loss to the crown, ” porfiry petrovitch quoted gaily. raskolnikov was still laughing, with his hand in porfiry petrovitch ’ s, but anxious not to overdo it, awaited the right moment to put a natural end to it. razumihin, completely put to confusion by upsetting the table and smashing the glass, gazed gloomily at the fragments, cursed and turned sharply to the window where he stood looking out with his back to the company with a fiercely scowling countenance, seeing nothing. porfiry petrovitch laughed and was ready to go on laughing, but obviously looked for explanations. zametov had been sitting in the corner, but he rose at the visitors ’ entrance and was standing in expectation with a smile on his lips, though he looked with surprise and even it seemed incredulity at the whole scene and at raskolnikov with a certain embarrassment. zametov ’ s unexpected presence struck raskolnikov unpleasantly. “ i ’ ve got to think of that, ” he thought. “ excuse me, please, ” he began, affecting extreme embarrassment. “ raskolnikov. ” “ not at all, very pleasant to see you … and how pleasantly you ’ ve come in …. why, won ’ t he even say good - morning? ” porfiry petrovitch nodded at razumihin. “ upon my honour i don ’ t know why he is in such a rage with me. i only told him as we came along that he was like romeo … and proved it. and that was all, i think! ” “ pig! ” ejaculated razumihin, without turning round. “ there must have been very grave grounds for it, if he is so furious at the word, ” porfiry laughed. “ oh, you sharp lawyer!... damn you all! ” snapped razumihin, and suddenly bursting out laughing himself, he went up to porfiry with a more cheerful face as though nothing had happened. “ that ’ ll do! we are all fools. to come to business. this is my friend rodion romanovitch raskolnikov ; in the first place he has heard of you and wants to make your acquaintance, and secondly, he has a little matter of business with you. bah! zametov, what brought you here? have you met before? have you known each other long? ” “ what does


of you and wants to make your acquaintance, and secondly, he has a little matter of business with you. bah! zametov, what brought you here? have you met before? have you known each other long? ” “ what does this mean? ” thought raskolnikov uneasily. zametov seemed taken aback, but not very much so. “ why, it was at your rooms we met yesterday, ” he said easily. “ then i have been spared the trouble. all last week he was begging me to introduce him to you. porfiry and you have sniffed each other out without me. where is your tobacco? ” porfiry petrovitch was wearing a dressing - gown, very clean linen, and trodden - down slippers. he was a man of about five and thirty, short, stout even to corpulence, and clean shaven. he wore his hair cut short and had a large round head, particularly prominent at the back. his soft, round, rather snub - nosed face was of a sickly yellowish colour, but had a vigorous and rather ironical expression. it would have been good - natured except for a look in the eyes, which shone with a watery, mawkish light under almost white, blinking eyelashes. the expression of those eyes was strangely out of keeping with his somewhat womanish figure, and gave it something far more serious than could be guessed at first sight. as soon as porfiry petrovitch heard that his visitor had a little matter of business with him, he begged him to sit down on the sofa and sat down himself on the other end, waiting for him to explain his business, with that careful and over - serious attention which is at once oppressive and embarrassing, especially to a stranger, and especially if what you are discussing is in your opinion of far too little importance for such exceptional solemnity. but in brief and coherent phrases raskolnikov explained his business clearly and exactly, and was so well satisfied with himself that he even succeeded in taking a good look at porfiry. porfiry petrovitch did not once take his eyes off him. razumihin, sitting opposite at the same table, listened warmly and impatiently, looking from one to the other every moment with rather excessive interest. “ fool, ” raskolnikov swore to himself. “ you have to give information to the police, ” porfiry replied, with a most businesslike air, “ that having


one to the other every moment with rather excessive interest. “ fool, ” raskolnikov swore to himself. “ you have to give information to the police, ” porfiry replied, with a most businesslike air, “ that having learnt of this incident, that is of the murder, you beg to inform the lawyer in charge of the case that such and such things belong to you, and that you desire to redeem them … or … but they will write to you. ” “ that ’ s just the point, that at the present moment, ” raskolnikov tried his utmost to feign embarrassment, “ i am not quite in funds … and even this trifling sum is beyond me … i only wanted, you see, for the present to declare that the things are mine, and that when i have money …. ” “ that ’ s no matter, ” answered porfiry petrovitch, receiving his explanation of his pecuniary position coldly, “ but you can, if you prefer, write straight to me, to say, that having been informed of the matter, and claiming such and such as your property, you beg … ” “ on an ordinary sheet of paper? ” raskolnikov interrupted eagerly, again interested in the financial side of the question. “ oh, the most ordinary, ” and suddenly porfiry petrovitch looked with obvious irony at him, screwing up his eyes and, as it were, winking at him. but perhaps it was raskolnikov ’ s fancy, for it all lasted but a moment. there was certainly something of the sort, raskolnikov could have sworn he winked at him, goodness knows why. “ he knows, ” flashed through his mind like lightning. “ forgive my troubling you about such trifles, ” he went on, a little disconcerted, “ the things are only worth five roubles, but i prize them particularly for the sake of those from whom they came to me, and i must confess that i was alarmed when i heard … ” “ that ’ s why you were so much struck when i mentioned to zossimov that porfiry was inquiring for everyone who had pledges! ” razumihin put in with obvious intention. this was really unbearable. raskolnikov could not help glancing at him with a flash of vindictive anger in his black eyes, but immediately recollected himself. “ you seem to be je


name was legibly written in pencil, together with the date on which you left them with her … ” “ how observant you are! ” raskolnikov smiled awkwardly, doing his very utmost to look him straight in the face, but he failed, and suddenly added : “ i say that because i suppose there were a great many pledges … that it must be difficult to remember them all …. but you remember them all so clearly, and … and … ” “ stupid! feeble! ” he thought. “ why did i add that? ” “ but we know all who had pledges, and you are the only one who hasn ’ t come forward, ” porfiry answered with hardly perceptible irony. “ i haven ’ t been quite well. ” “ i heard that too. i heard, indeed, that you were in great distress about something. you look pale still. ” “ i am not pale at all …. no, i am quite well, ” raskolnikov snapped out rudely and angrily, completely changing his tone. his anger was mounting, he could not repress it. “ and in my anger i shall betray myself, ” flashed through his mind again. “ why are they torturing me? ” “ not quite well! ” razumihin caught him up. “ what next! he was unconscious and delirious all yesterday. would you believe, porfiry, as soon as our backs were turned, he dressed, though he could hardly stand, and gave us the slip and went off on a spree somewhere till midnight, delirious all the time! would you believe it! extraordinary! ” “ really delirious? you don ’ t say so! ” porfiry shook his head in a womanish way. “ nonsense! don ’ t you believe it! but you don ’ t believe it anyway, ” raskolnikov let slip in his anger. but porfiry petrovitch did not seem to catch those strange words. “ but how could you have gone out if you hadn ’ t been delirious? ” razumihin got hot suddenly. “ what did you go out for? what was the object of it? and why on the sly? were you in your senses when you did it? now that all danger is over i can speak plainly. ” “ i was awfully sick of them yesterday. ” raskolnikov addressed porfiry suddenly with a smile of insolent


were you in your senses when you did it? now that all danger is over i can speak plainly. ” “ i was awfully sick of them yesterday. ” raskolnikov addressed porfiry suddenly with a smile of insolent defiance, “ i ran away from them to take lodgings where they wouldn ’ t find me, and took a lot of money with me. mr. zametov there saw it. i say, mr. zametov, was i sensible or delirious yesterday ; settle our dispute. ” he could have strangled zametov at that moment, so hateful were his expression and his silence to him. “ in my opinion you talked sensibly and even artfully, but you were extremely irritable, ” zametov pronounced dryly. “ and nikodim fomitch was telling me to - day, ” put in porfiry petrovitch, “ that he met you very late last night in the lodging of a man who had been run over. ” “ and there, ” said razumihin, “ weren ’ t you mad then? you gave your last penny to the widow for the funeral. if you wanted to help, give fifteen or twenty even, but keep three roubles for yourself at least, but he flung away all the twenty - five at once! ” “ maybe i found a treasure somewhere and you know nothing of it? so that ’ s why i was liberal yesterday …. mr. zametov knows i ’ ve found a treasure! excuse us, please, for disturbing you for half an hour with such trivialities, ” he said, turning to porfiry petrovitch, with trembling lips. “ we are boring you, aren ’ t we? ” “ oh no, quite the contrary, quite the contrary! if only you knew how you interest me! it ’ s interesting to look on and listen … and i am really glad you have come forward at last. ” “ but you might give us some tea! my throat ’ s dry, ” cried razumihin. “ capital idea! perhaps we will all keep you company. wouldn ’ t you like … something more essential before tea? ” “ get along with you! ” porfiry petrovitch went out to order tea. raskolnikov ’ s thoughts were in a whirl. he was in terrible exasperation. “ the worst of it is they don ’ t disguise it ; they don ’ t care to stand


about the flat? if only they ’ d make haste! when i said that i ran away to take a flat he let it pass …. i put that in cleverly about a flat, it may be of use afterwards …. delirious, indeed … ha - ha - ha! he knows all about last night! he didn ’ t know of my mother ’ s arrival! the hag had written the date on in pencil! you are wrong, you won ’ t catch me! there are no facts … it ’ s all supposition! you produce facts! the flat even isn ’ t a fact but delirium. i know what to say to them …. do they know about the flat? i won ’ t go without finding out. what did i come for? but my being angry now, maybe is a fact! fool, how irritable i am! perhaps that ’ s right ; to play the invalid …. he is feeling me. he will try to catch me. why did i come? ” all this flashed like lightning through his mind. porfiry petrovitch returned quickly. he became suddenly more jovial. “ your party yesterday, brother, has left my head rather …. and i am out of sorts altogether, ” he began in quite a different tone, laughing to razumihin. “ was it interesting? i left you yesterday at the most interesting point. who got the best of it? ” “ oh, no one, of course. they got on to everlasting questions, floated off into space. ” “ only fancy, rodya, what we got on to yesterday. whether there is such a thing as crime. i told you that we talked our heads off. ” “ what is there strange? it ’ s an everyday social question, ” raskolnikov answered casually. “ the question wasn ’ t put quite like that, ” observed porfiry. “ not quite, that ’ s true, ” razumihin agreed at once, getting warm and hurried as usual. “ listen, rodion, and tell us your opinion, i want to hear it. i was fighting tooth and nail with them and wanted you to help me. i told them you were coming …. it began with the socialist doctrine. you know their doctrine ; crime is a protest against the abnormality of the social organisation and nothing more, and nothing more ; no other causes admitted!... ” “ you are wrong there, ” cried porfiry pet


the socialist doctrine. you know their doctrine ; crime is a protest against the abnormality of the social organisation and nothing more, and nothing more ; no other causes admitted!... ” “ you are wrong there, ” cried porfiry petrovitch ; he was noticeably animated and kept laughing as he looked at razumihin, which made him more excited than ever. “ nothing is admitted, ” razumihin interrupted with heat. “ i am not wrong. i ’ ll show you their pamphlets. everything with them is ‘ the influence of environment, ’ and nothing else. their favourite phrase! from which it follows that, if society is normally organised, all crime will cease at once, since there will be nothing to protest against and all men will become righteous in one instant. human nature is not taken into account, it is excluded, it ’ s not supposed to exist! they don ’ t recognise that humanity, developing by a historical living process, will become at last a normal society, but they believe that a social system that has come out of some mathematical brain is going to organise all humanity at once and make it just and sinless in an instant, quicker than any living process! that ’ s why they instinctively dislike history, ‘ nothing but ugliness and stupidity in it, ’ and they explain it all as stupidity! that ’ s why they so dislike the living process of life ; they don ’ t want a living soul! the living soul demands life, the soul won ’ t obey the rules of mechanics, the soul is an object of suspicion, the soul is retrograde! but what they want though it smells of death and can be made of india - rubber, at least is not alive, has no will, is servile and won ’ t revolt! and it comes in the end to their reducing everything to the building of walls and the planning of rooms and passages in a phalanstery! the phalanstery is ready, indeed, but your human nature is not ready for the phalanstery — it wants life, it hasn ’ t completed its vital process, it ’ s too soon for the graveyard! you can ’ t skip over nature by logic. logic presupposes three possibilities, but there are millions! cut away a million, and reduce it all to the question of comfort! that ’ s the easiest solution of the problem! it ’ s seductively clear and you musn ’ t think about it. that ’ s the great thing, you mustn


a million, and reduce it all to the question of comfort! that ’ s the easiest solution of the problem! it ’ s seductively clear and you musn ’ t think about it. that ’ s the great thing, you mustn ’ t think! the whole secret of life in two pages of print! ” “ now he is off, beating the drum! catch hold of him, do! ” laughed porfiry. “ can you imagine, ” he turned to raskolnikov, “ six people holding forth like that last night, in one room, with punch as a preliminary! no, brother, you are wrong, environment accounts for a great deal in crime ; i can assure you of that. ” “ oh, i know it does, but just tell me : a man of forty violates a child of ten ; was it environment drove him to it? ” “ well, strictly speaking, it did, ” porfiry observed with noteworthy gravity ; “ a crime of that nature may be very well ascribed to the influence of environment. ” razumihin was almost in a frenzy. “ oh, if you like, ” he roared. “ i ’ ll prove to you that your white eyelashes may very well be ascribed to the church of ivan the great ’ s being two hundred and fifty feet high, and i will prove it clearly, exactly, progressively, and even with a liberal tendency! i undertake to! will you bet on it? ” “ done! let ’ s hear, please, how he will prove it! ” “ he is always humbugging, confound him, ” cried razumihin, jumping up and gesticulating. “ what ’ s the use of talking to you? he does all that on purpose ; you don ’ t know him, rodion! he took their side yesterday, simply to make fools of them. and the things he said yesterday! and they were delighted! he can keep it up for a fortnight together. last year he persuaded us that he was going into a monastery : he stuck to it for two months. not long ago he took it into his head to declare he was going to get married, that he had everything ready for the wedding. he ordered new clothes indeed. we all began to congratulate him. there was no bride, nothing, all pure fantasy! ” “ ah, you are wrong! i got the clothes before. it was the new clothes in fact that made me think of taking you in. ”


all began to congratulate him. there was no bride, nothing, all pure fantasy! ” “ ah, you are wrong! i got the clothes before. it was the new clothes in fact that made me think of taking you in. ” “ are you such a good dissembler? ” raskolnikov asked carelessly. “ you wouldn ’ t have supposed it, eh? wait a bit, i shall take you in, too. ha - ha - ha! no, i ’ ll tell you the truth. all these questions about crime, environment, children, recall to my mind an article of yours which interested me at the time. ‘ on crime ’... or something of the sort, i forget the title, i read it with pleasure two months ago in the periodical review. ” “ my article? in the periodical review? ” raskolnikov asked in astonishment. “ i certainly did write an article upon a book six months ago when i left the university, but i sent it to the weekly review. ” “ but it came out in the periodical. ” “ and the weekly review ceased to exist, so that ’ s why it wasn ’ t printed at the time. ” “ that ’ s true ; but when it ceased to exist, the weekly review was amalgamated with the periodical, and so your article appeared two months ago in the latter. didn ’ t you know? ” raskolnikov had not known. “ why, you might get some money out of them for the article! what a strange person you are! you lead such a solitary life that you know nothing of matters that concern you directly. it ’ s a fact, i assure you. ” “ bravo, rodya! i knew nothing about it either! ” cried razumihin. “ i ’ ll run to - day to the reading - room and ask for the number. two months ago? what was the date? it doesn ’ t matter though, i will find it. think of not telling us! ” “ how did you find out that the article was mine? it ’ s only signed with an initial. ” “ i only learnt it by chance, the other day. through the editor ; i know him …. i was very much interested. ” “ i analysed, if i remember, the psychology of a criminal before and after the crime. ” “ yes, and you maintained that the perpetration of a crime is always accompanied by illness. very, very original,


interested. ” “ i analysed, if i remember, the psychology of a criminal before and after the crime. ” “ yes, and you maintained that the perpetration of a crime is always accompanied by illness. very, very original, but … it was not that part of your article that interested me so much, but an idea at the end of the article which i regret to say you merely suggested without working it out clearly. there is, if you recollect, a suggestion that there are certain persons who can … that is, not precisely are able to, but have a perfect right to commit breaches of morality and crimes, and that the law is not for them. ” raskolnikov smiled at the exaggerated and intentional distortion of his idea. “ what? what do you mean? a right to crime? but not because of the influence of environment? ” razumihin inquired with some alarm even. “ no, not exactly because of it, ” answered porfiry. “ in his article all men are divided into ‘ ordinary ’ and ‘ extraordinary. ’ ordinary men have to live in submission, have no right to transgress the law, because, don ’ t you see, they are ordinary. but extraordinary men have a right to commit any crime and to transgress the law in any way, just because they are extraordinary. that was your idea, if i am not mistaken? ” “ what do you mean? that can ’ t be right? ” razumihin muttered in bewilderment. raskolnikov smiled again. he saw the point at once, and knew where they wanted to drive him. he decided to take up the challenge. “ that wasn ’ t quite my contention, ” he began simply and modestly. “ yet i admit that you have stated it almost correctly ; perhaps, if you like, perfectly so. ” ( it almost gave him pleasure to admit this. ) “ the only difference is that i don ’ t contend that extraordinary people are always bound to commit breaches of morals, as you call it. in fact, i doubt whether such an argument could be published. i simply hinted that an ‘ extraordinary ’ man has the right … that is not an official right, but an inner right to decide in his own conscience to overstep … certain obstacles, and only in case it is essential for the practical fulfilment of his idea ( sometimes, perhaps, of benefit to the whole of humanity ). you say that my article


to decide in his own conscience to overstep … certain obstacles, and only in case it is essential for the practical fulfilment of his idea ( sometimes, perhaps, of benefit to the whole of humanity ). you say that my article isn ’ t definite ; i am ready to make it as clear as i can. perhaps i am right in thinking you want me to ; very well. i maintain that if the discoveries of kepler and newton could not have been made known except by sacrificing the lives of one, a dozen, a hundred, or more men, newton would have had the right, would indeed have been in duty bound … to eliminate the dozen or the hundred men for the sake of making his discoveries known to the whole of humanity. but it does not follow from that that newton had a right to murder people right and left and to steal every day in the market. then, i remember, i maintain in my article that all … well, legislators and leaders of men, such as lycurgus, solon, mahomet, napoleon, and so on, were all without exception criminals, from the very fact that, making a new law, they transgressed the ancient one, handed down from their ancestors and held sacred by the people, and they did not stop short at bloodshed either, if that bloodshed — often of innocent persons fighting bravely in defence of ancient law — were of use to their cause. it ’ s remarkable, in fact, that the majority, indeed, of these benefactors and leaders of humanity were guilty of terrible carnage. in short, i maintain that all great men or even men a little out of the common, that is to say capable of giving some new word, must from their very nature be criminals — more or less, of course. otherwise it ’ s hard for them to get out of the common rut ; and to remain in the common rut is what they can ’ t submit to, from their very nature again, and to my mind they ought not, indeed, to submit to it. you see that there is nothing particularly new in all that. the same thing has been printed and read a thousand times before. as for my division of people into ordinary and extraordinary, i acknowledge that it ’ s somewhat arbitrary, but i don ’ t insist upon exact numbers. i only believe in my leading idea that men are in general divided by a law of nature into two categories, inferior ( ordinary ), that is, so to say


that it ’ s somewhat arbitrary, but i don ’ t insist upon exact numbers. i only believe in my leading idea that men are in general divided by a law of nature into two categories, inferior ( ordinary ), that is, so to say, material that serves only to reproduce its kind, and men who have the gift or the talent to utter a new word. there are, of course, innumerable sub - divisions, but the distinguishing features of both categories are fairly well marked. the first category, generally speaking, are men conservative in temperament and law - abiding ; they live under control and love to be controlled. to my thinking it is their duty to be controlled, because that ’ s their vocation, and there is nothing humiliating in it for them. the second category all transgress the law ; they are destroyers or disposed to destruction according to their capacities. the crimes of these men are of course relative and varied ; for the most part they seek in very varied ways the destruction of the present for the sake of the better. but if such a one is forced for the sake of his idea to step over a corpse or wade through blood, he can, i maintain, find within himself, in his conscience, a sanction for wading through blood — that depends on the idea and its dimensions, note that. it ’ s only in that sense i speak of their right to crime in my article ( you remember it began with the legal question ). there ’ s no need for such anxiety, however ; the masses will scarcely ever admit this right, they punish them or hang them ( more or less ), and in doing so fulfil quite justly their conservative vocation. but the same masses set these criminals on a pedestal in the next generation and worship them ( more or less ). the first category is always the man of the present, the second the man of the future. the first preserve the world and people it, the second move the world and lead it to its goal. each class has an equal right to exist. in fact, all have equal rights with me — and _ vive la guerre eternelle _ — till the new jerusalem, of course! ” “ then you believe in the new jerusalem, do you? ” “ i do, ” raskolnikov answered firmly ; as he said these words and during the whole preceding tirade he kept his eyes on one spot on the carpet. “ and … and do you believe in god? excuse my curiosity.


“ i do, ” raskolnikov answered firmly ; as he said these words and during the whole preceding tirade he kept his eyes on one spot on the carpet. “ and … and do you believe in god? excuse my curiosity. ” “ i do, ” repeated raskolnikov, raising his eyes to porfiry. “ and … do you believe in lazarus ’ rising from the dead? ” “ i … i do. why do you ask all this? ” “ you believe it literally? ” “ you don ’ t say so …. i asked from curiosity. excuse me. but let us go back to the question ; they are not always executed. some, on the contrary … ” “ triumph in their lifetime? oh, yes, some attain their ends in this life, and then … ” “ they begin executing other people? ” “ if it ’ s necessary ; indeed, for the most part they do. your remark is very witty. ” “ thank you. but tell me this : how do you distinguish those extraordinary people from the ordinary ones? are there signs at their birth? i feel there ought to be more exactitude, more external definition. excuse the natural anxiety of a practical law - abiding citizen, but couldn ’ t they adopt a special uniform, for instance, couldn ’ t they wear something, be branded in some way? for you know if confusion arises and a member of one category imagines that he belongs to the other, begins to ‘ eliminate obstacles ’ as you so happily expressed it, then … ” “ oh, that very often happens! that remark is wittier than the other. ” “ no reason to ; but take note that the mistake can only arise in the first category, that is among the ordinary people ( as i perhaps unfortunately called them ). in spite of their predisposition to obedience very many of them, through a playfulness of nature, sometimes vouchsafed even to the cow, like to imagine themselves advanced people, ‘ destroyers, ’ and to push themselves into the ‘ new movement, ’ and this quite sincerely. meanwhile the really new people are very often unobserved by them, or even despised as reactionaries of grovelling tendencies. but i don ’ t think there is any considerable danger here, and you really need not be uneasy for they never go very far. of course, they might have a thrashing sometimes for letting their fancy run away with them and to teach them their place, but no more ; in fact,


considerable danger here, and you really need not be uneasy for they never go very far. of course, they might have a thrashing sometimes for letting their fancy run away with them and to teach them their place, but no more ; in fact, even this isn ’ t necessary as they castigate themselves, for they are very conscientious : some perform this service for one another and others chastise themselves with their own hands …. they will impose various public acts of penitence upon themselves with a beautiful and edifying effect ; in fact you ’ ve nothing to be uneasy about …. it ’ s a law of nature. ” “ well, you have certainly set my mind more at rest on that score ; but there ’ s another thing worries me. tell me, please, are there many people who have the right to kill others, these extraordinary people? i am ready to bow down to them, of course, but you must admit it ’ s alarming if there are a great many of them, eh? ” “ oh, you needn ’ t worry about that either, ” raskolnikov went on in the same tone. “ people with new ideas, people with the faintest capacity for saying something new, are extremely few in number, extraordinarily so in fact. one thing only is clear, that the appearance of all these grades and sub - divisions of men must follow with unfailing regularity some law of nature. that law, of course, is unknown at present, but i am convinced that it exists, and one day may become known. the vast mass of mankind is mere material, and only exists in order by some great effort, by some mysterious process, by means of some crossing of races and stocks, to bring into the world at last perhaps one man out of a thousand with a spark of independence. one in ten thousand perhaps — i speak roughly, approximately — is born with some independence, and with still greater independence one in a hundred thousand. the man of genius is one of millions, and the great geniuses, the crown of humanity, appear on earth perhaps one in many thousand millions. in fact i have not peeped into the retort in which all this takes place. but there certainly is and must be a definite law, it cannot be a matter of chance. ” “ why, are you both joking? ” razumihin cried at last. “ there you sit, making fun of one another. are you serious, rodya? ” ras


be a definite law, it cannot be a matter of chance. ” “ why, are you both joking? ” razumihin cried at last. “ there you sit, making fun of one another. are you serious, rodya? ” raskolnikov raised his pale and almost mournful face and made no reply. and the unconcealed, persistent, nervous, and discourteous sarcasm of porfiry seemed strange to razumihin beside that quiet and mournful face. “ well, brother, if you are really serious … you are right, of course, in saying that it ’ s not new, that it ’ s like what we ’ ve read and heard a thousand times already ; but what is really original in all this, and is exclusively your own, to my horror, is that you sanction bloodshed in the name of conscience, and, excuse my saying so, with such fanaticism …. that, i take it, is the point of your article. but that sanction of bloodshed by conscience is to my mind … more terrible than the official, legal sanction of bloodshed …. ” “ you are quite right, it is more terrible, ” porfiry agreed. “ yes, you must have exaggerated! there is some mistake, i shall read it. you can ’ t think that! i shall read it. ” “ all that is not in the article, there ’ s only a hint of it, ” said raskolnikov. “ yes, yes. ” porfiry couldn ’ t sit still. “ your attitude to crime is pretty clear to me now, but … excuse me for my impertinence ( i am really ashamed to be worrying you like this ), you see, you ’ ve removed my anxiety as to the two grades getting mixed, but … there are various practical possibilities that make me uneasy! what if some man or youth imagines that he is a lycurgus or mahomet — a future one of course — and suppose he begins to remove all obstacles …. he has some great enterprise before him and needs money for it … and tries to get it … do you see? ” zametov gave a sudden guffaw in his corner. raskolnikov did not even raise his eyes to him. “ i must admit, ” he went on calmly, “ that such cases certainly must arise. the vain and foolish are particularly apt to fall into that snare ; young people


. raskolnikov did not even raise his eyes to him. “ i must admit, ” he went on calmly, “ that such cases certainly must arise. the vain and foolish are particularly apt to fall into that snare ; young people especially. ” “ yes, you see. well then? ” “ what then? ” raskolnikov smiled in reply ; “ that ’ s not my fault. so it is and so it always will be. he said just now ( he nodded at razumihin ) that i sanction bloodshed. society is too well protected by prisons, banishment, criminal investigators, penal servitude. there ’ s no need to be uneasy. you have but to catch the thief. ” “ and what if we do catch him? ” “ then he gets what he deserves. ” “ you are certainly logical. but what of his conscience? ” “ why do you care about that? ” “ simply from humanity. ” “ if he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. that will be his punishment — as well as the prison. ” “ but the real geniuses, ” asked razumihin frowning, “ those who have the right to murder? oughtn ’ t they to suffer at all even for the blood they ’ ve shed? ” “ why the word ought? it ’ s not a matter of permission or prohibition. he will suffer if he is sorry for his victim. pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart. the really great men must, i think, have great sadness on earth, ” he added dreamily, not in the tone of the conversation. he raised his eyes, looked earnestly at them all, smiled, and took his cap. he was too quiet by comparison with his manner at his entrance, and he felt this. everyone got up. “ well, you may abuse me, be angry with me if you like, ” porfiry petrovitch began again, “ but i can ’ t resist. allow me one little question ( i know i am troubling you ). there is just one little notion i want to express, simply that i may not forget it. ” “ very good, tell me your little notion, ” raskolnikov stood waiting, pale and grave before him. “ well, you see … i really don ’ t know how to express it properly …. it ’ s a playful, psychological idea …. when you were writing your article, surely


your acquaintance. as for your request, have no uneasiness, write just as i told you, or, better still, come to me there yourself in a day or two … to - morrow, indeed. i shall be there at eleven o ’ clock for certain. we ’ ll arrange it all ; we ’ ll have a talk. as one of the last to be there, you might perhaps be able to tell us something, ” he added with a most good - natured expression. “ you want to cross - examine me officially in due form? ” raskolnikov asked sharply. “ oh, why? that ’ s not necessary for the present. you misunderstand me. i lose no opportunity, you see, and … i ’ ve talked with all who had pledges …. i obtained evidence from some of them, and you are the last …. yes, by the way, ” he cried, seemingly suddenly delighted, “ i just remember, what was i thinking of? ” he turned to razumihin, “ you were talking my ears off about that nikolay … of course, i know, i know very well, ” he turned to raskolnikov, “ that the fellow is innocent, but what is one to do? we had to trouble dmitri too …. this is the point, this is all : when you went up the stairs it was past seven, wasn ’ t it? ” “ yes, ” answered raskolnikov, with an unpleasant sensation at the very moment he spoke that he need not have said it. “ then when you went upstairs between seven and eight, didn ’ t you see in a flat that stood open on a second storey, do you remember? two workmen or at least one of them? they were painting there, didn ’ t you notice them? it ’ s very, very important for them. ” “ painters? no, i didn ’ t see them, ” raskolnikov answered slowly, as though ransacking his memory, while at the same instant he was racking every nerve, almost swooning with anxiety to conjecture as quickly as possible where the trap lay and not to overlook anything. “ no, i didn ’ t see them, and i don ’ t think i noticed a flat like that open …. but on the fourth storey ” ( he had mastered the trap now and was triumphant ) “ i remember now that someone was moving out of the flat opposite alyona ivanovna ’ s ….


t think i noticed a flat like that open …. but on the fourth storey ” ( he had mastered the trap now and was triumphant ) “ i remember now that someone was moving out of the flat opposite alyona ivanovna ’ s …. i remember … i remember it clearly. some porters were carrying out a sofa and they squeezed me against the wall. but painters … no, i don ’ t remember that there were any painters, and i don ’ t think that there was a flat open anywhere, no, there wasn ’ t. ” “ what do you mean? ” razumihin shouted suddenly, as though he had reflected and realised. “ why, it was on the day of the murder the painters were at work, and he was there three days before? what are you asking? ” “ foo! i have muddled it! ” porfiry slapped himself on the forehead. “ deuce take it! this business is turning my brain! ” he addressed raskolnikov somewhat apologetically. “ it would be such a great thing for us to find out whether anyone had seen them between seven and eight at the flat, so i fancied you could perhaps have told us something …. i quite muddled it. ” “ then you should be more careful, ” razumihin observed grimly. the last words were uttered in the passage. porfiry petrovitch saw them to the door with excessive politeness. they went out into the street gloomy and sullen, and for some steps they did not say a word. raskolnikov drew a deep breath.


photo courtesy of steve dewey, utah state university, bugwood. org thermopsis montana nutt. scientific name synonyms : life span : perennial growth characteristics : mountain goldenpea is an erect forb, growing up to 2 feet in height and spreading by rhizomes. it blooms between may and august, depending on the elevations. flowers : pea - like lemon - yellow colored flowers in a raceme. flowers are ½ to ¾ inch long. there are five to fifty flowers which make up the inflorescence. the flower spikes arise from the leaf axils fruits / seeds : the seedpods are long, thin, blue / green and covered with downy hairy. they project vertically from the stem. the pods grow quickly in the late spring and early summer, and mature in late summer. there are two to five seeds per pod. leaves : leaves are alternate, palmate, with 3 leaflets, which are oval in shape. stems : multiple stems up to 2 feet tall. mountain goldenpea is found in montane and subalpine zones. it is common in woodlands and meadows. soils : sandy, well - drained soils. associated species : aspen, lupine, snowberry. uses and management : mountain goldenpea is poisonous to cattle. the principle toxin has not been isolated, but is thought to be similar to quinolizidine alkaloids found in lupines. the toxin causes acute muscle degeneration – cattle become weak, ataxic, and unable to stand. animals die from hunger and thirst. mountain glodenpea will remain toxic in hay, especially if seed pods are present.


uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, which is made up of the iris, ciliary body and choroid. together, these form the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera ( white of the eye ). the eye is shaped like a tennis ball, with three different layers of tissue surrounding the central gel - filled cavity, which is called the vitreous. the innermost layer is the retina, which senses light and helps to send images to your brain. the outermost layer is the sclera, the strong white wall of the eye. the middle layer between the sclera and retina is called the uvea. the uvea contains many blood vessels — the veins, arteries and capillaries — that carry blood to and from the eye. because the uvea nourishes many important parts of the eye ( such as the retina ), inflammation of the uvea can damage your sight. there are several types of uveitis, defined by the part of the eye where it occurs. - iritis affects the front of your eye. also called anterior uveitis, this is the most common type of uveitis. iritis usually develops suddenly and may last six to eight weeks. some types of anterior uveitis can be chronic or recurrent. - if the uvea is inflamed in the middle or intermediate region of the eye, it is called pars planitis ( or intermediate uveitis ). episodes of pars planitis can last between a few weeks to years. the disease goes through cycles of getting better, then worse. - posterior uveitis affects the back parts of your eye. posterior uveitis can develop slowly and often lasts for many years. - panuveitis occurs when all layers of the uvea are inflamed. next page : uveitis causes


the national cattlemen ' s beef association has criticized a review of the national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter. conducted by the u. s. environmental protection agency, the study was done as part of a required review of the coarse particulate matter standards. in effect, epa is looking at the impact of duct. according to a statement from ncba, coarse particulate matter is " nothing more than dust kicked up by cars and trucks traveling on dirt roads, a tractor tilling a field or cattle moving around on dirt, " says tamara theis, ncba ' s chief environmental council. " studies do not show that rural dust is a health problem. " epa, back in 2006, set a coarse particulate matter standard of 150 micrograms per cubic meter of air, and when reviewing the standard in 2008, determined that the evidence on health effects from this level of dust was inconclusive. however, in july 2009, epa reinterpreted what ncba calls " the inconclusive evidence " and made use of what the group calls a flawed study to suggest that there are adverse health effects from dust at leves that are 10 times lower than the current standard. theis says epa is suggesting 12 to 15 micrograms of dust per cubic meter of air, which is below the naturally occurring levels of dust through most western states - including " pristine national parks, " she says. if epa were to set air standards at this level, much of the country would be over the limit. cattle producers are concerned because it would limit the ability to raise livestock, but the issue goes beyond agriculture, theis says. " states would be required to impose extreme control requirements and limitations on many businesses to ensure that the standard is met. " the group is urging epa to reject the study results and refrain from tightening the dust standard further.


grain farmers could make more money be switching to organic grain crops according to a new study released at last week ' s american agricultural economics association ' s annual meeting. records showed that organic crops fetched much more than conventional crops : soybeans, up to $ 14 more per bushel ; corn, up to $ 3 more ; and wheat, up to $ 5 more. organic alfalfa hay is too new to have a track record, so researchers recorded it as selling for the same price as conventionally grown hay. over four years the study analyzed both economic risks and transition effects of switching to organic farming of the agricultural research service ' s swan lake research farm near morris, minn. the 130 - acre swan lake farm is representative of typical corn - soybean farms in minnesota. ars economist david archer and soil scientist hillarius kludze compared an organic corn - soybean rotation and an organic corn - soybean - spring wheat / alfalfa rotation - half grown with conventional tillage and half with strip tillage - with a corn - soybean rotation using conventional tillage. strip tillage involves tilling only the middle of the seedbed. the scientists found that when strip tillage is used with organic farming, one of the transition risks is an increase in weeds until farmers learn to manage the system. computer simulations projected costs, yields and risks over a 20 - year period, using yield and economic data from the four - year study, as well as crop price records of recent years. another computer model projected that farmers would net an average $ 50 to $ 60 more per acre a year by going organic, even with the highest transition costs. the premium price advantage would outweigh the initial higher costs and possibly lower yields, even if organic prices were to drop by half.


basic use to make a new number, a simple initialization suffices : var foo = 0 ; / / or whatever number you want foo = 1 ; / / foo = 1 foo + = 2 ; / / foo = 3 ( the two gets added on ) foo - = 2 ; / / foo = 1 ( the two gets removed ) number literals define the number value. in particular : they appear as a set of digits of varying length. negative literal numbers have a minus sign before the set of digits. floating point literal numbers contain one decimal point, and may optionally use the e notation with the character e. an integer literal may be prepended with " 0 ", to indicate that a number is in base - 8. ( 8 and 9 are not octal digits, and if found, cause the integer to be read in the normal base - 10 ). an integer literal may also be found with " 0x ", to indicate a hexadecimal number. the math object unlike strings, arrays, and dates, the numbers aren ' t objects. the math object provides numeric functions and constants as methods and properties. the methods and properties of the math object are referenced using the dot operator in the usual way, for example : var varone = math. ceil ( 8. 5 ) ; var varpi = math. pi ; var sqrt3 = math. sqrt ( 3 ) ; methods random ( ) generates a pseudo - random number. var myint = math. random ( ) ; max ( int1, int2 ) returns the highest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myint = math. max ( 8, 9 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 9 min ( int1, int2 ) returns the lowest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myint = math. min ( 8, 9 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 8 floor ( float ) returns the greatest integer less than the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. floor ( 90. 8 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 90 ; ceil ( float ) returns the least integer greater than the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. ceil ( 90. 8 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 91 ; round ( float ) returns the closest integer to the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. round ( 90.


by + richard holbrooke – schwann cells boost and amplify nerve growth in animal models, but their clinical use has been held back because they are difficult, time - consuming and costly to culture. a university of sheffield team, led by professor john haycock, has developed a new technique with adult rat tissue which overcomes all these problems, producing schwann cells in less than half the time and at much lower cost. “ the ability of schwann cells to boost nerve growth was proved many years ago in animals, but if you want to use this technique with patients, the problem is : where do you get enough cells from? ” said professor haycock, from the university ’ s department of materials science and engineering. “ to reduce immune rejection, the cells have to be grown from the patient ’ s own tissue. of course, you want to take the smallest amount of tissue necessary, so the technique must be efficient. it must also be fast, so treatment can begin as soon as possible after injury. for clinical use, it must also provide pure schwann cells. and finally, to make it viable, it has to be at a reasonable cost. ” existing methods for growing schwann cells from adult tissue promote the growth of another type of cell, called fibroblasts, which swamp the schwann cells, reducing the speed they grow and their numbers. this means that large amounts of tissue are needed at the outset, to grow sufficient cells for therapeutic use. it also requires extra purification stages added to the process, making it slow and costly – taking up to 3 months to complete. professor haycock and his team have come up with a very simple solution : feed the schwann cells but starve the fibroblasts. the research, published today in nature protocols, uses an amino acid that only the schwann cells can break down and feed off, and are able to produce a 97 per cent pure population of schwann cells in a much shorter space of time – just 19 days – from a small sample of adult tissue. professor haycock is confident the technique can be replicated in humans. his team are trialling the same method using human nerve tissue, with results expected within the next six months.


lans to wans ( c ) the complete management guide authors : muller n. j. published year : 2003 | < day day up > | depending on the situation facing network managers, bridges can be used to either extend or segment lans. at one level, bridges can be used for segmenting lans into smaller subnets to improve performance, control access, and facilitate fault isolation and testing without impacting the overall user population. at another level, they are used to create an extended network that greatly expands the number of devices that can be supported and the services available to each user. bridges may even offer additional features such as data compression, which has the effect of providing greater throughput over low - speed lines. compression ratios of 2 : 1 all the way down to 6 : 1 may be selected by the network manager, depending on what the vendor offers with a specific product. as noted, bridging occurs at the data link layer ( see figure 5. 1 ), which provides physical addressing, manages access to the physical medium, controls data flow, and handles transmission errors. bridges analyze incoming frames, make forwarding decisions based on the source and destination addresses of those frames, and then forward the frames to their destinations. sometimes, as in source - route bridging, the frame contains the entire path to the destination. in other cases, as in transparent bridging, frames are forwarded one hop at a time toward the destination. figure 5. 1 : bridge functionality in reference to the osi model. bridges can be either local or remote. local bridges provide direct connections between many lan segments in the same area. remote bridges connect lan segments in different areas, usually over telecommunication lines. there are several kinds of bridging and all may be supported in the same device : transparent bridging — used mostly in ethernet environments that have the same media types, these bridges keep a table of destination addresses and outbound interfaces. source - route bridging — used mostly in token - ring environments, these bridges only forward frames based on the routing indicator contained in the frame. end stations are responsible for determining and maintaining the table of destination addresses and routing indicators. translation bridging — used to bridge data between different media types, these devices typically go between ethernet and fddi or token ring to ethernet. source - route translation bridging — this is a combination of source - route bridging and transparent bridging that allows communication in mixed ethernet and token - ring environments. ( translation bridging without routing


large, flat network, the point can be reached when it is continually in topology change status. the resulting high level of flooding can lead to an unstable stp environment. to deal with this problem, vendors have come up with ways to avoid tcn generation for certain events. for example, the network manager can configure the bridge so that it issues a tcn when a server is power cycled, but not when client devices are power cycled. if a bridge port going up or down is not deemed an important event, this event too can be programmed not to issue a tcn. source - route bridging ( srb ) is used in the token - ring environment as the method by which a station establishes a route through a multiple - ring network to its destination. the first step for a station to reach another is to create a packet called an explorer. this packet is copied by all bridges in the network, with each of them adding information about itself before passing it on. the explorer packet ’ s routing information field ( rif ) contains the information of where it has traversed through the network and within the rif ; a route descriptor stores the path it has taken through the network. as the explorer packet is constructed on its way through the network, the destination station will start receiving data packets from the originating station. based on the contents of the explorer packet, the destination station will then decide which route to use to send data packets back to the originating station. or it will send its own explorer packet so that the originating station can determine its own route. the explorer packet is limited in terms of how many rings it can hold in the routing information field. although the rif can hold a total of 14 rings, ibm long ago limited this to seven. other vendors also adopted this limitation. consequently, an explorer packet that has traversed seven rings will be dropped in the network. to control traffic in the network with more precision, parameters can be set in the bridge to decrease this number even further, so that packets that reach x number of rings ( any number below seven ) will be dropped. while explorers are limited to traversing only seven rings, in a meshed ring environment, one explorer can finish being copied by many bridges, which can cause too many explorers. explorer storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters


storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters, such as the number of explorers that were dropped outbound on that interface. while ethernet has become the network of choice for new installations, there is still a good amount of token ring in use, making it necessary to mix the two environments for data exchange. doing so is complicated because some very fundamental differences between ethernet and token ring must be reconciled. token ring has functional addresses, while ethernet primarily relies on broadcasts. furthermore, mac addresses on the ethernet are different from mac addresses on the token ring. ethernet does not have a source - route bridging capability and token ring has a routing information field. finally, token ring and ethernet use different methods to read the bits into their adapters. to unify the two environments, vendors have come up with various methods such as translation bridging. this is a type of bridging that is implemented on networks that use different mac sublayer protocols, providing a method of resolving differences in header formats and protocol specifications. since there are no real standards in how communication between two media types should occur, however, no single translation implementation can be called correct. the only consideration for network managers is to select a method of translation and implement it uniformly throughout the network. essentially, the bridges reorder source and destination address bits when translating between ethernet and token - ring frame formats. the problem of embedded mac - addresses can be resolved by programming the bridge to look for various types of mac addresses. some translation - bridges simply check for the most popular embedded addresses. if others are used, the bridge must be programmed to look for them as well. but if translation - bridging software runs in a multi - protocol router, which is very common today, these protocols can be routed and the problem avoided entirely. token ring ’ s rif field has a component that indicates the largest frame size that can be accepted by a particular source - route bridging implementation. translation bridges that send frames from the transparent - bridging domain to the srb domain usually set the maximum transfer unit ( mtu ) field to 1, 500 bytes to limit the size of token - ring frames entering the transparent - bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of ethernet frames. some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop


to 1, 500 bytes to limit the size of token - ring frames entering the transparent - bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of ethernet frames. some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop the frames that exceed ethernet ’ s mtu size. bits representing token - ring functions that are absent in ethernet are discarded by translation bridges. for example, token ring ’ s priority, reservation, and monitor bits are discarded during translation. and token ring ’ s frame status bits are treated differently, depending on the bridge manufacturer ; the products of some manufacturers may even ignore these bits. sometimes, the bridge will have the c bit set, indicating that the frame has been copied, but not the a bit set, indicating that the destination station recognizes the address. in the former case, a token - ring source node determines if the frame it sent has become lost. advocates of this approach claim that reliability mechanisms, such as the tracking of lost frames, are better left for implementation in layer 4 of the osi model. advocates of setting the c bit argue that this bit must be set to track lost frames, but that the a bit cannot be set because the bridge is not the final destination. translation bridges also can be used to create a software gateway between the token ring and ethernet domains. to the srb end stations, the translation bridge has a ring number and a bridge number associated with it, so it looks like a standard source - route bridge. in this case, the ring number reflects the entire transparent - bridging domain. to the transparent - bridging domain, the translation bridge is just another transparent bridge. when bridging from the srb domain to the transparent - bridging domain, srb information is removed. token ring ’ s routing information fields usually are cached for use by any subsequent return traffic. when bridging from the transparent bridging to the srb domain, the translation bridge checks the frame to see if it has a multicast or unicast destination. if the frame has a multicast or broadcast destination, it is sent into the srb domain as a spanning - tree explorer. if the frame has a unicast address, the translation bridge looks up the destination in the rif cache. if a path is found, it is used and the rif information is added to the frame ; otherwise, the frame is sent as a spanning - tree explorer. another solution to unify the ethernet and token - ring environments is source - route


. if a path is found, it is used and the rif information is added to the frame ; otherwise, the frame is sent as a spanning - tree explorer. another solution to unify the ethernet and token - ring environments is source - route translation bridging ( srtlb ). this entails the addition of bridge groups to the interfaces of both the token ring and ethernet bridges to create a transparent bridge domain between the two environments. the bridges at each end are responsible for establishing the path through the network. when a bridge on a token ring receives a packet from an ethernet, for example, path establishment is handled as follows ( see figure 5. 2 ) : figure 5. 2 : source - route translation bridging, from token ring to ethernet. bridge - 1 receives a packet from the ethernet. this is from pc - 1 to the host. bridge - 1 needs a rif to reach the host, so it creates an explorer to learn the path to reach the host. after bridge - 1 receives the response, it sends the response ( without a rif ) to the ethernet station. pc - 1 sends an exchange identifier ( xid ) to the host mac address. bridge - 1 gets the ethernet packet, attaches the rif to the host, and sends the packet on its way. as far as the host is concerned, the ethernet is sitting on a pseudo ring. this is configured with the source - bridge transparent command on the bridge. the pseudo ring makes the host treat the ethernet as if it were a token ring. | < day day up > | lans to wans ( c ) the complete management guide authors : muller n. j. published year : 2003


marion levine teaches english, literature and film production at los angeles center for enriched studies, los angeles, ca measure for measure, act 4 or 5 what ' s on for today and why students will choose a character from measure for measure and create a " back story " for that character. this will encourage students to read the text closely looking for clues regarding a specific character ' s history. students will re - read a portion of the text and then write about what has happened to the character before the play begins. they will then create an artifact, such as a diary or journal entry, written by the charcacter they have selected. this will allow them the opportunity to think like the character and to view the events of the play from a specific point of view. this lesson will take two 40 minute class periods. what you need measure for measure, folger edition what to do 1. explain the concept of a " back story " as the important events that occur to a character before the play begins. you may need to prompt students with questions such as : what was the character like as a child? in what situation did he / she grow up? students will need to show how the script supports their choices. 2. have the students write a one or two page back story in either the first or third person. 3. divide students into small groups of 4 or 5 and have them re - read act 4 or act 5, combing throught the text for character details. 4. have students write a letter, diary or journal entry from their selected characters point of view ( first person ). this artifact should concern one or more characters in the play. 5. for increased authenticity, appropriate for an " extra - extended " book, students could write their letter, diary entry using calligraphy, a handwriting font or on a piece of yellowed paper. 6. allow students time to read their pieces and share their artifacts with the class. how did it go? were students able to justify their choices with reference to the text? did their artifacts accurately portray character traits that can be interpreted from the text? were students able to convey a sense of the character ' s perspective through this activity? this lesson could be applied to any fictional text that the students read in class. through close reading and attention to a specific character, students are able to identify with, and understand the concerns of a character on a deeper level. possible choices could include jay gatsby, hester prynne, and atticus finch. if you used this lesson, we


cancer fighting foods / spices the national cancer institute estimates that roughly one - third of all cancer deaths may be diet related. what you eat can hurt you, but it can also help you. many of the common foods found in grocery stores or organic markets contain cancer - fighting properties, from the antioxidants that neutralize the damage caused by free radicals to the powerful phytochemicals that scientists are just beginning to explore. there isn ’ t a single element in a particular food that does all the work : the best thing to do is eat a variety of foods. the following foods have the ability to help stave off cancer and some can even help inhibit cancer cell growth or reduce tumor size. avocados are rich in glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that attacks free radicals in the body by blocking intestinal absorption of certain fats. they also supply even more potassium than bananas and are a strong source of beta - carotene. scientists also believe that avocados may also be useful in treating viral hepatitis ( a cause of liver cancer ), as well as other sources of liver damage. broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower have a chemical component called indole - 3 - carbinol that can combat breast cancer by converting a cancer - promoting estrogen into a more protective variety. broccoli, especially sprouts, also have the phytochemical sulforaphane, a product of glucoraphanin – believed to aid in preventing some types of cancer, like colon and rectal cancer. sulforaphane induces the production of certain enzymes that can deactivate free radicals and carcinogens. the enzymes have been shown to inhibit the growth of tumors in laboratory animals. however, be aware that the agriculture department studied 71 types of broccoli plants and found a 30 - fold difference in the amounts of glucoraphanin. it appears that the more bitter the broccoli is, the more glucoraphanin it has. broccoli sprouts have been developed under the trade name broccosprouts that have a consistent level of sulforaphane – as much as 20 times higher than the levels found in mature heads of broccoli. carrots contain a lot of beta carotene, which may help reduce a wide range of cancers including lung, mouth, throat, stomach, intestine, bladder, prostate and breast. some research indicated beta carotene may actually cause cancer


carrots contain a lot of beta carotene, which may help reduce a wide range of cancers including lung, mouth, throat, stomach, intestine, bladder, prostate and breast. some research indicated beta carotene may actually cause cancer, but this has not proven that eating carrots, unless in very large quantities – 2 to 3 kilos a day, can cause cancer. in fact, a substance called falcarinol that is found in carrots has been found to reduce the risk of cancer, according to researchers at danish institute of agricultural sciences ( dias ). kirsten brandt, head of the research department, explained that isolated cancer cells grow more slowly when exposed to falcarinol. this substance is a polyacethylen, however, so it is important not to cook the carrots. chili peppers and jalapenos contain a chemical, capsaicin, which may neutralize certain cancer - causing substances ( nitrosamines ) and may help prevent cancers such as stomach cancer. november 20, 2008 at 3 : 27 pm maybe you should be eating more beets, left, or chopped cabbage. ( credit : evan sung for the new york times, left nutritionist and author jonny bowden has created several lists of healthful foods people should be eating but aren ’ t. but some of his favorites, like purslane, guava and goji berries, aren ’ t always available at regular grocery stores. i asked dr. bowden, author of “ the 150 healthiest foods on earth, ” to update his list with some favorite foods that are easy to find but don ’ t always find their way into our shopping carts. here ’ s his advice. - beets : think of beets as red spinach, dr. bowden said, because they are a rich source of folate as well as natural red pigments that may be cancer fighters. how to eat : fresh, raw and grated to make a salad. heating decreases the antioxidant power. - cabbage : loaded with nutrients like sulforaphane, a chemical said to boost cancer - fighting enzymes. how to eat : asian - style slaw or as a crunchy topping on burgers and sandwiches. - swiss chard : a leafy green vegetable packed with carotenoids that protect aging eyes. how to eat it : chop and saute in olive oil. - cinnamon : helps control blood sugar and cholesterol. how to eat it : sprinkle on coffee


leafy green vegetable packed with carotenoids that protect aging eyes. how to eat it : chop and saute in olive oil. - cinnamon : helps control blood sugar and cholesterol. how to eat it : sprinkle on coffee or oatmeal. - pomegranate juice : appears to lower blood pressure and loaded with antioxidants. how to eat : just drink it. - dried plums : okay, so they are really prunes, but packed with cancer - fighting antioxidants. how to eat : wrapped in prosciutto and baked. - pumpkin seeds : the most nutritious part of the pumpkin and packed with magnesium ; high levels of the mineral are associated with lower risk for early death. how to eat : roasted as a snack, or sprinkled on salad. - sardines : dr. bowden calls them “ health food in a can. ’ ’ they are high in omega - 3 ’ s, contain virtually no mercury and are loaded with calcium. they also contain iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper and manganese as well as a full complement of b vitamins. how to eat : choose sardines packed in olive or sardine oil. eat plain, mixed with salad, on toast, or mashed with dijon mustard and onions as a spread. - turmeric : the “ superstar of spices, ’ ’ it has anti - inflammatory and anti - cancer properties. how to eat : mix with scrambled eggs or in any vegetable dish. - frozen blueberries : even though freezing can degrade some of the nutrients in fruits and vegetables, frozen blueberries are available year - round and don ’ t spoil ; associated with better memory in animal studies. how to eat : blended with yogurt or chocolate soy milk and sprinkled with crushed almonds. - canned pumpkin : a low - calorie vegetable that is high in fiber and immune - stimulating vitamin a ; fills you up on very few calories. how to eat : mix with a little butter, cinnamon and nutmeg. you can find more details and recipes on the men ’ s health web site, which published the original version of the list last year. in my own house, i only have two of these items — pumpkin seeds, which i often roast and put on salads, and frozen blueberries, which i mix with milk, yogurt and other fruits for morning smoothies. how about you? have any of these foods found


| welcome to the lava tube portion of the virtual cave. lava tube caves are found throughout the world in places where fluid lava has flown over the surface. the longest and most vertically extensive lava tubes known are on the big island of hawai ` i. our idealized lava tube cross - section is based on the tubes there, and most of the photos are from there. lava tubes are found in the western u. s. a. ( washington, california, oregon, nevada, idaho, new mexico, utah, and arizona ), the canary islands, galapagos islands, italy, japan, korea, kenya, mexico, and many other volcanic regions. most tubes form when fluid lava flows down the sides of volcanoes, the upper layer begins to cool, and the lava beneath continues to flow in tubular conduits beneath the surface. due to the insulating effects of the hardened lava above, molten lava is able to travel a considerable distance underground with very little cooling. in hawaii, lava tubes have carried fluid lavas 50 or more miles from their source! tubes may also form when lava follows trenches or gulleys on the surface, which then roof over as lava accumulates along the top edges. lava tubes contain many features similar to those in limestone caves, such as stalactites and stalagmites, helictites, and a sort of flowstone. most of the features in the diagram were made when the cave was active and during the early cooling stage. secondary minerals may be deposited in the tubes later, such as gypsum or calcite crystals, but these tend to be on a much smaller scale than you can find in limestone caves. to take a tour of the wondrous world of lava tubes, select a feature in context on our very cool virtual lava tube map ( drawn by master lava tube cartographer carlene allred ) or choose from the list above it. not all of the items in the text list are represented on the image map. those are shown in all capital letters, so be sure to check these newer pages out. start here : birth of a lava tube check out my new book on lava tubes, based on the virtual lava tube, called caves of fire : inside america ' s lava tubes. it is both a guide to lava tube features ( with many more examples of each than shown here on the website ) and describes and pictures many lava tubes that you can easily find and visit in national, state, and county parks and forests. it has 128 pages with 345 color images


question from amanda : where and what acids are found in wine. which wines have more acid ( dry or sweet ) and why due to the climate. explain why and how titration can be used to determine the relative acid content of wine. if you could help answer my question i would be very grateful. answer : hi, amanda! thanks for your question! i ’ ll do my best …. the main grape acid is tartaric, a relatively strong acid, unlike most fruits. it ’ s followed by malic ( found in lots of fruits and vegetables ) and there are trace amounts of lots of different acids. we have an article on wine components, including acid, at goosecross. com. generally, white wines are higher in acid than reds, for aesthetic reasons. sweet wines should be the highest of all, to offset the sweetness, or the wine will be cloying. cool climates usually produce wines of high acid compared to warm climates because heat causes the sugar to go up and the acid to go down. a chardonnay from burgundy, france is almost always higher in acid than a napa valley chardonnay because of the difference in climate. imagine trying to ripen tomatoes in a cold climate – they will be quite tart! titration is a simple color - change test. i ’ ve paraphrased this from a wine text : titration is the process of determining the concentration of a substance, such as acid, in a solution by adding a carefully measured standard reagent ( usually sodium hydroxide ) until a reaction ( change in color ) occurs due to the presence of an indicator ( phenolphthalein ). most home winemakers buy inexpensive kits to do this. i hope this helps you. are you studying wine making?


most of us know someone with a food allergy. i certainly do - two of my children have been labeled with life threatening food allergies ; one to peanuts and tree nuts and the other to soy. every time i head to the grocery store i spend a tremendous amount of time reading each and every label - including labels that i am familiar with to be sure they haven ’ t changed. this is a necessity to keep my family safe and healthy. in january, 2006, the new food allergen labeling and consumer protection act ( falcpa ) took effect. the law requires food manufacturers to identify all ingredients in a food product containing one or more of the eight major allergens. the eight foods identified by the law are : - fish ( e. g., bass, flounder, cod ) - crustacean shellfish ( e. g. crab, lobster, shrimp ) - tree nuts ( e. g., almonds, walnuts, pecans ) the law states that the name of the food source of a major food allergen must appear : - in parentheses following the name of the ingredient. examples : “ lecithin ( soy ), ” “ flour ( wheat ), ” and “ whey ( milk ) ” – or – - immediately after or next to the list of ingredients in a “ contains ” statement. example : “ contains wheat, milk, and soy. ” most companies are very clear in their labeling and use the “ contains ” language in bold after their ingredient list. here ’ s where it gets really confusing i have been scrutinizing food labels for years - i am noticing that i have to squint these days to read the fine print. many labels contain language about cross - contamination - if the food was processed on shared equipment or shared processing lines with one of the 8 allergens. but not all manufacturers are listing cross - contamination information. the reason being - companies are not required to include this information. there are no particular regulations on whether they need to add statements such as “ may contain traces of peanuts, ” for example, for foods that aren ’ t supposed to contain such allergens. it is a company ’ s choice whether or not to include this information, and how to word it. how to decide if cross - contamination is an issue so the bottom line is you will need to determine what degree of risk you are comfortable with when purchasing foods. that is a lot of pressure when you are buying food for someone else. here is my


the basics of heat stress when the thermometer rises, it can - and often does - create a multitude of problems. anyone, given the right ( or wrong ) conditions, can get heat stress. some are lucky enough to suffer only from heat cramps, while those who are less fortunate may be laid up by heat exhaustion or devastated by heat stroke. as the long, hot days of summer approach, it is helpful to review the effects of warm weather on the human body, the illnesses that may result and what you can do. how the body stays cool unknowingly, you constantly engage your body in the life - and - death struggle to disperse the heat it produces. if allowed to accumulate, this heat would quickly increase your body temperature beyond its comfortable 98. 6of. this does not normally happen because your body is able to lose enough heat to maintain a steady temperature. you become aware of this struggle for heat balance during hard labor or exercise in hot environments, when your body produces heat faster than it can lose it. under certain conditions, your body may build up too much heat, your temperature may rise to life - threatening levels, and you may become delirious or lose consciousness. this is called heat stroke, and it is a serious medical emergency. if you do not rid your body of excess heat fast enough, it cooks the brain and other vital organs. it often is fatal, and those who survive may have permanent damage to their vital organs. before your temperature reaches heat - stroke levels, however, you may suffer heat exhaustion with its flu - like symptoms, and while treating its symptoms you avoid heat stroke. how does your body dispose of excess heat? humans lose heat largely through their skin, similar to how a car loses heat through its radiator. exercising muscles warms the blood, just as a car ' s hot engine warms its radiator fluid. warm blood travels through the skin ' s dilated blood vessels losing heat by evaporating sweat to the surrounding air, just like a car loses engine heat through its radiator. when blood delivers heat to the skin, two of the most important ways the body loses heat are radiation and evaporation ( vaporization of sweat ). when the temperature is 70of or less, the body releases its heat by radiation. as environmental temperatures approach your body temperature, you lose less heat through radiation. in fact, people working on hot summer days actually gain heat through radiation from the sun. this leaves evaporation as the only way to effectively


releases its heat by radiation. as environmental temperatures approach your body temperature, you lose less heat through radiation. in fact, people working on hot summer days actually gain heat through radiation from the sun. this leaves evaporation as the only way to effectively control body temperature. water loss your body is about half water. you lose about 2 quarts every day ( breathing, urinating, bowel movements and sweat ). a working adult can produce 2 quarts of sweat per hour for short periods and up to 15 quarts per day. because the body ' s water absorption rate of 1. 5 quarts per hour is less than the body ' s 2 quarts per hour sweat rate, dehydration results. this happens because you cannot drink enough water to keep up with your sweat losses. if you drink only when you are thirsty, you are dehydrated already. thirst is not a good guide for when to drink water. in fact, in hot and humid conditions, you may be so dehydrated by the time you become thirsty that you will have trouble catching up with your fluid losses. one guideline regarding your water intake is to monitor your urine. you are getting enough water if you produce clear urine at least five times a day. cloudy or dark urine, or urinating less than five times a day, means you should drink more. in the gulf war, american armed forces followed the practice of the israeli army : drinking a minimum of 1 quart of fluid per hour. this tactic resulted in zero deaths from heat illness. in contrast, during the six day war of 1967, more than 20, 000 egyptian soldiers died3 / 4with no visible wounds3 / 4most likely from dehydration and heat illness because they were restricted to 3 quarts daily. while working in hot weather, drink 8 ounces of water every 20 minutes. generally, 16 ounces is the most a person can comfortably drink at once. you cannot " catch up " by drinking extra water later because only about 1 quart of water per hour can pass out of the stomach. therefore, if possible, workers should begin drinking water before they start work. cool water ( 50of ) is easier for the stomach to absorb than warm water, and a little flavoring may make the water more tasty. the best fluids are those that leave the stomach fast and contain little sodium and some sugar ( less than 8 percent ). you should avoid coffee and tea because they contain caffeine, which is a diuretic that


the water more tasty. the best fluids are those that leave the stomach fast and contain little sodium and some sugar ( less than 8 percent ). you should avoid coffee and tea because they contain caffeine, which is a diuretic that increases water loss through urination. alcoholic beverages also dehydrate by increasing urination. soda pop contains about 10 percent sugar and, therefore, your body does not absorb it as well as water or commercial sports drinks. the sugar content of fruit juices ranges from 11 to 18 percent and has an even longer absorption time. commercial sports drinks contain about 5 to 8 percent sugar. electrolyte loss sweat and urine contain potassium and sodium, which are essential electrolytes that control the movement of water in and out of the body ' s cells. many everyday foods contain these electrolytes. bananas and nuts are rich with potassium, and most american diets have up to 10 times as much sodium as the body needs. getting enough salt is rarely a problem in the typical american diet. in fact, most americans consume an excessive amount of sodium - averaging 5 to 10 grams of sodium per day - although we probably require only 1 to 3 grams. therefore, sodium loss is seldom a problem, unless a person is sweating profusely for long periods and drinking large amounts of water. commercial sports drinks can be useful if you are participating in vigorous physical activity for longer than 1 hour ( some experts say longer than 4 hours ). most of the time, however, people merely require water to remain hydrated. the truth is that excessive sodium can draw water out of the body cells, accentuating the dehydration. in addition, drinking large amounts of water ( more than 1 quart an hour ) can cause water intoxication, a condition that flushes electrolytes from the body. frequent urination and behavior changes ( irrationality, combativeness, coma, seizures, etc. ) are signs of water intoxication. effects of humidity sweat can only cool the body if it evaporates. in dry air, you will not notice sweat evaporating. however, sweat cannot evaporate in high - humidity conditions ; it just drips off the skin. at about 70 - percent humidity, sweating is ineffective in cooling the body. because humidity can significantly reduce evaporative cooling, a highly humid but mildly warm day can be more stressful than a hot, dry one. therefore, the higher the humidity, the lower the temperature at which heat risk begins, especially


the body. because humidity can significantly reduce evaporative cooling, a highly humid but mildly warm day can be more stressful than a hot, dry one. therefore, the higher the humidity, the lower the temperature at which heat risk begins, especially those who are generating heat with vigorous work. who is at risk? everyone is susceptible to heat illness if environmental conditions overwhelm the body ' s temperature - regulating mechanisms. heat waves can set the stage for a rash of heat - stroke victims. for example, during the 1995 summer heat wave in chicago, the death toll reached 590. people who are obese, chronically ill or alcoholics have an increased risk. the elderly are at higher risk because of impaired cardiac output and decreased ability to sweat. infants and young children also are susceptible to heat stroke, as well. the fluid loss and dehydration resulting from physical activity puts outdoor laborers at particular risk. certain medications predispose individuals to heat stroke, such as drugs that alter sweat production ( antihistamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants ) or interfere with thermoregulation. heat illnesses several disorders exist along the spectrum of heat illnesses. heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke are on the more serious side of the scale, whereas heat syncope, heat edema and prickly heat are less serious ( see " heat illnesses, " page c 18 ). only heat stroke is life - threatening. untreated heat - stroke victims always die. * heat cramps are painful muscular spasms that occur suddenly. they usually involve the muscles in the back of the leg or the abdominal muscles. they tend to occur immediately after exertion and are caused by salt depletion. victims may be drinking water without adequate salt content. however, some experts disagree because the typical american diet is heavy with salt. * heat exhaustion is characterized by heavy perspiration with normal or slightly above - normal body temperatures. a depletion of water or salt3 / 4or both3 / 4causes this condition. some experts believe severe dehydration is a better term because it happens to workers who do not drink enough fluids while working in hot environments. symptoms include severe thirst, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. the affected person often mistakenly believes he or she has the flu. uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke. * heat stroke is classified in two ways : classic and exertional. classic heat stroke, also known as the "


. the affected person often mistakenly believes he or she has the flu. uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke. * heat stroke is classified in two ways : classic and exertional. classic heat stroke, also known as the " slow cooker, " may take days to develop. this condition is prevalent during summer heat waves and typically affects poor, elderly, chronically ill, alcoholic or obese persons. because the elderly often have medical problems, heat stroke exacerbates the problem, and more than 50 percent of elderly heat - stroke victims die3 / 4even with medical care. death results from a combination of a hot environment and dehydration. exertional heat stroke also is more common in the summer. you see it frequently in athletes, laborers and military personnel who sweat profusely. known as the " fast cooker, " this condition affects healthy, active individuals who strenuously work or play in a warm environment. exertional heat - stroke victims usually are sweating when stricken, while the classic victims are not sweating. its rapid onset does not allow enough time for severe dehydration to occur. because uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke, you should know how to tell the difference between them. if the victim feels extremely hot when touched, suspect heat stroke. another mark of heat stroke is that the victim ' s mental status ( behavior ) changes drastically3 / 4ranging from being slightly confused and disoriented to falling into a coma. in between these conditions, victims usually become irrational, agitated or even aggressive and may have seizures. in severe cases, the victim can go into a coma in less than 1 hour. the longer a coma lasts, the lower the chance for survival, so rescuers must be quick. a third way of distinguishing heat stroke from heat exhaustion is by rectal temperature. obviously, this is not very practical because conscious heat - stroke victims may not cooperate. taking a rectal temperature can be embarrassing to both victim and rescuer. moreover, rectal thermometers are seldom available, and the whole procedure of finding the appropriate thermometer and then using it wastes time and distracts from important emergency care. in most cases, an ambulance arrives within 10 to 20 minutes. * heat syncope, in which a person becomes dizzy or faints after exposure to high temperatures, is a self - limiting condition. victims should lie down in a cool place when it occurs. victims who are not nauseated can drink


20 minutes. * heat syncope, in which a person becomes dizzy or faints after exposure to high temperatures, is a self - limiting condition. victims should lie down in a cool place when it occurs. victims who are not nauseated can drink water. * heat edema, which is also a self - limiting condition, causes ankles and feet to swell from heat exposure. it is more common in women unacclimated to a hot climate. it is related to salt and water retention and tends to disappear after acclimation. wearing support stockings and elevating the legs often helps reduce swelling. * prickly heat, also known as a heat rash, is an itchy rash that develops on skin that is wet from sweating. dry and cool the skin. cooling methods sometimes the only way to stop possible damage is to cool the victim as quickly as possible. however, it is important to pay attention to both the cooling methods and cautions. * ice baths cool a victim quickly but require a great deal of ice3 / 4at least 80 pounds3 / 4to be effective. needing a big enough tub also limits this method. cool - water baths3 / 4 ( less than 60of ) 3 / 4can be successful if you stir the water to prevent a warm layer from forming around the body. this is the most effective method in highly humid conditions ( greater than 75 - percent humidity ). * spraying the victim with water combined with fanning is another method for cooling the body. the water droplets act as artificial sweat and cool the body through evaporation. however, this method is not effective in high humidity3 / 4greater than 75 percent. * ice bags wrapped in wet towels and placed against the large veins in the groin, armpits and sides of the neck also cool the body, though not nearly as quickly as immersion. cautions to remember when employing any cooling method include : * do not delay the onset of cooling while waiting for an ambulance. doing so increases the risk of tissue damage and prolonged hospitalization. * stop cooling when the victim ' s mental status improves to avoid hypothermia. * do not use rubbing alcohol to cool the skin. it can be absorbed into the blood, causing alcohol poisoning. its vapors are a potential fire hazard. * do not use aspirin or acetaminophen. they are not effective because the brain ' s control - center temperature is not elevated as it is with fever caused by diseases. adjusting to heat most heat illness occur during the


hazard. * do not use aspirin or acetaminophen. they are not effective because the brain ' s control - center temperature is not elevated as it is with fever caused by diseases. adjusting to heat most heat illness occur during the first days of working in the heat. therefore, acclimation ( adjusting to the heat ) is the main preventive measure. to better handle the heat, the body adjusts by decreasing the salt content in sweat and increases the sweating rate. year - round exercise can help workers prepare for hot weather. such activity raises the body ' s core temperature so it becomes accustomed to heat. full acclimation, however, requires exercise in hot weather. you can do this by exercising a minimum of 60 to 90 minutes in the heat each day for 1 to 2 weeks. the acclimated heart pumps more blood with each stroke than a heart unused to working in the heat. sweating earlier and doubles the amount of sweat per hour from 1. 5 quarts to 3 quarts or more. when new workers are exposed to hot weather, team them with veterans of the heat who know how much water to drink. heat illnesses are avoidable. with knowledge, preparation, fluid replacement and prompt emergency care, heat casualties need not be a factor for those working in warm weather. dr. alton thygerson is a professor of health science at brigham young university, provo, utah. he also serves as the technical consultant for the national safety council ' s first aid institute. want to use this article? click here for options! © 2013 penton media inc.


data structures for manipulating ( biological ) sequences. generally supports both nucleotide and protein sequences, some functions, like revcompl, only makes sense for nucleotides. | a sequence is a header, sequence data itself, and optional quality data. sequences are type - tagged to identify them as nucleotide, amino acids, or unknown type. all items are lazy bytestrings. the offset type can be used for indexing. | a sequence consists of a header, the sequence data itself, and optional quality data. the type parameter is a phantom type to separate nucleotide and amino acid sequences | an offset, index, or length of a seqdata | the basic data type used in sequences | quality data is normally associated with nucleotide sequences | basic type for quality data. range 0.. 255. typical phred output is in the range 6.. 50, with 20 as the line in the sand separating good from bad. | quality data is a qual vector, currently implemented as a bytestring. | read the character at the specified position in the sequence. | return sequence length. | return sequence label ( first word of header ) | return full header. | return the sequence data. | check whether the sequence has associated quality data. | return the quality data, or error if none exist. use hasqual if in doubt. | adding information to header | modify the header by appending text, or by replacing all but the sequence label ( i. e. first word ). | converting to and from [ char ] | convert a string to seqdata | convert a seqdata to a string returns a sequence with all internal storage freshly copied and with sequence and quality data present as a single chunk. by freshly copying internal storage, defragseq allows garbage collection of the original data source whence the sequence was read ; otherwise, use of just a short sequence name can cause an entire sequence file buffer to be retained. by compacting sequence data into a single chunk, defragseq avoids linear - time traversal of sequence chunks during random access into | map over sequences, treating them as a sequence of ( char, word8 ) pairs. this will work on sequences without quality, as long as the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iup


the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iupac specifies an extended nucleotide alphabet with wildcards, but it is not supported at this point. | complement a single character. i. e. identify the nucleotide it can hybridize with. note that for multiple nucleotides, you usually want the reverse complement ( see revcompl for that ). | calculate the reverse complement. this is only relevant for the nucleotide alphabet, and it leaves other characters unmodified. | calculate the reverse complent for seqdata only. | for type tagging sequences ( protein sequences use amino below ) | proteins are chains of amino acids, represented by the iupac alphabet. | translate a nucleotide sequence into the corresponding protein sequence. this works rather blindly, with no attempt to identify orfs or otherwise qa the result. | convert a sequence in iupac format to a list of amino acids. | convert a list of amino acids to a sequence in iupac format. | display a nicely formated sequence. | a simple function to display a sequence : we generate the sequence string and | call putstrln | returns a properly formatted and probably highlighted string | representation of a sequence. highlighting is done using ansi - escape | default type for sequences | produced by haddock version 2. 6. 1 |


contemporary world politics make it necessary for nations to integrate into international unions in the interest of their own national security and economy. in these international unions, which are usually based upon geographic location, such factors as natural resources, trading blocs, and even cultural values play an important role. many neighboring countries combine their resources under the auspices of such organizations, create defensive alliances, and cooperate on a wide array of issues. the goal of such unions is to preserve peace, control the arms race, resolve disputes through diplomacy, promote socioeconomic development, and protect fundamental human rights and democracy. at the present time, nato, the osce, the eu, nafta, opec, asean, the g - 8, the d - 8, and apec are the foremost international political, military, and economic unions. these institutions are subject to organizational reforms because of new members or a widening of scope. all of these organizations, formed in the aftermath of the second world war, have contributed to creating stability and order in the world and have played a major role in global socioeconomic development. member nations protect their economic and military interests, and also acquire a stronger regional and international position. even the developed world perceives the necessity of such partnerships. the creation of free trade zones, regional trade agreements, abolished customs controls, and even a common currency ( as in the eu ) safeguard the future of member states. defensive pacts enable member states to reduce military expenditures and to divert those resources to cultural and educational fields. a similar organization will provide considerable benefits to muslim nations. for those that are desperate for technological as well as economic development, the foremost step toward stability is the creation of a central organization or, in other words, a unified islamic world under the auspices of the islamic union. economic development and increasing prosperity economic cooperation is necessary on two counts : stability and development. muslim nations must bring stability and solidity to their economies. developing industries and making the required investments is vital, as is the need for a comprehensive development plan and the simultaneous development of education, economy, culture, science, and technology. while various sectors are developed technologically, the labor force ' s educational levels and standards must be raised accordingly. society must be motivated to become more productive, and the resulting economic cooperation will play a major role in eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in muslim countries. this partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. most muslim