they are under medication. even if the doctor agrees to the person having an occasional drink, you will still need to make sure that they do not have more. loss of memory may result in the person with dementia forgetting that they have already had a few drinks. it is best to keep alcohol in a locked cupboard or hidden away. early on in the disease, the person with dementia might be able to use public transport. but as the disease progresses they may start to have difficulties remembering where they are going, paying the fare, getting the right bus or train, getting out at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49211809905983495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76c1270c-d66c-4a18-b8ba-734c49751e38>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.233345"}
{"text": ". early on in the disease, the person with dementia might be able to use public transport. but as the disease progresses they may start to have difficulties remembering where they are going, paying the fare, getting the right bus or train, getting out at the right place, etc. when this happens the person could feel embarrassed and afraid, particularly if they cannot remember where they are going or where they live. for this reason, in the later stages it would be preferable to try to arrange private transport. you could perhaps make a plan in advance of different people who are willing to drive the person around. administrative formalities and personal finances the person with dementia might also have financial obligations or assets of little or considerable importance. it is necessary to discuss financial matters early on so that the person with dementia can make decisions while they are still able, appoint someone to handle their financial matters when they are no longer able and make a will. if you are handling the person \u2019 s finances, keep them separate from your own and keep a record of what you spend and receive in case you are asked to account for it at some stage. the person with dementia might forget what was decided however many times you might explain it. you might also find it necessary to help the person with dementia to deal with administrative formalities, e. g. collecting benefits, filling out forms, etc. there are a few possibilities for handling this such as an enduring power of attorney. your alzheimer \u2019 s organisation will be able to give your more details. as the disease progresses the person with dementia will become less able to defend their own interests. it is possible to appoint a guardian to protect their interests and make decisions on their behalf ( e. g. on where to live, health issues, etc. ). this would help in situations where the person with dementia did not or was unable to take the decision at an earlier stage. people with dementia tend to experience difficulties handling money even fairly early on in the disease. due to a loss of memory and understanding of the symbolic function of money, they may pay for something more than once, not pay at all, give money away or lose it. in this way problems can accumulate without you necessarily realising. in order to maintain their sense of wellbeing and self - esteem, you might be able to arrange for the person with dementia to carry on paying for goods and services ( whilst ensuring that the risk of mistake or being taken advantage of is minimised ) and ensure that they always have some money on them. some carers have found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4407563468569435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76c1270c-d66c-4a18-b8ba-734c49751e38>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.234296"}
{"text": "background information about dementia and home care services in spain, the provision of home care services is in the stage of development with about 20 % of communes offering such services. however, this is not sufficient to cover demand and it is estimated that only about 1 % of the elderly receive home care services provided by the government. the main aim of social services network is to keep elderly people in their homes for as long as possible. the vast majority of elderly dependent people have to rely on services provided by informal carers. care of elderly and dependent people tends to be seen as a family obligation. however, according to a survey carried out in 2001, only 24 % of the population believe that children will continue to bear the responsibility for caring for their elderly parents in the future and the number of elderly people living alone is steadily increasing ( larizgoitia jauregi, 2004 ) legislation relating to the provision of home care services the spanish constitution states that all citizens are entitled to \u201c health protection \u201d. the general health law of 1986, which saw the creation of the national health system, also states that access to health services is a citizen \u2019 s right. in the spanish civil code ( book 1 ), it is stated that the spouse and children of elderly dependent people are responsible for their maintenance and care which covers everything that is essential for sustenance, shelter, clothing and medical assistance. the extent of the maintenance to be provided depends on the means of the providers and the needs of the dependent person. the obligation to provide maintenance comes to an end when the provider dies or when their wealth has fallen to such a level that continuing to do so would mean having to neglect their own needs or those of their family. brothers and sisters also have an obligation to provide maintenance but they come after spouses and descendants, but this obligation is limited to what is absolutely necessary kerschen et al., 2005 ). citizens \u2019 do not have a legally established right to social services. the provision of such services is at the discretion of the autonomous administration. access rights are governed by legislation at the level of the autonomous communities. the main criterion of the social service network is to keep the elderly in their own environment for as long as possible. the main social services are therefore aimed at maintenance in the home. there is also a residential type network. these services generally concentrate on attending the dependent elderly who live alone. the need is also recognised to help subjects with few resources. organisation and financing of home care services health care services are organised by the autonomous communities. each community has a health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4663795014279361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58b1f2f5-e939-49f3-8e27-3f7c67aeb2b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.238372"}
{"text": "type network. these services generally concentrate on attending the dependent elderly who live alone. the need is also recognised to help subjects with few resources. organisation and financing of home care services health care services are organised by the autonomous communities. each community has a health service and draws up a health plan which outlines which activities are necessary in order to meet the objectives of its own health service. amongst other services provided by the health services of the autonomous communities, there is primary care which includes health care in the home and care specifically for the elderly. home care services are free for people who are on the minimum pension. people who have an income twice as high as the minimum pension must pay for the services whereas those on an intermediary income must pay a certain amount which is calculated on the basis of their income. health care is funded exclusively through general taxation and not through social security contributions. home social services are financed jointly by the ministry of social affairs, the regional ministries of social welfare and the municipalities. home visits by general practitioners and primary care nurses are funded through the public health service. in addition to government provided services, voluntary associations and not - for - profit associations such as the red cross also provide social home care services ( carrillo, 2005 ). kinds of home care services available home care services include primary care social services, social work, assistance with household tasks, meals - on - wheels and tele - alarm services. however, these services are not available in all the autonomous communities. in practice, home care services are more or less limited to household tasks ( which also includes laundry and shopping ). this seems to be based on the choice of the elderly people many of whom think that personal care should be carried out by the family. this opinion seems to be shared by carers who often prefer to receive formal assistance with household tasks rather than personal care ( valderrama et al., 1997 in larizgoitia jauregi, 2004 ). meals - on - wheels is a services that is only available in the cities of malaga and cordoba andalusia ) and in the city of lerida ( in catalonia ). teleassistance and telealarm services are offered in at least 10 of the autonomous communities. in andalusia, castilla - leon, valencia, a service exists which consists of helping to adapt the home to the needs of the dependent person. ( imserso 2004 in larizgoitia jauregi, 2004 ). - esteban carrillo ( 2005 ), whho international compendium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4639415912047457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58b1f2f5-e939-49f3-8e27-3f7c67aeb2b6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.239326"}
{"text": "exists which consists of helping to adapt the home to the needs of the dependent person. ( imserso 2004 in larizgoitia jauregi, 2004 ). - esteban carrillo ( 2005 ), whho international compendium of home health care : http : / / www. nahc. org / whho / whhocomptext. html - kerschen, n. et al. ( 2005 ), long - term care for older persons. in long - term care for older people \u2013 conference organised by the luxembourg presidency with the social protection committee of the european union, luxembourg, 12 - 13 may 2005 - larizgoitia jauregi, a. ( 2004 ), national background report for spain, eurofamcare : http : / / www. uke. uni - hamburg. de / extern / eurofamcare / documents / nabare _ spain _ rc1 _ a4. pdf - ylieff, m. et al. ( 2005 ), rapport international \u2013 les aides et les soins aux personnes dementes dans les pays de la communaute europeenne, qualidem, universities of liege and leuven. last updated : mercredi 15 juillet 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48615897610302583, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:58b1f2f5-e939-49f3-8e27-3f7c67aeb2b6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.239761"}
{"text": "october 2004 | volume 55, issue 5 as america goes into its fifty - fifth presidential election, we should remember that there might have been only one \u2014 if we hadn \u2019 t had the only candidate on earth who could do the job looking back over two hundred years of the american presidency, it seems safe to say that no one entered the office with more personal prestige than washington, and only two presidents \u2014 abraham lincoln and franklin roosevelt \u2014 faced comparable crises. the civil war and the great depression, though now distant in time, remain more recent and raw in our collective memory than the american founding, so we find it easier to appreciate the achievements of lincoln and roosevelt. washington \u2019 s achievement must be recovered before it can be appreciated, which means that we must recognize that there was no such thing as a viable american nation when he took office as president, that the opening words of the constitution ( \u201c we the people of the united states \u201d ) expressed a fervent but fragile hope rather than a social reality. the roughly four million settlers spread along the coastline and streaming over the alleghenies felt their primary allegiance \u2014 to the extent they felt any allegiance at all \u2014 to local, state, and regional authorities. no republican government had ever before exercised control over a population this diffuse or a land this large, and the prevailing assumption among the best - informed european observers was that, to paraphrase lincoln \u2019 s later formulation, a nation so conceived and so dedicated could not endure. not much happened at the executive level during the first year of washington \u2019 s presidency, which was exactly the way he wanted it. his official correspondence was dominated by job applications from veterans of the war, former friends, and total strangers. they all received the same republican response \u2014 namely, that merit rather than favoritism must determine federal appointments. as for the president himself, it was not clear whether he was taking the helm or merely occupying the bridge. rumors began to circulate that he regarded his role as primarily ceremonial and symbolic, that after a mere two years he intended to step down, having launched the american ship of state and contributed his personal prestige as ballast on its maiden voyage. as it turned out, even ceremonial occasions raised troubling questions because no one knew how the symbolic centerpiece of a republic should behave or even what to call him. vice president john adams, trying to be helpful, ignited a fiery debate in the senate by suggesting such regal titles as \u201c his elective majesty \u201d and \u201c his mightiness, \u201d which provoked a lethal combination of shock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4631899678870937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.264830"}
{"text": "or even what to call him. vice president john adams, trying to be helpful, ignited a fiery debate in the senate by suggesting such regal titles as \u201c his elective majesty \u201d and \u201c his mightiness, \u201d which provoked a lethal combination of shock and laughter, as well as the observation that adams himself should be called \u201c his rotundity. \u201d eventually the senate resolved on the most innocuous option available : the president of the united states should be called exactly that. matters of social etiquette \u2014 how the president should interact with the public, where he should be accessible and where insulated \u2014 prompted multiple memorandums on the importance of what alexander hamilton called \u201c a pretty high tone \u201d that stopped short of secluding the president entirely. the solution was a weekly open house called the levee, part imperial court ceremony with choreographed bows and curtsies, part drop - in parlor social. the levee struck the proper middle note between courtly formality and republican simplicity, though at the expense of becoming a notoriously boring and wholly scripted occasion. the very awkwardness of the levee fitted washington \u2019 s temperament nicely since he possessed a nearly preternatural ability to remain silent while everyone around him was squirming under the pressure to fill that silence with conversation. ( adams later claimed that this \u201c gift of silence \u201d was washington \u2019 s greatest political asset, which adams deeply envied because he lacked it altogether. ) the formal etiquette of the levee and washington \u2019 s natural dignity ( or was it aloofness? ) combined to create a political atmosphere unimaginable in any modern - day national capital. in a year when the french revolution broke out in violent spasms destined to reshape the entire political landscape of europe, and the new congress ratified a bill of rights that codified the most sweeping guarantee of individual freedoms ever enacted, no one at the levees expected washington to comment on those events. even matters of etiquette and symbolism, however, could have constitutional consequences, as washington learned in august of 1789. the treaty - making power of the president required that he seek \u201c the advice and consent of the senate. \u201d washington initially interpreted the phrase to require his personal appearance in the senate and the solicitation of senatorial opinion on specific treaty provisions in the mode of a large advisory council. but when he brought his proposals for treaties with several southern indian tribes to the senate, the debate became a prolonged shouting match over questions of procedure. the longer the debate went on, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4590988428405109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.265762"}
{"text": "on specific treaty provisions in the mode of a large advisory council. but when he brought his proposals for treaties with several southern indian tribes to the senate, the debate became a prolonged shouting match over questions of procedure. the longer the debate went on, the more irritated washington became. finally he declared, \u201c this defeats every purpose of my coming here, \u201d and abruptly stalked out. from that time on, the phrase advice and consent meant something less than direct executive solicitation of senatorial opinion, and the role of the senate as an equal partner in the grafting of treaties came to be regarded as a violation of the separation - of - powers principle. though he never revisited the senate, washington did honor his pledge to visit all the states in the union. in the fall of 1789 he set off on a tour of new england that carried him through 60 towns and hamlets. everywhere he went, the residents turned out in droves to glimpse america \u2019 s greatest hero parading past. and everywhere he went, new englanders became americans. since rhode island had not yet ratified the constitution, he skipped it, then made a separate trip the following summer to welcome the proudly independent latecomer into the new nation. during a visit to the jewish synagogue in newport he published an address on religious freedom that turned out to be the most uncompromising endorsement of the principle he ever made. ( one must say \u201c made \u201d rather than \u201c wrote \u201d because there is considerable evidence that thomas jefferson wrote it. ) whatever sectional suspicions new englanders might harbor toward that faraway thing called the federal government, when it appeared in their neighborhoods in the form of george washington, they saluted, cheered, toasted, and embraced it as their own. the southern tour was a more grueling affair, covering nearly 2, 000 miles during the spring of 1791. instead of regarding it as a threat to his health, however, washington described it as a tonic ; the real risk, he believed, was the sedentary life of a deskbound president. the entourage of 11 horses included his white parade steed, prescott, whom he mounted at the edge of each town in order to make an entrance that accorded with the heroic mythology already surrounding his military career. prescott \u2019 s hooves were painted and polished before each appearance, and washington usually brought along his favorite greyhound, mischievously named cornwallis, to add to the dramatic effect. like a modern political candidate on the campaign trail, washington made speeches at each stop that repeated the same platitudinous themes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4975539969300664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.266671"}
{"text": "appearance, and washington usually brought along his favorite greyhound, mischievously named cornwallis, to add to the dramatic effect. like a modern political candidate on the campaign trail, washington made speeches at each stop that repeated the same platitudinous themes, linking the glory of the war for independence with the latent glory of the newly established united states. the ladies of charleston fluttered alongside their fans when washington took the dance floor ; prescott and the four carriage horses held up despite the nearly impassable or even nonexistent roads ; cornwallis, however, wore out and was buried on the banks of the savannah river in a brick vault with a marble tombstone that local residents maintained for decades as a memorial to his master \u2019 s visit. in the end all the states south of the potomac could say they had seen the palpable version of the flag, washington himself. during the southern tour one of the earliest editorial criticisms of washington \u2019 s embodiment of authority appeared in the press. he was being treated at each stop like a canonized american saint, the editorial complained, or perhaps like a demigod \u201c perfumed by the incense of addresses. \u201d the complaint harked back to the primordial fear haunting all republics : \u201c however highly we may consider the character of the chief magistrate of the union, yet we cannot but think the fashionable mode of expressing our attachment... favors too much of monarchy to be used by republicans, or to be received with pleasure by the president of a commonwealth. \u201d such doubts were rarely uttered publicly during the initial years of washington \u2019 s presidency. but they lurked in the background, exposing how double - edged the political imperatives of the american revolution had become. to secure the revolutionary legacy on the national level required a person who embodied national authority more visibly than any collective body like congress could convey. washington had committed himself to playing that role by accepting the presidency. but at the core of the revolutionary legacy lay a deep suspicion of any potent projection of political power by a \u201c singular figure. \u201d and since the very idea of a republican chief executive was a novelty, there was no vocabulary for characterizing such a creature except the verbal tradition surrounding european courts and kings. by playing the part he believed history required, washington made himself vulnerable to the most virulent apprehensions about monarchical power. he could credibly claim to be the only person who had earned the right to be trusted with power. he could also argue, as he did to several friends throughout his first term, that no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48630686236082576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.267618"}
{"text": "virulent apprehensions about monarchical power. he could credibly claim to be the only person who had earned the right to be trusted with power. he could also argue, as he did to several friends throughout his first term, that no man was more eager for retirement, that he sincerely resented the obligations of his office as it spread a lengthening shadow of public responsibility over his dwindling days on earth. if critics wished to whisper behind his back that he looked too regal riding a white stallion with a leopard - skin cloth and gold - rimmed saddle, so be it. he knew he would rather be at mount vernon. in the meantime he would play his assigned role as america \u2019 s presiding presence : as so many toasts in his honor put it, \u201c the man who unites all hearts. \u201d exercising executive authority called for completely different talents than symbolizing it. washington \u2019 s administrative style had evolved through decades of experience as master of mount vernon and commander of the continental army. ( in fact, he had fewer subordinates to supervise as president than he had had in those earlier jobs. ) the cabinet system he installed represented a civilian adaptation of his military staff, with executive sessions of the cabinet resembling the councils of war that had provided collective wisdom during crises. as thomas jefferson later described it, washington made himself \u201c the hub of the wheel, \u201d with routine business delegated to the department heads at the rim. it was a system that maximized executive control while also creating essential distance from details. its successful operation depended upon two skills that washington had developed over his lengthy career : first, identifying and recruiting talented and ambitious young men, usually possessing formal education superior to his own, then trusting them with considerable responsibility and treating them as surrogate sons in his official family ; second, knowing when to remain the hedgehog who keeps his distance and when to become the fox who dives into the details. on the first score, as a judge of talent, washington surrounded himself with the most intellectually sophisticated collection of statesmen in american history. his first recruit, james madison, became his most trusted consultant on judicial and executive appointments and his unofficial liaison with congress. the precocious virginian was then at the peak of his powers, having just completed a remarkable string of triumphs as the dominant force behind the nationalist agenda at the constitutional convention and the virginia ratifying convention, as well as being co - author of the federalist papers. from his position in the house of representatives he drafted the address welcoming washington to the presidency,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4876585452236589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.268639"}
{"text": "as the dominant force behind the nationalist agenda at the constitutional convention and the virginia ratifying convention, as well as being co - author of the federalist papers. from his position in the house of representatives he drafted the address welcoming washington to the presidency, then drafted washington \u2019 s response to it, making him a one - man shadow government. soon after the inaugural ceremony he showed washington his draft of 12 amendments to the constitution, subsequently reduced to 10 and immortalized as the bill of rights. washington approved the historic proposal without changing a word and trusted madison to usher it through congress with his customary proficiency. one of madison \u2019 s early assignments was to persuade his reluctant friend from monticello to serve as secretary of state. thomas jefferson combined nearly spotless revolutionary credentials with five years of diplomatic experience in paris, all buoyed by a lyrical way with words and ideas most famously displayed in his draft of the declaration of independence. alexander hamilton was the third member of this talented trinity and probably the brightest of the lot. while madison and jefferson had come up through the virginia school of politics, which put a premium on an understated style that emphasized indirection and stealth, hamilton had come out of nowhere ( actually, impoverished origins in the caribbean ) to display a dashing, out - of - my - way style that imposed itself ostentatiously. as washington \u2019 s aide - de - camp during the war, he had occasionally shown himself to be a headstrong surrogate son, always searching for an independent command beyond washington \u2019 s shadow. but his loyalty to his mentor was unquestioned, and his affinity for the way he thought was unequaled. moreover, throughout the 1780s hamilton had been the chief advocate for fiscal reform as the essential prerequisite for an energetic national government, making him the obvious choice as secretary of treasury once robert morris had declined. the inner circle was rounded out by three appointments of slightly lesser luster. gen. henry knox, appointed secretary of war, had served alongside washington from boston to yorktown and had long since learned to subsume his own personality so thoroughly within his chief \u2019 s that disagreements became virtually impossible. more than just a cipher, as some critics of washington \u2019 s policies later claimed, knox joined vice president adams as a seasoned new england voice within the councils of power. john jay, the new chief justice, added new york \u2019 s most distinguished legal and political mind to the mix, and also extensive foreign policy experience. as the first attorney general, edmund randolph lacked jay \u2019 s gr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4711564213336107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.269549"}
{"text": "voice within the councils of power. john jay, the new chief justice, added new york \u2019 s most distinguished legal and political mind to the mix, and also extensive foreign policy experience. as the first attorney general, edmund randolph lacked jay \u2019 s gravitas and knox \u2019 s experience, but his reputation for endless vacillation was offset by solid political connections within the tidewater elite, reinforced by an impeccable bloodline. washington \u2019 s judgment of the assembled team was unequivocal. \u201c i feel myself supported by able co - adjutors, \u201d he observed in june of 1790, \u201c who harmonize extremely well together. \u201d in three significant areas of domestic policy, each loaded with explosive political and constitutional implications, washington chose to delegate nearly complete control to his \u201c co - adjutors. \u201d although his reasons for maintaining a discreet distance differed in each case, they all reflected his recognition that executive power still lived under a monarchical cloud of suspicion and could be exercised only selectively. much like his fabian role during the war, when he learned to avoid an all - or - nothing battle with the british, choosing when to avoid conflict struck him as the essence of effective executive leadership. the first battle he evaded focused on the shape and powers of the federal courts. the constitution offered even less guidance on the judiciary than it did on the executive branch. once again the studied ambiguity reflected apprehension about any projection of federal power that upset the compromise between state and federal sovereignty. washington personally preferred a unified body of national law, regarding it as a crucial step in creating what the constitution called \u201c a more perfect union. \u201d in nominating jay to head the supreme court, he argued that the federal judiciary \u201c must be considered as the key - stone of our political fabric \u201d since a coherent court system that tied the states and regions together with the ligaments of law would achieve more in the way of national unity than any other possible reform. but that, of course, was also the reason it proved so controversial. the debate over the judiciary act of 1789 exposed the latent hostility toward any consolidated court system. the act created a six - member supreme court, 3 circuit courts, and 13 district courts but left questions of original or appellate jurisdiction intentionally blurred so as to conciliate the advocates of state sovereignty. despite his private preferences, washington deferred to the tradeoffs worked out in congressional committees, chiefly a committee chaired by oliver ellsworth of connecticut, which designed a framework of overlapping authorities that was neither rational nor wholly national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47470338554520436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.270490"}
{"text": "advocates of state sovereignty. despite his private preferences, washington deferred to the tradeoffs worked out in congressional committees, chiefly a committee chaired by oliver ellsworth of connecticut, which designed a framework of overlapping authorities that was neither rational nor wholly national in scope. in subsequent decades john marshall, washington \u2019 s most loyal and influential disciple, would move this ambiguous arrangement toward a more coherent version of national law. but throughout washington \u2019 s presidency the one thing the supreme court could not be, or appear to be, was supreme, a political reality that washington chose not to contest. a second occasion for calculated executive reticence occurred in february of 1790 when the forbidden subject of slavery came before congress. two quaker petitions, one arguing for an immediate end to the slave trade, the other advocating the gradual abolition of slavery itself, provoked a bitter debate in the house. the petitions would almost surely have been consigned to legislative oblivion except for the signature of benjamin franklin on the second one, which transformed a beyond - the - pale protest into an unavoidable challenge to debate the moral compatibility of slavery with america \u2019 s avowed revolutionary principles. in what turned out to be his last public act, franklin was investing his enormous prestige to force the first public discussion of the sectional differences over slavery at the national level. ( the debates at the constitutional convention had occurred behind closed doors, and their records remained sealed. ) if only in retrospect, the discussions in the house during the spring of 1790 represented the revolutionary generation \u2019 s final opportunity to place slavery on the road to ultimate extinction. washington shared franklin \u2019 s view of slavery as a moral and political anachronism. on three occasions during the 1780s he let it be known that he favored adopting some kind of gradual emancipation scheme and would give his personal support to such a scheme whenever it materialized. warner mifflin, one of the quaker petitioners who knew of washington \u2019 s previous statements, obtained a private interview in order to plead that the president step forward in the manner of franklin. as the only american with more prestige than franklin, washington could make the decisive difference in removing this one massive stain on the revolutionary legacy, as well as on his own. we can never know what might have happened if washington had taken this advice. he listened politely to mifflin \u2019 s request but refused to commit himself, on the grounds that the matter was properly the province of congress and \u201c might come before me for official decision. \u201d he struck a more cynical tone in letters to friends back in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4894601600602226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.271427"}
{"text": "listened politely to mifflin \u2019 s request but refused to commit himself, on the grounds that the matter was properly the province of congress and \u201c might come before me for official decision. \u201d he struck a more cynical tone in letters to friends back in virginia : \u201d... the introduction of the quaker memorial, rejecting slavery, was to be sure, not only an ill - judged piece of business, but occasioned a great waste of time. \u201d he endorsed madison \u2019 s deft management of the debate and behind - the - scenes maneuvering in the house, which voted to prohibit any further consideration of ending the slave trade until 1808, as the constitution specified ; more significantly, madison managed to take slavery off the national agenda by making any legislation seeking to end it a state rather than federal prerogative. washington expressed his satisfaction that the threatening subject \u201c has at last been put to sleep, and will scarcely awake before the year 1808. \u201d what strikes us as a poignant failure of moral leadership appeared to washington as a prudent exercise of political judgment. there is no evidence that he struggled over the decision. whatever his personal views on slavery may have been, his highest public priority was the creation of a unified american nation. the debates in the house only dramatized the intractable sectional differences he had witnessed from the chair at the constitutional convention. they reinforced his conviction that slavery was the one issue with the political potential to destroy the republican experiment in its infancy. finally, in the most dramatic delegation of all, washington gave total responsibility for rescuing the debt - burdened american economy to his charismatic secretary of the treasury. before hamilton was appointed, in september of 1789, washington requested financial records from the old confederation government and quickly discovered that he had inherited a messy mass of state, domestic, and foreign debt. the records were bedeviled by floating bond rates, complicated currency conversion tables, and guesswork revenue projections that, taken together, were an accountant \u2019 s worst nightmare. after making a heroic effort of his own that merely confirmed his sense of futility, washington handed the records and fiscal policy of the new nation to his former aide - de - camp, who turned out to be, among other things, a financial genius. hamilton buried himself in the numbers for three months, then emerged with a 40, 000 - word document titled report on public credit. his calculations revealed that the total debt of the united states had reached the daunting ( for then ) size of $ 77. 1 million, which he divided into three separate ledgers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4605268319491829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.272409"}
{"text": "a 40, 000 - word document titled report on public credit. his calculations revealed that the total debt of the united states had reached the daunting ( for then ) size of $ 77. 1 million, which he divided into three separate ledgers : foreign debt ( $ 11. 7 million ), federal debt ( $ 40. 4 million ), and state debt ( $ 25 million ). several generations of historians and economists have analyzed the intricacies of hamilton \u2019 s report and created a formidable body of scholarship on its technical complexities, but for our purposes it is sufficient to know that hamilton \u2019 s calculations were accurate and his strategy simple : consolidate the messy columns of foreign and domestic debt into one central pile. he proposed funding the federal debt at par, assuming all the state debts, then creating a national bank to manage all the investments and payments at the federal level. this made excellent economic sense, as the resultant improved credit rating of the united states in foreign banks and surging productivity in the commercial sector demonstrated. but it also proved to be a political bombshell that shook congress for more than a year. for hamilton had managed to create, almost single - handedly, an unambiguously national economic policy that presumed the sovereign power of the federal government. he had pursued a bolder course than the more cautious framers of the judiciary act had followed in designing the court system, leaving no doubt that control over fiscal policy would not be brokered to accommodate the states. all three ingredients in his plan \u2014 funding, assumption, and the bank \u2014 were vigorously contested in congress, with madison leading the opposition. the watchword of the critics was consolidation, an ideological cousin to monarchy. washington did not respond. indeed, he played no public role at all in defending hamilton \u2019 s program during the fierce congressional debates. for his part, hamilton never requested presidential advice or assistance, regarding control over his own bailiwick as his responsibility. a reader of their correspondence might plausibly conclude that the important topics of business were the staffing of lighthouses and the proper design of coast guard cutters to enforce customs collections. but no public statements were necessary, in part because hamilton was a one - man army in defending his program, \u201c a host unto himself, \u201d as jefferson later called him, and by february of 1791 the last piece of the hamiltonian scheme, the bank, had been passed by congress and now only required the presidential signature. but the bank proved to be the one controversial issue that washington could not completely delegate to hamilton.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4946507687472148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.273501"}
{"text": ", and by february of 1791 the last piece of the hamiltonian scheme, the bank, had been passed by congress and now only required the presidential signature. but the bank proved to be the one controversial issue that washington could not completely delegate to hamilton. as a symbol it was every bit as threatening, as palpable an embodiment of federal power, as a sovereign supreme court. as part of a last - ditch campaign to scuttle the bank, the three virginians within washington \u2019 s official family mobilized to attack it on constitutional grounds. jefferson, madison, and randolph submitted separate briefs, all arguing that the power to create a corporation was nowhere specified by the constitution and that the tenth amendment clearly stated that powers not granted to the federal government were retained by the states. before rendering his own verdict, washington sent the three negative opinions to hamilton for rebuttal. his response, which exceeded 13, 000 words, became a landmark in american legal history, arguing that the \u201c necessary and proper \u201d clause of the constitution ( article 1, section 8 ) granted implied powers to the federal government beyond the explicit powers specified in the document. though there is some evidence that washington was wavering before hamilton delivered his opinion, it was not the brilliance of the opinion that persuaded him. rather, it provided the legal rationale he needed to do what he had always wanted to do. for the truth was that washington was just as much an economic nationalist as hamilton, a fact that hamilton \u2019 s virtuoso leadership throughout the yearlong debate had conveniently obscured. as both a symbolic political centerpiece and a deft delegator of responsibility, washington managed to levitate above the political landscape. that was his preferred position, personally because it made his natural aloofness into an asset, politically because it removed the presidency from the partisan battles on the ground. in three policy areas, however \u2014 the location of the national capital, foreign policy, and indian affairs \u2014 he reverted to the kind of meticulous personal management he had pursued at mount vernon. what was called \u201c the residence question \u201d had its origins in a provision of the constitution mandating congress to establish a \u201c seat of government \u201d without specifying the location. by the spring of 1790 the debates in congress had deteriorated into a comic parody on the gridlock theme. sixteen different sites had been proposed, then rejected, as state and regional voting blocs mobilized against each alternative in order to preserve their own preferences. one frustrated congressman suggested that perhaps they should put the new capital on wheels and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47802530599285625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.274560"}
{"text": "on the gridlock theme. sixteen different sites had been proposed, then rejected, as state and regional voting blocs mobilized against each alternative in order to preserve their own preferences. one frustrated congressman suggested that perhaps they should put the new capital on wheels and roll it from place to place. an equally frustrated newspaper editor observed that \u201c since the usual custom is for the capital of new empires to be selected by the whim or caprice of a despot, \u201d and since washington \u201c had never given bad advice to his country, \u201d why not \u201c let him point to a map and say \u2018 here \u2019? \u201d that is not quite how the potomac site emerged victorious. madison had been leading the fight in the house for a potomac location, earning the nickname \u201c big knife \u201d for cutting deals to block the other alternatives. ( one of madison \u2019 s most inspired arguments was that the geographic midpoint of the nation on a north - south axis was not just the mouth of the potomac, but mount vernon itself, a revelation of providential proportions. ) eventually a private bargain was struck over dinner at jefferson \u2019 s apartment, subsequently enshrined in lore as the most consequential dinner party in american history, where hamilton agreed to deliver sufficient votes from several northern states to clinch the potomac location in return for madison \u2019 s pledge to permit passage of hamilton \u2019 s assumption bill. actually, there were multiple behind - the - scenes bargaining sessions going on at the same time, but the notion that an apparently intractable political controversy could be resolved by a friendly conversation over port and cigars has always possessed an irresistible narrative charm. the story also conjured up the attractive picture of brotherly cooperation within his official family that washington liked to encourage. soon after the residence act designating a potomac location passed, in july of 1790, that newspaper editor \u2019 s suggestion ( give the whole messy question to washington ) became fully operative. jefferson feared that the potomac site would be sabotaged if the endless management details for developing a city from scratch were left to congress. so he proposed a thoroughly imperial solution : bypass congress altogether by making all subsequent decisions about architects, managers, and construction schedules an executive responsibility, \u201c subject to the president \u2019 s direction in every point. \u201d and so they were. what became washington, d. c., was aptly named, for while the project had many troops involved in its design and construction, it had only one supreme commander. he selected the specific site on the potomac between rock creek and goose creek, while pretending to prefer a different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47584510866561724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.275520"}
{"text": "c., was aptly named, for while the project had many troops involved in its design and construction, it had only one supreme commander. he selected the specific site on the potomac between rock creek and goose creek, while pretending to prefer a different location to hold down the purchase price for the lots. he appointed the commissioners, who reported directly to him rather than to congress. he chose pierre l \u2019 enfant as chief architect, personally endorsing l \u2019 enfant \u2019 s plan for a huge tract encompassing nine and a half square miles and thereby rejecting jefferson \u2019 s preference for a small village that would gradually expand in favor of a massive area that would gradually fill up. when l \u2019 enfant \u2019 s grandiose vision led to equivalently grandiose demands \u2014 he refused to take orders from the commissioners and responded to one stubborn owner of a key lot by blowing up his house \u2014 washington fired him. he approved the sites for the presidential mansion and the capitol as well as the architects who designed them. all in all, he treated the nascent national capital as a public version of his mount vernon plantation, right down to the supervision of the slave labor force that did much of the work. it helped that the construction site was located near mount vernon, so he could make regular visits to monitor progress on his trips home from the capital in philadelphia. it also helped that jefferson and madison could confer with him at the site on their trips back to monticello and montpelier. at a time when both virginians were leading the opposition to hamilton \u2019 s financial program, their cooperation on this ongoing project served to bridge the widening chasm within the official family over the hamiltonian vision of federal power. however therapeutic the cooperation, it belied a fundamental disagreement over the political implications of their mutual interests in the federal city, as it was then called. for jefferson and madison regarded the potomac location of the permanent capital as a guarantee of virginia \u2019 s abiding hegemony within the union, as a form of geographic assurance, if you will, that the government would always speak with a southern accent. washington thought more expansively, envisioning the capital as a focusing device for national energies that would overcome regional jealousies, performing the same unifying function geographically that he performed symbolically. his personal hobbyhorse became a national university within the capital, where the brightest young men from all regions could congregate and share a common experience as americans that helped to \u201c rub off \u201d their sectional habits and accents. his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4512114153205231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.276433"}
{"text": "he performed symbolically. his personal hobbyhorse became a national university within the capital, where the brightest young men from all regions could congregate and share a common experience as americans that helped to \u201c rub off \u201d their sectional habits and accents. his hands - on approach toward foreign policy was only slightly less direct than his control of the potomac project, and the basic principles underlying washington \u2019 s view of the national interest were present from the start. most elementally, he was a thoroughgoing realist. though he embraced republican ideals, he believed that the behavior of nations was driven not by ideals but by interests. this put him at odds ideologically and temperamentally with his secretary of state, since jefferson was one of the most eloquent spokesmen for the belief that american ideals were american interests. jefferson \u2019 s recent experience in paris as a witness to the onset of the french revolution had only confirmed his conviction that a global struggle on behalf of those ideals had just begun and that it had a moral claim on american support. washington was pleased to receive the key to the bastille from lafavette ; he also knew as well as or better than anyone else that the victory over great britain would have been impossible without french economic and military assistance. but he was determined to prevent his warm memories of rochambeau \u2019 s soldiers and de grasse \u2019 s ships at yorktown from influencing his judgment about the long - term interests of the united states. those interests, he was convinced, did not lie across the atlantic but across the alleghenies. the chief task, as washington saw it, was to consolidate control of the north american continent east of the mississippi. although jefferson had never been west of the blue ridge mountains, he shared washington \u2019 s preference for western vistas. ( during his own presidency jefferson would do more than anyone to expand those vistas beyond the mississippi to the pacific. ) tight presidential control over foreign policy was unavoidable at the start because jefferson did not come on board until march of 1790. washington immediately delegated all routine business to him but preserved his own private lines of communication on french developments, describing reports of escalating bloodshed he received from paris \u201c as if they were the events of another planet. \u201d his cautionary posture toward revolutionary france received reinforcement from gouverneur morris, a willfully eccentric and thoroughly irreverent american in paris whom washington cultivated as a correspondent. morris described france \u2019 s revolutionary leaders as \u201c a fleet at anchor in the fog, \u201d and he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4783256240314316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.278430"}
{"text": "france received reinforcement from gouverneur morris, a willfully eccentric and thoroughly irreverent american in paris whom washington cultivated as a correspondent. morris described france \u2019 s revolutionary leaders as \u201c a fleet at anchor in the fog, \u201d and he dismissed as a hopelessly romantic illusion jefferson \u2019 s view that a gallic version of 1776 was under way. the american revolution, morris observed, had been guided by experience and light, while the french were obsessed with experiment and lightning. washington \u2019 s supervisory style, as well as his realistic foreign - policy convictions, was put on display when a potential crisis surfaced in the summer of 1790. a minor incident involving great britain and spain in nootka sound ( near modern - day vancouver ) prompted a major appraisal of american national interests. the british appeared poised to use the incident to launch an invasion from canada down the mississippi, to displace spain as the dominant european power in the american west. this threatened to change the entire strategic chemistry on the continent and raised the daunting prospect of another war with great britain. washington convened his cabinet in executive session, thereby making clear for the first time that the cabinet and not the more cumbersome senate would be his advisory council on foreign policy. he solicited written opinions from all the major players, including adams, hamilton, jay, jefferson, and knox. the crisis fizzled away when the british decided to back off, but during the deliberations two revealing facts became clearer, first that washington was resolved to avoid war at any cost, convinced that the fragile american republic was neither militarily nor economically capable of confronting the british leviathan at this time, and second that hamilton \u2019 s strategic assessment, not jefferson \u2019 s, was more closely aligned with his own, which turned out to be a preview of coming attractions. strictly speaking, the federal government \u2019 s relations with the native american tribes were also a foreign - policy matter. from the start, however, with jefferson arriving late on the scene, indian affairs came under the authority of the secretary of war. as ominous as this might appear in retrospect, knox took responsibility for negotiating the disputed terms of several treaties approved by the confederation congress. for both personal and policy reasons washington wanted his own hand firmly on this particular tiller, and his intimate relationship with knox assured a seamless coordination guided by his own judgment. he had been present at the start of the struggle for control of the american interior, and he regarded the final fate of the indian inhabitants as an important piece", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46392218682680075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.279400"}
{"text": "distributive justice which is the glory of a nation. \u201d a more coercive policy of outright confiscation, washington believed, would constitute a moral failure that \u201c would stain the character of the nation. \u201d he sought to avoid the outcome \u2014 indian removal \u2014 that occurred more than 40 years later under andrew jackson. instead, he envisioned multiple sanctuaries under tribal control that would be bypassed by the surging wave of white settlers and whose occupants would gradually, over the course of the next century, become assimilated as full - fledged american citizens. attempting to make this vision a reality occupied more of washington \u2019 s time and energy than any other foreign or domestic issue during his first term. success depended on finding leaders willing to negotiate yet powerful enough to impose a settlement on other tribes. knox and washington found a charismatic creek chief of mixed blood named alexander mcgillivray, a literate man whose diplomatic skills and survival instincts made him the indian version of france \u2019 s talleyrand, and in the summer of 1790 washington hosted mcgillivray and 26 chiefs for several weeks of official dinners, parades, and diplomatic ceremonies more lavish than any european delegation enjoyed. ( mcgillivray expected and received a personal bribe of $ 1, 200 a year to offset the bribe the spanish were already paying him not to negotiate with the americans. ) washington and the chiefs locked arms in indian style and invoked the great spirit, and then the chiefs made their marks on the treaty of new york, redrawing the borders for a sovereign creek nation. washington reinforced the terms of the treaty by issuing the proclamation of 1790, an executive order forbidding private or state encroachments on all indian lands guaranteed by treaty with the united states. but the president soon found that it was one thing to proclaim and quite another to sustain. the georgia legislature defied the proclamation by making a thoroughly corrupt bargain to sell more than 15 million acres on its western border to speculators calling themselves the yazoo companies, thereby rendering the treaty of new york a worthless piece of paper. in the northern district above the ohio, no equivalent to mcgillivray could be found, mostly because the six nations, which washington could remember as a potent force in the region, had been virtually destroyed in the war for independence and could no longer exercise hegemony over the ohio valley tribes. washington was forced to approve a series of military expeditions into the ohio valley to put down uprisings by the miamis, wyandots, and shawnees, even though", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4587580244427891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.281374"}
{"text": "independence and could no longer exercise hegemony over the ohio valley tribes. washington was forced to approve a series of military expeditions into the ohio valley to put down uprisings by the miamis, wyandots, and shawnees, even though he believed that the chief culprits were white vigilante groups determined to provoke hostilities. the indian side of the story, he complained, would never make it into the history books : \u201c they, poor wretches, have no press thro \u2019 which their grievances are related ; and it is well known, that when one side only of a story is heard, and often repeated, the human mind becomes impressed with it, insensibly. \u201d worse still, the expedition commanded by arthur st. clair was virtually annihilated in the fall of 1791 \u2014 reading st. clair \u2019 s battle orders is like watching custer prepare for the little bighorn \u2014 thereby creating white martyrs and provoking congressional cries for reprisals in what had become an escalating cycle of violence that defied washington \u2019 s efforts at conciliation. eventually the president was forced to acknowledge that his vision of secure indian sanctuaries could not be enforced. \u201c i believe scarcely any thing short of a chinese wall, \u201d he lamented, \u201c will restrain land jobbers and the encroachment of settlers upon the indian country. \u201d knox concurred, estimating that federal control on the frontier would require an arc of forts from lake erie to the gulf of mexico, garrisoned by no less than 50, 000 troops. this was a logistical, economic, and political impossibility. washington \u2019 s vision of peaceful coexistence also required that federal jurisdiction over the states as the ultimate guarantor of all treaties be recognized as supreme, which helps explain why he was so passionate about the issue, but also why it could never happen. if a just accommodation with the native american populations was the major preoccupation of his first term, it was also the singular failure. by the spring of 1792, then, what washington had imagined as a brief caretaker presidency with mostly ceremonial functions had grown into a judicious but potent projection of executive power. the presidency so vaguely defined in the constitution had congealed into a unique synthesis of symbolism and substance, its occupant the embodiment of that work in progress called the united states and the chief magistrate with supervisory responsibility for all domestic and foreign policy, in effect an elected king and prime minister rolled into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4551502965643358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.282255"}
{"text": "a unique synthesis of symbolism and substance, its occupant the embodiment of that work in progress called the united states and the chief magistrate with supervisory responsibility for all domestic and foreign policy, in effect an elected king and prime minister rolled into one. there was a sense at the time, since confirmed by most historians of the presidency, that no one else could have managed this political evolution so successfully, indeed that under anyone else the experiment with republican government would probably have failed at the start. eventually the operation of the federal government under the constitution would be described as \u201c a machine that ran itself. \u201d at the outset, however, the now venerable checks and balances of the constitution required a trusted leader who had internalized checks and balances sufficiently to understand both the need for executive power and the limitations of its effectiveness. he made the presidency a projection of himself. washington tried to step down after those first four years and, perhaps predictably, failed. his second term was increasingly full of rancor, with dramatic developments in europe and mounting tensions between jefferson and hamilton within his cabinet that together threatened to destroy all he had accomplished. but fierce though these conflicts were, they weren \u2019 t powerful enough to destroy the foundation that washington had built, and they haven \u2019 t managed to yet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5316878737486271, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2e3c0d-25e4-450b-9182-b08e1f46da00>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.282937"}
{"text": "the life - giving ideas of chemistry are not reducible to physics. or, if one tries to reduce them, they wilt at the edges, lose not only much of their meaning, but interest too. and, most importantly, they lose their chemical utility \u2014 their ability to relate seemingly disparate compounds to each other, their fecundity in inspiring new experiments. i ' m thinking of concepts such as the chemical bond, a functional group and the logic of substitution, aromaticity, steric effects, acidity and basicity, electronegativity and oxidation - reduction. as well as some theoretical ideas i ' ve been involved in personally \u2014 through - bond coupling, orbital symmetry control, the isolobal analogy. consider the notion of oxidation state. if you had to choose two words to epitomize the same - and - not - the - same nature of chemistry, would you not pick ferrous and ferric? the concept evolved at the end of the 19th century ( not without confusion with \" valency \" ), when the reality of ions in solution was established. as did a multiplicity of notations \u2014 ferrous iron is iron in an oxidation state of + 2 ( or is it 2 +? ) or fe ( ii ). schemes for assigning oxidation states ( sometimes called oxidation numbers ) adorn every introductory chemistry text. they begin with the indisputable : in compounds, the oxidation states of the most electronegative elements ( those that hold on most tightly to their valence electrons ), oxygen and fluorine for example, are \u2013 2 and \u2013 1, respectively. after that the rules grow ornate, desperately struggling to balance wide applicability with simplicity. the oxidation - state scheme had tremendous classificatory power ( for inorganic compounds, not organic ones ) from the beginning. think of the sky blue color of chromium ( ii ) versus the violet or green of chromium ( iii ) salts, the four distinctly colored oxidation states of vanadium. oliver sacks writes beautifully of the attraction of these colors for a boy starting out in chemistry. and not only boys. but there was more to oxidation states than just describing color. or balancing equations. chemistry is transformation. the utility of oxidation states dovetailed with the logic of oxidizing and reducing agents \u2014 molecules and ions that with ease removed or added electrons to other molecules. between electron transfer and proton transfer you have much of reaction chemistry. i want to tell you how this logic leads to quite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6550918535827391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17b06ea8-6a78-4eda-b899-ce63819d7113>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.292709"}
{"text": ". people in the trade will recognize that i ' m talking about \" mulliken population analysis \" or \" natural bond analysis \" or richard bader ' s beautifully worked out scheme for dividing up space in a molecule. what about experiment? is there an observable that might gauge a charge on an atom? i think photoelectron spectroscopies ( esca or auger ) come the closest. here one measures the energy necessary to promote an inner - core electron to a higher level or to ionize it. atoms in different oxidation states do tend to group themselves at certain energies. but the theoretical framework that relates these spectra to charges depends on the same assumptions that bedevil the definition of a charge on an atom. an oxidation state bears little relation to the actual charge on the atom ( except in the interior of the sun, where ligands are gone, there is plenty of energy, and you can have iron in oxidation states up to + 26 ). this doesn ' t stop the occasional theoretician today from making a heap of a story when the copper in a formal cu ( iii ) complex comes out of a calculation bearing a charge of, say, + 0. 51. nor does it stop oxidation states from being just plain useful. many chemical reactions involve electron transfer, with an attendant complex of changes in chemical, physical and biological properties. oxidation state, a formalism and not a representation of the actual electron density at a metal center, is a wonderful way to \" bookkeep \" electrons in the course of a reaction. even if that electron, whether added or removed, spends a good part of its time on the ligands. but enough theory, or, as some of my colleagues would sigh, anthropomorphic platitudes. let ' s look at some beautiful chemistry of extreme oxidation states. incredible, but true recently, a young polish postdoctoral associate, wojciech grochala, led me to look with him at the chemical and theoretical design of novel high - temperature superconductors. we focused on silver ( ag ) fluorides ( f ) with silver in oxidation states ii and iii. the reasoning that led us there is described in our forthcoming paper. for now let me tell you about some chemistry that i learned in the process. i can only characterize this chemistry as incredible but true. ( some will say that i should have known about it, since it was hardly hidden, but the fact is i didn ' t. ) here is what ag ( ii", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6202174419048675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17b06ea8-6a78-4eda-b899-ce63819d7113>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.296507"}
{"text": "in the process. i can only characterize this chemistry as incredible but true. ( some will say that i should have known about it, since it was hardly hidden, but the fact is i didn ' t. ) here is what ag ( ii ), unique to fluorides, can do. in anhydrous hf solutions it oxidizes xe to xe ( ii ), generates c6f6 + salts from perfluorobenzene, takes perfluoropropylene to perfluoropropane, and liberates irf6 from its stable anion. these reactions may seem abstruse to a nonchemist, but believe me, it ' s not easy to find a reagent that would accomplish them. ag ( iii ) is an even stronger oxidizing agent. it oxidizes mf6 \u2013 ( where m = pt or ru ) to mf6. here is what neil bartlett at the university of california at berkeley writes of one reaction : \" samples of agf3 reacted incandescently with metal surfaces when frictional heat from scratching or grinding of the agf3 occurred. \" ag ( ii ), ag ( iii ) and f are all about equally hungry for electrons. throw them one, and it ' s not at all a sure thing that the electron will wind up on the fluorine to produce fluoride ( f \u2013 ). it may go to the silver instead, in which case you may get some f2 from the recombination of f atoms. not that everyone can ( or wants to ) do chemistry in anhydrous hf, with f2 as a reagent or being produced as well. in a recent microreview, thomas o ' donnell says ( with some understatement ), \"... this solvent may seem to be an unlikely choice for a model solvent system, given its reactivity towards the usual materials of construction of scientific equipment. \" ( and its reactivity with the \" materials of construction \" of human beings working with that equipment! ) but, o ' donnell goes on to say, \"... with the availability of spectroscopic and electrochemical equipment constructed from fluorocarbons such as teflon and kel - f, synthetic sapphire and platinum, manipulation of and physicochemical investigation of hf solutions in closed systems is now reasonably straightforward. \" for this we must thank the pioneers in the field \u2014 generations of flu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5660936544261344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17b06ea8-6a78-4eda-b899-ce63819d7113>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.297372"}
{"text": "as teflon and kel - f, synthetic sapphire and platinum, manipulation of and physicochemical investigation of hf solutions in closed systems is now reasonably straightforward. \" for this we must thank the pioneers in the field \u2014 generations of fluorine chemists, but especially bartlett and boris zemva of the university of ljubljana. bartlett reports the oxidation of agf2 to agf4 \u2013 ( as kagf4 ) using photochemical irradiation of f2 in anhydrous hf ( made less acidic by adding kf to the hf ). and zemva used kr2 + ( in krf2 ) to react with agf2 in anhydrous hf in the presence of xef6 to make xef5 + agf4 \u2013. what a startling list of reagents! to appreciate the difficulty and the inspiration of this chemistry, one must look at the original papers, or at the informal letters of the few who have tried it. you can find some of neil bartlett ' s commentary in the article that wojciech and i wrote, and in an interview with him. charge it, please chemists are always changing things. how to tune the propensity of a given oxidation state to oxidize or reduce? one way to do it is by changing the charge on the molecule that contains the oxidizing or reducing center. the syntheses of the silver fluorides cited above contain some splendid examples of this strategy. let me use bartlett ' s words again, just explaining that \" electronegativity \" gauges in some rough way the tendency of an atom to hold on to electrons. ( high electronegativity means the electron is strongly held, low electronegativity that it is weakly held. ) it ' s easy to make a high oxidation state in an anion because an anion is electron - rich. the electronegativity is lower for a given oxidation state in an anion than it is in a neutral molecule. that in turn, is lower than it is in a cation. if i take silver and i expose it to fluorine in the presence of fluoride ion, in hf, and expose it to light to break of f2 to atoms, i convert the silver to silver ( iii ), agf4 -. this is easy because the ag ( iii ) is in an anion. i can then pass in boron trifluoride and precipitate silver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5659937022767785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17b06ea8-6a78-4eda-b899-ce63819d7113>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.298169"}
{"text": "to atoms, i convert the silver to silver ( iii ), agf4 -. this is easy because the ag ( iii ) is in an anion. i can then pass in boron trifluoride and precipitate silver trifluoride, which is now a much more potent oxidizer than agf4 - because the electronegativity in the neutral agf3 is much higher than it is in the anion. if i can now take away a fluoride ion, and make a cation, i drive the electronegativity even further up. with such a cation, for example, agf2 +, i can steal the electron from ptf6 - and make ptf6.... this is an oxidation that even kr ( ii ) is unable to bring about. simple, but powerful reasoning. and it works. a world record? finally, a recent oxidation - state curiosity : what is the highest oxidation state one could get in a neutral molecule? pekka pyykko and coworkers suggest cautiously, but i think believably, that octahedral uo6, that is u ( xii ), may exist. there is evidence from other molecules that uranium 6p orbitals can get involved in bonding, which is what they would have to do in uo6. what wonderful chemistry has come \u2014 and still promises to come \u2014 from the imperfect logic of oxidation states! \u00a9 roald hoffmann i am grateful to wojciech grochala, robert fay and debra rolison for corrections and comments. thanks to stan marcus for suggesting the title of this column.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5385249624552289, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17b06ea8-6a78-4eda-b899-ce63819d7113>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.298689"}
{"text": "displaying 1 - 20 of 25 resources in horses : 1. animals recovered from horse rescue recovering lin beaune with epona said three of the 41 animals didn ' t survive sofe, due in large part to malnutrition, but of the remaining 38, all... 2. concern for helping animals in israel ( chai ) alexandria, va, usa the mission of chai and hakol chai is to prevent and relieve animal suffering in israel and to elevate consciousness about animals through education. we... 3. deputies find starving horses and squalid conditions in animal cruelty case ribs and hip bones were visible under their skin, and nearby trees had been stripped of bark after the horses gnawed them clean.... 4. dozens of farm animals seized from rescue facility authorities in western ohio say they ' ve removed more than 100 farm animals from a horse rescue facility as part of an animal cruelty investigation.... 5. early in mayoral battle, carriage horses are drawn into race new york ' s animals, from central park horses to rescue shelter dogs, have one of the city ' s most clamorous lobbying groups, with thousands of motivated supporters... 6. five horses die in animal cruelty case ; 33 other animals rescued there were 23 other horses, nine goats and an alpaca that were rescued from the farm on rockwell road in enterprise, lt. greg scolapio said.... 7. freedom for animals - serbia based in belgrade, freedom for animals ( sloboda za zivotinje ) focuses on vegetarianism and animal rights. current campaigns include circus protests, anti - hunting demos, and the plight... 8. from carriage horses to chihuahas and cockatiels, an appeal for the animal lover vote but only de blasio supported ny class ' s key goal of completely banning the horse - drawn carriages, while others talked about testing out alternatives or phasing them... 9. gonzalez entitled to return of animals, judge rules two dogs and a horse confiscated when state police obtained a search warrant on the complaint of gonzalez ' veterinarian must be returned, lockport city judge... 10. habitat for horses hithcock, tx, usa a non - profit organization established to provide information and enforcement of existing laws to protect abused, endangered, and neglected horses through a volunteer network.... 11. horse behaviour and psychology kaikohe, new zealand comprehensive illustrated resource on the behaviour and psychology of equines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4087366666722338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c07b934c-bf67-45ef-b4fe-87fc00223908>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.303665"}
{"text": "established to provide information and enforcement of existing laws to protect abused, endangered, and neglected horses through a volunteer network.... 11. horse behaviour and psychology kaikohe, new zealand comprehensive illustrated resource on the behaviour and psychology of equines from the white horse equine ethology project.... category : educational resources 12. horse case puts spotlight on animal welfare in north dakota a recent case of officials in burleigh and morton counties finding 99 dead horses in a man ' s custody and seizing an additional 157 live ones... 13. horse meat in human food chain causes health concerns by one estimate, 160, 000 american horses shared this fate last year, ending up in the human food chain.... 14. horse shooting highlights slaughter debate he strokes his nose and neck, swears at animal activitists, and then shoots it in the head.... 15. international association of animal behavior consultants cranberry township, pa, usa iaabc members have diverse practices but believe that animals matter, and so do animal - owner relationships. they understand that animal behavior consultants can help manage and... 16. kefalonia animal trust ( greece ) argostoli, greece animal welfare in kefalonia is our primary concern. kefalonia animal trust is a registered greek animal charity, dedicated to caring for the welfare of the... 17. mercy for animals columbus, oh, usa mercy for animals ( mfa ) believes that non - human animals are irreplaceable individuals who have morally significant interests and hence rights, including the right to live and... 18. more canadians willing to try horse meat in wake of scandal japan is the biggest importer of alberta ' s horse meat, followed by france and switzerland, she said. canada exported about 13, 500 metric tonnes of horse meat... 19. more than 100 animals seized from bellaire home it ' s heartbreaking to see such a large number of animals that are just desperate for your basic necessities, such as food and water, \" said minton.... 20. no rodeo ( australia ) smithfield plains, australia no rodeo has been lobbying the government since october 2004 to seek total prohibition of this cruel blood sport in south australia. much of no... displaying 1 - 20 of 25 | next page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43102975118509707, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c07b934c-bf67-45ef-b4fe-87fc00223908>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.304499"}
{"text": "cancer and dogs. things you could try..... when a dog is battling cancer his immune system needs to be focused on one thing - and that ' s the cancer itself. the dog doesn ' t have the strength to fight other battles e. g. chemicals that might attack his system. to help, try and find non toxic alternatives to all your chemical cleaners. don ' t use pesticides in the garden. feed with organic food. frontline etc or vaccinations of any sort may be detrimental to your dog ' s fight. most vets recommend that dogs fighting cancer get a diet that is high in protein ( about 95 % ) and low in carbs ( 5 % ). most dog foods are not helpful to the dogs fight against cancer. a raw meat diet gives the right protein / carb mix and supplies additional nutrients to promote maximum energy and immune system support. natural holistic dog foods can be an alternative. there are also several feed supplements available to help. some target the cancer cells - either destroying them or otherwise slowing their growth. others ' starve ' the cancer by depriving it of the elements it needs to grow. others serve as an extra boost to strengthen the dogs own energy and immune system. most of these supplements can work well together. best to speak to a trained holistic expert or vet. if the vet says for example that your dog has 6 months to live - you start to worry. we wonder how long the dog has left with us, is he suffering, could i have done something earlier etc. dogs can sense the worrying. they draw energy from us... our sadness... our fears... our concerns actually make them feel down. as we worry we take energy from them. you must try and stay positive and strong. your dog will be helped by positive reinforcement to heal. healing can help you both at this time. it is complementary to veterinary care.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4578611860592329, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c34e50b2-ba2a-4523-8cf3-69100caca291>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.306374"}
{"text": "what motivates young people to learn? fun? imagination? fear of the future without a college education? if you ask them, they will tell you that you can teach them anything if you make it matter to them. the easiest way is to make it about them. nearly 20 years ago, when i took over the history department of a nairobi school, the most successful thing i did was to introduce a family tree project. i had kikuyu students in my classroom, and luo and kalenjin and several born in britain as well as five or six born in nairobi but with parents or grandparents born in the indian subcontinent. computers barely existed, so all information was gathered by talking to family members, either in person or on the phone, waiting for visits or even writing letters. everyone had to keep notes and start drawing their tree \u2013 and as they grew, the trees became collages, with stories and even artefacts stuck on : a coin, a bead, a piece of cloth, a photograph. my students held court, sharing their research and findings, feeling the thrill of an attentive audience. they were the experts on their own lives, and they loved it ( a lot more than napoleon, who they \u2019 d done the previous term ). of course you can \u2019 t design thirteen or fourteen years of curriculum around \u2018 me \u2019 \u2013 at least not without creating a generation of narcissistic monsters. but taking time to relate distant or abstract material to those in the room, and finding ways to engage heart and emotions as well as head, makes excellent educational sense. this is one area where education can learn from the non - profit sector which has long understood that you engage people by creating proximity. it \u2019 s hard to care about people of whom we know nothing in a faraway country ; the trick is to tell stories to bring them closer, to show the similarities between their lives and ours, to help us understand how it might feel to be them. to make it more real. carl jung wrote that people cannot stand too much reality, but i disagree : in my experience, teenagers gobble it up. it brings out the best in them, differentiating them as individuals with both abilities and passions. 2 years ago mayor of london boris johnson and i both hit on the idea of a london curriculum ( although i \u2019 m pretty sure i thought of it first. ) i based mine on an experimental class i \u2019 d taught a few years before in the us that used our local city as a classroom. part of my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45438498343986483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3a8150-f60e-4806-9390-58a5388b270e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.312548"}
{"text": "the idea of a london curriculum ( although i \u2019 m pretty sure i thought of it first. ) i based mine on an experimental class i \u2019 d taught a few years before in the us that used our local city as a classroom. part of my inspiration also came from cityterm, a brilliant programme run out of the masters school, which uses new york city as a classroom and laboratory. in both cases the approach was project - based and relied on collaboration with experts from the city \u2013 architects, engineers, poets, social workers and entrepreneurs. it can come as something of a shock to learn what \u2019 s on your doorstep : the things that are closest to us exert huge influence, yet we seldom look at them carefully, let alone understand them. the nearly 4 million people who have seen chimamanda adichie \u2019 s ted talk on the danger of a single story will also have heard her descriptions of growing up on a nigerian university campus reading british and american children \u2019 s books. she loved those books, but because of them, the first stories she wrote featured characters with white skin and blue eyes, who played in the snow and ate apples. only later did she realise that people who looked and thought like her could be in books too. in january i met deborah ahenkorah, ghanaian echoing green fellow and founder of the golden baobab prize for african literature for children and young adults. she created the prize because \u201c the tremendous lack of good quality african children \u2019 s literature dawned on me. a continent so large and richly diverse has tons of wonderful stories to share with young people everywhere : where were these stories? \u201d last year they had more than 400 entries from 25 african countries. they also run workshops for writers and illustrators, and have plans to establish distribution channels across the continent to ensure that african books reach african children in their schools and, at last, in their own homes. and it \u2019 s not just african children on the continent who need stories about themselves. there are millions of children of african heritage in the diaspora who never read stories that connect them with their own identities either. for stories cross continents too. last month in ghana i visited the slave castles of the gold coast and saw the door of no return through which millions of men, women and children left, many of whom ended their days in jamaica. with over 200, 000 ghanaians and 250, 000 jamaicans in london, shouldn \u2019 t these stories be told in british schools too? who else is in our classrooms? are we telling their stories? growing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47463643530486577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3a8150-f60e-4806-9390-58a5388b270e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.314309"}
{"text": "for many, 1066 is the date when the middle ages began. centuries of castles, cathedrals and churches followed, busy with chivalry, the crusades and crop - rotation, all ending some time around 1500. this, of course, is an over - simplification, just as the term middle ages itself is. for a long time, the civilisations of the romans and the renaissance were admired ; everything in between \u2013 the ages in the middle - was regarded as inferior, a period of decline, disease and instability. only with the victorians was there some attempt to reconsider these centuries. they, like us, were transfixed by the imaginative leaps of medieval buildings and their intense spirituality. certain themes dominate medieval architecture. first, the church was central to everyday life. usually the most impressive building in the neighbourhood was the parish church, and the finest buildings created were the great stone cathedrals. secondly, society was strictly ordered. for most of the middle ages, the hierarchy of the feudal system dominated : the majority were poor peasants living in simple dwellings that have long disappeared. a few, the lords and clergy, were rich. their castles, manor houses, monasteries and colleges by comparison were splendid constructions, and have survived in some form. thirdly, although technology was limited, building methods and styles did evolve. throughout the gothic style dominated, but in a myriad of forms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45644960153381553, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3430628b-d0a6-4d37-891c-b80e7d9c973f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.315718"}
{"text": "world religion resources the following sites have been awarded the aril hot site designation as offering among the best resources concerning world religion on the internet. in world religions interesting format, numerous links, especially to buddhist resources. these pages are put together by deb platt entirely out of her \" household income. \" a wonderful example of how one person ' s intimate vision of the relationship between and among world religions can find creative expression on the internet. the place to go for facts and figures about membership in most world religions - the godweb features an active blog, original articles and information on the relationship between christianity and other world religions. pluralism project was developed by diana l. eck at harvard university to study and document the growing religious diversity of the united states, with a special view to its new immigrant religious communities. the website includes a description of the cd - rom and slide sets that give teachers and students of religion a remarkable multi - media resource to enhance their appreciation of religious diversity. literature and religion. the work of william s. peterson, professor of english at the university of maryland, the main feature of this web site is a large bibliographical database that lists and indexes writings by and about english figures of literary or spiritual importance, from the middle ages to the present. the database has been conceived on an ambitious scale, and anyone interested in the topic will want to visit this site frequently and watch it grow! university of hong kong : research institute for the humanities massive collection of philosophy and world religion resources ; a well designed set of pages with links to study materials covering religion in particular and the humanities in general. advanced html features. research tools, including classical and biblical as compiled by jack lynch, at rutgers university. well organized and well presented tools for the student of religion who is interested in the wider social and cultural context in which the great religious traditions exist and to which they contribute in sometimes surprising and refreshing ways. society and culture dr. hans rollman of the department of religious studies, memorial university of newfoundland, has put together a visually appealing site combining serious scholarship with an obvious devotion to his subject. his pages covering nearly all aspects of the religious history and culture of newfoundland are an example of how effective the internet can be in communicating specialized knowledge to a wide audience that would not encounter it in any traditional medium. - the secular web resources in service of the secular, but there is much discussion here of biblical and theological issues. though the editors of these pages put themselves forward as atheists and infidels, we admire their humor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48395167962887914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd32635a-6ed5-4a8b-a737-5807eb7fdf76>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.319438"}
{"text": "diagnosing mesothelioma : mris magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is one of several imaging techniques that doctors use to detect, stage and evaluate the progression of mesothelioma. these non - invasive scans use magnets and radio waves to help doctors visualize a patient \u2019 s organs, tissues, bones and tumors. many radiologists consider mris ideal for viewing the anatomical structures of the chest and abdomen \u2013 including the pleura and peritoneum, where mesothelioma tumors most commonly develop. the first commercial mri units emerged in the 1980s. since then, the technology has advanced considerably. modern mri units use superconductor magnets and coils to produce a constant magnetic field, as well as radiofrequency energy to measure signals from the nuclei of hydrogen atoms inside the body. computers inside the scanner register these signals and turn them into images. most modern units also include a shield, which prevents the scanner from picking up interference from outside signals sources like televisions and radio stations. mris work by aligning the water molecules in your body. radio waves then cause these aligned particles to emit signals, which register on the scanner. the images reflect the amount of activity that is occurring in each internal structure. each mri - generated image shows a thin slice of the body. the mri process the entire mri process takes about an hour or two to complete. the scan itself takes between 30 and 60 minutes, but the appointment also includes pre - scan positioning and other preparation activities. once patients arrive at the mri center and fill out their paperwork, they must remove all metal objects from their bodies. the strong magnets in an mri scanner can attract zippered clothing, jewelry, watches, belts, keys and credit cards. implanted medical devices that contain metal may also cause complications with the scan. next, patients will put on a hospital gown and ear plugs. fast factsome mri scans use a contrast dye to improve image detail. the most common dye is gadolinium, which is safe and effective for most patients with properly functioning kidneys. this magnetic metal ion can visually enhance lesions on mri images, indicating growths that may be mesothelioma tumors. for contrast - enhanced mris, patients will receive an injection of a contrast dye. this makes certain areas show up more clearly on the test. after the injection, patients lie down on the imaging table. the technologist then arranges a coil around the part of the body that is being imaged. for pl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5425903692544347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc430d6-9c49-4cea-bce9-78876d30ae99>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.326618"}
{"text": "a contrast dye. this makes certain areas show up more clearly on the test. after the injection, patients lie down on the imaging table. the technologist then arranges a coil around the part of the body that is being imaged. for pleural mesothelioma, this will be the chest. for peritoneal mesothelioma, it will be the abdomen. once the technician positions the patient \u2019 s body correctly for the exam, the patient and table are slid into a tube - like opening in the mri machine. during the scan, the machine makes repetitive knocking sounds as the magnetic field gradients turn on and off. the test itself is painless. patients should try not to move during the scan, but they can communicate with their technician via microphone if they feel scared or claustrophobic. patients can leave the mri center immediately after the scan. a post - processing technologist will then highlight abnormal areas on the images. once the final images are ready for review, a radiologist interprets the results and provides the patient \u2019 s primary doctor with a report. from there, the physician can examine the scan on a computer monitor, send them electronically to the rest of the treatment team or print them out for the patient \u2019 s medical records. mri side effects patients occasionally experience minor side effects after an mri scan. | magnetophosphenes ( brief flashes of light across the retina ) | | vertigo / dizziness | | metallic taste in the mouth | | nausea | | physical burns or burning sensations ( extremely rare ) | mris do not place patients at risk for radiation - induced damage. because mris do not use ionizing radiation, most doctors prefer mris for patients who need routine imaging scans. the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) concludes that as long as the field strengths are kept below 2. 0 tesla, mris are safe for repeated use. mris for diagnosing mesothelioma tumors magnetic resonance imaging currently plays a limited role in diagnosing mesothelioma. when doctors do prescribe mri scans to diagnose the disease, they often use them to complement ct scan results. mri - generated images can help differentiate between normal tissue and tumor tissue, which cannot be determined with a ct scan alone. mri scans produce a visual representation of differences is signal intensity between cancerous and noncancerous tissues. because cancerous tissues emit more intense signals than surrounding healthy tissue, malignant mesothelioma tissues appear as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5116438717180936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc430d6-9c49-4cea-bce9-78876d30ae99>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.329167"}
{"text": "a ct scan alone. mri scans produce a visual representation of differences is signal intensity between cancerous and noncancerous tissues. because cancerous tissues emit more intense signals than surrounding healthy tissue, malignant mesothelioma tissues appear as white spots on the scan results with varying brightness. the difference between malignant and noncancerous tissue is even more pronounced in contrast - enhanced mris. to arrive at a mesothelioma diagnosis, radiologists usually inspect mri - generated images for a mass on the pleura, which encases the lungs. these masses often emit signals of intermediate intensity. the fluid located between the lungs and pleura can also indicate mesothelioma, as areas of pleural fluid with very intense signals sometimes surround pleural masses. mri scans are generally superior to ct scans for characterizing pleural fluid as benign or malignant. | chest wall infiltration | | mediastinal pleural involvement | | circumferential pleural thickening | | nodularity | | other irregular changes in pleural tissue | features such as bilateral pleural involvement, pleural shrinkage, pleural effusions and pleural calcifications may also show up on mri - generated images. these features may suggest mesothelioma, but cannot be used to make a definitive diagnosis. mris for staging mesothelioma tumors most studies indicate that mris and ct scans are equally effective for accurately staging malignant mesothelioma tumors. while mris are less effective at detecting lymph node involvement, they are generally superior at detecting the extent of a tumor \u2019 s invasion of other local structures \u2013 one of the key steps in staging a mesothelioma tumor. when radiologists use mris to stage a mesothelioma tumor, they look for the following features : - loss of normal fat planes - extension into mediastinal fat - tumor growth that encases more than half the circumference of an organ or mediastinal structure radiologists can exclude patients as good surgical candidates if an mri scan shows mediastinal or full - thickness pericardial involvement, diffuse or multifocal chest wall disease or involvement of the diaphragm or spine. by revealing the stage of a mesothelioma tumor, mri images can help doctors determine whether or not the patient is a good candidate for invasive surgery. mris are especially useful for detecting two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5094394854965713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc430d6-9c49-4cea-bce9-78876d30ae99>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.329997"}
{"text": "involvement of the diaphragm or spine. by revealing the stage of a mesothelioma tumor, mri images can help doctors determine whether or not the patient is a good candidate for invasive surgery. mris are especially useful for detecting two primary features of patients who are unlikely to benefit from an aggressive operation : chest wall invasion and involvement of the diaphragm. in one study, mris detected diaphragmatic spread with 82 percent accuracy, while ct scans detected the same condition with only 55 percent accuracy. mris are useful for staging mesothelioma with the tnm system. some studies suggest that mri scans can differentiate between t3 and t4 disease, but not earlier stages like t1 and t2. one study found that mris understaged half of the mesothelioma tumors by failing to detect pericardial invasion, which advances tumors from stage t2 to stage t3. however, the same mris were effective at detecting involvement of the internal pericardium, which also advances tumors from stage t3 to t4. the study correctly identified all of the tumors that were stage t3 or lower ( while excluding the t4 tumors ) with a positive predictive value of 100 percent. mris for evaluating response to treatment oncologists consider the mri an accurate and reproducible technique for evaluating patient response to mesothelioma treatment. when evaluating the mri scan results of mesothelioma patients undergoing treatment, radiologists often measure the tumor from several separate sites. this helps account for the rind - like growth pattern of the cancer. the primary measurement that the doctors look for is an increase or decrease in pleural thickness. fast factin one study of 50 mesothelioma patients, mri scans correctly categorized the tumor response in 92 percent of patients. if there is no visible disease on the post - treatment imaging scan, doctors call this complete response. if there is a 30 percent decrease in the sum of linear tumor measurements, they generally refer to that as a partial response to treatment. if the mri indicates a size increase of at least 20 percent ( or shows a newly developed lesion ), the disease is considered progressive. doctors may prescribe lung spirometry tests when using mris as another way to evaluate treatment response. patients whose mris indicate a partial or complete response to mesothelioma treatment often display simultaneous improvements in lung function, which can be measured with a spirometer. when doctors study mri results to determine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5179383623413786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fc430d6-9c49-4cea-bce9-78876d30ae99>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.330876"}
{"text": "are omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from food sources other than fish as effective as the ones that are derived from fish? in a recent review in the journal of lipid research, researchers from oregon state university set out to assess the scientific data we have available to answer that question. the review article by donald b. jump, christopher m. depner and sasmita tripathy was part of a thematic series geared toward identifying new lipid and lipoprotein targets for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases. interest in the health benefits of omega - 3 pufa stemmed from epidemiological studies on greenland inuits in the 1970s that linked reduced rates of myocardial infarction ( compared with rates among western populations ) to a high dietary intake of fish - derived omega - 3 pufa. those studies have spurred hundreds of others attempting to unravel the effects of omega - 3 pufa on cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. | the omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( pufa ) conversion pathway. omega - 3 in the diet fish - derived sources of omega - 3 pufa are eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. these fatty acids can be found in nutritional supplements and foods such as salmon, anchovies and sardines. plant - derived sources of omega - 3 pufa are alpha - linolenic acid and stearidonic acid. alpha - linolenic acid is an essential fatty acid. it cannot be synthesized in the body, so it is necessary to get it from dietary sources, such as flaxseed, walnuts, canola oil and chia seeds. the overall levels of fatty acids in the heart and blood are dependent on the metabolism of alpha - linolenic acid in addition to other dietary sources. the heart of the matter a study in 2007 established that dietary supplementation of alpha - linolenic acid had no effect on myocardial levels of eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid, and it did not significantly increase their content in cardiac muscle ( 3 ). furthermore, alpha - linolenic acid intake had no protective association with the incidence of coronary heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation or sudden cardiac death ( 4, 5, 6 ). in general, it did not significantly affect the omega - 3 index, an indicator of cardioprotection ( 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4398982617707978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c3f660-e148-457c-8a42-f7e8ee2fa584>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.336751"}
{"text": "of coronary heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation or sudden cardiac death ( 4, 5, 6 ). in general, it did not significantly affect the omega - 3 index, an indicator of cardioprotection ( 3 ). why doesn \u2019 t supplementation of ala affect the levels of fatty acids downstream in the biochemical pathway ( see figure )? the data seem to point to the poor conversion of the precursor ala to dha, the end product of the omega - 3 pufa pathway. dha is assimilated into cellular membrane phospholipids and is also converted to bioactive fatty acids that affect several signaling mechanisms that control cardiac and vascular function. according to jump, \u201c one of the issues with ala is that it doesn \u2019 t get processed very well to dha. \u201d this is a metabolic problem that involves the initial desaturation step in the pathway, which is catalyzed by the fatty acid desaturase fads2. investigators have explored ways to overcome the metabolic bottleneck created by this rate - limiting step. one approach involves increasing stearidonic acid in the diet, jump says, because fads2 converts ala to sda. while studies have shown that increasing sda results in significantly higher levels of downstream epa and dpa in blood phospholipids, blood levels of dha were not increased ( 7 ). fads2 also is required for dha synthesis at the other end of the pathway, where it helps produce a dha precursor. consumption of epa and dha from fish - derived oil has been reported to increase atrial and ventricular epa and dha in membrane phospholipids ( 3 ), and heart disease patients who consumed epa and dha supplements had a reduction in coronary artery disease and sudden cardiac death ( 8 ). \u201c based on the prospective cohort studies and the clinical studies, \u201d jump says, \u201c ala is not viewed as that cardioprotective. \u201d he continues, \u201c it is generally viewed that epa and dha confer cardioprotection. consumption of epa and dha are recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. the question then comes up from a metabolic perspective : can these other sources of omega - 3 pufa, like ala, be converted to dha? yes, they can, but they \u2019 re not as effective as taking an epa - or dha - containing supplement or eating fish containing epa and dha. \u201d ( nonfish sources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46126432155496205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c3f660-e148-457c-8a42-f7e8ee2fa584>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.337546"}
{"text": "3 pufa, like ala, be converted to dha? yes, they can, but they \u2019 re not as effective as taking an epa - or dha - containing supplement or eating fish containing epa and dha. \u201d ( nonfish sources of epa from yeast and dha from algae are commercially available. ) it \u2019 s important to note that omega - 3 pufas are involved in a variety of biological processes, including cognitive function, visual acuity and cancer prevention. the molecular and biochemical bases for their effects on those systems are complex and not well understood. \u201c these are very busy molecules ; they do a lot, \u201d jump says. \u201c they regulate many different pathways, and that is a problem in trying to sort out the diverse actions these fatty acids have on cells. even the area of heart function is not fully resolved. while there is a reasonable understanding of the impact of these fatty acids on inflammation, how omega - 3 fatty acids control cardiomyocyte contraction and energy metabolism is not well understood. as such, more research is needed. \u201d elucidating the role of omega - 3s in the heart : the next step at the university of maryland, baltimore, a team led by william stanley has made strides toward elucidating the role of pufas in heart failure. stanley \u2019 s research group focuses on the role of substrate metabolism and diet in the pathophysiology of heart failure and recently identified the mitochondrial permeability transition pore as a target for omega - 3 pufa regulation ( 9 ). the group is very interested in using omega - 3 pufas to treat heart failure patients who typically have a high inflammatory state and mitochondrial dysfunction in the heart. \u201c it seems to be that dha is really the one that is effective at generating resistance to stress - induced mitochondrial pore opening, \u201d which is implicated in ischemic injury and heart failure ( 10 ), stanley says. \u201c it also seems to be that you \u2019 ve got to get the dha in the membranes. you have to ingest it. that \u2019 s the bottom line. \u201d stanley points out that ingesting dha in a capsule form makes major diet changes unnecessary : \u201c you can just take three or four capsules a day, and it can have major effects on the composition of cardiac membranes and may improve pump function and ultimately quality of life in these people. the idea would be that they would live longer or just live better. \u201d the impact and implications of omega - 3 in the food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4735649864923255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c3f660-e148-457c-8a42-f7e8ee2fa584>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.338455"}
{"text": "can have major effects on the composition of cardiac membranes and may improve pump function and ultimately quality of life in these people. the idea would be that they would live longer or just live better. \u201d the impact and implications of omega - 3 in the food industry the big interest in dha over the past 30 years has come from the field of pediatrics. algae - derived dha often is incorporated into baby formula for breastfeeding mothers who do not eat fish or for those that do not breastfeed at all. \u201c in clinical studies, you see that the visual acuity and mental alertness of the babies are better when they \u2019 re fed dha - enriched formula over the standard formula, \u201d says stanley. stanley continues : \u201c the current evidence in terms of vegetable - derived omega - 3s may be of particular value in developing countries where supplements for dha ( fish oil capsules ) or access to high - quality fish may not be readily accessible. \u201d food manufacturers in developing countries are beginning to shift to plant - derived omega - 3 pufas, which are relatively cheap and widely available. despite those moves, the effects may be limited by the inefficient biochemical processing of the fatty acid \u2014 an issue that researchers have yet to resolve. - 1. dyerberg, j. et al. am. j. clin. nutr. 28, 958 \u2013 966 ( 1975 ). - 2. dyerberg, j. et al. lancet. 2, 117 \u2013 119 ( 1978 ). - 3. metcalf, r. g. et al. am. j. clin. nutr. 85, 1222 \u2013 1228 ( 2007 ). - 4. de goede, j. et al. plos one. 6, e17967 ( 2011 ). - 5. zhao, g., et al. j. nutr. 134, 2991 \u2013 2997 ( 2004 ). - 6. dewell, a. et al. j. nutr. 141, 2166 \u2013 2171 ( 2011 ). - 7. james, m. et al. j. clin. nutr. 77, 1140 \u2013 1145 ( 2003 ). - 8. dewell, a. et al. j. nutr. 141, 2166 \u2013 2171 ( 2011 ). - 9. gissi - prevenzione investigators. lancet. 354, 447 \u2013 455 ( 1999 ). - 10. khair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4694234591407703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c3f660-e148-457c-8a42-f7e8ee2fa584>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.339213"}
{"text": "courtroom atmospheres, deposition testimony, and cross - examinations have long - standing oral traditions and culture. how does an individual who does not speak participate in such traditions? individuals who have severe communication impairments of speech and / or writing may accomplish their communication potential through the use of augmentative and alternative communication ( aac ). communication through aac techniques, symbols, and strategies, however, is not familiar to judges, attorneys, and court recorders within most courtrooms. how do speech - language pathologists adequately prepare persons with complex communication needs ( pwccn ) to participate within a cultural environment that is entrenched and centered on the spoken word? what graphic symbols best represent legal concepts such as \" oath, \" \" testimony, \" \" swearing in, \" and \" legal capacity \"? how do pwccn achieve their right to access justice when their \" voice \" is communicated through a communication assistant and / or through assistive technology? how may slps facilitate modifications within the justice system that allow for an appropriate amount of time for persons with severe physical challenges to respond to a rapid series of questions from attorneys or police? at present, access to justice for persons with severe expressive disorders is difficult. the legal arena suppose that an slp is invited to serve as an expert witness in a case involving a pwccn. the slp will work with police, lawyers, and judges in connection with a client. it will be necessary to establish an assessment tool that describes the capacity of the client to testify in court. as an expert witness, the slp will be challenged immediately by opposing counsel regarding the slp ' s competence as an expert as well as his or her choice of assessment tool ( s ). slps also need to understand the key differences between the clinical and legal arenas. the justice system is centered on \" winning \" and \" losing. \" insurance companies participate in determining when to settle and \" walk away \" and end the case. another difference is the process of evaluation of the client ' s communication skills. for example, sometimes a proposal for an evaluation must first be submitted to the court and both attorneys for approval before any contact with an individual is permitted. thus, the slp may prepare by reading hundreds of pages of clinical and educational reports regarding an individual with an expressive communication disability, and may then need to seek approval for each proposed diagnostic strategy before the actual evaluation. modifications to the proposed plan may be suggested by either attorney or the judge. experts in litigation today must be familiar with the origin and significance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4853230081127303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0fb998a9-5e9f-4d5c-a102-efcf260468d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.347224"}
{"text": "with an expressive communication disability, and may then need to seek approval for each proposed diagnostic strategy before the actual evaluation. modifications to the proposed plan may be suggested by either attorney or the judge. experts in litigation today must be familiar with the origin and significance of the daubert case ( bernstein & hartsell, 2005 ). this 1993 landmark decision ( daubert v. merrell dow pharms., 509 u. s. 579, 113 s. ct. 2786, 125 l. ed. 2d 469 ) resulted in specific instructions for expert testimony introduced into the courtroom. basically, daubert ' s rule established requirements for admissibility of expert testimony, including whether or not the employed technique has been peer - reviewed and published, has a known error rate, can be tested, and is a generally accepted practice within the field. as expert witnesses, slps need to prepare for testimony with the understanding that their scientific knowledge will be tested by the opposing attorney, challenged regarding peer reviews and publications, and examined for potential errors and general acceptance by their own scholarly community. every word and comma in their expert reports will be scrutinized. although slps may feel confident in their professional knowledge base and clinical skills in aac, writing and defending the expert report within the legal system is very different from preparing a clinical report for a public school or medical facility. to prepare a report for testimony, slps need to translate their clinical knowledge into a legally useful form without using jargon, and to follow the rules, roles, and procedures for written reports according to legal tradition. these evaluations and reports must be precise so as not to introduce any reasonable doubt. failure to understand the purpose and use of a written report may result in a damaging cross - examination and may undermine the slp ' s credibility. one example of potential difficulty is establishing a legal capacity for expressive communication when that expression is an alternative form to speech. as yet, there is no legal definition of \" capacity \" for testimony if not through speech. the definition of \" capacity \" is important \u2014 a client must be judged to have the \" capacity \" to participate, because a legal case may set a precedent. when assistive technologies, such as speech - generating devices ( sgds ) or voice output communication aids ( vocas ), are introduced, the question arises : does the legal capacity ( or definition of expressive communication competence ) shift when an sgd is used? in other words, if an individual communicates through technology, is the individual legally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5311073862699549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0fb998a9-5e9f-4d5c-a102-efcf260468d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.348199"}
{"text": "communication aids ( vocas ), are introduced, the question arises : does the legal capacity ( or definition of expressive communication competence ) shift when an sgd is used? in other words, if an individual communicates through technology, is the individual legally more capable as a witness than if he or she communicates without an sgd? might slps need to perform two evaluations for the court? one evaluation might be conducted to determine \" communication capacity \" without technology and another evaluation might determine \" communication capacity \" with technology or aac strategy. courtrooms may not be accustomed to working with people who use aac systems. during depositions and testimony, court recorders transcribe speech, but now they must transcribe the language of graphic symbols as reported through communication assistants or through synthetic or digitized speech available within the various technologies. legal counsel typically examines and cross - examines clients on the witness stand in the courtroom. however, the witness stand may not accommodate a person with a disability seated in a power wheelchair and his or her communication partner ; slps may need to suggest modifications to courtroom seating arrangements. judges may not accept testimony by a communication assistant in lieu of actual testimony by the client. training programs for judges and attorneys may be necessary for greater acceptance of communication through aac systems and other strategies. attorneys often challenge the origins of the communication messages ; i. e., the \" independence \" of each communication message may be examined and cross - examined if programmed by the slp. the \" author \" of each communication expression emerging from a synthesized or digitized sgd may be scrutinized. slps may be accused of speaking for individuals whom they are assisting. such challenges can be addressed if the slp orients attorneys and judges prior to the trial to the person ' s disabilities, use of aac, types of vocabulary, and characteristics of appropriate questioning techniques for pwccn. slps will need to understand that individuals are eligible for accommodations, and that they may be responsible for requesting accommodations on behalf of the individual and his or her assistants. scope of practice issues responsibilities for slps are expanding as public agencies are processing an increasing number of complaints on behalf of consumers. cases of abuse, fraud, malpractice, and denial of basic services to pwccn impact speech - language pathology practices because communication is often at the core of each case. in an administrative or court proceeding, slps may become involved in legal practices and procedures that extend beyond their education and training. slps need to acquire the knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48556832613494333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0fb998a9-5e9f-4d5c-a102-efcf260468d9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.349207"}
{"text": "with intellectual disability \u2014 the meaning of \" testifying under oath. \" if the communication is through graphic symbols, what does the symbol for \" oath \" look like? ( see page 7 for a photo that has been used to communicate this concept. ) the person with a disability should understand what to expect and what is expected prior to testifying in court. the slp should realize, and explain to the client, that testimony during a police investigation is different from testifying in court, especially during cross - examination. often, contact with police in filing a complaint is brief, and courtroom procedures often occur long after the initial complaint. this time lapse may prove challenging for a witness who has difficulty with long - term memory, and the slp may need to find ways to remind the client about past events without leading the person to the \" correct \" answer. litigation consultation is a relatively new arena for slps. legal advocacy for pwccn is a complex process that is only beginning to be identified and understood by professionals in the field of aac. while involvement in legal issues is an exciting extension of practice, slps should pursue additional education before entering into the legal arena ( see sidebar for resources ). during courtroom cross - examination, the written reports and professional credibility of the slp are as much in question as the capacities of the person with a disability. with appropriate knowledge and skills, advocating for justice for people who use aac is an important responsibility for slps.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4841157561293037, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0fb998a9-5e9f-4d5c-a102-efcf260468d9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.350837"}
{"text": "asia news network we know asia better publication date : 04 - 09 - 2012 with health and wellness gaining prominence in people \u2019 s wish lists, there is now a growing awareness of healthier choices. here are more answers for your myriad of options. pick a wellness plan that will suit you best. please explain \u2014 what \u2019 s all the fuss over over nitrates and nitrites? multiple choice : which meal would you consider supportive of brain health? a ) scrambled eggs cooked in butter plus a generous topping of cheese and sour cream b ) green salad with lean chicken or turkey ham topped with low - fat caesar salad dressing. a is the healthier meal. for one, eggs are nutritious and are considered brain food. vegetables are very good for you ; however, we do not know about the toppings. perhaps the ham is laced with preservatives and additives, including aspartame and nitrite. by itself, nitrite isn \u2019 t so bad. but when it is eaten, it can transform into nitrosamine compounds, considered potent cancer - causing chemicals. this occurs when a chemical reaction happens between nitrate ( added to food ) and amines ( found in protein that is present in the body ). added to processed foods, this chemical, also known as sodium nitrite or potassium nitrite, prevents the contamination of foods by controlling the toxin production of clostridium botulinum ( which causes botulism ). in the us, these chemicals are allowed to be used, setting the limit to one part nitrite to 120 parts per million. nitrates for fertilisers are suspected to enter the food and water supply. and this is why proper farming is a big issue. nitrite and nitrosamine are linked with increased cancer of the colon, lung, pancreas, liver, etc. how to neutralise nitrite poisoning? take megadoses of vitamin c and e, beta - carotene and flavonoids. visit your dentist how do i cure bad breath? would you believe that billions of bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites live in our mouths? it \u2019 s true. there are over 600 species of bacteria that claim our mouths as their home. an overgrowth of bacteria leads to tooth decay and gum disease. it could, one day, lead to tooth loss. if you are brushing, flossing and gargling regularly, then you shouldn \u2019 t have a real problem. but if you don \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5037469217559601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48afad8f-d635-44ff-ae7f-6e3c50a37916>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.354083"}
{"text": "of bacteria leads to tooth decay and gum disease. it could, one day, lead to tooth loss. if you are brushing, flossing and gargling regularly, then you shouldn \u2019 t have a real problem. but if you don \u2019 t, then it \u2019 s time to visit your dentist. dental plaque, a sticky, grainy film that grows on teeth due to the mixture of bacteria with the sugars and starches from the food you eat, causes bad breath. tartar is the hardened plaque build - up after so much dental neglect. brush or floss twice daily, thrice if you can. do not sleep without doing your cleansing ritual. eradicate parasites from your tummy. looking at yourself in the mirror and then smiling is a practice that can get you started on better dental health. run your tongue over your teeth. if it feels grainy, then it \u2019 s time for your dental check - up and cleaning. make it a habit to take two acidophilus ( good bacteria ) capsules daily. consider digestive enzymes, one to three tablets daily or eat fresh, raw ( uncooked ) fruits and vegetables. juice fresh veggies / fruits as your morning starter, tonic and cleanser. chlorophyll tablets could be taken. steep parsley leaves in hot water and sip as a tea. rule out parasites. see your doctor. alternation to steroids are there any legal and natural supplements as an alternative to steroids? i am a professional athlete. yes there are. called branched chain amino acids ( bcaa \u2019 s ), these are compound of leucine, valine and isoleucine. considered natural anabolic muscle - building supplements, they are a principal source of calories for the human muscle, especially effective during an intense workout. bcaas can also reduce the appetite while producing glycogen which balances insulin secretion. more importantly, it promotes lean muscle mass and distribution. supplements should be taken 30 minutes before a workout.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4679265929021932, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48afad8f-d635-44ff-ae7f-6e3c50a37916>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.354773"}
{"text": "- pregnancy & childbirth - attachment parenting - family nutrition - family wellness 1. breathe naturally between contractions, as you do when you are falling asleep. 2. when a contraction begins, inhale deeply and slowly through your nose, and then slowly exhale through your mouth in a long, steady stream. as you breathe out, let your facial muscles relax and your limbs go limp as you imagine the tension leaving your body. think of this exhalation as a long sigh of release. 3. as the contraction peaks, remind yourself to continue breathing at a relaxed, comfortable rate. 4. ask your partner to remind you to slow down if you start breathing too fast in response to an intense contraction. have him take slow, relaxed breaths along with you. 5. if you still find yourself breathing too fast, stop for a minute and take a deep breath, followed by a long, drawn - out blow, as if you are blowing off steam. do this periodically to remind yourself to slow down. 6. partners should watch the mother ' s breathing patterns for cues as to how she is coping. slow, deep, rhythmic breathing shows that she is handling her contractions well. fast, spasmodic breathing communicates tension and anxiety. use massage, model proper breathing, or suggest a change of position. 7. don ' t pant. panting is not natural for humans. ( dogs and cats in labor pant because they don ' t sweat. it ' s their way of releasing body heat. ) panting not only exhausts you, it lessens your oxygen intake and may lead to hyperventilation. 8. don ' t hyperventilate. breathing too fast and too heavily blows off too much carbon dioxide, causing you to feel light - headed and have tingling sensations in your fingers, toes, and face. some women tend to hyperventilate during the height of intense contractions and need caring reminders to relax their breathing. if you start to hyperventilate, breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth, as slowly as you can. 9. don ' t hold your breath. even during the strain of pushing, the blue in the face, blood - vessel - popping breath holding you see in movies is not only exhausting, but deprives you and your baby of much - needed oxygen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43998782733764175, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02cf7eb2-61df-45a3-9cf1-a9f376040a72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.357701"}
{"text": "smoke signals, drum telegraphs, and the marathon runner are all examples of man \u2019 s effort to conquer the tyranny of distance. however, the first truly successful solution to the problem of rapidly transmitting language across space was the frenchman claude chappe \u2019 s optical telegraph. chappe ' s chain of stone towers, topped by 10 - ft. poles and 14 - ft. pivoting cross members, and spaced as far apart as the eye could see, was first demonstrated to the public in march of 1791 on the champs elysees. chappe created a language of 9, 999 words, each represented by a different position of the swinging arms. when operated by well - trained optical telegraphers, the system was extraordinarily quick. messages could be transmitted up to 150 miles in two minutes. eventually the french military saw the value of chappe \u2019 s invention, and lines of his towers were built out from paris to dunkirk and strasbourg. within a decade, a network of optical telegraph lines crisscrossed the nation. when napoleon seized power in 1799, he used the optical telegraph to dispatch the message, \u201c paris is quiet and the good citizens are content. \u201d renovated in 1998, the optical telegraph next to the rohan castle in saverne functioned as part of the strasbourg line from 1798 until 1852. it is one of several remaining relay points in the system that can still be visited today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5952065626499679, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:037f0d01-4445-4b30-a9aa-e9be13b62c53>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.359097"}
{"text": "taking a sample is just the beginning and preserving and processing specimens requires more than just the e - word. having completed eight dives, at least sixteen shore excursions, one nightlighting session, six trips to the fish markets, several roadside purchases and a surprise swim up to a fishing boat, the scientists have well and truly justified that purchase of 90 litres of ethanol on day 1. on each trip the preserving began in the field and continued back at our accommodation. the specimens will soon be shipped to the museum where a thorough analysis can be performed, possibly including sem photography and dna sequencing. after that, identifications can be confirmed if necessary and scientific papers can be published. so how did the scientists start to process their samples here in timor? i spoke with about half the team to find out ( because talking to all of them would ' ve made this post longer than a dead sea scroll ). lauren studies amphipods, an order of crustaceans, and was picking samples from dive sites ( and one nightlighting session ) with these small ( usually less then 10mm ) creatures in mind. she uses the freshwater dip method which means placing her substrate samples in a bucket of tap water as it encourages saltwater animals to release from their holds. lauren then elutriated ( swirled ) the bucket, causing the heavier sediment to fall to the bottom and the lighter amphipods to rise to the top. the swirling water was slowly tipped out into a sieve. what was filtered out was then placed in a tray and examined for animals, which were picked up with forceps or pipettes and placed into jars of ethanol. after that, the habitat samples that remained in the bucket were also placed in the tray and similarly examined for fauna. we had a team of five fish scientists ( dubbed \u2018 the fishos \u2019 ) on this trip who worked together to process their samples and make strange, bawdy jokes whenever possible. while they did collect samples at the fish markets, the vast majority of their specimens were taken on dives and kept in plastic bags of seawater ( in eskies ) until they returned to camp. hijacking the dinner table for hours at a time, their processing often looked and sounded like question time at parliament, but on closer examination was actually a highly organised and efficient affair. their processing started with placing the fishes into trays and tubs of ice, dividing the day \u2019 s catch roughly by type. from there the team began to identify the fishes, with each member focussing on those species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46398923694626726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81d6fb10-6b67-4af1-9eb5-b3504291e57d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.366401"}
{"text": "highly organised and efficient affair. their processing started with placing the fishes into trays and tubs of ice, dividing the day \u2019 s catch roughly by type. from there the team began to identify the fishes, with each member focussing on those species they specialise in : barry covered the wrasses, for example, and jeff the cardinal fishes. they would often check with each other, however, and consult the stack of reference books they brought with them. once a fish was named it would go to mark for photographing, sometimes having their fins pinned out if they had distinctive colours. sally was the chief scribe during all of this, recording names, sizes and number of specimens, as well as writing small labels for mark to photograph with the fishes. if a fish was identified as one that hadn ' t been previously collected on the trip, then it would go to amanda who would extract a small piece of muscle tissue with a scalpel and place it into a vial of dmso solution ( which is conducive to dna analysis ). the rest of the fish would be placed in formalin. penny came on this trip to collect crustaceans and fishes and was involved in the processing of invertebrate samples. like lauren, penny did most of her sorting in a tray, but her samples remained in saltwater until they were picked out and placed in jars of ethanol. from experience she was able to remove large pieces of reef rock from the tray that were unlikely to contain animals ( those that shake \u2018 clean \u2019 in the water for example ) and make use of chisels to break down the likely ones ( those with cracks and crevices ). nerida and greg frequently collected sediment from the ocean floor, elutriating at the back of the boat and transferring the filtered portion to plastic bags. back at their makeshift lab they would examine this remainder in dishes under the microscope, looking for sea slugs and similar animals not much bigger than the grains of sediment they move between. the process involved multiple dishes and frequent changing and cleaning of the seawater to make it easier to observe these microscopic animals. at the end of the process they would have a collection of specimens and would decide then which ones to process further. these would be photographed while still alive and depending on their size, have either a subsample taken for dna analysis ( and placed in a vial of ethanol ) or be placed whole in ethanol or formalin. rosemary searched for tiny sea snails in mangrove and intertidal zones in timor, collecting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48318290114671714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81d6fb10-6b67-4af1-9eb5-b3504291e57d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.367477"}
{"text": "on their size, have either a subsample taken for dna analysis ( and placed in a vial of ethanol ) or be placed whole in ethanol or formalin. rosemary searched for tiny sea snails in mangrove and intertidal zones in timor, collecting samples of mud, leaf matter and debris which she would \u2018 coarsely wash \u2019 in the field using a very fine sieve. keeping these samples cool in a bucket, she would return to the lab and use a spoon to scoop this \u2018 washed off \u2019 matter into a petri dish. the contents of the dish were swirled around so that it would settle into one layer, making it easier to see crawling animals or shapes that she recognises. she placed her specimens in ethanol for photographing and dna sequencing back at the museum. mandy surveyed the dive sites, markets and random fishing boats for cephalopods ( octopuses, squid and cuttlefish ). back at the hotel, she would photograph each specimen and take two tissue samples : one muscle and one from the gills. these samples would be placed in separate vials of ethanol. later, the ethanol will be poured off and the samples added to our frozen tissue collection at the museum and made available for dna analysis. the remainder of the specimens she acquired were fixed in formalin, with the beaks and radulas of the squid and the cuttlebones of the cuttlefish being detached beforehand ( yes, squid have beaks ). these will eventually be transferred to 70 % ethanol, given a number in our database and added to our collection for long term storage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4911827323890533, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81d6fb10-6b67-4af1-9eb5-b3504291e57d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.368079"}
{"text": "logging in or signing up an introduction to greek mythology jhurley download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad copy does not support media & animations wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 2428 category : education license : all rights reserved like it ( 0 ) dislike it ( 0 ) added : july 19, 2012 this presentation is public favorites : 2 presentation description why study greek myths? comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript powerpoint presentation : an introduction greek mythology greek mythologypowerpoint presentation : essential questions : why do myths endure? how is greek mythology evident in our world today? what allusions are there to these stories? what is the origin of greek mythology? powerpoint presentation : what is a myth? a myth is a story, created collectively by a whole people or society over a period of time once believed to be true, that embodies some of the wisdom and truth valued by that society. these stories may help to explain why the world works the way it does, to provide a rationale for customs and observances, to establish set rituals for ceremonies, and to predict what happens to individuals after death. alert : on the test! powerpoint presentation : types of myths cosmic myths concern creation and the end of the world. theistic myths concern gods such as zeus or athena. hero myths concern individuals such as heracles, perseus, and achilles. place / object myths concern items or places such as the golden fleece ; the trojan warpowerpoint presentation : who created myths? ancient greeks, romans, aztecs, ancient egyptians, norse vikings, north american indians, chinese, inhabitants of india \u2014 every ancient civilization \u2014 developed a system of mythology to explain their world. many answer questions such as : who am i? what is this world around me? why am i here? what is the purpose of life? powerpoint presentation : purposes of mythology myths grant continuity and stability to a culture. myths present guidelines for living. myths justify a culture \u2019 s activities. myths give meaning to life. myths explain the unexplainable. myths offer role models. alert : on the test! powerpoint presentation : legacy of the ancient greeks greek empire 2500 years ago science and mathematics : aristotle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5360261919401794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21470b0c-38db-4555-bfd2-99da9e304537>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.371289"}
{"text": "culture \u2019 s activities. myths give meaning to life. myths explain the unexplainable. myths offer role models. alert : on the test! powerpoint presentation : legacy of the ancient greeks greek empire 2500 years ago science and mathematics : aristotle, archimedes system of medicine philosophy shaped western civilization and thought arts, drama, poetry, sculpture, literature, architecture law, government, democracy developed in athens military tacticspowerpoint presentation : map of ancient greece important cities mt. olympus troy delphi thebes athens sparta cretepowerpoint presentation : influence of the romans in the last century before the birth of christ, the roman empire expanded and became more powerful than greece. the romans were greatly influenced by the greeks and linked the greek stories to their own gods until both mythologies were almost the same. therefore, there are both latin and greek names for the gods. for example : zeus ( greek ) is also jupiter ( roman / latin ). powerpoint presentation : the ancient soap opera storytellers would tell these stories in the theater. this story telling is an example of \u201c oral tradition. \u201d each time a story was retold, new details would be added. stories of the iliad and the odyssey, both epics of adventure and war, took 24 hours to read. people would bring food and drink and stay for entire performances. powerpoint presentation : why study mythology? read very interesting, fun, and engaging stories see how less sophisticated people attempted to deal with questions and problems of their world detect allusions to greek mythology in writers such as shakespeare to the present identify allusions to greek myths in modern products, vocabulary, and businesses recognize common archetypes in literature? you do not have the permission to view this presentation. in order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5125179246216707, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:21470b0c-38db-4555-bfd2-99da9e304537>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.371938"}
{"text": "tiredness and speeding are the primary causes of accidents involving transportation professionals. they are well aware of the risks of driving with a certain amount of fatigue, whether from a lack of sleep, physical problems, poor posture at the wheel or daily stress. one of the ways to effectively fight fatigue is to respect driving times - all carriers are aware of the limits : no more than 9 hours per day and 56 hours per week, with a mandatory stop of at least 45 minutes every 4 and a half hours. this allows for a little rest and a chance to recover some strength before continuing on the road. the right climate control in the cabin, light meals and frequent hydration also help. other procedures for battling fatigue are based on new technologies, such as electronic devices that monitor the driver ' s attention ; these are built into some trucks and are add - ons in others, as is the case of the optalert sunglasses, which fulfill a similar function. as professional drivers already know, there are additional devices that can help avoid accidents caused by distraction, often due to tiredness, such as those that sound an alarm at an involuntary change of lane, or those that detect objects in the blind spot. several makes, such as daf, man, scania or volvo trucks, have these already built into their models.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4656806425620807, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:247bf80a-750f-4d70-9380-ebe5a7c70248>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.373282"}
{"text": "let \u2019 s talk art \" the way a child thinks about her art is more important than the way you think about it, \" says herbert. \" never impose limitations and never say, ' i ' m not good at this. ' it introduces fear. never evaluate a preschooler ' s music, art, or dance. make observations from fact. say, ' there is a red circle, ' or ' see these three red lines. ' evaluating may inhibit creativity or discourage a child. \" the concept of children understanding art in their own way is not new. charlotte mason, a liberal - thinking educator in the late 1800s, wrote in her book home education, \" we cannot measure the influence that one or another artist has upon the children ' s sense of beauty, upon his power of seeing, as in a picture, the common sights of life ; he is enriched more than we know in having really looked at a single picture. \" parents cannot travel inside their child ' s brain and ensure that all the educational efforts they make are learned, stored, and applied appropriately. they can be certain, though, that introducing art and music, which have struck emotional chords in humans worldwide for centuries, will enrich an education. the developing mind of a child will soak up whatever it is surrounded with, so why not provide the best history and culture we have to offer?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5086813447246296, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:66650b04-ab50-4243-a16f-93e90c6d613f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.376965"}
{"text": "bolivia : coca - chewing protest outside us embassy indigenous activists in bolivia have been holding a mass coca - chewing protest as part of campaign to end an international ban on the practice. hundreds of people chewed the leaf outside the us embassy in la paz and in other cities across the country. bolivia wants to amend a un drugs treaty that bans chewing coca, which is an ancient tradition in the andes. but the us has said it will veto the amendment because coca is also the raw material for making cocaine. the protesters outside the us embassy also displayed products made from coca, including soft drinks, toothpaste, sweets and ointments. they were supporting a bolivian government campaign to amend the 1961 un single convention on narcotic drugs to remove language that bans the chewing of coca leaf. the convention stipulates that coca - chewing be eliminated within 25 years of the convention coming into effect in 1964. bolivia says that is discriminatory, given that coca use is so deeply rooted in the indigenous culture of the andes. eradication the us is opposed to changing the un convention because it says it would weaken the fight against cocaine production. in a statement, the us embassy said washington recognised coca - chewing as a \" traditional custom \" of bolivia ' s indigenous peoples but could not support the amendment. \" the position of the us government in not supporting the amendment is based on the importance of maintaining the integrity of the un convention, which is an important tool in the fight against drug - trafficking, \" it said. the us is the world ' s largest consumer of cocaine and has been leading efforts to eradicate coca production in the andes for decades. bolivia is the world ' s first biggest producer of cocaine after peru and colombia, and much of its coca crop is used to make the illegal drug. bolivian president evo morales has long advocated the recognition of coca as a plant of great medicinal, cultural and religious importance that is distinct from cocaine. as well as being bolivia ' s first indigenous head of state, mr morales is also a former coca - grower and leader of a coca - growers trade union. the bolivian amendment would come into effect on 31 january only if there were no objections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41266749203442965, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a63f6870-f496-4355-adfd-f3296c1577e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.381081"}
{"text": "books & music food & wine health & fitness hobbies & crafts home & garden news & politics religion & spirituality travel & culture tv & movies absolute beginners - autumn skies as the long days of summer slip away and skies darken earlier each evening, the first stars of autumn come into view. the centerpiece of the autumn sky is a starry square called the great square of pegasus. in mid - october it lies almost overhead from mid - northern latitudes around 10 pm. pegasus was the winged horse of greek mythology, and the great square represents the front half of the body of pegasus. four stars mark the corners of the square, boxing in an area of sky so large that you need to hold both hands out at armis length to cover it. sports fans in north america might think of it as a baseball diamond rather than a square. you should be able to find the square without much difficulty, but your star chart can help if you need to orient yourself. ( for help, see \" absolute beginners e start observing. \" there is a link at the end of this article. ) looking at the square, imagine a line from the right - hand side of the square down towards the southern horizon and youill come to a bright star called fomalhaut. fomalhaut is part of the constellation of piscis austrinus, the southern fish. in 2008, astronomers released photographs taken by the hubble space telescope showing a planet in orbit around fomalhaut. returning to the square, imagine a line upwards from the left side. this will lead you to the w - shaped constellation of cassiopeia, one of the easiest star patterns to recognize. continue the line northwards for the same distance to see the north pole star, polaris. although astronomers talk of the great square of pegasus, these days only three of its stars officially belong to that constellation. in ancient times, one star was shared with neighboring andromeda, marking her head. when, in 1930, astronomers came to define official boundaries for the constellations, they ended the practice of sharing stars. andromeda kept her head but pegasus lost a corner of its square. andromeda represents the unfortunate daughter of queen cassiopeia. she was chained to a rock in sacrifice to a sea monster to atone for the sins of her boastful mother. however, youill need a good imagination to see andromeda as more than a couple of crooked lines of stars leading away from the upper left corner of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5069532364316387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:822932f7-54a8-4e3d-a61c-0172bbb2bbc5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.385062"}
{"text": "in sacrifice to a sea monster to atone for the sins of her boastful mother. however, youill need a good imagination to see andromeda as more than a couple of crooked lines of stars leading away from the upper left corner of the great square. there is, though, one great treasure to be found in the constellation. two lines extend from the square. look at the more prominent of the two lines. if you count two stars along and then go two stars up, youill come to it : the andromeda galaxy, a spiral of stars 2. 5 million light years away. on clear dark nights you can glimpse the andromeda galaxy with the unaided eye as a hazy wisp of light. the andromeda galaxy is the most distant object you can see without optical aid, but itis more prominent through binoculars and small telescopes. beyond the shackled feet of andromeda lies her heroic rescuer, perseus. this constellation is shaped rather like a distorted capital a. in the sky he is depicted holding the severed head of medusa the gorgon, marked by the star algol. click for a diagram of the constellation perseus. perseus lies in a rich part of the milky way, so if you sweep over this area with binoculars, sparkling star fields will spring into view. beyond perseus the stars of winter lie in wait, but weill leave these for another time and return again to our starting point, the square of pegasus. near it lie two well - known, but relatively inconspicuous constellations, of the zodiac. they are aquarius the water carrier and pisces the fishes. the stars of pisces are arranged in a large, faint v - shape below and to the left of the great square. the most distinctive feature of pisces is the circlet, a ring of stars directly beneath the square of pegasus, representing the body of one of the two fish visualized here by ancient astronomers. below and to the right of the circlet of pisces lies aquarius. this constellationis most distinctive feature is a trefoil - shaped group of four stars that marks the water carrieris jar. from the jar, a stream of faint stars cascades down towards bright fomalhaut. the monthly sky guide, by ian ridpath and wil tirion content copyright \u00a9 2013 by mona evans. all rights reserved. this content was written by mona evans. if you wish to use this content in any manner,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4787047796793382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:822932f7-54a8-4e3d-a61c-0172bbb2bbc5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.386042"}
{"text": "what are placement tests? certain academic subjects, such as mathematics, often have multiple levels at which student may start when they begin college. placement tests are academic - subject tests that allow colleges to determine what level a student is ready to enter in each of those subjects. what academic subjects require placement tests? the most common subjects tested for placement are english, mathematics and chemistry. foreign language placement is also tests at some colleges. do all colleges require them? not all colleges require placement tests. some colleges, typically smaller, for - profit colleges, will only offer one level of their courses. in those cases, there is no need for placement testing. some colleges that do not give placement testing use other information for placement evaluation such as admissions testing ( sat or act ) or high school coursework. when do i take them? many colleges give placement testing during orientation. community colleges often offer testing on a daily basis in order to more conveniently fit testing into the schedules of newly admitted students. check with your admission counselor to find out when your testing will be given or if you need to register for your testing. should i study for placement tests? in general, to ensure proper placement, it is best to brush up on any subject that you have not recently studied. for example, if you have not taken a mathematics course in your last semester of high school, then it is helpful to review mathematics. also, if you have taken time off between high school and college, it will be helpful to review all subjects on the placement test. if you do not review material before placement tests, you may be placed in a course that is below your ability because you had forgotten some of the information you previously learned. some colleges will post information about the placement testing on their websites. this information may include the types of information to review. you can also ask your admissions counselor what you should review for your placement test. what is the format of the test? the testing format varies among colleges. some collegesi placement tests are computerized, while other collegesi placement tests are paper tests. testing can be multiple choice or completion. there may be essays required. your admissions counselor should be able to give you information about what the test will be like. will i need to bring anything for the test? you should ask this question of your admissions counselor or the person you speak with to register for the test. some colleges do not require students to bring anything to their placement testing. some items you may want to bring to your placement testing : - photo id - sweater ( in case the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45959854436474695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e03c02ff-f286-49a4-a113-548f94158ae7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.388874"}
{"text": "in the summer of 1892, porter nye and his family set up a homestead on the south shore of lake bemidji. the area was the last territory in minnesota to be opened for settlement, and the logging boom was just beginning. according to local lore, nye used some of the first boards produced by a mill on the mississippi river between lake bemidji and lake irving to build a small schoolhouse on his homestead. nye also was the first teacher at the school. in 1902, j. custer moore teamed up with nye to plat the 16 - block town site of nye - moore, which evolved to nyemore and, now, nymore. the next year, residents of the village of nymore passed a bond issue to build a wood frame school at the corner of fifth street and lincoln avenue southeast. the community named the school after president abraham lincoln. also operating in nymore was the four - grade east school on the current site of lincoln elementary school at 1617 fifth st. n. e. land speculation took off after 1910 and the original lincoln school became overcrowded. school taxes also were inadequate to maintain the building. lincoln school was condemned by the state department of education, and on march 5, 1916, the nymore village council petitioned the bemidji city council for annexation and school consolidation. it was noted in the bemidji daily pioneer that women voted in the nymore annexation and school consolidation referendum held later that month. an april 19, 1916, article in the pioneer stated : \" with the annexation of nymore, a new school will be necessary. a new building will cost about $ 50, 000. \" students started the fall 1917 semester in the new brick school at fifth street and lincoln avenue. the building is now home to mount zion church. with the consolidation of the school districts, bemidji also supplied nymore with a 14 - passenger bus to transport students. in 1995, bemidji school district voters approved construction of the new lincoln elementary school. site work began in 1997, and students moved in in october 1999. on july 3, 1999, the school district held a farewell open house at the 1917 building. about 1, 000 current and former students, faculty and staff participated. they toured classrooms and viewed artifacts from the school ' s collection. a special artifact, the portrait of president lincoln originally hung in 1924 in the hallway at the 414 lincoln ave. s. e. school, moved with the students into the current lincoln elementary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4012685182019288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:522544c2-bab7-48eb-b0e9-ec4675913ee2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.391542"}
{"text": "visit a travel clinic before going abroaden espanol ( spanish version ) food and water - borne illnesses | vaccination requirements | travel clinic services | post - travel care with the age of aviation, traveling the world has not only become easier, but it is also an enriching experience. although some of us may stay within the limits of our national borders, many of us will travel to exotic locales in countries with varying degrees of sanitation and standards of hygiene. the risk of food - or water - borne illnesses, as well as more harmful diseases while on vacation, including malaria and yellow fever, can be a reality of travel. despite these significant health risks, many will not seek medical advice before a trip. but whether your destination is cancun or calcutta, it may be well worth the time to visit a travel health clinic before your departure. the following individuals should seek medical advice before traveling abroad : - infants and young children - those with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, or hiv infection - cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy - persons on prescription medications including h - 2 blockers and antacids - pregnant women while these individuals must take extra precautions when traveling, anyone planning a trip overseas should consider seeking medical advice from a travel clinic. food and water - borne illnesses food - and water - borne illnesses, such as traveler \u2019 s diarrhea, are the most common maladies faced during travel. contaminated food and water can be sources of infection from escherichia coli, bacillary dysentery, and hepatitis a \u2014 all of which can lead to severe dehydration. in general, the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recommends drinking only bottled water ( be sure it is a fresh bottle by checking the seal ) and avoiding undercooked or raw foods ( especially vegetable and fruits ), dairy products, shellfish, or food that has been allowed to cool to room temperature. based on the country you will be visiting, a travel health clinic can provide you with a complete list of cdc precautions and recommendations along with necessary antibiotics and water sanitation devices. depending on your destination, general health risks can range from the common cold to typhoid fever. the world health organization ( who ) cites malaria as one of the most serious risks to international travelers. this potentially fatal disease, transmitted through mosquito bites, occurs in more than 100 countries \u2014 many of which are popular destinations, such as mexico, the caribbean, india, egypt,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42976895936872805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edbef51d-99a0-49d5-9d34-e03973b12633>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.399790"}
{"text": "who ) cites malaria as one of the most serious risks to international travelers. this potentially fatal disease, transmitted through mosquito bites, occurs in more than 100 countries \u2014 many of which are popular destinations, such as mexico, the caribbean, india, egypt, and south africa. also of concern are vaccine - preventable hepatitis a and b, both of which can cause liver damage. travel health clinics can provide you with information about the year - round health risks that exist in your destination and alert you about new outbreaks that may arise prior to your time of travel. they will also provide you with the recommended immunizations and antibiotics to safeguard against tropical and other illnesses. of main concern are the following : - hepatitis a or b \u2014 mexico, central and south america, africa, the middle east, asia, the caribbean, eastern and southern europe - malaria \u2014 asia, africa, the middle east, the south pacific, mexico, eastern europe, central america, and the caribbean - traveler \u2019 s diarrhea \u2014 latin america, africa, asia, and the middle east - yellow fever \u2014 africa and south america - cholera \u2014 southeast asia - typhoid \u2014 asia, africa, soviet union - japanese encephalitis \u2014 southeast asia while some countries only recommend that visitors get vaccinated before arriving, others require vaccination as a condition of entry, and will inspect health records to verify that the necessary vaccinations have been taken. in these countries, anyone who has not been vaccinated may be quarantined until they have been, or denied entry altogether. a travel health clinic can determine the vaccination requirements for your destination, administer inoculations and provide you with the necessary documentation, such as an international certificate of vaccination as well as other travel health records, which can be updated before each trip. travel clinic services your destination, length of stay, itinerary, and previous medical history are important factors to consider when seeking travel health advice. the staffs at most travel health clinics consist of physicians and nurse practitioners with specialized degrees in infectious diseases or tropical medicine. they are qualified to develop a travel care plan customized to your individual health needs ; administer vaccines and booster shots for polio or measles, mumps, and rubella ; and write prescriptions for antibiotics and other medications. it is important to make an appointment 4 - 6 weeks in advance of your trip. this will give you enough time to begin a malaria vaccine regimen if you need to, and for vaccinations to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4469665682526946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edbef51d-99a0-49d5-9d34-e03973b12633>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.400753"}
{"text": "prescriptions for antibiotics and other medications. it is important to make an appointment 4 - 6 weeks in advance of your trip. this will give you enough time to begin a malaria vaccine regimen if you need to, and for vaccinations to boost your immune system before your trip. in general, services provided by most travel health clinics include : - cdc and who information about health risks and recommendations in your area of travel - united states state department travel advisories ; consulate information - pre - travel counseling based on destination, length of stay, and medical history, including how to care for chronic conditions while traveling - an individualized plan of prevention and treatment, including recommendations for food and water safety, and recommendations for avoiding insect - borne diseases - vaccinations for influenza ; hepatitis a and b ; yellow fever ; typhoid ; polio ; tetanus / diphtheria ; japanese encephalitis ; measles, mumps, and rubella ; and rabies - vaccination certificates required by some countries before entry - antibiotics or over - the - counter medications for diarrhea or prescriptions for malaria prevention - permanent medical records listing any present illness as well as medical needs - a list of recommended doctors or clinics abroad - information about traveler \u2019 s medical insurance, which provides affordable coverage for medical emergencies ( also check with your current provider ) - tests to determine whether any illnesses were acquired abroad - treatment of any illnesses acquired abroad another essential aspect of travel clinic services is post - travel care. this is particularly important for those with chronic conditions and anyone experiencing persistent health problems upon their return, including the following : - fever ( seek immediate attention if you have traveled to an area where malaria is prevalent ) - urinary tract or genital infections - skin disorders many hospitals and medical centers provide travel health services. the following site can provide you with a list of travel health clinics in your area : http : / / http : / / wwwnc. cdc. gov / travel /. centers for disease control and prevention united states state department world health organization aurora health care travelers clinic. staying healthy abroad starts with healthy advice at home. available at : http : / / www. aurorahealthcare. org / services / travelclinic / index. asp. accessed july 2005. centers for disease control and prevention. pre - and post - travel general health recommendations. health information for international travel, 2005 - 2006. available at : http : / / www. 2ncid. cdc. gov / travel /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40156490289020075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edbef51d-99a0-49d5-9d34-e03973b12633>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.401791"}
{"text": "accessed july 2005. centers for disease control and prevention. pre - and post - travel general health recommendations. health information for international travel, 2005 - 2006. available at : http : / / www. 2ncid. cdc. gov / travel / yb / utls / ybget. asp? section = recs & obj = food - drink - risks. htm. accessed july 2005. centers for disease control and prevention. malaria and travelers. available at : www. cdc. gov / malaria / travel / index. htm. accessed july 2005. centers for disease control and prevention. vaccination certificate requirements for direct travel from the united states to other countries. available at : www. cdc. gov / travel / vaccinations / cert - requirements2. htm. accessed july 2005. internal medicine doctors for adults. health care topics : travel immunization. available at : www. doctorsforadults. com / topics / dfa _ travel. htm. accessed july 2005. mayoclinic. com. global travel : advance planning can prevent illness. available at : http : / / www. mayoclinic. com / invoke. cfm : id = hq00760. accessed july 2005. medical college of wisconsin. health risks of travel range from unusual to mundane. available at : http : / / healthlink. mcw. edu / article / 1031002363. html. accessed july 2005. medicalnewsservice. com. american society of travel agents urge healthy travel for consumers. available at : http : / / www. medicalnewsservice. com / fullstory. cfm? storyid = 3029 & fback = yes. accessed july 2005. medical university of south carolina. travel clinic. available at : http : / / www. muschealth. com / medical _ services / specialty _ listing / travelclinic /. accessed july 2005. see a doctor before you travel. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / wwwnc. cdc. gov / travel / page / see - doctor. htm. created july 31, 2008. updated january 13, 2011. accessed august 8, 2011. tulane university. clinic keeps travelers fit. available at : http : / / www2. tulane. edu / article _ news _ details. cfm? articleid = 5752. accessed july 2005. umass memorial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.436835640107578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edbef51d-99a0-49d5-9d34-e03973b12633>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.402614"}
{"text": "august 8, 2011. tulane university. clinic keeps travelers fit. available at : http : / / www2. tulane. edu / article _ news _ details. cfm? articleid = 5752. accessed july 2005. umass memorial medical center. traveler \u2019 s health services. available at : http : / / www. umassmemorial. org / ummhc / hospitals / med _ center / services / travelers / index. cfm. accessed july 2005. university of connecticut health center. the international traveler \u2019 s medical service. available at : http : / / health / uchc. edu / clinicalservices / travel /. accessed july 2005. university of maryland medical center. travel medicine. guide for the adventurous traveler. available at : http : / / www. umm. edu / travel / guide. htm. accessedaccessed july 2005. university of texas health services. travel medicine. available at : http : / / www. uth. tmc. edu / uths / travel. html. accessed july 2005. united states state department. medical information for americans traveling abroad. available at : http : / / travel. state. gov / travel / tips / health / health _ 1185. html. accessed july 2005. vanderbilt international travel clinic. health services you \u2019 ll receive after you return. available at : http : / / www. vanderbilttravelclinic. com / services / after. html. accessed july 2005. vanderbilt international travel clinic. health services you \u2019 ll receive before you travel. available at : http : / / www. vanderbiltclinic. com / services / before. html. accessed july 2005. last reviewed august 2011 by brian randall, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42771412278578236, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:edbef51d-99a0-49d5-9d34-e03973b12633>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.403346"}
{"text": "i have been enjoying reading all the posts on this thread.... thank you for sharing your work. i have one question. if as you say : \" all the letters of the hebrew alphabet are contained in the letter bet \", why is it that the modern form of its shape is different from its ancient form? i would think that the original forms of the hebrew letters would be where design would be found if it were there. we know that the meanings of the letters did not change, but their shapes did... your welcome rose! for starters let me just say this : there is no linguist in the world that can confidently tell anyone where language or written writing originally came from. they cannot truly tell you that so and so writing came before so and so writing. all they can do is surmise. now, i will tell you from lengthy study that all written writing compiled from every known alphabet ( even chinese ) can all be linked to the hebrew block style of writing that first appeared when moses came down from mount sinai with the 10 commandments. we can see similarity in these letters even to cuneiform which is said to be the oldest. so what i estimate happened was that adam and eve originally spoke this language, and the 7th generation from them which was enoch ( who was recorded in his book as well as the book of jubilees and additionally the dead sea scrolls ) who was the first scribe of written writing which was shown to him by g - dis appointed angel ' uriel '. enoch calls these ' ketav einayim ' ( eye writings ). now through the centuries these letters became mottled and distorted ( but we can still see the similarities ). then the letters were revised again ( in their proper forms ) when moses came down from mount sinai. in my book i have a whole chapter called ' language similarities ' in which i reveal how all the alphabetical letters that are found in every single alphabet ever found in the world are still nonetheless the same hebrew letters. hebrew was the original primordial language! - always has, and always will be.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.517911146902813, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e302a92-d996-424c-83b0-b89358b911a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.405278"}
{"text": "quantum time waits for no quantum theory, also quantum mechanics, in physics, a theory based on using the concept of the quantum unit to describe the dynamic properties of subatomic particles and the interactions of matter and radiation. the foundation was laid by the german physicist max planck, who postulated in 1900 that energy can be emitted or absorbed by matter only in small, discrete units called quanta. fundamental to the development of quantum mechanics was the uncertainty principle, formulated by the german physicist werner heisenberg in 1927, which states that the position and momentum of a subatomic particle cannot be specified simultaneously. spectral lines of atomic hydrogen : when an electron makes a transition from one energy level to another, the electron emits a photon with a particular energy. these photons are then observed as emission lines using a spectroscope. the lyman series involves transitions to the lowest or ground state energy level. to the second energy level are called the balmer series. these transitions involve frequencies in the visible part of the spectrum. in this frequency range each transition is characterized by a in the 18th and 19th centuries, newtonian, or classical, mechanics appeared to provide a wholly accurate description of the motions of bodies \u2014 for example, planetary motion. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, however, experimental findings raised doubts about the completeness of newtonian theory. among the newer observations were the lines that appear in the spectra of light emitted by heated gases, or gases in which electric discharges take place. model of the atom developed in the early 20th century by the english physicist ernest rutherford, in which negatively charged electrons circle a positive nucleus in orbits prescribed by newton \u2019 s laws of motion, scientists had also expected that the electrons would emit light over a broad frequency range, rather than in the narrow frequency ranges that form the lines in a spectrum. another puzzle for physicists was the coexistence of two theories of light : the corpuscular theory, which explains light as a stream of particles, and the wave theory, which views light as electromagnetic waves. a third problem was the absence of a molecular basis for in his book elementary principles in statistical mechanics ( 1902 ), the american mathematical physicist j. willard gibbs conceded the impossibility of framing a theory of molecular action that reconciled thermodynamics, radiation, and electrical phenomena as they were then understood. at the turn of the century, physicists did not yet clearly recognize that these and other difficulties in physics were in any way related. the first development that led to the solution of these difficulties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.7925820733641268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.445580"}
{"text": ", radiation, and electrical phenomena as they were then understood. at the turn of the century, physicists did not yet clearly recognize that these and other difficulties in physics were in any way related. the first development that led to the solution of these difficulties was planck \u2019 s introduction of the concept of the quantum, as a result of physicists \u2019 studies of blackbody radiation during the closing years of the 19th century. ( the term blackbody refers to an ideal body or surface that absorbs all radiant energy without any reflection. ) a body at a moderately high temperature \u2014 a \" red heat \" \u2014 gives off most of its radiation in the low frequency ( red and infrared ) regions ; a body at a higher temperature \u2014 \" white heat \" \u2014 gives off comparatively more radiation in higher frequencies ( yellow, green, or blue ). during the 1890s physicists conducted detailed quantitative studies of these phenomena and expressed their results in a series of curves or graphs. the classical, or prequantum, theory predicted an altogether different set of curves from those actually observed. what planck did was to devise a mathematical formula that described the curves exactly ; he then deduced a physical hypothesis that could explain the formula. his hypothesis was that energy is radiated only in quanta of energy hu, where u is the frequency and h is the quantum action, now known as the next important developments in quantum mechanics were the work of german - born american physicist and nobel laureate albert einstein. he used planck \u2019 s concept of the quantum to explain certain properties of the photoelectric effect \u2014 an experimentally observed phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from metal surfaces when radiation falls on these surfaces. according to classical theory, the energy, as measured by the voltage of the emitted electrons, should be proportional to the intensity of the radiation. the energy of the electrons, however, was found to be independent of the intensity of radiation \u2014 which determined only the number of electrons emitted \u2014 and to depend solely on the frequency of the radiation. the higher the frequency of the incident radiation, the greater is the electron energy ; below a certain critical frequency no electrons are emitted. these facts were explained by einstein by assuming that a single quantum of radiant energy ejects a single electron from the metal. of the quantum is proportional to the frequency, and so the energy of the electron depends on the frequency. in 1911 rutherford established the existence of the atomic nucleus. he assumed, on the basis of experimental evidence obtained from the scattering of alpha particles by the nuclei of gold atoms, that every atom consists of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.7329596009783756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.446557"}
{"text": "the energy of the electron depends on the frequency. in 1911 rutherford established the existence of the atomic nucleus. he assumed, on the basis of experimental evidence obtained from the scattering of alpha particles by the nuclei of gold atoms, that every atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus, surrounded by negatively charged electrons revolving around the nucleus as planets revolve around the sun. electromagnetic theory developed by the british physicist james clerk maxwell unequivocally predicted that an electron revolving around a nucleus will continuously radiate electromagnetic energy until it has lost all its energy, and eventually will fall into the nucleus. thus, according to classical theory, an atom, as described by rutherford, is unstable. this difficulty led the danish physicist niels bohr, in 1913, to postulate that in an atom the classical theory does not hold, and that electrons move in fixed orbits. every change in orbit by the electron corresponds to the absorption or emission of a quantum of radiation. the application of bohr \u2019 s theory to atoms with more than one electron proved difficult. the mathematical equations for the next simplest atom, the helium atom, were solved during the 1910s and 1920s, but the results were not entirely in accordance with for more complex atoms, only approximate solutions of the equations are possible, and these are only partly concordant the french physicist louis victor de broglie suggested in 1924 that because electromagnetic waves show particle characteristics, particles should, in some cases, also exhibit wave properties. this prediction was verified experimentally within a few years by the american physicists clinton joseph davisson and lester halbert germer and the british physicist george paget thomson. that a beam of electrons scattered by a crystal produces a diffraction pattern characteristic of a wave ( see diffraction ). the wave concept of a particle led the austrian physicist erwin schrodinger to develop a so - called wave equation to describe the wave properties of a particle and, more specifically, the wave behavior of the electron in the hydrogen atom. although this differential equation was continuous and gave solutions for all points in space, the permissible solutions of the equation were restricted by certain conditions expressed by mathematical equations called eigenfunctions ( german eigen, \" own \" ). the schrodinger wave equation thus had only certain discrete solutions ; these solutions were mathematical expressions in which quantum numbers appeared as parameters. ( quantum numbers are integers developed in particle physics to give the magnitudes of certain characteristic quantities of particles or systems. ) schrodinger equation was solved for the hydrogen atom and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6723916600380045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.447558"}
{"text": "; these solutions were mathematical expressions in which quantum numbers appeared as parameters. ( quantum numbers are integers developed in particle physics to give the magnitudes of certain characteristic quantities of particles or systems. ) schrodinger equation was solved for the hydrogen atom and gave conclusions in substantial agreement with earlier quantum theory. moreover, it was solvable for the helium atom, which earlier theory had failed to explain adequately, and here also it was in agreement with experimental evidence. the solutions of the schrodinger equation also indicated that no two electrons could have the same four quantum numbers \u2014 that is, be in the same energy state. rule, which had already been established empirically by austro - american physicist and nobel laureate wolfgang pauli in 1925, is called the exclusion principle. what is matter in the 20th century, physicists discovered that matter behaved as both a wave and a particle. austrian physicist and nobel prize winner erwin schrodinger discussed this apparent paradox in a lecture in geneva, switzerland, in 1952. a condensed and translated version of his lecture appeared in scientific american the following what is matter? the wave - particle dualism afflicting modern physics is best resolved in favor of waves, believes the author, but there is no clear picture of matter on which physicists can agree fifty years ago science seemed on the road to a clear - cut answer to the ancient question which is the title of this article. it looked as if matter would be reduced at last to its ultimate building blocks \u2014 to certain submicroscopic but nevertheless tangible and measurable particles. but it proved to be less simple than that. today a physicist no longer can distinguish significantly between matter and something else. we no longer contrast matter with forces or fields of force as different entities ; we know now that these concepts must be merged. it is true that we speak of \" empty \" space ( i. e., space free of matter ), but space is never really empty, because even in the remotest voids of the universe there is always starlight \u2014 and that is matter. besides, space is filled with gravitational fields, and according to einstein gravity and inertia cannot very well be separated. thus the subject of this article is in fact the total picture of space - time reality as envisaged by physics. we have to admit that our conception of material reality today is more wavering and uncertain than it has been for a long time. we know a great many interesting details, learn new ones every week. but to construct a clear, easily comprehensible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.693865730976453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.448481"}
{"text": "have to admit that our conception of material reality today is more wavering and uncertain than it has been for a long time. we know a great many interesting details, learn new ones every week. but to construct a clear, easily comprehensible picture on which all physicists would agree \u2014 that is simply impossible. physics stands at a grave crisis of ideas. in the face of this crisis, many maintain that no objective picture of reality is possible. however, the optimists among us ( of whom i consider myself one ) look upon this view as a philosophical extravagance born of despair. we hope that the present fluctuations of thinking are only indications of an upheaval of old beliefs which in the end will lead to something better than the mess of formulas which today surrounds our subject. since the picture of matter that i am supposed to draw does not yet exist, since only fragments of it are visible, some parts of this narrative may be inconsistent with others. like cervantes \u2019 tale of sancho panza, who loses his donkey in one chapter but a few chapters later, thanks to the forgetfulness of the author, is riding the dear little animal again, our story has contradictions. we must start with the well - established concept that matter is composed of corpuscles or atoms, whose existence has been quite \" tangibly \" demonstrated by many beautiful experiments, and with max planck \u2019 s discovery that energy also comes in indivisible units, called quanta, which are supposed to be transferred abruptly from one carrier to another. but then sancho panza \u2019 s donkey will return. for i shall have to ask you to believe neither in corpuscles as permanent individuals nor in the suddenness of the transfer of an energy quantum. discreteness is present, but not in the traditional sense of discrete single particles, let alone in the sense of abrupt processes. discreteness arises merely as a structure from the laws governing the phenomena. these laws are by no means fully understood ; a probably correct analogue from the physics of palpable bodies is the way various partial tones of a bell derive from its shape and from the laws of elasticity to which, of themselves, nothing discontinuous adheres. the idea that matter is made up of ultimate particles was advanced as early as the fifth century b. c. by leucippus and democritus, who called these particles atoms. the corpuscular theory of matter was lifted to physical reality in the theory of gases developed during the 19th century by james clerk maxwell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6851885128224243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.449381"}
{"text": "as the fifth century b. c. by leucippus and democritus, who called these particles atoms. the corpuscular theory of matter was lifted to physical reality in the theory of gases developed during the 19th century by james clerk maxwell and ludwig boltzmann. the concept of atoms and molecules in violent motion, colliding and rebounding again and again, led to full comprehension of all the properties of gases : their elastic and thermal properties, their viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion. at the same time it led to a firm foundation of the mechanical theory of heat, namely, that heat is the motion of these ultimate particles, which becomes increasingly violent with rising temperature. within one tremendously fertile decade at the turn of the century came the discoveries of x - rays, of electrons, of the emission of streams of particles and other forms of energy from the atomic nucleus by radioactive decay, of the electric charges on the various particles. the masses of these particles, and of the atoms themselves, were later measured very precisely, and from this was discovered the mass defect of the atomic nucleus as a whole. mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its component particles ; the lost mass becomes the binding energy holding the nucleus firmly together. this is called the packing effect. the nuclear forces of course are not electrical forces \u2014 those are repellent \u2014 but are much stronger and act only within very short distances, about 10 - 13 centimeter. here i am already caught in a contradiction. didn \u2019 t i say at the beginning that we no longer assume the existence of force fields apart from matter? i could easily talk myself out of it by saying : well, the force field of a particle is simply considered a part of it. but that is not the fact. the established view today is rather that everything is at the same time both particle and field. everything has the continuous structure with which we are familiar in fields, as well as the discrete structure with which we are equally familiar in particles. this concept is supported by innumerable experimental facts and is accepted in general, though opinions differ on details, as we shall see. in the particular case of the field of nuclear forces, the particle structure is more or less known. most likely the continuous force field is represented by the so - called pi mesons. on the other hand, the protons and neutrons, which we think of as discrete particles, indisputably also have a continuous wave structure, as is shown by the interference patterns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6713842415101341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.450479"}
{"text": "field is represented by the so - called pi mesons. on the other hand, the protons and neutrons, which we think of as discrete particles, indisputably also have a continuous wave structure, as is shown by the interference patterns they form when diffracted by a crystal. the difficulty of combining these two so very different character traits in one mental picture is the main stumbling - block that causes our conception of matter to be so uncertain. neither the particle concept nor the wave concept is hypothetical. the tracks in a photographic emulsion or in a wilson cloud chamber leave no doubt of the behavior of particles as discrete units. the artificial production of nuclear particles is being attempted right now with terrific expenditure, defrayed in the main by the various state ministries of defense. it is true that one cannot kill anybody with one such racing particle, or else we should all be dead by now. but their study promises, indirectly, a hastened realization of the plan for the annihilation of mankind which is so close to all our you can easily observe particles yourself by looking at a luminous numeral of your wrist watch in the dark with a magnifying glass. the luminosity surges and undulates, just as a lake sometimes twinkles in the sun. the light consists of sparklets, each produced by a so - called alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) expelled by a radioactive atom which in this process is transformed into a different atom. a specific device for detecting and recording single particles is the geiger - muller counter. in this short resume i cannot possibly exhaust the many ways in which we can observe single particles. now to the continuous field or wave character of matter. wave structure is studied mainly by means of diffraction and interference \u2014 phenomena which occur when wave trains cross each other. for the analysis and measurement of light waves the principal device is the ruled grating, which consists of a great many fine, parallel, equidistant lines, closely engraved on a specular metallic light impinging from one direction is scattered by them and collected in different directions depending on its wavelength. but even the finest ruled gratings we can produce are too coarse to scatter the very much shorter waves associated with matter. the fine lattices of crystals, however, which max von laue first used as gratings to analyze the very short x - rays, will do the same for \" matter waves. \" directed at the surface of a crystal, high - velocity streams of particles manifest their wave nature. with crystal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6969907752739355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.451448"}
{"text": "max von laue first used as gratings to analyze the very short x - rays, will do the same for \" matter waves. \" directed at the surface of a crystal, high - velocity streams of particles manifest their wave nature. with crystal gratings physicists have diffracted and measured the wavelengths of electrons, neutrons and protons. what does planck \u2019 s quantum theory have to do with all this? planck told us in 1900 that he could comprehend the radiation from red - hot iron, or from an incandescent star such as the sun, only if this radiation was produced in discrete portions and transferred in such discrete quantities from one carrier to another ( e. g., from atom to this was extremely startling, because up to that time energy had been a highly abstract concept. five years later einstein told us that energy has mass and mass is energy ; in other words, that they are one and the same. now the scales begin to fall from our eyes : our dear old atoms, corpuscles, particles are planck \u2019 s energy quanta. the carriers of those quanta are themselves quanta. one gets dizzy. something quite fundamental must lie at the bottom of this, but it is not surprising that the secret is not yet understood. after all, the scales did not fall suddenly. it took 20 or 30 years. and perhaps they still have not fallen completely. the next step was not quite so far reaching, but important enough. by an ingenious and appropriate generalization of planck \u2019 s hypothesis niels bohr taught us to understand the line spectra of atoms and molecules and how atoms were composed of heavy, positively charged nuclei with light, negatively charged electrons revolving each small system \u2014 atom or molecule \u2014 can harbor only definite discrete energy quantities, corresponding to its nature or its constitution. in transition from a higher to a lower \" energy level \" it emits the excess energy as a radiation quantum of definite wavelength, inversely proportional to the quantum given off. this means that a quantum of given magnitude manifests itself in a periodic process of definite frequency which is directly proportional to the quantum ; the frequency equals the energy quantum divided by the famous planck \u2019 s constant, h. according to einstein a particle has the energy mc2, m being the mass of the particle and c the velocity of light. in 1925 louis de broglie drew the inference, which rather suggests itself, that a particle might have associated with it a wave process of frequency mc2 divided by h. the particle for which he postulated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.697631888166521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.452354"}
{"text": "particle and c the velocity of light. in 1925 louis de broglie drew the inference, which rather suggests itself, that a particle might have associated with it a wave process of frequency mc2 divided by h. the particle for which he postulated such a wave was the electron. within two years the \" electron waves \" required by his theory were demonstrated by the famous electron diffraction experiment of c. j. davisson and l. h. germer. this was the starting point for the cognition that everything \u2014 anything at all \u2014 is simultaneously particle and wave field. thus de broglie \u2019 s dissertation initiated our uncertainty about the nature of matter. both the particle picture and the wave picture have truth value, and we cannot give up either one or the other. but we do not know how to that the two pictures are connected is known in full generality with great precision and down to amazing details. but concerning the unification to a single, concrete, palpable picture opinions are so strongly divided that a great many deem it altogether impossible. i shall briefly sketch the connection. but do not expect that a uniform, concrete picture will emerge before you ; and do not blame the lack of success either on my ineptness in exposition or your own denseness \u2014 nobody has yet succeeded. one distinguishes two things in a wave. first of all, a wave has a front, and a succession of wave fronts forms a system of surfaces like the layers of an onion. you are familiar with the two - dimensional analogue of the beautiful wave circles that form on the smooth surface of a pond when a stone is thrown in. the second characteristic of a wave, less intuitive, is the path along which it travels \u2014 a system of imagined lines perpendicular to the wave fronts. these lines are known as the wave \" normals \" or \" rays. \" we can make the provisional assertion that these rays correspond to the trajectories of particles. indeed, if you cut a small piece out of a wave, approximately 10 or 20 wavelengths along the direction of propagation and about as much across, such a \" wave packet \" would actually move along a ray with exactly the same velocity and change of velocity as we might expect from a particle of this particular kind at this particular place, taking into account any force fields acting on the particle. here i falter. for what i must say now, though correct, almost contradicts this provisional assertion. although the behavior of the wave packet gives us a more or less intuitive picture of a particle,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6805300297880231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.453244"}
{"text": "any force fields acting on the particle. here i falter. for what i must say now, though correct, almost contradicts this provisional assertion. although the behavior of the wave packet gives us a more or less intuitive picture of a particle, which can be worked out in detail ( e. g., the momentum of a particle increases as the wavelength decreases ; the two are inversely proportional ), yet for many reasons we cannot take this intuitive picture quite seriously. for one thing, it is, after all, somewhat vague, the more so the greater the wavelength. for another, quite often we are dealing not with a small packet but with an extended wave. for still another, we must also deal with the important special case of very small \" packelets \" which form a kind of \" standing wave \" which can have no wave fronts or wave normals. one interpretation of wave phenomena which is extensively supported by experiments is this : at each position of a uniformly propagating wave train there is a twofold structural connection of interactions, which may be distinguished as \" longitudinal \" and \" transversal. \" the transversal structure is that of the wave fronts and manifests itself in diffraction and interference experiments ; the longitudinal structure is that of the wave normals and manifests itself in the observation of single particles. however, these concepts of longitudinal and transversal structures are not sharply defined and absolute, since the concepts of wave front and wave normal are not, the interpretation breaks down completely in the special case of the standing waves mentioned above. here the whole wave phenomenon is reduced to a small region of the dimensions of a single or very few wavelengths. you can produce standing water waves of a similar nature in a small basin if you dabble with your finger rather uniformly in its center, or else just give it a little push so that the water surface undulates. in this situation we are not dealing with uniform wave propagation ; what catches the interest are the normal frequencies of these standing waves. the water waves in the basin are an analogue of a wave phenomenon associated with electrons, which occurs in a region just about the size of the atom. the normal frequencies of the wave group washing around the atomic nucleus are universally found to be exactly equal to bohr \u2019 s atomic \" energy levels \" divided by planck \u2019 s constant h. thus the ingenious yet somewhat artificial assumptions of bohr \u2019 s model of the atom, as well as of the older quantum theory in general, are superseded by the far more natural idea of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6873818805043274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.454130"}
{"text": "energy levels \" divided by planck \u2019 s constant h. thus the ingenious yet somewhat artificial assumptions of bohr \u2019 s model of the atom, as well as of the older quantum theory in general, are superseded by the far more natural idea of de broglie \u2019 s wave phenomenon. phenomenon forms the \" body \" proper of the atom. it takes the place of the individual pointlike electrons which in bohr \u2019 s model are supposed to swarm around the nucleus. such pointlike single particles are completely out of the question within the atom, and if one still thinks of the nucleus itself in this way one does so quite consciously for reasons of expediency. what seems to me particularly important about the discovery that \" energy levels \" are virtually nothing but the frequencies of normal modes of vibration is that now one can do without the assumption of sudden transitions, or quantum jumps, since two or more normal modes may very well be excited simultaneously. the discreteness of the normal frequencies fully suffices \u2014 so i believe \u2014 to support the considerations from which planck started and many similar and just as important ones \u2014 i mean, in short, to support all of quantum the theory of quantum jumps is becoming more and more unacceptable, at least to me personally, as the years go on. its abandonment has, however, far - reaching consequences. it means that one must give up entirely the idea of the exchange of energy in well - defined quanta and replace it with the concept of resonance between vibrational frequencies. yet we have seen that because of the identity of mass and energy, we must consider the particles themselves as planck \u2019 s energy quanta. this is at first frightening. for the substituted theory implies that we can no longer consider the individual particle as a well - defined permanent entity. that it is, in fact, no such thing can be reasoned in other ways. for one thing, there is werner heisenberg \u2019 s famous uncertainty principle, according to which a particle cannot simultaneously have a well - defined position and a sharply defined velocity. this uncertainty implies that we cannot be sure that the same particle could ever be observed twice. another conclusive reason for not attributing identifiable sameness to individual particles is that we must obliterate their individualities whenever we consider two or more interacting particles of the same kind, e. g., the two electrons of a helium atom. two situations which are distinguished only by the interchange of the two electrons must be counted as one and the same ; if they are counted as two equal situations,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.7141673398081373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.455088"}
{"text": "particles of the same kind, e. g., the two electrons of a helium atom. two situations which are distinguished only by the interchange of the two electrons must be counted as one and the same ; if they are counted as two equal situations, nonsense obtains. this circumstance holds for any kind of particle in arbitrary numbers without exception. most theoreticians will probably accept the foregoing reasoning and admit that the individual particle is not a well - defined permanent entity of detectable identity or sameness. nevertheless this inadmissible concept of the individual particle continues to play a large role in their ideas and discussions. even deeper rooted is the belief in \" quantum jumps, \" which is now surrounded with a highly abstruse terminology whose common - sense meaning is often difficult for instance, an important word in the standing vocabulary of quantum theory is \" probability, \" referring to transition from one level to another. but, after all, one can speak of the probability of an event only assuming that, occasionally, it actually occurs. if it does occur, the transition must indeed be sudden, since intermediate stages are disclaimed. moreover, if it takes time, it might conceivably be interrupted halfway by an unforeseen disturbance. this possibility leaves one completely at sea. the wave v. corpuscle dilemma is supposed to be resolved by asserting that the wave field merely serves for the computation of the probability of finding a particle of given properties at a given position if one looks for it there. but once one deprives the waves of reality and assigns them only a kind of informative role, it becomes very difficult to understand the phenomena of interference and diffraction on the basis of the combined action of discrete single particles. it certainly seems easier to explain particle tracks in terms of waves than to explain the wave phenomenon in terms of corpuscles. \" real existence \" is, to be sure, an expression which has been virtually chased to death by many philosophical hounds. its simple, naive meaning has almost become lost to us. therefore i want to recall something else. i spoke of a corpuscle \u2019 s not being an individual. properly speaking, one never observes the same particle a second time \u2014 very much as heraclitus says of the river. you cannot mark an electron, you cannot paint it red. indeed, you must not even think of it as marked ; if you do, your \" counting \" will be false and you will get wrong results at every step \u2014 for the structure of line spectra, in thermod", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.7382460136560293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.456017"}
{"text": "you cannot paint it red. indeed, you must not even think of it as marked ; if you do, your \" counting \" will be false and you will get wrong results at every step \u2014 for the structure of line spectra, in thermodynamics and elsewhere. a wave, on the other hand, can easily be imprinted with an individual structure by which it can be recognized beyond doubt. think of the beacon fires that guide ships at sea. the light shines according to a definite code ; for example : three seconds light, five seconds dark, one second light, another pause of five seconds, and again light for three seconds \u2014 the skipper knows that is san sebastian. or you talk by wireless telephone with a friend across the atlantic ; as soon as he says, \" hello there, edward meier speaking, \" you know that his voice has imprinted on the radio wave a structure which can be distinguished from any other. but one does not have to go that far. if your wife calls, \" francis! \" from the garden, it is exactly the same thing, except that the structure is printed on sound waves and the trip is shorter ( though it takes somewhat longer than the journey of radio waves across the atlantic ). all our verbal communication is based on imprinted individual wave structures. and, according to the same principle, what a wealth of details is transmitted to us in rapid succession by the movie or the television picture! this characteristic, the individuality of the wave phenomenon, has already been found to a remarkable extent in the very much finer waves of particles. one example must suffice. a limited volume of gas, say helium, can be thought of either as a collection of many helium atoms or as a superposition of elementary wave trains of matter waves. both views lead to the same theoretical results as to the behavior of the gas upon heating, compression, and so on. when you attempt to apply certain somewhat involved enumerations to the gas, you must carry them out in different ways according to the mental picture with which you approach it. if you treat the gas as consisting of particles, then no individuality must be ascribed to them, as i said. if, however, you concentrate on the matter wave trains instead of on the particles, every one of the wave trains has a well - defined structure which is different from that of any other. it is true that there are many pairs of waves which are so similar to each other that they could change roles without any noticeable effect on the gas. but if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.690805899987504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.456941"}
{"text": "the wave trains has a well - defined structure which is different from that of any other. it is true that there are many pairs of waves which are so similar to each other that they could change roles without any noticeable effect on the gas. but if you should count the very many similar states formed in this way as merely a single one, the result would be quite wrong. in spite of everything we cannot completely banish the concepts of quantum jump and individual corpuscle from the vocabulary of physics. we still require them to describe many details of the structure of matter. how can one ever determine the weight of a carbon nucleus and of a hydrogen nucleus, each to the precision of several decimals, and detect that the former is somewhat lighter than the 12 hydrogen nuclei combined in it, without accepting for the time being the view that these particles are something quite concrete and real? this view is so much more convenient than the roundabout consideration of wave trains that we cannot do without it, just as the chemist does not discard his valence - bond formulas, although he fully realizes that they represent a drastic simplification of a rather involved wave - mechanical situation. if you finally ask me : \" well, what are these corpuscles, really? \" i ought to confess honestly that i am almost as little prepared to answer that as to tell where sancho panza \u2019 s second donkey came from. at the most, it may be permissible to say that one can think of particles as more or less temporary entities within the wave field whose form and general behavior are nevertheless so clearly and sharply determined by the laws of waves that many processes take place as if these temporary entities were substantial permanent beings. the mass and the charge of particles, defined with such precision, must then be counted among the structural elements determined by the wave laws. the conservation of charge and mass in the large must be considered as a statistical effect, based on the \" law of large numbers. \" simultaneously with the development of wave mechanics, heisenberg evolved a different mathematical analysis known as matrix mechanics. according to heisenberg \u2019 s theory, which was developed in collaboration with the german physicists max born and ernst pascual jordan, the formula was not a differential equation but a matrix : an array consisting of an infinite number of rows, each row consisting of an infinite number of quantities. matrix mechanics introduced infinite matrices to represent the position and momentum of an electron inside an atom. also, different matrices exist, one for each observable physical property associated with the motion of an electron,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6859916339852752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.457881"}
{"text": "each row consisting of an infinite number of quantities. matrix mechanics introduced infinite matrices to represent the position and momentum of an electron inside an atom. also, different matrices exist, one for each observable physical property associated with the motion of an electron, such as energy, position, momentum, and angular momentum. these matrices, like schrodinger \u2019 s differential equations, could be solved ; in other words, they could be manipulated to produce predictions as to the frequencies of the lines in the hydrogen spectrum and other observable quantities. like wave mechanics, matrix mechanics was in agreement with the earlier quantum theory for processes in which the earlier quantum theory agreed with experiment ; it was also useful in explaining phenomena that earlier quantum theory could not explain. schrodinger subsequently succeeded in showing that wave mechanics and matrix mechanics are different mathematical versions of the same theory, now called quantum mechanics. even for the simple hydrogen atom, which consists of two particles, both mathematical interpretations are extremely complex. the next simplest atom, helium, has three particles, and even in the relatively simple mathematics of classical dynamics, the three - body problem ( that of describing the mutual interactions of three separate bodies ) is not the energy levels can be calculated accurately, however, even if not exactly. in applying quantum - mechanics mathematics to relatively complex situations, a physicist can use one of a number of mathematical formulations. the choice depends on the convenience of the formulation for obtaining suitable although quantum mechanics describes the atom purely in terms of mathematical interpretations of observed phenomena, a rough verbal description can be given of what the atom is now thought to be like. surrounding the nucleus is a series of stationary waves ; these waves have crests at certain points, each complete standing wave representing an orbit. the absolute square of the amplitude of the wave at any point is a measure of the probability that an electron will be found at that point at any given time. thus, an electron can no longer be said to be at any precise point at any given time. the impossibility of pinpointing an electron at any precise time was analyzed by heisenberg, who in 1927 formulated the uncertainty principle. this principle states the impossibility of simultaneously specifying the precise position and momentum of any particle. in other words, the more accurately a particle \u2019 s momentum is measured and known, the less accuracy there can be in the measurement and knowledge of its position. this principle is also fundamental to the understanding of quantum mechanics as it is generally accepted today : the wave and particle character of electromagnetic radiation can be understood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.7295081528161719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.458900"}
{"text": "momentum is measured and known, the less accuracy there can be in the measurement and knowledge of its position. this principle is also fundamental to the understanding of quantum mechanics as it is generally accepted today : the wave and particle character of electromagnetic radiation can be understood as two complementary properties of radiation. another way of expressing the uncertainty principle is that the wavelength of a quantum mechanical principle is inversely proportional to its momentum. as atoms are cooled they slow down and their corresponding wavelength grows larger. at a low enough temperature this wavelength is predicted to exceed the spacing between particles, causing atoms to overlap, becoming indistinguishable, and melding into a single quantum state. in 1995 a team of colorado scientists, led by national institutes of standards and technology physicist eric cornell and university of colorado physicist carl weiman, cooled rubidium atoms to a temperature so low that the particles entered this merged state, known as a bose - einstein condensate. the condensate essentially behaves like one atom even though it is made up of thousands. - physicists condense supercooled atoms, forming new state of matter a team of colorado physicists has cooled atoms of gas to a temperature so low that the particles entered a merged state, known as a \" bose - einstein condensate. \" this phenomenon was first predicted about 70 years ago by the theories of german - born american physicist albert einstein and indian physicist satyendra nath bose. the condensed particles are considered a new state of matter, different from the common states of matter \u2014 gas, liquid, and solid \u2014 and from plasma, a high temperature, ionized form of matter that is found in the sun and other stars. physicists have great expectations for the application of this discovery. because the condensate essentially behaves like one atom even though it is made up of thousands, investigators should be able to measure interactions at the atomic and subatomic level that were previously extremely difficult, if not impossible, to study the condensate was detected june 5 by a colorado team led by national institutes of standards and technology physicist eric cornell and university of colorado physicist carl wieman. their discovery was reported in the journal science on july 14. cornell and wieman formed their condensate from rubidium gas. several groups of physicists, including the teams in texas and colorado and a group at the massachusetts institute of technology, have been working to form pure condensate in recent years. the goal of the investigations has been to create a pure chunk of condensate out of atoms in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.7182043335459595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.459864"}
{"text": "including the teams in texas and colorado and a group at the massachusetts institute of technology, have been working to form pure condensate in recent years. the goal of the investigations has been to create a pure chunk of condensate out of atoms in an inert medium, such as a diffuse, nonreactive gas. the effort began when methods of cooling and trapping became refined enough that it seemed possible to reach the required conditions of temperature and density. the colorado team used two techniques : first laser cooling and then evaporative cooling. the laser technique used laser light whose frequency was carefully tuned to interact with the rubidium atoms and gently reduce their speeds. a number of lasers were aimed at the gas to slow the motion of the atoms in different directions. the colorado physicists then switched to evaporative cooling. in this method, the gas is \" trapped \" by a magnetic field that dwindles to zero at its center. atoms that are moving wander out of the field, while the coldest atoms cluster at the center. because a few very cold atoms could still escape at the zero field point of the trap, the physicists perfected their system by adding a second slowly circling magnetic field so that the zero point moved, not giving the atoms the chance to escape through it. physicists will now begin to explore the properties of the condensate and see what other materials they can use to form it. one unusual characteristic of the condensate is that it is composed of atoms that have lost their individual identities. this is analogous to laser light, which is composed of light particles, or photons, that similarly have become indistinguishable and all behave in exactly the same manner. the laser has found a myriad of uses both in practical applications and in theoretical research, and the bose - einstein condensate may turn out to be just as important. some scientists speculate that if a condensate can be readily produced and sustained, it could be used to miniaturize and speed up computer components to a scale and quickness not possible before. the prediction that a merged form of matter will emerge at extremely low temperatures is based on a number of aspects of the quantum theory. this theory governs the interaction of particles on a subatomic scale. the basic principle of quantum theory is that particles can only exist in certain discrete energy states. the exact \" quantum state \" of a particle takes into consideration such factors as the position of the particle and its \" spin, \" which can only have certain discrete values.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6778427954420412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.460776"}
{"text": "principle of quantum theory is that particles can only exist in certain discrete energy states. the exact \" quantum state \" of a particle takes into consideration such factors as the position of the particle and its \" spin, \" which can only have certain discrete values. a particle \u2019 s spin categorizes it as either a boson or a fermion. those two groups of particles behave according to different sets of statistical rules. bosons have spins that are a constant number multiplied by an integer ( e. g., 0, 1, 2, 3 ). fermions have spins that are that same constant multiplied by an odd half - integer ( 1 / 2, 3 / 2, 5 / 2, etc. ). examples of fermions are the protons and neutrons that make up an atom \u2019 s nucleus, and composite particles, such as nuclei and atoms, are classified as bosons or fermions based on the sum of the spins of their constituent particles. for instance, an isotope of helium called helium - 4 turns out to be a bose particle. helium - 4 is made up of six fermi particles : two electrons orbiting a nucleus made up of two protons and two neutrons. adding up six odd half - integers will yield a whole integer, making helium - 4 a boson. the atoms of rubidium used in the colorado experiment are bose particles as well. only bose atoms may form a condensate, but they do so only at a sufficiently low temperature and high density. at their lab in colorado, cornell and wieman cooled a rubidium gas down to a temperature as close to absolute zero, the temperature at which particles stop moving, as they could get. the slower the particles, the lower their momentum. in essence, the cooling brought the momentum of the gas particles closer and closer to precisely zero, as the temperature decreased to within a few billionths of a degree kelvin. ( kelvin degrees are on the scale of degrees celsius, but zero kelvin is absolute zero, while zero celsius is the freezing point of water. ) as the temperature, and thus the momentum, of the gas particles dropped to an infinitesimal amount, the possible locations of the atom at any given moment increased proportionally. the goal of the experiment was to keep the gas atoms packed together closely enough that during this process \u2014 as their momentum got lower and lower, and their wavelengths got larger and larger \u2014 their waves would begin to overlap. this interplay of position and movement in three dimensions with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.7206363429796212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.461650"}
{"text": "was to keep the gas atoms packed together closely enough that during this process \u2014 as their momentum got lower and lower, and their wavelengths got larger and larger \u2014 their waves would begin to overlap. this interplay of position and movement in three dimensions with the relative distances between particles is known as the phase - space density and is the key factor in forming a condensate. in essence, the momentum of the atoms would become so precisely pinpointed ( near zero ) that their position would become less and less certain and there would be a relatively large amount of space that would define each atom \u2019 s position. as the atoms slowed to almost a stop, their positions became so fuzzy that each atom came to occupy the same position as every other atom, losing their individual identity. this odd phenomenon is a bose - einstein as their experimental conditions neared the realm of bose - einstein condensation, cornell and wieman noticed an abrupt rise in the peak density of their sample, a type of discontinuity that strongly indicates a phase transition. the colorado physicists estimated that after progressive evaporative cooling of the rubidium, they were left with a nugget of about 2, 000 atoms of pure condensate. and wieman then released the atoms from the \" trap \" in which they had been cooling and sent a pulse of laser light at the condensate, basically blowing it apart. they recorded an image of the expanding cloud of atoms. prior to the light pulse, when the density dropped after the atoms were released, the physicists believed the temperature of the condensate fell to an amazing frigidity of 20 nanokelvins ( 20 billionths of one degree above absolute zero ). the image showed a larger, expanding sphere of particles with a smaller, more concentrated elliptical - looking center. cornell and wieman observed that when a gas is constrained and then released ( in an extreme example, as in a bomb ), thermodynamics specifies that it will expand outward equally in all directions regardless of the shape in which it had been contained. this occurs because the particles in that gas, even if the gas was very cold, were moving in all different directions with various energies when the gas was this rule of uniform expansion does not hold for a bose - einstein condensate. because the particles were all acting in exactly the same manner at the time of the light pulse, their expansion should give some indication of the shape of the space they had previously inhabited. the uneven, elliptical - looking clump of atoms in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6411567268254164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.462506"}
{"text": "discussion. in the 1930s the application of quantum mechanics and special relativity to the theory of the electron ( see quantum electrodynamics ) allowed the british physicist paul dirac to formulate an equation that referred to the existence of the spin of the electron. it further led to the prediction of the existence of the positron, which was experimentally verified by the american physicist carl david anderson. the application of quantum mechanics to the subject of electromagnetic radiation led to explanations of many phenomena, such as bremsstrahlung ( german, \" braking radiation, \" the radiation emitted by electrons slowed down in matter ) and pair production ( the formation of a positron and an electron when electromagnetic energy interacts with matter ). it also led to a grave problem, however, called the divergence difficulty : certain parameters, such as the so - called bare mass and bare charge of electrons, appear to be infinite in dirac \u2019 s equations. ( the terms bare mass and bare charge refer to hypothetical electrons that do not interact with any matter or radiation ; in reality, electrons interact with their own electric this difficulty was partly resolved in 1947 - 49 in a program called renormalization, developed by the japanese physicist shin \u2019 ichiro tomonaga, the american physicists julian s. schwinger and richard feynman, and the british physicist freeman dyson. in this program, the bare mass and charge of the electron are chosen to be infinite in such a way that other infinite physical quantities are canceled out in the equations. renormalization greatly increased the accuracy with which the structure of atoms could be calculated from first principles. theoretical physicist c. llewellyn smith discusses the discoveries that scientists have made to date about the electron and other elementary particles \u2014 subatomic particles that scientists believe cannot be split into smaller units of matter. scientists have discovered what smith refers to as sibling and cousin particles to the electron, but much about the nature of these particles is still one way scientists learn about these particles is to accelerate them to high energies, smash them together, and then study what happens when they collide. by observing the behavior of these particles, scientists hope to learn more about the fundamental structures of the universe. electrons : the first hundred years the discovery of the electron was announced by j. j. thomson just over 100 years ago, on april 30, 1897. in the intervening years we have come to understand the mechanics that describe the behavior of electrons \u2014 and indeed of all matter on a small scale \u2014 which is called quantum mechanics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.7028466570768668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.464492"}
{"text": ". j. thomson just over 100 years ago, on april 30, 1897. in the intervening years we have come to understand the mechanics that describe the behavior of electrons \u2014 and indeed of all matter on a small scale \u2014 which is called quantum mechanics. by exploiting this knowledge, we have learned to manipulate electrons and make devices of a tremendous practical and economic importance, such as transistors and lasers. meanwhile, what have we learned of the nature of the electron itself? from the start, electrons were found to behave as elementary particles, and this is still the case today. we know that if the electron has any structure, it is on a scale of less than 1018 m, i. e. less than 1 billionth of 1 billionth of a meter. however, a major complication has emerged. we have discovered that the electron has a sibling and cousins that are apparently equally fundamental. the sibling is an electrically neutral particle, called the neutrino, which is much lighter than the electron. the cousins are two electrically charged particles, called the mu and the which also have neutral siblings. the mu and the tau seem to be identical copies of the electron, except that they are respectively 200 and 3, 500 times heavier. their role in the scheme of things and the origin of their different masses remain mysteries \u2014 just the sort of mysteries that particle physicists, who study the constituents of matter and the forces that control their behavior, wish to resolve. we therefore know of six seemingly fundamental particles, the electron, the mu, the tau and their neutral siblings, which \u2014 like the electron \u2014 do not feel the nuclear force, and incidentally are known generically as leptons. what about the constituents of atomic nuclei, which of course do feel the nuclear force? at first sight, nuclei are made of protons and neutrons, but these particles turned out not to be elementary. it was found that when protons and neutrons are smashed together, new particles are created. we now know that all these particles are made of more elementary entities, called quarks. in a collision, pairs of quarks and their antiparticles, called antiquarks, can be created : part of the energy ( e ) of the incoming particles is turned into mass ( m ) of these new particles, thanks to the famous equivalence e = mc2. the quarks in the projectiles and the created quark - antiquark pairs can then rearrange themselves to make various different sorts of new particles. today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6554860001002962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.465443"}
{"text": ") of these new particles, thanks to the famous equivalence e = mc2. the quarks in the projectiles and the created quark - antiquark pairs can then rearrange themselves to make various different sorts of new particles. today, six types of quarks are known which, like the leptons ( the electron and its relations ) have simple properties, and could be elementary. in the past 30 years a recipe that describes the behavior of these particles has been developed. it is called the \" standard model \" of particle physics. however, we lack a real understanding of the nature of these particles, and the logic behind the standard model. what is wrong with the standard model? first, it does not consistently combine einstein \u2019 s theory of the properties of space ( called general relativity ) with a quantum mechanical description of the properties of matter. it is therefore second, it contains too many apparently arbitrary futures \u2014 it is too baroque, too byzantine \u2014 to be complete. it does not explain the role of the mu and the tau, or answer the question whether the fact that the numbers of leptons and quarks are the same \u2014 six each \u2014 is a coincidence, or an indication of a deep connection between these different types of particles. on paper, we can construct theories that give better answers and explanations, and in which there are such connections, but we do not know which, if any, of these theories is correct. third, it has a missing, untested, element. this is not some minor detail, but a central element, namely a mechanism to generate the observed masses of the known particles, and hence also the different ranges of the known forces ( long range for gravity and electromagnetism, as users of magnetic compasses know, but very short range for the nuclear and the so - called weak forces, although in every other respect these forces appear very similar ). on paper, a possible mechanism is known, called the higgs mechanism, after the british physicist peter higgs who invented it. but there are alternative mechanisms, and in any case the higgs mechanism is a generic idea. we not only need to know if nature uses it, but if so, how it is realized in detail. luckily the prospects of developing a deeper understanding are good. the way forward is to perform experiments that can distinguish the different possibilities. we know that the answer to the mystery of the origin of mass, and the different ranges of forces, and certain other very important questions, must lie in an energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6900452661765683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.466351"}
{"text": "are good. the way forward is to perform experiments that can distinguish the different possibilities. we know that the answer to the mystery of the origin of mass, and the different ranges of forces, and certain other very important questions, must lie in an energy range that will be explored in experiments at the large hadron collider, a new accelerator now under construction at cern [ also known as the european laboratory for particle physics ] near geneva. the fundamental tools on which experimental particle physics depends are large accelerators, like the large hadron collider, which accelerate particles to very high energies and smash them together. by studying what happens in the collisions of these particles, which are typically electrons or protons ( the nuclei of hydrogen atoms ), we can learn about their natures. the conditions that are created in these collisions of particles existed just after the birth of the universe, when it was extremely hot and dense. knowledge derived from experiments in particle physics is therefore essential input for those who wish to understand the structure of the universe as a whole, and how it evolved from an initial fireball into its present the large hadron collider will therefore not only open up a large new window on the nature of matter, when it comes into operation in 2005, but also advance our understanding of the structure of the universe. however, although it will undoubtedly resolve some major questions and greatly improve our knowledge of nature, it would be very surprising if it established a \" final theory. \" the only candidate theory currently known which appears to have the potential to resolve all the problems mentioned above \u2014 the reason for the existence of the mu and tau, reconciliation of general relativity with quantum mechanics, etc. \u2014 describes the electron and its relatives and the quarks, not as pointlike objects, but as different vibrating modes of tiny strings. however, these strings are so small ( 10 - 35 m ) that they will never be observed if this is so, the electron and the other known particles will continue forever to appear to be fundamental pointlike objects, even if the \u2014 currently very speculative \u2014 \" string theory \" scores enough successes to convince us that this is not the case! future prospects : quantum mechanics underlies current attempts to account for the strong nuclear force and to develop a unified theory for all the fundamental interactions nevertheless, doubts exist about the completeness of quantum theory. the divergence difficulty, for example, is only partly resolved. just as newtonian mechanics was eventually amended by quantum mechanics and relativity, many scientists \u2014 and einstein was among them \u2014 are convinced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.7007428075585844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.467296"}
{"text": "nevertheless, doubts exist about the completeness of quantum theory. the divergence difficulty, for example, is only partly resolved. just as newtonian mechanics was eventually amended by quantum mechanics and relativity, many scientists \u2014 and einstein was among them \u2014 are convinced that quantum theory will also undergo profound changes in the future. great theoretical difficulties exist, for example, between quantum mechanics and chaos theory, which began to develop rapidly in the 1980s. ongoing efforts are being made by theorists such as the british physicist stephen hawking, to develop a system that encompasses both relativity and quantum mechanics. breakthroughs occurred in the area of quantum computing in the late 1990s. quantum computers under development use components of a chloroform molecule ( a combination of chlorine and hydrogen atoms ) and a variation of a medical procedure called magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) to compute at a molecular level. scientists used a branch of physics called quantum mechanics, which describes the activity of subatomic particles ( particles that make up atoms ), as the basis for quantum computing. quantum computers may one day be thousands to millions of times faster than current computers, because they take advantage of the laws that govern the behavior of subatomic particles. these laws allow quantum computers to examine all possible answers to a query at one time. future uses of quantum computers could include code breaking and large database queries. quantum time waits for no cosmos the intriguing notion that time might run backwards when the universe collapses has run into difficulties. raymond laflamme, of the los alamos national laboratory in new mexico, has carried out a new calculation which suggests that the universe cannot start out uniform, go through a cycle of expansion and collapse, and end up in a uniform state. it could start out disordered, expand, and then collapse back into disorder. but, since the cobe data show that our universe was born in a smooth and uniform state, this symmetric possibility cannot be applied to the real universe. physicists have long puzzled over the fact that two distinct \" arrows of time \" both point in the same direction. in the everyday world, things wear out - - cups fall from tables and break, but broken cups never re - assemble themselves spontaneously. in the expanding universe at large, the future is the direction of time in which galaxies are further apart. many years ago, thomas gold suggested that these two arrows might be linked. that would mean that if and when the expansion of the universe were to reverse, then the everyday arrow of time would also reverse, with broken cups re - assem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.7043240773702664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.468208"}
{"text": "apart. many years ago, thomas gold suggested that these two arrows might be linked. that would mean that if and when the expansion of the universe were to reverse, then the everyday arrow of time would also reverse, with broken cups re - assembling themselves. more recently, these ideas have been extended into quantum physics. there, the arrow of time is linked to the so - called \" collapse of the wave function \", which happens, for example, when an electron wave moving through a tv tube collapses into a point particle on the screen of the tv. some researchers have tried to make the quantum description of reality symmetric in time, by including both the original state of the system ( the tv tube before the electron passes through ) and the final state ( the tv tube after the electron has passed through ) in one mathematical description. murray gell - mann and james hartle recently extended this idea to the whole universe. they argued that if, as many cosmologists believe likely, the universe was born in a big bang, will expand out for a finite time and then recollapse into a big crunch, the time - neutral quantum theory could describe time running backwards in the contracting half of its life. unfortunately, laflamme has now shown that this will not work. he has proved that if there are only small inhomogeneities present in the big bang, then they must get larger throughout the lifetime of the universe, in both the expanding and the contracting phases. \" a low entropy universe at the big bang cannot come back to low entropy at the big crunch \" ( classical and quantum gravity, vol 10 p l79 ). he has found time - asymmetric solutions to the equations - - but only if both big bang and big crunch are highly disordered, with the universe more ordered in the middle of its life. observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation show that the universe emerged from the big bang in a very smooth and uniform state. this rules out the time - symmetric solutions. is that even if the present expansion of the universe does reverse, time will not run backwards and broken cups will not start re -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6319038618455897, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.468960"}
{"text": "glucose is a type of sugar. it comes from food, and is also created in the liver. glucose travels through the body in the blood. it moves from the blood to cells with the help of a hormone called insulin. once glucose is in those cells, it can be used for energy. diabetes is a condition that makes it difficult for the body to use glucose. this causes a buildup of glucose in the blood. it also means the body is not getting enough energy. type 2 diabetes is one type of diabetes. it is the most common type. medication, lifestyle changes, and monitoring can help control blood glucose levels. type 2 diabetes is often caused by a combination of factors. one factor is that your body begins to make less insulin. a second factor is that your body becomes resistant to insulin. this means there is insulin in your body, but your body cannot use it effectively. insulin resistance is often related to excess body fat. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. you will also be asked about your family history. a physical exam will be done. diagnosis is based on the results of blood testing. american diabetes association ( ada ) recommends diagnosis be made if you have one of the following : symptoms of diabetes and a random blood test with a blood sugar level greater than or equal to 200 mg / dl ( 11. 1 mmol / l ) - fasting blood sugar test \u2014 done after you have not eaten for eight or more hours \u2014 showing blood sugar levels greater than or equal to 126 mg / dl ( 7 mmol / l ) on two different days - glucose tolerance test \u2014 measuring blood sugar two hours after you eat glucose \u2014 showing glucose levels greater than or equal to 200 mg / dl ( 11. 1 mmol / l ) - hba1c level of 6. 5 % or higher \u2014 indicates poor blood sugar control over the past 2 - 4 months mg / dl = milligrams per deciliter of blood ; mmol / l = millimole per liter of blood treatment aims to : - maintain blood sugar at levels as close to normal as possible - prevent or delay complications - control other conditions that you may have, like high blood pressure and high cholesterol food and drinks have a direct effect on your blood glucose level. eating healthy meals can help you control your blood glucose. it will also help your overall health. some basic tips include : if you are overweight, weight loss will help your body use insulin better. talk to your doctor about a healthy weight goal. you and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5056095578179735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da329173-6e70-42f5-aa09-933ea8352a2f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.474132"}
{"text": "meals can help you control your blood glucose. it will also help your overall health. some basic tips include : if you are overweight, weight loss will help your body use insulin better. talk to your doctor about a healthy weight goal. you and your doctor or dietitian can make a safe meal plan for you. these options may help you lose weight : physical activity can : - make the body more sensitive to insulin - help you reach and maintain a healthy weight - lower the levels of fat in your blood exercise is any activity that increases your heart rate. resistance training helps build muscle strength. both types of exercise help to improve long - term glucose control. regular exercise can also help reduce your risk of heart disease. talk to your doctor about an activity plan. ask about any precautions you may need to take. certain medicines will help to manage blood glucose levels. medication taken by mouth may include : - metformin \u2014 to reduce the amount of glucose made by the body and to make the body more sensitive to insulin medications that encourage the pancreas to make more insulin such as sulfonylureas ( glyburide, tolazamide ), dipeptidyl peptidase - 4 inhibitors ( saxagliptin, insulin sensitizers such as pioglitazone \u2014 to help the body use insulin better starch blockers such as miglitol \u2014 to decrease the amount of glucose absorbed into the blood some medicine needs to be given through injections, such as : incretin - mimetics such as stimulate the pancreas to produce insulin and decrease appetite ( can assist with weight loss ) amylin analogs such as replace a protein of the pancreas that is low in people with type 2 diabetes insulin may be needed if : - the body does not make enough of its own insulin. - blood glucose levels cannot be controlled with lifestyle changes and medicine. insulin is given through injections. blood glucose testing you can check the level of glucose in your blood with a blood glucose meter. checking your blood glucose levels during the day can help you stay on track. it will also help your doctor determine if your treatment is working. keeping track of blood sugar levels is especially important if you take insulin. regular testing may not be needed if your diabetes is under control and you don ' t take insulin. talk with your doctor before stopping blood sugar monitoring. may also be done at your doctor ' s office. this is a measure of blood glucose control over a long period of time. doctors advise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42782618795995964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da329173-6e70-42f5-aa09-933ea8352a2f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.475113"}
{"text": "\" we believe this is the first time bacterial horizontal gene transfer has been observed in eukaryotes at such scale, \" says senior author igor grigoriev of doe jgi. \" this study gets us closer to explaining the dramatic diversity across the genera of diatoms, morphologically, behaviorally, but we still haven ' t yet explained all the differences conferred by the genes contributed by the other taxa. \" from plants, the diatom inherited photosynthesis, and from animals the production of urea. bowler speculates that the diatom uses urea to store nitrogen, not to eliminate it like animals do, because nitrogen is a precious nutrient in the ocean. what ' s more, the tiny alga draws the best of both worldsit can convert fat into sugar, as well as sugar into fatextremely useful in times of nutrient shortage. the team documented more than 300 genes sourced from bacteria and found in both types of diatoms, pointing to their ancient origin and suggesting novel mechanisms of managing nutrientsfor example utilization of organic carbon and nitrogenand detecting cues from their environment. diatoms, encapsulated by elaborate lacework - like shells made of glass, are only about one - third of a strand of hair in diameter. \" the diatom genomes will help us to understand how they can make these structures at ambient temperatures and pressures, something that humans are not able to do. if we can learn how they do it, we could open up all kinds of new nanotechnologies, like for building miniature silicon chips or for biomedical applications, \" says bowler. diatoms reside in fresh or salt water and can be divided into two camps, centrics and pennates. the centric thalassiosira resemble a round \" camembert \" cheese box ( only much smaller ) and pennates like phaeodactylum look more like a cross between a boomerang and a narrow three - cornered hathence the species name, tricornutum. not only is their shape and habitat dive | contact : david gilbert | doe / joint genome institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5273880797687598, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea4e61f1-5a97-49dc-b206-0e94f7a4d478>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.478677"}
{"text": "the amount of nitrogen entering the gulf each spring has increased about 300 percent since the 1960s, mainly due to increased agricultural runoff, scavia said. \" yes, the floodwaters really matter, but the fact that there ' s so much more nitrogen in the system now than there was back in the ' 60s is the real issue, \" he said. scavia ' s computer model suggests that if today ' s floods contained the level of nitrogen from the last comparable flood, in 1973, the predicted dead zone would be 5, 800 square miles rather than 8, 500. \" the growth of these dead zones is an ecological time bomb, \" scavia said. \" without determined local, regional and national efforts to control them, we are putting major fisheries at risk. \" the gulf of mexico / mississippi river watershed nutrient task force has set the goal of reducing the size of the dead zone to about 1, 900 square miles. in 2009, the dockside value of commercial fisheries in the gulf was $ 629 million. nearly 3 million recreational fishers further contributed more than $ 1 billion to the gulf economy, taking 22 million fishing trips. the gulf hypoxia research team is supported by noaa ' s center for sponsored coastal ocean research and includes scientists from the university of michigan, louisiana state university and the louisiana universities marine consortium. noaa has funded investigations and forecast development for the dead zone in the gulf of mexico since 1990. \" while there is some uncertainty regarding the size, position and timing of this year ' s hypoxic zone in the gulf, the forecast models are in overall agreement that hypoxia will be larger than we have typically seen in recent years, \" said noaa administrator jane lubchenco. the actual size of the 2011 gulf hypoxic zone will be announced | contact : jim erickson | university of michigan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4233440498880206, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c11e46d4-b987-41e6-9352-3ac9cf25dde6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.480794"}
{"text": "the americas iba directory the conservation of rare birdlife has been the focus of birdlife international for many years. in 1995 they began a project by the name of iba, or important bird area program, to pinpoint areas across the globe that are home to endangered species, identifying the various species and protecting those areas to assist in conserving vital birdlife. at present, more than ten thousand of these areas have been identified, and conservation and environmental initiatives have been implemented. now a new program has been established, namely the americas iba directory. hundreds of bird species will benefit from the americas iba directory, as it will be a guideline for both conservationists and for authorities. the directory covers 57 different countries and has 2 345 of the most significant areas listed that need to be protected at all costs. authorities will be able to refer to the directory to find out which of their areas are vital to the survival of birdlife, which bird species are located in that area and the biodiversity of the area, to enable them to take the right steps in protecting the natural habitat and the birds. some areas that have been listed are significant in the migratory patterns of certain species, while others are crucial nesting sites for numerous endangered birds. due to a number of these areas being inhabited by local communities, also relying on the natural resources such as water, authorities can assist these communities with sustainable development that will not only benefit the communities but the birdlife as well. hundreds of organizations have provided support and assistance in the compiling of the americas iba directory. president of bird studies canada, george finney, explained : \u201c from breeding grounds in canada, to wintering sites in the south, and all points in between, it is imperative that we understand what is happening to bird populations and the forces that drive change. bird studies canada is proud to work closely with our international partners on this issue, so that better management decisions and conservation actions can be taken. \u201d a large number of agencies will be working together as iba caretakers, tracking migratory patterns and data in regard to bird populations, to note changes being made by the birds, and keeping the iba directory as up to date and accurate as possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4081512711766704, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:952beb80-6af2-4d67-a30b-a71f85aae699>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.483123"}
{"text": "first ever direct measurement of the earth \u2019 s rotation geodesists are pinpointing the orientation of the earth \u2019 s axis using the world \u2019 s most stable ring laser a group with researchers at the technical university of munich ( tum ) and the federal agency for cartography and geodesy ( bkg ) are the first to plot changes in the earth \u2019 s axis through laboratory measurements. to do this, they constructed the world \u2019 s most stable ring laser in an underground lab and used it to determine changes in the earth \u2019 s rotation. previously, scientists were only able to track shifts in the polar axis indirectly by monitoring fixed objects in space. capturing the tilt of the earth \u2019 s axis and its rotational velocity is crucial for precise positional information on earth \u2013 and thus for the accurate functioning of modern navigation systems, for instance. the scientists \u2019 work has been recognized an exceptional research spotlight by the american physical society. the earth wobbles. like a spinning top touched in mid - spin, its rotational axis fluctuates in relation to space. this is partly caused by gravitation from the sun and the moon. at the same time, the earth \u2019 s rotational axis constantly changes relative to the earth \u2019 s surface. on the one hand, this is caused by variation in atmospheric pressure, ocean loading and wind. these elements combine in an effect known as the chandler wobble to create polar motion. named after the scientist who discovered it, this phenomenon has a period of around 435 days. on the other hand, an event known as the \u201c annual wobble \u201d causes the rotational axis to move over a period of a year. this is due to the earth \u2019 s elliptical orbit around the sun. these two effects cause the earth \u2019 s axis to migrate irregularly along a circular path with a radius of up to six meters. capturing these movements is crucial to create a reliable coordinate system that can feed navigation systems or project trajectory paths in space travel. \u201c locating a point to the exact centimeter for global positioning is an extremely dynamic process \u2013 after all, at our latitude, we are moving at around 350 meters to the east per second, \u201d explains prof. karl ulrich schreiber, meanwhile as station director of the geodetic observatory wettzell where the ring laser is settled. karl ulrich schreiber had directed the project in tum \u2019 s research section satellite geodesy. the geodetic observatory wettzell is run together by tum and bkg. the researchers have succeeded in corrobor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5235601511815358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4281798-7278-4727-a736-be4cecc072f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.485807"}
{"text": "special thanks to our guest blogger, chris myers, u. s. space and rocket center\u00ae, huntsville, al for this post bringing the cosmos to space camp\u00ae! at the u. s. space and rocket center\u00ae and space camp, we are constantly looking for fun and innovative ways to teach our museum guests and trainees about space history and the science and math concepts that surround it. naturally, we were excited to participate in the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics series of instructional webinars in order to get some fresh ideas and content. the creativity started to flow as we reviewed the background material, but the amount and quality of the lesson plans and information presented to us by mary dussault and erin braswell was impressive. by the end of the first hour of the webinar, we had solid ideas and lesson plans that could be implemented in every program from summer day camp for 5 - year - olds to advanced space academy\u00ae for high - school seniors. and they meet both state and national curriculum guidelines! in this case, our target subject was astronomy. for our younger trainees, we adapted the activities that dealt with colors and filters into a hands - on component for our astronomy briefing \u201c tenacious telescopes. \u201d we use pvc pipe, colored felt and theater lighting gel in the primary colors to teach the trainees about how real telescopes like the hubble space telescope use filters to look for specific information, and how scientists can put these single - color images together to make a full - color picture. in addition to making it look more like a real telescope, mounting the color filter inside a pvc pipe telescope has the added bonus of keeping our filters fingerprint and wrinkle free. for our advanced academy ( junior high to high school ) trainees, we added an image processing component into our existing astronomy curriculum which is made up of four components. at the beginning of the week, the trainees participate in a lecture called \u201c exploring the night sky \u201d where they learn the basics of astronomy and focus on finding and naming the constellations and deep space objects. our second astronomy block is the \u201c micro observatory lab, \u201d where our trainees use the mobs software to compile full - color images of deep space objects. our third astronomy block is a \u201c night telescope \u201d activity, where the trainees use real telescopes to find the same objects in the sky of which they compiled images the day before. and for our final astronomy block, our advanced academy trainees learn the stories behind selected constellations in our infl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5659229359753186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c28659ec-cf45-4996-b7cc-25feb4c4771c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.488669"}
{"text": "songwriting for beginners : \u2018 just enough \u2019 music theoryby jeff oxenford \u2022 category : how to write songs, songwriting articles ( this is an article in the series \u201c songwriting for beginners \u201d. we are filing the series under the songwriting basics category. ) question : how do you stop a guitarist from playing? answer : put music in front of him. that \u2019 s me. i can \u2019 t read music and i doubt i ever will. however, over the last three years, i \u2019 ve learned just enough about music theory to be dangerous. what i \u2019 ve found is that by understanding some basic concepts, i \u2019 ve been able to find that next chord i was always searching for. the first step in understanding is that most songs are played in a single key and that the chords in the come from that key. the formula ( i. e. what order ) you use for the chords is what make up the song. for example, blues often uses the 1, 4, and 5 chords. if you \u2019 re playing blues in e, the chords are e, a, b ( or b7 ). the blues progression in the key of c, uses c, f, and g. if you can understand the table below, you \u2019 ve got the majority of theory you need. | 1 ( root ) | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 | | 6 | | 7 | | 8 ( root ) | | major | | minor | | minor | | major | | major or dominant | | minor | | diminished | | major | here \u2019 s how to understand this table : guitar frets are in half ( h ) step intervals. in other words, moving up one fret is moving up a half ( h ) step. moving up 2 frets is a whole ( w ) step. notes and intervals on a guitar, the open string and the 12th fret on the same string are the same note ( just different octave ). if you look at the a string, the notes are : | a note | | a | | a # or bb | | b | | c | | c # or db | | d | | d # oreb | | e | | f | | f # orgb | | g | | g # orab | | a | to go from a to b is a whole ( w ) step. to go from a to a # ( or bb ) is a half ( h ) step. also, note that for b to c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136214411085231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07b4c608-be60-4766-ba46-c0273bce6f23>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.492313"}
{"text": "| g # orab | | a | to go from a to b is a whole ( w ) step. to go from a to a # ( or bb ) is a half ( h ) step. also, note that for b to c and e to f, there is only a half step. there is no b # ( cb ) or e # ( fb ). the major scale has the following intervals, w w h w w w h. ( do, rae, me fae, so la, te, do ) applying this formula, the notes in the a major scale are : a, b, c #, d, e, f #, g #, a. as seen on the guitar the a scale looks like : practice tip \u2013 on any string of the guitar, apply the formula w, w, h, w, w, w, h. in other words pick the string : open, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12. you \u2019 ve just played a major scale. numbers for the notes we describe the notes in a scale by their numbers ( 1 \u2013 8 ). when your playing in the key of a, a is the 1 note, b is 2 \u2013 you get the idea. chords in the major scale to find chords that will work in the key of a, take the root notes from the scale and use the a chord type a from the table below : | major | | minor | | minor | | major | | major or dom | | minor | | diminished | | major | the 1, 4 and 5 chord are major chords ( a, d, e ). the 2, 3 and 6 chords are minor ( bm, etc. ) the 7th chord is diminished below is a listing of the chords in the major scale for all keys. a use the table by following a row : practice tip : take one row and play the chords in order. it should like the major scale. then try the 1, 4 and 5 chords. move to another row and try the 1, 4, 5. it should sound pretty familiar. how do you use this in songwriting? most songs in folk, rock and blues primarily use combinations of the 1, 4, 5 chords. the 6 and 3 are used often and sometimes the 2. the 7 chord ( diminished ) isn \u2019 t used as often, but it does have a very distinctive sound. * ( other books use roman numerals, so be ready to see i, iv, v )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49828357752155256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07b4c608-be60-4766-ba46-c0273bce6f23>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.493203"}
{"text": "excerpt of how to read and why by harold bloom ( page 2 of 5 ) printer friendly excerpt i turn to reading as a solitary praxis, rather than as an educational enterprise. the way we read now, when we are alone with ourselves, retains considerable continuity with the past, however it is performed in the academies. my ideal reader ( and lifelong hero ) is dr. samuel johnson, who knew and expressed both the power and the limitation of incessant reading. like every other activity of the mind, it must satisfy johnson ' s prime concern, which is with \" what comes near to ourself, what we can put to use. \" sir francis bacon, who provided some of the ideas that johnson put to use, famously gave the advice : \" read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. \" i add to bacon and johnson a third sage of reading, emerson, fierce enemy of history and of all historicisms, who remarked that the best books \" impress us with the conviction, that one nature wrote and the same reads. \" let me fuse bacon, johnson, and emerson into a formula of how to read : find what comes near to you that can be put to the use of weighing and considering, and that addresses you as though you share the one nature, free of time ' s tyranny. pragmatically that means, first find shakespeare, and let him find you. if king lear is fully to find you, then weigh and consider the nature it shares with you ; its closeness to yourself. i do not intend this as an idealism, but as a pragmatism. putting the tragedy to use as a complaint against patriarchy is to forsake your own prime interests, particularly as a young woman, which sounds rather more ironical than it is. shakespeare, more than sophocles, is the inescapable authority upon intergenerational conflict, and more than anyone else, upon the differences between women and men. be open to a full reading of king lear, and you will understand better the origins of what you judge to be patriarchy. ultimately we read - - as bacon, johnson, and emerson agree - - in order to strengthen the self, and to learn its authentic interests. we experience such augmentations as pleasure, which may be why aesthetic values have always been deprecated by social moralists, from plato through our current campus puritan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063089174024964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7643f91f-cd87-44ea-89db-1257836d4f8a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.496782"}
{"text": "- - in order to strengthen the self, and to learn its authentic interests. we experience such augmentations as pleasure, which may be why aesthetic values have always been deprecated by social moralists, from plato through our current campus puritans. the pleasures of reading indeed are selfish rather than social. you cannot directly improve anyone else ' s life by reading better or more deeply. i remain skeptical of the traditional social hope that care for others may be stimulated by the growth of individual imagination, and i am wary of any arguments whatsoever that connect the pleasures of solitary reading to the public good. the sorrow of professional reading is that you recapture only rarely the pleasure of reading you knew in youth, when books were a hazlittian gusto. the way we read now partly depends upon our distance, inner or outer, from the universities, where reading is scarcely taught as a pleasure, in any of the deeper senses of the aesthetics of pleasure. opening yourself to a direct confrontation with shakespeare at his strongest, as in king lear, is never an easy pleasure, whether in youth or in age, and yet not to read king lear fully ( which means without ideological expectations ) is to be cognitively as well as aesthetically defrauded. a childhood largely spent watching television yields to an adolescence with a computer, and the university receives a student unlikely to welcome the suggestion that we must endure our going hence even as our going hither : ripeness is all. reading falls apart, and much of the self scatters with it. all this is past lamenting, and will not be remedied by any vows or programs. what is to be done can only be performed by some version of elitism, and that is now unacceptable, for reasons both good and bad. there are still solitary readers, young and old, everywhere, even in the universities. if there is a function of criticism at the present time, it must be to address itself to the solitary reader, who reads for herself, and not for the interests that supposedly transcend the self. copyright \u00a9 2000 by harold bloom. all rights reserved. reproduced by permission of the publisher, simon & schuster.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5105542100259199, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7643f91f-cd87-44ea-89db-1257836d4f8a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.497621"}
{"text": "sri lanka : year in review 2011article free pass in 2011 sri lanka continued to recover from its 26 - year civil war, which had ended in 2009. pres. mahinda rajapakse enjoyed great popularity among the majority sinhalese community for having defeated the tamil tigers ( liberation tigers of tamil eelam ; ltte ). as expected, the united people \u2019 s freedom alliance, led by rajapakse, dominated local government elections held in march and july. predominantly tamil areas formerly held by the ltte in the north and east of the country voted for the tamil national alliance. during 2011 the president moved to consolidate political power ( much of it held by members of his family ) in the executive branch of government while placing limits on media freedom, the role of civil society in sri lankan politics, and the expression of antigovernment dissent. in august it was announced that emergency regulations in place for nearly three decades were being lifted, but this still left many powers in government hands and failed to allay fears of repression among some sri lankans. international attention was directed throughout the year toward alleged violations of human rights in sri lanka. a highly critical report submitted to the un human rights council in september charged that both the ltte and government forces deliberately targeted civilians during the civil war. the government refused to permit an international investigation into human rights violations in sri lanka, and in october it announced the creation of a national action plan designed to protect and promote human rights and support reconciliation between the communities. former general sarath fonseka, who had commanded the sri lankan army in its victory over the tamil tigers and later had become a political rival of rajapakse, was sentenced to three years in prison for allegedly stating that the sri lankan government had committed war crimes during the civil war. fonseka was already serving a 30 - month jail term after having been convicted of corruption in military procurements. he denied both charges, claiming that they were politically motivated to keep him out of politics. economic growth in sri lanka, which had continued throughout the war period, slowed in 2009 because of the global recession but then accelerated rapidly. gdp was expected to rise by at least 8 % in 2011, despite floods in january that displaced more than a million people and damaged rice and other crops. major economic issues included continued poverty, employment creation and skill provision, the reconstruction of war - damaged areas, a large deficit in the government budget, and persistent inflation. nevertheless, an imf mission to sri lanka in august \u2013 september pronounced macroeconomic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4164072834671647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d57da95-2a28-4105-bf0d-e30e937eb165>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.508653"}
{"text": "emmanuel, count de las casesarticle free pass emmanuel, count de las cases, in full emmanuel - augustin - dieudonne - joseph, count de las cases ( born june 21, 1766, languedoc, france \u2014 died may 15, 1842, passy ), french historian best known as the recorder of napoleon \u2019 s last conversations on st. helena, the publication of which contributed greatly to the napoleonic legend in europe. an officer of the royal navy, las cases in 1790 emigrated from france to england, where he wrote and published his atlas historique... ( 1802 ), a work that attracted napoleon \u2019 s attention. consequently, on his return to france ( 1809 ) with other royalists rallying to napoleon, las cases was given a minor position on the council of state and created count in 1810. after napoleon \u2019 s defeat ( 1814 ), he returned to england but joined napoleon during the hundred days ( 1815 ), following him into exile at st. helena. for 18 months he recorded his conversations with napoleon on his principles of warfare, his identification of the french revolution with the empire, his political philosophy, and his sentiments on religion and philosophy. a letter of complaint about napoleon \u2019 s treatment led to las cases \u2019 deportation and to the seizure of his manuscript by the british government. forbidden to enter england, he traveled in germany and belgium until he was allowed to return to france after the death of napoleon in 1822. recovering his manuscript, he published his memorial de sainte - helene ( 1823 ), which at once became extremely popular. a deputy for saint - denis ( 1831 \u2013 34 ; 1835 \u2013 39 ), he sat with the extreme left, opposing the rule of louis - philippe. las cases \u2019 memorial de sainte - helene was the first defense of napoleon after his defeat. although prejudiced in napoleon \u2019 s favour, the identification of the idea of the revolution with napoleon furthered a union of liberals with bonapartists, thus contributing to the rise of napoleon iii. what made you want to look up \" emmanuel, count de las cases \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36602918359989434, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0c0eb9b-e9f0-4b96-bd8c-2e71f2a6ce68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.514340"}
{"text": "dragonflies ( order odonata ) are divided into two distinct sub - orders, the zygoptera or damselflies and the anisoptera or dragonflies. you can find a description of these sub - orders on the \" damselflies \" and \" dragonflies \" pages. each species that has been recorded in great britain and ireland is described and illustrated on a separate page. the list below is your key to accessing these descriptions. click on a species name to see the species description. there you will find photographs, and written description, details of habitat, distribution and status and notes about similar species. please note that this site is not meant to be a substitute for a good field guide when trying to identify species. there are several good identification guides available, see the booklist for details. david goddard ( with help from tim beynon ) has put together a guide for assistance with pronunciation of latin names. the full checklist the full list of uk species is presented here ( with english and latin names ). you can use this list to navigate to a particular species detail page. species with a management fact file are indicated by [ mff ]. you can use this indication to navigate directly to their management fact file. click on images to enlarge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44641299828572373, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:412e0e8a-f511-491e-aa77-2bd32c7ff7e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.516221"}
{"text": "not one, not two, but three female addax calves have been born at brookfield zoo within the last two months, and one more is expected by the end of the summer. the most recent was born this past saturday, july 9. the other two were born on may 30 and june 1. all are doing well and can be seen with their mothers \u2014 martha, sara, and mali \u2014 on exhibit in their outdoor habitat on the north side of the zoo. the three births are a welcomed addition to the north american zoo population because the species is critically endangered in its native africa. brookfield zoo has exhibited addax since 1935 and in 1941 was the first zoo in north america to have an addax birth. since the arrival of the first breeding pair, there have been 140 addax births at brookfield zoo. \u201c we are thrilled about the addax births at brookfield zoo and being able to share the significance and importance of these new additions with our guests, \u201d said amy roberts, curator of mammals for the chicago zoological society. \u201c what is really exciting is that there is the possibility that one of the calves or their descendants may one day be introduced to the wild as part of a collaborative program. \u201d the pairing of the three new moms with winston, who is the sire of all three calves, was based on a recommendation by the association of zoo and aquariums \u2019 addax species survival plan ( ssp ). the chicago zoological society, which manages the zoo, has been an active participant in the addax ssp since its inception in 1989. an ssp is a cooperative population management and conservation program for the species in north american zoos. the program manages the breeding of addax in zoos to maintain a healthy, self - sustaining population that is both genetically diverse and demographically stable. currently, there are 159 addax in 18 accredited north american zoos. once widespread across north africa, the addax has been largely driven to extinction in the wild by over - hunting since the mid - 1800s as well as civil unrest. additionally, although highly adapted to hyper - arid conditions, addax are nonetheless impacted by long periods of severe drought. the current addax population is restricted to a narrow band of desert between eastern niger and western chad. researchers estimate there to be less than 300 individuals remaining in the wild, with the last major population of around 200 in the tin toumma desert of eastern niger. however, there is hope for the species thanks to an international collaborative effort involving zoos in north america and europe,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43621531643279554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82392ec2-54da-4ba4-8b91-22f2dc540c7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.521615"}
{"text": "than 300 individuals remaining in the wild, with the last major population of around 200 in the tin toumma desert of eastern niger. however, there is hope for the species thanks to an international collaborative effort involving zoos in north america and europe, the tunisian government, and the convention on migratory species. brookfield zoo is one of more than 40 zoos worldwide that has provided support for the reintroduction of zoo - born addax into fenced reserves in tunisia. current efforts are focusing on securing the remaining wild populations in niger and chad, increasing scientific management of captive populations in africa and elsewhere, and reintroducing individual animals to suitable, secure, and protected areas in former range states. addax have some of the most impressive horns of all antelope, which is one of the main reasons they have been over - hunted. in older individuals, they can spiral almost three turns and extend nearly three feet. they are one of a group of species called \u201c horse - like antelope, \u201d which are unusual in that the females have horns as long as those of the males. the species lives in one of the most inhospitable habitats in the world, and they are the most desert - adapted antelope. their feet are extra - large and spread out, perfect for staying on top of loose sand. their legs are shorter than most antelope, giving them a low center of gravity and keeping them steady \u2014 even when the sand shifts under foot. they get nearly all the moisture they need from the sap of vegetation and from dew, going almost their entire lives without drinking water at all. when vegetation is not available, they can live off the water stored in their body fat. they are nomadic, with no fixed territory, following the rains that produce the plants on which they depend. they have a relatively heavy body with a sandy - white coat in the summer that turns grayish - brown in the winter. white markings can be found on their legs and belly, with a black tuft of hair on their forehead, under the horns.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4374685926959947, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82392ec2-54da-4ba4-8b91-22f2dc540c7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.522442"}
{"text": "buildings don \u2019 t work they way they used to. 1 folks are always saying stuff like this. but let me make the case regarding just one factor and you decide. there are other factors of course, but i want to focus on only one for the moment. this one over - arching factor is the amount of energy exchange across the building enclosure. i think that higher levels of thermal resistance and reduced heat gain across building enclosures has forever changed the performance of buildings \u2014 and not necessarily in a good way. and things are going to get worse before they get better. sound familiar? the lens i am going to use to look at this factor is moisture. why? it is one of the principal damage functions acting on materials along with heat and ultra - violet radiation. 2 i think moisture is the key to understanding the performance of buildings in general \u2014 and in this particular case \u2014 in specific. the consequence of this reduced energy exchange is beginning to be seen all over the place : mold, part load humidity problems, rot, and corrosion. highly insulated building enclosures with reduced heat gain have low drying potentials and increased interior moisture loads. when they get wet they don \u2019 t dry. stuff is beginning to stink, rot, break and annoy. there are two things to look at here. levels of insulation and airtight assemblies and heat gain through glazing, roof assemblies and interior loads. adding insulation and providing airtight assemblies reduces energy flow. that is a good thing right? well, no \u2014 not always. less energy flow from the inside to the outside the colder things on the outside of the building get in the winter. the colder these things, the wetter these things get and the wetter they stay. this is not good. less energy flow from the outside to the inside in the summer and the less heat that is generated inside in the summer the less the air - conditioning system runs. this is a good thing right? well, no \u2014 not always. we create something called \u201c the part load humidity problem. \u201d higher levels of thermal resistance how do we dry wet wood? we kiln dry it. we heat the wood so that the water in the wood is warmer than its surroundings. we add energy to the water and it evaporates. there is a huge exchange of energy. when we put warm wet coffee beans in a room with very cold surfaces we call it freeze - drying. the moisture leaves the coffee beans and accumulates on the cold surfaces. there is a huge exchange of energy. the greater the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5694303467490137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.542163"}
{"text": "exchange of energy. when we put warm wet coffee beans in a room with very cold surfaces we call it freeze - drying. the moisture leaves the coffee beans and accumulates on the cold surfaces. there is a huge exchange of energy. the greater the rate of energy exchange the greater the rate of moisture movement. drying cannot happen with out an exchange of energy. when my mom and dad bought their first house in toronto, canada in 1957 there was no insulation in the walls and the house was leaky to air \u2014 it had a high air change driven by a traditional chimney. we lived in a 1, 200 square foot house and in january, when the outside temperature dropped to 0 degrees f., momma cranked up the 300, 000 btu oil furnace to maintain an interior temperature of 70 degrees f. the energy flow across the building enclosure was enormous, but oil was cheap, and we were comfortable and happy. the energy flow was so enormous the building enclosure was simultaneously kiln dried and freeze - dried. in fact, the drying potential was so high, we were uncomfortably dry. as a result poppa insisted that the furnace have a new fangled gadget attached to it \u2014 called a humidifier. how things have changed. well what changed? we \u2019 ve begun to insulate \u2014 and insulate exceptionally well \u2014 and we \u2019 re getting the assemblies \u201c tighter \u201d to air change and convection. that results in two things \u2014 less energy exchange therefore less drying potential \u2014 and things on the exterior side of the enclosure are colder in the winter. things being colder on the outside lead to something most folks don \u2019 t consider. many building materials are hygroscopic ( figure 1 ). this means they absorb moisture based on relative humidity. even more strangely, they don \u2019 t care about vapor pressure except if it affects relative humidity. this is a big deal. in fact it is a huge deal. figure 1 : sorption curve for common building materials \u2014 note that moisture content goes up as relative humidity goes up. there is no temperature dependence or vapor pressure dependence except where temperature affects relative humidity or where vapor pressure affects relative humidity. quick, snap quiz, psychrometric chart stuff \u2026. as the temperature drops, and vapor pressure is kept constant, what happens to the relative humidity? buzz / clang / bell. yes, folks, you are correct, the relative humidity goes up. the implications are staggering. just making things on the outside of your building cold, hygroscopic things, makes them wetter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6187362312236099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.543853"}
{"text": "humidity? buzz / clang / bell. yes, folks, you are correct, the relative humidity goes up. the implications are staggering. just making things on the outside of your building cold, hygroscopic things, makes them wetter. period, end of story. but, but, the moisture content of the outside air in the wintertime is low. yes, grasshopper, it is, but its \u2019 relative humidity is high. the amount of moisture in the absolute sense is low, but in the relative sense it is high. and hygroscopic materials don \u2019 t care about the absolute sense ; they only care about the relative sense. why? second law stuff \u2014 isn \u2019 t it always? check out photograph 1. nice, normal, everyday type of house in cleveland, oh. twenty years old, no insulation in the wall cavities, built in 1965 ( yes, the photograph was taken in 1985 \u2014 we did have camera \u2019 s back then... ). the house was perfectly happy at this point for twenty years. then the homeowner decides to do something crazy, he decides to insulate the exterior walls to save energy and has the cavities blown with dry cellulose. what a dumb idea in 1985 eh? but, never the less, it was a beautiful job, no voids, yes it can be done, and yes it was done. no voids, no convection ( photograph 2 \u2014 notice how young this engineer once was ). next thing you know, the paint falls off, and the siding gets smelly, moldy and begins to decay ( photograph 3 ). huh? the insulation did this? yup. the drying potential is reduced due to the addition of the insulation so that the moisture entering the cladding assembly from the exterior due to rain and capillarity does not evaporate and this is further exacerbated by the colder siding having a higher local relative humidity and thus a higher equilibrium moisture content due to the sorption properties of wood. bummer. how to fix this? easy, wedges were used to create a gap at the overlaps of the siding reducing capillary uptake at the laps and increasing evaporation despite the cladding being colder ( photograph 4 ). this early lesson in sorption and drying potentials taught this engineer to drain and back - ventilate claddings \u2013 especially those on highly insulated assemblies ( photograph 5 ). photograph 1 : the \u201c typical house \u201d \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5568972896769886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.545928"}
{"text": "4 ). this early lesson in sorption and drying potentials taught this engineer to drain and back - ventilate claddings \u2013 especially those on highly insulated assemblies ( photograph 5 ). photograph 1 : the \u201c typical house \u201d \u2014 built in 1965 in cleveland, oh with no cavity insulation in the exterior wood frame walls. no problems for twenty years. insulation added to exterior walls in 1985 and within one year the paint begins to fail. photograph 2 : retrofit cellulose cavity insulation \u2014 dry blown cellulose packed into exterior wood frame walls. injected from the exterior at top of cavity. this author, very young at the time, amazed at how well the insulation worked. cavities were dry when opened. photograph 3 : wet cladding \u2014 problems with mold and decay were worse on north and east elevations. problems with peeling paint were worse on west and south elevations. solar radiation cycled the cladding moisture content more on the west and south elevations stressing the paint. uv cross - linked the paint making it less flexible. less flexibility, more movement on the south and the west led to the peeling paint. less energy on the north and the east led to the mold and the decay. photograph 4 : wedgie \u2014 so simple and so obvious. after the problem is understood. wedges created gaps that reduced capillary uptake of surface water, promoted drainage and back ventilation. photograph 5 : drainage and ventilation matt behind cladding \u2014 this is easy for new construction and re - cladding. existing buildings are going to be a problem. don \u2019 t say you weren \u2019 t warned. let \u2019 s extend this discussion to cavity insulation in general. the same thing happens to the cavity side of sheathing when we insulate cavities. it gets worse when the cavities also have no air flow or convection. 3 sheathings get colder. if the sheathing is hygroscopic, its equilibrium moisture content also goes up. why take the risk? insulate on the exterior of the sheathing. this makes the problem go away. the risk is so high in cold climates that folks are no longer insulating the cavities in steel stud walls in places like ottawa and montreal \u2014 all of the insulation goes on the outside. this is why insulating sheathing is pretty much the name of the game for highly insulated wall assemblies \u2014 or at a minimum claddings should be back ventilated and back - drained \u2014 or better, do both. this is easy for new construction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4716074512991393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.547030"}
{"text": "why insulating sheathing is pretty much the name of the game for highly insulated wall assemblies \u2014 or at a minimum claddings should be back ventilated and back - drained \u2014 or better, do both. this is easy for new construction. the problem is what to do with the existing building stock? what are we going to do if oil ever goes above $ 100 / barrel? dumb comment. yes, but now we have a real problem. folks cannot just go and blow / spray / fill cavities with a bunch of insulation without appreciating the consequences. this is not just a cold climate problem. it is a problem everywhere. in fact it gets worse when we go far south. read on mcduff \u2026 reduced heat gain i am going to let you in on a little secret that us mechanical engineers don \u2019 t often share with the rest of the world \u2014 air conditioning systems only dehumidify when they run. yup, when they don \u2019 t run, they don \u2019 t dehumidify. if there is no load, there is no dehumidification. 4 well, just make them run longer. how? they still make the air cold no matter how you run them. that is good if you need cold air. but what if you don \u2019 t need cold air? what if you only need dry air? well, you still have to make the air cold to get it to drop its water, and when you are done you still have cold air. so now what? well, you have to heat it back up if you want to use it. this is sometimes called cooling with re - heat. there are other tricks we can do \u2014 read on \u2014 but at the end of the day we have to add energy back to the air that we cooled. there is no other practical way to do it. it gets worse when we over - ventilate with humid air \u2014 especially when it is cloudy and not so hot. now all you are doing is bringing in moisture. but you are doing it when there is not much of a load \u2014 not much of a \u201c sensible load \u201d ( heat gain across the enclosure and heat gain from lights and appliances and people \u2014 the load you can \u201c sense \u201d ) to run the air conditioning system. this moisture that you are bringing in with the ventilation air is also a \u201c load \u201d \u2014 but it is a different kind of load that we have pretty much been ignoring up till now and getting away with it. the operative phrase to note is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.510313557991477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.548192"}
{"text": "system. this moisture that you are bringing in with the ventilation air is also a \u201c load \u201d \u2014 but it is a different kind of load that we have pretty much been ignoring up till now and getting away with it. the operative phrase to note is : \u201c getting away with it. \u201d mechanical engineers like me call this the \u201c hidden load \u201d or the \u201c latent load \u201d ( as in \u201c latent defect \u201d or \u201c hidden defect \u201d ) and our heads explode when we try to explain this problem to the indoor air crazies who think that only dilution is the solution to indoor pollution. i mean how can too much outside air be bad? 5 arrargah \u2026 to take the water out of the air you need to use energy. to make the air comfortable / useful the air can \u2019 t be too cold after you have taken the water out of it. typically heat ( energy ) has to be added back to the air. traditionally this heat ( energy ) was available through lousy glazing systems, too much glass, black roofs with no insulation, poorly insulated walls, energy inefficient lights, and crappy appliances. well, this traditional \u201c re - heat \u201d due to inefficiency and poor practice is disappearing. now we are stuck. if we don \u2019 t warm up the air after we dry it we are going to get into trouble. we haven \u2019 t been, and we are getting into trouble. the buildings are now getting too cold or too humid or worse, both. ah, this is easy you say. just make the air conditioning systems smaller \u2014 \u201c right size \u201d them. don \u2019 t make me scream. i am getting tired of being told by energy weenies that my equipment is too big. 6 i still have to satisfy the \u201c full load \u201d requirement. if you make the equipment too small it doesn \u2019 t satisfy the cooling requirements under full load. let the people be uncomfortable you say. people should suffer you say ; we have had it too good you say. yeah, sure, another greenie weenie value judgment that also makes me scream. i don \u2019 t think we should suffer. i like it being good. i don \u2019 t have a problem with using energy. i have a problem with wasting energy. until now we have gotten pretty good at dealing with this part - load problem with face - bypass, run - around coils, hot gas bypass and heat pipes but we have reached our limits. building enclosures have gotten so good, gla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5592596133284888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.549252"}
{"text": ". until now we have gotten pretty good at dealing with this part - load problem with face - bypass, run - around coils, hot gas bypass and heat pipes but we have reached our limits. building enclosures have gotten so good, glazing systems so good, interior load management so good, that we can \u2019 t use the same equipment to handle the \u201c sensible load \u201d and the \u201c latent load. \u201d did i mention just how good the glazing systems have become? did i mention the low shgc thing? we used to just install air conditioners and only cared about making it cold inside. we used one piece of equipment to handle the sensible and latent load. the reason this worked is that the latent load was small compared to the sensible load. not any more. the sensible load has gotten smaller big time. and, much to my chagrin, the latent load has gone up due to over ventilation. the old systems can \u2019 t handle the new sensible to latent ratios. we have to separate the two loads. we need separate systems for the sensible load and the latent load. this is a big deal and it results from the low heat gain in the modern enclosure. in other words energy conservation and good construction practice is biting us on the butt. we sometimes refer to this second separate latent load control system as supplemental dehumidification \u2014 and we need it when we have a low heat gain enclosure and efficient lighting and appliances. others call it \u201c preconditioning \u201d of outside air since the largest component of the latent load is the ventilation air or the outside air. whatever you call it, we need this second system. we don \u2019 t often get it and it hurts us. but, but these systems use energy. yes, as the saying goes \u2014 there is no thermodynamic free lunch. you need to use energy to make air cold and you need to use energy to make air dry. we have been very good at making air cold. we now have to get good at making air dry. think of it this way. for every 100 units of energy you save on the efficiency and on the cooling side, you are going to have to give back about 20 units of energy to be dry. you are still 80 units ahead. problem is, if you are greedy and want the entire 100 units your building fails and your occupants get very uncomfortable and probably very annoyed. it is pretty amazing to me but the hotel industry figured this out first. they pretty much had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5717388722346024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.550331"}
{"text": "80 units ahead. problem is, if you are greedy and want the entire 100 units your building fails and your occupants get very uncomfortable and probably very annoyed. it is pretty amazing to me but the hotel industry figured this out first. they pretty much had the problem first, so it stands to reason that they would also figure it out first. think about the typical hotel room. the drapes are pretty much closed all the time, the room is empty during the day, and you know the unit has been sized for the full load, with the drapes open, and the room full, and everything on and you know that someone in some bureaucracy somewhere wants way too much outside air. most of the time your latent load dwarfs your sensible load. so what do you do? you reduce the amount of outside air by installing timers on the exhaust fans and you pretty much ignore the faceless bureaucrat. then you only run the through - wall unit to control the temperature ( i. e. make it the \u201c sensible \u201d system ) and install a dehumidifier in each unit control the humidity ( the \u201c latent \u201d system ) ( photograph 6 ). a pretty primitive but effective \u201c fix. \u201d in new design we just \u201c hide \u201d the dehumidifier better \u2014 or better still make it part of the ventilation system. photograph 6 : hotel room fix \u2014 the through - wall unit controls the temperature ( the \u201c sensible \u201d system ). the dehumidifier controls the humidity ( the \u201c latent \u201d system ). guess where this technology is now making an impact \u2014 condos and apartments. small houses are next. we are already separating the latent from the sensible on most commercial design \u2014 after all it is the sensible thing to do. north versus south so how come it is worse in the south than the north? besides the south loosing the civil war? in the north, it still gets cold and the outside cold air is pretty dry \u2014 and walls tend to dry to the outside in the north - so the size of the moisture drying \u201c sink \u201d so to speak \u2014 has not changed. but in the south, walls also dry to the inside \u2014 and if the inside is humid because of the part load problem \u2014 the walls stay wetter because the moisture drying \u201c sink \u201d is smaller. additionally, in the south the moisture drive from the exterior into the wall is greater while at the same time the moisture drive from the wall into the interior is smaller as compared to the corresponding drives in opposite directions in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5240394787626077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.551410"}
{"text": "drying \u201c sink \u201d is smaller. additionally, in the south the moisture drive from the exterior into the wall is greater while at the same time the moisture drive from the wall into the interior is smaller as compared to the corresponding drives in opposite directions in the north. let me translate. it is easier to get wet from the outside in the south than it is from the inside in them north. it is also easier to dry to the outside in the north than it is to dry to the inside in the south. with less energy available, it gets worse in the south faster than in the north. good air conditioning design leads to dry interiors and dry interiors allow walls to dry to the inside. part load humidity problems lead to wetter walls. higher levels of thermal insulation and lower heat gain lead to part load humidity problems. not good. ok, everybody relax. we want and we need much higher levels of thermal control ( air tight, insulated assemblies ) everywhere. we just have to be smart about it. we want and we need ultra efficient glazing, lights, appliances, and reflective surfaces everywhere. we just have to be smart about it. and we want and we need the right amount of outside air whenever we need it. we just have to be smart about it. this is neither expensive nor difficult, just different. we have to modify our building enclosure and mechanical system paradigms. get used to it or be steamrolled by the change. insulate on the outside. back ventilate and drain your cladding. separate your sensible load from you latent load. don \u2019 t over ventilate. existing buildings are going to be a bear. and have a nice day. yes, i know, pretty arrogant for a relative youngster to say. i am in my 50 \u2019 s, but when you get to this age you spend as much time looking back as you do looking forward. my mentors tell me that it helps with perspective. it has been said that in order to understand the future you have to understand the past. i am not so ambitious. i am only thinking of today. i think in order to understand the present you have to understand the past \u2026 someone once said that 80 percent of all building related durability problems are due to three principal damage functions ( water, heat and uv radiation ) with 80 percent of the 80 percent being water. i don \u2019 t know who said this. can someone help me out? i might have just made it up, but i have been saying it so long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4751232565907936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.552391"}
{"text": "functions ( water, heat and uv radiation ) with 80 percent of the 80 percent being water. i don \u2019 t know who said this. can someone help me out? i might have just made it up, but i have been saying it so long i no longer remember if i did or not. aren \u2019 t footnotes great \u2026 air flow \u2014 air change and convection \u2014 increases energy exchange therefore increases drying potential. my canadian friends heads are now going to explode because they have been taught that air leakage leads to \u201c wetting \u201d from interior sources. yes, in extreme climates with high interior moisture loads. think humidified buildings in canada. not everywhere else. come visit the united states, the dollar exchange now works for you and air leakage improves drying potentials. sensible load. i know you knew that i knew this, but some of the email i have been getting from you folks has been quite picky, which is good, but i want to head off the obvious emails, so continue to be picky, but not on this \u2026 some folks don \u2019 t seem to care about the energy thing either. i mean health is paramount and we should always err on the side of caution. how can we argue against health? easy, when the \u201c healthy \u201d measures are \u201c unhealthy. \u201d over - ventilation can be unhealthy \u2014 and energy wasteful. read on. this is leading to interesting discussions in the standard 62 committees. apparently the standard 62 committees are not about energy. apparently energy security is not a 62 problem nor is climate change nor are operating costs. apparently, it is some other committee \u2019 s problem. how about the energy committee ( standard 90. 1 )? except that the energy committee does not want to touch ventilation. cowards. my insider \u2019 s perspective ( on 62. 2 at least ) is that there is a lot of mileage to be made by scaring people about under ventilation, and folks are rising to the occasion. unfortunately, over ventilation in hot humid climates and in mixed humid climates has led to more indoor air problems due to mold resulting from part load issues than under ventilation anywhere else \u2014 in my not so humble opinion. and speaking of health and under ventilation where are all the dead bodies? where is the causal link between health and specific levels of specific indoor contaminants? in my not so humble opinion all of the rates have been just wild assed guesses without a sound epidemiological basis. but the resulting mold from over ventilation is real and demons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5670781080892303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b82307d-66d9-4c83-aa8d-50b37690a3e2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.553327"}
{"text": "the immune system because the human body provides an ideal environment for many microbes, they try to pass your skin barrier and enter. your immune system is a bodywide network of cells, tissues, and organs that has evolved to defend you against such \" foreign \" invasions. the proper targets of your immune system are infectious organisms - - bacteria such as these streptococci ; fungi ( this one happens to be candida, the cause of yeast infections ) ; parasites, including these worm - like microbes that cause malaria ; and viruses such as this sars virus. markers of self at the heart of the immune response is the ability to distinguish between \" self \" and \" non - self. \" every cell in your body carries the same set of distinctive surface proteins that distinguish you as \" self. \" normally your immune cells do not attack your own body tissues, which all carry the same pattern of self - markers ; rather, your immune system coexists peaceably with your other body cells in a state known as self - tolerance. this set of unique markers on human cells is called the major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ). there are two classes : mhc class i proteins, which are on all cells, and mhc class ii proteins, which are only on certain specialized cells. markers of non - self any non - self substance capable of triggering an immune response is known as an antigen. an antigen can be a whole non - self cell, a bacterium, a virus, an mhc marker protein or even a portion of a protein from a foreign organism. the distinctive markers on antigens that trigger an immune response are called epitopes. when tissues or cells from another individual enter your body carrying such antigenic non - self epitopes, your immune cells react. this explains why transplanted tissues may be rejected as foreign and why antibodies will bind to them. markers of self : major histocompatibility complex your immune cells recognize major histocompatibility complex proteins ( mhc ) when they distinguish between self and non - self. an mhc protein serves as a recognizable scaffold that presents pieces ( peptides ) of a foreign protein ( antigenic ) to immune cells. an empty \" foreign \" mhc scaffold itself can act as an antigen when donor organs or cells are introduced into a patient ' s body. these mhc self - marker scaffolds are also known as a patient ' s \" tissue type \" or as human leukocyte antigens ( h", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5214522275324798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.577508"}
{"text": "as an antigen when donor organs or cells are introduced into a patient ' s body. these mhc self - marker scaffolds are also known as a patient ' s \" tissue type \" or as human leukocyte antigens ( hla ) when a patient ' s white blood cells are being characterized. for example, when the immune system of a patient receiving a kidney transplant detects a non - self \" tissue type, \" the patient ' s body may rally its own immune cells to attack. every cell in your body is covered with these mhc self - marker proteins, and - - except for identical twins - - individuals carry different sets. mhc marker proteins are as distinct as blood types and come in two categories - - mhc class i : humans bear 6 markers out of 200 possible variations ; and mhc class ii : humans display 8 out of about 230 possibilities. organs of the immune system the organs of your immune system are positioned throughout your body. they are called lymphoid organs because they are home to lymphocytes - - the white blood cells that are key operatives of the immune system. within these organs, the lymphocytes grow, develop, and are deployed. bone marrow, the soft tissue in the hollow center of bones, is the ultimate source of all blood cells, including the immune cells. the thymus is an organ that lies behind the breastbone ; lymphocytes known as t lymphocytes, or just t cells, mature there. the spleen is a flattened organ at the upper left of the abdomen. like the lymph nodes, the spleen contains specialized compartments where immune cells gather and confront antigens. in addition to these organs, clumps of lymphoid tissue are found in many parts of the body, especially in the linings of the digestive tract and the airways and lungs - - gateways to the body. these tissues include the tonsils, adenoids, and appendix. the organs of your immune system are connected with one another and with other organs of the body by a network of lymphatic vessels. lymphocytes can travel throughout the body using the blood vessels. the cells can also travel through a system of lymphatic vessels that closely parallels the body ' s veins and arteries. cells and fluids are exchanged between blood and lymphatic vessels, enabling the lymphatic system to monitor the body for invading microbes. the lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4888897011069745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.578478"}
{"text": "the body ' s veins and arteries. cells and fluids are exchanged between blood and lymphatic vessels, enabling the lymphatic system to monitor the body for invading microbes. the lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a clear fluid that bathes the body ' s tissues. small, bean - shaped lymph nodes sit along the lymphatic vessels, with clusters in the neck, armpits, abdomen, and groin. each lymph node contains specialized compartments where immune cells congregate and encounter antigens. immune cells and foreign particles enter the lymph nodes via incoming lymphatic vessels or the lymph nodes ' tiny blood vessels. all lymphocytes exit lymph nodes through outgoing lymphatic vessels. once in the bloodstream, they are transported to tissues throughout the body. they patrol everywhere for foreign antigens, then gradually drift back into the lymphatic system to begin the cycle all over again. cells of the immune system cells destined to become immune cells, like all blood cells, arise in your body ' s bone marrow from stem cells. some develop into myeloid progenitor cells while others become lymphoid progenitor cells. the myeloid progenitors develop into the cells that respond early and nonspecifically to infection. neutrophils engulf bacteria upon contact and send out warning signals. monocytes turn into macrophages in body tissues and gobble up foreign invaders. granule - containing cells such as eosinophils attack parasites, while basophils release granules containing histamine and other allergy - related molecules. lymphoid precursors develop into the small white blood cells called lymphocytes. lymphocytes respond later in infection. they mount a more specifically tailored attack after antigen - presenting cells such as dendritic cells ( or macrophages ) display their catch in the form of antigen fragments. the b cell turns into a plasma cell that produces and releases into the bloodstream thousands of specific antibodies. the t cells coordinate the entire immune response and eliminate the viruses hiding in infected cells. b cells work chiefly by secreting soluble substances known as antibodies. they mill around a lymph node, waiting for a macrophage to bring an antigen or for an invader such as a bacteria to arrive. when an antigen - specific antibody on a b cell matches up with an antigen, a remarkable transformation occurs. the antigen binds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49916325746744783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.579521"}
{"text": "effective in killing bacteria. scientists long wondered how all the genetic information needed to make millions of different antibodies could fit in a limited number of genes. the answer is that antibody genes are spliced together from widely scattered bits of dna located in two different chromosomes. each antibody molecule is made up of two separate chains, a heavy chain and a light chain. the heavy chain is where the binding of antigens occurs, so much genetic variation is involved in its assembly. for example, to form a heavy chain, 1 of 400 possible variable gene segments ( v ) combines with 1 out of 15 diversity segments ( d ) and 1 out of 4 joining ( j ) segments. this makes 24, 000 possible combinations for the dna encoding the heavy chain alone. as this part of the gene assembles, it joins the variable coding segments with those for the constant - c segments of the heavy - chain molecule. t cells contribute to your immune defenses in two major ways. some help regulate the complex workings of the overall immune response, while others are cytotoxic and directly contact infected cells and destroy them. chief among the regulatory t cells are helper t cells. they are needed to activate many immune cells, including b cells and other t cells. cytotoxic t cells ( sometimes called killer t cells ) help rid your body of cells that have been infected by viruses as well as cells that have been transformed by cancer but have not yet adapted to evade the immune detection system. they are also responsible for the rejection of tissue and organ grafts. cytokines are diverse and potent chemical messengers secreted by the cells of your immune system. they are the chief communication signals of your t cells. cytokines include interleukins, growth factors, and interferons. lymphocytes, including both t cells and b cells, secrete cytokines called lymphokines, while the cytokines of monocytes and macrophages are dubbed monokines. many of these cytokines are also known as interleukins because they serve as a messenger between white cells, or leukocytes. interferons are naturally occurring cytokines that may boost the immune system ' s ability to recognize cancer as a foreign invader. binding to specific receptors on target cells, cytokines recruit many other cells and substances to the field of action. cytokines encourage cell growth, promote cell activation, direct cellular traffic, and destroy target cells - - including cancer cells. when cytokines attract specific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5538867527916111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.581410"}
{"text": "on target cells, cytokines recruit many other cells and substances to the field of action. cytokines encourage cell growth, promote cell activation, direct cellular traffic, and destroy target cells - - including cancer cells. when cytokines attract specific cell types to an area, they are called chemokines. these are released at the site of injury or infection and call other immune cells to the region to help repair damage and defend against infection. killer cells : cytotoxic ts and nks at least two types of lymphocytes are killer cells - - cytotoxic t cells and natural killer cells. both types contain granules filled with potent chemicals. both types kill on contact. they bind their targets, aim their weapons, and deliver bursts of lethal chemicals. to attack, cytotoxic t cells need to recognize a specific antigen bound to self - mhc markers, whereas natural killer ( nk ) cells will recognize and attack cells lacking these. this gives nk cells the potential to attack many types of foreign cells. phagocytes and their relatives some immune cells have more than one name. for example, the name \" phagocytes \" is given to the large immune cells that can engulf and digest foreign invaders, and the name \" granulocytes \" refers to immune cells that carry granules laden with killer chemicals. phagocytes include monocytes, which circulate in the blood ; macrophages, which are found in tissues throughout the body ; dendritic cells, which are more stationary, monitoring their environment from one spot such as the skin ; and neutrophils, cells that circulate in the blood but move into tissues when they are needed. macrophages are versatile cells ; besides acting as phagocytic scavengers, they secrete a wide variety of signaling cytokines ( called monokines ) that are vital to the immune response. neutrophils are both phagocytes and granulocytes : they contain granules filled with potent chemicals. these chemicals, in addition to destroying microorganisms, play a key role in acute inflammatory reactions. other types of granulocytes are eosinophils and basophils, which degranulate by spraying their chemicals onto harmful cells or microbes. the mast cell is a twin of the basophil, except it is not a blood cell. rather, it is responsible for allergy symptoms in the lungs, skin, and linings of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5160997764474806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.582242"}
{"text": "spraying their chemicals onto harmful cells or microbes. the mast cell is a twin of the basophil, except it is not a blood cell. rather, it is responsible for allergy symptoms in the lungs, skin, and linings of the nose and intestinal tract. a related structure, the blood platelet, is a cell fragment. platelets, too, contain granules. they promote blood clotting and wound repair, and activate some immune defenses. phagocytes in the body if foreign invaders succeed in getting past your skin barriers and manage to reach body tissues, they are usually recognized, ingested, and killed by phagocytes strategically positioned throughout the body. macrophages and neutrophils are the main phagocytes involved, with macrophages as the first line of defense. monocytes stop circulating in the blood and mature into specialized macrophages that migrate into the tissues of the body and prepare for invasion. large numbers of mature macrophages reside in connective tissue, along the digestive tract, in the lungs, in the spleen, and even along certain blood vessels in the liver, where they are known as kupffer cells. neutrophils are short - lived immune cells that remain circulating in the blood. when tissue - based macrophages encounter an invader, neutrophils soon reinforce their immune response by coming to the site of infection in large numbers. the complement system consists of a series of about 25 proteins that work to \" complement \" the work of antibodies in destroying bacteria. complement also helps rid the body of antigen - antibody complexes. complement proteins are the culprits that cause blood vessels to become dilated and leaky, causing redness and swelling during an inflammatory response. complement proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive form. the so - called \" complement cascade \" is set off when the first complement molecule, c1, encounters antibody bound to antigen in an antigen - antibody complex. each of the complement proteins performs its specialized job, acting, in turn, on the molecule next in line. the end product is a cylinder that punctures the cell membrane and, by allowing fluids and molecules to flow in and out, dooms the target cell. mounting an immune response microbes attempting to get into your body must first get past your skin and mucous membranes, which not only pose a physical barrier but are rich in scavenger cells and iga antibodies. next, they must elude a series of nonspec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5213220045466989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.583225"}
{"text": "presenting cells enable specific receptors on helper t cells to bind the antigen and confirm ( via cd4 protein ) that an invasion has occurred. after binding, a resting helper t cell quickly becomes an activated helper t. it assumes command of the immune response, giving orders to increase the number of specific antibody - producing plasma cells and the cytotoxic killer cells needed to quell the attack. activation of t cells : cytotoxic killer t cells only recognize antigen in the grasp of class i mhc markers. here a resting cytotoxic t cell recognizes virus fragments, which are displayed by a macrophage in combination with a class i mhc marker. a receptor on a circulating, resting cytotoxic t cell ( and cd8 protein ) recognizes the antigen - protein complex and binds to it. the binding process and an activated helper t cell activate the cytotoxic t cell. because the surfaces of other infected cells bear the same virus fragments in combination with class i mhc markers, the activated cytotoxic t cells can quickly recognize, attack, and destroy the diseased cell. regulatory t cells your immune system also has a braking mechanism, a checkpoint to prevent immune responses to self. without this checkpoint, autoimmune disease could flourish. an additional type of immune cells - - regulatory t cells - - are these critical braking agents. researchers don ' t yet know exactly how regulatory t cells operate. some think these t cells recognize and compete for the same antigens as those that activate helper and cytotoxic t cells, but that regulatory t cells zero in on a different epitope. another possibility is that cytotoxic or helper t cells only multiply when regulatory t cells are absent. regulatory t cells have become important to researchers who are trying to increase the efficacy of vaccines for cancer and aids. in addition to increasing the antigenicity of the immunizing element, a better understanding of regulatory t cells will permit scientists to reduce the immune system ' s brake activity, which often limits the effectiveness of vaccines. immunity : active and passive whenever t cells and b cells are activated, some become \" memory \" cells. the next time that an individual encounters that same antigen, the immune system is primed to destroy it quickly. this is active immunity because the body ' s immune system prepares itself for future challenges. long - term active immunity can be naturally acquired by infection or artificially acquired by vaccines made from infectious agents that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4804772016015917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.585246"}
{"text": "the immune system is primed to destroy it quickly. this is active immunity because the body ' s immune system prepares itself for future challenges. long - term active immunity can be naturally acquired by infection or artificially acquired by vaccines made from infectious agents that have been inactivated or, more commonly, from minute portions of the microbe. short - term passive immunity can be transferred artificially from one individual to another via antibody - rich serum ; similarly, a mother enables an infant to naturally acquire protection while growing within her by donating her antibodies and certain immune cells. this is passive immunity because the infant who is protected does not produce antibodies, but borrows them. disorders of the immune system : allergy when your immune system malfunctions, it can unleash a torrent of disorders and diseases. one of the most familiar is allergy. allergies such as hay fever and hives are related to the antibody known as ige. the first time an allergy - prone person is exposed to an allergen - - for instance, grass pollen - - the individual ' s b cells make large amounts of grass pollen ige antibody. these ige molecules attach to granule - containing cells known as mast cells, which are plentiful in the lungs, skin, tongue, and linings of the nose and gastrointestinal tract. the next time that person encounters grass pollen, the ige - primed mast cell releases powerful chemicals that cause the wheezing, sneezing, and other symptoms of allergy. disorders of the immune system : autoimmune disease sometimes the immune system ' s recognition apparatus breaks down, and the body begins to manufacture antibodies and t cells directed against the body ' s own cells and organs. such cells and autoantibodies, as they are known, contribute to many diseases. for instance, t cells that attack pancreas cells contribute to diabetes, while an autoantibody known as rheumatoid factor is common in persons with rheumatoid arthritis. disorders of the immune system : immune complex disease immune complexes are clusters of interlocking antigens and antibodies. normally they are rapidly removed from the bloodstream. in some circumstances, however, they continue to circulate, and eventually they become trapped in, and damage, the tissues of the kidneys, as seen here, or the lungs, skin, joints, or blood vessels. disorders of the immune system : aids when the immune system is lacking one or more of its components", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48361067944291297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.587834"}
{"text": "they become trapped in, and damage, the tissues of the kidneys, as seen here, or the lungs, skin, joints, or blood vessels. disorders of the immune system : aids when the immune system is lacking one or more of its components, the result is an immunodeficiency disorder. these disorders can be inherited, acquired through infection, or produced as an inadvertent side effect of drugs such as those used to treat cancer or transplant patients. aids is an immunodeficiency disorder caused by a virus that destroys helper t cells. the virus copies itself incessantly and invades helper t cells and macrophages, the very cells needed to organize an immune defense. the aids virus splices its dna into the dna of the cell it infects ; the cell is thereafter directed to churn out new viruses. human tissue typing for transplants although mhc proteins are required for t cell responses against foreign invaders, they can pose difficulty during transplantation. every cell in the body is covered with mhc self - markers, and each person bears a slightly unique set. if a t lymphocyte recognizes a non - self mhc scaffold, it will rally immune cells to destroy the cell that bears it. for successful organ or blood stem cell transplantations, doctors must pair organ recipients with donors whose mhc sets match as closely as possible. otherwise, the recipient ' s t cells will likely attack the transplant, leading to graft rejection. to find good matches, tissue typing is usually done on white blood cells, or leukocytes. in this case, the mhc - self - markers are called human leukocyte antigens, or hla. each cell has a double set of six major hla markers, hla - a, b, and c, and three types of hla - d. since each of these antigens exists, in different individuals, in as many as 20 varieties, the number of possible hla types is about 10, 000. the genes that encode the hla antigens are located on chromosome 6. a child in the womb carries foreign antigens from the father as well as immunologically compatible self - antigens from the mother. one might expect this condition to trigger a graft rejection, but it does not because the uterus is an \" immunologically privileged \" site where immune responses are somehow subdued. immunity and cancer when normal cells turn into cancer cells, some of the antigens on their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5029674525169947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.588809"}
{"text": "to trigger a graft rejection, but it does not because the uterus is an \" immunologically privileged \" site where immune responses are somehow subdued. immunity and cancer when normal cells turn into cancer cells, some of the antigens on their surface change. these cells, like many body cells, constantly shed bits of protein from their surface into the circulatory system. often, tumor antigens are among the shed proteins. these shed antigens prompt action from immune defenders, including cytotoxic t cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages. according to one theory, patrolling cells of the immune system provide continuous bodywide surveillance, catching and eliminating cells that undergo malignant transformation. tumors develop when this immune surveillance breaks down or is overwhelmed. a new approach to cancer therapy uses antibodies that have been specially made to recognize specific cancers. when coupled with natural toxins, drugs, or radioactive substances, the antibodies seek out their target cancer cells and deliver their lethal load. alternatively, toxins can be linked to a lymphokine and routed to cells equipped with receptors for the lymphokine. dendritic cells that attack cancer another approach to cancer therapy takes advantage of the normal role of the dendritic cell as an immune educator. dendritic cells grab antigens from viruses, bacteria, or other organisms and wave them at t cells to recruit their help in an initial t cell immune response. this works well against foreign cells that enter the body, but cancer cells often evade the self / non - self detection system. by modifying dendritic cells, researchers are able to trigger a special kind of autoimmune response that includes a t cell attack of the cancer cells. because a cancer antigen alone is not enough to rally the immune troops, scientists first fuse a cytokine to a tumor antigen with the hope that this will send a strong antigenic signal. next, they grow a patient ' s dendritic cells in the incubator and let them take up this fused cytokine - tumor antigen. this enables the dendritic cells to mature and eventually display the same tumor antigens as appear on the patient ' s cancer cells. when these special mature dendritic cells are given back to the patient, they wave their newly acquired tumor antigens at the patient ' s immune system, and those t cells that can respond mount an attack on the patient ' s cancer cells. the immune system and the nervous system biological links between the immune system and the central nervous system exist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5092870444050833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.589776"}
{"text": "newly acquired tumor antigens at the patient ' s immune system, and those t cells that can respond mount an attack on the patient ' s cancer cells. the immune system and the nervous system biological links between the immune system and the central nervous system exist at several levels. hormones and other chemicals such as neuropeptides, which convey messages among nerve cells, have been found also to \" speak \" to cells of the immune system - - and some immune cells even manufacture typical neuropeptides. in addition, networks of nerve fibers have been found to connect directly to the lymphoid organs. the picture that is emerging is of closely interlocked systems facilitating a two - way flow of information. immune cells, it has been suggested, may function in a sensory capacity, detecting the arrival of foreign invaders and relaying chemical signals to alert the brain. the brain, for its part, may send signals that guide the traffic of cells through the lymphoid organs. a hybridoma is a hybrid cell produced by injecting a specific antigen into a mouse, collecting an antibody - producing cell from the mouse ' s spleen, and fusing it with a long - lived cancerous immune cell called a myeloma cell. individual hybridoma cells are cloned and tested to find those that produce the desired antibody. their many identical daughter clones will secrete, over a long period of time, millions of identical copies of made - to - order \" monoclonal \" antibodies. thanks to hybridoma technology, scientists are now able to make large quantities of specific antibodies. genetic engineering allows scientists to pluck genes - - segments of dna - - from one type of organism and to combine them with genes of a second organism. in this way, relatively simple organisms such as bacteria or yeast can be induced to make quantities of human proteins, including interferons and interleukins. they can also manufacture proteins from infectious agents, such as the hepatitis virus or the aids virus, for use in vaccines. the scid - hu mouse the scid mouse, which lacks a functioning immune system of its own, is helpless to fight infection or reject transplanted tissue. by transplanting immature human immune tissues and / or immune cells into these mice, scientists have created an in vivo model that promises to be of immense value in advancing our understanding of the immune system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5667327173210686, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.590706"}
{"text": "online courseschallenging behaviour > continence promotion > coshh > classroom coursesmodule 1 - classroom courses > module 2 - classroom courses > module 3 - classroom courses > medication, infection and role of care worker - nocn level 2 ( module 2 ) - ( \u00a3120 per person ) medication, infection and role of care worker - nocn level 2 ( module 2 ) national qualification in supporting people with a learning disability. this is an induction course for those wishing to get a national qualification in supporting people with a learning disability. it is suitable for those working with vulnerable adults and children. - role of a care worker module ' s record of competence \u2022 legislations governing the prescribing, dispensing, administering, storage and disposal of medication. \u2022 medication policy \u2022 classifications of medication \u2022 types of medication \u2022 different routes / methods of administering medication. \u2022 safe practice of medication. \u2022 checking, recording & keeping receipts of medication. \u2022 medication administration record sheet \u2022 noting and reporting changes to individuals. \u2022 adverse reactions to medication. \u2022 checking of contra / indications whilst giving individual homely remedies. \u2022 importance of medication audits \u2022 safe disposal of medication. \u2022 supporting individuals who are self administering medication. role of a care worker. \u2022 roles & responsibilities - care activities \u2022 relevant policies and procedures \u2022 code of practice \u2022 working in partnership with others. \u2022 worker relationship / maintaining professional boundaries. \u2022 recording individual care plans. food safety and infection control. \u2022 legislations governing infection control \u2022 effective hand washing & hygiene \u2022 use of protective clothing. \u2022 cleaning of spillages. \u2022 safe handling of specimens \u2022 safe disposal of clinical waste. \u2022 safe storage of food. \u2022 washing of infected laundry, equipments & instruments. \u2022 notifiable diseases - e. g. mrsa, tuberculosis, scabies, head lice etc. written description and case study please choose a centre / date : | sorry, no dates available at the moment. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48360604991880396, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53892794-c158-4df6-8ced-28068ef7c2bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.592688"}
{"text": "locust care sheet locust are probably the largest type of insect that you will use as livefood. adults measure up to 8cm and are a yellow colour with darker brown / purple patches. they are popular for their large gut content which means they are highly nutritious feeders but are somewhat expensive compared to other foptions. the locust is a fascinating insect. they are quite pleasant to have around and will not try to bite like a cricket would. locust are often portrayed as a swarm insect that destroys crops and eats everything in their path. in fact, they are lower down the pecking order than crickets so the two should never be mixed, unless the aim is to feed the crickets. however, they do eat a lot and grow fairly quickly. only adult locust have wings that are able to give them flight. all locust have wings but only at the 5th and final moult a locust develops flying wings and are capable of flight over short distances. locust have amazing claws they can hold onto and climb just about anything including glass. they tend to hang upside down while shedding so their good grip comes is readily employed. housing and heating housing locust is just like housing crickets, you will want to put them in the biggest tub you can find ( of course glass is fine ), as long as it is sufficiently deep to deter any would - be escapees. ventilation is important to locust so make sure the lid is perforated with holes, you can do this with a drill or a soldering iron. as locust prefer to perch a substrate really is not necessary, so a simple stack of egg crates does the trick and also provides hiding places. for water, provide a dish of damp kitchen roll, this prevents drowning and is easily changed when it gets dirty. when it comes to cleaning time after a week or two, there are several options. you are probably best lifting out the hides slowly and transferring them to another tub while working around the rest of the locust while cleaning the tub. shake the locust off the egg crates and throw them away, swap them with clean ones and you have a nice clean tub of locust. alternatively you can use all the locust then throw the whole lot away before purchasing a fresh batch. as for temperature, locusts like a temperature of 25 - 33a\u00b0c ( 77 - 91. 4a\u00b0f ) and a dry atmosphere which will prevent fungal infections. feeding locust feeding is very similar to crickets. they need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4147706514787829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59b9b3d9-21e1-4f3e-bdc7-6543a7bc99b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.595899"}
{"text": "batch. as for temperature, locusts like a temperature of 25 - 33a\u00b0c ( 77 - 91. 4a\u00b0f ) and a dry atmosphere which will prevent fungal infections. feeding locust feeding is very similar to crickets. they need to be provided with a good supply of dry foods, \" bug grub \" is an insect feeder that has a mixture of ingredients designed to be fed to insects so that they have a good gut content and provide ample nutrients to your pets. alternative foods can be used such as bran, weetabix, digestives and bread. fruits such as grapes, apples or vegetables such as potatoes, tomatoes and cabbage provide extra vitamins and moisture. if moist foods are available on a regular basis then a water dish is not really needed. breeding locust temperature and humidity are important in breeding. eggs are laid in a 4 inch deep dish filled with silver or sharp sand so prepare a tub as such. the sand should be kept moist but not too wet so it looks soggy. the female locust will position herself over the sand dish and push her down and deposit up to 200 eggs. hoppers will emerge after 10 - 12 days. the hoppers will go through 5 instar molting before becoming adult locust.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3904062961424177, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59b9b3d9-21e1-4f3e-bdc7-6543a7bc99b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.596331"}
{"text": "drive by a local wetland on an early spring evening, and if you ' re lucky you ' ll hear a harbinger of the changing season - the clear chirping chorus of tiny frogs known as spring peepers, classified by biologists as pseudacris crucifer. few themes in literature are more alluring than the lost world. places such as atlantis, shangri - la, conan doyle ' s \" lost world \", and now the bestselling \" the lost city of z \" conjure up images of strange landscapes, exotic civilizations and hidden treasures. ecologists study phenology, which is the orderly progression of seasonal events in nature, such as the springtime arrival of migrating birds, the first chorus of spring peepers in vernal pools, and the development of tree colors each autumn despite the fact 60 percent of us in dutchess county drink groundwater every day, and all of us eat food irrigated by ground water, very few people know where it comes from, where it goes, or that groundwater is full of life thankfully, the argument about the reality of global climate change seems finished. the majority of the public now joins the consensus of climate scientists, who have furnished compelling proof that the planet is warming and that humans are at least partly to blame. what if our children could recognize the birds, plants and insects in their backyards as well as they know the brands of shoes on their feet or the secret weapons they need to get to the next level in a video game? if you ever saw \" star wars, \" you ' ll remember the trash compactor scene : trying to escape from the imperials, luke and his friends duck into what turns out to be a trash compactor, where things go from bad to worse. new york state is taking an essential step to deal with invasive species, one of the most damaging and difficult environmental problems of our time, by proposing to limit the importation of ballast water into the state. dengue ( pronounced den - ghee ) fever is caused by a virus spread by mosquitoes. it was formerly called \" break - bone fever \" because it causes excruciating pain to the muscles and joints of its human victims. we tend to think of nature as having reliable patterns ; the leaves turn color each autumn, seasonal birds come and go. but there are also examples of sudden, unexpected changes in the environment around us. specific trails and roads on our 2, 000 acre research campus have been designated for public access, and our grounds provide visitors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4854914589107413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:572d7f03-130f-473f-a0f8-8e2b0e2ca193>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.598567"}
{"text": "in the interior of central africa the first catholic missions were established by cardinal lavigerie ' s white fathers in 1879. in uganda some progress was made under the not unfriendly local ruler, mtesa ; but his successor, mwanga, determined to root out christianity among his people, especially after a catholic subject, st. joseph mkasa, reproached him for his debauchery and for his massacre of the protestant missionary james hannington and his caravan. mwanga was addicted to unnatural vice and his anger against christianity, already kindled by ambitious officers who played on his fears, was kept alight by the refusal of christian boys in his service to minister to his wickedness. himself was the first victim : mwanga. seized on a trifling pretext and on november 15, 1885, had him beheaded. to the chieftain ' s astonishment the christians were not cowed by this sudden outrage, and in may of the following year the storm burst. when he called for a young ' page ' called mwafu, mwanga learned that he had been receiving religious instruction from another page, st. denis sebuggwawo ; denis was sent for, and the king thrust a spear through his throat. that night guards were posted round the royal residence to prevent anyone from escaping. charles lwanga, who had succeeded joseph mkasa in charge of the ' pages ', secretly baptized four of them who were catechumens ; among them st kizito, a boy of thirteen whom lwanga had repeatedly saved from the designs of the king. next morning the pages were all drawn up before mwanga, and christians were ordered to separate themselves from the rest : led by lwanga and kizito, the oldest and youngest, they did so \u2014 fifteen young men, all under twenty - five years of age. they were joined by two others already under arrest and by two soldiers. mwanga asked them if they intended to remain christians. \" till death! \" came the response. \" then put them to death! \" the appointed place of execution, namugongo, was thirty - seven miles away, and the convoy set out at once. three of the youths were killed on the road ; the others underwent a cruel imprisonment of seven days at namugongo while a huge pyre was prepared. then on ascension day, june 3, 1886, they were brought out, stripped of their clothing, bound, and each wrapped in a mat of reed : the living fagg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3792867925411796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02fef456-4b84-4466-9167-706f47b825c0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.602110"}
{"text": "seven days at namugongo while a huge pyre was prepared. then on ascension day, june 3, 1886, they were brought out, stripped of their clothing, bound, and each wrapped in a mat of reed : the living faggots were laid on the pyre ( one boy, st mbaga, was first killed by a blow on the neck by order of his father who was the chief executioner ), and it was set alight. the persecution spread and protestants as well as catholics gave their lives rather than deny christ. a leader among the confessors was st matthias murumba, who was put to death with revolting cruelty ; he was a middle - aged man, assistant judge to the provincial chief, who first heard of jesus christ from protestant missionaries and later was baptized by father livinhac, w. f. another older victim, who was beheaded, was st andrew kagwa, chief of kigowa, who had been the instrument of his wife ' s conversion and had gathered a large body of catechumens round him. this andrew together with charles lwanga and matthias murumba and nineteen others ( seventeen of the total being young royal servants ) were solemnly beatified in 1920. they were canonized in 1964. when the white fathers were expelled from the country, the new christians carried on their work, translating and printing the catechism into their nativel language and giving secret instruction on the faith. without priests, liturgy, and sacraments their faith, intelligence, courage, and wisdom kept the catholic church alive and growing in uganda. when the white fathers returned after king mwanga ' s death, they found five hundred christians and one thousand catchumens waiting for them. join the new media evangelization. your tax - deductible gift allows catholic. net to build a culture of life in our nation and throughout the world. please help us promote the church ' s new evangelization by donating to catholic. net right now. god bless you for your generosity. | print article | | email friend | | palm download | | forums | | questions | | more in this channel | | up | write a comment on this article |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40165507440263765, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:02fef456-4b84-4466-9167-706f47b825c0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.602910"}
{"text": "st. bernard of menthon born in 923, probably in the castle menthon near annecy, in savoy ; died at novara, 1008. he was descended from a rich, noble family and received a thorough education. he refused to enter an honorable marriage proposed by his father and decided to devote himself to the service of the church. placing himself under the direction of peter, archdeacon of aosta, under whose guidance he rapidly progressed, bernard was ordained priest and on account of his learning and virtue was made archdeacon of aosta ( 966 ), having charge of the government of the diocese under the bishop. seeing the ignorance and idolatry still prevailing among the people of the alps, he resolved to devote himself to their conversion. for forty two years he continued to preach the gospel to these people and carried the light of faith even into many cantons of lombardy, effecting numerous conversions and working many miracles. for another reason, however, bernard ' s name will forever be famous in history. since the most ancient times there was a path across the pennine alps leading from the valley of aosta to the swiss canton of valais, over what is now the pass of the great st. bernard. this pass is covered with perpetual snow from seven to eight feet deep, and drifts sometimes accumulate to the height of forty feet. though the pass was extremely dangerous, especially in the springtime on account of avalanches, yet it was often used by french and german pilgrims on their way to rome. for the convenience and protection of travelers st. bernard founded a monastery and hospice at the highest point of the pass, 8, 000 feet above sea - level, in the year 962. a few years later he established another hospice on the little st. bernard, a mountain of the graian alps, 7, 076 feet above sea - level. both were placed in charge of augustinian monks after pontifical approval had been obtained by him during a visit to rome. these hospices are renowned for the generous hospitality extended to all travelers over the great and little st. bernard, so called in honor of the founder of these charitable institutions. at all seasons of the year, but especially during heavy snow - storms, the heroic monks accompanied by their well - trained dogs, go out in search of victims who may have succumbed to the severity of the weather. they offer food, clothing, and shelter to the unfortunate travelers and take care of the dead. they depend on gifts and collections for sustenance. at present,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3745748790260014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d926776c-b721-4a44-a17b-358eebcabbb6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.606606"}
{"text": "go out in search of victims who may have succumbed to the severity of the weather. they offer food, clothing, and shelter to the unfortunate travelers and take care of the dead. they depend on gifts and collections for sustenance. at present, the order consists of about forty members, the majority of whom live at the hospice while some have charge of neighboring parishes. the last act of st. bernard ' s life was the reconciliation of two noblemen whose strife threatened a fatal issue. he was interred in the cloister of st. lawrence. venerated as a saint from the twelfth century in many places of piedmont ( aosta, novara, brescia ), he was not canonized until 1681, by innocent xi. his feast is celebrated on the 15th of june. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright \u00a9 catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ; volume 6 : 1909 ; volume 7 : 1910 ; volume 8 : 1910 ; volume 9 : 1910 ; volume 10 : 1911 ; volume 11 : - 1911 ; volume 12 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43590018041967044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d926776c-b721-4a44-a17b-358eebcabbb6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T20:54:04.607515"}