“ i think every kid has picked up an interesting rock, ” she said. “ have you ever picked up a rock that ’ s shaped like a heart? that ’ s shaped like a potato? that ’ s shaped like a bird? maybe it had a pretty color or had crystals in it. just about everybody as a child has collected some kind of rock. ” in this case, treasure has nothing to do with money, unless that includes the money roberts has invested in her rock hound habit. she was one of those children who picked up pretty rocks, but her appreciation never went away. today, she ’ s president of the north mississippi gem and mineral society, a group of like - minded people who think good things can be found by looking down. “ we don ’ t do a lot digging. you ’ re looking at the surface or just below the surface, ” said roberts, 61, of counce, tenn. “ a lot of material comes to the surface after a heavy rain. if you ’ re collecting a day or two after a heavy rain, you need your mud boots on. mississippi is known for its ooey, gooey clay. ” the society has regular field trips to hunt for new rocks and minerals. in these litigious days, it ’ s important to get permission from land owners before the searching begins. provisions include a rock hammer, shovel and safety glasses, as well as containers to hold fresh finds and a screwdriver to pry things up, roberts said. “ you ’ ve got to pack your own lunch and water, ” she said. “ some of the places we collect at are old quarries, so there aren ’ t any facilities. you have to be pretty self - sufficient. ” society members have loaned some of their finds for an exhibit at the oren dunn city museum in tupelo ’ s ballard park. the collection includes items on loan from the mississippi museum of natural science in jackson. the “ mississippi ’ s geologic history : written in stone ” exhibit features fossilized sea life from the mississippian period, which was 323 to 363 million years ago, as well as clay from monroe county used to make kitty litter. crystals, geodes and petrified wood also are included. the rare and common rocks, minerals and fossils will be on display until march 23. self - described rock hounds come to the hobby in different ways. while roberts likes to put on her mud boots and hunt for fossils, john byzet, 65, of tupelo, has other


fossils will be on display until march 23. self - described rock hounds come to the hobby in different ways. while roberts likes to put on her mud boots and hunt for fossils, john byzet, 65, of tupelo, has other ways of attaining new rocks. “ i go on some field trips, but not many. some of it is mail order. some of it is swap meets. some of it is friends, ” he said. “ if i ’ ve got a friend going to africa, i say, ‘ pick me up a rock or two. ’ i ’ ve got a friend going to israel. he ’ ll pick me up malachite. ” when he gets hold of stones, byzet likes to cut them into facets to reveal their beauty. “ mostly it ’ s amethyst, ” he said. “ i like that rock. it ’ s got a nice, purple glimmer to it. ” byzet got into collecting as a child, when a neighbor introduced him to the hobby. he didn ’ t know it at the time, but that neighbor and her husband were responsible for a semi - precious stone exhibit at a san diego museum. “ she gave me my first collection, ” byzet said. rocks lost their appeal for byzet over the years, and he put them away until about three or four years ago, when he saw them again through youthful eyes. “ my grandson was up here and saw some and he drew me back into it. i ’ ve been enjoying it. i ’ ve learned a lot. you can ’ t help but learn if you do it and piddle around, ” said byzet, who maintains the society ’ s website, www. nmgms. org. at its monthly meetings at the lee county library, the society holds workshops on various aspects of the hobby. there are classes on faceting, as well as tips on how to collect, identify and display collections. there ’ s also plenty of plain, old give - and - take between the members, said robert langford, 64, a professional geologist from saltillo. “ i just love geology, ” he said, “ and it ’ s a good opportunity to meet with people who have the same interests. ” like roberts, langford focuses on fossils, and that fascination has trickled down to two of his daughters. “ they have their own collections, ” he said. “ they have a good time collecting fossils. ” the hobby has come full


. ” like roberts, langford focuses on fossils, and that fascination has trickled down to two of his daughters. “ they have their own collections, ” he said. “ they have a good time collecting fossils. ” the hobby has come full circle for langford, who was helped and encouraged by his mother when he was a teenager. “ it ’ s about hunting and finding and trying to figure out what it was, ” he said. “ from a family standpoint, it ’ s a great hobby. ” treasure comes in all shapes and sizes, and people deal with it in different ways. a lot of langford ’ s collection is packed away in boxes, while byzet combines woodworking with rock hounding to create display cases out of black walnut. “ everybody comes at it their own way, ” roberts said. “ that ’ s what ’ s great about it. ” there is one commonality society members share. roberts said that at some point in their lives, “ they ’ ve picked up a rock and said, ‘ i wonder if there is someone around who can tell me what this is. ’ ” the answer is “ yes. ” “ if we can ’ t tell them, ” roberts said, “ we know where to steer them. ”


as a policy, python doesn ' t run user - specified code on startup of python programs. ( only interactive sessions execute the script specified in the pythonstartup environment variable if it exists ). however, some programs or sites may find it convenient to allow users to have a standard customization file, which gets run when a program requests it. this module implements such a mechanism. a program that wishes to use the mechanism must execute the statement the user module looks for a file. pythonrc. py in the user ' s home directory and if it can be opened, executes it ( using execfile ( ) ) in its own ( the module user ' s ) global namespace. errors during this phase are not caught ; that ' s up to the program that imports the user module, if it wishes. the home directory is assumed to be named by the home environment variable ; if this is not set, the current directory is used. the user ' s. pythonrc. py could conceivably test for sys. version if it wishes to do different things depending on the python version. a warning to users : be very conservative in what you place in your. pythonrc. py file. since you don ' t know which programs will use it, changing the behavior of standard modules or functions is generally not a good idea. a suggestion for programmers who wish to use this mechanism : a simple way to let users specify options for your package is to have them define variables in their. pythonrc. py file that you test in your module. for example, a module spam that has a verbosity level can look for a variable user. spam _ verbose, as follows : import user verbose = bool ( getattr ( user, " spam _ verbose ", 0 ) ) ( the three - argument form of getattr ( ) is used in case the user has not defined spam _ verbose in their programs with extensive customization needs are better off reading a program - specific customization file. programs with security or privacy concerns should not import this module ; a user can easily break into a program by placing arbitrary code in the. pythonrc. py file. modules for general use should not import this module ; it may interfere with the operation of the importing program.


preterm labor occurs between the 20th and 37th week of pregnancy. this labor includes both uterine contractions and cervical changes. a full - term pregnancy lasts 38 - 42 weeks but preterm labor can lead to early delivery. infants born before 37 weeks are considered premature. in most cases, the cause is of preterm labor is unknown. some preterm labor is associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes ( pprom ). pprom is the rupture of both the amniotic sac and chorion membranes. it generally occurs at least one hour before labor begins. the chance of preterm - labor is greatest in women under the 18 years or over 35 years. other maternal factors that may increase the chance of preterm labor include : - low socioeconomic status - lack of prenatal care and social support - being underweight or obese before becoming pregnant - physical, sexual, or emotional abuse - severe depression or anxiety - high blood pressure - clotting disorders - hormonal imbalance - certain medications to treat health problems or exposure to diethylstilbestrol ( des ) - illicit drug use - alcohol use pregnancy complications that may increase your risk of preterm labor include : - placental abruption - premature rupture of the membranes - carrying more than one baby - vaginal bleeding after 16 weeks, or during more than one trimester - infection in the cervix, uterus, vagina, or urinary tract including stds - being pregnant with a single fetus after in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) - presence of a retained intrauterine device - incompetent cervix - too much or too little fluid surrounding the baby - surgery on your abdomen during pregnancy - amniotic fluid infection - intrauterine fetal death - intrauterine growth delay - birth defects in the baby other factors associated with an increased chance of preterm labor include : - history of one or more spontaneous second - trimester abortions - less than six months between giving birth and the beginning of the next pregnancy - a previous preterm birth - uterine fibroids - abnormally shaped uterus symptoms may include : - abdominal pain that feels something like menstrual cramps - dull pain in the lower back - pressure in the pelvis and tightening in the thighs - vaginal bleeding or spotting, or watery discharge your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your doctor


cramps - dull pain in the lower back - pressure in the pelvis and tightening in the thighs - vaginal bleeding or spotting, or watery discharge your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your doctor may recommend tests to check your cervix and membranes have ruptured. an ultrasound will help your doctor see internal structures and the baby. fluids in the cervix will also be tested for sign of labor progression. a tocometer may be placed to help monitor contractions. treatment will depend on your baby ' s development, especially the growth of the lungs. if your doctor believes the baby is ready, the labor may be allowed to continue. if the baby is not ready to be delivered, your doctor may try to stop the labor. stopping labor is a complicated process and may not always work. some treatment options may include : - tocolytics — may delay labor for a few days - corticosteroids — to help the baby ' s lungs develop - antibiotics — if an infection is suspected or present to help reduce your chance of preterm labor, take the following steps : - get the proper prenatal care throughout your entire pregnancy. - eat a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. - avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs. - keep chronic diseases under control. - stay active during your pregnancy. your doctor can give you exercise guidelines that are right for you. - if you are at high - risk for premature birth, talk to your doctor about progesterone therapy. - reviewer : andrea chisholm, md ; brian randall, md - review date : 04 / 2013 - - update date : 04 / 23 / 2013 -


sev331 : focus vocational skills - 1hr ( 2012 - 2013 ) curriculum program : special education course title : focus vocational skills - 1hr calendar year : 2012 - 2013 grade level : 9 - 12 course length : 36 weeks major concepts / content : the focus vocational skills course provides students with the knowledge and skills necessary to identify career options, access community resources, and practice work - related behaviors. the course provides guided " on - the - job " practice in school and community settings for a range of post - secondary careers. the skills necessary for success in the working environment are emphasized to include decision making, problem solving, critical thinking, interpersonal relationships, technology, workplace readiness, and communication. major instructional activities : practical application and generalization of course concepts occurs in natural settings such as home, school, and community. instructional activities include personal and career planning, resume writing, interview skills, investigating personality traits associated with various types of jobs, and completion of interest inventories / forms / applications. students have multiple opportunities to research various types of jobs, identify necessary income for post - secondary living expenses, research potential income for diverse jobs, and review employment sections of newspaper and internet. employer expectations will be emphasized to include decision making and problem solving skills, communication and social skills with supervisors and co - workers, following directions ( oral & written ), workplace readiness skills, and rights and responsibilities of employees. work - based strategies appropriate for this course include study trips to community businesses, job shadowing, and service learning. activities may require the student to be knowledgeable of the use of related technology, tools, and equipment. major evaluative techniques : students will be evaluated through informal and formal assessments. multiple authentic assessments will be used as students perform, produce and demonstrate skills both in the classroom and real life settings. this course may not be mastered in one year and students may earn multiple credits in this course. course objectives : the essential objectives of focus vocational skills are designed to facilitate learning outcomes appropriate to the instructional needs of each student. instructional activities are based upon real world needs with the goal of increased independence and autonomy in his or her home and community.


labrador retriever originated in newfoundland, canada. small water dogs were used to retrieve birds and fish ; they even pulled small boats through the water. their strong desire to work, versatility, and waterproof coats impressed fishermen, one of whom brought a dog back to england with him. lord malmsbury saw this dog, then called a st. john ’ s dog, and imported several from newfoundland. lord malmsbury is credited with having started to call the dogs labradors, although the reason is lost to history. eventually, the english quarantine stopped additional imports from coming into the country, and the labradors already in england were cross - bred to other retrievers. however, breed fanciers soon put a stop to that, and the breed as we know it today was born. labrador retriever is probably the most popular dog breed in the world. labrador retriever is a medium - sized, strongly built dog breed that retains its hunting and working instincts. standing between 21. 5 and 24. 5 inches tall and weighing between 55 and 80 pounds, with females smaller than males, the breed is compact and well - balanced. labrador retrievers have short, weather - resistant coats that can be yellow, black, or chocolate. the head is broad, the eyes are friendly, and the tail is otterlike. grooming a labrador retriever is not difficult, although it is amazing how much the coat can shed at times. shedding is worst in spring and fall when the short, dense undercoat and coarser outer coat lose all the dead hair. brushing daily during these times will lessen the amount of hair in the house. photo : labrador retriever puppies – brown, black and yellow. labrador retrievers do everything with vigor. when it ’ s time to play, they play hard. when it ’ s time to take a nap, they do that with enthusiasm, too. but this desire to play and instinct to work means that labs need vigorous exercise every day and a job to do. they need to bring in the newspaper every morning, learn to pick up their toys, and train in obedience. labrador retrievers do very well in many canine activities, including agility, flyball, field tests and trials, tracking, search - and - rescue work, and therapy dog work. labrador retrievers still enjoy swimming, and if water is available, a swim is a great way to burn off excess energy. early socialization and training can teach a labrador retriever puppy household rules and social manners. training should continue


therapy dog work. labrador retrievers still enjoy swimming, and if water is available, a swim is a great way to burn off excess energy. early socialization and training can teach a labrador retriever puppy household rules and social manners. training should continue throughout puppyhood and into adulthood so that the labrador retriever ’ s mind is kept busy. the labrador retriever can learn advanced obedience, tricks, or anything else her owner wishes to teach her. labrador retrievers are great family dogs. they will bark when people approach the house but are not watchdogs or protective. labrador retriever puppies are boisterous and rambunctious and need to be taught to be gentle with young children. older kids will enjoy the lab ’ s willingness to play. most labrador retrievers are also good with other dogs and can learn to live with small pets, although interactions should be supervised. health concerns include hip and elbow dysplasia, knee problems, eye problems, and allergies. the labrador retriever loves to swim. however, as unlikely as it may seem, labs do not come “ out of the box ” knowing how to swim. furthermore, some labs become truly nervous around water. that having been said, most labs can be taught to swim quickly and easily, and a few simple lessons can lead to hours of enjoyment for both you and your dog. there are a number of reasons to teach your lab to swim while he ’ s still a pup. for one thing, it ’ s easier on the dog. a large dog has a lot of body weight to manage in the water, and for a dog new to swimming, this can increase the slope of the learning curve. puppies, because of their small size, have an easier time. see 7. 5 week old labrador pups go to the water for the first time even before you teach your lab to swim, you can start off on the right foot by building his confidence around water. take your dog for a walk around the local pond or lake. encourage any interest that your dog shows in the water with verbal praise. if he is willing to get his feet wet, encourage him to do so and praise him when he does. simple preliminaries like this lay a strong foundation for you because you teach the dog that there is no reason to fear water. remember that the primary goal here is to provide positive experiences for your lab around and in the water. making sure that the aquatic site you ’ ve chosen is safe goes a long way towards ensuring such experiences


fixing math education 2 aka " drill - n - kill " vs " inquiry based " aka " traditional " vs " progressive " notice how some terms just naturally sound better than others? does that have anything to do with the substance of the ideas? so there ' s really no general agreement on what constructivism is. some people argue it ' s not curriculum or pedagogy, it ' s brain science. i simply use it to refer to those approaches of teaching mathematics that require students to develop their own mathematics from scratch. it might include " problem solving, " " discovery learning, " and " inquiry - based learning ( ibl ). " my apologies to those who will claim that i do violence to their pet definitions here. but there do seem to be two general camps. on the one hand we have those who think students should learn efficient, time - tested methods of solving problems, and learn them to mastery ( automation ). these i call " traditionalists. " on the other hand, we have those who emphasize that students should learn to think creatively, develop strategies to solve novel problems, and develop deep insights into mathematics. these i call " constructivists. " the answer is actually simple. we need both. however, when sacrifices must be made, there is one approach that is essential, and one that is merely desirable. unfortunately, reasonable people will disagree about which is which. this, however, is my blog, so my opinion is right. the much - maligned traditional method is essential. we must first realize that there is a great deal of disinformation floating around about the traditional method. its opponents claim the traditional method teaches rote memorization without understanding or thinking. except perhaps in some isolated enclaves where stereotypically poor teaching took place, this has never been the case. all the widely used math textbooks of the 19th century, for example, emphasized " mental arithmetic, " that is, the ability to think through multiple - step problems " in your head " and give the solution, not only without a calculator but even without a pencil. the kinds of thinking and understanding that were required differed from what is expected today, because the skill set expected of an educated person has changed. so in those days, being able to carry sums in your head was far more important than, say, sketching the graph of an exponential function. in honest debate, we must realize that " back - to - the - basics " or " traditional education " does not imply restricting ourselves to the content or


your head was far more important than, say, sketching the graph of an exponential function. in honest debate, we must realize that " back - to - the - basics " or " traditional education " does not imply restricting ourselves to the content or objectives of a bygone era. the primary features of the traditional method include : 1 ) understanding a mathematical concept, e. g. " what does it mean to add two numbers? " 2 ) memorization of basic facts / definitions / results, e. g. " the times tables. " 3 ) application of memorized knowledge to novel problems and more advanced concepts. 4 ) review and maintenance of memorized knowledge. the traditional method results in efficient learning and provides the foundation necessary for creative thinking, even if it fails to sufficiently address that objective, according to its critics. and yes, even educators from singapore, whose students smoke the americans in international tests, are looking with envy at the creativity of some of our students. this demonstrates that a commitment to the essential objectives may not produce all the results that are desirable. it is well documented in cognitive science that the brain has a limited capacity to manipulate objects in " working memory. " it is often said that we cannot process more than seven memory objects at once, which supposedly explains why phone numbers have seven digits ( only now they have 10, but that ' s ok, because the phone remembers all the numbers for us ). the working memory is where problem solving and creative activities take place. the working memory can access permanent memory for information it needs. however, any new information that must be taken in to solve a problem must occupy space in the working memory, thus taking away from the space available for creative activity. that is why we quickly become frustrated when trying to follow assembly instructions that include many terms with which we are not familiar. even if the actual steps in the process are simple, if they involve several terms that are not defined in our permanent memory, those terms require space in our working memory which is then not available for solving the problem. this explains why the pedagogic fad of " learning to learn " is a failure. we do indeed need skills for learning - - but such skills are utterly dependent on a reliable bank of information which can be accessed instantly and does not require the use of working memory. the first step in problem solving or creativity must be putting as much relevant information as we can into permanent memory.


a continuation of our predictions of big issues for 2011... don ’ t expect the debates on teaching quality to end anytime soon. we suspect that data from test scores ( a la the los angeles times series of 2010 ) will continue to be used to determine a teacher ’ s effectiveness in the classroom. beyond the problems of relying on one strand of data, this approach also reinforces the unfortunate lack of attention given to the early grades, since statewide tests are typically, and appropriately, not administered to children younger than 8 or 9. this disregard of teacher quality in the early years has led to a sorry state in many schools. a 2007 study published in science, for example, showed that only 10 percent of poor children experience high - quality instruction throughout their elementary school years. so we applaud the focus on effective teaching in principle. what we wish is that it would go much deeper. teachers and principals should be assessing the quality of their instruction using research - based tools that feed on most teachers ’ desires to improve. early childhood programs know this already. tools like the classroom assessment scoring system ( class ) are in use throughout the head start program and in several state - wide pre - k programs as well. ( in fact, they may become a tool for determining which head start programs have to re - compete for funds. ) these research - based tools use data from minute - by - minute observations of classroom interactions to determine where teachers excel and where they need to change their approach. according to anecdotal reports from teachers in these programs, the observational records are incredibly helpful in honing their craft. could this be the year for elementary and secondary schools to wake up to the potential of these kinds of tools? next up : hot spot # 5, striving readers and other competitions


president obama ’ s announcement friday that his administration will stop deporting eligible undocumented people under the age of 30 is certain to provide fodder for more election - season debates over immigration. politics aside, however, the new policy will certainly make waves in early learning centers, schools and social services agencies, where children and young parents affected by the new policy are likely to interact with schools and government programs in new ways. under the new policy, undocumented residents under 30 will be allowed to reside in the united states if they meet a set of criteria, such as having arrived in the united states before the age of 16 or having either a high school diploma, ged or serving in the military. the policy does not provide a path to citizenship, like many democrat versions of the dream act have in the past. below, three of our biggest questions on what ’ s to come : 1 ) will parents with children in states with strict immigration laws actually feel more protected? will those states bend to meet the spirit of the federal policy? the administration is emphasizing that it wants to focus resources on deporting people that pose a “ national security or public safety risk, ” and less on deporting as many illegal immigrants as possible, regardless of their contributions to society. but the new policy, which the associated press estimates will affect up to 800, 000 young people, doesn ’ t necessarily change the mood in states such as alabama, where a law passed last year ( and currently being challenged by the obama administration in the 11th circuit u. s. court of appeals ) requires children to document their immigration status when they enroll in school. many believe that the law is intimidating families with more than one undocumented member, and even preventing them from sending their children to school — despite the fact that undocumented children have the right to a public education in the u. s. 2 ) will the new policy have any effect on families ’ enrollment in home visiting programs or on children ’ s enrollment in child care and pre - k programs? parents who reside in the united states illegally have been known anecdotally to shy away from enrolling in home visiting programs and / or state - funded pre - k for fear that government officials could find out the immigration status of the family. it ’ s possible, then, that young immigrant parents in good standing with the government will be more inclined to enroll in such programs in the future. 3 ) how many parents with young children, illegal or legal, will be affected? many parents under 30 are


s possible, then, that young immigrant parents in good standing with the government will be more inclined to enroll in such programs in the future. 3 ) how many parents with young children, illegal or legal, will be affected? many parents under 30 are now eligible to stay in the united states, but there is a limit to how helpful this will be : for example, under the new policy, an undocumented 8 - year old with parents over 30 still risks losing his or her parents due to deportation. ensuring that immigrant children grow up without their parents being deported isn ’ t the explicit goal of the new policy. it ’ s something to keep in mind, however, as these policies evolve and change in the future. if providing immigrant children with solid education and life opportunities and focusing immigration enforcement on those who pose security and public safety risks is the ultimate goal, then policies that help keep families together while kids are growing up is a logical next step, though it ’ s unlikely we ’ ll see much further action on this front until congress takes up the long - overdue issue of comprehensive immigration reform. update 6 / 19 : the foundation for child development ( full disclosure : one of our funders ) released a report this morning that reiterates why this issue should carry more weight : children in immigrant families provides a detailed assessment of trends in the well - being of the one in four children who are the sons and daughters of immigrants.


do you ever feel like no matter what you do to get healthier or fit that you don ’ t seem to succeed? have you tried every diet out there, only to find the restrictions too difficult to manage? have you attempted in earnest to maintain a fitness program only to find that, despite your best efforts, doing a consistent routine is too difficult to manage? with all these starts and stops over years and decades, you may think : what ’ s the point of trying? or maybe you ’ ve given up and resolved to just accept poor health as part of your life. well, the inability to “ stick with it ” has many facets, some of which you may not be able to control. in fact, research shows that the self - control needed to succeed in many of these cases may be a limited resource. in 2006, michael inzlicht and colleagues at the university of toronto scarborough studied what happens in the brain when humans try to abstain from something they want. that is, when we try to use willpower to refrain from acting on our urges to do something specific. failure to control one ’ s behavior is found in all aspects of life. it includes acting out, saying mean things, stealing and drug abuse. it also encompasses not doing things that are good for you like walking, eating healthy and getting plenty of rest. inzlicht set up a study, published in the journal psychological science, which tested participants ’ self - control over time. participants were first asked to do something to deplete their “ store ” of willpower or behavioral control and then see how much they had left for another, unrelated task. first, participants watched an emotionally upsetting movie and were asked to suppress their emotions and try not to cry during especially difficult scenes. following this, participants completed what is called a stroop task. stroop is a psychological test that measures the reaction time needed to name colors that are printed in a color not associated with the color word. in other words, saying “ green ” when the word “ green ” was printed in the color red. this task may seem simple. while this seems simple, if you try it you will see how much self - control it takes not to blurt out the printed color and to have to suppress that urge and replace it with a correct response. during both the watching of the film and the stroop task, participants ’ brain activity was measured by an eeg ( electroencephalography ) device. this records the electrical activity on the scalp


urge and replace it with a correct response. during both the watching of the film and the stroop task, participants ’ brain activity was measured by an eeg ( electroencephalography ) device. this records the electrical activity on the scalp to measure voltage changes within the brain ’ s neurons. what the researchers discovered was intriguing. when participants had to restrain themselves and exert quite a bit of self - control ( when not expressing emotions or when trying to say the names of colors ), there was an increase of brain activity in the part of the brain ’ s frontal lobe known as the anterior cingulate cortex. this is the region of the brain involved in autonomic functions, like regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision - making and emotion. the interesting finding in this study is that there was less frontal lobe activity with the stroop task after watching the gut - wrenching film. in other words, when a fair amount of self - control was previously used on one task, the next time it was needed there was less available for use. these findings suggest that people may not have as much willpower or control over their behavior as time progresses and demands are placed on them to exert such control. it is pretty discouraging to think that the human brain is capable only of providing a strong degree of self - control during a given time period. that might seem to leave most of us with little hope for change. think about it : if we use self - control to not eat a sticky bun with breakfast and force ourselves to take that morning jog, then we will have less available control over our behavior when it comes to making lunch and dinner choices, or passing on the second round of drinks, or going to the gym or to yoga class. is it any wonder why so many fail at diets and exercise routines time and time again? well, this needn ’ t be the case and more information has recently been published on this issue. a study again headed by inzlicht, this time with colleague brandon schmeichel of texas a & m university, appeared in the september issue of the journal perspectives on psychological science. in this further research, inzlicht now finds that the “ limited resource ” model of self - control is too narrow and does not explain the exceptions, the times when self - control is in place and one is able to maintain the level necessary to effect positive change by making repeated good choices. it is not


“ limited resource ” model of self - control is too narrow and does not explain the exceptions, the times when self - control is in place and one is able to maintain the level necessary to effect positive change by making repeated good choices. it is not a “ use it or lose it ” situation as previously thought, but more closely tied to motivation, this study shows. while previous research apparently pointed to a decrease in the amount of willpower available with each passing task requiring some form of self - control, this conclusion may be flawed because of the generic activity used in the studies. in other words, researchers had set up lab situations wherein subjects had no strong motivation influencing their behavior. the more recent study indicates that mood, personal beliefs, positive reinforcement and motivation play a big role in exerting willpower. inzlicht and schmeichel propose that “ engaging in self - control by definition, is hard work ; it involved deliberation, attention, and vigilance. ” it ’ s not the case that resisting an extra piece of bacon at breakfast uses up our daily store of willpower, making self - control more difficult later in the day when needed. rather, it seems that the motivation to exert our willpower later in the day seems less motivating. at that later time, we tend to want to reward ourselves for hard work done. in the end, as with everything else affecting health and well - being, you can divide your circumstances into things you can do to help reach your goals and things beyond your control. in the case of self - control, you need long - term behavior modification for success. my experience has shown that trying to restrict too many things is what leads to failure. for example, trying to set new exercise goals, diet routines and sleep patterns all at the same time creates an overwhelming struggle. instead, making one change for a few weeks before adding another seems to allow the brain and behaviors to reshape and recondition to the new activity. repetition over time turns a self - controlled behavior into a habit that then keeps taking place on autopilot. once the first piece of the healthy behavior is under new control, add the second piece, and so on. in this way, you don ’ t run out of your willpower stores, you don ’ t deplete your motivation and you learn new healthier behaviors along the way. without behavior modification, all programs for change will fail. think about times you have tried to make positive changes in your life and have fallen


you wouldn ’ t guess that a bit of green slime could do so much. but from from food to fuel, petroalgae, inc. seems to have thought of everything. this florida - based renewable energy company has developed a technology in which algae and other microorganisms produce fuel to feed cars, animals, and even humans... and say they can do it cheaper than anyone else. with the addition of a few basic nutrients, algae gather most of their energy from the sun. the result is a protein and carbohydrate - rich slime that can be converted to a variety of products. first, the protein is extracted and processed into animal feed or blended into human food products. petroalgae actually lists one of its products as “ meal replacer ”, conjuring images of our new utopian future in which chewing is obsolete. after the protein extraction, what remains is a “ lipid - carbohydrate mash ”. petroalgae claims that this material can be sent directly to a petroleum refinery and processed into diesel, gas, or jet fuel without the need to retro - fit any of the refinery ’ s conventional equipment. algae cultivation requires very little square - footage relative to conventional crops, can be grown on non - arable land, and consumes up to twice its weight in carbon dioxide as it grows. in addition to algae, petroalgae draws from a large pool of microorganisms including diatoms, cyanobacteria, and micro - angiosperms ( tiny flowering plants ). while exact species remain unnamed, the company conscientiously notes that they use only species indigenous to the region in which a production facility will be installed. they have already begun licensing their technology to commercial facilities in asia, and are poised to complete contracts with the u. s. and several european countries this year. each licensee is promised the potential to produce 1. 5 million barrels of transportation fuel per year, or the equivalent of 1. 4 billion miles for a single truck. if petroalgae ’ s assertions hold true, the cost of fuel production is essentially paid for by the revenue from food and feed products, meaning that their microbe - derived fuels will remain competitive with fossil fuels, at any price. petroalgae is in the business of licensing its technology rather than building the algae plants itself. it already has deals with algae farms in india and china and is currently working on deals


. net type design guidelines | visual c # tutorials | |. net framework tutorials |. net type design guidelines | © 2006 microsoft corp. | | this tutorial —. net type design guidelines — is from framework design guidelines : conventions, idioms, and patterns for reusable. net libraries, by krzysztof cwalina, brad abrams. copyright © 2006 microsoft corp.. all rights reserved. this article is reproduced by permission. this tutorial has been edited especially for c # online. net. read the book review! | ( this article was written and annotated by members of the microsoft common language runtime ( clr ) and. net teams and other experts. ) type design guidelines in. net from the clr perspective, there are only two categories of types — reference types and value types — but for the purpose of framework design discussion we divide types into more logical groups, each with its own specific design rules. figure 4 - 1 shows these logical groups. classes are the general case of reference types. they make up the bulk of types in the majority of frameworks. classes owe their popularity to the rich set of object - oriented features they support and to their general applicability. base classes and abstract classes are special logical groups related to extensibility. extensibility and base classes are covered in chapter 6. interfaces are types that can be implemented both by reference types and value types. this allows them to serve as roots of polymorphic hierarchies of reference types and value types. in addition, interfaces can be used to simulate multiple inheritance, which is not natively supported by the clr. structs are the general case of value types and should be reserved for small, simple types, similar to language primitives. enums are a special case of value types used to define short sets of values, such as days of the week, console colors, and so on. static classes are types intended as containers for static members. they are commonly used to provide shortcuts to other operations. delegates, exceptions, attributes, arrays, and collections are all special cases of reference types intended for specific uses, and guidelines for their design and usage are discussed elsewhere in this book. - do ensure that each type is a well - defined set of related members, not just a random collection of unrelated functionality. - it is important that a type can be described in one simple sentence. a good definition should also rule out functionality that is only tangentially related. | if you


- defined set of related members, not just a random collection of unrelated functionality. - it is important that a type can be described in one simple sentence. a good definition should also rule out functionality that is only tangentially related. | if you have ever managed a team of people you know that they don ' t do well without a crisp set of responsibilities. well, types work the same way. i have noticed that types without a firm and focused scope tend to be magnets for more random functionality, which, over time, make a small problem a lot worse. it becomes more difficult to justify why the next member with even more random functionality does not belong in the type. as the focus of the members in a type blurs, the developer ' s ability to predict where to find a given functionality is impaired, and therefore so is productivity. | | good types are like good diagrams : what has been omitted is as important to clarity and usability as what has been included. every additional member you add to a type starts at a net negative value and only by proven usefulness does it go from there to positive. if you add too much in an attempt to make the type more useful to some, you are just as likely to make the type useless to everyone. | | when i was learning oop back in the early 1980s, i was taught a mantra that i still honor today : if things get too complicated, make more types. sometimes, i find that i am thinking really hard trying to define a good set of methods for a type. when i start to feel that i ' m spending too much time on this or when things just don ' t seem to fit together well, i remember my mantra and i define more, smaller types where each type has well - defined functionality. this has worked extremely well for me over the years. on the flip side, sometimes types do end up being dumping grounds for various loosely related functions. the. net framework offers several types like this, such as |


principles of finance / section 1 / chapter 6 / corp / wacc when valuing a new venture by a company, it is necessary to use an appropriate discount rate. however, since corporations can be structured very differently, it is important to reflect that in the respective costs of capital. let ' s say there are two similar companies in the same industry. company a is financed 90 % by equity ( that is, stock ) and 10 % by debt ( long term corporate bonds ). company b is financed by 25 % equity, and 75 % debt. these two companies would have to be valued according to their respective risk levels and required returns. one common way to determine the cost of capital is to use the weighted average cost of capital, or wacc. in this formula, v is equal to the value of the firm, or debt ( d ) plus equity ( e ) example : akl corporation is currently financed with $ 1, 000, 000 of 7 % bonds, and $ 2, 000, 000 of common stock. the stock has a beta of 1. 5, and the risk free rate is 4 %, and the market risk premium is 3. 5 %. the marginal tax rate for a corporation of akl ' s size is 35 %. what is akl ' s wacc? the first thing we must do in this problem is determine the required rate on equity ( re ) for akl. we can plug the beta given and the risk free rate into the capm as follows : now, we have all of the necessary information to solve for wacc : last modified on 18 july 2009, at 09 : 23


benefits of xquery the principal benefits of xquery are : - expressiveness - xquery can query many different data structures and its recursive nature makes it ideal for querying tree and graph structures - brevity - xquery statements are shorter than similar sql or xslt programs - flexibility - xquery can query both hierarchical and tabular data - consistency - xquery has a consistent syntax and can be used with other xml standards such as xml schema datatypes xquery is frequently compared with two other languages, sql and xslt, but has a number of advantages over these. advantages over sql unlike sql, xquery returns not just tables but arbitrary tree structures. this allows xquery to directly create xhtml structures that can be used in web pages. xquery is for xml - based object databases, and object databases are much more flexible and powerful than databases which store in purely tabular format. unlike xslt, xquery can be learned by anyone familiar with sql. many of the constructs are very similar such as : - ordering results : both xquery and sql add an order byclause to the query. - selecting distinct values : both xquery and sql have easy ways to select distinct values from a result set - restricting rows : both xquery and sql have a where x = y clause that can be added to an xquery another big advantage is that xquery is essentially the native query language of the world wide web. one can query actual web pages with xquery, but not sql. even if one uses sql - based databases to store html / xhtml pages or fragments of such pages, one will miss many of the advantages of xquery ' s simple tag / attribute search ( which is akin to searching for column names within column names ). advantages over xslt unlike xslt, xquery can be quickly learned by anyone familiar with sql. xslt has many patterns that are unfamiliar to many procedural software developers. also, whereas xslt is good for using as a static means to convert one type of document to another, for example rss to html, xquery is a much more dynamic querying tool, useful for pulling out sections of data from large documents and / or large number of documents. the debate about xquery vs. xslt for document transformation there has been a debate of sorts about the merits of the two languages for transforming xml :


useful for pulling out sections of data from large documents and / or large number of documents. the debate about xquery vs. xslt for document transformation there has been a debate of sorts about the merits of the two languages for transforming xml : xslt and xquery. a common misconception is that " xquery is best for querying or selecting xml, and xslt is best for transforming it. " in reality, both methods are capable of transforming xml. despite xslt ' s longer history and larger install base, the " xquery typeswitch " method of transforming xml provides numerous advantages. most people who need to transform xml hear that they need to learn a language called xslt. xslt, whose first version was published by the w3c in 1999, was a huge innovation for its time and, indeed, remains dominant. it was one of the very first languages dedicated to transforming xml documents, and it was the first domain - specific language ( dsl ) to use advanced theories from the world of functional programming to create very reliable, side - effect free transformations. many xml developers still feel strong indebted to this groundbreaking language, since it helped them see a new model of software development : one focused around the transformation of models and empowering them to fuse both the requirements and documentation of a transformation routing into a single, modular program. on the other hand, learning xslt requires overcoming a very substantial learning curve. xslt ' s difficulty is due, in part, to one of the key design decisions by its architects : to express the transformation rules using xml itself, rather than creating a brand new syntax and grammar for storing the transformation rules. xslt ' s unique approach to transformation rules also contributes to the steepness of the learning curve. the learning curve can be overcome, but it is fair to say that this learning curve has created a opening for an alternative approach. xquery has filled this demand for an alternative among a growing community of users : they find xquery has a lower learning curve, it meets their needs for transforming xml, and, together with xquery ' s other advantages, it has become a compelling " all - in - one " language. like xslt, xquery was created by the w3c to handle xml. but instead of expressing the language in xml syntax, the architects of xquery chose a new syntax that would be more familiar to users of server - side scripting languages such as


xquery was created by the w3c to handle xml. but instead of expressing the language in xml syntax, the architects of xquery chose a new syntax that would be more familiar to users of server - side scripting languages such as php, perl, or python. xquery was designed to be similar to users of relational database query languages such as sql, while still remaining true to functional programming practices. despite its relative youth ( xquery 1. 0 was only released in 2007 when xslt had already reached its version 2. 0 ), xquery was born remarkably mature. xml servers like exist - db and marklogic were already using xquery as their language for querying xml and performing web server operations ( obviating the need for learning php, perl, or python ). so, in the face of the xslt community ' s contention that " xslt is best for transforming documents and xquery is best for querying databases ", this community of users was surprised to find that xquery has entirely replaced their need for xslt. they have come to argue unabashedly that they prefer xquery for this purpose. how does xquery accomplish the task of transforming xml? the primary technique in xquery for transforming xml is a little - known expression added by the authors of xquery, called " typeswitch. " although it is quite simple, typeswitch enables xquery to perform nearly the full set of transformations that xslt does. a typeswitch expression quickly looks at a node ' s type, and depending on the node ' s type, performs the operation you specify for that type of node. what this means is that each distinct element of a document can have its own rule, and these rules can be stored in modular xquery functions. this humble addition to the xquery language allows developers to transform documents with complex content and unpredictable order - something commonly believed to be best reserved for the domain of xslt. despite the differences in syntax and approach to transformation, a growing community has actually come to see the xquery typeswitch expression as a valid, even superior, way to store their document transformation logic. by structuring a set of xquery functions around the typeswitch expression, you can achieve the same result as xslt - style transforms while retaining the benefits of xquery : ease of learning and integration with native xml databases. even more important for those


set of xquery functions around the typeswitch expression, you can achieve the same result as xslt - style transforms while retaining the benefits of xquery : ease of learning and integration with native xml databases. even more important for those users of native xml databases, the availability of typeswitch means that they only need to learn a single language for their database queries, web server operations, and document transformations. these xquery typeswitch routines have proved easy to build, test, and maintain - some believe easier than xslt. xquery typeswitch has given these users a high degree of agility, allowing them to master xquery fully rather than splitting their time and attention between xquery and xslt. that said, there is still a large body of legacy xslt transforms that work well, and there are xslt developers who see little benefit from transitioning to a typeswitch - style xquery. both are valid approaches to document transformation. a natural tension has arisen between the proponents of xquery typeswitch and xslt, each promoting what they are most comfortable with and believe to be superior. in practice you might be best served by trying both techniques and determining what style is right for you and your organization. without presuming a background or interest in xslt, this article and its companion article help you to understand the key patterns for using xquery typeswitch for your xml transformation needs.


| ban chao ' s names : | | given name | | style name | | pinyin | | ban chao | | zhong sheng | | wade - giles | | pan ch ' ao | | chung sheng | ban chao ( chinese : ; wade - giles : pan ch ' ao, 32 – 102 ce ), courtesy name zhongsheng ( ), was born in xianyang, shaanxi, and the younger brother of the famous historian, ban gu ( chinese : ; wade – giles : pan ku, ( 32 – 92 ce ) who, with his father ban biao, and sister, ban zhao, wrote the famous hanshu, or ' history of the former han dynasty '. ban chao was a general and cavalry commander in charge of the administration of the " western regions " ( central asia ) during the eastern han dynasty. he repelled the xiongnu and secured chinese control over the tarim basin region, and was awarded the title of ' protector general of the western regions '. he fought for 31 years. control of the tarim basin ban chao, like his predecessors huo qubing and wei qing from the former han dynasty before him, was effective at expelling the xiongnu from the tarim basin, and brought the various people of the western regions under chinese rule during the second half of the 1st century ce, helping to open and secure the trade routes to the west. he was generally outnumbered, but skillfully played on the divisions among his opponents. the kingdoms of loulan, khotan and kashgar came under chinese rule. ban chao was recalled to luoyang, but then sent again to the western region area four years later, during the reign of the new emperor han zhangdi. he obtained the military help of the kushan empire in 84 in repelling the kangju who were trying to support the rebellion of the king of kashgar, and the next year in his attack on turpan, in the eastern tarim basin. ban chao ultimately brought the whole of the tarim basin under chinese control. in recognition for their support to the chinese, the kushans ( referred to as da yuezhi in chinese sources ) requested, but were denied, a han princess, even though they had sent presents to the chinese court. in retaliation, they marched on ban chao in 90 ce with a force of 70, 000, but, exhausted by the expedition, were finally turned back by the smaller chinese force. the yuezhi


even though they had sent presents to the chinese court. in retaliation, they marched on ban chao in 90 ce with a force of 70, 000, but, exhausted by the expedition, were finally turned back by the smaller chinese force. the yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the chinese empire. ( later, during the yuanchu period, 114 - 120 ce, the kushans sent a military force to install chenpan, who had been a hostage among them, as king of kashgar ). in 91 ce, ban chao finally succeeded in pacifying the western regions and was awarded the title of protector general and stationed at qiuci ( kucha ). a wuji colonel was re - established and, commanding five hundred soldiers, stationed in the kingdom of nearer jushi, within the walls of gaochang, 29 kilometres southeast of turfan. in 94 ce, chao proceeded to again attack and defeat yanqi [ karashahr ]. subsequently, more than fifty kingdoms presented hostages, and submitted to the interior. in 97 ce ban chao sent an envoy, gan ying, who reached the persian gulf and left the first recorded chinese account of europe. some modern authors have even claimed that ban chao advanced to the caspian sea, however, this interpretation has been criticized as a misreading. in 102 ce ban chao was retired as protector general of the western regions due to age and ill health, and returned to the capital luoyang at the age of 70, but the following month died there in the 9th month of the 14th yongyuan year ( 30th sept. to 28th oct., 102 ). see : hou hanshu, chap 77 ( sometimes given as chap. 107 ). following his death, the power of the xiongnu in the western territories increased again, and subsequent chinese emperors were never to reach so far to the west. a family of historians ban chao also belonged to a family of historians. his father was ban biao ( 3 - 54 ce ) who started the history of the western han dynasty ( hanshu ; the book of han ) in 36, which was completed by his son ban gu ( 32 - 92 ) and his daughter ban zhao ( ban chao ' s brother and sister ). ban chao was probably the key source for the cultural and socio - economic data on the western regions contained in the hanshu. ban chao ' s youngest son ban yong ( ban yong ) participated in military campaigns with his father and continued to have a central military role in the tarim basin into


and socio - economic data on the western regions contained in the hanshu. ban chao ' s youngest son ban yong ( ban yong ) participated in military campaigns with his father and continued to have a central military role in the tarim basin into the 120s. ban chao ' s family - ban biao ( ; 3 - 54 ; father ) famous quotes - " if you don ' t enter the tiger ' s den, how can you catch the tiger ' s cub? " ( 不 ， 不 子 ) - " clear water can not harbor big fish, clean politics ( or strict enforcement of regulations ) can not foster harmony among the general public " ( 水 清 大 ， 政 不 下 和 ) ban chao in idioms - see four - character idiom : - " throw away your writing brush and join the military! " ( ) based on his words " a brave man has no other plan but to follow fu and zhang qian ' s footsteps and do something and become somebody in a foreign land. how can i waste my life on writing? ( 大 夫 志 ， 介 子 、 張 立 ， ， 安 久 事 間 ？ ) in hou hanshu. - " clear water harbors no fish. " ( 水 清 ) ban chao of today see also - hill ( 2009 ), p. 43. - hill ( 2009 ), p. 5. - hill ( 2009 ), p. 5. - hill ( 2009 ), p. 5. - hill. ( 2009 ), p. 55. - j. oliver thomson, a history of ancient geography, cambridge 1948, p. 311. thomson cites richthofen, china, 1877, i, 469 and some other authors in support of the claim that ban chao marched to the caspian, and yule / cordier, cathay and the way thither, 1916 p. 40 ( p. 40f in vol. i of the 2005 edition by asian educational services ), chavannes, seidenstrassen, p. 8, and teggart, rome and china as references for such claims being erroneous. - chavannes ( 1906 ), p. 243. - hill ( 2009 ), p. xv. - chavannes, edouard ( 1906 ). " trois generaux chinois de la dynastie des


in statistics, a confidence region is a multi - dimensional generalization of a confidence interval. it is a set of points in an n - dimensional space, often represented as an ellipsoid around a point which is an estimated solution to a problem, although other shapes can occur. the confidence region is calculated in such a way that if a set of measurements were repeated many times and a confidence region calculated in the same way on each set of measurements, then a certain percentage of the time, on average, ( e. g. 95 % ) the confidence region would include the point representing the " true " values of the set of variables being estimated. however, unless certain assumptions about prior probabilities are made, it does not mean, when one confidence region has been calculated, that there is a 95 % probability that the " true " values lie inside the region, since we do not assume any particular probability distribution of the " true " values and we may or may not have other information about where they are likely to lie. the case of independent, identically normally - distributed errors suppose we have found a solution to the following overdetermined problem : where y is an n - dimensional column vector containing observed values, x is an n - by - p matrix which can represent a physical model and which is assumed to be known exactly, is a column vector containing the p parameters which are to be estimated, and is an n - dimensional column vector of errors which are assumed to be independently distributed with normal distributions with zero mean and each having the same unknown variance. a joint 100 ( 1 - ) % confidence region for the elements of is represented by the set of values of the vector b which satisfy the following inequality : where the variable b represents any point in the confidence region, p is the number of parameters, i. e. number of elements of the vector and s2 is an unbiased estimate of equal to the above inequality defines an ellipsoidal region in the p - dimensional cartesian parameter space rp. the centre of the ellipsoid is at the solution. according to press et al., it ' s easier to plot the ellipsoid after doing singular value decomposition. the lengths of the axes of the ellipsoid are proportional to the reciprocals of the values on the diagonals of the diagonal matrix, and the directions of these axes are given by the rows of the 3rd matrix of the decomposition. weighted and generalised least squares now let us consider the more general case where some distinct elements


father christmas is the name used in many english - speaking countries outside the united states and canada for a figure associated with christmas. a similar figure with the same name ( in other languages ) exists in several other countries, including france ( pere noel ), spain ( papa noel, padre noel ), russia ( ded moroz, grandfather frost ), almost all hispanic south america ( papa noel ), brazil ( papai noel ), portugal ( pai natal ), italy ( babbo natale ), armenia ( dzmer papik ), india ( christmas father ), andorra ( pare noel ), romania ( mos craciun ) and turkey ( noel baba ). in england the earliest known personification of christmas does not describe him as old, or refer to him as ' father '. a carol attributed to richard smart, rector of plymtree from 1435 to 1477, takes the form of a sung dialogue between a choir and a figure representing christmas, variously addressed as “ nowell ”, “ sir christemas ” and “ my lord christemas ”. he does not distribute presents to children but is associated with adult celebrations. giving news of christ ’ s birth, christmas encourages everyone to eat and drink : " buvez bien par toute la campagnie, / make good cheer and be right merry. " however, the specific depiction of christmas as a merry old man emerged in the early 17th century. the rise of puritanism had led to increasing condemnation of the traditions handed down from pre - reformation times, especially communal feasting and drinking. as debate intensified, those writing in support of the traditional celebrations often personified christmas as a venerable, kindly old gentleman, given to good cheer but not excess. they referred to this personification as " christmas ", " old christmas " or " father christmas ". ben jonson in christmas his masque, dating from december 1616, notes the rising tendency to disparage the traditional forms of celebration. his character ' christmas ' therefore appears in outdated fashions, " attir ' d in round hose, long stockings, a close doublet, a high crownd hat with a broach, a long thin beard, a truncheon, little ruffes, white shoes, his scarffes, and garters tyed crosse ", and announces " why gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha ' kept me out? christmas, old christmas? " later,


, white shoes, his scarffes, and garters tyed crosse ", and announces " why gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha ' kept me out? christmas, old christmas? " later, in a masque by thomas nabbes, the springs glorie produced in 1638, " christmas " appears as " an old reverend gentleman in furred gown and cap ". during the mid - 17th century, the debate about the celebration of christmas became politically charged, with royalists adopting a pro - christmas stance and radical puritans striving to ban the festival entirely. early in 1646 an anonymous satirical author wrote the arraignment, conviction and imprisoning of christmas, in which a royalist lady is frantically searching for father christmas : this was followed months later by the royalist poet john taylor ' s the complaint of christmas, in which father christmas mournfully visits puritan towns but sees "... no sign or token of any holy day ". a book dating from the time of the commonwealth, the vindication of christmas or, his twelve yeares ' observations upon the times ( london, 1652 ), involved " old christmas " advocating a merry, alcoholic christmas and casting aspersions on the charitable motives of the ruling puritans. in a similar vein, a humorous pamphlet of 1686 by josiah king presents father christmas as the personification of festive traditions pre - dating the puritan commonwealth. he is described as an elderly gentleman of cheerful appearance, " who when he came look ' t so smug and pleasant, his cherry cheeks appeared through his thin milk white locks, like ( b ) lushing roses vail ' d with snow white tiffany ". his character is associated with feasting, hospitality and generosity to the poor rather than the giving of gifts. this tradition continued into the following centuries, with " old father christmas " being evoked in 1734 in the pamphlet round about our coal fire, as " shewing what hospitality was in former times, and how little of it there remains at present ", a rebuke to " stingy " gentry. a writer in " time ' s telescope " ( 1822 ) states that in yorkshire at eight o ' clock on christmas eve the bells greet " old father christmas " with a merry peal, the children parade the streets with drums, trumpets, bells, ( or in their absence, with the poker and shovel, taken from their humble cottage fire ), the yule candle is lighted, and ;


father christmas " with a merry peal, the children parade the streets with drums, trumpets, bells, ( or in their absence, with the poker and shovel, taken from their humble cottage fire ), the yule candle is lighted, and ; " high on the cheerful fire. is blazing seen th ' enormous christmas brand. " a letter to the times in 1825, warning against poultry - dealers dishonestly selling off sub - standard geese at christmas time, is jokingly signed " father christmas ". in these early references, father christmas, although invariably an old and cheerful man, is mainly associated with adult feasting and drinking rather than the giving of presents. since the mid - victorian era however, father christmas has gradually merged with the pre - modern gift - giver st nicholas ( dutch sinterklaas, hence santa claus ) and associated folklore. nowadays in britain the figure is often called santa claus but also often referred to as father christmas : the two names are synonyms. in europe, the figure is usually translated as father christmas ( pere noel, papa noel, padre noel, etc. ) rather than " santa claus " and is often said to reside in the mountains of korvatunturi in lapland province, finland. current folklore father christmas often appears as a large man, often around seventy years old. he is dressed in a red suit trimmed with white fur, often girdled with a wide black belt, a matching hat, often long and floppy in nature, and dark boots. often he carries a large brown sack filled with toys on his back ( rarely, images of him have a beard but with no moustache ). urban myth has it that the red suit only appeared after the coca cola company started an advertising campaign depicting a red suited father christmas in the 1930s. however, the red suit was used long before, including by american illustrator thomas nast. father christmas comes down the chimney to put presents under the christmas tree or in children ' s rooms, in their stockings. some families leave a glass of sherry or mulled wine, mince pies, biscuits, or chocolate and a carrot for his reindeer near the stocking ( s ) as a present for him. in modern homes without chimneys he uses alternative means to enter the home. in some homes children write christmas lists ( of wished - for presents ) and send them up the chimney or post them. he is often said to live at the north pole. in fiction father christmas appears in many english - language works of fiction, including j.


homes children write christmas lists ( of wished - for presents ) and send them up the chimney or post them. he is often said to live at the north pole. in fiction father christmas appears in many english - language works of fiction, including j. r. r. tolkien ' s father christmas letters ( written between 1920 and 1942, first published in 1976 ), the translation from the french of jean de brunhoff ' s babar and father christmas ( originally babar et le pere noel, 1941 ), c. s. lewis ' s the lion, the witch and the wardrobe ( 1950 ), raymond briggs ' s father christmas ( 1973 ), debbie macomber ' s there ' s something about christmas ( 2005 ), robin jones gunn ' s father christmas series ( 2007 ), catherine spencer ' s a christmas to remember ( 2007 ), and richard paul evans ' s the gift ( 2007 ). in music - in 1977, the kinks recorded the song " father christmas ". - in addition, in 1974, greg lake ( of emerson, lake & palmer ) wrote and recorded the song, " i believe in father christmas ", which was released as a single in 1975. - in their 1997 album pop, u2 cites father christmas in the song " if god will send his angels ". see also - j. simpson and s. roud, the oxford dictionary of english folklore, oxford, 2001, pp. 119 - 20 - although an earlier elizabethan play by satirist thomas nashe, summer ' s last will and testament ( 1592 ), includes a character personifying christmas, he is atypically presented as a stingy nobleman who shuns festivity. nashe is satirising wealthy elizabethan gentry who avoid their traditional duty of feasting the poor at christmastime. the play text online at gutenberg. org - at the time " father " was a title sometimes given to older men worthy of respect : "... a respectful title given to an old and venerable man... " " father, n. ". oed online. december 2012. oxford university press. 30 december 2012 < http : / / www. oed. com / view / entry / 68498? rskey = kf677t & result = 1 > - " christmas, his masque - ben jonson ". hymnsandcarolsofchristmas. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23. - jean macintyre ( 1992 ). costumes and scripts in elizabeth


##t & result = 1 > - " christmas, his masque - ben jonson ". hymnsandcarolsofchristmas. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23. - jean macintyre ( 1992 ). costumes and scripts in elizabethan theatres. university of alberta press. p. 230. - nabbes, thomas, the works of thomas nabbes, benjamin blom, inc, new york, 1968 available online at google books - j. a. r. pimlott ( 1960 ). history today 10 ( 12 ). http : / / www. historytoday. com / jar - pimlott / christmas - under - puritans - " a christmassy post | mercurius politicus ". mercuriuspoliticus. wordpress. com. 2008 - 12 - 21. retrieved 2011 - 04 - 01. - the examination and tryal of father christmas " - round about our coal fire, or christmas entertainments. j. roberts. 1734. - dawson, william francis ( 2007 ). the project gutenberg ebook, christmas : its origin and associations project gutenburg - father christmas, " christmas geese ", the times ( london, england ) dated 24 december 1825, page 4. from the times digital archive, accessed 22 december 2012. - diarist barclay fox refers to a children ' s party given on 26 december 1842 featuring ' venerable effigies ' of father christmas and the old year ; '... father christmas with scarlet coat and cocked hat, stuck all over with presents for the guests... ' r. l. brett, ed., barclay fox ' s journal, bell and hyman, london, 1979 - " bbc - father christmas, green or red? ". bbc news. 4 december 2009. retrieved 2011 - 04 - 01. - coke denies claims it bottled familiar santa image, jim auchmutey, rocky mountain news, december 10, 2007. - " santa ' s arrival lights up the green ". - christmas in america - a history by penne l. restad.


| time period | | c. 400 –? | [ a ] the semitic origin of the brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. note : this page may contain ipa phonetic symbols. the gupta script ( sometimes referred to as gupta brahmi script or late brahmi script ) was used for writing sanskrit and is associated with the gupta empire of india which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. the gupta script was descended from brahmi and gave rise to the nagari, sharada and siddham scripts. these scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important scripts of india, including devanagari ( the most common script used for writing sanskrit since the 19th century ), the gurmukhi script for punjabi language and the tibetan script. origins and classification the gupta script was descended from the ashokan brahmi script, and is a crucial link between brahmi and most other scripts in the brahmic family of scripts, a family of alphasyllabaries or abugidas. this means that while only consonantal phonemes have distinct symbols, vowels are marked by diacritics, with / a / being the implied pronunciation when the diacritic is not present. in fact, the gupta script works in exactly the same manner as its predecessor and successors, and only the shapes and forms of the graphemes and diacritics are different. through the 4th century, letters began to take more cursive and symmetric forms, as a result of the desire to write more quickly and aesthetically. this also meant that the script became more differentiated throughout the empire, with regional variations which have been broadly classified into three, four or five categories ; however, a definitive classification is not clear, because even on a single inscription, there may be variation in how a particular symbol is written. in this sense, the term gupta script should be taken to mean any form of writing derived from the gupta period, even though there may be a lack of uniformity in the scripts. the surviving inscriptions of the gupta script are mostly found on iron or stone pillars, and on gold coins from the gupta dynasty. one of the most important was the allahabad prasasti. composed by harishena, the court poet and minister of samudragupta, it describes samudragupta ’ s reign, beginning from his ascension to the throne as the second king of the gupta dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. gupta numismatics the study of gupta coins began with the discovery


##upta, it describes samudragupta ’ s reign, beginning from his ascension to the throne as the second king of the gupta dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. gupta numismatics the study of gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of gold coins in 1783. many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the bayana hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the gupta kings. many of the gupta empire ’ s coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. in fact, it was one of the first indian empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity. almost every gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, chandragupta i. the scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage. moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. an example is the symbol for / ta / and / na /, which were often simplified to vertical strokes. - ( spanish ) the gupta alphabet - ancientscripts. com entry on the gupta script - the shivlee collection of coins from the gupta dynasty in particular, note the limited space on the silver coins - an eastern variety of the post - gupta script : aksara list of themanuscripts of the mulamadhyamakakarika and buddhapalita ' s commentary, c. the 550 - 650, collection of sanskrit mss. formerly preserved in the china ethnic library - sharma, ram. ' brahmi script '. delhi : br publishing corp, 2002 - srivastava, anupama. ' the development of imperial gupta brahmi script '. new delhi : ramanand, 1998 - fischer, steven roger. ' a history of writing '. uk : reaktion, 2004 - bajpai, kd. ' indian numismatic studies. ' new delhi : abhinav publications 2004 - carl faulmann ( 1835 – 1894 ), das buch der schrift, druck und verlag der kaiserlichen hof - und staatsdruckerei, 1880


hundred years ' war ( 1369 – 89 ) | | this article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. ( may 2012 ) | | hundred years ' war ( 1369 - 1389 ) | | part of hundred years ' war | the battle of najera | kingdom of france crown of castile | kingdom of england | | commanders and leaders | | charles v of france charles vi of france | edward iii of england richard ii of england | casualties and losses | the caroline war was the second phase of the hundred years ' war between france and england, following the edwardian war. it was so - named after charles v of france, who resumed the war after the treaty of bretigny ( signed 1360 ). in may 1369, the black prince, son of edward iii of england, refused an illegal summons from the french king demanding he come to paris and charles responded by declaring war. he immediately set out to reverse the territorial losses imposed at bretigny and he was largely successful in his lifetime. his successor, charles vi, made peace with the son of the black prince, richard ii, in 1389. this truce was extended many times until the war was resumed in 1415. the reign of charles v saw the english steadily pushed back. although the english - backed claimant to the duchy of brittany, john of montfort, defeated and killed the french claimant, charles of blois, at the battle of auray in 1364, john and his heirs eventually reconciled with the french kings. the war of the breton succession ended in favour of the english, but gave them no great advantage. in fact, the french received the benefit of improved generalship in the person of the breton commander bertrand du guesclin, who, leaving brittany, entered the service of charles and became one of his most successful generals. at about the same time, a war in spain occupied the black prince ' s efforts from 1366. the castilian civil war pitted pedro the cruel, whose daughters constance and isabella were married to the black prince ' s brothers john of gaunt and edmund of langley, against henry of trastamara. in 1369, with the support of du guesclin, henry deposed pedro to become henry ii of castile. he then went to war with england, which was allied with portugal. twenty years of war just before new year ' s day 1370, the english seneschal of poitou, john chandos, was killed at


henry ii of castile. he then went to war with england, which was allied with portugal. twenty years of war just before new year ' s day 1370, the english seneschal of poitou, john chandos, was killed at the bridge at lussac - les - chateaux. the loss of this commander was a significant blow to the english. jean iii de grailly, the captal de buch, was also captured and locked up by charles, who did not feel bound by " outdated " chivalry. du guesclin continued a series of careful campaigns, avoiding major english field forces, but capturing town after town, including poitiers in 1372 and bergerac in 1377. du guesclin, who according to chronicler jean froissart, had advised the french king not to engage the english in the field, was successful in these fabian tactics, though in the only two major battles in which he fought, auray ( 1364 ) and najera ( 1367 ), he was on the losing side and was captured but released for ransom. the english response to du guesclin was to launch a series of destructive military expeditions, called chevauchees, in an effort at total war to destroy the countryside and the productivity of the land. but du guesclin refused to be drawn into open battle. he continued his successful command of the french armies until his death in 1380. in 1372, english dominance at sea, which had been upheld since the battle of sluys, was reversed, at least in the bay of biscay, by the disastrous defeat by a joint franco - castilian fleet at the battle of la rochelle. this defeat undermined english seaborne trade and supplies and threatened their gascon possessions. in 1376, the black prince died, and in april 1377, edward iii of england sent his chancellor, adam houghton, to negotiate for peace with charles, but when in june edward himself died, houghton was called home. the underaged richard of bordeaux succeeded to the throne of england. it was not until richard had been deposed by his cousin henry bolingbroke that the english, under the house of lancaster, could forcefully revive their claim to the french throne. the war nonetheless continued until the first of a series of truces was signed in 1389. charles v died in september 1380 and was succeeded by his underage son, charles vi, who was placed under the joint regency of


the french throne. the war nonetheless continued until the first of a series of truces was signed in 1389. charles v died in september 1380 and was succeeded by his underage son, charles vi, who was placed under the joint regency of his three uncles. on his deathbed charles v repealed the royal taxation necessary to fund the war effort. as the regents attempted to reimpose the taxation a popular revolt known as the harelle broke out in rouen. as tax collectors arrived at other french cities the revolt spread and violence broke out in paris and most of france ' s other northern cities. the regency was forced to repeal the taxes to calm the situation. see also - ormrod, w., ( 2002 ). edward iii. history today. vol. 52 ( 6 ), 20 pgs. - ayton, a., ( 1992 ). war and the english gentry under edward iii. history today. vol. 42 ( 3 ), 17 pgs. - harari, y., ( 2000 ). stategy and supply in fourteenth century western european invasion * campaigns. journal of military history. vol. 64 ( 2 ), 37 pgs. - saul, n., ( 1999 ). richard ii. history today. vol. 49 ( 9 ), 5 pgs. - jones, w. r., ( 1979 ). the english church and royal propaganda during the hundred years ' war. the journal of british studies, vol. 19 ( 1 ), 12 pages. - perroy, e., ( 1951 ). the hundred years ' war. new york, new york : oxford university press.


| | this article has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. preventive medicine or preventive care consists of measures taken to prevent diseases, ( or injuries ) rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. this contrasts in method with curative and palliative medicine, and in scope with public health methods ( which work at the level of population health rather than individual health ). occupational medicine operates very often within the preventive medicine. preventive medicine strategies are typically described as taking place at the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention levels. in addition, the term primal prevention has been used to describe all measures taken to ensure fetal well - being and prevent any long - term health consequences from gestational history and / or disease. the rationale for such efforts is the evidence demonstrating the link between fetal well - being, or " primal health, " and adult health. primal prevention strategies typically focus on providing future parents with : education regarding the consequences of epigenetic influences on their child, sufficient leave time for both parents or, for lack of it, at least some kin caregiving. simple examples of preventive medicine include hand washing, breastfeeding, and immunizations. preventive care may include examinations and screening tests tailored to an individual ' s age, health, and family history. for example, a person with a family history of certain cancers or other diseases would begin screening at an earlier age and / or more frequently than those with no such family history. on the other side of preventive medicine, some nonprofit organizations, such as the northern california cancer center, apply epidemiologic research towards finding ways to prevent diseases. | prevention levels | | doctor ’ s side | | primary prevention | | methods to avoid occurrence of disease. most population - based health promotion efforts are of this type. | | secondary prevention | | methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity. | | tertiary prevention | | methods to reduce negative impact of existent disease by restoring function and reducing disease - related complications. | | quaternary prevention | | methods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system. | universal, selective, and indicated gordon ( 1987 ) in the area of disease prevention, and later kumpfer and baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three - tiered preventive intervention classification system : universal, selective, and indicated prevention. amongst others, this typology has


) in the area of disease prevention, and later kumpfer and baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three - tiered preventive intervention classification system : universal, selective, and indicated prevention. amongst others, this typology has gained favour and is used by the u. s. institute of medicine, the nida and the european monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction. | universal prevention | | involves whole population ( nation, local community, school, district ) and aims to prevent or delay the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. all individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills needed to prevent the problem. | | selective prevention | | involves groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. subgroups may be distinguished by traits such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. for example, drug campaigns in recreational settings. | | indicated prevention | | involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc. | outside the scope of this three - tier model is environmental prevention. environmental prevention approaches are typically managed at the regulatory or community level and focus on ways to deter drug consumption. prohibition and bans ( e. g. on smoking, alcohol advertising ) may be viewed as the ultimate environmental restriction. however, in practice, environmental preventions programs embrace various initiatives at the macro and micro level, from government monopolies for alcohol sales through roadside sobriety or drug tests, worker / pupil / student drug testing, increased policing in sensitive settings ( near schools, at rock festivals ), and legislative guidelines aimed at precipitating punishments ( warnings, penalties, fines ). professionals involved in the public health aspect of this practice may be involved in entomology, pest control, and public health inspections. public health inspections can include recreational waters, swimming pools, beaches, food preparation and serving, and industrial hygiene inspections and surveys. in the united states, preventive medicine is a medical specialty, and has one of the 24 certifying boards recognized by the american board of medical specialties ( abms ) dedicated to it as well as one of the 18 certifying boards recognized by the american osteopathic association bureau of osteopathic specialists ( aoabos ). it encompasses three areas of specialization : - general preventive medicine and


) dedicated to it as well as one of the 18 certifying boards recognized by the american osteopathic association bureau of osteopathic specialists ( aoabos ). it encompasses three areas of specialization : - general preventive medicine and public health - aerospace medicine - occupational medicine to become board - certified in one of the preventive medicine areas of specialization, a licensed u. s. physician ( m. d. or d. o. ) must successfully complete a preventive medicine medical residency program following a one - year internship. following that, the physician must pass the preventive medicine board examination. the residency program is at least two years in length and includes completion of a master ' s degree in public health ( mph ) or equivalent. the board exam takes a full day : the morning session concentrates on general preventive medicine questions, while the afternoon session concentrates on the one of the three areas of specialization that the applicant has studied. in addition, there are two subspecialty areas of certification : these certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an mt or uhb fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 abms - recognized specialties or 18 aoabos - recognized specialties. prophylaxis ( greek : προφυλασσω to guard or prevent beforehand ) is any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure, a disease or other medical issue. in general terms, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis ( to prevent the development of a disease ) and secondary prophylaxis ( whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process ). some specific examples of prophylaxis include : - many vaccines are prophylactic, vaccines such as polio vaccine, smallpox vaccine, measles vaccine, mumps vaccine and others have greatly reduced many childhood diseases ; hpv vaccines prevent certain cancers ; influenza vaccine. - birth control methods are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy. condoms, for instance, are sometimes euphemistically referred to as " prophylactics " because of their use to prevent pregnancy, as well as the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. - daily and moderate physical exercise in various forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one ' s health. cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular - and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - eating plenty


forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one ' s health. cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular - and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - eating plenty of fruits and vegetables each day may be prophylactic. it may reduce the risk of heart disease. - fluoride therapy and tooth cleaning, either at home or by a professional, are parts of dental prophylaxis or oral prophylaxis. - antibiotics are sometimes used prophylactically : for example, during the 2001 anthrax attacks scare in the united states, patients believed to be exposed were given ciprofloxacin. in similar manner, the use of antibiotic ointments on burns and other wounds is prophylactic. antibiotics are also given prophylactically just before some medical procedures such as pacemaker insertion. - tricyclic antidepressants ( tcas ) may, with caution, be an example of a chronic migraine preventive ( see amitriptyline and migraines ' prevention by medicine ). - antimalarials such as chloroquine and mefloquine are used both in treatment and as prophylaxis by visitors to countries where malaria is endemic to prevent the development of the parasitic plasmodium, which cause malaria. - mechanical measures ( such as graduated compression stockings or intermittent pneumatic compression ) and drugs ( such as low - molecular - weight heparin, unfractionated heparin, and fondaparinux ) may be used in immobilized hospital patients at risk of venous thromboembolism. - risk reducing or prophylactic mastectomies may be carried out for carriers of the brca mutation gene to minimise the risk of developing breast cancer. - early and exclusive breastfeeding provides immunological protection against infectious diseases and well as reduced risk of chronic diseases for both mother and child. - polypill for prevention of e. g. cardiovascular disease. - potassium iodide is used prophylactically to protect the thyroid gland from absorbing inhaled or ingested radioactive iodine, which may lead to the development of thyroid cancer ; radioactive iodine may be released into the environment in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant, or the detonation of a nuclear explosive ( see thyroid protection due to nuclear accidents and emergencies ). - prophylaxis may be administered as oral medication


may be released into the environment in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant, or the detonation of a nuclear explosive ( see thyroid protection due to nuclear accidents and emergencies ). - prophylaxis may be administered as oral medication. oral prophylaxis includes : pep, npep, or prep. pep stands for post - exposure prophylaxis used in an occupational setting e. g., to prevent the spread of hiv or hepatitis c from patient to staff following an accidental needlestick. npep is non - occupational post - exposure prophylaxis. npep may be used in a sexual or injection exposure to hiv, hepatitis, or other infectious agents ; for example, during intercourse, if the condom breaks and one partner is hiv - positive, npep will help to decrease the probability that the hiv - negative partner becomes infected with hiv. ( an npep is sometimes known as a pepse - i. e. post - exposure prophylaxis sexual encounter. ) prep is a measure taken daily ( before, during, and after ) possible exposure ; for example, by a person who inconsistently uses condoms during sex with a partner who may have an hiv infection. since preventive medicine deals with healthy individuals or populations the costs and potential harms from interventions need even more careful examination than in treatment. for an intervention to be applied widely it generally needs to be affordable and highly cost effective. for instance, intrauterine devices ( iud ) are highly effective and highly cost effective contraceptives, however where universal health care is not available the initial cost may be a barrier. iuds work for several years ( 3 to 7 or more ) and cost less over a year or two ' s time than most other reversible contraceptive methods. they are also highly cost effective, saving health insurers and the public significant costs in unwanted pregnancies. making contraceptives available with no up front cost is one way to increase usage, improving health and saving money. preventive solutions may be less profitable and therefore less attractive to makers and marketers of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. birth control pills which are taken every day and may take in a thousand dollars over ten years may generate more profits than an iud, which despite a huge initial markup only generates a few hundred dollars over the same period. leading cause of preventable death | cause | | deaths caused ( millions per year ) | | sexually transmitted infections | | 3. 0 | | overweight and obesity | | 2.


markup only generates a few hundred dollars over the same period. leading cause of preventable death | cause | | deaths caused ( millions per year ) | | sexually transmitted infections | | 3. 0 | | overweight and obesity | | 2. 5 | | indoor air pollution from solid fuels | | 1. 8 | | unsafe water and poor sanitation | | 1. 6 | | intervention | | percent of all child deaths preventable | | water, sanitation, hygiene | | 3 | | newborn temperature management | | 2 | | nevirapine and replacement feeding | | 2 | | antibiotics for premature rupture of membranes | | 1 | | antimalarial intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy | | < 1 % | | cause | | deaths caused | | % of all deaths | | poor diet and physical inactivity | | 365, 000 | | 15. 2 | | sexually transmitted infections | | 20, 000 | | 0. 8 | see also - american board of preventive medicine - european college of preventive and lifestyle medicine - american osteopathic board of preventive medicine - mental illness prevention - monitoring ( medicine ) - post - exposure prophylaxis - pre - exposure prophylaxis - preventive medicine ( journal ) - prophylactic rule - preventive medicine at the us national library of medicine medical subject headings ( mesh ) - primal research centre, london - primal health research databank - effect of in utero and early - life conditions on adult health and disease, by p. d. gluckman et al., n engl j med 359 ; 1 - origins : how the nine months before birth shape the rest of your life, by annie murphy paul, time magazine, 176. 14, 2010 - kuehlein t, sghedoni d, visentin g, gervas j, jamoule m. quaternary prevention : a task of the general practitioner. primarycare. 2010 ; 10 ( 18 ) : 350 - 4. - primary prevention at the us national library of medicine medical subject headings ( mesh ) - secondary prevention at the us national library of medicine medical subject headings ( mesh ) - tertiary prevention at the us national library of medicine medical subject headings ( mesh ) - gofrit on, shemer j, leibovici d, modan b, shapira sc. quaternary prevention : a new look at an old challenge. isr med assoc j. 2000 ; 2 ( 7 )