kate wiley ( 202 ) 633 - 3129 smithsonian ’ s lemelson center spotlights hollywood ’ s history of innovation “ places of invention ” exhibition to feature development of technicolor the academy awards would be much less colorful without the innovations in 1930s and ’ 40s hollywood filmmaking that the smithsonian ’ s lemelson center for the study of invention and innovation will showcase in its upcoming “ places of invention ” exhibition, set to open in 2015. initiative and creativity drove hollywood ’ s “ golden age ” — a time of great technological change in the motion picture industry, moving from silent and black - and - white to sound and color. “ places of invention ” will highlight the invention and adoption of technicolor, detailing the three - strip process used in the wizard of oz and gone with the wind and reveal the people behind its success, inventors herbert kalmus, daniel comstock and w. burton westcott, who set up shop in hollywood in 1923. also integral to its success was natalie kalmus, a consultant for technicolor on many classic films who, in making decisions about makeup, costumes and lighting, controlled the aura of technicolor. “ our take on the hollywood story goes behind the camera to examine the inventions that significantly changed both the way movies were made and the complexity and popularity of movies themselves, ” said art molella, director of the center. “ the hollywood and technicolor stories exemplify the outcomes possible when creativity and collaboration are allowed to thrive. ” the invention and evolution of technicolor made possible such awards as best visual effects while transforming hollywood into a hot spot of innovation — a place where a critical mass of inventive people, networks, institutions and funding come together and creativity flourishes. this year alone, six of the nine nominees for best picture implemented various technicolor technologies in their films. overall, 19 films nominated for oscars employed technicolor ’ s various offerings in their respective films. “ places of invention ” — made possible by a $ 2. 6 million grant from the national science foundation — will feature a selection of hot spots of invention and innovation. the planned 3, 500 - square - foot exhibition will focus on the mid - 19th century to the present and will feature hands - on experiences based on inventive skill - building and illustrating the ways that places and social collaboration shape the inventive process. for more on the exhibition, visit http : / / invention. smithsonian. org / places. the


for the first time since 1415, we are going to have a conclave or papal election with no pope to bury beforehand. but the procedures for the election are not affected by this ‘ novelty. ’ dan brown might seem an unlikely source for information on a papal election but the detailed description in angels and demons was apparently taken from a book by a jesuit scholar and is quite accurate. when the see of rome is declared vacant – normally when a pope dies – most of the senior prelates who were the pope ’ s ‘ ministers ’ resign. power is entrusted to a cardinal called the camerlengo, in this case cardinal tarcisio bertone, who under normal circumstances would bury the pope. the last papal election took 48 hours, but such speed wasn ’ t always the case. in the 13th century the papacy was vacant for a year - and - a - half and an election was forced by the people of rome who locked up the cardinals until a pope was elected. in another case, the people not only locked up the cardinals, they tore off the roof of the building and put the cardinals on a diet of bread and water. now, with benedict ’ s resignation the cardinals are essentially being given a ‘ month ’ s notice ’ and can plan their trip to rome and think about what they want in the new pope. in a sense, because of the pre - planning that can be brought to bear on this election, there is potentially a lot of time to consider who should be the next leader of the world ’ s 1 billion catholics. the cardinals will stay in a specially constructed 5 storey residence inside the vatican walls, santa marta. and will be conveyed by coach to the sistine chapel for morning and afternoon sessions there. the process of election must begin no more than 20 days after the see is vacant. only cardinals under the age of 80 can enter the conclave – the word means ‘ with a key ’ in latin, referring to the fact that the cardinals are locked into the election hall. there are 119 eligible to vote, 67 of whom were appointed by benedict and the rest by jpii. cardinals who are excommunicated can actually attend but not those who have resigned. a cardinal who resigned and joined napolean bonaparte attempted to enter the conclave in 1800 but was refused. on the morning of the conclave the cardinals con - celebrate mass in st peter ’ s basilica. in the afternoon they gather in the pauline chapel in the apostolic palace and solemnly process in full red and white regalia with red hats and enter the


. on the morning of the conclave the cardinals con - celebrate mass in st peter ’ s basilica. in the afternoon they gather in the pauline chapel in the apostolic palace and solemnly process in full red and white regalia with red hats and enter the sistine chapel, with the doors locked behind them. all telephones, cell phones, radios, televisions and internet connections are removed from use whether in the chapel or in the residence. they cannot leave except in the case of grave illness. also permitted in the conclave are two medical doctors, a nurse for very ill cardinals, and religious priests who can hear confessions in various languages. these have to swear absolute and perpetual secrecy. the cardinals swear an oath of secrecy not to discuss the elections outside the chapel and everyone else is ordered out in the latin words “ extra omnes, ” “ everybody out. ” the doors of the sistine chapel and the residence of the cardinals are closed. inside, a meditation is given concerning the grave duty of the cardinals and they are exhorted to “ only have god before your eyes. ” the rest of the time is spent for prayer and voting in silence, there are no campaign speeches. negotiations and arguments have to take place outside. in the chapel, which dates from the 15th century, and under the ceiling adorned with michelangelo ' s last judgement, the cardinals can cast their vote. there will be four ballots daily until a clear majority is found for one candidate. it is severely frowned upon to seek the office of pope and canvassing for it is severely prohibited, especially prior to a pope dying. it is an office bestowed upon a person rather than their contesting for it. however an outsider could be elected pope and in theory it could be a lay person willing to be ordained a priest and bishop but the weight of tradition suggests it will be one of the cardinals gathered in the sistine chapel. the last non cardinal was pope urban in 1378. however, discussions prior to a ballot among cardinals do occur privately but public campaigning would be counter productive. dinners are good vehicles for discussions. however, the best known cardinals tend to be the ones that work in the vatican and meet other bishops, and cardinals when they come on business to rome. the ballot is secret and pope john paul ii abolished two methods of election : by compromise or by common consent. since 1179, a new pope requires a two thirds majority. now, after 33 ballots, a simple majority is enough. if there is no progress in choosing a candidate, a day of prayer is set


election : by compromise or by common consent. since 1179, a new pope requires a two thirds majority. now, after 33 ballots, a simple majority is enough. if there is no progress in choosing a candidate, a day of prayer is set aside. however, not since 1831 has an election lasted more than four days. the ballot papers themselves are rectangular with “ i elect as supreme pontiff ” printed at the top and each cardinal prints or writes a name in a way that disguises his handwriting. one at a time they approach the altar with the folded ballot held up, he kneels and prays and then places the ballot in a silver and gilded bronze urn, much like a wok with a lid. cardinals called ‘ scrutineers ’ count the ballots. after the ballots are read aloud they are placed on a thread and placed in another urn. they are then burnt. since 1903, white smoke from the chimney of the sistine chapel has signalled the election of a pope ; black smoke signals another vote. when a pope is finally elected, the cardinal dean asks him, “ do you accept your canonical election as supreme pontiff? ” rarely does anyone say no. st philip benize was offered it in 1271 and fled and hid until another candidate was chosen. sacristy of tears after the ‘ yes ’, he is led into the ‘ sacristy of tears ’ or commonly called ‘ room of tears, ’ a small room off the sistine chapel. it is here that the enormity of what has just happened hits the new pope, though the tears may be of sorrow or joy. traditionally they were said to be tears of humility as a pope was following in the footsteps of st peter ; others would contend the tears were because essentially the pope becomes a ‘ prisoner ’ of the vatican and would be bowed down by the weight of the office. the new pope picks one of three sizes of papal garments – presumably small, medium or large – and return to the high altar to receive the homage of the cardinals. meanwhile, the ballots are burnt in a stove with a chemical which turns the smoke white, telling the world of the newly elected pontiff. a cardinal is then sent to the loggia of the benedictions on the facade of st peter ’ s where he says : “ annuntio vobis gaudium magnum. i announce to you a great joy! habemus papam. we have a pope! ” he then announces the name of the cardinal and the name he


| scientific name : | | phoebastria albatrus | | species authority : | | ( pallas, 1769 ) | | red list category & criteria : | | vulnerable d2 ver 3. 1 | | reviewer / s : | | butchart, s. & taylor, j. | | contributor / s : | | balogh, g., chan, s., hasegawa, h., peet, n., rivera, k. & suryan, r. | this species is listed as vulnerable because, although conservation efforts have resulted in a steady population increase, it still has a very small breeding range, limited to torishima and minami - kojima ( senkaku islands ), rendering it susceptible to stochastic events and human impacts. phoebastria albatrus breeds on torishima ( japan ), and minami - kojima ( senkaku islands ), that are claimed jointly by japan, mainland china and chinese taipei. historically there are believed to have been at least nine colonies south of japan and in the east china sea ( piatt et al. 2006 ). its marine range covers most of the northern pacific ocean, but it occurs in highest densities in areas of upwelling along shelf waters of the pacific rim, particularly along the coasts of japan, eastern russia, the aleutians and alaska ( piatt et al. 2006, suryan et al. 2007 ). during breeding ( december - may ) it is found in highest densities around japan. satellite tracking has indicated that during the post - breeding period, females spend more time offshore of japan and russia, while males and juveniles spend greater time around the aleutian islands, bering sea and off the coast of north america ( suryan et al. 2007 ). juveniles have been shown to travel twice the distances per day and spend more time within continental shelf habitat than adult birds ( suryan et al. 2008 ). the species declined dramatically during the 19th and 20th centuries owing to exploitation for feathers, and was believed extinct in 1949, but was rediscovered in 1951. the current population is estimated, via direct counts and modelling based on productivity data, to be 2, 364 individuals, with 1, 922 birds on torishima and 442 birds on minami - kojima ( g. r. balogh in litt. 2008 ). in 1954, 25 birds ( including at least six pairs ) were present on torishima. given that there are now


torishima and 442 birds on minami - kojima ( g. r. balogh in litt. 2008 ). in 1954, 25 birds ( including at least six pairs ) were present on torishima. given that there are now c. 426 breeding pairs on torishima ( g. r. balogh in litt. 2008 ), the species has undergone an enormous increase since its rediscovery and the onset of conservation efforts. in addition, in 2010, one nesting pair was observed on kure atoll ( hawaii, usa ), but was probably female - female and unsuccessful, and one chick was produced on midway atoll ( m. naughton pers. comm. 2011 ). a tsunami which hit midway atoll in march 2011, did not impact on the single pair nesting on eastern island ( u. s. fish & wildlife service 2008 ). native : canada ; china ; japan ; korea, republic of ; mexico ; russian federation ; taiwan, province of china ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands present - origin uncertain : northern mariana islands ; philippines | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | at the end of the 2006 - 2007 breeding season, the global population was estimated to be 2, 364 individuals, with 1, 922 birds on torishima and 442 birds on minami - kojima ( senkaku islands ). this estimate is based on : direct observation of breeding pairs on torishima ; an assumption on numbers of non - breeding birds ; an estimate for the minami - kojima population that is based upon a 2002 estimate and an assumption of population growth rate ( which, together, puts the minami - kojima population at about 15 % of the global population [ g. r. balogh in litt. 2008 ] ). more recently, brazil ( 2009 ) estimates the population in japan at c. 100 - 10, 000 breeding pairs and c. 50 - 1, 000 individuals on migration. the population is taken here as likely to number 2, 200 - 2, 500 individuals based on these estimates, roughly equating to 1, 500 - 1, 700 mature individuals. | | habitat and ecology : | | behaviour phoebastria albatrus is a colonial, annually breeding species, with each breeding cycle lasting about 8 months. birds begin to arrive at the main colony on torishima island in early october. a single egg is laid in late october to late


occur in the shallower waters along continental shelf break and slope regions, e. g., sablefish and pacific halibut longline fisheries off the coasts of alaska and british columbia. although, overlap between the distribution of birds and fishery effort does not mean that interactions between birds and boats necessarily occur, p. albatrus are known to have been killed in u. s. and russian longline fisheries for pacific cod and pacific halibut. in addition, birds on torishima have been observed with hooks in their mouths of the style used in japanese fisheries near the island ( acap 2009 ). | conservation actions underway it is legally protected in japan, canada and the usa. a draft recovery plan has been developed ( usfws 2005 ). mitigation measures have been established in the alaska demersal longline fishery and in the hawaii - based pelagic longline fishery ( noaa 2008 ). streamer lines ( both heavy weight lines for large boats and lightweight lines for smaller vessels ) have been designed to keep birds from longline hooks as they are set, and these are being distributed free to the alaskan longline fleet ( usfws 2005 ), though they are not deployed in near - shore waters. in 2006, the western and central pacific fisheries commission passed a measure which requires large tuna and swordfish longline vessels ( > 24m long ) to use a combination of two seabird bycatch mitigation measures when fishing north of 23 degrees north. torishima has been established as a national wildlife protection area. in 1981 - 1982, native plants were transplanted into the torishima nesting colony in order to stabilise the nesting habitat and the nest structures. this has enhanced breeding success, with over 60 % of eggs now resulting in fledged young. decoys have been used to attract birds to nest at another site on torishima since 1993 and the first pair started breeding at this new site in november 1995. the number of chicks fledged from this new colony has increased from one chick in 2004 ; four chicks in 2005 ; 13 chicks in 2006 ; 16 chicks in 2007. in october - november 2007, 35 eggs were laid at this new site ( sato 2009 ). in 2007, the japanese government approved a project to translocate chicks from torishima to mukojima, 300 km away. all ten chicks of the first translocations in march 2008 fledged ( jacobs 2009 ). if successful, this project will translocate at least ten chicks per year for five years. conservation actions proposed


ahh, the pincer grasp! it ' s an important evolutionary milestone that nobody knows about until they become parents. ( why should opposable thumbs get all the attention? ) the ability to pick up small objects using your thumb and pointer finger usually kicks in around 9 months - - and, the bonus for parents is that it allows infants to feed their own darn selves. so put down the spoon and serve up these great finger food ideas. don ' t expect your baby to chew " before age one, babies gum their food rather than chew it, " says jennifer shu, m. d., coauthor of the book food fights from the american academy of pediatrics. so serve up tiny bites - - about the size of a pea or your pinky fingernail - - in case your tot swallows it whole. common choking hazard to avoid : hot dogs and other sausages, hard or gummy candy, chewing gum, all nuts, whole grapes and cherry tomatoes, raisins and any dried - fruit pieces, popcorn, and seeds and gobs of peanut ( or other nut ) butter. but any food can pose a choking risk if not sized right. quarter grapes, slice blueberries, dice cooked carrots, break up crackers, and so on.


the first liberation day in the dp camps livik ' s opinion was clear : there was no reason to celebrate or to put on a festive face, since " joy has been silenced in the jewish heart, our words are still full of sorrow "... shmuel grinberg, in contrast, agreed that she ' arit hapleta would soon be marking liberation day... but warned against losing the historical perspective of what was happening. even though anti - semitism had not disappeared and jewish suffering had not ended, " we neither have nor want to weaken the great historic truth, the great struggle against the monster of human oppression, for our spiritual and moral liberation ". leo schwarz, who took part in the meeting, explained : " one of the main questions was, should the liberation be commemorated today as a day of mourning or a day of thanksgiving. there was little disagreement about the memory of the murdered martyrs... concerning celebrations of liberation day there were differences among groups within she ' arit hapleta, but the victors were those whose psychology had already been influenced by the positive dialectic of the future. most members of the central committee supported the declaration of " a memorial day combined with the liberation, which must express our grief and bitterness over the great tragedy of european jewry, and simultaneously be a day of thanksgiving, which will be celebrated as a national symbol and will emphasize that the jewish people still lives ". it was decided to observe the 14th of adar as liberation day ( 15th may in 1946 ), as a memorial and victory day. from : mankovitz, ze ' ev, ideology and politics among she ' arit hapleta in the american zone of occupation in germany 1945 - 1946, ph. d. thesis, hebrew university of jerusalem, 1987, pp. 279 - 280 ( hebrew ). source : yad vashem


deputies of the jewish people deputies of the jewish people, representatives of jewish communities in russia to the government during the reign of * alexander i ( 1801 – 25 ). after parts of * poland - lithuania had been annexed by russia, the large communities sent shtadlanim to the court at st. petersburg to represent them and defend their rights. most of the shtadlanim were merchants or contractors who visited the city on business. when a committee was set up to frame a " jewish constitution " in 1802 – 04 it was joined by several government - appointed jewish advisers ( n. n. * notkin, a. * peretz, and j. l. * nevakhovich ). the government also requested some important communities to send representatives to the committee. together they tried to influence the committee in favor of jewish rights. in 1807 the government appointed a " jewish committee " to implement the inimical " jewish constitution " of 1804 and proposed that the communities elect deputies to represent the jews before the provincial governors. the memoranda of these deputies were referred to the " jewish committee " in st. petersburg and were influential in obtaining a temporary halt to the expulsion of jews from the villages. it was also proposed to abolish the prohibition on the lease and sale of alcohol by jews. during the invasion by napoleon two " deputies of the jewish people, " zundel sonnenberg and eliezer dillon, accompanied alexander ' s military headquarters in 1812 – 13, and acted as liaison between the czar and the large jewish population in the combat area. they regularly presented memoranda and petitions concerning jewish affairs to the court and transmitted its instructions to the jewish communities. after the war an attempt was made to convert the committee of deputies into a permanent institution. the jewish communities were requested to send representatives to st. petersburg to maintain permanent contact with the ministries of religious affairs and popular education. on august 19, 1818, electors from the 12 districts ( gubernia ) of the * pale of settlement convened and elected three deputies, zundel sonnenberg, beinush lapkovski, and michael eisenstadt, and three deputy representatives. in order to raise funds to cover their expenses, which probably also included furnishing bribes, the assembly resolved that every jew was to donate the silver headpiece of his prayer shawl. the change in alexander ' s policy toward the jews at the end of his reign reduced the importance and status of the deputies. sonnenberg was dismissed because of " impudence toward the authorities


to donate the silver headpiece of his prayer shawl. the change in alexander ' s policy toward the jews at the end of his reign reduced the importance and status of the deputies. sonnenberg was dismissed because of " impudence toward the authorities. " in 1825 the jewish deputation was officially suspended " until the need arises for a new deputation, " and the institution was thereby abolished and not renewed. however, the government continued to make use of jewish representatives. in 1840 consultative committees, chosen from among " enlightened " jews, were created and attached to governors in kiev and five other towns. in 1844 the function of " learned jew " ( uchoni yevrei ) was created, meaning an expertand consultant in jewish religious affairs attached to the district governers and responsible for education and interior affairs. j. i. hessen ( gessen ), yevrei v rossii ( 1906 ), 421 – 32 ; idem, in : yevreyskaya starina, 2 ( 1909 ), 17 – 29, 196 – 206 ; s. pen, in : voskhod, nos. 1 – 3 ( 1905 ). [ yehuda slutsky / shmuel spector ( 2nd ed. ) ] source : encyclopaedia judaica. © 2008 the gale group. all rights reserved.


judaic treasures of the jerusalem was and remains the holiest of cities in the holy land, but jews also gave a measure of holiness to three other cities there : hebron, safed, and tiberias. the holiness of jerusalem arises in part from what remains there, but more from what took place there. so it is with its sister cities. hebron is where the patriarchs and matriarchs lived and are buried, and it was the first capital of king david. tiberias, on the shore of the sea of galilee, was chosen by the patriarch of the jews in the second century as his seat. the palestinian talmud was largely composed in its great rabbinical academy. in the environs of safed, high in the galilean hills, are the graves of the leading rabbis of late antiquity. its stature as a holy city was enhanced in the sixteenth century, when it was the greatest center of jewish mysticism and seat of jewish legal scholarship. to gain entree into the company of the three more ancient holy cities, it called itself beth - el, suggesting identity with the biblical site which jacob called " the gate of heaven. " a striking pastel - colored manuscript " holy site map " links these four holy cities together. drawn and painted in palestine in the second half of the nineteenth century, it depicts those venues which indicate their holiness. there is a suggestion of their geographic positioning, but the " map " is far more a statement of the place these cities hold in jewish veneration, than of the geographical site they occupy. to pious jewish families, such wall plaques were more meaningful depictions of the holy land than the most aesthetically beautiful and topographically exact representations. a small illustrated guide book to the burial places of biblical figures and saintly rabbis in the holy land, zikaron birushalayim, appeared in constantinople in 1743. it tells the pious pilgrim where graves may be found and what prayers are to be said. prefaced by a panegyric to the land, it cites a midrashic statement that, in time to come, when jerusalem shall be rebuilt, three walls - one of silver, one of gold, and the innermost of multicolored precious stones - will encompass the dazzling city. in hebron the pilgrim is not only directed to the holy grave sites, but also regaled with wondrous tales. one tells of a sexton of the community sent down to search for a ring which had fallen to the depths of the patriarchs


hebron the pilgrim is not only directed to the holy grave sites, but also regaled with wondrous tales. one tells of a sexton of the community sent down to search for a ring which had fallen to the depths of the patriarchs ' burial cave, finding at the floor of the cave three ancient men seated on chairs, engaged in study. he greets them ; they return his greetings, give him the ring, and instruct him not to disclose what he had learned. when he ascended and was asked what he had seen, he replied : " three elders sitting on chairs. as for the rest, i am not permitted to tell. " for actual pilgrims, the little volume provided factual information. for pilgrims in their own imagination, it offered edification through tales and quaint illustrations. the last page has a woodcut of jericho, a seven - walled city, below which a man surrounded by a multitude is sounding a shofar. the most striking woodcut is of an imposing building, representing the temple in jerusalem. in the concentric circles of holiness cited in the tanhuma, jerusalem is at the center of the holy land ; the temple at the center of jerusalem ; and the holy of holies at the center of the holy temple. the temple is prominently featured in illustrated books about the holy land. in a pisgah - sight of palestine, three chapters describe and three engravings portray the temple. early hebrew books are quite poor in illustrations, because relatively few deal with subjects that demand visual presentation. among these are books dealing with laws concerning the temple, and since its architecture and vessels are pertinent to the laws, they invite illustration. a case in point is sefer hanukat ha - bayit by moses ( hefez ) gentili ( 1663 - 1711 ), published in venice in 1696. a treatise on the building of the second temple, it abounds in engraved architectural illustrations, including a menorah, the seven - branched candlestick ; most notable is a large pull - out map of the temple, identifying fifty - eight components of the temple ' s structure. the engravings were added after the printing, as was the map, and a copy containing both is rare. moses gentili, born in trieste, lived in venice where he taught talmud and midrash, and perhaps philosophy and science as well. his best - known work, melekhet mahashevet, venice, 1710, a commentary on the pentateuch, contains a picture of


to make this sentence true i have to put <, >, or = in between ( ) the given fractions or decimals? 7 / 20 ( ) 2 / 5 0. 15 ( ) 1 / 8 please explain? given a rectangular prism with dimensions w = 3, l = 4, and h = 6. if you created a second rectangular prism with the length doubled but the height halved ( and the width stays the same ), which would be the relation of the second volume to the first volume? 740 mm hg how would you calculate the concentration of an aqueous solution of ca ( oh2 ) that has a ph of 12. 57. poetry, part 1 which one of the following lines best illustrates personification? a. a narrow wind complains all day. b. the fog comes on little cat feet. c. she floated graceful as a dove. d. spring is a dream unsung. wilma ' s arm is broken when paula knocks her down during an agrument. if wilma sues paula for battery, what damages is wilma likely to receive? well i saying both. i have describe two cultrals and their views on health. i shows african and caucaisians american. i know that african american an excessive impact on minority populations is chronic diseases. chronic diseases that are consider in african american are aids,... i need some help with what are some of the implications to health care providers in african american and caucasian? considering cultural views on the health as organic, health as harmony and disease as a curse or stigma i need some help with listing at two pros and cons for each of the given patient and caregiver roles as a - mechanics and machines - parents and children - spiritualists and believers - providers and consumers - partners this is so i can right my paper for further reading


acrylic a synthetic fabric often used as a wool substitute. it is warm, soft, holds colors well and often is stain and wrinkle resistant. angora rabbit hair a soft fiber knit from fur of the angora rabbit. angora wool is often combined with cashmere or another fiber to strengthen the delicate structure. dry cleaning is recommended for angora products. bedford a strong material that is a raised corded fabric ( similar to corduroy ). bedford fabric wears well and is usually washable. boot footwear which covers the entire foot and extends to the height of the anklebone or up to the thigh. bootie a shoe that resembles a boot in style but is not as high. brocade an all - over floral, raised pattern produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. cable knit patterns, typically used in sweaters, where flat knit columns otherwise known as cables are overlapped vertically. cashmere a soft, strong and silky, lightweight wool spun from the kashmir goat. cashmere is commonly used in sweaters, shawls, outerwear, gloves and scarves for its warmth and soft feel. chiffon a common evening wear fabric made from silk, cotton, rayon or nylon. it ' s delicate in nature and sheer. chintz a printed and glazed fabric made of cotton. chintz is known for its bright colors and bold patterns. circumference the measurement around the shaft of a boot taken at the widest part. corduroy cotton blend fibers twisted as they are woven to create long, parallel grooves, called wales, in the fabric. this is a very durable material and depending on the width of the wales, can be extremely soft. cotton a natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. it is an inelastic fiber. crepe used as a description of surfaces of fabrics. usually designates a fabric that is crimped or crinkled. crinoline a lightweight, plain weave, stiffened fabric with a low yarn count. used to create volume beneath evening or wedding dresses. crochet looping threads with a hooked needle that creates a wide, open lace. typically used on sweaters for warm seasons. cushioning padding on the sole of a shoe for added comfort and stabilization. denimcotton blend fabric created with a twill weave to create a sturdy fabric. used as the primary material of blue jeans. dobbywoven fabric where the weave of the fabric actually produces the garment ' s design. embroidery detailed needlework,


. jacquard a fabric of intricate variegated weave or pattern. typically shown on elegant and more expensive pieces. jersey a type of knit material known to be flexible, stretchy, soft and very warm. it is created using tight stitches. knit a knit fabric is made by interlocking loops of one or more yarns either by hand with knitting needles or by machine. linenan exquisite material created from the fibers of the flax plant. some linen contain slubs or small knots on the fabric. the material is a light fabric perfect for warm weather. liningthe leather, fabric or synthetic material used on the inside of a shoe. lame a metallic or plastic fiber woven into material to give the garment shine. lycra ®tmspandex fibers add stretch to fabric when the fibers are woven with other fiber blends. these materials are lightweight, comfortabletm and breathable, and the stretch will not wear away. madras originating from madras, india, this fabric is a lightweight, cotton material used for summer clothing. madras usually has a checked pattern but also comes in plaid or with stripes. typically made from 100 % cotton. marled typically found in sweaters, marled yarn occurs when two colored yards are twisted together. matte a matte finish has a lusterless surface. merino wool wool sheered from the merino sheep and spun into yarn that is fine but strong. modal a type of rayon that is made from natural fibers but goes through a chemical treatment to ensure it has a high threshold of breakage. modal is soft and breathable which is why it ' s used as a cotton replacement. non - iron a treated cotton that allows our easy care shirts to stay crisp throughout the day and does not need ironing after washing / drying. nylon a synthetic fiber that is versatile, fast drying and strong. it has a high resistance to damage. ombre a color technique that shades a color from light to dark. paisley a pattern that consists of crooked teardrop designs in a repetitive manner. patent leather leather made from cattle hide that has been varnished to give a hard and glossy finish. placket the piece of fabric or cloth that is used as a concealing flap to cover buttons, fasteners or attachments. most commonly seen in the front of button - down shirts. also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. piping binding a seam with decoration. piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams


most commonly seen in the front of button - down shirts. also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. piping binding a seam with decoration. piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams. pointelle an open - work knitting pattern used on garments to add texture. typically a cooler and general knit sweater. polyester a fabric made from synthetic fibers. polyester is quick drying, easy to wash and holds its shape well. ponte a knit fabric where the fibers are looped in an interlock. the material is very strong and firm. poplin a strong woven fabric, heavier in weight, with ribbing. pump classically a high, medium, or low heeled, totally enclosed shoe. variations include an open toe or ornament. rayon a manufactured fiber developed originally as an alternative for silk. rayon drapes well and looks luxurious. sateen a fabric woven with sheen that resembles satin. seersucker slack - tension weave where yarn is bunched together in certain areas and then pulled taught in others to create this summery mainstay. shaft height measurement of the shaft of the boot, which is from the top of the boot to the inside seam where the instep and the sole meet. shirring similar to ruching, shirring gathers material to create folds. silk one of the most luxurious fibers, silk is soft, warm and has shine. it is obtained from the cocoons of the silkworm ' s larvae. sole the outsole, or bottom part of a shoe. space dyed technique of yarn dyeing to produce a multi - color effect on the yarn itself. also known as dip dyed yarn. spandexelastomeric fiber, this material is able to expand 600 % and still snap back to its original shape and form. spandex fibers are woven with cotton and other fibers to make fabrics stretch. stacked heel a heel made of leather or leawood covering that gives the appearance of wood. synthetic materials man - made materials designed to look or function like leather. tipping similar to edging, tipping includes embellishing a garment at the edges of the piece, hems, collars etc. tissue linen a type of linen, which is specifically made for blouses or shirts due to its thinness and sheerness. tweed a loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed, which provides warmth and comfort. twill a fabric woven in a diagonal weave. commonly used for chinos and denim. variegated multi -


due to its thinness and sheerness. tweed a loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed, which provides warmth and comfort. twill a fabric woven in a diagonal weave. commonly used for chinos and denim. variegated multi - colored fabrics where colors are splotched or in patches. velour a stretchy knit fabric, typically made from cotton or polyester. it has a similar soft hand to velvet. velveta pile fabric in which the cut threads are very evenly distributed, with a short dense pile, giving it a distinct feel. velveteen a more modern adaptation of velvet, velveteen is made from cotton and has a little give. also known as imitation velvet. viscosea cellulosic man - made fibers, viscose is soft and supple but can wrinkle easily. wale only found in woven fabrics like corduroy, wale is the long grooves that give the garment its texture. wedge heel a heel that lies flat to the ground and extends from the shank to the back of the shoe. windowpane dark stripes run horizontal and vertical across a light background to mimic a window pane. woven a woven fabric is formed by interlacing threads, yarns, strands, or strips of some material.


bootie a shoe that resembles a boot in style but is not as high. brocade an all - over floral, raised pattern produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. circumference the measurement around the shaft of a boot taken at the widest part. cotton a natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. it is an inelastic fiber. cushioning padding on the sole of a shoe for added comfort and stabilization. dobbywoven fabric where the weave of the fabric actually produces the garment ' s design. embroidery detailed needlework, usually raised and created by yarn, thread or embroidery floss. faille a slightly ribbed, woven fabric of silk, cotton, or rayon. houndstooth a classic design containing two colors in jagged / slanted checks. similar to glen plaid. liningthe leather, fabric or synthetic material used on the inside of a shoe. lame a metallic or plastic fiber woven into material to give the garment shine. marled typically found in sweaters, marled yarn occurs when two colored yards are twisted together. matte a matte finish has a lusterless surface. merino wool wool sheered from the merino sheep and spun into yarn that is fine but strong. ombre a color technique that shades a color from light to dark. paisley a pattern that consists of crooked teardrop designs in a repetitive manner. poplin a strong woven fabric, heavier in weight, with ribbing. sateen a fabric woven with sheen that resembles satin. shirring similar to ruching, shirring gathers material to create folds. sole the outsole, or bottom part of a shoe. stacked heel a heel made of leather or leawood covering that gives the appearance of wood. synthetic materials man - made materials designed to look or function like leather. tweed a loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed, which provides warmth and comfort. twill a fabric woven in a diagonal weave. commonly used for chinos and denim. variegated multi - colored fabrics where colors are splotched or in patches. viscosea cellulosic man - made fibers, viscose is soft and supple but can wrinkle easily. wedge heel a heel that lies flat to the ground and extends from the shank to the back of the shoe. woven a woven fabric is formed by interlacing threads, yarns, strands, or strips of some material.


unnatural selection : choosing boys over girls, and the consequences of a world full of men by mara hvistendahl one of history ' s more curious encounters occurred in early march 1766 at a country estate in southern england, near dorking. the estate belonged to daniel malthus, a gentleman of independent means and wide intellectual interests. the philosophers david hume and jean - jacques rousseau were traveling in the neighborhood, seeking a house for rousseau, who had just recently arrived in england under hume ' s patronage after having been driven out of switzerland. daniel malthus was known to both philosophers, at least by correspondence, so they paid him a brief visit, in the course of which they saw his son thomas, then just three weeks old. so there, presumably in the same room, were hume, rousseau, and the infant thomas malthus. it was an odd grouping : the serene empiricist, the neurotic social optimist, and the future oracle of demographic doom. hume had actually dabbled in demography himself some years earlier. he had been one of the first to argue against the belief, common until his time, that the ancient world was more populous than the modern world. demography, along with its cousin discipline of economics, was " in the air " during the later eighteenth century, waiting for the grown - up malthus to cast his cold eye upon it in his momentous essay on the principle of population ( 1798 ). of these two cousin disciplines, it is a nice point for argument which better deserves to be called " the dismal science. " i would vote for demography. it must be hard to maintain a cheerful composure while scrutinizing the ceaseless, often inexplicable ebbs and flows of nativity and mortality. it is a strange thing, too — and a depressing one for anyone of an empirical temperament — that what ought to be the most exact of all the human sciences has such a sorry record of prediction. what, after all, could be more certain than that a nation with number n of five - year - olds today will have n fifteen - year - olds in a decade ' s time, give or take some small margin for attrition and migration? the human sciences don ' t come any more precise than that. yet large - scale predictions by demographers have been confounded again and again, from those of malthus himself to that of paul ehrlich, who told us in his 1968 bestseller the population bomb that " the battle


more precise than that. yet large - scale predictions by demographers have been confounded again and again, from those of malthus himself to that of paul ehrlich, who told us in his 1968 bestseller the population bomb that " the battle to feed humanity is over … billions will die in the 1980s. " ehrlich ' s book was very much of its time. the third quarter of the twentieth century was dogged by fears of a malthusian catastrophe. popular fiction echoed those fears in productions like john brunner ' s novel stand on zanzibar ( 1968 ) and richard fleischer ' s movie soylent green ( 1973 ). it was assumed, reasonably enough, that populous poor countries were most at risk, being closest to the limits of food supply. governments and international organizations therefore got to work promoting birth control in what we had just recently learned to call the third world, with programs that were often brutally coercive. birth rates soon fell ; though how much of the drop was directly due to the programs, and how much was an inevitable consequence of modernization, is disputed. the evidence is strong that women liberated from pre - modern subordination to their husbands, and given easy access to contraception, will limit their pregnancies with or without official encouragement. there was, though, a distressing side effect of the dropping birthrates. many countries have a strong traditional preference for male children. so long as women in those countries were resigned to a lifetime of child - bearing, the sheer number of offspring ensured that the sex ratio at birth ( srb ) would be close to its natural level of 105 males to 100 females. the post - natal ratio might be skewed somewhat by local traditions of female infanticide and by the loss of young men in war, but a rough balance was kept. china in the 1930s had around 108 males per 100 females. once the idea of limiting births settled in, however, people sought assurance that one of their babies be male. if a mother gives birth twice, there is a 24 percent chance neither baby will be male ; the chance of no males in three births is twelve percent ; the chance of no males in four births, six percent. female infanticide continued to be an option, but not an attractive one — nor, in most modern jurisdictions, a legal one. technology met the need by providing methods to determine the sex of a fetus. from the mid - 1970s to the early 1980s, amniocentesis was used for this purpose. then high


— nor, in most modern jurisdictions, a legal one. technology met the need by providing methods to determine the sex of a fetus. from the mid - 1970s to the early 1980s, amniocentesis was used for this purpose. then high - quality second trimester ultrasound became widely available and took over the business of fetal sex determination. it caught on very fast all over east and south asia, allowing women to abort female fetuses. the consequences showed up in last year ' s chinese census, whose results are just now being published. they show an srb of 118 males per 100 females. these unbalanced sex ratios and their social and demographic consequences form the subject matter of mara hvistendahl ' s book unnatural selection. an experienced journalist who has lived for many years in china, ms. hvistendahl covers the history, sociology, and science of sex - selective population control very comprehensively. she has organized each of her book ' s fifteen chapters around the experience of some significant individual : " the bachelor, " " the parent, " " the economist, " and so on. her book ' s scope is by no means restricted to china : " the student " of chapter 6 is an indian who commenced his medical training at a big hospital in delhi in 1978, when sex - selective abortion was just taking off in india. we get a side trip to albania, whose srb is treated as a state secret, but seems to be at least 110. we also learn that sex - selective abortion is common among couples of chinese, korean, and indian descent in the u. s. a. the subjects here are not just newly arrived immigrants, either. a research team from columbia university found that : if anything, mothers who were u. s. citizens were slightly more likely to have sons. sex selection, in other words, is not a tradition from the old country that easily dies out. south korea makes a particularly interesting study. that country ' s governments were more foresighted than most in spotting the problems that might arise from sex - selective abortion. they outlawed the procedure in 1987, and followed up with rigorous enforcement. south korea ' s srb is now at the natural level. there is more here than meets the eye, though, as ms. hvistendahl uncovers. as elsewhere, sex selection was mainly resorted to for second or subsequent births. the srb for first births is essentially normal worldwide. and first births is wellnigh all the births there are now


ms. hvistendahl uncovers. as elsewhere, sex selection was mainly resorted to for second or subsequent births. the srb for first births is essentially normal worldwide. and first births is wellnigh all the births there are now in south korea. our author tells us that : " in 2005 korea bottomed out with the lowest total fertility rate in the world, at an average of 1. 08 children per woman. " things have since recovered somewhat. the 2011 estimate for total fertility rate is 1. 23. that still makes for a fast - declining and aging population, though — surely not the ideal solution to the problem of sex ratio imbalances. what of the issue of angry young surplus males unable to find wives? ms. hvistendahl takes a less alarmist view than the one put forth by hudson and den boer in their 2004 book bare branches. that there is a causal relationship from excess males to political despotism, as those authors argued, is not well supported by historical evidence. as hvistendahl notes : " adolf hitler came to power at a time when germany had over two million more women than men as a result of the toll taken by world war i. " ( she might have added that the most authoritarian episode in recent indian history was the 1975 - 77 " emergency, " instigated by a female prime minister at a time of normal adult sex ratios. ) one feels intuitively that a surplus of sex - starved young men will generate trouble, but on the evidence so far, things may not go beyond domestic disorders of the containable kind. ms. hvistendahl seems to be of conventionally feminist - leftist opinions, but she has visible trouble keeping those opinions in order when writing about sex - ratio imbalances. she of course favors " reproductive rights, " yet cannot but deplore the fact that those rights, extended to third world peasant cultures, have led to a holocaust of female babies and the trafficking of young women from poorer places with low male - female ratios, to wealthier places with high ones. she works hard to develop a thesis about it all having been the fault of western imperialists terrified of the breeding potential of poorer, darker peoples, in cahoots with opportunistic third world dictators hungry for world bank cash, but she cannot quite square the ideological circle. as she points out, abortion was frowned on throughout asia until modern times. ( chinese people used to consider themselves one year old at birth : older chinese still


birch : it is heavy, similar to maple, the grain is fine and close and the texture is even. it is adaptable to fine finishes, easy to work with and can be stained and finished to resemble many expensive and imported woods. cherry : the heartwood of cherry varies from rich red to reddish brown and will darken with age and on exposure to light. in contrast, the sapwood is creamy white. the wood has a fine uniform, straight grain, satiny, smooth texture, and may naturally contain brown pith flecks. mahogany : comes in many different varieties. strong and tough and uniform in structure with close moderately open grain. possesses excellent physical and woodworking qualities. it ranges from a light pink to yellow, but on exposure to light and air, quickly turns to a reddish brown or sherry color. maple : hard or " sugar, " maple is elastic and very strong. it is one of the hardest of the common woods. the grain is straight with occasional wavy, curly, bird ' s eye patterns that are much prized in veneers. the natural color is white to amber. maple is sometimes finished to simulate cherry wood. metal : core construction is with metals. oak or ash : oak is very tough, strong, and hard and can live up to the every day abuse furniture takes and it has a pronounced grain. white ash is a ring - porous, hardwood of great strength. it is used for furniture frames and hidden parts. brown ash has strong grain character and is used for veneers. painted : can be solid wood or a wood like product that is painted. pine : soft wood that is white or pale yellow. knotty pine is used extensively for paneling and plywood, cabinets and doors. dries easily and does not shrink or swell much with changes in humidity. one of the least expensive woods for furniture production. walnut : because of its rich brown color, hardness and grain walnut is a prized furniture and carving wood. walnut burls are commonly used to created turned pieces along with veneers or thin walnut slices. other : woods not classified above


joint use is a way to increase opportunities for children and adults to be more physically active. it refers to two or more entities — usually a school and a city or private organization — sharing indoor and outdoor spaces like gymnasiums, athletic fields and playgrounds. the concept is simple : share resources to keep costs down and communities healthy. examples of joint use agreements : a principal unlocks the school gate after hours so neighbors can shoot hoops or play ball on evenings and weekends. a school and swim team share a pool. a school opens its soccer field to a local league for weekend games. a ymca opens its gym to the local pe teacher so students have a place to exercise. why is joint use needed? the research is clear : the more active children are, the healthier they will be now and when they grow up. yet certain places make physical activity harder instead of easier. place matters since experts now know that where we live, work and play — the physical environment itself — determines, to a large degree, whether we will be healthy. too often, kids find the gate to their school ’ s blacktop or basketball court locked after school hours, locking them out of opportunities to be active. closing off recreational facilities after school leaves many children and families struggling to incorporate physical activity into their daily routines. they may live in an area without a nearby park or be unable to afford exercise equipment or a gym membership. joint use agreements can fix these problems. joint use makes physical activity easier by providing kids and adults alike with safe, conveniently located and inviting places to exercise and play. besides making sense from a health perspective, joint use agreements make sense financially because they build upon assets a community already has. sharing existing space is cheaper and more efficient than duplicating the same facilities in other parts of the community. where is joint use happening? joint use is happening in cities throughout california and across the nation. in fact, the concept of joint use is not new. schools have shared their land and facilities for community use for over 200 years. most states, including california, have policies to encourage or require schools to make facilities open to the public. in california, a 2008 survey conducted by the center for cities and schools revealed that close to 60 percent of responding school districts already have some type of joint use partnership, but thousands still do not. how does it work? joint use agreements facilitate a partnership between two or more entities, often school districts and local government agencies ( e. g. parks and recreation or nonprofit organizations, to open up spaces such


use partnership, but thousands still do not. how does it work? joint use agreements facilitate a partnership between two or more entities, often school districts and local government agencies ( e. g. parks and recreation or nonprofit organizations, to open up spaces such as playgrounds, athletic fields, pools, and gymnasiums to the community outside of school hours or to open up community facilities to schools at a reduced cost or for free. joint use partnerships can be formal ( based on a legal document ) or informal ( based on a handshake ), but formal agreements offer increased protections for both the facility and the community group using the facility. since school staffing can change over time, personal relationships are not the most secure way to guarantee access to facilities into the future. a formal agreement can also help prevent problems related to maintenance, operations, liability, ownership or cost from arising. maintenance – how can we keep the space in good condition? joint use agreements can detail each partner ’ s goals to help ensure that school properties are respected and maintained. when school resources are being shared, it ’ s important to have joint use agreements that specify who needs to make repairs and who will address wear and tear to the property. some school officials have noticed a decrease in vandalism since implementing a joint use agreement. they have noted that when the community shares school resources, they take pride and ownership in the space, which can help deter vandalism. operations — who will unlock the gate? who will run the programs? these questions can be answered with joint use agreements so that partners know what they are responsible for. liability – what if someone gets hurt? experts say most schools ’ existing liability insurance is sufficient to cover any liability issues associated with joint use. joint use agreements can identify liability concerns and make sure they are accounted for. ownership – how does joint use affect how decisions are made about the property? joint use agreements should outline a process for resolving any conflicts that may surface. they should also highlight how the partnership will benefit each party. cost – how expensive will the partnership be? joint use agreements can be used to define how much each partner contributes. partnerships do not need to cost a lot to be successful. agreements can help partners anticipates what costs might be.


source : steven maxwell, 785 - 532 - 5740, firstname. lastname @ example. org. note to editor : this is the first in a series of news releases about the color purple in honor of kansas state university ' s founding on feb. 16, 1863. news release prepared by : greg tammen, 785 - 532 - 2535, email @ example. com monday, feb. 7, 2011 the power of purple : rock music ' s roots run deep with purple, professor says manhattan - - ask steven maxwell what the color purple means and his answer is simple : turn the volume to 11 and open your mind, because purple is rock and roll in its prime. " artistically purple is a descriptive word, and i think that ' s why it ' s been adopted by some successful acts in the music world, " said maxwell, assistant professor of music at kansas state university. in 2008 maxwell created a class about the history of rock and roll, where he teaches about the genre ' s evolution and its relationship to history. " the really cool thing about rock and roll is that it ties into the american culture and really reflects what ' s going on in the country, " maxwell said. " it serves as the voice of the common person and has been associated with some important historical moments in the u. s. it was a part of that voice in the civil rights movement in the ' 60s and used in protest of the vietnam war in the ' 70s. " rock music ' s history runs purple, with the color being adopted by some of the most influential musicians. " think of the deeper concept of what a song like ' purple haze ' means, especially when it first came out, " maxwell said. " the late ' 60s was all about looking at things differently. jimi hendrix perfectly captured that psychedelic era in the country, that time of opening the doors of perception in one ' s mind and really looking at something on a deeper level. " he said the " purple " hendrix is referring to is that new, unknown, almost analogous way of thinking. " metaphorically, purple was a blend between the standardized ' primary colors ' introduced by mainstream society in the 1950s and mid - 1960s, " maxwell said. other artists, such as deep purple and prince, adopted the color because of its ambiguity in the musical soundscape and pop culture. deep purple was one of the pioneers of hard rock and heavy metal, maxwell said. the group was the first rock band to record with a full concerto orchestra, as well


adopted the color because of its ambiguity in the musical soundscape and pop culture. deep purple was one of the pioneers of hard rock and heavy metal, maxwell said. the group was the first rock band to record with a full concerto orchestra, as well as the first to turn the volume to 11, a feat earning them the title of the world ' s loudest band by the guinness book of world records in 1972. and then there ' s the song " smoke on the water. " " when that song came out it was such a fresh thing, " maxwell said. " no longer was the focus just on the lyrics. that guitar riff made the music as important as the words. today most people don ' t remember the lyrics but they know that guitar lick. " in 1984 prince released " purple rain, " an album that took the newly introduced music video to the next level as a full - length film. the album also introduced prince ' s backing band. the revolution, an apt title due to the soundtrack ' s revolutionary nature, maxwell said. the album has since been seen as an avant - garde piece of work and has been named one of the greatest albums of all time by outlets like time magazine, rolling stone, vh1 and others. " purple ' s taking the softness of blue, the loudness of red, and meeting in the middle to make things a little ambiguous. it ' s a blend of those two primary colors and is therefore a different way of looking at things, " he said.


from the caribbean. internal unrest in sierra leone caused the british to raise a local infantry regiment in the colony in 1896 titled the west african the war was an imperial unit ; that meant that its cost was born by the british war office and not by colonial revenues raised in sierra leone. the regiment ’ s primary role was to defend the colony ’ s capital freetown, but it was also available for operations anywhere in the world. the regiment raised twelve companies of infantrymen from tribes in the sierra leone interior. the unit strength was : 60 british seconded officers, 25 british seconded non commissioned officers ( ncos ) and 1, 500 african rank and file. the regimental march was rule britannia. in the early days the regiment was dressed in a blue single - breasted tunic with five gilt buttons and standing collar, knee - length baggy blue breeches, a low red fez for headdress and a brown belt with two pouches. boots and gaiters were not issued or used. the soldiers were armed with the. 303 - inch lee metford magazine rifle. by 1914 the soldiers were wearing a khaki flannel smock and calf - length breeches, but the men still fought in bare feet. the rifle in use was the short magazine lee enfield, and two machine guns had been issued to the regiment. in kamerun the red fez was replaced by a green kilmarnock hat and the belt and pouches were replaced with m08 web equipment. in pre - war days the war had deployed five companies into the interior of sierra leone, and had stationed the regimental headquarters and seven companies at wilberforce, outside freetown. the west african regiment should not be confused with the sierra leone battalion of the west african frontier force, which was a colonially - funded, directed and administered unit. the approach up the wuri river up - river started on 7th october and was enlivened by canoe - loads of villagers trying to cling on to the vessels to get a free ride. some of the canoe men climbed aboard the royal navy craft to search for removable objects, and they had to be ejected. as the long snake of vessels, led by the flagship mole, passed bosida the ‘ king ’ ( head chief ) of the region came aboard for a visit. he had been hiding in the bush for three days as the withdrawing germans were hanging anyone in authority who was thought to favour the allies. left : the wuri river at yabasi as nsake


) of the region came aboard for a visit. he had been hiding in the bush for three days as the withdrawing germans were hanging anyone in authority who was thought to favour the allies. left : the wuri river at yabasi as nsake fort was reached, 10 miles ( 16 kilometres ) south of yabasi, the flotilla came under enemy rifle fire. machine gun and 3 - pounder fire sprayed and bombarded the fort in reply. a company of war disembarked and seized the fort which was found to be empty. local villagers advised that the enemy had quickly withdrawn up - river to yabasi. deployment into action at yabasi defenders of yabasi were the 1st ( depot ) company of the schutztruppe supported by local policemen and local europeans. knowing that the british flotilla was on its way towards them they had planned a sound defence, and they wanted to fight. into the flotilla ’ s sight at 0800 hours on 7th october, and shortly afterwards the effects of the hot tropical sun began to be felt by the entire british column. the mole and the dreadnought bombarded yabasi town whilst the troops disembarked on the west side of the river. the east side was thought to be too swampy and no british troops landed there. this was a big mistake. ordered lieutenant colonel vaughan to advance with a main body of 4 companies and the machine gun section war, the gold coast pioneers and the gold coast mountain artillery. the remaining sub - units and the naval 12 - pounder gun were held in reserve. at this time the flotilla noticed enemy movement on the east bank. a message was despatched to colonel gorges but it either did not arrive or was ignored. lieutenant colonel vaughan was now ordered to seize a mound south of the town whilst captain e. s. brand ( royal fusiliers and war ) led a left - flanking attack ( see sketch map ). the mound was evacuated by the enemy and the british occupied it. machine gunners on both sides of the river opened fire on the flotilla and on the british troops on the mound. enemy rounds hit the gun mountings on the vessels, forcing commander freeman - mitford to withdraw his flotilla down - river out of range. this denied colonel gorges the naval gun fire support that he had been counting on. the tug balbus had disobeyed orders and pushed her way too far upstream, and as she withdrew she ran aground on an island and had to be abandoned. the navy was now pre - occupied with empty


that he had been counting on. the tug balbus had disobeyed orders and pushed her way too far upstream, and as she withdrew she ran aground on an island and had to be abandoned. the navy was now pre - occupied with emptying balbus of her guns and other loose items. things were going disaster on the british left flank ordered the naval 12 - pounder to be dragged onto the mound by the naval gun detachment and some accompanying royal marines. he then went to inspect his left flank attack, as it appeared to be the troops on the left flank were in disarray. they had advanced through a swamp to a river which could only be crossed by one bridge. german machine gunners had a clear field of fire from yabasi and were knocking down anyone approaching the bridge. captain brand was dead along with staff sergeant ( armourer ) frederick c. wade ( royal army ordnance corps and war ) and colour sergeant hector mcguirk ( king ’ s own yorkshire light infantry and war ). lieutenant r. d. bennett ( middlesex regiment ), the war machine gun officer, was severely wounded. twelve african soldiers had also been killed and 19 others wounded ; many of these casualties were war machine gunners. on the river five british sailors had been left : captain ernest stanley brand on the left flank were now either thrashing around in tall elephant grass or were unwilling to face the german machine guns. tactical unity had been lost. a company of the 1st nigeria regiment was ordered to mount another flanking attack with the intention of going further to the west and getting onto ground beyond the bridge. but direction was lost in the thick, swampy bush and the nigerians emerged behind the war instead of in front and to the left. colonel gorges now turned to what he perceived to be his trump card, the naval detachment on the mound ; here he found the men prostrated with exhaustion. having no real idea of the physical demands made by bush warfare, the naval detachment had thought that it could haul the 12 - pounder gun and ammunition without the assistance of local porters. to compound this situation the detachment had been ordered into action wearing heavy marching order. the result was that although the 12 - pounder was on the mound, the gunners were too exhausted to man it efficiently and the marines were too exhausted to fight forward. as dusk was now approaching a british retirement was ordered. the men re - embarked and the flotilla, less balbus, sailed back down - river to nsake for the night. it then returned to douala. the


exhausted to fight forward. as dusk was now approaching a british retirement was ordered. the men re - embarked and the flotilla, less balbus, sailed back down - river to nsake for the night. it then returned to douala. the second british attack on yabasi ordered an immediate second assault on yabasi. the war was rested and colonel gorges was given another column the nigerian mountain artillery battery ( less one section ) waff. from the gold coast mountain artillery battalion the nigeria regiment under lieutenant colonel j. b. cockburn ( royal welch fusiliers and nigeria a composite battalion consisting of 2 companies of the sierra leone battalion waff and 2 companies of the gold coast regiment waff, under lieutenant colonel r. a. de b. rose ( worcester regiment and gold coast regiment, waff ). from the pioneer company of the gold medical detachments and 450 porters. flotilla, again under commander mitford, was similar to the previous one but this time 100 porters accompanied the 12 - pounder gun. october the composite battalion was landed on both banks of the river at nsake and advanced. officers ’ patrols located the enemy near yabasi also on both banks of the river, as before. the following morning 1st nigeria regiment ( less one company ), one section of gold coast pioneers, the nigerian mountain gunners and the naval 12 - pounder detachment were landed on the west side of the river south of yabasi. lieutenant colonel cockburn was tasked with getting behind and to the north of yabasi by making a wide left flanking approach. the remainder of the column was held afloat by colonel gorges so that he could reinforce either bank of the by 1300 hours the british troops on both banks were in contact with the enemy who was fighting a withdrawing action. the flotilla provided fire support and by 1500 hours yabasi was encircled. one hour later the british held all the enemy trenches. ten enemy prisoners were taken by 1st nigeria regiment. the british had lost 2 men wounded and one british nco who died from the effects of the sun. on the 15th october british patrols ascertained that the germans were retreating towards nyamtam, and there was some inconclusive skirmishing. the flotilla successfully salved the balbus, although it had to be sent to nigeria for a refit. the 1st bn the nigeria regiment was left to garrison the yabasi area and the remainder of the column returned to douala. the british dead from the first attack were buried in douala cemetery. at yabasi


information contained on this page is provided by an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. if you have any questions or comments about this page please contact email @ example. com. source ford motor company dearborn, mich., march 22, 2013 / prnewswire / - - ford reduced the average amount of water used to make each vehicle by 8. 5 percent between 2011 and 2012 – putting the company more than halfway toward its current goal of using an average of just 4 cubic meters per vehicle globally by 2015. since 2000, ford has reduced the amount of water it uses in everything from cooling towers to parts washing and paint operations by 10. 6 billion gallons, or 62 percent. that ' s equal to the amount of water used by nearly 99, 000 u. s. residences annually, or enough to fill 16, 000 olympic - size pools. ford ' s reduced consumption rates mean even more to regions around the world struggling with water - related issues like drought and extensive population growth. ford ' s water reduction success is a result of the company ' s commitment to reduce the amount of water it uses by aggressively monitoring and managing just about every drop of water going into and out of its facilities and properties, says andy hobbs, director, environmental quality office. since 2000, ford decreased the total amount of water used around the world annually from 64 million cubic meters to 24 million cubic meters. " that ' s about 10. 6 billion gallons of water that was conserved and went to use somewhere else, " says hobbs. ford voluntarily launched its global water management initiative in 2000, putting in place ways to manage water conservation, quality and reuse of storm and process water. ford ' s water strategy complements the company ' s overall code of human rights, basic working conditions and corporate responsibilities. " ford recognizes the critical importance of water, and is committed to conserving water and using it responsibly, " says robert brown, vice president, sustainability, environment and safety engineering. " many vehicle manufacturing processes require water and the resource is used at every point in our supply chain. " ford aims to use an average of 1, 056 gallons of water to make each vehicle globally – consistent with its overall goal of a 30 percent reduction in the amount of water used per vehicle between 2009 and 2015. that is slightly more than the 1, 000 gallons fire engine tankers in the u. s. are required to contain in their tanks. one cubic meter of water


a 30 percent reduction in the amount of water used per vehicle between 2009 and 2015. that is slightly more than the 1, 000 gallons fire engine tankers in the u. s. are required to contain in their tanks. one cubic meter of water is equal to 264 gallons. continuing the progress ford had a positive impact on the world ' s water supply in many ways during 2012. the ford fund, for example, supported 19 different water - related projects in china, indonesia, thailand, philippines, india, germany and south africa. one project in arid southwest china, for instance, involved 60 ford employees from nanjing, who helped eight families build water cellars designed to capture water during the rainy season to store and use during drier times of the year. at the same time, ford ' s biggest water - related projects were within its own facilities and included : these accomplishments reflect ford ' s overall approach to water use, which emphasizes several goals : more information about ford ' s water use - related efforts can be found in the company ' s annual sustainability report that is released annually every june. the most recent version can be found here. about ford motor company ford motor company ( nyse : f ), a global automotive industry leader based in dearborn, mich., manufactures or distributes automobiles across six continents. with about 171, 000 employees and 65 plants worldwide, the company ' s automotive brands include ford and lincoln. the company provides financial services through ford motor credit company. for more information regarding ford and its products worldwide, please visit http : / / corporate. ford. com. ©2012 pr newswire. all rights reserved.


in addition, health issues, such as pain, asthma, restless legs syndrome, and back problems, also can contribute to lack of sleep. so can some medications, such as decongestants, steroids and some medicines for high blood pressure, asthma or depression. secrets of good sleep you can take steps to shift your body and mind into more beneficial sleep habits : - keep your bedroom dark, quiet, comfortable and cool. “ making your bedroom a sanctuary conducive for sleep can make a significant difference in the quality of sleep you get, ” says dr. wolfson. - go to sleep and wake up at the same time, even on weekends. doing so helps keep your internal “ circadian clock ” in balance, which signals your body to sleep and wake in a regular pattern. - establish a regular, relaxing bedtime routine that might include reading a book, listening to soothing music or doing something else you find relaxing. “ a relaxing, routine activity right before bedtime helps separate your sleep time from activities that can make it more difficult to fall asleep or remain asleep, ” says dr. wolfson. “ parents know that a bedtime routine can help children get a good night ’ s sleep. doing the same for themselves can have the same results. ” - make sure your mattress is comfortable and supportive. good - quality mattresses generally last about 10 years. have comfortable pillows and make the room attractive and inviting. - avoid caffeine close to bedtime. caffeine products, such as coffee, tea and colas, remain in the body, on average, from three to five hours, but they can affect some people up to 12 hours later. - avoid alcohol close to bedtime. many people think of alcohol as a sedative, but it actually disrupts sleep, causing nighttime awakenings. - quit smoking. nicotine is a stimulant that can make it more difficult for smokers to fall asleep, stay asleep and wake in the morning. smokers should never smoke in bed or when they ’ re sleepy. - finish eating at least two or three hours before your regular bedtime. be aware that large, high - fat or spicy meals may cause heartburn, which leads to difficulty falling asleep and discomfort during the night. - exercise regularly but complete your workout at least a few hours before bedtime. exercising regularly makes it easier to fall asleep and contributes to sounder sleep. however, working out right before going to bed will make falling asleep more difficult. - find ways to manage


most active stories sun september 25, 2011 launch logistics : speedy rocket, slow electronics weird things jump out at me in press releases. take the press kit nasa prepared for the grail mission. grail consists of two nearly identical spacecraft that are on their way to the moon. once there, they will make a precise map of the moon ' s gravitational field. such a map will help scientists refine their theories about how the moon formed and what the interior is made of. so i ' m reading through the grail press kit, learning about the size of the spacecraft ( washing machine - sized ), how long it will take to make the map ( approximately three months ), and where the mission control room is ( at a lockheed martin facility just outside of denver ). i also learn that grail can launch any day between sept. 9 and oct. 19. and then i get to this sentence : " on each day, there are two separate, instantaneous launch opportunities separated in time by approximately 39 minutes. " that ' s weird. now, i wasn ' t surprised that this mission had an extremely precise launch opportunity — " instantaneous " means the launch window is essentially a second long. i know you have to wait until the moon ' s orbit around the earth, and earth ' s orbit around the sun, and the earth ' s rotation around its axis are all in exactly the right position before you can launch your rocket. but what ' s up with two instantaneous launch opportunities. why 39 minutes apart? i called the nasa press office. they were stumped and promised they ' d find someone who could give me the answer. in the meantime, i called several universities with large aerospace programs, and asked if anyone there had the answer. nope. nada. nothing. so now this is beginning to bug me. i ' m also beginning to worry. if an aerospace engineer can ' t figure this out, how am i ever going to understand it? while i ' m pondering this, grail deputy project manager tom hoffman called. i asked him about the two instantaneous launch opportunities. " it ' s a pretty simple answer not driven by the mission at all, " hoffman told me. " it ' s driven by the launch vehicle. " the launch vehicle? not orbital mechanics or a complex trajectory? the problem, hoffman said, is some slow electronics. there is actually a launch window of 40 minutes or so each day. modern computers in modern rockets can calculate the precise direction the rocket needs to launch on a second


the aviation sector is renowned as a carbon intensive business, but an increasing number of airports are looking to change that by integrating the latest green - tech into their daily operations. air travel and transport accounts for two percent of all human generated greenhouse gas emissions, according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) - - with airports contributing five percent to the overall aviation figure. by adapting clean energy policies and technologies, eco - conscious airport operators hope to make a dent in these numbers and boost the industry ' s environmental street - cred. " we are making our airports greener, while balancing the tremendous economic impacts they deliver for our region, " says amy malick, deputy commissioner of sustainability for the chicago department of aviation ( cda ), which will host the fifth annual airports going green conference this november. the conference provides a platform for over 400 airport executives and green thinkers from around the world to present programs, strategies, and lessons - learned regarding airport sustainability. " ( we are ) committed to implementing sustainable initiatives at our airports that enhance the quality of life for citizens, " she adds. malick highlights how the cda has installed over 230, 000 square feet of vegetated roof space at chicago o ' hare and midway international airport, ensured all chicago airport trucks are fueled with ultra - low sulfur diesel gas and insisted recycled materials are utilized in all airports when possible. as a result, the cda has saved 76, 000 tons of co2 from being pumped out by chicago ' s airports alone, she claims. across the u. s. like - minded schemes are taking off with increasing regularity. airports such as boston logan and denver international now generate a small percentage of their energy requirements from renewable energy sources ( such as on site wind and solar ). in europe meanwhile 64 airports have joined the airport carbon accreditation program, which recognizes innovative eco - airport efforts. a further five sites have signed up to the scheme in asia.


hands on activitythe english designer william morris was influenced by indian patterns when he designed this block printed cotton fabric in 1883. other british designers used indian patterns, such as ' paisley '. using factories, british cloth makers were able to make cheaper fabrics and sell it in india in victorian times. indian weavers spun, wove and decorated their cloth in their own homes and this made it more expensive, so many of them went out of business. have a look at the images below. they show some designs, cloth printing and the blocks used to print cloths. you would need to print with your block thousands of time to decorate a large piece of cloth by hand. you can make a printing block using a potato - it ' s much easier to carve than wood! you will need : a big potato paper for your pattern a small knife with a pointed end or a scalpel fabric paints or dyes - use indigo, turmeric or henna if you want to make authentic indian colours paper plates for mixing colours 1. cut your potato in half and leave it to dry for a few hours. if you want, you can slice off the edges to make a square, which will be easier to line up when you print. you can also use a polystyrene ceiling tile, with the pattern drawn into it. you can buy real wood printing blocks in some indian shops if you want to print from wood. 2. design your printing block pattern on thin white paper, filling in the areas to be cut out. remember to make the pattern no larger than the potato. cut the paper 1 centimetre bigger than the design. 3. tape your paper design onto the dry potato. 4. get an adult to help with this part. using the sharp knife or scalpel, cut out your design. 5. mix your dyes or fabric paints on the paper plate. if you are using an indian dye such as turmeric make it into quite a thick paste. 6. paint the dye onto your potato block, or press the block into the dye on the plate. 7. practice printing the block on some scrap paper before you try it on the fabric. 8. print the pattern onto the fabric. it looks best when you print repeated patterns, or try different colours next to each other. keep the patterns in line using a long ruler. 9. leave the fabric to dry. need some inspiration? have a look at the some victorian paisley patterns. you can have a go at a block printing activity in this museum open learning


protecting your home against winter ' s ' silent killer ' ( bpt ) - it ’ s colorless, odorless and the no. 1 cause of accidental poisoning in the united states. and, it worsens in the winter. known as the “ silent killer, ” carbon monoxide ( co ) is responsible for an average of 450 deaths and 20, 000 emergency room visits each year, according to the journal of the american medical association. with more than two - fifths of all co poisonings occurring between december and february, homeowners are at increased risk once temperatures begin to drop. “ during the winter months, many families turn to heating sources they might not use at other times of the year, ” says deborah hanson, director of external affairs for first alert, the most trusted name in home safety. “ while these heating sources may be effective at providing warmth, they also can pose great risks if not used properly. to help protect loved ones from the dangers of co poisoning, it is important for homeowners to take proper precautions when dealing with any kind of fuel - burning heat source. ” first alert recommends the following tips and tools for keeping your home and loved ones warm – and safe – this winter and all year long : protect against co poisoning run kitchen vents or exhaust fans any time the stove is in use. the kitchen stove is among the most frequent sources of co poisoning in the home. to help eliminate danger of overexposure, never use the oven to heat a home. always run exhaust fans when cooking, especially during the holidays when stoves are left on for longer periods of time. also, open a nearby window periodically when cooking to allow fresh air to circulate. never use generators indoors. in the case of a power outage, portable electricity generators must be used outside only with power brought into the structure with a cord. never use them inside the home, in a garage or in any confined area that can allow co to collect. and be careful to follow operating instructions closely. also refrain from using charcoal grills, camp stoves or other similar devices indoors. have fuel - burning appliances inspected regularly. arrange for a professional inspection of all fireplaces and fuel - burning appliances – such as furnaces, stoves, clothes dryers, water heaters and space heaters – annually to detect any co leaks. be mindful of the garage. warming the car in the morning before work is common during the winter months, but running vehicles inside an attached garage, even if the door is open, is


mary anne dunkin louise chang, md two decades ago, if you had moderate to severe crohn ' s, there were few treatment options. in the late 1990s, however, the first in a new class of treatment options emerged for crohn ' s disease. referred to as biologic response modifiers, biologic agents, or simply biologics, these drugs target specific parts of an overactive immune system to reduce inflammation. biologics not only relieve crohn ' s symptoms but also can bring about remission and keep you in remission. they are indicated for use when someone has moderately to severely active crohn ’ s disease and has not responded well to other crohn ’ s disease treatments. many people with crohn ' s now live with significantly fewer symptoms, but may worry about side effects. here ' s a look at the risks and benefits of biologics. in crohn ' s disease, an overactive immune system causes inflammation and damage to the digestive tract. made from living organisms, biologics work just like substances made by the body ’ s immune system and can help control the immune system response. four biologics are fda approved for crohn ' s. three of the four block a protein called tumor necrosis factor ( tnf ) that ' s involved in inflammation. these drugs are often called anti - tnf drugs or tnf inhibitors. they include cimzia ( certolizumab ), humira ( adalimumab ), and remicade ( infliximab ). the fourth medication, tysabri ( natalizumab ), is called an integrin receptor antagonist. it blocks certain types of white blood cells that are involved in inflammation. because they suppress the immune system, all biologics carry an increased risk of infections, which in rare cases can be serious. cimzia, humira, and remicade carry a boxed warning for increased risk of serious infections leading to hospitalization or death. if someone taking a biologic develops a serious infection, the drug should be discontinued. people with tuberculosis, heart failure, or multiple sclerosis should not take biologics because they can bring on these conditions or make them worse. in rare cases, some people taking tnf inhibitors have developed certain cancers such as lymphoma. lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymph system, which is part of the body ’ s immune system. ty


in rare cases, some people taking tnf inhibitors have developed certain cancers such as lymphoma. lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymph system, which is part of the body ’ s immune system. tysabri increases the risk of a very rare but potentially fatal brain infection called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( pml ). tysabri also can cause allergic reactions and liver damage. tysabri should not be used at the same time as other treatments that suppress the immune system or tnf inhibitors. however, most infections that occur with biologic use are far less serious, says richard bloomfeld, md, associate professor of medicine and director of the inflammatory bowel disease program at wake forest university school of medicine in winston salem, n. c. " infections such as colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and urinary tract infections are common and don ' t necessarily alter our treatment of crohn ' s. " other common side effects from biologic use include headache, flu - like symptoms, nausea, rash, injection site pain, and infusion reactions. so who should take a biologic for crohn ' s? many gastroenterologists reserve these drugs for people who have not responded to conventional medications that suppress the immune system. but some gastroenterologists may treat crohn ' s more aggressively. " if you let inflammation go, inflammation leads to scarring and scarring leads to narrowing of the intestines, which becomes a surgical problem, " says prabhakar swaroop, md, assistant professor and director of the inflammatory bowel disease program at the university of texas southwestern medical center in dallas. " you want to treat the person aggressively to prevent these problems. " " in addition to improving symptoms, the anti - tnf modifiers are associated with mucosal healing, " says bloomfeld. " we hope that in healing the mucosa we can stop the progression of the disease and prevent complications of crohn ' s that result in hospitalization and surgery. " while there are other treatments that suppress the immune system to treat crohn ' s, they too have side effects, says bloomfeld. like the biologics, drugs that suppress the immune system increase the risk of lymphomas and infections, which can be severe. cortiosteroids like prednisone, for example, can cause a wide range of adverse effects including weight gain, mood swings,


suppress the immune system increase the risk of lymphomas and infections, which can be severe. cortiosteroids like prednisone, for example, can cause a wide range of adverse effects including weight gain, mood swings, bone loss, skin bruising, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar. those side effects are why corticosteroids may be used to control a flare, but aren ' t the choice to treat crohn ' s over a long period of time. " the stop - gap method, which is steroids, is something we cannot use long term, " says swaroop. when prescribing any drug, doctors look at the potential risks against the benefits they hope or expect to achieve. although doctors don ' t all share the same philosophy on when to start biologics for crohn ' s disease, they do agree that biologics should be used when people have severe disease that can lead to permanent damage and make surgery unavoidable. swaroop says he looks for signs that the disease is progressing, such as how long between a person ' s diagnosis of crohn ' s and when they have fistulas. " these are the patients who generally do better on biologics, who have the quality of life improvement, who are able to avoid surgery and get back in the workforce, " he says. before prescribing biologics, doctors check for potential problems. " in the beginning, of course, we go ahead and make sure the person does not have an active liver infection or tb, " says marie borum, md, professor of medicine and director of the division of gastroenterology and liver diseases at george washington university in washington, d. c. once someone starts a biologic, the doctor looks for side effects in order to find them before they become serious. monitoring includes include lab tests and possibly regular skin checks for signs of skin cancer. all effective therapies for crohn ' s disease come with some risk, says bloomfeld. " it is not an option not to treat crohn ' s, so we certainly need to weigh these risks against the benefits of having the disease well treated. " " it may be challenging for the individual to consider all of these risk and benefits. they need to work with their gastroenterologist to decide what might be most beneficial for them and what risk they are willing to accept to effectively treat crohn ' s disease, " bloomfeld


posted : oct 9, 2012 3 : 00 pm by robert preidt tuesday, oct. 9 ( healthday news ) - - a gene test that can identify people at risk for mouth cancer has been developed by british researchers. the test detects precancerous cells in patients with benign - looking mouth lesions and could lead to earlier treatment for at - risk patients and improve their chances of survival, according to the team at queen mary, university of london. they used the quantitative malignancy index diagnostic system test - - which measures the level of 16 genes - - on more than 350 head and neck tissue specimens from nearly 300 patients and found that it had a cancer detection rate between 91 percent and 94 percent. the study was published oct. 4 in the international journal of cancer. mouth cancer affects more than half a million people worldwide each year, and that number is expected to rise above 1 million by 2030, according to world health organization figures. most cases of mouth cancer are caused by either smoking or chewing tobacco, or drinking alcohol. mouth lesions are common, but only 5 percent to 30 percent may turn into cancers. until now, no test has been able to accurately detect which lesions will become cancerous. many mouth cancers are diagnosed at later stages, when the chances of survival are greatly reduced. " a sensitive test capable of quantifying a patient ' s cancer risk is needed to avoid the adoption of a ' wait - and - see ' intervention, " study lead investigator and test inventor dr. muy - teck teh said in a university news release. " detecting cancer early, coupled with appropriate treatment, can significantly improve patient outcomes, reduce mortality and alleviate long - term public health care costs. " although this study shows that the test is effective for early cancer detection, further clinical trials are needed to evaluate its long - term clinical benefits. the u. s. national cancer institute has more about mouth and other types of oral cancer. source : queen mary, university of london, news release, oct. 4, 2012 copyright ( c ) 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.


blood sugar is your body ' s primary source of fuel and plays a vital role in physical and mental well - being. but when it rises above normal, your health, your energy levels, and your weight - loss efforts are jeopardized. even before blood sugar levels reach the point of a type 2 diabetes diagnosis, the health problems can be serious. more and more research links even slightly high blood sugar to food cravings, mood swings, and excess weight, as well as pregnancy and fertility problems, heart attacks, stroke, and even some forms of cancer, early evidence suggests. good nutrition in general can help keep type 2 diabetes and high blood sugar at bay. but some specific foods and spices have been found to lower or help control blood sugar. give these a taste. avocado. this fruit is rich in a particular kind of monounsaturated fat called oleic acid, which has been found to improve fat levels in the body and help control diabetes. help yourself to another serving of avocado! beans. many studies have shown that eating foods high in soluble fiber, particularly beans, reduces the rise in blood sugar after meals and delays the drop in blood sugar later on. cinnamon. some alternative practitioners think that cinnamon may be helpful in making insulin receptors work better. stir 1 teaspoon daily into a food or beverage. other spices found to help the body use insulin more efficiently include bay leaf, clove, and turmeric. coffee. regular drinkers may be less likely to develop diabetes, reveals a study from the university of minnesota. diabetes experts suspect that compounds and minerals in coffee beans may improve the sensitivity of insulin receptors and help the body process blood sugar more efficiently. orange. studies indicate the soluble fiber and pectin in oranges can help control changes in blood sugar as well as help lower cholesterol. sweet potato. despite its name - - and a flavor so luscious it makes a good dessert - - the sweet potato doesn ' t raise your blood sugar as high, or as fast, as a white potato. tea. studies have shown that extracts of black tea may significantly reduce blood sugar levels. and enjoying a cup of chamomile tea may be more than a restful nighttime ritual - - the herb may help reduce blood sugar fluctuations. for more healthy living news and features, visit purematters. com - - and don ' t forget to stop by the pure matters shop for all your vitamin and supplement needs. source : pure matters http : / / www. pure