in the following locations : 1. kitchens or within 5 feet of any cooking appliance where grease, smoke, and other decomposed compounds from cooking could build up on the surface of the carbon monoxide sensor and cause the alarm to malfunction. 2. bathrooms or the other rooms where long - term exposure to steam or high levels of water vapor could permanently damage the carbon monoxide sensor. 3. very cold ( below 40 degrees fahrenheit ) or very hot ( above 100 degrees fahrenheit ) rooms. the alarm will not work properly under these conditions. 4. do not place in a close proximity to an automobile exhaust pipe, as this will damage the sensor. * * * place one carbon monoxide detector on every level of your home for maximum protection * * * read the manufacturer ' s instructions carefully before installing a carbon monoxide alarm. do not place the alarm within five feet of household chemicals. if your alarm is wired directly into your home ' s electrical system, you should test it monthly. if your unit operates off a battery, test the alarm weekly and replace the battery at least once a year. avoid placing your alarm directly on top of or directly across from fuel - burning appliances. these appliances will emit some carbon monoxide when initially turned - on. never use charcoal grills inside a home, tent, camper or unventilated garage. don ' t leave vehichles running in an enclosed garage, even to ' warm up ' your car on a cold morning. know how to respond to a carbon monoxide detector. if your alarm sounds, immediately open windows and doors for ventilation. if anyone in the home is experiencing symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning - headache, dizziness or other flu - like symptoms, immediately evacuate the house and call the fire department. don ' t go back into the house until a fire fighter tells you it is okay to do so. if no one is experiencing these symptoms, continue to ventilate, turn off fuel - burning appliances and call a qualified technician to inspect your heating system and appliances as soon as possible. because you have provided ventilation, the carbon monoxide buildup may have dissipated by the time help responds and your problem may appear to be temporarily solved. do not operate any fuel - burning appliances until you have clearly identified the source of the problem. a carbon monoxide alarm indicates elevated levels of carbon monoxide in the home. never ignore the alarm. the safety experts urge consumers to recognize the danger signs of carbon monoxide before any


here is how it was done in 1810... by a mechanical wiz, not a beginner - now show us how you ' d do it with a few motors and a controller and i don ' t think that you ' d put that old mechanical doll in the " simple " category? simple it was not. just imagine what it took to program it by cutting brass cams for each degree of freedom... amazing is what i would call it. now, back to the original problem - is this robot supposed to write random phrases or just a couple pre - programed things? one of the tough parts would be the math - first, mathematically describing the path for the tip of the arm and then sorting out all of the joint angles as a function of time to get it to trace the desired path. one way around the math would be to build the arm with position sensors and then just move the arm by hand along the desired paths and record the angles. then, the recorded values could be used as the target positions for your arm controller ( a simple pi controller is likely to be adequate if you didn ' t try to move the arm too fast ). create tables of time / position pairs to describe the paths for the arm. if the arm was built with servos - that makes it more difficult to record the " training " movements because all the feedback is inside the servo ' s themselves. so, you would have to open up the servos and run wires back from the potentiometers to your micro - controller to record the servo positions as you train it. ( and translate from the voltage from the pot to the pulsewidth sent to the servo to get that position - another training exercise where you command various pulsewidths and record the potentiometer output. ) getting a robot to generate nice cursive writing was a challenge in 1810, and can be a challenge today!


federal and state laws emphasize the importance of parents / guardians as key decision makers in the educational process. child study team personnel share many common skills such as child advocacy, understanding of school functioning, knowledge and implementation of special education law, case management, transition planning, inservice training, research, and community collaboration. however, each discipline approaches the intervention and eligibility process from a different perspective based on the training and skills of each profession. school psychologists are specialists with training and expertise in psychology as it is applied to education. they use their training and skills to collaborate with parents / guardians, educators, and other professionals to ensure that every child learns in a safe and supportive environment. school psychologists use their understanding of school organization and effective learning to help students realize their academic and social potentials. they tailor their services to the particular needs of each child and each situation. school psychologists are trained to assess and counsel students with behavioral, emotional, and educational concerns through consultation, prevention, intervention, crisis management, evaluation, and program development. a psychological assessment shall be the responsibility of a school psychologist employed by the district board of education. the psychological assessment should include standardized and functional appraisals of a student ’ s current cognitive, intellectual, adaptive, social, emotional and behavioral status in the context of his / her environments. the assessment should include consultation with parents, educators, and relevant professionals ; a student interview ; and observation of the student in other than a testing situation. school social workers provide unique services to students and their families, helping the students attain maximum benefits from their educational programs. the school social worker ' s knowledge of social, emotional, cultural and economic differences among children and families enable them to be the link between school, family and community. as a member of the educational team, school social workers promote and support students ' academic and social / emotional well - being. through sound school social work practice, the school social worker is able to enhance the full educational and individual potential of all students and eliminate barriers to learning by being pro - active within the academic community and providing early intervention, prevention, consultation, counseling, crisis management, and support services. a social assessment shall be the responsibility of a school social worker employed by the district board of education. the social assessment shall include observation of the student and communication with the student ' s parent ( s ) / guardian ( s ). it shall also include an evaluation of the student ' s adaptive social functioning and emotional development and of the family, social, and cultural factors which influence the student ' s learning and


labdien [ hello ]! my name is hannah rosenthal, and i am the special envoy to monitor and combat anti - semitism at the u. s. department of state. in latvian, envoy means “ ipasa sutne ”. thank you for inviting me here today to speak to you about the importance of diversity and respect for others. i am always eager to speak to young students because so much of my work depends on your help. as the special envoy, it is my job to monitor anti - semitic incidents and combat such intolerance. “ anti - semitism ” simply means hatred for jewish people. i monitor anti - semitic incidents such as vandalism of religious places, anti - semitic speech, and even violence against jews. but the truth is, i am in the relationship - building business. i am here today to tell you that young people and students can have an impact and do what i do. we must all share and strive for the same mission : to combat hate and intolerance to create a more peaceful and just world. in order to fight hatred, we must begin with respecting the dignity of every individual, regardless of his or her beliefs. in fact, our differences make us human. you may have heard about the concept of the “ other, ” or in latvian, “ svesinieks ”. there are individuals in this world who would like us to view some people as outside the larger human family. the desire to stamp out or suppress or ostracize certain individuals because of who they are, how they worship, or who they love is an obstacle for all members of society. intolerance prevents us from creating a just and peaceful society. meanwhile, we, as society, must not stand by idly. when we stand by passively, we also pay a price. terrible things can happen when intolerance and racism take hold in a society, across a continent. hitler ’ s nazi ideology called for racial purity and targeted the jews as an other that needed to be exterminated. some of you may know that yesterday communities around the world observed yom hashoah, or holocaust remembrance day. yom hashoah is a day to remember the victims of the holocaust and to commemorate the individuals – including some latvians - - who risked their lives to save the jews. i understand latvia has its own official holocaust remembrance day on july 4. while we officially commemorate the holocaust on these days, we must carry their lessons with us every day. we must stand against


, a jewish man named abraham kuntze invented the famous rigas balzam ( latvia ’ s signature liquor ). latvia ’ s jews backed the independence movement in the early twentieth century, with hundreds volunteering for service in the latvian army and fighting heroically during the war for independence. latvia ’ s jews thrived during the independence period of the 1920s and 30s, serving in parliament and helping write latvia ’ s constitution. zigfrids meierovics, the first foreign minister of latvia, and twice prime minister, had a jewish father. sadly, when the soviets arrived in latvia in 1940, they shut down jewish institutions and seized jews ’ property. when the soviets deported tens of thousands of latvians to siberia, hundreds of latvian jews were deported as well. and then, just over one year later, the holocaust followed and approximately 70, 000 of latvia ’ s jews – almost 90 percent – were murdered by the nazis and their accomplices. and yet, the jewish people survived in latvia. in the 1980s and 90s, latvia ’ s jews once again supported latvian independence from the soviet union, lending their efforts to those of the popular front of latvia. jews stood on the barricades in 1991. today, jews – along with all other latvians - - are free to practice their faith and to celebrate their culture in a free latvia. latvian society is richer, and more diverse, because of the contributions of all these people. of course, neither latvia, nor the united states, is perfect. there are people in both of our countries who do not believe in diversity and respect in every society. however, if we condemn their words of hate, we can spread the message of dignity and respect. anti - semitism and other forms of hatred attack the very idea that every individual is born free and equal in dignity and rights. but jews, christians, muslims and all religious communities are all part of the same family we call humanity. as a child of a holocaust survivor, anti - semitism is something very personal to me. my father was arrested – on kristallnacht, the unofficial pogrom that many think started the holocaust – and sent with many fellow jews to prison and then to the buchenwald concentration camp in germany. and he was the lucky one – every other person in his family was murdered at auschwitz. i have dedicated my life to eradicating anti - semitism and intolerance with a sense of urgency and passion that only my father could give me. at the state department, we are


every other person in his family was murdered at auschwitz. i have dedicated my life to eradicating anti - semitism and intolerance with a sense of urgency and passion that only my father could give me. at the state department, we are trying to make human rights a human reality. as the special envoy to monitor and combat anti - semitism, i have recognized that this will not be possible without the help of you, our youth and future leaders. last year my colleague farah pandith, the special representative to muslims communities, and i launched a virtual campaign called “ 2011 hours against hate, ” using facebook. perhaps you have heard of it? we are asking you, young people around the world, to pledge a number of hours to volunteer to help or serve a population different than their own. we ask that you work with people who may look different, or pray differently or live differently. for example, a young jew might volunteer time to read books at a muslim pre - school, or a russian orthodox at a jewish clinic, or a muslim at a baha ’ i food pantry, or a straight woman at an lgbt center. we want to encourage you to walk a mile in another person ’ s shoes. and while our goal was to get 2011 hours pledged, at the end of last year youth all over the world had pledged tens of thousands of hours. the campaign was, in fact, so successful that we continued it into 2012. thanks to a group of british non - governmental organizations, we are now also partnering with the london olympic and paralympic games! in january, the london olympic and paralympics approved our application to have 2012 hours against hate branded with the olympics logo. we can now leverage the energy surrounding the 2012 olympics to encourage athletes and fans alike to participate in combating hate and pledging their time to help or serve someone who is different from them. farah and i have met hundreds of young people – students and young professionals – in europe, the middle east and central asia. they want to do something. and i have a feeling that you want to do something too. last summer, farah and i met with youth and interfaith leaders in jordan, lebanon, and saudi arabia, and discussed reaching out to others, increasing tolerance and understanding among different religious groups, and addressed intolerance in their textbooks and lessons. last month we traveled to albania to encourage students from tirana university and the local madrasah to participate in 2012 hours against hate. we held a panel discussion on the importance of religious diversity, and encouraged


and addressed intolerance in their textbooks and lessons. last month we traveled to albania to encourage students from tirana university and the local madrasah to participate in 2012 hours against hate. we held a panel discussion on the importance of religious diversity, and encouraged albanian youth to live up to their country ’ s important legacy of acceptance and courage : albania was the only country that saved all of its jews during the holocaust. really, we have just begun. so while i fight anti - semitism, i am also aware that hate is hate. nothing justifies it – not economic instability, not international events, not isolated incidents of hate. since the beginning of humankind, hate has been around, but since then too, good people of all faiths and backgrounds have worked to combat it. the jewish tradition tells us that “ you are not required to complete the task, but neither are you free to desist from it. ” together, we must confront and combat the many forms of hatred in our world today. where there is hatred born of ignorance, we must teach and inspire. where there is hatred born of blindness, we must expose people to a larger world of ideas and reach out, especially to youth, so they can see beyond their immediate circumstances. where there is hatred whipped up by irresponsible leaders, we must call them out and answer as strongly as we can – and make their message totally unacceptable to all people of conscience. thank you again for inviting me here to speak to you today. i am now happy and excited to answer your questions.


january 23, 2007 : the paper by researchers at yale, the university of winnipeg, stony brook university, and led by university of florida paleontologist jonathan bloch reconstructs the base of the primate family tree by comparing skeletal and fossil specimens representing more than 85 modern and extinct species. the team also discovered two 56 - million - year - old fossils, including the most primitive primate skeleton ever described. in the two - part study, an extensive evaluation of skeletal structures provides evidence that plesiadapiforms, a group of archaic mammals once thought to be more closely related to flying lemurs, are the most primitive primates. the team analyzed 173 characteristics of modern primates, tree shrews, flying lemurs with plesiadapiform skeletons to determine their evolutionary relationships. high - resolution ct scanning made fine resolution of inaccessible structures inside the skulls possible. " this is the first study to bring it all together, " said co - author eric sargis, associate professor of anthropology at yale university and assistant curator of vertebrate zoology at yale ' s peabody museum of natural history. " the extensive dataset, the number and type of characteristics we were able to compare, and the availability of full skeletons, let us test far more than any previous study. " at least five major features characterize modern primates : relatively large brains, enhanced vision and eyes that face forward, a specialized ability to leap, nails instead of claws on at least the first toes, and specialized grasping hands and feet. plesiadapiforms have some but not all of these traits. the article argues that these early primates may have acquired the traits over 10 million years in incremental changes to exploit their environment. while the study did not include a molecular evaluation of the samples, according to sargis, these results are consistent with molecular studies on related living groups. compatibility with the independent molecular data increases the researchers ' confidence in their own results. bloch discovered the new plesiadapiform species, ignacius clarkforkensis and dryomomys szalayi, just outside yellowstone national park in the bighorn basin with co - author doug boyer, a graduate student in anatomical sciences at stony brook. previously, based only on skulls and isolated bones, scientists proposed that ignacius was not an archaic primate, but instead a gliding mammal related to flying lemurs. however, analysis of a more complete and well - preserved skeleton by bloch and his team altered this idea. " these fossil finds from


proposed that ignacius was not an archaic primate, but instead a gliding mammal related to flying lemurs. however, analysis of a more complete and well - preserved skeleton by bloch and his team altered this idea. " these fossil finds from wyoming show that our earliest primate ancestors were the size of a mouse, ate fruit and lived in the trees, " said study leader jonathan bloch, a vertebrate paleontology curator at the florida museum of natural history. " it is remarkable to think we are still discovering new fossil species in an area studied by paleontologists for over 100 years. " researchers previously hypothesized plesiadapiforms as the ancestors of modern primates, but the idea generated strong debate within the primatology community. this study places the origins of plesiadapiforms in the paleocene, about 65 ( million ) to 55 million years ago in the period between the extinction of the dinosaurs and the first appearance of a number of undisputed members of the modern orders of mammals. " plesiadapiforms have long been one of the most controversial groups in mammalian phylogeny, " said michael j. novacek, curator of paleontology at the american museum of natural history. " first, they are somewhere near primates and us. second, historically they have offered tantalizing, but very often incomplete, fossil evidence. but the specimens in their study are beautifully and spectacularly preserved. " " the results of this study suggest that plesiadapiforms are the critical taxa to study in understanding the earliest phases of human evolution. as such, they should be of very broad interest to biologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists, " said co - author mary silcox, professor of anthropology at the university of winnipeg. " this collaboration is the first to bring together evidence from all regions of the skeleton, and offers a well - supported perspective on the structure of the earliest part of the primate family tree, " bloch said. the research was supported by grants from the national science foundation, field museum of natural history, yale university, sigma xi scientific research society, natural sciences and engineering research council ( canada ), university of winnipeg, the paleobiological fund, and the wenner - - gren foundation for anthropological research.


crime and personality : personality theory and criminality examined keywords : criminality personality theory criminal personality crime and personality criminology psychopathy the search for the criminal personality or super trait has captured both the minds and imaginations of academics and the wider community ( caspi et al., 1994 ). partly, this is due to a stubborn aversion to the notion that normal, regular people rape, murder, or molest children ( barlow, 1990 ). secondly, there is a desire for simple, straightforward answers ( bartol, 1991 ). generally, personality theorists endeavor to put together the puzzle of the human personality. temperament is the term used for the childhood counterpart to personality ( farrington & jolliffe, 2004 ). facets of personality or temperament, traits, are combined together into super traits or broad dimension of personality. personality traits are persisting underlying tendencies to act in certain ways in particular situations ( farrington & jolliffe, 2004 ). traits shape the emotional and experiential spheres of life, defining how people perceive their world and predict physical and psychological outcomes ( roberts, 2009 ). various structured models of personality exist, each with a set of traits and super traits ( miller & lynam, 2001 ). personality and crime have been linked in two general ways. first, in “ personality - trait psychology ” ( akers & sellers, 2009, p. 74 ) certain traits or super traits within a structured model of personality may be linked to antisocial behavior ( asb ). 1 as reviewed by miller and lynam ( 2001 ), four structured models of personality theory were found to be widely used in criminological research and are considered reliable : the five - factor model ( ffm ; mccrae & costa, 1990 ), the pen model ( eysenck, 1977 ), tellegen ’ s three - factor model ( 1985 ), and cloninger ’ s temperament and character model ( cloninger, dragan, svraki, & przybeck, 1993 ). in table 1, the traits of these models are listed and defined. eysenck hypothesized specific associations between the pen model and asb, proposing that the typical criminal would possess high levels of all three of his proposed personality dimensions. cloninger hypothesized a link between asb and personality dimensions from his model, stating that asb would be linked to high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance, and low reward dependence ( see table 1 )


his proposed personality dimensions. cloninger hypothesized a link between asb and personality dimensions from his model, stating that asb would be linked to high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance, and low reward dependence ( see table 1 ). the second way that personality theorists have linked personality to crime is through “ personality - type psychology ” ( akers & sellers, 2009, p. 74 ) or by asserting that certain deviant, abnormal individuals possess a criminal personality, labeled psychopathic, sociopathic, or antisocial. the complex and twisting history of the term and concept of psychopathy can be traced back to the early 1800s ( feeney, 2003 ), contributing to its common misuse by both academics and nonacademics. 2 hare ( 1993, 1996 ) set forth a psychological schematic of persistent offenders who possess certain dysfunctional interpersonal, affective, and behavioral qualities and make up about one percentage of the population. the distinguishing interpersonal and affective characteristic of psychopaths is the dual possession of absolute self - centeredness, grandiosity, callousness, and lack of remorse or empathy for others coupled with a charismatic, charming, and manipulative superficiality ( hare, 1993 ). the defining behavioral characteristics of psychopaths are impulsivity, irresponsibility, risk taking, and antisocial behavior ( hare, 1993 ). table 2 displays the emotional, interpersonal, and acts of social deviance hypothesized to indicate psychopathy. the term antisocial, not psychopath or sociopath, is now used by the american psychological association in the latest diagnostic and statistical manual ( dsm - iv - tr, 2000 ). this disorder manifests itself as a persistent disregard for and violation of the rights of others, beginning at an early age and persisting into adulthood. the dsm - iv - tr ( 2000 ) outlines the antisocial personality disorder as a broader clinical disorder than psychopathy, a diagnosis that could easily be applied to many who engage in criminal behavior ( see table 2 ). concerns related to theoretical propositions and policy implications certain personality theorists such as eysenck ( 1977 ) postulated that personality traits stem from biological causes. for example, eysenck noted that arousal levels are directly associated with the personality trait of extraversion ( eysenck, 1977 ) and testosterone levels are linked to levels of psychotocism ( eysenck, 1997 ). the biologically deterministic premise postulated


arousal levels are directly associated with the personality trait of extraversion ( eysenck, 1977 ) and testosterone levels are linked to levels of psychotocism ( eysenck, 1997 ). the biologically deterministic premise postulated within segments of personality theory sparked an intense debate in criminology ( andrews & wormith, 1989 ; gibbons, 1989 ), which provides just a glimpse into a chasm in the field of criminology that has been rupturing for decades. criticisms against deterministic thought can best be understood within the historical context ( hirschi & hindelang, 1977 ; laub & sampson, 1991 ; rafter, 2006 ). criminology is a field full of deep schisms and sharp debates, a sort of “ hybrid ” discipline ( gibbons, 1989 ), with even the historical accounts of criminology being disputed ( brown, 2006 ; forsythe, 1995 ; garland, 1997 ; jones, 2008 ; rafter, 2004 ). yet, it is generally agreed that the foundations for understanding criminal behavior, even the justification for the existence of the discipline of criminology, is rooted in psychobiological perspectives ( brown, 2006 ; garland, 1997 ; glicksohn, 2002 ; jones, 2008 ). many of those considered to be the founders of criminology collaborated with psychiatrists focusing on the rehabilitation and medical or psychological treatment of criminal deviance, viewing such behavior as a disease of the mind or intellect rather than holding to the more primitive explanations that attributed crime to manifestations of evil spirits or sinfulness ( herve, 2007 ; jones, 2008 ; rafter, 2004 ). with the dawning of the ideals of the enlightenment, interest grew in the notion that just as there are natural laws that act upon the physical world, there may be underlying forces that propel individuals or groups to react in certain ways ( jones, 2008 ). two distinct schools of positivism arose during this period, those who assumed that these underlying forces were societal and those who assumed that the forces propelling criminal behavior were individualistic or psychological. one faction of nineteenth century positivists, with researchers such as guerry and quetelet, focused primarily on societal forces and emphasized geographical differences in crime rates, especially the effects of urbanization ( jones, 2008 ; quetelet, 2003 ). at the core of this work was the idea that individuals do not have free will to act upon their societal environment, but rather are being acted upon by social forces ; “ society


of urbanization ( jones, 2008 ; quetelet, 2003 ). at the core of this work was the idea that individuals do not have free will to act upon their societal environment, but rather are being acted upon by social forces ; “ society prepares crime and the criminal is only the instrument that executes them ” ( quetelet, physique sociale, quoted in jones, 2008, p. 8 ). however, the name most associated with nineteenth century positivism is cesare lombroso. lombroso considered criminal behavior as indicative of degeneration to a lower level of functioning caused by brain damage or from certain genetic impacts ( such as birth defects passed to children born of diseased or alcoholic parents ), which impeded natural development ( glicksohn, 2002 ; jones, 2008 ). jones ( 2008 ) notes that lombroso ’ antagonists recount his professed allegiance to the use of the scientific method, yet they also detail how he would elaborate wildly, speculating far beyond the bounds of his empirical observations. occasionally, lombroso ’ s work is completely omitted from texts advocating individualistic or psychological approaches to criminal behavior, as lombroso ’ s work is seen as an embarrassment and deemed a precursor to the nazi ideology of the ayran race ( jones, 2008 ; rafter, 2006 ). against this blemished backdrop of nazi ideologies of racial hygiene, labeled biological determinism, sociologically inclined theories flourished within criminology and individualistic explanations for criminality were deserted as taboo and unmentionable ( andrews & wormith, 1989 ; glicksohn, 2002 ; hirschi & hindelang, 1977 ; laub & sampson, 1991 ). concerns about policy implications within such a historical context, ethical and moral concerns were raised regarding personality theory leading to inequitable or brutish policies ( rafter, 2006 ). fears of policy recommendations forcing medical procedures, drug treatment, or excessively restrictive practices were common concerns levied against highly deterministic psychological theories ( bartol & bartol, 2004 ; gibbons, 1986 ; jones, 2008 ). labeling or stigmatizing persons as psychopaths, sociopaths, or antisocial, raised concerns that such labels might lead to unmerited, harsh sentences, as such individuals would be deemed as incorrigible ( andrews & wormith, 1989 ). conversely, there were concerns that labeling offenders with personality disorders could result in doubts about their culp


they say anyone can follow a recipe. but even experienced cooks know things don ' t always work out. often the problem lies in how the ingredients are measured - and what they ' re measured in. clear cups, with pour spouts, are primarily for liquids. they come in multiple - quart and 1 -, 2 -, and 4 - cup sizes, with measurements marked on the sides. set on a level surface and pour in ingredients ; read markings at eye level. the larger sizes also work well for chunky foods like vegetables ( cherry tomatoes, broccoli florets, hunks of squash ), cut - up fruit, and berries. metal or plastic cups, for measuring dry ingredients, come in sets of 1 / 4, 1 / 3, 1 / 2, and 1 cup ; some sets also include a 1 / 8 - cup or 2 - cup or larger unit. fill to the brim and scrape the ingredient level with a spatula or straight - sided knife. how you fill the cup depends on the ingredient. pour or spoon in granulated sugar, salt, grains, cornmeal, and other substances that don ' t pack down. pack in brown sugar, soft cheeses, and solid fats. spoon or drop in shredded cheeses and leafy vegetables ( unless recipe says to pack ). to measure fluffy items like flour, powdered sugar, or cornstarch, stir them first, then gently spoon into cup ; if you scoop them with the cup or tap it to settle the contents, you can get as much as 25 percent more in the cup. standard measuring spoons come in sets of 1 tablespoon, 1, 1 / 2, and 1 / 4 teaspoon, and sometimes 1 / 8 teaspoon. use these for both liquid and dry ingredients, pouring liquids to the rim and scraping dry ingredients level with rim.


posted by admin on august 21st, 2008 maximum transmission unit ( mtu ) the size ( in bytes ) of the largest packet or frame that a given layer of a communications protocol can pass onwards. the mtu may be fixed by standards ( as is the case with ethernet ) or decided at connect time. a higher mtu brings higher bandwidth efficiency. however, large packets can block up a slow interface for some time, increasing the lag for further packets. the mtu for ethernet is 1500 bytes, 1492 for pppoe and 576 for dialup. in very rare occasions, you may need to change the mtu size due to connectivity issues with your isps or in a vpn environment on your opensuse. the following procedure should help to change the maximum transmission unit ( mtu ) in opensuse. in network manager if you are using network - manager to control the network settings in your opensuse then 1. from the menu, click computer – yast. 2. click network devices in the leftpane and click network settings 3. select the network adapter and click edit. 4. under general tab, select from the default “ mtu ” values or enter your own required value. please be aware of what you are doing as an incorrect mtu size setting can cause connectivity and performance issues. click next and finish to complete the settings wizard. this will set the mtu value and restart the network service. in traditional network configuration if you are not using the network manager and use the traditional method of controlling network settings using ifcfg scripts then 1. using a terminal window, change directory to / etc / sysconfig / network / opensuse : ~ # cd / etc / sysconfig / network 2. in / etc / sysconfig / network directory, you have a config file for each of your network interface card. for instance, on my laptop, i have ifcfg - eth0 ( ethernet ) and ifcfg - wlan0 ( wireless ). these hold configurations for the respective network cards. edit the interface file and enter the line as following opensuse : / etc / sysconfig / network # vi ifcfg - eth0 and add a line like so it looks something like this opensuse11 : / etc / sysconfig / network # cat ifcfg - eth0 3. restart the network service or reboot your computer for the changes to take


this series enables children to use the computer for independent research into a range of curriculum related topics. they read the information from talking books and then link to writing grids so they can write about what they have read. high quality real speech gives added support on both the reading and writing activities. perfect for the reading strand throughout the literacy curriculum! this resource lets you find out about the different parts of a plant. learn about plant habitats and some of the ways that plants are used by people. use the information about growth and reproduction to write about pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal. " find out " information is presented in three levels of difficulty, designed to meet the needs of children with a wide range of abilities. - book one / level one - the information is presented in short sentences. the associated writing grids enable children to work with sentence beginnings and endings to recreate the sentences from each information page. - book two / level two - the information pages contain flowing text, and the writing grids offer a wider choice of words. this enables students to construct their own sentences. - book three / level three - this level includes more in - depth information. the writing grids offer sentence starters and word banks than enable students to write an extended piece of text. students use the keyboard as well as the grid as they interpret and respond to the text. find out and write about series packed with rich multimedia content that is perfect for both literacy and subject teaching the unique find out and write about series for clicker provides a range of multimedia cds ideal for literacy teaching. early readers of all ages can research the non - fiction material and then use the associated writing grids to write about what they have learnt. a find out and write about cd - rom contains an interactive talking book of non - fiction text. children can read the text or click the ` listen ` button to hear it spoken. children can also click on a word with the right - hand mouse button to hear it. each page of the book contains a link to a clicker writing grid that relates directly to that page, so children can write about the information they have just learned. children write by clicking on a word with the left - hand mouse button. words are colour - coded to help writers compose sentences successfully. emergent, struggling and fluent readers can all use the resources, as the information is provided at three differentiated levels. at level 1 for example, students are given short sentences, which they can choose to have read to them. the writing grids, relating directly


the lushly forested nation of guyana on thursday joined a regional pact to protect jaguars, the elusive spotted cat that is the biggest land predator in the americas, but is vulnerable due to expanded agriculture and mining that have carved away at their fragmented habitat. leaders of the government ’ s environment ministry were signing an agreement with the new york - based conservation group panthera, which is trying to establish a “ jaguar corridor, ” a network of pathways that would link core jaguar populations from northern argentina to mexico. guyana is pledging to ensure the protection of jaguars, the national animal that is a near - threatened species. the south american nation with some of the region ’ s least spoiled wilderness joins colombia and nations in central america in recognizing the corridor and agreeing to work toward the long - term conservation of jaguars, said esteban payan, regional director for panthera ’ s northern south america jaguar program. a network of cameras equipped with motion sensors and fixed to tree trunks has revealed tantalizing glimpses of sleek, solitary jaguars slinking through guyana ’ s dense rain forests and vast grasslands stretching to the country ’ s border with brazil. scientists reported finding a relatively healthy jaguar density of three to four animals per 100km in guyana ’ s southern rupununi savannah. that means that preserving grasslands are as important to conservation of jaguars as protecting the dense rain forests, they say. evi paemelaere, a belgian jaguar scientist with panthera, said amerindian villagers in remote spots in guyana have helped her set up cameras along the roads and hunting trails that the big cats like to travel on. “ amerindians are very keen on being part of the project, ” she said from georgetown, guyana ’ s capital. jaguars once roamed widely from the southwestern us to argentina, but have lost nearly half of their natural territory and have disappeared altogether from some countries. heavy hunting for their spotted coats decimated their numbers in the 1960s and early 1970s until the pelt trade was largely halted. no one has any reliable estimates of how many jaguars are left in the wild, where they prey on peccaries, tapirs and, since they are powerful swimmers, river turtles.


they are not expecting any angry birds, but bird - watchers are already seeing evidence of what is expected to be a major invasion of hungry birds winging through the region. normally content to hang out in the deep forests of canada, grosbeaks, pine siskins, finches, redpolls and other seed - eaters are winging their way south, hoping to find something to eat. the tree seed crop, normally plentiful in the forests of ontario and quebec, has in some cases failed completely, causing what is known as a bird irruption. “ the invasion is under way, ” said david small, president of the athol bird and nature club and one of the central massachusetts bird count leaders. “ i had redpolls sunday at the home feeder, which don ' t show up every year, and often not until january or february. ” mr. small, who is a supervisor at the quabbin reservoir, said he has been seeing pine grosbeaks at the reservoir headquarters and several locations. central massachusetts birders also report seeing white - winged and red crossbills. “ i was at plum island and salisbury in early november and saw 250 - plus white - winged crossbills, ” he said. “ so a big year is upon us. i can ' t recall a year it started this early with such diversity and large numbers. ” based on data from ornithologists in ontario, the national audubon society issued a winter bird warning — not really warning of disaster — that because there is so little to eat up north, a bird invasion is under way. the warning was issued more for the interest of those who will take part in the audubon ' s christmas bird count, which takes place all over the country from dec. 14 through jan. 5. the bird count often offers up data to support what ornithologists are predicting based on climate conditions. the seed crop failure may have been connected to a lack of rainfall. central and eastern canada experienced long - term drought conditions this year. over the years, some species of seed - eating birds have been seen in small numbers ; some are not seen for several years at a time, but the region saw a flood of pine siskins pass through in october and november. the birds enjoyed what they could get from the limited number of feeders out in central massachusetts at the time and headed off, possibly making their way as far south as north and south carolina. this year ' s small bird irruption followed


november. the birds enjoyed what they could get from the limited number of feeders out in central massachusetts at the time and headed off, possibly making their way as far south as north and south carolina. this year ' s small bird irruption followed a banner year for the eye candy of wild birds — snowy owls. the large white raptors were seen throughout the country as they, too, went off in search of food. irruptions occur regularly when food supplies of various types are disrupted. in the case of the owls, it was a lack of small mammals for them to eat. local birders have been keeping close watch on the ebb and flow of species. recently there have been reports on wpi ' s central massachusetts bird update list of pine grosbeaks at quaboag pond in brookfield and worcester airport. there have also been large numbers of pine grosbeaks seen in downtown westminster, royalston common and several areas of gardner and lunenburg. bill cormier, co - owner of the bird store and more in sturbridge, said bird activity has been very active this early winter. “ there was a big wave of pine siskins that came through here earlier in the season, ” he said. mr. cormier said he is interested to see what is collected during the sturbridge christmas bird count, set for dec. 18. the count will be led by local bird observer mark lynch ; after 24 hours of recording birds, volunteers will report their data to compilers at the bird store. along with bird counts in athol and sturbridge, there will be counts in worcester, uxbridge and westminster. feeders are an important part of the bird - count effort, and mr. cormier said he recommends black oil sunflower seeds with some nuts mixed in. “ nuts are a major ingredient, ” he said. the birds expected or already seen in this irruption are mostly regular sights in central massachusetts, although in smaller numbers, but a few are fairly rare. “ we rarely get a hoary redpoll, ” mr. small said. the hoary redpoll ' s range is mostly no farther south than the canadian border, but mr. small said even it is a possibility this year. the athol and worcester christmas bird counts will be held dec. 15, westminster will be dec. 23 and quabbin and uxbridge will be dec. 29.


arnold henry guyot | | this article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. ( june 2012 ) | | arnold henry guyot | arnold henry guyot | born | | september 28, 1807 boudevilliers, canton of neuchatel, switzerland | died | | february 8, 1884 princeton, new jersey, united states guyot was born at boudevilliers, near neuchatel, switzerland. he was educated at chaux - de - fonds, then at the college of neuchatel. in 1825, he went to germany, and resided in karlsruhe where he met louis agassiz, the beginning of a lifelong friendship. from karlsruhe he moved to stuttgart, where he studied at the gymnasium. he returned to neuchatel in 1827. he determined to enter the ministry and started at the university of berlin to attend lectures. while pursuing his studies, he also attended lectures on philosophy and natural science. his leisure was spent in collecting shells and plants, and he received an entree to the berlin botanical garden from humboldt. in 1835, he received the degree of ph. d. from berlin. in 1838, at agassiz ' s suggestion, he visited the swiss glaciers and communicated the results of his six weeks ' investigation to the geological society of france. he was the first to point out certain important observations relating to glacial motion and structure. among other things he noted the more rapid flow of the center than of the sides, and the more rapid flow of the top than of the bottom of glaciers ; described the laminated or ribboned structure of the glacial ice ; and ascribed the movement of glaciers to a gradual molecular displacement rather than to a sliding of the ice mass as held by de saussure. he subsequently collected important data concerning erratic boulders. in 1839, he became the colleague of agassiz as professor of history and physical geography at the college of neuchatel ( a. k. a. neuchatel academy? ). the suspension of that institution in 1848 caused guyot to emigrate, at agassiz ' s instance, to the united states, where he settled in cambridge, massachusetts. he delivered a course of lectures at the lowell institute which were afterward published as earth and man ( boston 1853 ). for several years the massachusetts board of education retained his services as a lecturer on geography and methods of instruction to the normal schools and teachers ' institutes. he was occupied with this work until his


which were afterward published as earth and man ( boston 1853 ). for several years the massachusetts board of education retained his services as a lecturer on geography and methods of instruction to the normal schools and teachers ' institutes. he was occupied with this work until his appointment, in 1854, as professor of physical geography and geology at princeton university, which office he retained until his death. he was also for several years lecturer on physical geography in the state normal school in trenton, new jersey, and from 1861 to 1866 lecturer in the princeton theological seminary. he also gave courses in the union theological seminary, new york, and at columbia college. he founded the museum at princeton, many of the specimens of which are from his own collections. his scientific work in the united states included the perfection of plans for a national system of meteorological observations. most of these were conducted under the auspices of the smithsonian institution. his extensive meteorological observations led to the establishment of the united states weather bureau, and his meteorological and physical tables ( 1852, revised ed. 1884 ) were long standard. his graded series of text - books and wall - maps were important aids in the extension and popularization of geological study in america. in addition to text - books, his principal publications were : - earth and man, lectures on comparative physical geography in its relation to the history of mankind ( translated by cornelius conway felton, 1849 ) - a memoir of louis agassiz ( 1883 ) - creation, or the biblical cosmogony in the light of modern science ( 1884 ). - johnson ’ s new universal cyclopaedia ( 1876 ) - editor - in - chief along with frederick augustus porter barnard he is the namesake of several geographical features, including guyot glacier in alaska, mount guyot on the north carolina and tennessee border, and a different mount guyot in new hampshire, as well as mount guyot on the rocky mountain continental divide in colorado. the building housing the department of ecology and evolutionary biology and the department of geosciences at princeton is named guyot hall in his honor. - james dwight dana ' s memoir in the biographical memoirs of the national academy of science, vol. ii. ( washington, 1886 ). - this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : chisholm, hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). " guyot, arnold henry ". encyclopædia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. - beach, chandler b., ed. ( 1914 ). " guyot,


the giving of the law at mount sinai was the climax of a series of events that began at passover, the moment and the means of the israelites ' redemption. at passover they killed a lamb and put the blood on their doorposts. when the death angel passed through to slay the firstborn, those who had blood on the doorposts were spared. god was saving, redeeming, buying back his people. mount sinai adds the other half of the equation. though redemption through the blood of a lamb ( christ ) freed them from sin ' s dominion and death, the giving of the law at mount sinai shows that freeing them is not all that god had in mind. israel came to mount sinai after being redeemed, heard the law, and assented to keep it. god gave the law to show the pattern of life, the principles of righteousness, for the redeemed. on one side of the coin is grace and on the other is law and obedience. they are harmonious ; they cannot be separated. they are both vital parts of the process of sanctification leading to salvation. grace is given upon repentance from sin, but after repentance, what is a christian to do with his life? obedience to god and living a life of holiness become his first priorities, and these work to produce character in the image of god ( ii corinthians 3 : 18 ). amos 5 : 25 reconfirms that the sacrifice, offering, and shedding of blood is a foundational necessity for a relationship with god. " did you offer me sacrifices and offerings in the wilderness forty years, o house of israel? " the answer is, " yes. " the people were sacrificing, but is that all that they did? he implies that though they were sacrificing, something was missing — obedience to the law. god told israel that he would dwell in the tabernacle, specifically the holy of holies, the symbolism of which we need to understand. the most important piece of furniture inside the holy of holies was the mercy seat, a wooden chest overlaid with gold. its lid functioned as the seat. inside the chest, under the seat, were stored the two tablets of stone, symbolizing god sitting on his law, the basis of his judgment. when one sins, he begins to separate himself from fellowship with god ( isaiah 59 : 1 - 2 ). he is no longer permitted, as it were, to come into the


symbolizing god sitting on his law, the basis of his judgment. when one sins, he begins to separate himself from fellowship with god ( isaiah 59 : 1 - 2 ). he is no longer permitted, as it were, to come into the holy of holies. what means did god provide to heal the broken relationship, to restore the fellowship? one might think that the giving of a sin offering would appease god, and he would forgive the sin. however, hebrews 10 : 4 is very clear : " for it is not possible that the blood of bulls and goats could take away sins. " then why did god have the israelites make these sacrifices? " but in those sacrifices there is a reminder of sins every year " ( verse 3 ). as amos does not mention the sin offering in amos 5 : 22, it seems that israel did not even make the attempt to be reminded of sin. so how was fellowship restored? on the day of atonement, once a year, the high priest entered the holy of holies to sprinkle the mercy seat with blood. god ' s intent in this ritual was to show people that their transgressions of his law were covered by the blood. the redeemed were again in fellowship with god. the blood and the law are essential parts for maintaining the correct relationship with god. the law is permanent and codifies the nature of god in precepts to help us understand him clearly. obedience to his law is a perpetual requirement, with blood available to cover any transgression of it.


this year, millions of new year ’ s resolutions will be made – and then broken soon after. but there is one resolution that all men should keep : to maintain a healthy lifestyle. prostate cancer is the most common non - skin cancer in america, affecting one in six men, according to the prostate cancer foundation. in addition, heart disease killed 26 percent of the men who died in 2006. and half of the men who die suddenly of coronary heart disease have no previous symptoms, according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). there are many simple ways men can reduce their risk for life - threatening health conditions. make a new year ’ s resolution to improve your health and better your life with these easy tips. sometimes improving your health is as simple as a trip to the doctor. as you age, the likelihood of being diagnosed with prostate cancer increases significantly. men over 40 should begin discussing their prostate health with a physician. catching prostate cancer in its earliest stages can greatly improve a man ’ s chance at survival, so it ’ s important to be proactive and talk to your doctor about your prostate health. you can learn more about risk factors and prevention on the prostate cancer foundation ’ s website at www. pcf. org. choosing healthy snacks and avoiding fatty meals can help reduce your risk of heart disease, diabetes and certain forms of cancer. foods that are low in saturated fat and dietary cholesterol and high in fiber can help prevent high cholesterol, according to the cdc. additionally, several studies suggest that eating fish can help protect against prostate cancer because they have “ good fat, ” particularly omega - 3 fatty acids. maintaining a healthy weight is crucial to preventing heart disease. physical activity will help lower your blood pressure and cholesterol. according to the surgeon general, adults should engage in moderately intense exercise for at least 30 minutes a day. by maintaining a healthy weight, you will also lower your risk for diabetes. don ’ t sweat the small stuff. reducing your stress at work and at home can help improve your overall health and lead to a longer, happier life. seek medical treatment for stress, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and depression. treating these conditions may save your life and have been shown to improve survivorship in prostate cancer. these are resolutions to keep. now is the perfect time to make changes to improve your health.


waking the giant bill mcguire while we transmit more than two million tweets a day and nearly one hundred trillion emails each year, we ' re also emitting record amounts of carbon dioxide ( co2 ). bill mcguire, professor of geophysical and climate hazards at university college london, expects our continued rise in greenhouse gas emissions to awaken a slumbering giant : the earth ' s crust. in waking the giant : how a changing climate triggers earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes ( oxford university press ), he explains that when the earth ' s crust ( or geosphere ) becomes disrupted from rising temperatures and a c [ o. sub. 2 ] - rich atmosphere, natural disasters strike more frequently and with catastrophic force. applying a " straightforward presentation of what we know about how climate and the geosphere interact, " the book links previous warming periods 20, 000 to 5, 000 years ago with a greater abundance of tsunamis, landslides, seismic activity and volcanic eruptions. mcguire urgently warns of the " tempestuous future of our own making " as we progressively inch toward a similar climate. despite his scientific testimony to congress stating " what is going on in the arctic now is the biggest and fastest thing that nature has ever done " and the " incontrovertible " data that the earth ' s climate draws lively response from the geosphere, brutal weather events are still not widely seen as being connected to human influence. is our global population sleepwalking toward imminent destruction, he asks, until " it is obvious, even to the most entrenched denier, that our climate is being transformed? "


from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia preventive medicine or preventive care refers to measures taken to prevent diseases, ( or injuries ) rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. the term contrasts in method with curative and palliative medicine, and in scope with public health methods ( which work at the level of population health rather than individual health ). this takes place at primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. - primary prevention avoids the development of a disease. most population - based health promotion activities are primary preventive measures. - secondary prevention activities are aimed at early disease detection, thereby increasing opportunities for interventions to prevent progression of the disease and emergence of symptoms. - tertiary prevention reduces the negative impact of an already established disease by restoring function and reducing disease - related complications. - quaternary prevention is the set of health activities that mitigate or avoid the consequences of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system. simple examples of preventive medicine include hand washing and immunizations. preventive care may include examinations and screening tests tailored to an individual ' s age, health, and family history. for example, a person with a family history of certain cancers or other diseases would begin screening at an earlier age and / or more frequently than those with no family history. on the other side of preventive medicine, some non - profit organizations, such as the northern california cancer center, apply epidemiological research towards finding ways to prevent diseases. universal, selective, and indicated gordon ( 1987 ) in the area of disease prevention, and later kumpfer and baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three - tiered preventive intervention classification system : universal, selective, and indicated prevention. amongst others, this typology has gained favour and is used by the u. s. institute of medicine, the nida and the european monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction. - universal prevention addresses the entire population ( national, local community, school, district ) and aim to prevent or delay the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. all individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills necessary to prevent the problem. - selective prevention focuses on groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. the subgroups may be distinguished by characteristics such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. for example, drug campaigns in recreational settings. - indicated prevention involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. identifiers may include falling


gender, family history, or economic status. for example, drug campaigns in recreational settings. - indicated prevention involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc. outside the scope of this three - tier model is environmental prevention. environmental prevention approaches are typically managed at the regulatory or community level, and focus on interventions to deter drug consumption. prohibition and bans ( e. g. smoking workplace bans, alcohol advertising bans ) may be viewed as the ultimate environmental restriction. however, in practice environmental preventions programmes embrace various initiatives at the macro and micro level, from government monopolies for alcohol sales, through roadside sobriety or drug tests, worker / pupil / student drug testing, increased policing in sensitive settings ( near schools, at rock festivals ), and legislative guidelines aimed at precipitating punishments ( warnings, penalties, fines ). professionals involved in the public health aspect of this practice may be involved in entomology, pest control, and public health inspections. public health inspections can include recreational waters, pools, beaches, food preparation and serving, and industrial hygiene inspections and surveys. in the united states, preventive medicine is a medical specialty, one of the 24 recognized by the american board of medical specialties ( abms ). it encompasses three areas of specialization : - general preventive medicine and public health - aerospace medicine - occupational medicine in order to become board - certified in one of the preventive medicine areas of specialization, a licensed u. s. physician ( m. d. or d. o. ) must successfully complete a preventive medicine medical residency program following a one - year internship. following that, the physician must complete a year of practice in that special area and pass the preventive medicine board examination. the residency program is at least two years in length and includes completion of a master ' s degree in public health ( mph ) or equivalent. the board exam takes an entire day : the morning session concentrates on general preventive medicine questions, while the afternoon session concentrates on the one of the three areas of specialization that the applicant has studied. in addition, there are two subspecialty areas of certification : these certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an mt or uhb fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 abms - recognized specialties. prophylaxis


, there are two subspecialty areas of certification : these certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an mt or uhb fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 abms - recognized specialties. prophylaxis ( greek " προφυλασσω " to guard or prevent beforehand ) is any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure a disease. in general terms, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis ( to prevent the development of a disease ) and secondary prophylaxis ( whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process ). some specific examples of prophylaxis include : - influenza vaccines are prophylactic. - antibiotics are sometimes used prophylactically : for example, during the 2001 anthrax attacks scare in the united states, patients believed to be exposed were given ciprofloxacin. in similar manner, the use of antibiotic ointments on burns and other wounds is prophylactic. antibiotics are also given prophylactically just before some medical procedures such as pacemaker insertion. - tricyclic antidepressants ( tcas ) may, with caution, be an example of a chronic migraine preventative ( see amitriptyline and migraines ' prevention by medicine ). - antimalarials such as chloroquine are used both in treatment and as prophylaxis by visitors to countries where malaria is endemic to prevent the development of the parasitic plasmodium, which cause malaria. - condoms are sometimes referred to as " prophylactics " because of their use to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. - low - molecular - weight heparin is used as a prophylaxis in hospital patients, as they are at risk for several forms of thrombosis due to their immobilisation. - professional cleaning of the teeth is dental prophylaxis. - risk reducing or prophylactic mastectomies may be carried out for carriers of the brca mutation gene to minimise the risk of developing breast cancer - daily and moderate physical exercise in various forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one ' s health. cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular - and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - prophylaxis may be administered as vaccine. prop


can maintain or improve one ' s health. cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular - and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - prophylaxis may be administered as vaccine. prophylactic vaccines include : pep, npep, prep, or nprep. pep stands for post - exposure prophylaxis used in an occupational setting. npep is non - occupational post - exposure prophylaxis. npep may be used in a recreational setting ; for example, during intercourse, if the condom breaks and one partner is hiv - positive, npep will help to decrease the probability of spread of infection of hiv. prep is often used in occupational settings, e. g., in hospital staff to prevent the spread of hiv or hepatitis c from patient to staff. nprep is a measure taken before exposure but in a non - occupational setting ( non - occupational pre - exposure prophylaxis ) ; for example, injection drug users may seek nprep vaccinations. leading cause of preventable death leading causes of preventable death worldwide as of the year 2001. leading causes of preventable deaths in the united states in the year 2000. - ^ mesh preventive + medicine - ^ mesh primary + prevention - ^ mesh secondary + prevention - ^ mesh tertiary + prevention - ^ gordon, r. ( 1987 ), ‘ an operational classification of disease prevention ’, in steinberg, j. a. and silverman, m. m. ( eds. ), preventing mental disorders, rockville, md : u. s. department of health and human services, 1987. - ^ kumpfer, k. l., and baxley, g. b. ( 1997 ), ' drug abuse prevention : what works? ', national institute on drug abuse, rockville. - ^ how should influenza prophylaxis be implemented? - ^ de oliveira jc, martinelli m, d ' orio nishioka sa, et al. ( 2009 ). " efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter - defibrillators : results of a large, prospective, randomized, double - blinded, placebo - controlled trial ". circ arrhythmia electrophysiol 2 : 29 – 34. doi : 10. 1161 / circep. 108. 795906. - ^ lars bo andersen et al. ( june 2000 ). " all


circ arrhythmia electrophysiol 2 : 29 – 34. doi : 10. 1161 / circep. 108. 795906. - ^ lars bo andersen et al. ( june 2000 ). " all - cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. ". arch intern med. 160 ( 11 ) : 1621 – 8. doi : 10. 1001 / archinte. 160. 11. 1621. pmid 10847255. - ^ lopez ad, mathers cd, ezzati m, jamison dt, murray cj ( may 2006 ). " global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001 : systematic analysis of population health data ". lancet 367 ( 9524 ) : 1747 – 57. doi : 10. 1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 68770 - 9. pmid 16731270. - ^ mokdad ah, marks js, stroup df, gerberding jl ( march 2004 ). " actual causes of death in the united states, 2000 ". jama 291 ( 10 ) : 1238 – 45. doi : 10. 1001 / jama. 291. 10. 1238. pmid 15010446. http : / / www. csdp. org / research / 1238. pdf. - sackett dl. the arrogance of preventive medicine. cmaj. 2004 ; 167 : 363 - 4. - gervas j, perez fernandez m. los limites de la prevencion clinica. amf. 2007 ; 3 ( 6 ) : 352 - 60. - gervas j, perez fernandez m, gonzalez de dios j. problemas practicos y eticos de la prevencion secundaria. a proposito de dos ejemplos de pediatria. rev esp salud publica. 2007 ; 81 : 345 - 52. - starfield b, hyde j, gervas j, heath i. the concept of prevention : a good idea gone astray? j epidemiol community health. 2008 ; 62 ( 7 ) : 580 - 3. - gervas j, starfield b, heath i. is clinical prevention better than cure? lancet. 2008 ; 372 : 1997 - 9. - gervas j, perez fernandez m. los danos provocados por la preven


even though facebook requires users to be at least 13 years old, there are 7. 5. million users under that age, most of them not yet 10, according to projections from a " state of the net " survey conducted by consumer reports. the survey, published in the june issue of consumer reports, also found that the accounts of these minors were largely unsupervised by their parents, exposing them to online predators and bullies. " despite facebook ' s age requirements, many kids are using the site who shouldn ' t be, " jeff fox, technology editor for consumer reports, said in a release. " what ' s even more troubling was the finding from our survey that indicated that a majority of parents of kids 10 and under seemed largely unconcerned by their children ' s use of the site. " indeed, the survey found that one million children were exposed to online bullying through facebook in the past year. use of the site also exposed more than five million u. s. households to virus infections, identity theft and other types of abuse. to guard against abuse, consumer reports recommends parents carefully monitor their children ' s facebook accounts, joining their children ' s circle of friends on the site and either deleting a pre - teen ' s account or asking facebook to do so by filling out its " report an underage child " form. also, use the site ' s privacy controls. roughly one in five adult users said they hadn ' t, making them more vulnerable to threats. consumer reports advices users to set everything you can so that it can only be accessed by people on your friends list. among the magazine ' s other recommendations : turn off instant personalization and use apps with caution, both of which can help keep personal information about you from floating around online. in april, facebook compared web safety for kids to crossing the street. " we agree with safety experts that communication between parents / guardians and kids about their use of the internet is vital, " the company said. " just as parents are always teaching and reminding kids how to cross the road safely, talking about internet safety should be just as important a lesson to learn. " perhaps kids who aren ' t yet 13 need to be on facebook in today ' s world, but if that ' s true, then their parents really, really need to make sure they know what they ' re doing online. or perhaps kids shouldn ' t be allowed to use facebook until they reach the site ' s minimum age. what do you think?


sea level rises and climate change are linked, say top scientists as they prepare the next major global climate change update. more than 250 experts from 39 countries are in hobart this week to review the latest draft of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ' s report including a new chapter on sea level. the co - ordinating lead author on the new chapter, csiro ' s dr john church, said sea level is clearly linked to climate change. " the sea level is rising, the rate of the rise has increased and will continue to increase, " he said. he said the rate had increased from a few tenths of a millimetre a year before the 20th century to more than 3mm a year in the past 20 years. " it ' s clear the rate of sea level rise has already increased, " he said. " whether that 3mm is a further acceleration or not is yet unclear but we do expect a further acceleration during the 21st century and it ' s clearly linked to greater levels of greenhouse gases. " he said thermal expansion because of ocean warming and the melting of glaciers were two key causes of sea level rise. csiro ' s dr steve rintoul, who is involved with the report ' s ocean observations chapter, said oceans were very important for climate because of the amount of heat they absorbed and stored. he said the temperature of the ocean surface had increased by 0. 3 - 0. 5c over the past 50 years. " there ' s no disputing the oceans are warming, " he said. " it ' s clear from the published literature that greenhouse gases as well as natural variability have contributed to this observed warming of the ocean. " he said oceans around tasmania were changing, with recordings showing that temperatures around maria island have increased by 1. 5c over the past 60 years. " it ' s a very large number compared with other parts of the ocean, " he said. the hobart conference is the last meeting before scientists prepare the final draft of the ipcc report ' s physical science section. the final report will be submitted in september.


polish second most spoken language polish is the second most common main language in england and wales with more than half a million speakers, according to new figures from the 2011 census. nearly one in 10 people in england and wales - 8 % - reported speaking a different main language to english or welsh in the census, findings from the office for national statistics ( ons ) have shown. polish was the second most commonly reported main language with 546, 000 speakers, reflecting more than half a million poles who migrated to england and wales during the last decade. redcar and cleveland local authority had the highest percentage of people with english as their main language at 99 % of the population, with ealing listing the highest proportion of polish speakers at 6 % of the population. in all but three of the london boroughs - the city of london, richmond upon thames, and hillingdon - more than 100 languages were listed as main languages. of the four million residents of england and wales who spoke a main language other than english, 1. 7 million said they could speak english very well, 726, 000 could speak english but not well and 138, 000 could not speak english at all. the least common main language in england and wales was listed as manx - gaelic with 33 speakers, followed by 58 gaelic scottish speakers. london had the highest proportion, at 22 %, of people who reported that english was not their main language, with the north east reporting the lowest percentage in this category, at 3 %. the figures also showed that not all languages were spoken - with 22, 000 people using sign language. the census also appeared to confirm a boom in cycling in london, with 161, 700 people, or 2. 6 %, using bicycles to get to work in the capital. this compared with 77, 000 a decade ago, the ons said, but these figures were not strictly comparable as the 2001 figures did not include those who said they worked from home. cambridge remained the local authority with the highest proportion who cycle to work, at 18 %, or 17, 755 people. in spite of the surge in cycling, the majority of 16 to 74 - year - olds in england and wales said they drove a car or van to work, at 58 % or 15 million.


thl toolbox > audio - video > overview contributor ( s ) : david germano, james graves, chelsea hall, eric woelfel. new developments in digital technology and the web offer exciting new possibilities for the incorporation of audio - video into new areas of research, publication and teaching. they also allow us for the first time to use and explore audio - video creatively in ways previously only possible with texts, such as providing for powerful ways to search media files and giving users tools to creatively alter audio - video files to incorporate into their own work. however, working with audio - video can also be very frustrating, and thus thl has expended considerable energies in developing tools and documentation to provide a systematic framework for the creation, delivery and use of audio - video in research, publication and teaching. for a beginner ' s lesson on how to use the av database website, please see : using the thl av database. the overall process from start to finish can be divided into five distinct phases : - create the audio - video through recording sessions - technically process the media into edited segments in formats usable on a computer - catalog the resultant media titles with metadata - linguistically process the media titles with transcription, translation, annotation and timecoding - package the media title into research publications, or into instructional units, including integration with reference databases, for delivery to end users given the demands of such a process, it is vital that an integrated set of tools with proper manuals and broader documentation are available which are free, open source, and suited for educational purposes. we are creating comprehensive documentation for each phase, which themselves involve a series of internal steps and processes often requiring separate documentation. as a whole, these materials form the basis for our training and reference with regard to audio - video materials. 1. determine a title to be produced. - review / screen recorded material ( i. e., video tapes ) and decide how they might be broken down into discrete titles. each title will be its own video. consult standardized guidelines for generating titles, including standardized phraseology, etc. - generating titles & credits for recordings 2. propose a title ( and corresponding credits for each title ) and have them checked by germano. - ( typically, it ' s best to prepare a batch of titles and their corresponding credits, and submit that to germano, rather than submitting titles to him one - by - one. ) 3. send the approved titles and credits to penam in lhasa, or a local tibetan


a batch of titles and their corresponding credits, and submit that to germano, rather than submitting titles to him one - by - one. ) 3. send the approved titles and credits to penam in lhasa, or a local tibetan assigned to the task like tsering wangchuk and tsering perlo to be rendered into tibetan and chinese. 4. meanwhile digitize and edit your titles in final cut pro, inserting blank title and credit slates whose trilingual information can be added later, once translations are ready. 5. complete catalog entries in both the physical media ( i. e., tapes ) database and audio - video database. - physical media database : make sure the content of the tape is properly described in the physical media database. also include the recording date, the tape format ( i. e., ntsc, pal, hd, etc. ), and other useful data about the tape itself and its recording. - av database : give a short description of the title ’ s content, fill out the relevant metadata ( like language, etc. ), propose collection classifications if not obvious, & record as much information as you can about participants involved in your title, under the " credits " tab of each avdb entry - consult with a native tibetan speaker to help process participant information on handwritten forms as necessary. ( often such forms are filled out in the cursive script, not dbu can, and may therefore be harder to understand. ) 6. compress each title in final cut pro, making sure you ' ve included ending credits. upload the files to the server after compression and after converting the audio files to mpeg - 3 and generating thumbnails. 7. alert a transcription center that the compression is ready for transcription, and eventual translation. 8. if relevant, once transcribed, it can be further processed for use in an instructional unit or other presentational context ( see making language instructional units ). note : if possible, use the fields under the workflow tab in order to mark processes as completed. in addition, you should keep track of the workflow in a more comprehensive fashion using the status reports for av, ie : titles waiting to be approved, completed titles, etc. in the future, we hope the new av database will allow for tracking of workflow so that everyone involved can easily fnd what titles need to be translated, etc. by using the database itself.


increased age, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure and smoking are a few of the risk factors related to heart disease, according to the american heart association. you can modify, treat or control most risk factors to lower your risk by focusing on your lifestyle habits or, if needed, taking medicine. according to the american heart association, the major risk factors for coronary heart disease are : - increased age : four out of five people who die of coronary heart disease are age 65 or older. - male gender : men have a greater risk of heart attach and they have attacks earlier - heredity : children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. heart disease risk is also higher among americans with ancestry from africa or mexico, native americans, hawaiians and asians. - tobacco smoke : smoker ' s risk of heart attack is more than twice that of nonsmokers. second hand smoke increases the risk even for nonsmokers. - high blood cholesterol : risk increases as blood cholesterol levels increase. - high blood pressure : increases the heart ' s workload, causing the heart to enlarge and weaken over time. - physical inactivity : regular, moderate - to - vigorous exercise is important in preventing heart and blood vessel disease. - obesity and overweight : people with excess body fat are, especially in the waist area, are more likely to develop heart disease, even if they have no other risk - diabetes mellitus : even when glucose levels are under control, diabetes greatly increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.


what are the main types of water filter? there are several different types of water filters available for use in the home and for other purposes. the type of water filter that you require depends on what you need to use it for. filtering ordinary tap water in the home for the purpose of improving the taste is a common practice. chlorination and excess minerals can drastically change the taste and smell of tap water, but running the water through a filter can eliminate these substances and make the water taste much better. if you are spending time in the outdoors doing some camping or backpacking, available water sources such as lakes and rivers can be dangerous or even deadly to drink. in this case a slightly more powerful type of water filtration would be needed. other instances in which you might need to have a much more aggressive method of water filtration is when traveling in foreign countries or in the event of a major disaster such as a flood. the charcoal based water filter is one of the most common of all types of water filter. this is the type of filter that you would find in a typical water filtration pitcher such as the brita pitcher, and also in most types of on - the - faucet water filters. these types of water filter usually have a cartridge that contains a combination of charcoal and sand. when water is poured through the filter, the charcoal removes chlorine, chemicals and some other contaminants and the sand filters out any larger particles. the end result is clear looking and clean tasting water. for filtration of outdoor water sources when camping and backpacking, a portable reverse osmosis system is one option. reverse osmosis purifies water by passing it through a semi - permeable membrane, which traps nearly 100 % of all contaminants, both chemical and biological. since biological contaminants such as bacteria and viruses are a major threat in rivers and lakes, it is important to have a water filter that is able to safely remove them. one disadvantage of reverse osmosis is that the process is extremely slow and wastes a lot of water. a reverse osmosis filter can also be a valuable part of any emergency supply kit, because contaminated water is a common hazard encountered in emergency situations. because reverse osmosis is capable of even removing viruses from water, this type of filter can save lives in countries where there is an extreme shortage of safe drinking water. another one of the more popular types of water filter is the ceramic microfilter. like a reverse


hvac career information t he world outdoors is often an uncomfortable place. weather changes can bring precipitation, blustery winds, and extreme temperatures. that ' s why we turn to the shelter of indoor spaces. we rely on climate - controlled environments to carry out our lives comfortably and effectively. but it takes much more than just a few walls, a roof, and insulation to make it all happen. so, what is hvac? what is hvac and hvac / r? hvac stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. the hvac systems in our homes, offices, shopping malls, and other buildings allow us to live inside without too much concern for what ' s happening outside. but hvac goes beyond the regulation of indoor temperatures. when such systems are properly installed and maintained, they contribute to better airflow and healthier indoor air quality, which is especially important for people with allergies, asthma, or other medical issues. in addition to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, there is another type of climate - control technology that is crucial to modern life. the " r " in hvac / r stands for refrigeration. the storage and transport of perishable foods, medicines, and other items we may take for granted is made possible by today ' s commercial refrigeration systems. ( side note : don ' t be confused by the different ways in which the " r " is added to hvac. the subtle variations you might encounter — hvac & r, hvac / r, hvacr, hvac - r, or hvac r — all mean the same thing. ) advances in hvac technology are making the heating and cooling of new and retrofitted buildings more and more energy efficient. refrigerants are being developed and used that are more environmentally friendly. and technologies such as hydronics ( water - based heating ), geothermal, and solar - powered heating and cooling are turning the hvac profession into one with a growing number of " green " jobs. hvac systems are installed and serviced by hvac technicians ( who are sometimes known as hvac mechanics or hvac installers ). what does an hvac technician do? the work of an hvac technician can be rather varied. from installation to routine maintenance to repair, the many duties of a professional in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning industry often add up to working days full of diverse activities. however, a lot depends on whether or not an hvac technician chooses to specialize


to routine maintenance to repair, the many duties of a professional in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning industry often add up to working days full of diverse activities. however, a lot depends on whether or not an hvac technician chooses to specialize in working with a particular type of equipment ( i. e., residential, light commercial, or commercial / industrial ) in either the installation or service side of the business. so, depending on their specialty, level of knowledge, and arsenal of skills, hvac technicians carry out tasks that can include : - installing furnaces, heat pumps, and air conditioning units - installing the ductwork that carries treated air throughout a building - following blueprints and specifications used in the installation of hvac systems, including air ducts, vents, pumps, water and fuel supply lines, and other components - connecting electrical wiring and controls - performing routine maintenance on a variety of hvac equipment, such as checking for leaks, adjusting blowers and burners, and checking nozzles, thermostats, electrical circuits, controls, and other components - diagnosing and repairing problems that are found within any part of an hvac system - adjusting the controls of an hvac system and recommending appropriate settings - testing the performance of a furnace, heat pump, air conditioning unit or other piece of hvac equipment to ensure that it operates at peak efficiency - using carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide testers to make sure that a customer ' s equipment operates safely - selling service contracts or replacement equipment to customers hvac / r technicians, sometimes known as refrigeration mechanics, install and service commercial or industrial refrigeration systems. in addition to some of the tasks above, hvac / r technicians have duties that can include : - charging refrigeration systems with the proper refrigerant - conserving, recovering, and recycling refrigerants for reuse or ensuring that they are disposed of properly since their release can be very harmful to the environment - venting refrigerant into the appropriate cylinders to perform their duties, hvac and hvac / r technicians use a large variety of special tools ( sometimes numbering in the dozens ) such as : - pressure gauges - acetylene torches - voltmeters, ohmmeters, and multimeters - combustion analyzers - soldering and brazing equipment - pipe cutters - gas detectors - micron gauges - tap and die sets where can hvac technicians work? whether they specialize in installing or servicing


service contracts. are there any downsides to working in the hvac trade? for the people who turn it into a long - term career, hvac is a lifestyle. many hvac technicians reap a great deal of personal satisfaction from their work. but, like any occupation, the field of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning has its upsides and downsides. it ' s not a career for everybody. you ' ve got to be 100 percent committed in order to succeed. here are some of the possible drawbacks of being an hvac or hvac / r technician : - physical hazards — it can be grueling and hard on your body. installing or servicing hvac systems often requires heavy lifting, crouching, and kneeling — including in tight places like attics and crawl spaces. other physical hazards also exist such as the potential for cuts, scrapes, electrical shock, burns, or muscle strain. and, although rare, working with refrigerants without appropriate safety equipment can result in injuries like frostbite, skin damage, or even blindness. - uncomfortable working conditions — it frequently involves working outdoors in bad weather or extreme temperatures ( hot and cold ). - mental fatigue — in addition to being physically demanding, hvac work can also be mentally tiring. that ' s because you must remain alert and focused in order to solve problems and avoid injury or costly mistakes. plus, no matter how experienced you are, there is always a lot to learn. hvac technology changes quickly, so being an hvac technician requires staying on top of the latest developments and adding that knowledge to what you ' ve already learned about older systems that are still in use. that makes the job sometimes feel overwhelming. as hvac technology improves, much of it is also becoming more and more technically challenging to work on. - fluctuating work hours — employment in the hvac trade can sometimes be subject to seasonal fluctuations, particularly for technicians without much experience. it is common for many hvac service technicians to work very long hours during peak seasons ( summer and winter ) followed by a reduction in hours ( often less than full time ) during the slower seasons. the peak seasons can be extra difficult if you have a family since working overtime and being on call at all hours ( including weekends ) can mean you ' re not able to spend as much quality time with those you care about. on the other hand, slow weeks are also inevitable, so you have to know how to account for the ups and downs in your personal finances. - ir


can mean you ' re not able to spend as much quality time with those you care about. on the other hand, slow weeks are also inevitable, so you have to know how to account for the ups and downs in your personal finances. - irritable customers — since many service calls happen when customers are in distress over failing heating or cooling equipment during extreme weather, hvac technicians sometimes must deal directly with people who are cranky and impatient. tempers are heightened when a problem can ' t be fixed right away because a part needs to be ordered. - delayed gratification — it takes time — usually at least five years — to develop the skills that enable you to begin making what are considered good wages in the hvac industry. as a new technician, you should expect the starting pay to be lower than what you might be hoping for. you have to be willing to stick it out and learn everything you can in the meantime. what are the good things about working in hvac? the downsides of being an hvac technician are balanced — and some might even say overcome — by the many positive attributes of the hvac trade. here are a few of them : - a sense of accomplishment — it can be intensely rewarding to fix problematic equipment or install new systems since it means that your hard work directly impacts the ability of people to feel comfortable in their environments. you have the chance to make someone ' s day if they were freezing ( or sweating ) prior to your arrival. plus, looking back on a job well done often leads to a great feeling of personal satisfaction, regardless of how difficult it might have been. - built - in exercise for mind and body — despite the occupational hazards, being an hvac technician can help you stay in shape — physically and mentally. - variety — every day is bound to be somewhat different. you won ' t be stuck in an office. instead, you ' ll get to solve a variety of problems and meet new people. and the fast pace of busy times helps the work days pass quickly. - pride — because hvac technicians can impact the well - being of people and the environment, they often feel a great sense of personal responsibility and pride of purpose. - stimulation — opportunities for learning something new happen on a frequent basis, which means boredom is rare. as the hvac industry moves closer and closer toward full computer automation for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, the chance to develop advanced skills and knowledge also increases. - long - term stability — once you ' ve established yourself in


is rare. as the hvac industry moves closer and closer toward full computer automation for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, the chance to develop advanced skills and knowledge also increases. - long - term stability — once you ' ve established yourself in the trade, there is great potential for making good money. and the job security can also be good. this is particularly true when you consider that hvac skills are portable, and the work must be performed on location, which means that hvac jobs are not subject to foreign outsourcing. what personal characteristics do i need for an hvac career? people who succeed as hvac technicians possess key traits that enable them to handle the challenges of the occupation while taking advantage of the benefits. it ' s important to keep in mind that those who find long - term success and satisfaction in the hvac trade generally possess the following characteristics : - a strong desire to help other people - a sense of craftsmanship and pride in their work ( no cutting corners ) - physical and mental toughness - a courteous and respectful attitude - pride in their appearance - an aptitude for mechanical, hands - on work - strong interpersonal skills - common sense - the ability and willingness to learn - determination and a strong work ethic - an interest in the science behind hvac technology - good problem - solving abilities how do you become an hvac technician? there is more than one path to establishing a career in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. when asking, " how do you become an hvac technician? " it is important to consider that there are essentially four different ways to begin going about it : - obtaining formal hvac training from a high school program or post - secondary school - entering a formal apprenticeship program for your training - joining the armed forces and receiving military hvac training - pursuing an entry - level hvac position without any formal training and hoping that you find an employer willing to teach you everything informally on the job ( an increasingly rare circumstance ) each option has its advantages and disadvantages. however, most employers generally consider formal training a must before they will even consider you for an open position. here are some things to consider about post - secondary training at an hvac school : - most hvac training programs at technical and trade schools take between six months and two years to complete. - programs that last a year or less generally award a diploma or certificate of completion. those that last two years usually award an associate ' s degree. - shorter certificate or diploma programs are often designed only to teach students the