join us on add to favorites discover the beauty, and functionality, of ancient native american pottery! these replicas are a wonderful way to learn more about a culture. pottery in any culture is an age - old practice that was originally practical and eventually became seen as an art form. ancient native american pieces are beautifully decorated ceramics that are not only functional but a pleasure to look at as well. choose a style of pottery from one native nation to replicate. based on the style of the pot, choose an armature such as a recycled container or crumpled aluminum foil. cover this basic form with a thin crayola® model magic® layer. add embellishments to your pot by creating ropes, leather cords, feathers, and beads, as appropriate to the culture and time period, and affixing them to your pot. for even edges, cut the compound with crayola scissors. one way to make beads is to cut a long piece of fishing line. make small model magic balls and wrap them around the fishing line about half - way down the length. leave enough fishing line uncovered so you can use it to wrap around the lip of the pot later. try making different shapes of beads and alternating colors to get different patterns. another way to make beads is by wrapping the model magic compound around short pieces of plastic straws. you can then string your beads any way you like. at the end of a string of beads on native pottery, there are often large decorative feathers. roll out model magic compound into feathers. combine different colors for multicolor feathers. then take a craft stick or other modeling tool to etch in the feather ’ s vein and the edges. press the feather on the fishing line at the end of your beads. cut off any fishing line that sticks out on the bottom. wrap the extra fishing line around the lip of the pot and tie a knot. you can hide the fishing line by covering the lip with cords or other decorative elements. adorn your pot with a beautiful rope by braiding three long pieces of model magic compound and then wrapping the braid around the lip. add leather - like cords by rolling out long pieces of model magic compound and pressing them a little flat. then twist and hang them on your pot. model magic® dries to the touch overnight and dries completely in 2 to 3 days. study native american use of animal hides for homes and clothing. add to favorites how do people communicate when the landscape is as barren and forbidding as arctic tundra? make a stone message board in make


dinosaur bones " buried " by evolutionists! a recent presentation at the 2012 western pacific geophysics meeting in singapore showed c - 14 dates of soft tissue found in dinosaur bones to be in the range from 22, 000 - 39, 000 years old. previously, it has been assumed that dinosaurs died out over 65 million years ago, so these new findings are astonishing and should have made international news. but shortly after the presentation was made at the meeting, the abstract was removed from the meeting ’ s website! so it appears that instead of making international news, these findings have been buried. first, let ’ s look at what was actually being presented. the organic matter ( collagen ) and hard carbonate bone mineral ( bioapatite ) in the bone samples were analyzed. the samples came from several species of dinosaurs ( acrocanthosaur, hadrosaurus, triceratops and apatosaurus ) taken from various sites in texas, colorado, arkansas and montana. the samples were meticulously handled and cleaned to avoid possible contamination. the carbon - 14 ( c - 14 ) levels in these samples were measured using accelerator mass spectrometry ( ams ). the resultant c - 14 ages obtained from these samples were consistently in the 22, 000 - 39, 000 years range. the fact that the samples were from a variety of species and sites all giving consistent results greatly reduces the chance that the results are from contamination. the theoretical upper limit for c - 14 dating is ten times the half - life, or about 57, 000 years. the proposed practical upper limit for c - 14 dating is between 40, 000 - 50, 000 years. while some samples fell close to the 40, 000 year upper limit, 16 out of 20 ( 80 % ) were aged at 35, 000 years or younger, well within the acceptable upper c - 14 dating limits. while other researchers have found soft tissue in dinosaur bones and c - 14 dates in these ranges, this current study has been the most comprehensive. the fact that there is any collagen at all remaining in these bone samples is amazing, considering that they are supposed to be older than 65 million years. protein just doesn ’ t hang around that long! and that there is any c - 14 in them also is reason to possibly question conventional wisdom. but why have we not heard about any of this in the news? shouldn ' t there have been at least a 15 - second blip from one of the media outlets? but the media have been silent and the abstract pulled from


[ note : in japan, it is customary to refer to a person with their last name first. we have retained this practice in the below excerpt from kurosawa ’ s text. ] the gate was growing larger and larger in my mind ’ s eye. i was location - scouting in the ancient capital of kyoto for rashomon, my eleventh - century period film. the daiei management was not very happy with the project. they said the content was difficult and the title had no appeal. they were reluctant to let the shooting begin. day by day, as i waited, i walked around kyoto and the still - more - ancient capital of nara a few miles away, studying the classical architecture. the more i saw, the larger the image of the rashomon gate became in my mind. at first i thought my gate should be about the size of the entrance gate to toji temple in kyoto. then it became as large as the tengaimon gate in nara, and finally as big as the main two - story gates of the ninnaji and todaiji temples in nara. this image enlargement occurred not just because i had the opportunity to see real gates dating from that period, but because of what i was learning, from documents and relics, about the long - since - destroyed rashomon gate itself. “ rashomon ” actually refers to the rajomon gate ; the name was changed in a noh play written by kanze nobumitsu. “ rajo ” indicates the outer precincts of the castle, so “ rajomon ” means the main gate to the castle ’ s outer grounds. the gate for my film rashomon was the main gate to the outer precincts of the ancient capital - - – - - – kyoto was at that time called “ heian - kyo. ” if one entered the capital through the rajomon gate and continued due north along the main thoroughfare of the metropolis, one came to the shujakumon gate at the end of it, and the toji and saiji temples to the east and west, respectively. considering this city plan, it would have been strange had the outer main gate not been the biggest gate of all. there is tangible evidence that it in fact was : the blue roof tiles that survive from the original rajomon gate show that it was large. but, no matter how much research we did, we couldn ’ t discover the actual dimensions of the vanished structure. as a result, we had to construct the


blue roof tiles that survive from the original rajomon gate show that it was large. but, no matter how much research we did, we couldn ’ t discover the actual dimensions of the vanished structure. as a result, we had to construct the rashomon gate to the city based on what we could learn from looking at extant temple gates, knowing that the original was probably different. what we built as a set was gigantic. it was so immense that a complete roof would have buckled the support pillars. using the artistic device of dilapidation as an excuse, we constructed only half a roof and were able to get away with our measurements. to be historically accurate, the imperial palace and the shujakumon gate should have been visible looking north through our gate. but on the daiei back lot such distances were out of the question, and even if we had been able to find the space, the budget would have made it impossible. we made do with a cut - out mountain to be seen through the gate. even so, what we built was extraordinarily large for an open set. when i took this project to daiei, i told them the only sets i would need were the gate and the tribunal courtyard wall where all the survivors, participants and witnesses of the rape and murder that form the story of the film are questioned. everything else, i promised them, would be shot on location. based on this low - budget set estimate, daiei happily took on the project. later, kawaguchi matsutaro, at that time a daiei executive, complained that they had really been fed a line. to be sure, only the gate set had to be built, but for the price of that one mammoth set they could have had over a hundred ordinary sets. but, to tell the truth, i hadn ’ t intended so big a set to begin with. it was while i was kept waiting all that time that my research deepened and my image of the gate swelled to its startling proportions. when i had finished scandal for the shochiku studios, daiei asked if i wouldn ’ t direct one more film for them. as i cast about for what to film, i suddenly remembered a script based on the short story “ yabu no naka ” ( “ in a grove ” ) by akutagawa ryunosuke. it had been written by hashimoto shinobu, who had been studying under director itami mansaku. it was a very well - written piece, but not long


“ in a grove ” ) by akutagawa ryunosuke. it had been written by hashimoto shinobu, who had been studying under director itami mansaku. it was a very well - written piece, but not long enough to make into a feature film. this hashimoto had visited my home, and i talked with him for hours. he seemed to have substance, and i took a liking to him. he later wrote the screenplays for ikiru ( 1952 ) and shichinin no samurai ( seven samurai, 1954 ) with me. the script i remembered was his akutagawa adaptation called “ male - female. ” probably my subconscious told me it was not right to have put that script aside ; probably i was — without being aware of it – wondering all the while if i couldn ’ t do something with it. at that moment the memory of it jumped out of one of those creases in my brain and told me to give it a chance. at the same time i recalled that “ in a grove ” is made up of three stories, and realized that if i added one more, the whole would be just the right length for a feature film. then i remembered the akutagawa story “ rashomon. ” like “ in a grove, ” it was set in the heian period ( 794 - 1184 ). the film rashomon took shape in my mind. since the advent of the talkies in the 1930s, i felt, we had misplaced and forgotten what was so wonderful about the old silent movies. i was aware of the aesthetic loss as a constant irritation. i sensed a need to go back to the origins of the motion picture to find this peculiar beauty again ; i had to go back into the past. in particular, i believed that there was something to be learned from the spirit of the french avant - garde films of the 1920s. yet in japan at this time we had no film library. i had to forage for old films, and try to remember the structure of those i had seen as a boy, ruminating over the aesthetics that had made them special. rashomon would be my testing ground, the place where i could apply the ideas and wishes growing out of my silent - film research. to provide the symbolic background atmosphere, i decided to use the akutagawa “ in a grove ” story, which goes into the depths of the human heart as if with a surgeon ’ s scalpel, laying bare its dark complexities and


research. to provide the symbolic background atmosphere, i decided to use the akutagawa “ in a grove ” story, which goes into the depths of the human heart as if with a surgeon ’ s scalpel, laying bare its dark complexities and bizarre twists. these strange impulses of the human heart would be expressed through the use of an elaborately fashioned play of light and shadow. in the film, people going astray in the thicket of their hearts would wander into a wider wilderness, so i moved the setting to a large forest. i selected the virgin forest of the mountains surrounding nara, and the forest belonging to the komyoji temple outside kyoto. there were only eight characters, but the story was both complex and deep. the script was done as straightforwardly and briefly as possible, so i felt i should be able to create a rich and expansive visual image in turning it into a film. fortunately, i had as cinematographer a man i had long wanted to work with, miyagawa kazuo ; i had hayasaka to compose the music and matsuyama as art director. the cast was mifune toshiro, mori masayuki, kyo machiko, shimura takashi, chiaki minoru, ueda kichijiro, kato daisuke and honma fumiko ; all were actors whose temperaments i knew, and i could not have wished for a better line - up. moreover, the story was supposed to take place in summer, and we had, ready to hand, the scintillating midsummer heat of kyoto and nara. with all these conditions so neatly met, i could ask nothing more. all that was left was to begin the film. however, one day just before the shooting was to start, the three assistant directors daiei had assigned me came to see me at the inn where i was staying. i wondered what the problem could be. it turned out that they found the script baffling and wanted me to explain it to them. “ please read it again more carefully, ” i told them. “ if you read it diligently, you should be able to understand it because it was written with the intention of being comprehensible. ” but they wouldn ’ t leave. “ we believe we have read it carefully, and we still don ’ t understand it at all ; that ’ s why we want you to explain it to us. ” for their persistence i gave them this simple explanation : human beings are unable to be honest


we believe we have read it carefully, and we still don ’ t understand it at all ; that ’ s why we want you to explain it to us. ” for their persistence i gave them this simple explanation : human beings are unable to be honest with themselves about themselves. they cannot talk about themselves without embellishing. this script portrays such human beings – the kind who cannot survive without lies to make them feel they are better people than they really are. it even shows this sinful need for flattering falsehood going beyond the grave — even the character who dies cannot give up his lies when he speaks to the living through a medium. egoism is a sin the human being carries with him from birth ; it is the most difficult to redeem. this film is like a strange picture scroll that is unrolled and displayed by the ego. you say that you can ’ t understand this script at all, but that is because the human heart itself is impossible to understand. if you focus on the impossibility of truly understanding human psychology and read the script one more time, i think you will grasp the point of it. after i finished, two of the three assistant directors nodded and said they would try reading the script again. they got up to leave, but the third, who was the chief, remained unconvinced. he left with an angry look on his face. ( as it turned out, this chief assistant director and i never did get along. i still regret that in the end i had to ask for his resignation. but, aside from this, the work went well. ) during the rehearsals before the shooting i was left virtually speechless by kyo machiko ’ s dedication. she came in to where i was still sleeping in the morning and sat down with the script in her hand. “ please teach me what to do, ” she requested, and i lay there amazed. the other actors, too, were all in their prime. their spirit and enthusiasm was obvious in their work, and equally manifest in their eating and drinking habits. they invented a dish called sanzoku - yaki, or “ mountain bandit broil, ” and ate it frequently. it consisted of beef strips sauteed in oil and then dipped in a sauce made of curry powder in melted butter. but while they held their chopsticks in one hand, in the other they ’ d hold a raw onion. from time to time they ’ d put a strip of meat on the onion and take a bite out of it. thoroughly


melted butter. but while they held their chopsticks in one hand, in the other they ’ d hold a raw onion. from time to time they ’ d put a strip of meat on the onion and take a bite out of it. thoroughly barbaric. the shooting began at the nara virgin forest. this forest was infested with mountain leeches. they dropped out of the trees onto us, they crawled up our legs from the ground to suck our blood. even when they had had their fill, it was no easy task to pull them off, and once you managed to rip a glutted leech out of your flesh, the open sore seemed never to stop bleeding. our solution was to put a tub of salt in the entry of the inn. before we left for the location in the morning we would cover our necks, arms and socks with salt. leeches are like slugs — they avoid salt. in those days the virgin forest around nara harbored great numbers of massive cryptomerias and japanese cypresses, and vines of lush ivy twined from tree to tree like pythons. it had the air of the deepest mountains and hidden glens. every day i walked in this forest, partly to scout for shooting locations and partly for pleasure. once a black shadow suddenly darted in front of me : a deer from the nara park that had returned to the wild. looking up, i saw a pack of monkeys in the big trees about my head. the inn we were housed in lay at the foot of mount wakakusa. once a big monkey who seemed to be the leader of the pack came and sat on the roof of the inn to stare at us studiously throughout our boisterous evening meal. another time the moon rose from behind mount wakakusa, and for an instant we saw the silhouette of a deer framed distinctly against its full brightness. often after supper we climbed up mount wakakusa and formed a circle to dance in the moonlight. i was still young and the cast members were even younger and bursting with energy. we carried out our work with enthusiasm. when the location moved from the nara mountains to the komyoji temple forest in kyoto, it was gion festival time. the sultry summer sun hit with full force, but even though some members of my crew succumbed to heat stroke, our work pace never flagged. every afternoon we pushed through without even stopping for a single swallow of water. when work was over, on the way back to the inn we


force, but even though some members of my crew succumbed to heat stroke, our work pace never flagged. every afternoon we pushed through without even stopping for a single swallow of water. when work was over, on the way back to the inn we stopped at a beer hall in kyoto ’ s downtown shijo - kawaramachi district. there each of us downed about four of the biggest mugs of draft beer they had. but we ate dinner without any alcohol and, upon finishing, split up to go about our private affairs. then at ten o ’ clock we ’ d gather again and pour whiskey down our throats with a vengeance. every morning we were up bright and clear - headed to do our sweat - drenched work. where the komyoji temple forest was too thick to give us the light we needed for shooting, we cut down trees without a moment ’ s hesitation or explanation. the abbot of komyoji glared fearfully as he watched us. but as the days went on, he began to take the initiative, showing us where he thought trees should be felled. when our shoot was finished at the komyoji location, i went to pay my respects to the abbot. he looked at me with grave seriousness and spoke with deep feeling. “ to be honest with you, at the outset we were very disturbed when you went about cutting down the temple trees as if they belonged to you. but in the end we were won over by your wholehearted enthusiasm. ‘ show the audience something good. ’ this was the focus of all your energies, and you forgot yourselves. until i had the chance to watch you, i had no idea that the making of a movie was a crystallization of such effort. i was very deeply impressed. ” the abbot finished and set a folding fan before me. in commemoration of our filming, he had written on the fan three characters forming a chinese poem : “ benefit all mankind. ” i was left speechless. we set up a parallel schedule for the use of the komyoji location and open set of the rashomon gate. on sunny days we filmed at komyoji ; on cloudy days we filmed the rain scenes at the gate set. because the gate set was so huge, the job of creating rainfall on it was a major operation. we borrowed fire engines and turned on the studio ’ s fire hoses to full capacity. but when the camera was aimed upward at the cloudy sky over the gate, the sprinkle of the rain couldn ’ t


on it was a major operation. we borrowed fire engines and turned on the studio ’ s fire hoses to full capacity. but when the camera was aimed upward at the cloudy sky over the gate, the sprinkle of the rain couldn ’ t be seen against it, so we made rainfall with black ink in it. every day we worked in temperatures of more than 85º fahrenheit, but when the wind blew through the wide - open gate with the terrific rainfall pouring down over it, it was enough to chill the skin. i had to be sure that this huge gate looked huge to the camera. and i had to figure out how to use the sun itself. this was a major concern because of the decision to use the light and shadows of the forest as the keynote of the whole film. i determined to solve the problem by actually filming the sun. these days it is not uncommon to point the camera directly at the sun, but at the time rashomon was being made it was still one of the taboos of cinematography. it was even thought that the sun ’ s rays shining directly into your lens would burn the film in your camera. but my cameraman, miyagawa kazuo, boldly defied this convention and created superb images. the introductory section in particular, which leads the viewer through the light and shadow of the forest into a world where the human heart loses its way, was truly magnificent camera work. i feel that this scene, later praised at the venice international film festival as the first instance of a camera entering the heart of a forest, was not only one of miyagawa ’ s masterpieces but a world - class masterpiece of black - and - white cinematography. and yet, i don ’ t know what happened to me. delighted as i was with miyagawa ’ s work, it seems i forgot to tell him. when i said to myself, “ wonderful, ” i guess i thought i had said “ wonderful ” to him at the same time. i didn ’ t realize i hadn ’ t until one day miyagawa ’ s old friend shimura takashi ( who was playing the woodcutter in rashomon ) came to me and said, “ miyagawa ’ s very concerned about whether his camera work is satisfactory to you. ” recognizing my oversight for the first time, i hurriedly shouted “ one hundred percent! one hundred for camera work! one hundred plus! ” there is no end to my recollections of rashomon. if i tried


satisfactory to you. ” recognizing my oversight for the first time, i hurriedly shouted “ one hundred percent! one hundred for camera work! one hundred plus! ” there is no end to my recollections of rashomon. if i tried to write about all of them, i ’ d never finish, so i ’ d like to end with one incident that left an indelible impression on me. it has to do with the music. as i was writing the script, i heard the rhythms of a bolero in my head over the episode of the woman ’ s side of the story. i asked hayasaka to write a bolero kind of music for the scene. when we came to the dubbing of that scene, hayasaka sat down next to me and said, “ i ’ ll try it with the music. ” in his face i saw uneasiness and anticipation. my own nervousness and expectancy gave me a painful sensation in my chest. the screen lit up with the beginning of the scene, and the strains of the bolero music softly counted out the rhythm. as the scene progressed, the music rose, but the image and the sound failed to coincide and seemed to be at odds with each other. “ damn it, ” i thought. the multiplication of sound and image that i had calculated in my head had failed, it seemed. it was enough to make me break out in a cold sweat. we kept going. the bolero music rose yet again, and suddenly picture and sound fell into perfect unison. the mood created was positively eerie. i felt an icy chill run down my spine, and unwittingly i turned to hayasaka. he was looking at me. his face was pale, and i saw that he was shuddering with the same eerie emotion i felt. from that point on, sound and image proceeded with incredible speed to surpass even the calculations i had made in my head. the effect was strange and overwhelming. and that is how rashomon was made. during the shooting there were two fires at the daiei studios. but because we had mobilized the fire engines for our filming, they were already primed and drilled, so the studios escaped with very minor damage. after rashomon i made a film of dostoevsky ’ s the idiot ( hakuchi, 1951 ) for the shochiku studios. this idiot was ruinous. i clashed directly with the studio heads, and then when the reviews on the completed film came out


made a film of dostoevsky ’ s the idiot ( hakuchi, 1951 ) for the shochiku studios. this idiot was ruinous. i clashed directly with the studio heads, and then when the reviews on the completed film came out, it was as if they were a mirror reflection of the studio ’ s attitude toward me. without exception, they were scathing. on the heels of this disaster, daiei rescinded its offer for me to do another film with them. i listened to this cold announcement at the chofu studios of daiei in the tokyo suburbs. i walked out through the gate in the gloomy daze, and, not having the will even to get on the train, i ruminated over my bleak situation as i walked all the way home to komae. i concluded that for some time i would have to “ eat cold rice ” and resigned myself to this fact. deciding that it would serve no purpose to get excited about it, i set out to go fishing at the tamagawa river. i cast my line into the river. it immediately caught on something and snapped in two. having no replacement with me, i hurriedly put my equipment away. thinking this was what it was like when bad luck catches up with you, i headed back home. i arrived home depressed, with barely enough strength to slide open the door to the entry. suddenly my wife came bounding out. “ congratulations! ” i was unwittingly indignant : “ for what? ” “ rashomon has the grand prix. ” rashomon had won the grand prix at the venice international film festival, and i was spared from having to eat cold rice. once again an angel had appeared out of nowhere. i did not even know that rashomon had been submitted to the venice film festival. the japan representative to italiafilm, giuliana stramigioli, had seen it and recommended it to venice. it was like pouring water into the sleeping ears of the japanese film industry. later rashomon won the american academy award for best foreign language film. japanese critics insisted that these two prizes were simply reflections of westerners ’ curiosity and taste for oriental exoticism, which struck me then, and now, as terrible. why is it that japanese people have no confidence in the worth of japan? why do they elevate everything foreign and denigrate everything japanese? even the woodblock prints of utamoro, hokusai and sharaku were not appreciated by japanese until they were


st. francis, animals and the environment dr. marcellino d ' ambrosio you often see a garden statue of him with a bird on his shoulder. yes, st. francis of assisi did have a special relationship with animals. he preached to the birds, pacified a wolf, and put together an animal cast for what is regarded as the very first live nativity scene. but he had no interest in “ the environment. ” no feeling for it whatsoever. instead, he was in love with creation. and that ’ s because he was in love with the creator, who he regarded not as some cosmic force or distant, detached monarch, but as “ father. ” he so much loved god his father that he had great affection for anything related to god – the sacraments, the church, its very imperfect ministers, broken down country chapels, and all of god ’ s marvelous works of art – human beings first and foremost, but also the animals and even the inanimate objects that adorn the heavens and the earth. the fondness for and kinship st. francis felt with “ brother son and sister moon ” was truly a gift. but it is gift that we all receive when we receive the holy spirit since it is one of the seven gifts mentioned in isaiah 11 : 2 - 3. at least this is how st. thomas aquinas and many after him explained this beautiful, supernatural gift of piety. the natural virtue of piety was extolled by the greeks and romans – a love of those who gave you life, first and foremost your parents and after them, your fatherland. this entailed also a respect and affection for all that is connected with your parents and dear to them as well – your grandparents, uncles and aunts, and in the case of your country, its flag, its national anthem, its history and its heros. the term for piety towards one ’ s country is “ patriotism ” which actually has at its root, the term “ pater ” or “ father. ” st. francis loved his home town of assisi. but his deeper patriotism was for the kingdom of god. his affection for the kingdom included respect and reverence for all the king ’ s creatures and subjects, whether they be great or small. now, this does not mean that francis saw all creatures as his equals, as some animal rights advocates today seem to do. one animal rights philosopher, peter singer, goes so far as to teach that adult whales and chimpanzees are


. now, this does not mean that francis saw all creatures as his equals, as some animal rights advocates today seem to do. one animal rights philosopher, peter singer, goes so far as to teach that adult whales and chimpanzees are actually superior to human fetuses and infants in both dignity and value. he would save the whales but allow both abortion and infanticide. st. francis would be appalled at such a concept. biblical person that he was, he understood that woman and man are god ’ s supreme masterpieces, made in his image and likeness, unlike the animals. human beings are given dominion over the rest of creation in genesis 2 not to exploit however, but to cultivate, care for, and perfect. god entrusts adam and eve not with “ the environment, ” but with “ the garden ” – a place of beauty in which we are made to walk with god. so st. francis loves the birds, but also presses them into the service of the gospel. he saves the wolf of gubbio from the wrath of angry townspeople, but rebukes it for its ferocity and calls men and wolf to live everafter in harmony. and the animals of the nativity scene? they are companions of the infant who is the word made flesh. so the authentic biblical and catholic approach to “ the environment ” is not to see it coldly and scientifically as “ the environment. ” but rather, in the fashion of st. francis, to approach it as the expression of the father ’ s beauty, as the gift of the father ’ s love, as an icon, a window to the new creation. reckless exploitation would never fit with such a vision. but neither would some secular environmentalism. follow us - join us on facebook join us on twitter dr. marcellino d ’ ambrosio writes from texas. for more information on his resources and his pilgrimages to italy and the holy land, visit www. crossroadsinitiative. com or call 1. 800. 803. 0118. click here to download and print, click here! for more catholic resources to feed your faith, visit the crossroads initiative homepage. to sign up for our free weekly e - mail with dr. d ' ambrosio ' s commentary on the sunday readings, liturgical feasts, updates on where dr. d will be speaking, a chance to win a free cd and more, click here! personal prayer : pathway to joy marcellino d ' ambrosio, ph. d. everyone


the sunday readings, liturgical feasts, updates on where dr. d will be speaking, a chance to win a free cd and more, click here! personal prayer : pathway to joy marcellino d ' ambrosio, ph. d. everyone knows that personal prayer is important. you can ' t expect to deepen a relationship with god talking with him only once a week! but how, in the midst of the busy, noisy life we all lead, can we develop a pattern of daily prayer that really works? and if we are successful in carving out some moments for prayer, what do we do? how should we spend that time in way that would be most fruitful? dr. marcellino d ' ambrosio has taught spiritual theology academically, but, more importantly, he ' s had plenty of practice applying that tradition to everyday life. with a family of seven, a business, and a non - profit corporation to run, he knows the challenges that a busy, active life can pose to the christian who wants to pray. in this talk, he lays down principles and gives practical suggestions on how busy laypeople can develop a prayer life that leads to joy and personal transformation. cd - $ 8. 95 the seven deadly sins - 3 cd set what are the seven deadly sins? there are books written about them and movies made about them, but what are they? from about the fifth century, christian spiritual writers identified seven patterns of sin that, if not broken, would lead to spiritual death. in this fascinating series by dr. marcellino d ' ambrosio, we learn the destructive, addictive dynamics of these seven vices and how they infiltrate, and ultimately take over people ' s lives. most importantly, we find out how to get free of the chains forged by these sins and the necessary qualities to cultivate to make us immune to them in the future. beyond the birds and the bees " the talk. " it ' s one of the most daunting prospects parents face. communicating the richness of catholic teaching on sexuality in a faithful and effective way can be an overwhelming responsibility. but does it have to be so? in this thoroughly revised version of beyond the birds and the bees, greg and lisa popcak empower you with the tools needed to move well beyond " the talk " by offering a comprehensive guide to raising sexually whole and holy children. using the riches of blessed john paul ii ' s theology of the body, the popcaks help you safely navigate your children from infancy through the


indonesia is known for being prone to natural disasters of all kinds, ranging from climatic ( floods, drought ) to geologic ( earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanoes, etc. ), biological ( avian influenza ) to man - made ( deforestation, mining, conflicts ). with an already high level of food insecurity, households ' vulnerability to shocks is high as the assets and structures of communities are jeopardized by these complex emergencies and a general lack of disaster risk reduction and management. over the past five years, more than 1, 500, 000 people have been directly affected by natural disasters, primarily in west sumatera, west java, central java, west nusa tenggara, east nusa tenggara and papua. following the tsunami of 2004, the government of indonesia has become more aware of the risks, both real and potential, affecting the provinces, and has taken steps to build the capacity of its staff in disaster risk reduction. emergency preparedness and response has also become a priority for the indonesian church, specifically the national caritas office — karina — and a growing number of dioceses. various disasters over the past five years offered opportunities for the dioceses in those areas to contribute to the disaster responses and increase their response and management capacities. this has provided catholic relief services indonesia with greater opportunity to work with and support the local church and other organizations to improve their capacity in emergency response programming. latest stories from indonesia view all stories » » see all the different ways your support helps people around the world after disasters strike. » » the latest eruption from indonesia ' s mount merapi volcano killed 70 people and forced thousands to flee from their homes. » » when sumatran villagers were left homeless after an earthquake, a crs program helped them build 11, 000 houses in just a few months. » » | population : | | 248, 645, 008 ( july 2012 est. ) | | size : | | 735, 358 sq. mi. ; slightly less than three times the size of texas | | people served : | | 863 ( 2012 est. ) | since 1957, catholic relief services has been helping rural communities in indonesia alleviate human suffering, eradicate poverty and become self - reliant. over the past five years, crs in indonesia has responded to various disasters and helped more than 60, 000 people rebuild their lives. our response to the west sumatera earthquake in 2009 through cash grant for transitional shelter has been widely appreciated by the local government and donor community as


ctcomms sends on average 2 million emails monthly on behalf of over 125 different charities and not for profits. take the complexity of technology and stir in the complexity of the legal system and what do you get? software licenses! if you ' ve ever attempted to read one you know how true this is, but you have to know a little about software licensing even if you can ' t parse all of the fine print. by : chris peters march 10, 2009 a software license is an agreement between you and the owner of a program which lets you perform certain activities which would otherwise constitute an infringement under copyright law. the software license usually answers questions such as : the price of the software and the licensing fees, if any, are sometimes discussed in the licensing agreement, but usually it ' s described elsewhere. if you read the definitions below and you ' re still scratching your head, check out categories of free and non - free software which includes a helpful diagram. free vs proprietary : when you hear the phrase " free software " or " free software license, " " free " is referring to your rights and permissions ( " free as in freedom " or " free as in free speech " ). in other words, a free software license gives you more rights than a proprietary license. you can usually copy, modify, and redistribute free software without paying a fee or obtaining permission from the developers and distributors. in most cases " free software " won ' t cost you anything, but that ' s not always the case – in this instance the word free is making no assertion whatsoever about the price of the software. proprietary software puts more restrictions and limits on your legal permission to copy, modify, and distribute the program. free, open - source or foss? in everyday conversation, there ' s not much difference between " free software, " " open source software, " and " foss ( free and open - source software ). " in other words, you ' ll hear these terms used interchangeably, and the proponents of free software and the supporters of open - source software agree with one another on most issues. however, the official definition of free software differs somewhat from the official definition of open - source software, and the philosophies underlying those definitions differ as well. for a short description of the difference, read live and let license. for a longer discussion from the " free software " side, read why open source misses the point of free software. for the " open - source " perspective, read why free software is


a short description of the difference, read live and let license. for a longer discussion from the " free software " side, read why open source misses the point of free software. for the " open - source " perspective, read why free software is too ambiguous. public domain and copyleft. these terms refer to different categories of free, unrestricted licensing. a copyleft license allows you all the freedoms of a free software license, but adds one restriction. under a copyleft license, you have to release any modifications under the same terms as the original software. in effect, this blocks companies and developers who want to alter free software and then make their altered version proprietary. in practice, almost all free and open - source software is also copylefted. however, technically you can release " free software " that isn ' t copylefted. for example, if you developed software and released it under a " public domain " license, it would qualify as free software, but it isn ' t copyleft. in effect, when you release something into the public domain, you give up all copyrights and rights of ownership. shareware and freeware. these terms don ' t really refer to licensing, and they ' re confusing in light of the discussion of free software above. freeware refers to software ( usually small utilities at sites such as tucows. com ) that you can download and install without paying. however, you don ' t have the right to view the source code, and you may not have the right to copy and redistribute the software. in other words, freeware is proprietary software. shareware is even more restrictive. in effect, shareware is trial software. you can use it for a limited amount of time ( usually 30 or 60 days ) and then you ' re expected to pay to continue using it. end user licensing agreement ( eula ). when you acquire software yourself, directly from a vendor or retailer, or directly from the vendor ' s web site, you usually have to indicate by clicking a box that you accept the licensing terms. this " click - through " agreement that no one ever reads is commonly known as a eula. if you negotiate a large purchase of software with a company, and you sign a contract to seal the agreement, that contract usually replaces or supersedes the eula. most major vendors of proprietary software offer some type of bulk purchasing and volume licensing mechanism. the terms vary widely, but if you order enough software to qualify, the


contract to seal the agreement, that contract usually replaces or supersedes the eula. most major vendors of proprietary software offer some type of bulk purchasing and volume licensing mechanism. the terms vary widely, but if you order enough software to qualify, the benefits in terms of cost and convenience are significant. also, not - for - profits sometimes qualify for it with very small initial purchases. some of the benefits of volume licensing include : lower cost. as with most products, software costs less when you buy more of it. ease of installation. without volume licenses, you usually have to enter a separate activation code ( also known as a product key or license key ) for each installed copy of the program. on the other hand, volume licenses provide you with a single, organisation - wide activation code, which makes it much easier to find when you need to reinstall the software. easier tracking of licenses. keeping track of how many licenses you own, and how many copies you ' ve actually installed, is a tedious, difficult task. many volume licensing programs provide an online account which is automatically updated when you obtain or activate a copy of that company ' s software. these accounts can also coordinate licensing across multiple offices within your organisation. to learn more about volume licensing from a particular vendor, check out some of the resources below : qualified not - for - profits and libraries can receive donated volume licenses for microsoft products through techsoup. for more information, check out our introduction to the microsoft software donation program, and the microsoft software donation program faq. for general information about the volume licensing of microsoft software, see volume licensing overview. if you get microsoft software from techsoup or other software distributors who work with not - for - profits, you may need to go to the eopen web site to locate your volume license keys. for more information, check out the techsoup donation recipient ' s guide to the microsoft eopen web site. always check techsoup stock first to see if there ' s a volume licensing donation program for the software you ' re interested in. if techsoup doesn ' t offer that product or if you need more copies than you can find at techsoup, search for " volume licensing not - for - profits software " or just " not - for - profits software. " for example, when we have an inventory of adobe products, qualifying and eligible not - for - profits can obtain four individual products or one copy of creative suite 4 through techsoup. if we ' re out of stock, or you


software. " for example, when we have an inventory of adobe products, qualifying and eligible not - for - profits can obtain four individual products or one copy of creative suite 4 through techsoup. if we ' re out of stock, or you ' ve used up your annual adobe donation, you can also check techsoup ' s special adobe donation program and also adobe solutions for nonprofits for other discounts available to not - for - profits. for more software - hunting tips, see a quick guide to discounted software programs. pay close attention to the options and licensing requirements when you acquire server - based software. you might need two different types of license – one for the server software itself, and a set of licenses for all the " clients " accessing the software. depending on the vendor and the licensing scenario, " client " can refer either to the end users themselves ( for example, employees, contractors, clients, and anyone else who uses the software in question ) or their computing devices ( for example, laptops, desktop computers, smartphones, pdas, etc. ). we ' ll focus on microsoft server products, but similar issues can arise with other server applications. over the years, microsoft has released hundreds of server - based applications, and the licensing terms are slightly different for each one. fortunately, there are common license types and licensing structures across different products. in other words, while a user cal ( client access license ) for windows server is distinct from a user cal for sharepoint server, the underlying terms and rights are very similar. the techsoup product pages for microsoft software do a good job of describing the differences between products, so we ' ll focus on the common threads in this article. moreover, microsoft often lets you license a single server application in more than one way, depending on the needs of your organisation. this allows you the flexibility to choose the licenses that best reflect your organisation ' s usage patterns and thereby cost you the least amount of money. for example, for windows server and other products you can acquire licenses on a per - user basis ( for example, user cals ) or per - device basis ( for example, device cals ). the license required to install and run most server applications usually comes bundled with the software itself. so you can install and run most applications " out of the box, " as long as you have the right number of client licenses ( see the section below for more on that ). however, when you ' re running certain server products on a computer with multiple


can install and run most applications " out of the box, " as long as you have the right number of client licenses ( see the section below for more on that ). however, when you ' re running certain server products on a computer with multiple processors, you may need to get additional licenses. for example, if you run windows server 2008 datacenter edition on a server with two processors, you need a separate license for each processor. sql server 2008 works the same way. this type of license is referred to as a processor license. generally you don ' t need client licenses for any application that ' s licensed this way. client licenses for internal users many microsoft products, including windows server 2003 and windows server 2008, require client access licenses for all authenticated internal users ( for example, employees, contractors, volunteers, etc. ). on the other hand, sql server 2008 and other products don ' t require any client licenses. read the product description at ctxchange if you ' re looking for the details about licensing a particular application. user cals : user cals allow each user access to all the instances of a particular server product in an organisation, no matter which device they use to gain access. in other words, if you run five copies of windows server 2008 on five separate servers, you only need one user cal for each person in your organisation who access those servers ( or any software installed on those servers ), whether they access a single server, all five servers, or some number in between. each user with a single cal assigned to them can access the server software from as many devices as they want ( for example, desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, etc. ). user cals are a popular licensing option. device cals : device cals allow access to all instances of a particular server application from a single device ( for example, a desktop computer, a laptop, etc. ) in your organisation. device cals only make sense when multiple employees use the same computer. for example, in 24 - hour call centres different employees on different shifts often use the same machine, so device cals make sense in this situation. choosing a licensing mode for your windows server cals : with windows server 2003 and windows server 2008, you use a cal ( either a user cal or a device cal ) in one of two licensing modes : per seat or per server. you make this decision when you ' re installing your windows server products, not when you acquire the cals. the cals themselves don ' t


a user cal or a device cal ) in one of two licensing modes : per seat or per server. you make this decision when you ' re installing your windows server products, not when you acquire the cals. the cals themselves don ' t have any mode designation, so you can use either a user cal or a device cal in either mode. per seat mode is the default mode, and the one used most frequently. the description of user cals and device cals above describes the typical per seat mode. in " per server " mode, windows treats each license as a " simultaneous connection. " in other words, if you have 40 cals, windows will let 40 authenticated users have access. the 41st user will be denied access. however, in per server mode, each cal is tied to a particular instance of windows server, and you have to acquire a new set of licenses for each new server you build that runs windows. therefore, per server mode works for some small organisations with one or two servers and limited access requirements. you don ' t " install " client licenses the way you install software. there are ways to automate the tracking of software licenses indirectly, but the server software can ' t refuse access to a user or device on licensing grounds. the licenses don ' t leave any " digital footprint " that the server software can read. an exception to this occurs when you license windows server in per server mode. in this case, if you have 50 licenses, the 51st authenticated user will be denied access ( though anonymous users can still access services ). some key points to remember about client licensing : the licensing scenarios described in this section arise less frequently, and are too complex to cover completely in this article, so they ' re described briefly below along with more comprehensive resources. you don ' t need client licenses for anonymous, unauthenticated external users. in other words, if someone accesses your web site, and that site runs on internet information server ( iis ), microsoft ' s web serving software, you don ' t need a client license for any of those anonymous users. if you have any authenticated external users who access services on your windows - based servers, you can obtain cals to cover their licensing requirements. however, the external connector license ( ecl ) is a second option in this scenario. the ecl covers all use by authenticated external users, but it ' s a lot more expensive than a cal, so only get one if you ' ll have a lot of external users.


ecl ) is a second option in this scenario. the ecl covers all use by authenticated external users, but it ' s a lot more expensive than a cal, so only get one if you ' ll have a lot of external users. for example, even if you get your licenses through the ctxchange donation program, an ecl for windows server 2008 has an £76 administrative fee, while a user cal for windows server 2008 carries a £1 admin fee. if only a handful of external users access your windows servers, you ' re better off acquiring user cals. also, an ecl only applies to external users and devices. in other words, if you have an ecl, you still have to get a cal for all employees and contractors. even though terminal services ( ts ) is built into windows server 2003 and 2008, you need to get a separate ts cal for each client ( i. e. each user or each device ) that will access terminal services in your organisation. this ts license is in addition to your windows server cals. microsoft ' s system centre products ( a line of enterprise - level administrative software packages ) use a special type of license known as a management license ( ml ). applications that use this type of licensing include system center configuration manager 2007 and system center operations manager 2007. any desktop or workstation managed by one of these applications needs a client management license. any server managed by one of these applications requires a server management license, and there are two types of server management licenses – standard and enterprise. you need one or the other but not both. there are also special licensing requirements if you ' re managing virtual instances of windows operating systems. for more information, see techsoup ' s guide to system center products and licensing and microsoft ' s white paper on systems center licensing. some microsoft server products have two client licensing modes, standard and enterprise. as you might imagine, an enterprise cal grants access to more advanced features of a product. furthermore, with some products, such as microsoft exchange, the licenses are additive. in other words, a user needs both a standard cal and an enterprise cal in order to access the advanced features. see exchange server 2007 editions and client access licenses for more information. with virtualisation technologies, multiple operating systems can run simultaneously on a single physical server. every time you install a microsoft application, whether on a physical hardware system or a virtual hardware system, you create an " instance " of that application. the number of " instances " of particular application that you


can run simultaneously on a single physical server. every time you install a microsoft application, whether on a physical hardware system or a virtual hardware system, you create an " instance " of that application. the number of " instances " of particular application that you can run using a single license varies from product to product. for more information see the volume licensing briefs, microsoft licensing for virtualization and the windows server virtualization calculator. for techsoup stock products, see the product description for more information. there are a lot of nuances to microsoft licensing, and also a lot of excellent resources to help you understand different scenarios. about the author : chris is a former technology writer and technology analyst for techsoup for libraries, which aims to provide it management guidance to libraries. his previous experience includes working at washington state library as a technology consultant and technology trainer, and at the bill and melinda gates foundation as a technology trainer and tech support analyst. he received his m. l. s. from the university of michigan in 1997. originally posted here. copyright © 2009 compumentor. this work is published under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 3. 0 license. the latest version of microsoft office professional plus is an integrated collection of programs, servers, and services designed to work together to enable optimised information work.


- our story - in memory vaccination and immunotherapy for alzheimer ’ s disease vaccination against amyloid is a promising approach for the development of alzheimer ’ s disease ( ad ) therapeutics. approximately half of the investigational new therapeutics in human clinical trials for ad are active or passive immunotherapeutics. active vaccination involves the injection of an antigen and relies on the production of antibodies in the vaccinated patient. four human clinical trials of active vaccination currently are under way. passive immunization is also a promising strategy that involves the production of antibodies outside of the patient and injection of these antibodies. there are currently 12 clinical trials of passive immunization. you can check for alzheimer therapeutics in human clinical trials by visiting www. clinicaltrials. gov and searching for key words “ alzheimer ’ s and immunotherapy. ” thinking out of the box the development of vaccinations as a strategy for treating or preventing alzheimer ’ s is an example of thinking out of the box. vaccinations commonly are associated with infectious diseases, like influenza, small pox and polio, which appear to have little in common with neurodegenerative diseases, like alzheimer ’ s. moreover, the brain is an immunoprivileged site with little access to antibodies, so it seems unlikely antibodies would be protective in the brain. researchers were pleasantly surprised when dale schenk and co - workers at elan inc. reported that vaccination of transgenic mouse models of ad against the amyloid aß peptide prevented amyloid deposition in young animals and removed pre - existing amyloid deposits in older animals. subsequent work showed that immunization against aß prevented or reversed many other pathological features and prevented cognitive dysfunction in transgenic mice and non - human primates. this vaccine ( elan an1792 ) was tested in human clinical trials, where it showed similar beneficial effects of removing amyloid deposits and slowing cognitive decline in patients with significant levels of anti - aß antibodies, but the clinical trial was halted because 6 percent of the patients developed meningoencephalitis, an inflammatory side effect. second - generation vaccines and passive immunization to circumvent the unwanted inflammatory side effects, second - generation active vaccines have been developed and passive immunization strategies have been explored. the second - generation vaccines use small pieces of the amyloid aß sequence to avoid activating the t - cells responsible for mening


unwanted inflammatory side effects, second - generation active vaccines have been developed and passive immunization strategies have been explored. the second - generation vaccines use small pieces of the amyloid aß sequence to avoid activating the t - cells responsible for meningoencephalitis, while passive immunization bypasses the human immune response by directly supplying antibodies. these newer strategies have shown the same beneficial effects in transgenic mice and passive immunization has shown some promise in a subset of patients in human trials, but they have raised new questions about their effectiveness and potential new side effects. elan / wyeth reported preliminary results from clinical trials of their monoclonal antibody, bapineuzimab, that demonstrated only a small benefit in a subgroup of patients who lack the apoe4 genotype. they also failed to observe an improved benefit with an increased dose of antibody and reported side effects, like a buildup of fluid in the brain. results of active vaccination human clinical trials with second - generation vaccines remain to be reported. third - generation vaccines and antibodies : thinking perpendicular to the box both second - generation vaccines and antibodies suffer from a common problem. they both target linear amino acid sequences found in normal human proteins ( the amyloid precursor protein ) and in the amyloid deposits themselves. making antibodies against normal human proteins can cause autoimmune side effects, in which the immune system is attacking normal human cells in addition to the alzheimer ’ s pathology. fortunately, it is difficult to make antibodies against self - proteins because of immune suppression of auto antibodies. third - generation vaccines seek to overcome these problems of autoimmune side effects and autoimmune suppression by using antibodies that target structures specific to the amyloid aggregates and that do not react with normal human proteins. cure alzheimer ’ s fund has been supporting two projects that seek to develop third - generation immunotherapeutics. dr. charles glabe ’ s laboratory is developing active vaccines and monoclonal antibodies that recognize conformations of the amyloid peptide that only occur in the pathological amyloid oligomer aggregates, while dr. rob moir ’ s lab is working on cross - linked amyloid peptides ( caps ) that are only found in disease - related aggregates. dr. glabe ’ s strategy relies on the fact that when the aß peptide aggregates into ß - sheet oligomers, it creates new antibody recognition sites, known as epitopes, that are not found on native proteins. the


dr. glabe ’ s strategy relies on the fact that when the aß peptide aggregates into ß - sheet oligomers, it creates new antibody recognition sites, known as epitopes, that are not found on native proteins. the surprising finding is that these oligomer - specific antibodies recognize amyloid oligomers from other diseases that involve amyloids formed from sequences unrelated to aß. this means the same antibodies also may be effective for other amyloid - related neurodegenerative diseases, like parkinson ’ s disease. the explanation for why the antibodies are specific for amyloid oligomers that involve several individual peptide strands arranged in a sheet and yet recognize these sheets when they are formed from other amino acid sequences is simple and elegant ( figure 1 ). it is now known that most pathological amyloids aggregate into simple and very regular structures where the peptide strands are arranged in parallel and where the amino acid sequence is in exact register. this is like a sheet of paper upon which the same sentence is written on each line. the individual amino acids line up and down the sheet in homogeneous tracts, known as “ steric zippers. ” the steric zippers do not occur in normal protein structures and the oligomer - specific antibodies are thought to recognize these steric zipper patterns on the surface of the sheets. since all proteins are made up using the same 20 amino acids, any sequence in this parallel, in - register structure gives rise to the same steric zippers regardless of the linear sequence, which can explain why the antibodies recognize the oligomers formed by different proteins. dr. moir ’ s group is working on caps, where aß is cross - linked by oxidation of a tyrosine residue at position 10 of the peptides ’ sequence. aß is oxidized after it is produced from the amyloid precursor protein as a consequence of the abnormally high level of oxidative activity in a brain with ad and the peptides ’ propensity to bind redox active metals. excessive caps generation is associated with the disease state and is not a normal feature of aß biology. the cross - linking at tyrosine 10 that gives rise to caps may serve to align the peptides in a parallel, in - register fashion and promote the generation of still - larger oligomeric aggregates that display steric zippers on their surface. dr. moir and dr. rudy tanzi ’ s labs found that natural antibodies to caps are reduced in the blood of patients with


and promote the generation of still - larger oligomeric aggregates that display steric zippers on their surface. dr. moir and dr. rudy tanzi ’ s labs found that natural antibodies to caps are reduced in the blood of patients with ad. more recently, evidence published by tony weiss - coray ’ s group at stanford university supports the idea that antibodies that recognize steric zippers and caps may be important for protecting against alzheimer ’ s disease. the levels of these antibodies that target the zippers and caps were among the highest in young, normal humans ; levels dropped with aging and with ad. furthermore, the results of a recent study supported by baxter biosciences of patients that received human antibodies purified from normal individuals ( ivig ) reported that antibody treatment reduced the risk of being diagnosed with ad by 42 percent over the five - year study period. this is one of the most remarkable reports of prevention of ad by any therapy. although the normal human antibodies that target amyloid primarily recognize the steric zippers and caps, these antibodies are present at relatively low levels. it is reasonable to imagine that an even greater protective effect might be achieved by boosting the levels of these protective antibodies by either active vaccination or passive immunization. figure 1 shows how the same steric zipper patterns are formed on parallel, in - register oligomers from completely different sequences. a segment of the aß sequences is shown in the upper left corner and a random sequence is shown in the upper right. each amino acid is designated by a capital letter. typical antibodies recognize the linear sequence ( from left to right ) indicated in the horizontal boxes, which is unique to each sequence. when the peptides aggregate to form pathological oligomers, they line up in a parallel, in - register fashion, shown below. this gives rise to steric zippers that run up and down the sheet perpendicular to the sequence, shown in vertical boxes. aggregation - dependent, disease - specific antibodies recognize the steric zippers from many different amyloid sequences. zippers from f and v amino acids are shown in boxes, but there are potentially 20 different zippers ; one for each of the 20 amino acids. the fact that a completely random sequence can form the same type of steric zipper as is found in aß amyloid in alzheimer ’ s disease means we can use a non - human, random peptide sequence as a vaccine to produce a protective immune response that has a very low potential for autoimmune side effects. vaccines based


aliphatic alcohols occur naturally in free form ( component of the cuticular lipids ) but more usually in esterified ( wax esters ) or etherified form ( glyceryl ethers ). several alcohols belong to aroma compounds which are found in environmental or food systems ( see the website : flavornet ). they are found with normal, branched ( mono - or isoprenoid ), saturated or unsaturated of various chain length and sometimes with secondary or even tertiary alcoholic function. an unusual phenolic alcohol is found as a component of glycolipids in mycobacteria. some cyclic alcohols have been described in plants. a classification according to the carbon - chain structure is given below. 1 - normal - chain alcohols the carbon chain may be fully saturated or unsaturated ( with double and / or triple bonds ), it may also be substituted with chlorine, bromine or sulfate groups. some acetylenic alcohols have been also described. among the most common, some are listed below 9 - methyl - 1 - hendecanol ( anteisolauryl alcohol ) 11 - methyl - 1 - tridecanol ( anteisomyristyl alcohol ) 14 - methyl - 1 - pentadecanol ( isopalmityl alcohol ) 13 - methyl - 1 - pentadecanol ( anteisopalmityl alcohol ) 16 - methyl - 1 - heptadecanol ( isostearyl alcohol ) 15 - methyl - 1 - pentadecanol ( anteisostearyl alcohol ) free fatty alcohols are not commonly found in epicuticular lipids of insects, although high molecular weight alcohols have been reported in honeybees ( blomquist gj et al., insect biochem 1980, 10, 313 ). long - chain alcohols also have been reported in the defensive secretions of scale insects ( byrne dn et al., physiol entomol 1988, 13, 267 ). typically, insects more commonly produce lower molecular weight alcohols. honeybees produce alcohols of 17 – 22 carbons, which induce arrestment in parasitic varroa mites ( donze g et al., arch insect biochem physiol 1998, 37, 129 ). two female - specific fatty alcohols, docosanol ( c22 ) and eicosanol ( c20 ), which have been found in epicuticle of triato


biochem physiol 1998, 37, 129 ). two female - specific fatty alcohols, docosanol ( c22 ) and eicosanol ( c20 ), which have been found in epicuticle of triatoma infestans ( a vector of chagas disease in south america ), are able to trigger copulation in males ( cocchiararo - bastias l et al., j chem ecol 2011, 37, 246 ). hexadecyl acetate is found in the web of some spiders ( pholcidae ) to attract females ( schulz s, j chem ecol 2013, 39, 1 ). long - chain alcohols ( c18, c24, c28 ) from the femoral glands in the male lizard acanthodactylus boskianus play a role in chemical communication as a scent marking pheromone ( khannoon er et al., chemoecology 2011, 21, 143 ). various fatty alcohols are found in the waxy film that plants have over their leaves and fruits. among them, octacosanol ( c28 : 0 ) is the most frequently cited. policosanol is a natural mixture of higher primary aliphatic alcohols isolated and purified from sugar cane ( saccharum officinarum, l. ) wax, whose main component is octacosanol but contains also hexacosanol ( c26 : 0 ) and triacontanol or melissyl alcohol ( c30 : 0 ). policosanol is also extracted from a diversity of other natural sources such as beeswax, rice bran, and wheat germ ( irmak s et al., food chem 2006, 95, 312 ) but is also present in the fruits, leaves, and surfaces of plants and whole seeds. a complex policosanol mixture has been identified in peanut ( cherif ao et al., j agric food chem 2010, 58, 12143 ). more than 20 aliphatic alcohols were identified ( c14 - c30 ) and four unsaturated alcohols ( c20 - 24 ). the total policosanol content of the whole peanut samples varied from 11 to 54 mg / 100 g of oil. this mixture was shown to have cholesterol - lowering effects in rabbits ( arruzazabala ml et al., biol res 1994, 27, 205 )


the whole peanut samples varied from 11 to 54 mg / 100 g of oil. this mixture was shown to have cholesterol - lowering effects in rabbits ( arruzazabala ml et al., biol res 1994, 27, 205 ). octacosanol was also able to suppress lipid accumulation in rats fed on a high - fat diet ( kato s et al., br j nutr 1995, 73, 433 ) and to inhibit platelet aggregation ( arruzazabala ml et al., thromb res 1993, 69, 321 ). the effectiveness of policosanol is still questionable but it has been approved as a cholesterol - lowering drug in over 25 countries ( carbajal d et al., prostaglandins leukotrienes essent fatty acids 1998, 58, 61 ), and it is sold as a lipid - lowering supplement in more than 40 countries. more recent studies in mice question about any action on improvement of lipoprotein profiles ( dullens spj et al., j lipid res 2008, 49, 790 ). the authors conclude that individual policosanols, as well as natural policosanol mixtures, have no potential for reducing coronary heart disease risk through effects on serum lipoprotein concentrations. furthermore, sugar cane policosanol at doses of 20 mg daily has shown no lipid lowering effects in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia ( francini - pesenti f et al., phytother res 2008, 22, 318 ). it must be noticed that, for the most part, positive results have been obtained by only one research group in cuba. outside cuba, all groups have failed to validate the cholesterol - lowering efficacy of policosanols ( marinangeli c et al., crit rev food sci nutr 2010, 50, 259 ). independent studies are required before evaluating the exact value of the therapeutic benefits of that mixture. an unsaturated analogue of octacosanol, octacosa - 10, 19 - dien - 1 - ol was synthesized and was as effective as policosanol in inhibiting the upregulation of hmgcoa reductase ( oliaro - bosso s et al., lipids 2009, 44, 907 ). this work opens promising perspectives for the design of new antiangiogenic compounds ( thippeswamy g et al., eu


in insects, mainly during metamorphosis. a series of long - chain alkanols ( more than 23 carbon atoms ) were identified in settling particles and surface sediments from japanese lakes and were shown to be produced by planktonic bacteria being thus useful molecular markers ( fukushima k et al., org geochem 2005, 36, 311 ). cutin and suberin contain as monomer saturated alcohols from c16 to c22 up to 8 % of the total polymers. c18 : 1 alcohol ( oleyl alcohol ) is also present. long - chain di - alcohols ( 1, 3 - alkanediols ) have been described in the waxes which impregnate the matrix covering all organs of plants ( vermeer cp et al., phytochemistry 2003, 62, 433 ). these compounds forming about 11 % of the leaf cuticular waxes of ricinus communis were identified as homologous unbranched alcohols ranging from c22 to c28 with hydroxyl group at the carbon atoms 1 and 3. in the leaf cuticular waxes of myricaria germanica ( tamaricaceae ) several alkanediols were identified ( jetter r, phytochemistry 2000, 55, 169 ). hentriacontanediol ( c31 ) with one hydroxyl group in the 12 - position and the second one in positions from 2 to 18 is the most abundant diol ( 9 % of the wax ). others were far less abundant : c30 - c34 alkanediols with one hydroxyl group on a primary and one on a secondary carbon atom, c25 - c43 b - diols and c39 - c43 g - diols. very - long - chain 1, 5 - alkanediols ranging from c28 to c38, with strong predominance of even carbon numbers, were identified in the cuticular wax of taxus baccata ( wen m et al., phytochemistry 2007, 68, 2563 ). the predominant diol had 32 carbon atoms ( 29 % of the total ). long - chain saturated c30 - c32 diols occur in most marine sediments and in a few instances, such as in black sea sediments, they can be the major lipids ( de leeuw jw et al., geochim cosmochim acta 1981, 45, 2281 ). a microalgal


in a few instances, such as in black sea sediments, they can be the major lipids ( de leeuw jw et al., geochim cosmochim acta 1981, 45, 2281 ). a microalgal source for these compounds was discovered when volkman jk et al. ( org geochem 1992, 18, 131 ) identified c30 - c32 diols in marine eustigmatophytes from the genus nannochloropsis. two nonacosanetriols ( 7, 8, 11 - nonacosanetriol and 10, 12, 15 - nonacosanetriol ) have been isolated from the outer fleshy layer ( sarcotesta ) of the ginkgo biloba " fruit " ( zhou g et al., chem phys lipids 2012, 165, 731 ). they exhibited slight activity of antithrombin and moderate activities of platelet aggregation in vitro. the chief lipid fraction in the uropygial gland excretion of the domestic hen is a diester wax. the unsaponifiable fraction consists of a series of three homologous compounds, which have been named the uropygiols and identified as 2, 3 - alkanediols containing 22 - 24 carbon atoms. these fatty alcohols are esterified by saturated normal c22 - c24 fatty acids ( haahti e et al., j lipid res 1967, 8, 131 ). - unsaturated alcohols some fatty alcohols have one double bond ( monounsaturated ). their general formula is : the unique double bond may be found in different positions : at the c6 : i. e. cis - 6 - octadecen - 1 - ol ( petroselenyl alcohol ), c9 i. e cis - 9 - octadecen - 1 - ol ( oleyl alcohol ) and c11 i. e cis - 11 - octadecen - 1 - ol ( vaccenyl alcohol ). some of these alcohols have insect pheromone activity. as an example, 11 - eicosen - 1 - ol is a major component of the alarm pheromone secreted by the sting apparatus of the worker honeybee. in zooplankton, the cis - 11 - docosen - 1 - ol ( 22 : 1 ( n - 11 ) alcohol ) is not only present in high proportion in wax este


by the sting apparatus of the worker honeybee. in zooplankton, the cis - 11 - docosen - 1 - ol ( 22 : 1 ( n - 11 ) alcohol ) is not only present in high proportion in wax esters ( 54 to 83 % ) but may be also predominant in free form ( 75 - 94 % of free alcohols ) in ctenophores ( graeve m et al., mar biol 2008, 153, 643 ). this presence is unexplained because pathways for conversion and catabolism of fatty alcohols in ctenophores are still unknown. some short - chain unsaturated alcohols are components of mushroom flavor, such as 1 - octen - 3 - ol, t2 - octen - 1 - ol, and c2 - octen - 1 - ol ( maga ja, j agric food chem 1981, 29, 1 ). an acetoxy derivative of a 16 - carbon alcohol with one double bond, gyptol ( 10 - acetoxy cis - 7 - hexadecen - 1 - ol ), was described to be a strong attractive substance secreted by a female moth ( porthetria dispar, " gypsy moth " ). a fatty alcohol with two double bonds, bombykol ( tr - 10, cis - 12 - hexadecadien - 1 - ol ), was also shown to be excreted as a very strong attractive substance by the female of silk - worm ( bombyx mori ). this first discovery of a pheromone was made by butenandt a et al. ( z naturforsch 1959, 14, 283 ) who was formerly nobel laureate ( in 1939 ) for his work in sex hormones. another pheromone, 8, 10 - dodecadienol ( codlemone ), is secreted by the codling moth cydia pomonella, has been used for monitoring and mating in apple and pear orchards in the usa and europe. this molecule was also used to monitor the population of the pea moth cydia nigricana. likewise, 7, 9 - dodecadienol, the female pheromone of the european grapewine moth lobesia botrana, was used to control this important pest in vineyards. a fatty triol with one double bond, avocadene ( 16 - heptadecene - 1, 2, 4 - triol ) is found in


- 1 - ol ). - acetylenic alcohols natural acetylenic alcohols and their derivatives have been isolated from a wide variety of plant species, fungi and invertebrates. pharmacological studies have revealed that many of them display chemical and medicinal properties. monoacetylenic alcohols : were isolated from culture of clitocybe catinus ( basidiomycetes ) and the study of their structure revealed the presence of two or three hydroxyl groups ( armone a et al., phytochemistry 2000, 53, 1087 ). one of these compounds is shown below. acetylenic alcohols have been also described in a tropical sponge reniochaline sp ( lee hs et al., lipids 2009, 44, 71 ). one of the two described in that species is shown below, it exhibited a significant growth effect against human tumor cell lines. polyacetylenic alcohols : several examples with different chain lengths, unsaturation degrees, and substitution have been reported from terrestrial plants and marine organisms. food plants of the apiaceae ( umbellifereae ) plant family such as carrots, celery and parsley, are known to contain several bioactive bisacetylenic alcohols. the main plant sources of these compounds are angelica dahurica, heracleum sp and crithmum maritimum ( falcarindiol, falcarinol ), red ginseng ( panax ginseng ) ( panaxacol, panaxydol, panaxytriol ), cicuta virosa ( virol a ), and clibadium sylvestre ( cunaniol ). all these compounds display antibiotic or cytotoxic activities. polyacetylenes have been isolated from the stems of oplopanax elatus ( araliaceae ), plant used in korean and chinese traditional medicine for anti - inflammatory and analgesic purposes ( yang mc et al., j nat prod 2010, 73, 801 ). among the most efficient in inhibiting the formation of nitric oxide in lps - induced cells is a seventeen - carbon diyne diol with an epoxy cycle, oploxyne a. other parent compounds without the epoxy group were also described. j. sci. food agric. 2003, 83, 1010 ). falcarinl has potent anticancer properties on primary mammary epithelial cells and was compared with


compounds without the epoxy group were also described. j. sci. food agric. 2003, 83, 1010 ). falcarinl has potent anticancer properties on primary mammary epithelial cells and was compared with that of b - carotene. these results might be important in developing new cancer treatments with simple and common vegetables. at high concentrations, falcarinol is capable to induce contact dermatitis. falcarinol, a seventeen - carbon diyne fatty alcohol ( 1, 9 - heptadecadiene - 4, 6 - diyn - 3 - ol ), was first isolated from falcaria vulgaris ( bohlmann f et al., chem ber 1966, 99, 3552 ) as well as from korean ginseng ( takahashi et al., yakugaku zasshi 1966, 86, 1053 ). it was also isolated from carrot ( hansen sl et al. falcarinol protects the vegetable from fungal diseases, it showed biphasic activity, having stimulatory effects between 0. 01 and 0. 05 µg per ml and inhibitory effects between 1 and 10 µg per ml, whereas b - carotene showed no effect in the concentration range 0. 001 – 100 µg per ml ( hansen sl et al., j sci food agric 2003, 83, 1010 ). experiments with macrophage cells have shown that falcarinol ( and its c - 8 hydroxylated derivative, falcarindiol ) reduced nitric oxide production, suggesting that these polyacetylenes are responsible for anti - inflammatory bioactivity ( metzger bt et al., j agric food chem 2008, 56, 3554 ). falcarindiol was first reported as phytochemicals in carrots ( daucus carota ) ( bentley rk et al., j chem soc 1969, 685 ). besides falcarinol, falcarindiol, and falcarindiol 3 - acetate, nine additional bisacetylene alcohols were identified in daucus carota ( schmiech l et al., j agric food chem 2009, 57, 11030 ). experiments with human intestinal cells demonstrate that aliphatic c17 - polyacetylenes ( panaxydol, falcarinol, falcarindiol ) are potential antican


chem 2009, 57, 11030 ). experiments with human intestinal cells demonstrate that aliphatic c17 - polyacetylenes ( panaxydol, falcarinol, falcarindiol ) are potential anticancer principles of carrots and related vegetables ( parsley, celery, parsnip, fennel ) and that synergistic interaction between bioactive polyacetylenes may be important for their bioactivity ( purup s et al., j agric food chem 2009, 57, 8290 ). compounds very similar to falcarinol and extracted from panax japonicus are potent a - glucosidase inhibitors ( chan hh et al., phytochemistry 2010, 71, 1360 ). these inhibitors may potentially reduce the progression of diabetes by decreasing digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. the water dropwort ( oenanthe crocata ), which lives near streams in the northern hemisphere, contains a violent toxin, cicutoxin, resulting in convultions and respiratory paralysis ( uwai k et al., j med chem 2000, 43, 4508 ). the biochemistry and bioactivity of polyacetylenes are presented in a review ( christensen lp et al., j pharm biomed anal 2006, 41, 683 ) as well methods for the isolation and quantification of these compounds. many other polyacetylenic alcohols were found in primitive marine organisms, such as sponges and ascidians. these invertebrates have no physical defenses and thus they have developed efficient chemical mechanisms such as polyacetylenic metabolites to resist predators and bacteria. a c36 linear diacetylene alcohol named lembehyne was found in an indonesian marine sponge ( haliclona sp ) ( aoki s et al., tetrahedron 2000, 56, 9945 ) and was later able to induce neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma cell ( aoki s et al., biochem biophys res comm 2001, 289, 558 ). several polyacetylenic alcohols with 22 carbon atoms were isolated and identified in lipid extract from a red sea sponge, callyspongia sp ( youssef dt et al., j nat prod 2003, 66, 679 ). their physical study revealed the presence of 4 triple bonds and one, two or three double bonds


from a red sea sponge, callyspongia sp ( youssef dt et al., j nat prod 2003, 66, 679 ). their physical study revealed the presence of 4 triple bonds and one, two or three double bonds. the structure of one of these callyspongenols is given below. several di - and tri - acetylenic di - alcohols with a chain of 26 up to 31 carbon atoms, named strongylodiols, have been isolated from a petrosia okinawan marine sponge ( watanabe k et al., j nat prod 2005, 68, 1001 ). some of them have cytotoxic several polyacetylenic alcohols with 21 carbon atoms were isolated from a marine ascidian ( polyclinidae ) and were determined to have two triple bonds combined with a conjugated dienyne group ( gavagnin m et al., lipids 2004, 39, 681 ). some of them have an additional hydroxyl group or only three double bonds. the structure of one of these molecules is given below. several brominated polyacetylenic diols with cytotoxic properties were isolated from a philippines sponge diplastrella sp ( lerch ml et al., j nat prod 2003, 66, 667 ). one of these molecules is shown below. a comprehensive survey of acetylenic alcohols in plant and invertebrates with information on their anticancer activity has been released by dembitsky vm ( lipids 2006, 41, 883 ). - sulfated alcohols long - chain di - hydroxy alcohols in which both the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups are converted to sulfate esters and one to five chlorine atoms are introduced at various places have been discovered in the alga ochromonas danica ( chrysophyceae, chrysophyta ) where they constitute 15 % of the total lipids ( haines th, biochem j 1969, 113, 565 ). an example of these chlorosulfolipids is given below. there may be several types of chlorine addition : one at r4, two at r3 and r5 or r1 and r2, five at r1 to r5 and six at r1 to r6. similar molecules with a 24 carbon chain was also described in ochromonas malhamensis ( review in dembitsky vm et al.


it is present in many essential oils such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, lemon grass, rose, and others. it is used in perfumery to emphasize the odors of sweet floral perfumes. it is especially used in lilac perfumes. as a pheromone, farnesol is a natural pesticide for mites. the dimorphic fungus candida albicans has been shown to use farnesol as quorum - sensing molecule ( hornby jm et al., appl environ microbiol 2001, 67, 2982 ). geranylgeraniol is a diterpene ( 4 isoprene units ). geraniol and geranylgeraniol are important molecules in the synthesis of various terpenes, the acylation of proteins and the synthesis of vitamins ( vitamins e and k ). the covalent addition of phosphorylated derivatives of typical isoprenoids, farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, to proteins is a process ( prenylation ) common to g protein subunits. these isoprenylated proteins have key roles in membrane attachment leading to central functionality in cell biology and pathology. solanesol, discovered in tobacco leaves in 1956 ( rowland rl et al., j am chem soc 1956, 78, 4680 ), may be an important precursor of the tumorigenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of smoke but is also a possible side chain for plastoquinone. solanesol is also present in the leaves of other solanaceae plants including tomato, potato, eggplant and pepper. it has useful medicinal properties and is known to possess anti - bacterial, anti - inflammation, and anti - ulcer activities ( khidyrova nk et al., chem nat compd 2002, 38, 107 ). industrially, solanesol is extracted from solanaceae leaves ( about 450 tons in 2008 ) and used as an intermediate in the synthesis of coenzyme q10 and vitamin k analogues. spadicol was discovered in the spadix ( inflorescence ) of the araceae arum maculatum ( hemming fw et al., proc r soc london 1963, 158, 291 ). its presence is likely related to its presence in the ubiquinone as the side - chain. phytol is a partially saturated


their chain length covers the broad spectrum of compounds ranging from 6 up to 130 carbon atoms ( rezanka t et al., j chromatogr a 2001, 936, 95 ). - 4. dolichol types, the a terminal is saturated. most eukaryotic cells contain one type of polyisoprenoid alcohols with one a - saturated isoprenoid unit ( 2, 3 - dihydro polycis - prenols ) which have been called dolichol by pennock jf et al. ( nature 1960, 186, 470 ), a derivative of prenols. most of these carry two trans units at the w - end of the chain. dolichols ( fro the greek dolikos : long ) have the general structure : dolichols isolated from yeast or animal cells consist mainly of seven to eight compounds, those with 16, 18, or 19 isoprenoid units being the most abundant ( ragg ss, biochem biophys res comm 1998, 243, 1 ). dolichol amount was shown to be increased in the brain gray matter of elderly ( pullarkat rk et al., j biol chem 1982, 257, 5991 ). dolichols with 19, 22 and 23 isoprenoid units were described as early as 1972 in marine invertebrates ( walton mj et al., biochem j 1972, 127, 471 ). furthermore, the pattern of their distribution may be considered as a chemotaxonomic criterion. it has been reported that a high proportion of dolichols is esterified to fatty acids. as an example, 85 - 90 % of dolichols are esterified in mouse testis ( potter j et al., biochem biophys res comm 1983, 110, 512 ). in addition, dolichyl dolichoate has been found in bovine thyroid ( steen l. et al., biochim biophys acta, 1984, 796, 294 ). they are well known for their important role as glycosyl carrier in a phosphorylated form in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glycoproteins in yeast cells, and animals. dolichyl phosphate is an obligatory intermediate in the biosynthesis of n - glycosidically linked oligosaccharide chains. conversely, they have been identified as the predominant isoprenoid


cells, and animals. dolichyl phosphate is an obligatory intermediate in the biosynthesis of n - glycosidically linked oligosaccharide chains. conversely, they have been identified as the predominant isoprenoid form in roots ( skorupinska - tudek k et al., lipids 2003, 38, 981 ) and in mushroom tissue ( wojtas m et al., chem phys lipids 2004, 130, 109 ). similar compounds ( ficaprenols ) have the same metabolic function in plants. the repartition of the various types of polyisoprenoid alcohols between plants and animals and their metabolism have been extensively discussed ( swiezewska e et al., prog lipid res 2005, 44, 235 ). biosynthesis of polyisoprenoid alcohols and their biological role have been reviewed in 2005 ( swiezewska e et al., prog lipid res 2005, 44, 235 ). 3 - phenolic alcohols among the simple phenolic alcohols, monolignols are the source materials for biosynthesis of both lignans and lignin. the starting material for production of monolignols ( phenylpropanoid ) is the amino acid phenylalanine. there are two main monolignols : coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol. para - coumaryl alcohol is similar to conipheryl alcohol but without the methoxy group. conipheryl alcohol is found in both gymnosperm and angiosperm plants. sinapyl alcohol and para - coumaryl alcohol, the other two lignin monomers, are found in angiosperm plants and grasses. conipheryl esters ( conypheryl 8 - methylnonanoate ) have been described in the fruits of the pepper, capsicum baccatum ( kobata k et al., phytochemistry 2008, 69, 1179 ). these compounds displayed an agonist activity for transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ( capsaicin receptor ) as the well known capsaicinoids present in these plant species. complex phenolic alcohols ( phenolphthiocerol ) were shown to be components of mycobacterium glycolipids which are termed glycosides of phenolphthiocerol dimy


complex phenolic alcohols ( phenolphthiocerol ) were shown to be components of mycobacterium glycolipids which are termed glycosides of phenolphthiocerol dimycocerosate ( smith dw et al., nature 1960, 186, 887 ) belonging to the large family of " mycosides ". the chain length differs according to the homologues, 18 and 20 carbon atoms in mycosides a, and b, respectively. one of these phenolphthiocerols is shown below. an analogue component but with a ketone group instead of the methoxy group, a phenolphthiodiolone, has been detected in mycoside a ( fournie jj et al., j biol chem 1987, 262, 3174 ). an alcohol with a furan group, identified as 3 - ( 4 - methylfuran - 3 - yl ) propan - 1 - ol, has been isolated from a fungal endophyte living in a plant, setaria viridis ( nakajima h et al., j agric food chem 2010, 58, 2882 ). that compound was found to have a repellent effect on an insect, eysarcoris viridis, which is a major pest of rice. some cyclic alkyl polyols have been reported in plants. among the various form present in an anacardiaceae, tapirira guianensis, from south america, two displayed anti - protozoal ( plasmodium falciparum ) and anti - bacterial ( staphylococcus spp ) activities ( roumy v et al., phytochemistry 2009, 70, 305 ). the structure shown below is that of a trihydroxy - alcohol containing a cyclohexene ring. as emphasized by the authors, external application of the active plant extract or of the purified compounds could represent an accessible therapeutic alternative to classical medicine against leishmaniasis. aldehydes are found in free form, but also in the form of vinyl ether ( known as alk - 1 - enyl ether ) integated in glycerides and phospholipids ( plasmalogens ). the free aldehydes can be as fatty acids saturated or unsaturated. they have a general formula ch3 ( ch2 ) ncho


bryophyta ) after mechanical wounding ( croisier e et al., phytochemistry 2010, 71, 574 ). it was shown that they were produced by oxidative fragmentation of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( c18, c20 ). trans - 2 - nonenal is an unsaturated aldehyde with an unpleasant odor generated during the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. it participates to body odor and is found mainly covalently bound to protein in vivo ( ishino k et al., j biol chem 2010, 285, 15302 ). fatty aldehydes may be determined easily by tlc or gas liquid chromatography ( follow that link ). the most common method for the determination of aldehydes involves derivatization with an acidic solution of 2, 4 - dinitrophenylhydrazine to form corresponding hydrazones followed by hplc separation and uv – vis detection. an optimized derivatization procedure for the determination of aliphatic c1 - c10 aldehydes has been described ( stafiej a et al., j biochem biophys meth 2006, 69, 15 ). other short - chain aldehydes ( octadienal, octatrienal, heptadienal ) are produced via a lipoxygenase - mediated pathway from polyunsaturated fatty acids esterifying glycolipids in marine diatoms ( d ' ippolito g et al., biochim biophys acta 2004, 1686, 100 ). heighteen species of diatoms have been shown to release unsaturated aldehydes ( c7 : 2, c8 : 2, c8 : 3, c10 : 2, and c10 : 3 ) upon cell disruption ( wichard t et al., j chem ecol 2005, 31, 949 ). several short - chain aldehydes were shown to induce deleterious effects on zooplankton crustaceans and thus limiting the water secondary production ( birth - control aldehydes ) ( d ' ippolito g et al., tetrahedron lett 2002, 43, 6133 ). in laboratory experiments, three decatrienal isomers produced by various diatoms were shown to arrest embryonic development in copepod and sea ur


. long after the demonstration of the presence of iodinated lipids in thyroid ( besides iodinated aminoacids ), it was shown that the major iodinated lipid formed in thyroid when incubated in vitro with iodide was 2 - iodohexadecanal ( pereira a et al, j biol chem 1990, 265, 17018 ). in rat and dog thyroid, 2 - iodooctadecanal was determined to be more abundant that the 16 - carbon aldehyde. these compounds, which are thought to play a role in the regulation of thyroid function, were recently shown to be formed by the attack of reactive iodine on the vinyl ether group of pe plasmalogen. this attack generates an unstable iodinated derivative which breaks into lysophosphatidylethanolamine and 2 - iodo aldehydes ( panneels v et al, j biol chem 1996, 271, 23006 ). in some bacteria, aldehyde analogs of cyclopropane fatty acids were described. several fatty aldehydes are known to have pheromone functions. studies in african and asian countries have shown that the use of 10, 12 - hexadecadienal could be effective for control of the spiny bollworm earias insulana, a cotton pest. the sex pheromone of the navel orange worm, amyelois transitella, 11, 13 - hexadecadienal, is usually used in the control of this citric pest. a branched saturated aldehyde ( 3, 5, 9 - trimethyldodecenal, stylopsal ) has been identified as a female - produced sex pheromone in stylops ( strepsiptera ), an entomophagous endoparasitic insect ( cvacka j et al., j chem ecol 2012, 38, 1483 ). several isoprenoid aldehydes are important in insect biology as pheromones and in botany as volatile odorous substances. some examples are given below : these three terpenic aldehydes are produced in large amounts by the mandibular glands of ants and may function as defensive repellents ( regnier fe et al., j insect physiol 1968, 14, 955 ). in contrast, the same molecules have a role of recruiting pheromones in honey


the immune system immune ; immunity ; disease ; bacteria ; viruses ; white ; cells ; lymph ; germs ; mucous ; mucus ; glands ; what is immunity? immunity ( say im - yoon - it - i ) means that you are protected against something. there are different kinds of immunity. this topic is about how different parts of our bodies work together to keep us from getting sick. immunity to some diseases is passed on from our mothers before we are born. immunisation ( having your ' shots ' ) helps our body ' s immune defence system protect us from diseases. body ' s immune system every body has an inbuilt immune system which protects it from diseases and germs. this system has a lot of different parts which work together to keep out any harmful germs, and attack and destroy any which manage to get inside your body - every day your body is exposed to millions of germs, and you do not get sick from them because of your immune system. - every time you do get sick because of a germ, your immune system works to get rid of it and then it remembers how to fight the infection if the same germ comes again. - usually the older you get, the more germs you become immune to. so, let ' s have a look at the immune system, starting from the outside of the body. the skin is the first line of defence in your immune system. you know how you put plastic wrap over leftovers to keep them fresh enough for later? well, your skin is like a plastic wrap to keep germs from getting into your body. - the epidermis ( outside layer of skin ) has special cells which warn the body about incoming germs. - glands in the skin also make substances that can kill some bacteria ( anti - bacterial chemicals ). this means you don ' t get infections on your skin unless your skin is damaged, such as by a cut or a graze. your nose, mouth and eyes are the next point of attack. - the mucous membranes which line the mouth, throat, lungs and bowel, act like a barrier to germs, just as the skin does. - saliva in the mouth and the tears which wash your eyes have special enzymes ( chemicals ) in them which break down the cell walls of many bacteria and viruses. - the mucous that is made in your nose, throat and lungs traps bacteria, viruses and dust. - acid in your stomach kills most germs