no. 24 ; updated march 2011 click here to download and print a pdf version of this document. parents are usually the first to recognize that their child has a problem with emotions or behavior. still, the decision to seek professional help can be difficult and painful for a parent. the first step is to gently try to talk to the child. an honest open talk about feelings can often help. parents may choose to consult with the child ' s physicians, teachers, members of the clergy, or other adults who know the child well. these steps may resolve the problems for the child and family. following are a few signs which may indicate that a child and adolescent psychiatric evaluation will be useful. - marked fall in school performance - poor grades in school despite trying very hard - severe worry or anxiety, as shown by regular refusal to go to school, go to sleep or take part in activities that are normal for the child ' s age - frequent physical complaints - hyperactivity ; fidgeting ; constant movement beyond regular playing with or without difficulty paying attention - persistent nightmares - persistent disobedience or aggression ( longer than 6 months ) and provocative opposition to authority figures - frequent, unexplainable temper tantrums - threatens to harm or kill oneself - marked decline in school performance - inability to cope with problems and daily activities - marked changes in sleeping and / or eating habits - extreme difficulties in concentrating that get in the way at school or at home - sexual acting out - depression shown by sustained, prolonged negative mood and attitude, often accompanied by poor appetite, difficulty sleeping or thoughts of death - severe mood swings - strong worries or anxieties that get in the way of daily life, such as at school or socializing - repeated use of alcohol and / or drugs - intense fear of becoming obese with no relationship to actual body weight, excessive dieting, throwing up or using laxatives to loose weight - persistent nightmares - threats of self - harm or harm to others - self - injury or self destructive behavior - frequent outbursts of anger, aggression - repeated threats to run away - aggressive or non - aggressive consistent violation of rights of others ; opposition to authority, truancy, thefts, or vandalism - strange thoughts, beliefs, feelings, or unusual behaviors see other facts for families : # 25 where to seek help for your child # 52 comprehensive psychiatric evaluation # 57 normal adolescent development, middle school, and early high school years # 58 normal adolescent development, late high school year and beyond # 00 definition of a child and adolescent


making the case for action this fact sheet ( pdf ) and slide deck provide essential state - specific information that addresses the economic imperative, the equity imperative, and the expectations imperative of the college - and career - ready agenda. these resources can be used on their own or serve as the foundation for a personalized presentation or fact sheet ( word ), which can be customized with state - specific details and examples. the powerpoint, in particular, was developed with various users in mind and offers a wide range of case - making data that can be drawn from to support your own advocacy efforts. advancing the agenda as states continue their efforts to promote college and career readiness, achieve regularly surveys the states to identify their progress in adopting critical college - and career - ready policies. below is a summary of idaho ' s progress to date : see closing the expectations gap for more information state accountability systems focus the efforts of teachers, students, parents, administrators and policymakers to ensure that students and schools meet the established goals, including the goal of ensuring all students graduate ready for college and careers. idaho has yet to begin to use any of the key college - and career - ready indicators in their accountability system. | annual school - level public reporting | | statewide performance goals | | school - level incentives | | accountability formula | | earning a college - and career - ready diploma | | scoring college - ready on a high school assessment | | earning college credit while in high school | | requiring remedial courses in college | for an explanation of the indicators, their uses and achieve ’ s minimum criteria for college - and career - ready accountability, see here.


a land whose rich cultural heritage is discovered not only from within the walls of numerous museums, galleries and churches, many of which today, as zero category monuments are included in a part of the unesco world heritage list, but also in that magical place on the mediterranean, where even the shortest stroll becomes a journey down a staircase thousands of years old, which takes one through a history that is at the same time turbulent, exciting and glorious. with as many as seven cultural phenomena - the festivity of saint blaise, lace - making in lepoglava, hvar and pag, the bell ringers from the kastav region, the hvar procession za krizem, ( ‘ following the cross ’ ), two - part singing in the istrian scale, in istria and hrvatsko primorje, the spring procession of ‘ ljelje ’ and traditional manufacture of wooden toys in the hrvatsko zagorje region, croatia is among the countries with the most protected intangible cultural heritage elements, recorded on the unesco list. the famous scientist nikola tesla ( 1856 - 1943 ), inventor of alternating current. was born in smiljan, croatia, died in new york, usa. dog breed dalmatian originates from these areas? in a small franciscan monastery in zaostrog, there is a painting from 1724 which for the first time depicts a dalmatian dog … slavoljub eduard penkala in 1906, a croat slavoljub eduard penkala for the first time applied for a patent for a ballpoint ( penkala ) and a holder for a fountain pen. from time immemorial, the tie has been a part of the croatian national costume, which was preserved by the croats to the more recent times, who moved to central europe in the 16th century. it was later taken over by the croatian soldiers who were fighting in europe, and a part of their uniform was assumed by the french in the 17th century. under the leadership of the french „ god of sun " louis xiv there was a horsemen unit, the so - called royal cravate, who wore mostly red collar ribbons. the custom of wearing ribbons from the croats dates back to this time, which was later expanded around europe and the world, and today is inevitably the most important detail in men ' s fashion, and also an original croatian souvenir. the word « kravata » ( tie ) originates from the word « kroate »... the world


world, and today is inevitably the most important detail in men ' s fashion, and also an original croatian souvenir. the word « kravata » ( tie ) originates from the word « kroate »... the world traveler and explorer marco polo was born in 1254, most probably on the island of korcula. even today, there are people living on the island with the same last name.. island of vrnik is situated in the archipelago of the peljesac canal in front of the east coast of korcula island, widely known for its stone - pit of quality lime - stone ( marble ) from which aia sofia ( istanbul ) and the while house ( washington ) were partly built as were some palaces - town halls in dubrovnik, stockholm, venice, vienna. visit to the fertile plains of baranja where the grapes have been cultivated for centuries, is not complete if you do not taste the " golden drops " of baranja ' s vineyards. according to the old manuscripts, vine was a usual drink at the royal court of maria teresa, and the ancient romans, delighted with its bouquet and with the sun rises and sunsets of that region, called it the " golden hill "... there is a ulysses ' cave on the island of mljet. it was named after a story which says that a famous adventurer stranded on the nearby cliff ogiron, where he met the nymph calypso with whom he fell in love, and spent unforgettable moments in her company... red - white coat of arms recognizable all over the world, and related only to croats - characteristic cube - shaped red - white coat of arms which is believed to originate from the persian original homeland of croats ( red signifies south and white signifies north ). that is where the name for two croatias derives from, i. e. white in north and red in south. when the croats have selected ferdinand habsburg to be their king in cetine in 1527, they confirmed that choice with some seals, and one of them was croatian coat of arms, but with 64 fields, i. e. the complete chess - board. that is where the popular term „ sahovnica " derives from, and sah ( chess ) in persian means the ruler - tsar. did you know that there is a world rarity in the archeological museum in zagreb? of course, we are talking about the zagreb mummy. nesi - hensu, the wife of


sah ( chess ) in persian means the ruler - tsar. did you know that there is a world rarity in the archeological museum in zagreb? of course, we are talking about the zagreb mummy. nesi - hensu, the wife of aher - hensu, „ the divine tailor " from thebes, is the name of a mummified woman who was wrapped in cut ribbons of zagreb linen book which represents the longest preserved text in etruscan language and the only preserved sample of linen book in the entire ancient world. top seven world getaways the american magazine " in style " has included croatia on its list of seven top world destinations ( " top seven world getaways " ). the article authors recommend a visit to croatia for its very rich historical - cultural heritage, natural beauties and clean sea. in addition to croatia, the list of top seven places includes kenya, south africa, london, greek island santorini and three american destinations - aspen, napa valley and nantucket. every day, for over hundred and ten years, the cannon fires from the top of tower lotrscak exactly at noon in memory of an event from zagreb history. according to the legend, exactly at noon, the gric canon fired a discharge from lotrscak to the turkish camp located across sava and blew out a rooster ( or a turkey ) which the cook was taking to pasha on a platter. after this event, the turks scattered and did not attack zagreb...


adopt many methods to determine whether the unborn baby is a boy or a girl. the chinese pregnancy calendar is an often used method to know about the gender of the new life in the mothers womb. is an ancient way for predicting the gender of the unborn baby it is also known as a chinese conception chart, or the chinese conception calendar. it is believed that this ancient method is highly accurate, although no clinical studies verify these chart is an ancient chinese secret a chinese scientist developed this calendar, 700 years ago. according to a legend, the chinese is capable of predicting the baby gender based on two variables : the baby month of conception and the mothers age. chart was kept in a royal tomb, near the city of peking in china in ancient times. now this original chinese chart is on display at the beijing institute of science. many people, especially the chinese, believe that the original chinese pregnancy calendar is almost 100 % according to studies, the chinese pregnancy calendar has been found to be 97 % effective in predicting a baby gender. this accuracy is credited to the use of chinese lunar calendar pregnancy calendar is dependent on the lunar calendar. it is based on the month a baby is conceived and not the birth month. the second factor is the mothers age at the time of conception, adding 9 months to her age to adjust the lunar calendar. conceived month from january to december is listed on the top row of the chinese chart, and the left column of age during the conception. you need to follow the steps given below to get the most accurate result from the chinese pregnancy by the boy approaches more often, than pregnancy an girl. on statistical given beside young and sound parents more often birth boys, but beside of parents of more senior age on the contrary. 1. note down your age at the time of conception. 2. add 9 months to the age to adjust to the lunar calendar. 3. also note down the month when the baby was conceived. 4. now simply search for the conceived month across the top portion of the chart and the age on the left side of the chart. 5. lastly, follow these two coordinates to the spot where they intersect, and that will show you either a box containing b boy, or g comparison to the chinese pregnancy calendar, the ultrasound during the 7th or 8th month of is a more reliable method to know the gender of the child. in fact an ultrasound is use to monitor the week by week development right from conception till child birth. it is a boy or a girl, what does it matter? what matters is that you


a more reliable method to know the gender of the child. in fact an ultrasound is use to monitor the week by week development right from conception till child birth. it is a boy or a girl, what does it matter? what matters is that you have fun guessing the gender of your unborn baby using the chinese pregnancy all along use a journal to record your development week by week. more radio frequency to conceive aihe male sex is connected with that spermatozoidum, carrying male y - chromosome, several more movable, than carrying x - chromosome, and has more chances earlier to reach ovules. but healled spermatozoidum with x - chromosome more viable and can more long to survive in wombs of pipe, and wait a period of one of the ways of planning of conceiving boy or girl is based on such abilities an spermatozoidum. in the first place it is necessary exactly to define a date of ovulations. so, if beside you menstruations regular, the day of ovulations constant and possible produce an uncomplicated calculation. if you want conceive boy or girl, you must adjust last sexual contact before a data of ovulations. if you to planned conceive of boy or girl study has shown that method efficient in 80 % events aproximately. used and other ways of planning conceive boy or girl, based on calculations " biological rhythms ", astrological forecasts and etc. but from medical standpoints these methods not motivated. a sex of aihe during pregnancy. by means of the ultrasound during of pregnancy possible to define a sex of future child. this better and easier to realize at late terms of pregnancy, after 22 - 26 weeks. then results will more


average life span in the wild : 12 years size : 21 in ( 50 cm ) weight : 14. 4 oz ( 408 g ) did you know? chameleons don ' t change colors to match their surroundings. each species displays distinct color patterns to indicate specific reactions or emotions. the meller ' s chameleon is the largest of the chameleons not native to madagascar. their stout bodies can grow to be up to two feet ( two - thirds of a meter ) long and weigh more than a pound ( one - half kilogram ). meller ' s distinguish themselves from their universally bizarre - looking cousins with a single small horn protruding from the front of their snouts. this and their size earn them the common name " giant one - horned chameleon. " they are fairly common in the savanna of east africa, including malawi, northern mozambique, and tanzania. almost one - half of the world ’ s chameleons live on the island of madagascar. as with all chameleons, meller ' s will change colors in response to stress and to communicate with other chameleons. their normal appearance is deep green with yellow stripes and random black spots. females are slightly smaller, but are otherwise indistinguishable from males. they subsist on insects and small birds, using their camouflage and a lightning - fast, catapulting tongue, which can be up to 20 inches ( 50 centimeters ) long, to ambush prey. exotic pet enthusiasts often attempt to keep meller ' s chameleons as pets. however, they are highly susceptible to even the slightest level of stress and are very difficult to care for in captivity. in the wild, they can live as long as 12 years.


nuclear energy in france nuclear energy is the cornerstone of french energy policy. in the ‘ 70s france chose to develop nuclear as its base load electricity source as a response to the oil crisis and assure its energy independence. nuclear electricity production : france currently counts 58 commercial nuclear reactors in operation responsible for producing 80 % of french domestic electricity. as a comparison, the 104 us reactors produces 20 % of us electricity. despite scarce natural resources, france has reached an energy independence of 50 % thanks to its strategic choice for nuclear energy. environment : as well as providing safe and reliable energy, nuclear helps to reduce french greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding the release of 31 billions tones of carbon dioxide ( contrary to coal or gas generation ) and making france the less carbon emitting country within the oecd. as a leader in nuclear energy, france has developed clean technology for radioactive waste disposal. reprocessing currently allows france to recover valuable elements from spent fuels and permit a significant reduction of high level waste and lead to safer and optimized containment, for final radioactive waste disposition. french nuclear power plants produces only 10 g / year / inhabitant of highly radioactive waste. international cooperation and research : france is one of the forerunner in nuclear research and participates in numerous international cooperation programs alongside the united states such as the development of the next generation of nuclear power plants ( gen iv ) and the international thermonuclear experimental reactor ( iter ) that will be built in cadarache, south of france. the french atomic energy commission ( cea ) the french atomic energy commission is a public body established in october 1945 by general de gaulle. it constitutes a power of expertise and proposition for the authorities. a leader in research, development and innovation, the cea is involved in three main fields : it develops and acquires the technological building blocks necessary to the development of the nuclear reactors of the future ( contribution to generation iv and gnep research ), it contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emission with its research on hydrogen, fuel cells, biomass, energy storage …, it supports the nuclear utilities in france by optimizing the nuclear power plants of the french nuclear fleet and by optimizing the fuel cycle, it offers safe and economically viable technical solutions for managing nuclear waste, it conducts fundamental research in climate and environmental sciences, high energy physics, astrophysics, fusion, nanosciences … information and health technologies : it tackles micro and nano - technologies for telecommunication and nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and medical imaging, it researches programs on biotechnology, molecular labelling, bio


, high energy physics, astrophysics, fusion, nanosciences … information and health technologies : it tackles micro and nano - technologies for telecommunication and nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and medical imaging, it researches programs on biotechnology, molecular labelling, biomolecular engineering and structural biology, it shares its knowledge and know - how through education and training through the national institute for nuclear sciences and technologies ( instn ), it manages over 300 priority patents and is active in the creation of clusters. defense and national security : it conceives, builds, maintains then dismantles the nuclear warhead of the french deterrence force, it helps to fight against nuclear, biological and chemical weapons ( nrbc program ). the missions of the cea are similar to the department of energy in the united states. the cea has a network of counselor or representatives in french embassies around the world ( see joint map ). the french nuclear safety authority ( asn ) created in 2006, from the former dsin ( directorate for the safety of nuclear facilities ), the french nuclear safety authority is an independent administrative authority which is tasked with regulating nuclear safety and radiation protection in order to protect workers, patients, the public and the environment from the risks involved in nuclear activities. it also contributes to informing the public. like the nuclear regulatory commission in the united states, it carries out inspections and may pronounce sanctions, up to and including suspension of operation of an installation. french institute for radioprotection and nuclear safety ( irsn ) created in 2001 by merging the protection and nuclear safety institute ( ipsn ) and the ionizing radiations protection office ( opri ), the institute for radioprotection and nuclear safety is a public establishment of an industrial and commercial nature placed under the joint authority of the ministries of the environment, health, industry, research and defense. it is the expert in safety research and specialized assessments into nuclear and radiological risk serving public authorities whose work is complementary to the asn. its scope of activities includes : environment and response, human radiological protection, research on the prevention of major accidents, power reactor safety, fuel cycle facility safety, research installation safety, waste management safety ; nuclear defense expertise. national radioactive waste management agency ( andra ) created in 1991, the french national agency for radioactive waste management is a public industrial and commercial organization that operates independently of waste producers. it is responsible for the long - term management of radioactive waste produced in france under the supervision of the french ministries for energy,


in 1991, the french national agency for radioactive waste management is a public industrial and commercial organization that operates independently of waste producers. it is responsible for the long - term management of radioactive waste produced in france under the supervision of the french ministries for energy, research and the environment. it can be compared to a certain extent to the office for nuclear waste of the department of energy in the united states. andra also pursues industrial, research, and information activities as it designs and implements disposal solutions suited to each category of radioactive waste : the collection, conditioning, disposal of radioactive waste from small producers ( hospitals, research centers, industry ), specification of waste packages for disposal, disposal in suited sites, monitoring of closed disposal facilities, research programs for long - lived and high level activity waste, especially through the operation of an underground research laboratory in a deep clay formation … general directorate for energy and climate ( dgec ) the general directorate for energy and climate represents the government and is part of the office of the department for ecology and sustainable development. it defines the french nuclear policy. the dgec takes care of the energy supply, the security of supply, oil refining and logistics, nuclear industry, and coal and mines. consequently, its activities include : the design and implement energy and raw material supply policy, to ensure opening of electricity and gas markets, track key energy and raw material sectors, to oversee enterprises and public institutions in energy sector, to ensure compliance with rules and regulations governing energy sector, to participate in european and international energy projects and working groups, to provide economic, environmental, and fiscal expertise on energy matters. the rise of nuclear power generation in france.


mexican america - introduction " mexican america " is a sampling of objects from the collections of the national museum of american history. the stories behind these objects reflect the history of the mexican presence in the united states. they illustrate a fundamentally american story about the centuries - old encounter between distinct ( yet sometimes overlapping ) communities that have coexisted but also clashed over land, culture, and livelihood. who, where, and what is mexico? over time, the definitions and boundaries of mexico have changed. the aztec empire and the area where nahautl was spoken — today the region surrounding modern mexico city — was known as mexico. for 300 years, the spanish colonizers renamed it new spain. when mexico was reborn in 1821 as a sovereign nation, its borders stretched from california to guatemala. it was a huge and ancient land of ethnically, linguistically, and economically diverse regions that struggled for national unity. texas, ( then part of the mexican state of coahuila y tejas ) was a frontier region far from the dense cities and fertile valleys of central mexico, a place where immigrants were recruited from the united states. the immigrants in turn declared the mexican territory an independent republic in 1836 ( later a u. s. state ), making the state the first cauldron of mexican american culture. by 1853, the government of mexico, the weaker neighbor of an expansionist united states, had lost what are today the states of california, nevada, utah, arizona, new mexico, texas, and parts of colorado and wyoming. in spite of the imposition of a new border, the historical and living presence of spaniards, mexicans, indigenous peoples, and their mixed descendants remained a defining force in the creation of the american west. “ la america mexicana ” es una muestra conformada por objetos provenientes de las distintas colecciones del museo nacional de historia americana. estos objetos reflejan la historia de la presencia mexicana en los estados unidos e ilustran una cronica fundamentalmente americana acerca del encuentro centenario entre comunidades diferentes que han coexistido, pero que tambien se han enfrentado, en la pugna por la tierra, la cultura y el sustento. ¿ quien, donde y que es mexico? con el transcurso del tiempo, las definiciones y los limites de mexico han ido cam


por la tierra, la cultura y el sustento. ¿ quien, donde y que es mexico? con el transcurso del tiempo, las definiciones y los limites de mexico han ido cambiando. se conocia como mexico al imperio azteca y toda el area donde se hablaba nahuatl — actualmente la region circundante a la ciudad de mexico. durante 300 anos los colonizadores espanoles se refirieron a ella como nueva espana. cuando en 1821 mexico resurgio como una nacion soberana, sus fronteras se extendian desde california a guatemala. en ese entonces era un antiguo e inmenso territorio conformado por regiones etnica, linguistica y economicamente diversas que luchaban por adquirir unidad nacional. texas ( en ese entonces parte de los estados mexicanos de coahuila y tejas ) era una region fronteriza lejos de las densas urbes y de los fertiles valles de mexico central, donde se reclutaban inmigrantes de los estados unidos. en el ano 1836 este territorio mexicano se declaro como republica independiente ( y mas tarde, estado de ee. uu. ), convirtiendose en el primer calderon de la cultura mexicoamericana. hacia 1853, el gobierno de mexico, el vecino debil de un estados unidos en expansion, habia perdido el territorio de los actuales estados de california, nevada, utah, arizona, nuevo mexico, texas y partes de colorado y wyoming. a pesar de la imposicion de un nuevo limite fronterizo, la presencia historica y ocupacional de los espanoles, mexicanos y pueblos indigenas, junto a sus descendientes mestizos, constituiria a lo largo del tiempo una influencia determinante para el desarrollo del oeste americano. " mexican america - introduction " showing 1 items. - this print depicts american forces attacking the fortress palace of chapultepec on sept. 13th, 1847. general winfield scott, in the lower left on a white horse,


position in the foreground. james walker was living in mexico city at the outbreak of the mexican war and joined the american forces as an interpreter. he was attached to general worth ' s staff and was present at the battles of contreras, churubusco, and chapultepec. the original painting ' s owner, captain roberts was assigned general winfield scott to assist walker with recreating the details of the battle of chapultepec. when the painting was complete, roberts purchased the painting. by 1848, james walker had returned to new york and had a studio in new york city in the same neighborhood as the print ' s distributor nathaniel currier as well as the lithographer ' s napoleon sarony and henry b. major. - this popular lithograph was one of several published to visually document the war while engaging the imagination of the public. created prior to photography, these prints were meant to inform the public, while generally eliminating the portrayal of the more gory details. historians have been able to use at least some prints of the mexican war for study and to corroborate with the traditional literary forms of documentation. as an eyewitness, walker could claim accuracy of detail within the narrative in his painting. the battle is presented in the grand, historic, heroic style with the brutality of war not portrayed. the print depiction is quite large for a chromo of the period. in creating the chromolithographic interpretation of the painting, sarony & major used at least four large stones to produce the print " in colours, " making the most of their use of color. they also defined each figure with precision by outlining each in black. this print was considered by expert / collector harry t. peters as one of the finest ever produced by sarony & major. - currently not on view - date made - associated date - currier, nathaniel - scott, winfield - sarony & major - walker, james - id number - catalog number - accession number - data source - national museum of american history, kenneth e. behring center


- action research ( 6 posts ) - artist cpd ( 11 posts ) - barriers to participation ( 2 posts ) - change management ( 8 posts ) - co - construction ( 3 posts ) - community cohesion ( 12 posts ) - creative curriculum development ( 13 posts ) - creative teaching and learning ( 28 posts ) - cross - curricular working ( 21 posts ) - developing school ethos ( 6 posts ) - disability awareness ( 4 posts ) - diversity ( 3 posts ) - exchanges and trips ( 4 posts ) - experiential learning ( 6 posts ) - extracurricular work ( 3 posts ) - learning outcomes for artists ( 23 posts ) - learning outcomes for teachers ( 27 posts ) - learning outcomes for young people ( 37 posts ) - learning styles ( 13 posts ) - mentoring ( 2 posts ) - outdoor learning environment ( 1 post ) - parent engagement ( 4 posts ) - participation and engagement ( 29 posts ) - partnerships ( 37 posts ) - role of the practitioner ( 32 posts ) - school networks ( 2 posts ) - teacher cpd ( 17 posts ) - whole school working ( 13 posts ) - young people in decision making role ( 9 posts ) - youth leadership ( 5 posts ) - youth voice ( 16 posts ) select from the categories above, and scroll over the thumbnails to view information about each resource. you can download many of the resources as pdfs, view film or listen to audio. a new direction schools forum : effective partnership workingthis resource summarises key ideas from schools and arts & cultural organisations from a series of discussions around six different … a personal journey through preferred learning stylesan essay written by a creative practitioner who undertook action research into students ' preferred learning styles and creativity. artists and teachers partnershipsan essay exploring partnerships between creative practitioners and teachers from an early years setting and a secondary school. arts beyond the classrooma film documenting the experiences of the pupils and parents in the arts beyond the classroom project. beneath the hooda pack including a poignant film portrait of students at a pru, poetry cards and a resource guide for similar … building partnershipsan essay describing three effective partnership projects delivered in two primary schools and one fe college. co - construction of learninga case study exploring examples of creative projects which supported young people to guide school change through ' co - construction '. connecting countries : london to vancouvera film of a group of secondary school students who journey to vancouver for the 2010 winter paralympic games. creative interventions in the english facultyan essay providing an arts organisation ' s perspective of creative teaching strategies within


- construction '. connecting countries : london to vancouvera film of a group of secondary school students who journey to vancouver for the 2010 winter paralympic games. creative interventions in the english facultyan essay providing an arts organisation ' s perspective of creative teaching strategies within an east london school ' s english curriculum. creative teaching and learninga case study discussing the ways creative programmes have supported the development of creative teaching and learning. creativity and changean essay exploring structural and institutional change through creative programmes in three primaries and one special school. cross - curricular creative projectsan essay describing cross - curricular approaches in 3 primary schools and 1 secondary school in east london. developing a learning strategy for artsadmina paper detailing the development of an arts organisation ' s education programme in partnership with artists and local schools. engaging parents creatively in the foundation stagea paper presenting two examples that aimed to increase parental engagement and community involvement in the pupils ' work. forensic science murder mysterya film documenting a cross - curricular drama project with secondary school students inspired by a tv crime series. grove park special school takes over the borough of brenta film made by students with a range of physical and learning disabilities who investigate their local area. imaginationa film charting an 18 month whole school cross - curricular project culminating in a community carnival. imagine nationa short film of a poem and set of accompanying activities for literacy lessons exploring creativity and imagination. institutional changea paper exploring two different approaches to whole school change in a special school and a secondary school. ipc media schools design programmean essay describing the ipc media schools design programme, a graphic design work - related learning programme initiated in 2005. learning about learning : preferred learning styles and creativitya publication exploring education approaches to preferred learning styles. essays and a toolkit of lesson activities are included. london to beijing - a dance traveloguea film about dance students from a further education college who visit a dance school in beijing, china. making things happen - herea project case study and two films. a group of primary schools imagine something extraordinary for their community. olympics literacy resourcea set of classroom resources for all year groups for creating poetry around the theme of the olympics.


white - throated magpie - jays ( calocitta formosa ) are beautiful big jays that travel the north pacific slopes in small flocks. their songs and calls are quite varied - this is one of the typical calls, recorded on the road to monteverde ( costa rica ). douglas von gausig ( recordist ; copyright holder ), naturesongs. com this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike 3. 0 unported license. to cite this page : myers, p., r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2013. the animal diversity web ( online ). accessed at http : / / animaldiversity. org. disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.


octodon degus is generally considered endemic to west central chile, where it inhabits the lower slopes of the andes. although some have argued that its range may extend north into peru, this is not well supported. it is common in the international pet trade, however, and is often used in laboratory studies outside of its native range. ( contreras, et al., 1987 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) octodon degus inhabits a mediterranean - type semi - arid shrubland ecosystem called " matorral ", which is found on the western slopes of the andes between 28 and 35 degrees south latitude. further north the climate becomes too arid to support this plant community, and further south it is too wet. degus appear to be limited to elevations below 1200 meters, both by the distribution of their habitat and by their intolerance of low oxygen partial pressure. degus are well able to inhabit lands influenced by cattle grazing, and are agricultural pests in some areas. ( contreras, et al., 1987 ; fulk, 1976 ) octodon degus superficially resembles a gerbil, but is much larger. degus typically weigh between 170 and 300 g, and measure between 325 and 440 mm in length, including the tail. the fur is yellow - brown on the back and head, and the underparts and feet are cream colored. there is a pale band around the eye and, in some individuals, the neck. the tail is moderately long and conspicuously tufted. the ears are large and darkly pigmented. the fifth digit is reduced, and on the forefeet it has a nail instead of a claw. the cheekteeth are hypsodont and their biting surfaces resemble a figure of eight. sexes are difficult to distinguish, but males tend to be about 10 % larger than females. pups are born furred and able to see, and begin exploring within hours of birth. octodon degus can be distinguished from the two other members of the genus octodon by slight differences in dental morphology. it is also smaller than its relatives and its tail is said to be more noticeably tufted. ( fulk, 1976 ; lee, 2004 ) during the annual breeding season, male - male aggression temporarily increases. males exclude other males from their burrow and monopolize the females ( usually 2 to 4 ) who live there. dustbathing and urine marking may be used in the defense of territory by both sexes, but these behaviors particularly increase in the male during


exclude other males from their burrow and monopolize the females ( usually 2 to 4 ) who live there. dustbathing and urine marking may be used in the defense of territory by both sexes, but these behaviors particularly increase in the male during the breeding season. courting males often engage in mutual grooming with females, and frequently perform a courtship ritual which involves wagging of the tail and trembling of the body. the male then raises a hind leg and sprays urine onto the female. this may serve to familiarize her with his scent and perhaps make her more receptive to his advances in the future. receptive females may sometimes enurinate males in a similar fashion. related female degus may nurse each other ' s young. ( ebensperger and caiozzi, 2002 ; fulk, 1976 ; kleiman, 1974 ; soto - gamboa, 2005 ) in the wild degus tend to breed once per year. the breeding season usually begins in late may ( autumn in chile ), and the young are conceived in late winter to early spring ( september to october ). in wet years, degus may produce second litters. it has been suggested that degus may be induced ovulators, but this has not been established for certain. there is also some evidence that male reproductive organs may be sensitive to changes in photoperiod. the gestation period is 90 days, and litter size is typically 4 - 6 pups. the young are precocial. they are born with fur and teeth ; their eyes are open and they are able to move about the nest on their own. pups are weaned at 4 to 5 weeks, and become sexually mature between 12 and 16 weeks of age. degus do not reach adult size until about 6 months of age, however, and they generally live in same - sex social groups until they are about 9 months old and their first breeding season occurs. it has been reported that pups raised in isolation in the laboratory experience severe neural and behavioral abnormalities. ( ebensperger and hurtado, 2005 ; lee, 2004 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) before conception can occur, the male degu must invest considerable energy in the defense of his territory and harem from other males. the female subsequently expends considerable energy in gestation and lactation. the pregnancy is relatively long for a rodent, and the young are born well developed. after birth, both parents protect and provision the pups. degus nest


males. the female subsequently expends considerable energy in gestation and lactation. the pregnancy is relatively long for a rodent, and the young are born well developed. after birth, both parents protect and provision the pups. degus nest communally, and groups of related females nurse one another ' s young. in the laboratory, the female remains close to the pups until two weeks after birth, and males have been observed to huddle with the young during this period without instances of infanticide. in the wild, male degus may spend as much time feeding and huddling with the young as females do. pups begin to eat solid food at about two weeks of age, and venture out of the burrow at three weeks. upon weaning at four to six weeks, the pups are able to live independently of the parents and form same - sex social groups until their first breeding season. ( ebensperger and hurtado, 2005 ; fulk, 1976 ; lee, 2004 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) in laboratory conditions, degus typically live five to eight years. degus are social and tend to live in groups of one to two males and two to five related females. females participate in rearing on another ' s young. groups maintain territories throughout much of the year. degus are semi - fossorial, digging extensive communal burrow systems. these burrows are often shared by bennett ' s chinchilla rat ( abrocoma bennettii ). degus feed exclusively above ground, however, and have been observed climbing into the low branches of shrubs while foraging. dustbathing is an important social behavior among degus. groups repeatedly mark favorite wallows with urine and anal gland secretions. this may help the group identify each other by scent as well as delineating territorial boundaries. degus are mainly diurnal, and are most active during the morning and evening. ( ebensperger, et al., 2004 ; fulk, 1976 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) fulk ( 1976 ) estimated that social groups of degus occupy home areas of roughly 200 square meters, and that their density is about 75 degus per hectare. this may be an underestimate, however, due to the trapping methods used. ( fulk, 1976 ) degus have well - developed sight, smell, and hearing. they are highly vocal and use various calls to communicate with one another, including alarm calls, mating calls, and communication between parents


to the trapping methods used. ( fulk, 1976 ) degus have well - developed sight, smell, and hearing. they are highly vocal and use various calls to communicate with one another, including alarm calls, mating calls, and communication between parents and young. vision is very important in avoidance of predators and in foraging. it has been shown that degus are able to see ultraviolet wavelengths, and that their urine reflects in the uv range when fresh. it has therefore been suggested that degus ' urine scent marks are also visual cues. these scent marks are also used as dust wallows, allowing members of a social group to identify each other by scent. ( chavez, et al., 2003 ; fulk, 1976 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) degus are generalist herbivores. they feed on the leaves, bark, and seeds of shrubs and forbs. among their favorite foods are the bark of cestrum palqui and mimosa cavenia, leaves and bark of proustia cuneifolia, atriplex repunda, and acacia caven, annuals such as erodium cicutarum when in season, green grasses, and thistle seeds. degus choose food items that reduce fiber and increase nitrogen and moisture in the diet, and thus prefer young leaves and avoid woodier shrubs. degus rely on microbial fermentation in their enlarged cecum ( they are " hindgut fermenters " ) to digest their food. they reingest a large percentage of their feces, usually during the night. this allows them to maximize their digestion. degus store food in the winter, and it has been reported that they occasionally eat meat in old age. ( gutierrez and bozinovic, 1998 ; kenagy, et al., 1999 ; veloso and kenagy, 2005 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) octodon degus is subject to predation by larger mammals such as culpeo foxes ( lycalopex culpaeus ), and from the air by raptors such as barn owls ( tyto alba ), short - eared owls ( asio flammeus ), and black - chested buzzard eagles ( geranoaetus melanoleucus ). degus use vigilance and cover to avoid predators. their pelage is also counter - shaded and matches the soil color, which reduces visibility to predators. degus live socially and use alarm calls to warn others


melanoleucus ). degus use vigilance and cover to avoid predators. their pelage is also counter - shaded and matches the soil color, which reduces visibility to predators. degus live socially and use alarm calls to warn others of danger. when a predator is spotted, they take cover in shrubby areas and may retreat to the communal burrow. ( ebensperger and wallem, 2002 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) octodon degus affects the plant community in its habitat by selective browsing. degus behaviorally reduce the fiber content of their diet, preferrentially eating shrubs such as adesmia bedwellii, baccharis paniculata, and chenopodium petioare, which are less fibrous and less thorny than others. these species have been shown to increase their foliage area upon exclusion of degus. as degus are very common, they are themselves an important food source for their predators. ( gutierrez and bozinovic, 1998 ) degus often live in association with bennett ' s chinchilla rats ( abrocoma bennettii ). the two species are known to share burrow systems and have even been observed in the same chamber within a burrow. this is believed to be a mutualistic relationship, but it is not well understood. ( fulk, 1976 ; woods and boraker, 1975 ) degus are frequently kept as pets, and are used extensively in laboratory research. because they are largely diurnal, they are useful in research on circadian rhythms, and their intolerance of sugars makes them ideal models for diabetes research. ( lee, 2004 ) degus are significant agricultural pests in some areas. they take advantage of cultivated prickly pear cactus, wheat, vineyards, and orchards as abundant food sources, and can do considerable damage. they are also known to host three species of parasites that can infect humans. ( fulk, 1976 ) tanya dewey ( editor ), animal diversity web. mary hejna ( author ), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers ( editor, instructor ), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor. living in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america. uses sound to communicate living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and


south america. uses sound to communicate living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. found in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a mediterranean climate. vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves. may be maintained by periodic fire. in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate helpers provide assistance in raising young that are not their own an animal that mainly eats the dung of other animals active at dawn and dusk having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect. animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. an animal that mainly eats leaves. referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing. an animal that mainly eats seeds an animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets. having more than one female as a mate at one time specialized for leaping or bounding locomotion ; jumps or hops. communicates by producing scents from special gland ( s ) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called " hoarding " uses touch to communicate that region of


combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called " hoarding " uses touch to communicate that region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ). living on the ground. defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement uses sight to communicate reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. young are relatively well - developed when born chavez, a., f. bozinovic, l. peichl, a. palacios. 2003. retinal spectral sensitivity, fur coloration, and urine reflectance in the genus octodon ( rodentia ) : implications for visual ecology. investigative opthalmology & visual science, 44 / 5 : 2290 - 2296. contreras, l., j. torres - mura, j. yanez. 1987. biogeography of octodontid rodents : an eco - evolutionary hypothesis. fieldiana : zoology, new series, 39 : 401 - 411. ebensperger, l., f. bozinovic. 2000. energetics and burrowing behaviour in the semifossorial degu octadon degus ( rodentia : octodontidae ). journal of zoology, 252 : 179 - 186. ebensperger, l., a. caiozzi. 2002. male degus, octodon degus, modify their dustbathing behavior in response to social familiarity of previous dustbathing marks. revista chilena de historia natural, 75 : 157 - 163. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. on the relationship between herbaceous cover and vigilance activity of degus ( octodon degus ). ethology, 111 / 6 : 593 - 608. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. seasonal changes in the time budget of degus, octadon degus.. behaviour, 142 : 91 - 112. ebensperger, l.


608. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. seasonal changes in the time budget of degus, octadon degus.. behaviour, 142 : 91 - 112. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado, m. soto - gamboa, e. lacey, a. chang. 2004. communal nesting and kinship in degus ( octodon degus ). naturwissenschaften, 91 : 391 - 395. ebensperger, l., p. wallem. 2002. grouping increases the ability of the social rodent, octodon degus, to detect predators when using exposed microhabitats. oikos, 98 : 491 - 497. fulk, g. 1976. notes on the activity, reproduction, and social behavior of octodon degus. journal of mammalogy, 57 / 3 : 495 - 505. gutierrez, j., f. bozinovic. 1998. diet selection in captivity by a generalist herbivorous rodent ( octodon degus ) from the chilean coastal desert. journal of arid environments, 39 : 601 - 607. kenagy, g., r. nespolo, r. vasquez, f. bozinovic. 2002. daily and seasonal limits of time and temperature to activity of degus. revista chilena de historia natural, 75 : 567 - 581. kenagy, g., c. veloso, f. bozinovic. 1999. daily rhythms of food intake and feces reingestion in the degu, an herbivorous chilean rodent : optimizing digestion through coprophagy. physiological and biochemical zoology, 72 / 1 : 78 - 86. kleiman, d. 1974. patterns of behaviour in hystricomorph rodents. symposium of the zoological society ( london ), 34 : 171 - 209. lee, t. 2004. octodon degus : a diurnal, social, and long - lived rodent. ilar journal, 45 / 1 : 14 - 24. soto - gamboa, m., m. villalon, f. bozinovic. 2005. social cues and hormone levels in male octadon degus ( rodentia ) : a field test of the challange hypothesis. hormones and behavior, 47 / 3 : 311 - 318. soto - gamboa, m. 2005


details of glycemic index ( gi ) the gi scale the glycemic index uses a scale from 1 to 100, which indicates the rate at which 50 grams of carbohydrate in a particular food is absorbed into the bloodstream as blood - sugar. the main reference food ( rated 100 ) is glucose. gi rating categories the glycemic index divides carbohydrate foods into three categories : gi food testing is ongoing not all foods have been given a gi value, although most food - types are covered. however, due to the way gi is measured using volunteer subjects, results can vary, so gi values for some specific foods are not yet uniformly established. gi - diabetes and weight control although the glycemic index was first designed to assist diabetes patients manage their blood - sugar levels, dietitians and weight experts now use it as a tool to help treat obesity, food cravings and appetite swings, and improve eating habits. both the type and quantity of carbohydrate in our food influence the rise in blood glucose. but the glycemic index only rates a standard 50 gram serving size of digestible carbohydrate in a particular food, which may not be appropriate for all foods. for example, foods whose serving size contains only a small amount of carbohydrate may in practice be better for blood sugar control than foods whose normal serving size contains a large amount of carbs. therefore, to provide a more meaningful gi - rating system, researchers at harvard university invented the term glycemic load, which applies the glycemic index to normal food serving sizes. obesity, overweight and


discover the cosmos! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2010 august 12 explanation : each august, as planet earth swings through dust trailing along the orbit of periodic comet swift - tuttle, skygazers can enjoy the perseid meteor shower. the shower should build to its peak now, best seen from later tonight after moonset, until dawn tomorrow morning when earth moves through the denser part of the wide dust trail. but shower meteors have been spotted for many days, like this bright perseid streaking through skies near lake balaton, hungary on august 8. in the foreground is the region ' s church of st. andrew ruin, with bright jupiter dominating the sky to its right. two galaxies lie in the background of the wide - angle, 3 frame panorama ; our own milky way ' s luminous arc, and the faint smudge of the more distant andromeda galaxy just above the ruin ' s leftmost wall. if you watch for perseid meteors tonight, be sure and check out the early evening sky show too, featuring bright planets and a young crescent moon near the western horizon after sunset. authors & editors : jerry bonnell ( umcp ) nasa official : phillip newman specific rights apply. a service of : asd at nasa / gsfc & michigan tech. u.


1. why is extremism an issue in prisons? extremist groups often pose special security risks in prisons. they may encourage the overthrow of the government, and prison officials can be targeted as agents of " illegal " government authority. further, their literature often encourages ethnic hatred, promoting a violent and racially charged prison atmosphere. since the 1980s, white supremacist organizations have spread throughout the american prison system, beginning with the growth of aryan brotherhood. 1 aryan nations, although not permitting inmates to become members, has engaged in " prison outreach " since 1979. in 1987, it began publishing a " prison outreach newsletter " called the way to facilitate recruitment. aryan nations also disseminates its literature and letters to inmates. the world church of the creator and some identity church groups engage in similar outreach activity, as do other racist groups, such as nation of islam. the situation is further complicated by the fact that nonideological criminal prison gangs are often organized based on race, which increases racial polarization. imprisoned extremists also pose a security threat by continuing their activities while incarcerated. they recruit inmates, and teach other inmates extremist tactics. some imprisoned extremists also have attempted to continue to influence adherents outside of prison by, for instance, publishing newsletters from the prison to maintain their outside following. prison officials have responded in various ways, reflecting the fact that each state has its own prison system ( as do cities, counties and the federal government ), and that prisons have varying populations. at times, prison officials have tried to limit access to extremist literature, and these responses have occasionally given rise to litigation because they potentially impinge upon inmates ' first amendment rights. the questions are especially complicated when the censored material comes from a group that claims to be religious. 1 aryan brotherhood, at one time associated with aryan nations, began as a virulent racist and anti - semitic prison gang, and has since developed into a crime gang associated with extortion, drug operations and prison violence. 2. do inmates have the same first amendment rights as everybody else? the united states supreme court has said that " prison walls do not form a barrier separating prison inmates from the protections of the constitution. " nevertheless, inmates ' first amendment rights are less extensive than other citizens ' and their rights can be limited due to security or other penological concerns. because of the particular challenges administrators face running prisons, the supreme court has acknowledged there is a compelling government interest which warrants limiting prisoners ' rights. courts have


than other citizens ' and their rights can be limited due to security or other penological concerns. because of the particular challenges administrators face running prisons, the supreme court has acknowledged there is a compelling government interest which warrants limiting prisoners ' rights. courts have been deferential to prison officials ' assessments of security threats, and sensitive to their related regulatory decisions, even if such decisions impact inmates ' first amendment rights. a prison regulation that impinges on an inmate ' s constitutional rights will be upheld in court if that regulation is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives. this means that, generally, prison officials can ban extremist materials from prisons because of concerns that the distribution of such material will undermine prison security. extremist books, leaflets, and magazines have been forbidden to prisoners on this basis. such material has not been allowed through the mail and has not been kept in the prison library. however, prisons have less discretion to limit inmates ' religious practices than other first amendment rights due to a new federal law. because of the religious land use and institutionalized persons act ( rluipa ), prison officials ' discretion in limiting access to extremist material may depend in part on whether such material is related to an inmate ' s religious exercise. therefore, prison regulations that affect religious exercise, including access to religious literature, will be reviewed carefully if challenged in court. 3. what legal standard is used to determine the constitutionality of prison regulations? the supreme court announced the standard under which it would review the constitutionality of prison regulations in turner v. safley, a case involving a challenge to a complete prohibition on inmate marriage. as noted earlier, a prison regulation is constitutional if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives. under this standard, courts have upheld regulations based on the consideration of certain factors : - is there a valid, rational connection between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it? - are there alternative means of exercising the assert - ed right that remain open to inmates? - how great a negative impact will accommodating the inmates ' rights have on guards, other inmates, a nd on the allocation of prison resources? courts will consider the existence of obvious and easy alternatives to a challenged regulation as evidence of a regulation ' s arbitrariness. 4. is the same legal standard used to determine the constitutionality of prison regulations that implicate an inmate ' s right to free exercise of religion? no, the same standard is not applicable to determining the constitutionality of prison regulations


of review of such decisions. courts have tended to find prison regulations that ban all literature from particular groups unconstitutional. however, the determination of the constitutionality of a given regulation or the implementation of the regulation has tended to be very fact - specific. courts look not only at the regulation at issue but also consider the nature of the prison ( high, medium, or low security ) and the particular administrative challenges faced by the prison ( such as crowding and quantity of incoming mail ) in determining reasonableness, or the practical existence of less restrictive alternative measures. 6. can prison officials apply the same restrictions to outgoing prison material? the supreme court does not allow content regulation with respect to outgoing mail from inmates. while outgoing mail can be searched for contraband, 2 content regulation of outgoing mail is also more restricted because it implicates the first amendment rights of non - prisoner addressees. 3 in addition, outgoing material does not pose a threat to internal prison security ; therefore content limitations have been considered less urgent. however, regulations can limit the content of outgoing mail categorically. for example, escape plans, threats, running a business, and blackmail are categories that have been disallowed. therefore, correspondence from prisoners to extremist groups cannot be banned outright because of its content. however, inmates can be prevented from distributing a newsletter from prison when doing so constitutes running a business. 2 special rules exist with respect to attorney - client correspondence or mail that implicates an inmate ' s right to access the courts that are beyond the scope of this discussion. 3 however, prison officials can forbid all correspondence between incarcerated individuals. 7. can extremist " missionaries " be prevented from visiting prisons? prison officials can ban categories of prison visitors, such as former inmates or visitors who have previously broken visiting rules. an extremist " missionary " can be barred from a prison because of generally applicable rules. in addition, prisons can create procedures for requesting visiting ministers, and impose conditions on the selection of the ministers, such as sponsorship by an outside religious organization. prison officials can also exclude prison " missionaries " if they are advocating violence or otherwise fomenting prison unrest by encouraging racial tension. however, under rluipa, the prison would have to show that any restrictions on visiting clergy are the least restrictive means of achieving its end. prison officials do not have a responsibility to hire a minister for each religious denomination represented in the prison population. however, if visiting ministers of one denomination are compensated, visiting ministers of other denominations must be equally compensated. security


restrictive means of achieving its end. prison officials do not have a responsibility to hire a minister for each religious denomination represented in the prison population. however, if visiting ministers of one denomination are compensated, visiting ministers of other denominations must be equally compensated. security limitations can be placed on inmate - led prayer or services, but again, under rluipa, the prison would have to show that any restrictions on such gatherings is the least restrictive means of achieving its end. for example, it is more likely that the prison could limit the frequency of such meetings, the number of attendees and require supervision than that such gatherings could be banned outright. 8. under what circumstances must prisons accommodate prisoners ' religious dietary requirements? accommodating religiously based dietary rules has become an issue when dealing with extremists because incidents have raised concern that extremists " adopt " religious practices that are not based on sincere beliefs in order to obtain special privileges, such as specialized diets. generally, if an inmate ' s request for a special diet is because of a sincerely held belief and religious in nature, the inmate has a constitutionally protected interest. under rluipa, a request for a special religious diet can only be refused based on a compelling prison interest and if it is the least restrictive means possible for the prison protecting that interest. prisons may offer more limited food selection to prisoners with religious dietary limitations, such as providing only cold kosher meals rather than hot food. in the past, when determining whether a prison was required to provided a special diet for a prisoner, courts have considered whether the dietary restrictions were central to the prisoner ' s religious observance. under rluipa, such a determination would probably not be relevant. the threshold question in evaluating the prison ' s obligation to accommodate a request would still be whether the inmate ' s dietary request arose out of sincerely held beliefs that were religious in nature.


wikipedia sobre fisica de particulas rapidinho. me falaram que a definicao de fisica de particulas da wikipedia era muito ruim. e de fato, era assim : particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary particle | elementary subatomic constituents of matter and radiation, and their interactions. the field is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under ambient conditions on earth. they can only be created artificially during high energy collisions with other particles in particle accelerators. particle physics has evolved out of its parent field of nuclear physics and is typically still taught in close association with it. scientific research in this area has produced a long list of particles. mas hein? particulas que so podem ser criadas em aceleradores? fisica de particulas e ensinada junto com fisica nuclear? a pesquisa produz particulas ( essa e otima! )? em que mundo essa pessoa vive? reescrevi : particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles, which are the constituents of what is usually referred as matter or radiation. in our current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics. most of the interest in this area is in fundamental fields, those that cannot be described as a bound state of other fields. the set of fundamental fields and their dynamics are summarized in a model called the standard model and, therefore, particle physics is largely the study of the standard model particle content and its possible extensions. eu acho que ficou bem melhor. vamos ver em quanto tempo algum editor esquentado da wikipedia vai demorar para reverter. atualmente esta um saco participar da wikipedia por causa dessas pessoas.


- published : 19 mar 2013 - views : 42 - author : t. a. b possibly testing on weans, that worries me http : / / www. bbc. co. uk / news / world - us - canada - 21849808. a vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. a vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease - causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. the agent stimulates the body ' s immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and " remember " it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. vaccines can be prophylactic ( example : to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by any natural or " wild " pathogen ), or therapeutic ( e. g. vaccines against cancer are also being investigated ; see cancer vaccine ). the term vaccine derives from edward jenner ' s 1796 use of cow pox ( latin variola vaccinia, adapted from the latin vaccin - us, from vacca, cow ), to inoculate humans, providing them protection against smallpox. vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease. sometimes, this is because the host ' s immune system simply does not respond adequately or at all. this may be due to a lowered immunity in general ( diabetes, steroid use, hiv infection, age ) or because the host ' s immune system does not have a b cell capable of generating antibodies to that antigen. even if the host develops antibodies, the human immune system is not perfect and in any case the immune system might still not be able to defeat the infection immediately. in this case, the infection will be less severe and heal faster. adjuvants are typically used to boost immune response. most often aluminium adjuvants are used, but adjuvants like squalene are also used in some vaccines and more vaccines with squalene and phosphate adjuvants are being tested. larger doses are used in some cases for older people ( 50 – 75 years and up ), whose immune response to a given vaccine is not as strong. the efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on a number of factors : when a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against, the disease is likely to be milder than without vaccination. the


is not as strong. the efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on a number of factors : when a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against, the disease is likely to be milder than without vaccination. the following are important considerations in the effectiveness of a vaccination program : in 1958 there were 763, 094 cases of measles and 552 deaths in the united states. with the help of new vaccines, the number of cases dropped to fewer than 150 per year ( median of 56 ). in early 2008, there were 64 suspected cases of measles. 54 out of 64 infections were associated with importation from another country, although only 13 % were actually acquired outside of the united states ; 63 of these 64 individuals either had never been vaccinated against measles, or were uncertain whether they had been vaccinated. vaccines are dead or inactivated organisms or purified products derived from them. there are several types of vaccines in use. these represent different strategies used to try to reduce risk of illness, while retaining the ability to induce a beneficial immune response. some vaccines contain killed, but previously virulent, micro - organisms that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat, radioactivity or antibiotics. examples are the influenza vaccine, cholera vaccine, bubonic plague vaccine, polio vaccine, hepatitis a vaccine, and rabies vaccine. some vaccines contain live, attenuated microorganisms. many of these are live viruses that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties, or which use closely related but less dangerous organisms to produce a broad immune response. although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. they typically provoke more durable immunological responses and are the preferred type for healthy adults. examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps and the bacterial disease typhoid. the live mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine developed by calmette and guerin is not made of a contagious strain, but contains a virulently modified strain called " bcg " used to elicit an immune response to the vaccine. the live attenuated vaccine containing strain yersinia pestis ev is used for plague immunization. attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages. they have the capacity of transient growth so they give prolonged protection, and no booster dose is required. but they may get reverted to the virulent form and cause the disease


immunization. attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages. they have the capacity of transient growth so they give prolonged protection, and no booster dose is required. but they may get reverted to the virulent form and cause the disease. toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro - organism. examples of toxoid - based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria. toxoid vaccines are known for their efficacy. not all toxoids are for micro - organisms ; for example, crotalus atrox toxoid is used to vaccinate dogs against rattlesnake bites. protein subunit – rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated micro - organism to an immune system ( which would constitute a " whole - agent " vaccine ), a fragment of it can create an immune response. examples include the subunit vaccine against hepatitis b virus that is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus ( previously extracted from the blood serum of chronically infected patients, but now produced by recombination of the viral genes into yeast ), the virus - like particle ( vlp ) vaccine against human papillomavirus ( hpv ) that is composed of the viral major capsid protein, and the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of the influenza virus. subunit vaccine is being used for plague immunization. conjugate – certain bacteria have polysaccharide outer coats that are poorly immunogenic. by linking these outer coats to proteins ( e. g. toxins ), the immune system can be led to recognize the polysaccharide as if it were a protein antigen. this approach is used in the haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. a number of innovative vaccines are also in development and in use : while most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from micro - organisms, synthetic vaccines are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates or antigens. vaccines may be monovalent ( also called univalent ) or multivalent ( also called polyvalent ). a monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism. a multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms. in certain cases a monovalent vaccine may be preferable for rapidly developing a strong


. in order to provide best protection, children are recommended to receive vaccinations as soon as their immune systems are sufficiently developed to respond to particular vaccines, with additional " booster " shots often required to achieve " full immunity ". this has led to the development of complex vaccination schedules. in the united states, the advisory committee on immunization practices, which recommends schedule additions for the centers for disease control and prevention, recommends routine vaccination of children against : hepatitis a, hepatitis b, polio, mumps, measles, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hib, chickenpox, rotavirus, influenza, meningococcal disease and pneumonia. the large number of vaccines and boosters recommended ( up to 24 injections by age two ) has led to problems with achieving full compliance. in order to combat declining compliance rates, various notification systems have been instituted and a number of combination injections are now marketed ( e. g., pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and mmrv vaccine ), which provide protection against multiple diseases. besides recommendations for infant vaccinations and boosters, many specific vaccines are recommended at other ages or for repeated injections throughout life — most commonly for measles, tetanus, influenza, and pneumonia. pregnant women are often screened for continued resistance to rubella. the human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended in the u. s. ( as of 2011 ) and uk ( as of 2009 ). vaccine recommendations for the elderly concentrate on pneumonia and influenza, which are more deadly to that group. in 2006, a vaccine was introduced against shingles, a disease caused by the chickenpox virus, which usually affects the elderly. sometime during the 1770s edward jenner heard a milkmaid boast that she would never have the often - fatal or disfiguring disease smallpox, because she had already had cowpox, which has a very mild effect in humans. in 1796, jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, inoculated an 8 - year - old boy with it, and six weeks later variolated the boy ' s arm with smallpox, afterwards observing that the boy did not catch smallpox. further experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of the procedure on an infant. since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in england, was banned in


that the boy did not catch smallpox. further experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of the procedure on an infant. since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in england, was banned in 1840. louis pasteur generalized jenner ' s idea by developing what he called a rabies vaccine, and in the nineteenth century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige, and compulsory vaccination laws were passed. the twentieth century saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella. major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s. maurice hilleman was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century. as vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted. however, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including malaria and hiv. | | the neutrality of this section is disputed. please see the discussion on the talk page. please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. ( october 2011 ) | | | this article is missing information about scientific rebuttal to the attacks. this concern has been noted on the talk page where whether or not to include such information may be discussed. ( october 2011 ) | opposition to vaccination, from a wide array of vaccine critics, has existed since the earliest vaccination campaigns. although the benefits of preventing suffering and death from serious infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare adverse effects following immunization, disputes have arisen over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccination. some vaccination critics say that vaccines are ineffective against disease or that vaccine safety studies are inadequate. some religious groups do not allow vaccination, and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty. in response, concern has been raised that spreading unfounded information about the medical risks of vaccines increases rates of life - threatening infections, not only in the children whose parents refused vaccinations, but also in other children, perhaps too young for vaccines, who could contract infections from unvaccinated carriers ( see herd immunity ). one challenge in vaccine development is economic : many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including hiv, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases, because there is little revenue potential. even in more


is economic : many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including hiv, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases, because there is little revenue potential. even in more affluent countries, financial returns are usually minimal and the financial and other risks are great. most vaccine development to date has relied on " push " funding by government, universities and non - profit organizations. many vaccines have been highly cost effective and beneficial for public health. the number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades. [ when? ] this increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines administered to children before entry into schools may be due to government mandates and support, rather than economic incentive. the filing of patents on vaccine development processes can also be viewed as an obstacle to the development of new vaccines. because of the weak protection offered through a patent on the final product, the protection of the innovation regarding vaccines is often made through the patent of processes used on the development of new vaccines as well as the protection of secrecy. vaccine production has several stages. first, the antigen itself is generated. viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken eggs ( e. g., for influenza ), or on continuous cell lines such as cultured human cells ( e. g., for hepatitis a ). bacteria are grown in bioreactors ( e. g., haemophilus influenzae type b ). alternatively, a recombinant protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, bacteria, or cell cultures. after the antigen is generated, it is isolated from the cells used to generate it. a virus may need to be inactivated, possibly with no further purification required. recombinant proteins need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography. finally, the vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, stabilizers, and preservatives as needed. the adjuvant enhances the immune response of the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials. combination vaccines are harder to develop and produce, because of potential incompatibilities and interactions among the antigens and other ingredients involved. vaccine production techniques are evolving. cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination. recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccine is expected to grow


evolving. cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination. recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccine is expected to grow in popularity for the production of bacterial vaccines that use toxoids. combination vaccines are expected to reduce the quantities of antigens they contain, and thereby decrease undesirable interactions, by using pathogen - associated molecular patterns. in 2010, india produced 60 percent of world ' s vaccine worth about $ 900 million. many vaccines need preservatives to prevent serious adverse effects such as staphylococcus infection that, in one 1928 incident, killed 12 of 21 children inoculated with a diphtheria vaccine that lacked a preservative. several preservatives are available, including thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, and formaldehyde. thiomersal is more effective against bacteria, has better shelf life, and improves vaccine stability, potency, and safety, but in the u. s., the european union, and a few other affluent countries, it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines, as a precautionary measure due to its mercury content. although controversial claims have been made that thiomersal contributes to autism, no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims. there are several new delivery systems in development [ when? ] that will hopefully make vaccines more efficient to deliver. possible methods include liposomes and iscom ( immune stimulating complex ). the latest developments [ when? ] in vaccine delivery technologies have resulted in oral vaccines. a polio vaccine was developed and tested by volunteer vaccinations with no formal training ; the results were positive in that the ease of the vaccines increased. with an oral vaccine, there is no risk of blood contamination. oral vaccines are likely to be solid which have proven to be more stable and less likely to freeze ; this stability reduces the need for a " cold chain " : the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration, which, in turn, may decrease costs of vaccines. a microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses " pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin ". a nanopatch is a needle free vaccine delivery system which is under development. a stamp - sized patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20, 000


uses " pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin ". a nanopatch is a needle free vaccine delivery system which is under development. a stamp - sized patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20, 000 microscopic projections per square inch. when worn on the skin, it will deliver vaccine directly to the skin, which has a higher concentration of immune cells than that in the muscles, where needles and syringes deliver. it thus increases the effectiveness of the vaccination using a lower amount of vaccine used in traditional syringe delivery system. the use of plasmids has been validated in preclinical studies as a protective vaccine strategy for cancer and infectious diseases. however, in human studies this approach has failed to provide clinically relevant benefit. the overall efficacy of plasmid dna immunization depends on increasing the plasmid ' s immunogenicity while also correcting for factors involved in the specific activation of immune effector cells. vaccinations of animals are used both to prevent their contracting diseases and to prevent transmission of disease to humans. both animals kept as pets and animals raised as livestock are routinely vaccinated. in some instances, wild populations may be vaccinated. this is sometimes accomplished with vaccine - laced food spread in a disease - prone area and has been used to attempt to control rabies in raccoons. where rabies occurs, rabies vaccination of dogs may be required by law. other canine vaccines include canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus - 2, leptospirosis, bordatella, canine parainfluenza virus, and lyme disease among others. vaccine development has several trends : principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor - made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. for example, the experimental vaccine cyt006 - angqb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure. factors that have impact on the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses. | modern vaccine and adjuvant production and characterization, genetic engineering & biotechnology news | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well


, genetic engineering & biotechnology news | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well as e - mail newsletters. we do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. for example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details ( name, e - mail address, mailing address, etc. ). we may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. such third parties may be provided with access to personally identifiable information needed to perform their functions, but may not use such information for any other purpose. in addition, we may disclose any information, including personally identifiable information, we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal proceeding or governmental request. we do not want you to receive unwanted e - mail from us. we try to make it easy to opt - out of any service you have asked to receive. if you sign - up to our e - mail newsletters we do not sell, exchange or give your e - mail address to a third party. e - mail addresses are collected via the wn. com web site. users have to physically opt - in to receive the wn. com newsletter and a verification e - mail is sent. wn. com is clearly and conspicuously named at the point ofcollection. if you no longer wish to receive our newsletter and promotional communications, you may opt - out of receiving them by following the instructions included in each newsletter or communication or by e - mailing us at michaelw ( at ) wn. com the security of your personal information is important to us. we follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during registration and once we receive it. no method of transmission over the internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100 percent secure, however. therefore, though we strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect your personal information, we cannot guarantee its absolute security. if we decide to change our e - mail practices, we will post those changes to this privacy statement, the homepage, and other places we think appropriate so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it, and under what circumstances, if any, we disclose it. if we make material


wars have given us the jeep, the computer and even the microwave. will the war in iraq give us the tiger? military scientists at edgewood chemical biological center at aberdeen proving ground hope so. the machine - its full name is the tactical garbage to energy refinery - combines a chute, an engine, chemical tanks and other components, giving it the appearance of a lunar rover. it ' s designed to turn food and waste into fuel. if it works, it could save scores of american and iraqi lives. among the biggest threats that soldiers face in the war in iraq are the roadside bombs that have killed or maimed thousands since the u. s. - led invasion in 2003. because some military bases lack a landfill, transporting garbage to dumps miles away in the desert has become a potentially fatal routine for u. s. troops and military contractors. the tiger would attempt to solve two problems at once : it would sharply reduce those trash hauls and provide the military with an alternative source of fuel. it is the latest in a long line of wartime innovations, from can openers to desert boots. the conflict in iraq has produced innovations such as " warlocks, " which jam electronic signals from cell phones, garage door openers and other electronic devices that insurgents use to detonate roadside bombs, according to inventors digest. " in wartime, you ' re not worried about making a profit necessarily. you ' re worried about getting the latest technology on the street, " said peter kindsvatter, a military historian at aberdeen proving ground, who added that money is spent more freely for research when a nation is at war. " basically, you find yourself in a technology race with your enemy. " the tiger, now being tested in baghdad, would not be the first device to turn garbage into energy - a large incinerator near baltimore ' s downtown stadiums does it. but it would be among the first to attempt to do it on a small scale. its creators say it could one day become widely used in civilian life, following the lead of other wartime innovations. during world war ii, contractors developed the jeep to meet the military ' s desire for a light, all - purpose vehicle that could transport supplies. the development of radar technology to spot nazi planes led to the microwave, according to historians. the world war ii era also gave birth to the first electronic digital computer, the electronic numerical integrator and computer, or eniac. funded by the defense department, the machine was built to compute ballistics tables that soldiers used to mechanically aim large


the world war ii era also gave birth to the first electronic digital computer, the electronic numerical integrator and computer, or eniac. funded by the defense department, the machine was built to compute ballistics tables that soldiers used to mechanically aim large guns. for years it was located at aberdeen proving ground. this decade, the pentagon determined that garbage on military bases poses a serious logistical problem. " when you ' re over in a combat area and people are shooting at you, you still have to deal with your trash, " said john spiller, project officer with the army ' s rapid equipping force, which is funding the tiger project. " how would you feel if somebody was shooting at you every other time you pushed it down the curb? " he and other army officials said they could not recall any specific attacks against troops or contractors heading to dumpsites. for years, large incinerators have burned trash to generate power. baltimore refuse energy systems co., the waste - to - energy plant near the stadiums, consumes up to 2, 250 tons of refuse a day while producing steam and electricity. the process is so expensive that it has only made sense to do it on a large scale, scientists say. the military has spent almost $ 3 million on two tiger prototypes, each weighing nearly 5 tons and small enough to fit into a 20 - to 40 - foot wide container. the project is being developed by scientists from the edgewood, va. - based defense life sciences llc and indiana ' s purdue university. the biggest challenge was getting the parts to work together, said donald kennedy, an edgewood spokesman. because the tiger is a hybrid consisting of a gasifier, bioreactor and generator, much of it is built with off - the - shelf items, including a grinder. another big challenge : expectations. " when we would initially talk to people about the tiger system, a large percentage would refuse to believe it could actually work, " kennedy wrote in an e - mail. " alternatively, a similar percentage would be so intrigued by the idea that they would demand to know when they could buy one for their neighborhood. " the tiger works like this : a shredder rips up waste and soaks it in water. a bioreactor metabolizes the sludge into ethanol. a pelletizer compresses undigested waste into pellets that are fed into a gasification unit, which produces composite gas. the ethanol, composite gas and a 10 - percent diesel drip are injected into


the sludge into ethanol. a pelletizer compresses undigested waste into pellets that are fed into a gasification unit, which produces composite gas. the ethanol, composite gas and a 10 - percent diesel drip are injected into a diesel generator to produce electricity, according to scientists. it takes about six hours for the tiger to power up. when it works, the device can power a 60 - kilowatt generator. the prototypes are being tested at camp victory in baghdad initial runs proved successful. the prototypes have been used to power an office trailer. at their peak, they could power two to three trailers. in recent weeks, the scientists suffered a setback : the above - 100 degree temperatures caused a chiller device to overheat and shut off occasionally. a new chiller from edgewood just arrived at the site, kennedy said. after the 90 - day testing phase that ends aug. 10, the army will decide whether to fund the project further. its developers envision the device being used to respond to crises such as hurricane katrina, when there is no lack of garbage but a great need for electricity. spiller, of the army ' s rapid equipping force, said he is optimistic. " the mere fact we wrote a check means we think it ' s got a high chance of success, " spiller said.