. king features syndicate is reported to have promised a $ 1, 000 / week deal, knowing that a capp - rockwell collaboration would gain strong public interest. however, the project was ultimately aborted as it turned out that rockwell, known for his perfectionism as an artist, could not deliver material as fast as required of him for a daily comic strip. during the late 1940s, norman rockwell spent the winter months as artist - in - residence at otis college of art and design. students occasionally were models for his saturday evening post covers. in 1949, rockwell donated an original post cover, " april fool ", to be raffled off in a library fund raiser. in 1959, his wife mary died unexpectedly from a heart attack, and rockwell took time off from his work to grieve. it was during that break that he and his son thomas produced his autobiography, my adventures as an illustrator, which was published in 1960. the post printed excerpts from this book in eight consecutive issues, the first containing rockwell ' s famous triple self - portrait. later career rockwell married his third wife, retired milton academy english teacher mary leete " molly " punderson, on october 25, 1961. his last painting for the post was published in 1963, marking the end of a publishing relationship that had included 321 cover paintings. he spent the next ten years painting for look magazine, where his work depicted his interests in civil rights, poverty and space exploration. in 1968, rockwell was commissioned to do an album cover portrait of mike bloomfield and al kooper for their record the live adventures of mike bloomfield and al kooper. during his long career, he was commissioned to paint the portraits for presidents eisenhower, kennedy, johnson, and nixon, as well as those of foreign figures, including gamal abdel nasser and jawaharlal nehru. one of his last works was a portrait of judy garland in 1969. a custodianship of his original paintings and drawings was established with rockwell ' s help near his home in stockbridge, massachusetts, and the norman rockwell museum is still open today year round. norman rockwell museum is the authoritative source for all things norman rockwell. the museum ' s collection is the world ' s largest, including more than 700 original rockwell paintings, drawings, and studies. the rockwell center for american visual studies at the norman rockwell museum is a national research institute dedicated to american illustration art. when he began suffering poor health, he placed his studio and the contents with the norman rockwell museum, which was formerly known as the stockbridge


rockwell center for american visual studies at the norman rockwell museum is a national research institute dedicated to american illustration art. when he began suffering poor health, he placed his studio and the contents with the norman rockwell museum, which was formerly known as the stockbridge historical society and even more formerly known as the old corner house, in a trust. for " vivid and affectionate portraits of our country, " rockwell received the presidential medal of freedom, the united states of america ' s highest civilian honor, in 1977. body of work norman rockwell was a prolific artist, producing over 4, 000 original works in his lifetime. most of his works are either in public collections, or have been destroyed in fire or other misfortunes. rockwell was also commissioned to illustrate over 40 books including tom sawyer and huckleberry finn. his annual contributions for the boy scouts ' calendars between 1925 and 1976 ( rockwell was a 1939 recipient of the silver buffalo award, the highest adult award given by the boy scouts of america ), were only slightly overshadowed by his most popular of calendar works : the " four seasons " illustrations for brown & bigelow that were published for 17 years beginning in 1947 and reproduced in various styles and sizes since 1964. illustrations for booklets, catalogs, posters ( particularly movie promotions ), sheet music, stamps, playing cards, and murals ( including " yankee doodle dandy " and " god bless the hills ", which was completed in 1936 for the nassau inn in princeton, new jersey ) rounded out rockwell ' s œuvre as an illustrator. in 1969, as a tribute to rockwell ' s 75th - year birthday, officials of brown & bigelow and the boy scouts of america asked rockwell to pose in beyond the easel, the calendar illustration that year. rockwell ' s work was dismissed by serious art critics in his lifetime. many of his works appear overly sweet in modern critics ' eyes, especially the saturday evening post covers, which tend toward idealistic or sentimentalized portrayals of american life – this has led to the often - deprecatory adjective " rockwellesque ". consequently, rockwell is not considered a " serious painter " by some contemporary artists, who often regard his work as bourgeois and kitsch. writer vladimir nabokov sneered that rockwell ' s brilliant technique was put to " banal " use, and wrote in his book pnin : " that dali is really norman rockwell ' s twin brother kidnapped by gypsies in babyhood ". he is called an " illustrator " instead of an artist by


was put to " banal " use, and wrote in his book pnin : " that dali is really norman rockwell ' s twin brother kidnapped by gypsies in babyhood ". he is called an " illustrator " instead of an artist by some critics, a designation he did not mind, as it was what he called himself. however, in his later years, rockwell began receiving more attention as a painter when he chose more serious subjects such as the series on racism for look magazine. one example of this more serious work is the problem we all live with, which dealt with the issue of school racial integration. the painting depicts a young african american girl, ruby bridges, flanked by white federal marshals, walking to school past a wall defaced by racist graffiti. rockwell ' s work was exhibited at the solomon r. guggenheim museum in 2001. rockwell ' s breaking home ties sold for $ 15. 4 million at a 2006 sotheby ' s auction. a twelve - city u. s. tour of rockwell ' s works took place in 2008. in 2008, rockwell was named the official state artist of the commonwealth of massachusetts. - in the film empire of the sun, a young boy ( played by christian bale ) is put to bed by his loving parents in a scene also inspired by a rockwell painting — a reproduction of which is later kept by the young boy during his captivity in a prison camp ( " freedom from fear ", 1943 ). - the 1994 film forrest gump includes a shot in a school that re - creates rockwell ' s " girl with black eye " with young forrest in place of the girl. much of the film drew heavy visual inspiration from rockwell ' s art. - film director george lucas owns rockwell ' s original of " the peach crop ", and his colleague steven spielberg owns a sketch of rockwell ' s triple self - portrait. each of the artworks hangs in the respective filmmaker ' s workspace. rockwell is a major character in an episode of lucas ’ young indiana jones chronicles, “ passion for life. ” - in 2005, target co. sold marshall field ' s to federated department stores and the federated discovered a reproduction of rockwell ' s the clock mender, which depicted the great clocks of the marshall field and company building on display. rockwell had donated the painting depicted on the cover of the november 3, 1945 saturday evening post to the store in 1948. - on norman rockwell ' s birthday, february 3, 2010, google featured rockwell ' s iconic image of young love " boy and


rockwell had donated the painting depicted on the cover of the november 3, 1945 saturday evening post to the store in 1948. - on norman rockwell ' s birthday, february 3, 2010, google featured rockwell ' s iconic image of young love " boy and girl gazing at the moon ", which is also known as " puppy love ", on its home page. the response was so great that day that the norman rockwell museum ' s servers went down under the onslaught. - " dreamland ", a track from canadian alternative rock band our lady peace ' s 2009 album burn burn, was inspired by rockwell ' s paintings. major works - scout at ship ' s wheel ( first published magazine cover illustration, boys ' life, september 1913 ) - santa and scouts in snow ( 1913 ) - boy and baby carriage ( 1916 ; first saturday evening post cover ) - circus barker and strongman ( 1916 ) - gramps at the plate ( 1916 ) - redhead loves hatty perkins ( 1916 ) - people in a theatre balcony ( 1916 ) - tain ' t you ( 1917 ; first life magazine cover ) - cousin reginald goes to the country ( 1917 ; first country gentleman cover ) - santa and expense book ( 1920 ) - mother tucking children into bed ( 1921 ; first wife irene is the model ) - no swimming ( 1921 ) - santa with elves ( 1922 ) - doctor and doll ( 1929 ) - deadline ( 1938 ) - the four freedoms ( 1943 ) - rosie the riveter ( 1943 ) - going and coming ( 1947 ) - bottom of the sixth ( or the three umpires ; 1949 ) - the new television set ( 1949 ) - saying grace ( 1951 ) - the young lady with the shiner ( 1953 ) - girl at mirror ( 1954 ) - breaking home ties ( 1954 ) - the marriage license ( 1955 ) - the scoutmaster ( 1956 ) - the runaway ( 1958 ) - a family tree ( 1959 ) - triple self - portrait ( 1960 ) - golden rule ( 1961 ) - the problem we all live with ( 1964 ) - southern justice ( murder in mississippi ) ( 1965 ) - new kids in the neighborhood ( 1967 ) - russian schoolroom ( 1967 ) - the rookie - spirit of 76 ( 1976 ) ( stolen in 1978 but recovered in 2001 by the fbi ' s robert king wittman ) other collections - norman rockwell world war ii posters, hosted by the university of north texas libraries digital collections - rockwell collection at the national museum of american illustration - norman rockwell and the art of scouting at the national scouting museum, irving,


king wittman ) other collections - norman rockwell world war ii posters, hosted by the university of north texas libraries digital collections - rockwell collection at the national museum of american illustration - norman rockwell and the art of scouting at the national scouting museum, irving, tx see also - james k. van brunt, a frequent model for rockwell - william obanhein, another one of rockwell ' s models who would later become famous elsewhere - norman rockwell ' s world... an american dream, a 1972 short documentary film - " alex ross biography ". alexrossart. com. retrieved february 13, 2012. - about the saturday evening post [ dead link ] - boughton, james ( 1903 ). genealogy of the families of john rockwell, of stamford, connecticut 1641, and ralph keeler, of hartford, connecticut 1939. w. f. jones. p. 441. - roberts, gary boyd, and david curtis dearborn ( 1998 ). notable kin : an anthology of columns first published in the nehgs nexus, 1986 – 1995. boston, massachusetts : carl boyer in cooperation with the new england historic genealogical society. p. 28. isbn 978 - 0 - 936124 - 20 - 9. - claridge, laura p. ( 2001 ). norman rockwell : a life. new york, new york : random house. p. 20, 29. isbn 978 - 0 - 375 - 50453 - 2. - rockwell, margaret ( 1998 ). norman rockwell ' s growing up in america. metro books. pp. 10 – 11. isbn 978 - 1 - 56799 - 598 - 5. - ssdi. – ss # : 177 - 01 - 3581. - claridge. – p. 30, 47, 150. - rockwell, norman, and thomas rockwell ( 1988 ). norman rockwell, my adventures as an illustrator. abrams. p. 27. isbn 978 - 0 - 8109 - 1563 - 3. - " rockwell and csatari : a tour de force ". scouting magazine : 6. march – april, 2008. - " a personal recollection ". city of alhambra. retrieved april 28, 2012. - kamp, david ( november 2009 ). " norman rockwell ’ s american dream ". vanityfair. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - " a portrait of norman rockwell - berkshire eagle online ". berkshireeagle. com. july 3, 2009. retrieved april 28, 2012. - elliott


’ s american dream ". vanityfair. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - " a portrait of norman rockwell - berkshire eagle online ". berkshireeagle. com. july 3, 2009. retrieved april 28, 2012. - elliott caplin : al capp remembered ( 1994 ) - gherman, beverly ( 2000 ) " norman rockwell storyteller with a brush " - claridge, p. 581 - kamp, david. " erratum : norman rockwell actually did rock well ". vanity fair. retrieved february 24, 2011. - official list of silver buffalo award recipients ( retrieved july 17, 2007 ) - william hillcourt ( 1977 ). norman rockwell ' s world of scouting. new york : harry n. abrams. isbn 0 - 8109 - 1582 - 0. - jim windolf ( february 2008 ). " keys to the kingdom ". vanityfair. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - " solomon, deborah, in praise of bad art ". new york times. january 24, 1999. retrieved april 28, 2012. - " art of illustration ". norman rockwell museum. retrieved april 28, 2012. - " norman rockwell wins medal of freedom ". massmoments. org. retrieved april 28, 2012. - miller, michelle ( november 12, 2010 ). " ruby bridges, rockwell muse, goes back to school ". cbs evening news with katie couric ( cbs interactive inc. ). retrieved november 13, 2010. - norman rockwell at the solomon r. guggenheim museum. [ dead link ] - gates, anita ( november 24, 1999 ). " looking beyond the myth - making easel of mr. thanksgiving ". new york times. retrieved april 28, 2012. - richard corliss ( june 24, 2001 ). " the world according to gump ". time. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - aronovich, hannah ( april 20, 2006 ). " field ' s, federated and more feuds ". gothamist. retrieved april 4, 2008. - " norman rockwell of field ' s store goes missing ". nbc5. com. april 21, 2006. retrieved april 4, 2008. - aronovich, hannah ( april 20, 2006 ). " field ' s, federated and more feuds ". gothamist. retrieved september 21, 2009. - " dreamland ". songfacts. com. retrieved may 5, 2010. - " rosie the rivet


, 2006 ). " field ' s, federated and more feuds ". gothamist. retrieved september 21, 2009. - " dreamland ". songfacts. com. retrieved may 5, 2010. - " rosie the riveter ". rosie the riveter. retrieved april 28, 2012. - nrm, p. 109 - " the norman rockwell collection ". web. me. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - " norman rockwell : southern justice ( murder in mississippi ) ". artchive. com. retrieved april 28, 2012. - " museum > exhibitions - norman rockwell and the art of scouting ". irving, texas, usa : national scouting museum. retrieved 16 august 2012. further reading - buechner, thomas s ( 1992 ). the norman rockwell treasury. galahad. isbn 0 - 88365 - 411 - 3. - finch, christopher ( 1990 ). norman rockwell : 332 magazine covers. abbeville publishing group. isbn 0 - 89660 - 000 - 9. - christopher, finch ( 1985 ). norman rockwell ' s america. harry n. abrams, inc. isbn 0 - 8109 - 8071 - 1. - gherman, beverly ( 2000 ). norman rockwell : storyteller with a brush. isbn 0 - 689 - 82001 - 1. - hennessey, maureen hart ; larson, judy l. ( 1999 ). norman rockwell : pictures for the american people. harry n. abrams. isbn 0 - 8109 - 6392 - 2. - rockwell, tom ( 2005 ). best of norman rockwell. courage books. isbn 0 - 7624 - 2415 - x. - schick, ron ( 2009 ). norman rockwell : behind the camera. little, brown & co. isbn 978 - 0 - 316 - 00693 - 4. | wikimedia commons has media related to : norman rockwell | | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : norman rockwell | - booknotes interview with laura claridge on norman rockwell : a life, december 2, 2001. - gallery of classic graphic design featuring the illustrations of norman rockwell. - art directors club biography, portrait and images of work - norman rockwell at find a grave - footage of norman rockwell sketching a couple - america, illustrated – by the new york times - norman rockwell : once upon a time there was the american dream by tiziano thomas dossena, bridge puglia


sabermetrics is the specialized analysis of baseball through objective evidence, especially baseball statistics that measure in - game activity. the term is derived from the acronym sabr, which stands for the society for american baseball research. it was coined by bill james, who is one of its pioneers and is often considered its most prominent advocate and public face. general principles the sabermetric manifesto by david grabiner ( 1994 ) begins : bill james defined sabermetrics as " the search for objective knowledge about baseball. " thus, sabermetrics attempts to answer objective questions about baseball, such as " which player on the red sox contributed the most to the team ' s offense? " or " how many home runs will ken griffey hit next year? " it cannot deal with the subjective judgments which are also important to the game, such as " who is your favorite player? " or " that was a great game. " it may, however, attempt to settle questions such as " was willie mays faster than mickey mantle? " by establishing several possible parameters for examining speed in objective studies ( how many triples each man hit, how many bases each man stole, how many times he was caught stealing ) and then reaching a tentative conclusion on the basis of these individual studies. sabermetricians frequently question traditional measures of baseball skill. for instance, they doubt that batting average is as useful as conventional wisdom says it is because team batting average provides a relatively poor fit for team runs scored. sabermetric reasoning would say that runs win ballgames, and that a good measure of a player ' s worth is his ability to help his team score more runs than the opposing team. this may imply that the traditional rbi ( runs batted in ) is an effective metric ; however, sabermetricians also reject rbi, for a number of reasons. rather, sabermetric measures are usually phrased in terms of either runs or team wins. for example, a player might be described as being worth 54 offensive runs more than a replacement - level player at the same position over the course of a full season, as the sabermetric statistic vorp can indicate. sabermetrics is concerned both with determining the value of a player or team in current or past seasons and with attempting to predict the value of a player or team in the future. many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. early history sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. earnshaw cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. cook gathered the


. many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. early history sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. earnshaw cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. cook gathered the majority of his research in his 1964 book, percentage baseball. the book was the first of its kind to gain national media attention, although it was widely criticized and not accepted by most baseball organizations. - base runs ( bsr ) - batting average on balls in play ( babip ) - defense independent pitching statistics ( dips ) - defensive runs saved ( drs ) - equivalent average ( eqa ) - fantasy batter value ( fbv ) - late - inning pressure situations ( lips ) - on - base plus slugging ( ops ) - pecota ( player empirical comparison and optimization test algorithm ) - peripheral era ( pera ) - pythagorean expectation - range factor - runs created - secondary average - similarity score - speed score - super linear weights - total player rating, or batter - fielder wins ( tpr, bfw ) ; total pitcher index, or pitcher wins ( tpi, pw ) - ultimate zone rating ( uzr ) - value over replacement player ( vorp ) - win shares - wins above replacement ( war ) notable proponents - russ brandon : team president and ceo of the buffalo bills is going to incorporate sabermetrics to contracts, and use in conjunction with scouting and player analysis beginning in 2013. - sandy alderson : former general manager of the oakland athletics, alderson began focusing on sabermetric principles toward obtaining relatively undervalued players in 1995. he became gm of the new york mets in late 2010. - billy beane : athletics ' general manager since 1997. although not a public proponent of sabermetrics, it has been widely noted that beane has steered the team during his tenure according to sabermetric principles. in 2003, michael lewis published moneyball about billy beane ' s use of a more quantitative approach. in 2011, a film based on lewis ' book which dramatised beane ' s use of sabermetrics was released, starring brad pitt in the role of beane. - carson cistulli : senior editor of fangraphs, member of the bbwaa - earnshaw cook : early researcher and proponent of statistical baseball research. his 1964 book percentage baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention. - paul depodesta : a key figure in


member of the bbwaa - earnshaw cook : early researcher and proponent of statistical baseball research. his 1964 book percentage baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention. - paul depodesta : a key figure in michael lewis ' book moneyball : the art of winning an unfair game as beane ' s assistant in oakland. - theo epstein : president of baseball operations for the chicago cubs. as gm of the red sox, epstein hired sabermetrician bill james. - bill james : widely considered the father of sabermetrics due to his extensive series of books, although a number of less well known sabr researchers in the early 1970s provided a foundation for his work. he began publishing his baseball abstracts in 1977 to study some questions about baseball he found interesting, and their eclectic mix of essays based on new kinds of statistics soon became popular with a generation of thinking baseball fans. he discontinued the abstracts after the 1988 edition, but continued to be active in the field. his two historical baseball abstract editions and win shares book have continued to advance the field of sabermetrics, 25 years after he began. in 2002 james was hired as a special advisor to the boston red sox. - christina kahrl : co - founder of baseball prospectus and current espn columnist, kahrl puts an emphasis on advanced baseball analytics. - sean lahman : created a database of baseball statistics from existing sources and in the mid - 1990s made it available for free download on the internet, providing access to statistical data in electronic form for the first time. - voros mccracken : developed a system called defense independent pitching statistics ( dips ) to evaluate a pitcher based purely on his ability. - rob neyer : senior writer at espn. com and national baseball editor of sbnation and former assistant to bill james, he has worked to popularize sabermetrics since the mid - 1980s. neyer has authored or co - authored several books about baseball, and his journalistic writing focuses on sabermetric methods for looking at baseball players ' and teams ' performance. - joe posnanski : a popular baseball writer and a proponent of sabermetrics. - nate silver : writer and former managing partner of baseball prospectus, inventor of pecota. later applied sabermetric statistical models to the study of politics, particularly elections, and published the results on his blog fivethirtyeight ( later affiliated with the new york times ). - david smith : founded retrosheet in 1989, with the objective of computerizing the


models to the study of politics, particularly elections, and published the results on his blog fivethirtyeight ( later affiliated with the new york times ). - david smith : founded retrosheet in 1989, with the objective of computerizing the box score of every major league baseball game ever played, in order to more accurately collect and compare the statistics of the game. - tom tango : runs the tango on baseball sabermetrics website. in particular, he has worked in the area of defense independent pitching statistics. - eric walker : former aerospace engineer turned baseball writer, who played an important part in the early acceptance of sabermetrics within the oakland athletics organization. gm sandy alderson hired walker in order to get " some bill james - like stuff that was proprietary to us. " - keith woolner : creator of vorp, or value over replacement player, is a former writer for sabermetric group / website baseball prospectus. he was hired in 2007 by the cleveland indians as their manager of baseball research & analytics. - craig r. wright : a statistician for the texas rangers, was the first front office employee in major league baseball to work under the title " sabermetrician. " - baseball prospectus is an annual publication and web site produced by a group of sabermetricians who originally met over the internet. several baseball prospectus authors have invented or improved upon widely relied upon sabermetric measures and techniques. the website publishes analytical articles as well as advanced statistics and projections for individuals and teams. this group also publishes other books that use and seek to popularize sabermetric techniques, including baseball between the numbers and it ain ' t over ' til it ' s over. - the hardball times is a website as well as an annual volume that evaluates the preceding major league season and presents original research articles on various sabermetric topics. the website also publishes original research on baseball. - fangraphs is a website that publishes advanced baseball statistics as well as graphics that evaluate and track the performance of players and teams. the site also favors the analysis of play - by - play data and pitchf / x. it draws on some of the advanced baseball metrics developed by well - known sabermetricians such as tom tango and mitchel lichtman. - beyond the boxscore is a part of sb nation and specializes in sabermetric analysis and research. it has also launched the careers of many successful sabermetricians. - sabr is the society for american baseball research, founded in 1971, and the root of the term


171. isbn 0 - 387 - 98816 - 5. - kipen, d. ( june 1, 2003 ). " billy beane ' s brand - new ballgame ". san francisco chronicle. retrieved november 2, 2007. - neyer, rob ( november 5, 2002 ). " red sox hire james in advisory capacity ". espn. com. retrieved march 7, 2009. - shanahan, m. ( may 23, 2005 ). retrieved november 2, 2007 his numbers are in the ballpark the boston globe - " bill james, beyond baseball ". think tank with ben wattenberg. pbs. june 28, 2005. retrieved november 2, 2007. - ackman, d. ( may 20, 2007 ). " sultan of stats ". the wall street journal. retrieved november 2, 2007. - jaffe, c. ( october 22, 2007 ). " rob neyer interview ". the hardball times. retrieved november 2, 2007. - lewis, m. moneyball. pp. 58 – 63. - " baseball prospectus ". retrieved 2012 - 03 - 04. - baseball between the numbers. 2006. isbn 0 - 465 - 00596 - 9. - goldman, steven ( 2007 ). it ain ' t over ' til it ' s over. isbn 0 - 465 - 00285 - 4.


| regions with significant populations | | new york, massachusetts, michigan, louisiana, ohio, iowa, texas | | related ethnic groups | syrian americans are residents of the united states of syrian ancestry or nationality. this group includes americans of syrian ancestry, syrian first generation immigrants, or descendants of syrians who emigrated to the united states. syrian americans may be members of a number of differing ethnicities, including arabs, assyrians / syriacs, antiochian greeks, kurds, armenians and circassians. it is believed that the first significant wave of syrian immigrants to arrive in the united states was in 1880. many of the earliest syrian americans settled in new york, boston, and detroit. immigration from syria to the united states suffered a long hiatus after the united states congress passed the immigration act of 1924, which restricted immigration. more than 40 years later, the immigration act of 1965, abolished the quotas and immigration from syria to the united states saw a surge. an estimated 64, 600 syrians emigrated to the united states between 1961 and 2000. the overwhelming majority of syrian immigrants to the us from 1880 to 1960 were christian, a minority were jewish, whereas muslim syrians arrived in the united states chiefly after 1965. according to the united states 2000 census, there were 142, 897 americans of syrian ancestry, about 12 % of the arab population in the united states. the first syrian immigrants arrived in the united states from ottoman syria. most of them came from christian villages around mount lebanon, while around 5 - 10 % were muslims of different sects. a small number were also palestinians. according to historian philip hitti, approximately 90, 000 " syrians " arrived in the united states between 1899 and 1919. an estimated 1, 000 official entries per year came from the governorates of damascus and aleppo, which are governorates in modern - day syria, in the period between 1900 and 1916. early immigrants settled mainly in eastern united states, in the cities of new york, boston and detroit and the paterson, new jersey area. in the 1920s, the majority of immigrants from mount lebanon began to refer themselves as " lebanese " instead of " syrians ". syrians, like most immigrants to the united states, were motivated to immigrate to the united states to pursue the american dream of economic success. many christian syrians had immigrated to the united states seeking religious freedom and an escape from ottoman hegemony. thousands of immigrants returned to syria after making money in the united states ; these immigrants told tales which inspired further waves of immigrants. many


success. many christian syrians had immigrated to the united states seeking religious freedom and an escape from ottoman hegemony. thousands of immigrants returned to syria after making money in the united states ; these immigrants told tales which inspired further waves of immigrants. many settlers also sent for their relatives. although the number of syrian immigrants was not sizable, the ottoman government set constraints on emigration in order to maintain its populace in greater syria. the united states congress passed the immigration act of 1924, which greatly reduced syrian immigration to the united states. however, the quotas were annulled by the immigration act of 1965, which opened the doors again to syrian immigrants. 4, 600 syrians immigrated to the united states in the mid - 1960s. due to the arab - israeli and religious conflicts in syria during this period, many syrians immigrated to the united states seeking a democratic haven, where they could live in freedom without political suppression. an estimated 64, 600 syrians immigrated to the united states in the period between 1961 and 2000, of which ten percent have been admitted under the refugee acts. according to the united states 2000 census, there are 142, 897 americans of syrian ancestry living in the united states. new york city has the biggest concentration of syrian americans in the united states. other urban areas, including boston, dearborn, new orleans, toledo, cedar rapids, and houston have large syrian populations. syrian americans are also numerous in southern california ( i. e. the los angeles and san diego areas ) and arizona, many are descendants of farm laborers invited with their farm skills to irrigate the deserts in the early 20th century.. many recent syrian immigrants are medical doctors who studied at damascus and aleppo universities and pursued their residencies and fellowships in the united states. the traditional clothing of the first syrian immigrants in the united states, along with their occupation as peddlers, led to some xenophobia. dr. a. j. mclaughlin, the united states health officer at marine hospital, described syrians as " parasites in their peddling habits. " however, syrians reacted quickly to assimilate fully into their new culture. immigrants anglicized their names, adopted the english language and common christian denominations. syrians did not congregate in urban enclaves ; many of the immigrants who had worked as peddlers were able to interact with americans on a daily basis. this helped them to absorb and learn the language and customs of their new homeland. additionally, military service during world war i and world war ii helped accelerate assimilation. assimilation


had worked as peddlers were able to interact with americans on a daily basis. this helped them to absorb and learn the language and customs of their new homeland. additionally, military service during world war i and world war ii helped accelerate assimilation. assimilation of early syrian immigrants was so successful that it has become difficult to recognize the ancestors of many families which have become completely americanized. post 1965 immigration was mostly muslim, and unlike their christian counterparts they faced a somewhat greater difficulty in assimilating because of their islamic faith and the " back to the roots " trend that gripped america in the 1960s and 1970s. generally, they are not overly desirous of giving up their identity as arabs, which might be a result of the bloom in multiculturalism to respect their islamic religious customs and traditions in the united states. christian syrian americans arrived in the united states in the late 19th century. most christian syrian americans are greek orthodox. there are also many catholic syrian americans ; most branches of catholicism are of the eastern rite, such as maronite catholics, melkite greek catholics, armenian catholics, syrian catholics, and assyrian chaldean catholics. there are only few minor differences between the different branches of catholicism ; such differences include the language / s church services are conducted, and the belief in papal infallibility. a few christian syrian americans are protestant. there are also members of the assyrian church of the east and ancient church of the east. the first syrian american church was founded in brooklyn, new york in 1895 by saint raphael of brooklyn. there are currently hundreds of eastern orthodox churches and missions in the united states. saint nicholas and saint george are popular saints for the orthodox. muslim syrian americans arrived chiefly after 1965. the largest sect in islam is the sunni sect, forming 74 % of the muslim syrian population. the second largest sect in islam in syria is the alawite sect, a religious sect that originated in shia islam but separated from other shiite islam groups in the ninth and tenth centuries. most, if not all, alawi syrians come from the rural areas of latakia governorate. muslim syrian americans have often found it difficult practicing their religion in the united states ; for example, some muslims, who are required to pray five times a day as part of muslim rite, argue that there aren ' t enough mosques in the united states. druzes form the third largest sect in syria, which is a relatively small esoteric monotheistic religious sect. early syrian immigrants included druze peddlers. muslim syrian americans have often found it


' t enough mosques in the united states. druzes form the third largest sect in syria, which is a relatively small esoteric monotheistic religious sect. early syrian immigrants included druze peddlers. muslim syrian americans have often found it difficult practicing their religion in the united states ; syrian jews first immigrated to the united states around 1908 and settled mostly in new york. initially they lived on the lower east side ; later settlements were in bensonhurst and ocean parkway in flatbush, brooklyn. the syrian jewish community estimates its population at around 50, 000. early syrian americans were not involved politically. business owners were usually republican, meanwhile labor workers were usually democrats. second generation syrian americans were the first to be elected for political roles. in light of the arab - israeli conflict, many syrian americans tried to affect american foreign policy by joining arab political groups in the united states. in the early 1970s, the national association of arab - americans was formed to negate the stereotypes commonly associated with arabs in american media. syrian americans were also part of the arab american institute, established in 1985, which supports and promotes arab american candidates, or candidates commiserative with arabs and arab americans, for office. mitch daniels, the current governor of indiana, is a descendant of syrian immigrants with relatives in homs. the majority of the early syrian immigrants arrived in the united states seeking better jobs ; they usually engaged in basic commerce, especially peddling. syrian american peddlers found their jobs comfortable since peddling required little training and mediocre vocabulary. syrian american peddlers served as the distribution medium for the products of small manufacturers. syrian peddlers traded mostly in dry goods, primarily clothing. networks of syrian traders and peddlers across the united states aided the distribution of syrian settlements ; by 1902, syrians could be found working in seattle, washington. most of these peddlers were successful, and, with time, and after raising enough capital, some became importers and wholesalers, recruiting newcomers and supplying them with merchandise. by 1908, there were 3, 000 syrian - owned businesses in the united states. by 1910, the first syrian millionaires had emerged. syrian americans gradually started to work in various metiers ; many worked as physicians, lawyers, and engineers. many syrian americans also worked in the bustling auto industry, bringing about large syrian american gatherings in areas like dearborn, michigan. later syrian emigrants served in fields like banking, medicine, and computer science. syrian americans have a different occupational distribution than all americans. according to


in the bustling auto industry, bringing about large syrian american gatherings in areas like dearborn, michigan. later syrian emigrants served in fields like banking, medicine, and computer science. syrian americans have a different occupational distribution than all americans. according to the 2000 census, 42 % of the syrian americans worked in management and professional occupations, compared with 34 % of their counterparts in the total population ; additionally, more syrian americans worked in sales than all american workers. however, syrian americans worked less in the other work domains like farming, transportation, construction, etc. than all american workers. according to the american medical association ( ama ) and the syrian american medical society ( sams ) which represents the american health care provoiders of syrian descent www. sams - usa. net there are estimated 4000 syrian physicians practicing in the united states representing 0. 4 % of the health workforce and 1. 6 % of international medical graduates. however the reported number of syrian american phyicians does not include the second and third generation of syrian descent, therefore it is estimated that there are 10, 000 syrian american physicians practice in the united states. arabi m, sankri - tarbichi ag. the metrics of syrian physicians ' brain drain to the united states. avicenna j med [ serial online ] 2012 [ cited 2012 oct 27 ] ; 2 : 1 - 2. available from : http : / / www. avicennajmed. com / text. asp? 2012 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 94802. the median level of earnings for syrian men and women is higher than the national earning median ; employed syrian men earned an average $ 46, 058 per year, compared with $ 37, 057 for all americans and $ 41, 687 for arab americans. syrian american families also had a higher median income than all families and lower poverty rates than those of the general population. syrians value strong family ties. unlike young americans, young syrians find leaving their family unnecessary to set up their independence ; the reason being, is that syrian society just like southwest asia, north africa and the wider eastern world, places great emphasis on the group rather than the individual. in the west the individual is key and the group is secondary. respect and social status are important in syrian societies. men are respected for their financial success or their honesty and sincerity. syrians are characterized by their magnanimity and graciousness, ethics which are integral to syrian life. " however, much of the syrian traditions have diminished


important in syrian societies. men are respected for their financial success or their honesty and sincerity. syrians are characterized by their magnanimity and graciousness, ethics which are integral to syrian life. " however, much of the syrian traditions have diminished with time, mainly due to the fast pace of life in america which encourages individual independence. syrians consider eating an important aspect of social life. there are many syrian dishes which have become popular in the united states. unlike many western foods, syrian foods take more time to cook, are less expensive and usually more healthy. pita bread ( khubz ), which is round flat bread, and hummus, a dip made of ground chickpeas, sesame tahini, lemon juice, and garlic, are two popular syrian foods. baba ghanoush, or eggplant spreads, is also a dish made by syrians. popular syrian salads include tabbouleh and fattoush. the syrian cuisine includes other dishes like stuffed zucchini ( mahshe ), dolma, kebab, kibbeh, kibbeh nayyeh, mujaddara, shawarma, and shanklish. syrians often serve selections of appetizers, known as meze, before the main course. za ' atar, minced beef, and cheese manakish are popular hors d ' œuvre. syrians are also well known for their cheese. a popular syrian drink is the arak beverage. one of the popular desserts made by syrians is the baklava, which is made of filo pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked in honey. syrian music includes several genres and styles of music ranging from arab classical to arabic pop music and from secular to sacred music. syrian music is characterized by an emphasis on melody and rhythm, as opposed to harmony. there are some genres of syrian music that are polyphonic, but typically, most syrian and arabic music is homophonic. syrian music is also characterized by the predominance of vocal music. the prototypical arabic music ensemble in egypt and syria is known as the takht, and relies on a number of musical instruments that represent a standardized tone system, and are played with generally standardized performance techniques, thus displaying similar details in construction and design. such musical instruments include the oud, kanun, rabab, ney, violin, riq and tableh. the jews of syria sang pizmonim. modern syrian music has incorporated instruments from the west


in construction and design. such musical instruments include the oud, kanun, rabab, ney, violin, riq and tableh. the jews of syria sang pizmonim. modern syrian music has incorporated instruments from the west, including the electric guitar, cello, double bass and oboe, and incorporated influences from jazz and other foreign musical styles. traditional clothing traditional dress is not very common with syrian americans, and even native syrians ; modern western clothing is conventional in both syria and the united states. ethnic dance performers wear a shirwal, which are loose, baggy pants with an elastic waist. some muslim syrian women wear a hijab, which is a headscarf worn by muslim women to cover their hair. there are various styles of hijab. syrian americans celebrate many religious holidays. christian syrian americans celebrate most christian holidays usually celebrated in the united states. they celebrate christmas and easter, but since most syrians are eastern orthodox, they celebrate easter on a different sunday than most other americans. some christians celebrate various saints ' days. syrian american jews celebrate the jewish holidays, such as rosh hashanah, yom kippur, sukkot, purim, passover and shavuot. few syrians celebrate syria ' s independence day, april 17. as american citizens, many syrians celebrate american holidays like memorial day, independence day, and thanksgiving day. muslim syrian americans celebrate three main muslim holidays : ramadan, eid ul - fitr ( lesser bairam ), and eid ul - adha ( greater bairam ). ramadan is the ninth month of the islamic year, during which muslims fast from dawn to sunset ; muslims resort to self - discipline to cleanse themselves spiritually. after ramadan is over, muslims celebrate eid ul - fitr, when muslims break their fasting and revel exuberantly. muslims also celebrate eid ul - adha ( which means the festival of sacrifice ) 70 days after at the end of the islamic year, a holiday which is held along with the annual pilgrimage to mecca, hajj. dating and marriage syrian americans prefer traditional relationships and disfavor casual dating. muslims can only date after completing their marriage contact, kitabt al - kitab ( arabic : كتابة الكتاب, which means " writing the book " ), a period that ranges from a few months to a year or more to get used to living with one another. after this time period


( arabic : كتابة الكتاب, which means " writing the book " ), a period that ranges from a few months to a year or more to get used to living with one another. after this time period, a wedding takes place and fulfills the marriage. muslims tend to marry other muslims only. unable to find other suitable muslim syrian americans, many muslim syrian american have married other muslim americans. syrian american marriages are usually very strong ; this is reflected by the low divorce rates among syrian americans, which are below the average rates in the united states. generally, syrian american partners tend to have more children than average american partners ; syrian american partners also tend to have children at early stages of their marriages. according to the united states 2000 census, almost 62 % of syrian american households were married - couple households. syrian americans, including the earliest immigrants, have always placed a high premium on education. like many other americans, syrian americans view education as a necessity. generally, syrian and other arab americans are more highly educated than the average american. in the 2000 census it was reported that the proportion of syrian americans to achieve a bachelor ' s degree or higher is one and a half times that of the total american population. many syrian americans now work as engineers, scientists, pharmacists, and physicians. syrians are mainly arabic speakers. while some may speak the formal literary arabic, many syrians speak syrian arabic, a dialect which belongs to the levantine arabic family of dialects. there are also sub - dialects in syrian arabic ; for example, people from aleppo have a distinct and distinguishable accent, one that differs considerably from that of people from homs or al - hasakah. syrians can usually comprehend and understand the dialects of most arabs, especially those who speak any form of levantine arabic. many old syrian american families have lost their linguistic traditions because many parents do not teach their children arabic. newer immigrants, however, maintain their language traditions. the 2000 census shows that 79. 9 % of syrian americans speak english " very well ". throughout the united states, there are schools which offer arabic language classes ; there are also some eastern orthodox churches which hold arabic services. notable people and contributions sometimes some confusion occurs between greater syria and the modern syria when determining the place of origin of the earliest syrian americans. however, the following list comprises notable americans who are originally people of modern syrian heritage. - paula abdul ( born june 19, 1962 ), is a television personality, jewelry designer, multi - platinum


determining the place of origin of the earliest syrian americans. however, the following list comprises notable americans who are originally people of modern syrian heritage. - paula abdul ( born june 19, 1962 ), is a television personality, jewelry designer, multi - platinum grammy - winning singer, and emmy award - winning choreographer. according to abdul, she has sold over 53 million records to date. abdul found renewed fame as a judge on the highly rated television series american idol. - f. murray abraham ( born october 24, 1939 ), is an actor who won the academy award for best actor for his role as antonio salieri in the 1984 film amadeus. his career after amadeus inspired the name of the phenomenon dubbed " f. murray abraham syndrome ", attributed to actors who, after winning an oscar, have difficulty obtaining comparable success and recognition despite having recognizable talent. - moustapha akkad ( july 1, 1930 – november 11, 2005 ), was a film director and producer originally from aleppo ; akkad is best known for producing the series of halloween films, and for directing the lion of the desert and mohammad, messenger of god films. - malek jandali ( born december 25, 1972 ), is an award - winning composer and pianist originally from homs ; jandali is best known for arranging the oldest music notation in the world of ugarit in his album echoes from ugarit. - tige andrews ( march 19, 1920 – january 27, 2007 ), was an emmy - nominated character actor who was best known for his role as " captain adam greer " on the television series the mod squad. - paul anka ( born july 30, 1941 ), is a singer and song writer. anka rose to fame after many successful 1950s songs, earning him the status of a teen idol. ( some sources, such as the canadian encyclopedia and time magazine, suggest that anka is of syrian descent, while other sources, including anka ' s official website, suggest that he is of lebanese descent. ) - michael ansara ( born april 15, 1922 ), is a stage, screen and voice actor. - rosemary barkett ( born 1939 ), was the first woman to serve on the florida supreme court, and the first woman chief justice of that court. she currently serves as a federal judge on the united states court of appeals for the eleventh circuit. - mitch daniels ( born april 7, 1949 ), is the current governor of the u. s. state of indiana. - hala goran


court. she currently serves as a federal judge on the united states court of appeals for the eleventh circuit. - mitch daniels ( born april 7, 1949 ), is the current governor of the u. s. state of indiana. - hala gorani ( born march 1, 1970 ), is a news anchor and correspondent for cnn international. - dan hedaya ( born july 24, 1940 ), is a prolific character actor notable for his many italian american film roles. - robert m. isaac ( born january 27, 1928 ), is the former republican mayor of colorado springs, colorado. elected in 1979, he was the first elected mayor of the history of colorado springs, serving through 1997. - alan jabbour ( born 1942 ), is a folklorist and a musician. - steve jobs ( february 24, 1955 – october 5, 2011 ), was the co - founder and former ceo of apple, the largest disney shareholder, and a member of disney ' s board of directors. jobs is considered a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries. - mohja kahf ( born 1967 ), poet and author - peter lupus ( born june 17, 1932 ), is a bodybuilder and actor, known primarily for " mission : impossible ". - kurtis mantronik ( born september 4, 1965 ), is a hip - hop, electro funk, and dance music artist, dj, remixer, and producer. mantronik was the leader of the old - school band mantronix. - jack marshall ( born 1936 ), is an author and poet. - louay m. safi ( born september 15, 1955 ), is a scholar and human rights activist, and a vocal critic of the far right. author of numerous books and articles, safi is active in the debate on nuclear race, social and political development, and islam - west issues. he is the chairman of the syrian american congress. - jerry seinfeld ( born april 29, 1954 ), is a comedian, actor, and writer, best known for playing a semi - fictional version of himself in the long - running sitcom seinfeld, which he co - created and executively produced. - teri hatcher ( born december 8, 1964 ), is an actress known for her television roles as susan mayer on the abc comedy - drama series desperate housewives, and lois lane on lois & clark : the new adventures of superman. hatcher is syrian from her mother ' s side. -


), is an actress known for her television roles as susan mayer on the abc comedy - drama series desperate housewives, and lois lane on lois & clark : the new adventures of superman. hatcher is syrian from her mother ' s side. - yasser seirawan ( born march 24, 1960 ), is a chess grandmaster and 4 - time us - champion. seirawan is the 69th best chess player in the world and the 2nd in the united states. - mona simpson ( born june 14, 1957 ), is a novelist and essayist ; simpson is also a sister of steve jobs. - kelly slater ( born february 11, 1972 ), is a successful professional surfer and an 11 time world champion. - wafa sultan ( born 1958 ), is a well - known secular activist and vocal critic of islam. in 2006, sultan was chosen by time magazine to be on the time 100 list of the 100 most influential people in 2006. - vic tayback ( january 6, 1930 – may 25, 1990 ), was an actor who won two golden globe awards for his role in the television series alice. - fawwaz ulaby, is the r. jamieson and betty williams professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the university of michigan, and the former vice president for research. - m. safwan badr, is a professor of internal medicine and chief of pulmonary / critical care and sleep medicine at the wayne state university, and the president elect of the american academy of sleep medicine ( aasm ). see also - u. s. census bureau : population by selected ancestry group and region : 2005 [ dead link ] - " lebanese and syrian americans ". utica college. retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06. - " immigrants, by country of birth : 1961 to 2005 ". united states census. archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 03. retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29. - a community of many worlds : arab americans in new york city, museum of the city of new york / syracuse university press, 2002 - naff ( 1993 ), p. 3 - ernest mccarus ( 1992 ). the development of arab - american identity ( hardcoover ed. ). university of michigan press. pp. 24, 25. isbn 0 - 472 - 10439 - x. - hitti, philip ( 2005 ). the syrians in america. gorgias press. isbn 1 - 59333 - 176 - 2. - " syrian americans ". everyculture.


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##al, joseph ( 1975 ). the syrian lebanese in america : a study in religion and assimilation. the immigrant heritage of america series. [ new york ], twayne publishers. isbn 978 - 0 - 8057 - 8412 - 1. - naff, alixa ( 1985 ). becoming american : the early arab immigrant experience. carbondale, southern illinois university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 585 - 10809 - 4. - saliba, najib ( 1992 ). emigration from syria and the syrian - lebanese community of worcester, ma. ligonier, pennsylvania : antakya press. isbn 0 - 9624190 - 1 - x. - saliba jerry seinfeld ticketsinventory. com retrieved 2006 - 05 - 20. missing or empty - samovar, l. a. ; porter, r. e. ( 1994 ). intercultural communication : a reader. thomson wadsworth. isbn 0 - 534 - 64440 - 6. - suleiman, michael ( 1999 ). arabs in america : building a new future. netlibrary. isbn 0 - 585 - 36553 - 9. - younis, adele l. ( 1989 ). the coming of the arabic - speaking people to the united states. staten island, new york : center for migration studies. isbn 978 - 0 - 934733 - 40 - 3. oclc 31516579.


united nations special commission united nations special commission ( unscom ) was an inspection regime created by the united nations to ensure iraq ' s compliance with policies concerning iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the gulf war. between 1991 and 1997 its director was rolf ekeus ; from 1997 to 1999 its director was richard butler. united nations special commission ( unscom ) was an inspection regime created with the adoption of united nations security council resolution 687 in april 1991 to oversee iraq ' s compliance with the destruction of iraqi chemical, biological, and missile weapons facilities and to cooperate with the international atomic energy agency ’ s efforts to eliminate nuclear weapon facilities all in the aftermath of the gulf war. the unscom inspection regime was packaged with several other un security council requirements, namely, that iraq ’ s ruling regime formally recognize kuwait as an independent state and pay out war reparations for the destruction inflicted in the gulf war, including the firing of kuwaiti oil supplies and destruction of public infrastructure. until the un security council saw that iraq ’ s weapons programs had been aborted and iraqi leaders had allowed monitoring systems to be installed, the un ’ s aforementioned sanctions would continue to be imposed on iraq. the commission found corroborating evidence that rihab rashid taha, an iraqi microbiologist educated in england, had produced biological weapons for iraq in the 1980s. the destruction of proscribed weapons and the associated facilities was carried out mainly by iraq, under constant supervision by unscom. inspectors withdrew in 1998, and disbanded the following year amid allegations that the united states had used the commission ' s resources to spy on the iraqi military. weapons inspector scott ritter later stated that operation rockingham had cherry - picked evidence found by the united nations special commission ; evidence, he says, that was later used as part of the casus belli for the 2003 invasion of iraq. the successor of the united nations special commission was the united nations monitoring, verification and inspection commission. the united nations special commission ( unscom ) was headed by rolf ekeus and later richard butler. during several visits to iraq by the united nations special committee ( unscom ), set up after the 1990 invasion of kuwait to inspect iraqi weapons facilities, weapons inspectors were told by rihab rashid taha that the al - hakam germ warfare center was a chicken - feed plant. " there were a few things that were peculiar about this animal - feed production plant, " charles duelfer, unscom ' s deputy executive chairman, later told reporters, "


- hakam germ warfare center was a chicken - feed plant. " there were a few things that were peculiar about this animal - feed production plant, " charles duelfer, unscom ' s deputy executive chairman, later told reporters, " beginning with the extensive air defenses surrounding it. " the powers given to unscom inspectors in iraq were : “ unrestricted freedom of movement without advance notice in iraq ” ; the “ right to unimpeded access to any site or facility for the purpose of the on - site inspection... whether such site or facility be above or below ground ” ; “ the right to request, receive, examine, and copy any record data, or information... relevant to ” unscom ’ s activities ; and the “ right to take and analyze samples of any kind as well as to remove and export samples for off - site analysis. acceptance of the intrusion of the unscom ’ s inspectors on the part of the iraqi regime was slow coming. but with the threat of punitive military action looming from the international community, and particularly the u. s., saddam husain begrudgingly allowed unscom ’ s inspectors into the country to begin their work. between 1991 and 1995, un inspectors uncovered a massive program to develop biological and nuclear weapons. a large amount of equipment was confiscated and destroyed. iraq by and large refused to cooperate with unscom and its inspections as mandated by un sc res. 687 until june 1992, ten months after deadline, at which time the iraqi government submitted “ full, final and complete reports ” on all of its weapons of mass destruction programs. these reports, however, were found to be incomplete and deficient, and at the same time un inspectors were subjected to harassment and threats on the part of the iraqi regime. united nations security council resolution 699 was also passed in 1991, declaring that iraq was responsible for all funding of unscom ’ s inspections in iraq. in 1995, unscom ' s principal weapons inspector dr. rod barton showed taha documents obtained by unscom from israel that showed the iraqi government had just purchased 10 tons of growth media from a british company called oxoid. growth media is a mixture of sugar, proteins and minerals that allows microscopic life to grow. it is used in hospitals, where swabs from patients are placed in dishes containing growth media for diagnostic purposes. iraq ' s hospital consumption of growth media was just 200 kg a year ; yet in 1988, iraq imported 39 tons of it


grow. it is used in hospitals, where swabs from patients are placed in dishes containing growth media for diagnostic purposes. iraq ' s hospital consumption of growth media was just 200 kg a year ; yet in 1988, iraq imported 39 tons of it. shown this evidence by unscom, taha admitted to inspectors that she had grown 19, 000 litres of botulism toxin ; 8, 000 litres of anthrax ; 2, 000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver cancer ; clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene ; and ricin, a castor bean derivative which can kill by inhibiting protein synthesis. she also admitted conducting research into cholera, salmonella, foot and mouth disease, and camel pox, a disease that uses the same growth techniques as smallpox, but which is safer for researchers to work with. it was because of the discovery of taha ' s work with camel pox that the us and british intelligence services feared saddam hussein may have been planning to weaponize the smallpox virus. iraq had a smallpox outbreak in the 1970s and unscom scientists believe the government would have retained contaminated material. unscom learned that, in august 1990, after iraq ' s invasion of kuwait, taha ' s team was ordered to set up a program to weaponize the biological agents. by january 1991, a team of 100 scientists and support staff had filled 157 bombs and 16 missile warheads with botulin toxin, and 50 bombs and five missile warheads with anthrax. in an interview with the bbc, taha denied the iraqi government had weaponized the bacteria. " we never intended to use it, " she told journalist jane corbin of the bbc ' s panorama program. " we never wanted to cause harm or damage to anybody. " unscom found the munitions dumped in a river near al - hakam. unscom also discovered that taha ' s team had conducted inhalation experiments on donkeys from england and on beagles from germany. the inspectors seized photographs showing beagles having convulsions inside sealed containers. the al - hakam germ warfare center, headed by the british - educated iraqi biologist dr. rihab rashid taha, was blown up by unscom in 1996. according to a 1999 report from the u. s. defense intelligence agency, the normally mild - mannered taha exploded into violent rages whenever unscom questioned her about al - hakam, shouting, screaming and


unscom in 1996. according to a 1999 report from the u. s. defense intelligence agency, the normally mild - mannered taha exploded into violent rages whenever unscom questioned her about al - hakam, shouting, screaming and, on one occasion, smashing a chair, while insisting that al - hakam was a chicken - feed plant. iraq charged that the commission was a cover for us espionage and refused unscom access to certain sites, such as baath party headquarters. although ekeus has said that he resisted attempts at such espionage, many allegations have since been made against the agency commission under butler, charges which butler has denied. within the un establishment in iraq, unscom was not without its critics, with the un ' s humanitarian staff informally calling the inspectors ' un - scum '. in return, the un ' s humanitarian staff were called " bunny - huggers ". also in 1996, the iraqi ruling regime agreed to the terms of united security council resolution 986, an oil - for - supplies agreement in which iraq was allowed to sell $ 2 billion worth of oil every six months as a ways to purchase supplies for its increasingly impoverished and malnourished population. this agreement also allowed the un to oversee the use and management of oil revenues, and to see that some of the funds went to pay war reparations and for the work of unscom in iraq during this period. the distribution of supplies purchased with oil revenues was also to be supervised by un inspectors to ensure fair and equal distribution throughout the iraqi population. 1998 airstrikes security council meeting on the evening of 15 december 1998 the security council convened to consider two letters from weapons inspectors. the iaea report by mohamed el baradei stated that iraq " has provided the necessary level of cooperation to enable... [ our ] activities to be completed efficiently and effectively ". the unscom report, authored by richard butler, deplored the restrictions, lack of disclosure, and concealment. while conceding that " [ i ] n statistical terms, the majority of the inspections of facilities and sites under the ongoing monitoring system were carried out with iraq ' s cooperation, " his letter listed a number of instances where unspecificed " undeclared dual - capable items " had been discovered, and where inspections had been held up so that buildings could be cleared of sensitive material. since operation desert fox had already begun at the time of the meeting ( just hours after the inspectors had been evacuated ), the


- capable items " had been discovered, and where inspections had been held up so that buildings could be cleared of sensitive material. since operation desert fox had already begun at the time of the meeting ( just hours after the inspectors had been evacuated ), the security council debated about who was to blame for the military action, rather than whether they should authorize it. the iraqi representative said : | “ | | i speak to you now while rockets and bombs are falling on the cities and the villages of iraq... at a time when the security council... was discussing [ the ] reports..., and before the council reached any conclusion on this subject, the united states and britain launched their attack against iraq. the two powers requested a suspension of the informal meeting of the security council and their pretext for aggression was that one of the two reports - - the unscom report - - emphasized the lack of full cooperation by iraq with unscom... time and again we have warned against the partiality and lack of objectivity of the united nations special commission... the unscom executive chairman singled out in his report yesterday five incidents out of a total of 300 inspection operations... the exaggerated uproar about iraqi weapons of mass destruction is nothing but a great lie. | | ” | the russian ambassador added : | “ | | we believe that although there are certain problems..., the current crisis was created artificially... on the night of 15 december this year, [ butler ] presented a report that gave a distorted picture of the real state of affairs and concluded that there was a lack of full cooperation on the part of iraq. that conclusion was not borne out by the facts. without any consultations with the security council, richard butler then evacuated the entire special commission staff from iraq. at the same time, there was an absolutely unacceptable leak of the report to the communications media, which received the text before the members of the security council themselves... it is symbolic that precisely at the time when richard butler... was attempting to defend the conclusions reached in his report, we were informed about the strike against iraq, and the justification for that unilateral act was precisely the report which had been presented by the executive chairman of the special commission. | | ” | the view of the council was split, with several countries placing the responsibility on iraq. the united states declared that " iraq ' s policy of unremitting defiance and non - compliance necessitated the resort to military


the special commission. | | ” | the view of the council was split, with several countries placing the responsibility on iraq. the united states declared that " iraq ' s policy of unremitting defiance and non - compliance necessitated the resort to military force ". the united kingdom stated that the objectives of the action were " to degrade iraq ' s capability to build and use weapons of mass destruction, and to diminish the military threat iraq poses to its neighbours. the targets chosen, therefore, are targets connected with his military capability, his weapons of mass destruction and his ability to threaten his neighbours. " 1999 : end of unscom in december 1999, the un security council passed resolution 1284, replacing unscom with the united nations monitoring, verification and inspection commission. four countries — among them russia, france and china — abstained from voting on res. 1284, which led the iraqi regime to reject the resolution because they saw the resolution as a way for the un to claim iraq as a “ protectorate. ” unscom ’ s intention of identifying and eliminating iraqi weapons programs resulted in numerous successes, illustrating the “ value of a system approach to biological arms verification, ” as former unscom historian stephen black has written. but the overall effect of the un sanctions on iraqi in the 1990s proved devastating to an already crumbling country. malnutrition rates among iraqis increased and infant mortality rates soared, exacting a heavy toll on the people of iraq not part of the ruling regime ’ s patrimonial “ shadow state. ” allegations of cia infiltration of unscom evidence that unscom had been used by us intelligence to penetrate iraqi security and track president saddam hussein ' s movements emerged in january 1999. an investigation by the washington post claimed that cia engineers, working as un technicians, installed equipment to spy on iraqi sites without butler ' s knowledge, and that this explained the unidentified " burst transmissions " that had been noted by the inspectors. former un weapons inspector scott ritter later accused some unscom personnel of spying, and also alleged that the purpose of the spying was to target saddam in the bombing. butler, on the other hand, denied allegations that foreign intelligence agencies " piggybacked " unscom and questioned the factual accuracy of several of ritter ' s statements. on 31 august 1998, ritter said : " iraq still has proscribed weapons capability. there needs to be a careful distinction here. iraq today is challenging the special commission to come up with a weapon and say where is the weapon


' s statements. on 31 august 1998, ritter said : " iraq still has proscribed weapons capability. there needs to be a careful distinction here. iraq today is challenging the special commission to come up with a weapon and say where is the weapon in iraq, and yet part of their efforts to conceal their capabilities, i believe, have been to disassemble weapons into various components and to hide these components throughout iraq. i think the danger right now is that without effective inspections, without effective monitoring, iraq can in a very short period of time measure the months, reconstitute chemical biological weapons, long - range ballistic missiles to deliver these weapons, and even certain aspects of their nuclear weaponization program. " almost a year later, in june 1999, ritter responded to an interviewer saying : " when you ask the question, ' does iraq possess militarily viable biological or chemical weapons? ' the answer is no! it is a resounding no. can iraq produce today chemical weapons on a meaningful scale? no! can iraq produce biological weapons on a meaningful scale? no! ballistic missiles? no! it is ' no ' across the board. so from a qualitative standpoint, iraq has been disarmed. iraq today possesses no meaningful weapons of mass destruction capability. butler resigned from unscom on 30 june 1999. see also - in shifting sands : the truth about unscom and the disarming of iraq - documentary film directed by scott ritter - iraq disarmament crisis and iraq disarmament timeline 1990 – 2003 - unscom personnel : rolf ekeus, richard butler ( diplomat ), charles a. duelfer, scott ritter, corinne heraud, alexander coker - united nations security council resolution 687 s - res - 687 ( 1991 ) page 3 on 3 april 1991 ( retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 ) - zilinskas, raymond a., “ unscom and the unscom experience in iraq, ” politics and the life sciences, vol. 14, no. 2 ( aug., 1995 ), 230 - 231 - tripp, charles, “ a history of iraq, ” ( new york : cambridge university press, 2008 ), 250 - what happened to saddam ' s wmd? arms control today september, 2003 - chief u. n. weapons inspector rejects spying allegations cnn january 6, 1999 - us silence on new iraq spying allegations bbc news january 7, 1999 - black, stephen, “ unscom and the iraqi biological weapons program :


today september, 2003 - chief u. n. weapons inspector rejects spying allegations cnn january 6, 1999 - us silence on new iraq spying allegations bbc news january 7, 1999 - black, stephen, “ unscom and the iraqi biological weapons program : implications for arms control, ” politics and the life sciences, ” vol. 18, no. 1 ( mar., 1999 ), pp. 62 - 63 - tripp, 250 - 251 - zilinskas, 230 - " the inspections maze ". christian science monitor. 2002. retrieved 2006 - 04 - 28. [ dead link ] - " baghdad prevents inspections at baath party headquarters ". arabic news. com. 12 / 11 / 1998. retrieved 2006 - 04 - 28. - wright, susan ( 2002 ). biological warfare and disarmament. lanham : rowman & littlefield. p. 272. isbn 0 - 7425 - 2469 - 8. - varadarajan, siddharth ( 26 february 1998 ). " ' unscum ' versus ' bunny - huggers ' in iraq ". the times of india. - tripp, 252 - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - " letter dated 15 december 1998 from the secretary - general addressed to the president of the security council ". un. org. retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19. - united nations security council s - 1998 - 1172 on 1998 - 12 - 15 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - julian borger ( 17 december 1998 ). " missile blitz on iraq ". the guardian. - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 page 2 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 page 3 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 page 8 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - united nations security council pv s - pv - 3955 page 5 on 1998 - 12 - 16 ( retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 ) - tripp, 269 - black, 68 - graham - brown, sarah, “ sanctioning iraq : a failed policy, middle east report, no. 215 ( summer, 2000 ), pp. 8 - 10 - halliday, denis j., “ the impact of the un sanctions on the people of iraq


the significance of alabama unionists during the civil war and reconstruction has long been a subject of study among scholars. largely centered in northern alabama and to a lesser degree in the southeast region and in montgomery and mobile, unionists were important both militarily and politically. until recently, however, the details of this phenomenon have remained less well known, largely because the term unionist ( both then and now ) has been used to refer to a range of different individuals and positions. in the broadest sense, unionist has meant any white person who opposed secession ( including those who later supported the confederacy ) and those who came to support the union during the war despite having originally supported the confederacy. this broad definition includes a very wide range of alabamians — from the most well - to - do planters who ultimately become officers in the confederate army to the subsistence farmer who deserted the southern cause midway through the war. it is also possible to define unionism more narrowly, confining the label to those individuals who resisted both secession and the confederacy during the war. such unconditional loyalists probably represented no more than 15 percent of alabama ' s adult white population. they were mostly nonslaveholding farmers ( though a small minority owned slaves ) living in the northern third of the state. a few unionists also lived in the piney woods and coastal plain further south. in many respects, these men and women were very much like their neighbors who supported the confederate cause. the reasons they remained loyal to the union were also quite diverse. many saw secession as illegal, whereas others felt that it would dishonor the american revolution and their own ancestors. still others were certain that secession would end in political or military disaster. many were influenced by the respected figures in their families or neighborhoods. unionism in alabama arose under the pressures of the presidential election of 1860. nine months before, the state legislature had directed that, in the event of a republican ' s election, a state secession convention would be called. by directly linking the presidential election to secession, the legislature fostered a political atmosphere that was particularly hostile to unionists. newspaper editorials and participants at community meetings condemned as traitors those who canvassed for illinois senator stephen douglas, the nominee of the regular democratic party, rather than the southern - rights democratic nominee, john breckinridge. in the election, fully 80 percent of alabama ' s eligible voters participated, giving breckinridge a substantial victory, with 54 percent of the vote. john bell, the constitutional union candidate who was supported by


nominee, john breckinridge. in the election, fully 80 percent of alabama ' s eligible voters participated, giving breckinridge a substantial victory, with 54 percent of the vote. john bell, the constitutional union candidate who was supported by a number of alabamians hostile to secession, received 31 percent of the vote. douglas, the candidate most associated with a strongly unionist position, polled slightly more than 15 percent. republican abraham lincoln was not even on the ballot in alabama. as promised, alabama secessionists called a convention in the wake of lincoln ' s election. the campaign for convention delegates provoked heated and sometimes violent debates among neighbors, forcing many to defend their positions in public. of the 100 delegates elected, 53 were secessionists and 47 were cooperationists, a term that refers to the delegates ' desire to secede only in " cooperation " with other southern states. in fact, the men elected on this platform represented a wide range of ideas about if, when, and under what circumstances to cooperate with secession and included a minority faction — probably less than one - third ( the vast majority of them from the northern third of the state ) — of unconditional unionists who opposed secession outright. these delegates convened in montgomery on january 7, 1861, and debated secession for four days. on january 11, 1861, the convention passed alabama ' s ordinance of secession by a vote of 61 to 39. many of those who voted against the ordinance, however, ultimately did support secession, and four immediately reversed themselves and signed with the majority. among the opposition, 33 delegates subsequently signed the " address to the people of alabama, " in which they pledged to consult with their supporters and then act on their wishes. ten signatories of the address signed the ordinance to satisfy their constituents. other delegates who rejected the ordinance eventually took active part in the war. only three signers — henry c. sanford of cherokee county, elliot p. jones of fayette county, and robert guttery of walker county — never signed the ordinance and maintained their unionism throughout the war. only two wartime unionists — r. s. watkins of franklin county and christopher c. sheats of winston county — signed neither the " address " nor the ordinance of secession. most of the men and women who supported the union after alabama ' s secession faced great difficulties. many were ostracized and ridiculed by neighbors, called before community vigilance committees for questioning and intimidation, or actually harmed for endorsing the union. such treatment was most


the union after alabama ' s secession faced great difficulties. many were ostracized and ridiculed by neighbors, called before community vigilance committees for questioning and intimidation, or actually harmed for endorsing the union. such treatment was most commonly meted out to those who publicly asserted their views ; those who kept quiet and did not interfere with volunteering were often left alone during the first year of the war. after confederate conscription began in april 1862, however, community tolerance of unionists waned. individuals who resisted the draft, for whatever reason, were subject to arrest and imprisonment. family members who supported resisters were frequently threatened with violence or exile by conscript cavalry who hoped to pressure men to come in from the woods or mountains and surrender. in addition, it was not at all uncommon for the families of unionists to be targeted for punitive foraging or arson by confederate forces or local conscript cavalry. after the union army invaded alabama in early 1862, unionists had more opportunities to flee behind union lines for safety and the possibility of employment as soldiers, spies, or laborers. most well known of alabama ' s union troops was the first alabama cavalry, u. s. a., organized in late 1862 by brig. gen. grenville m. dodge, stationed at corinth, mississippi. the regiment served mostly in northern alabama, western tennessee, and northeastern mississippi, though it marched with gen. william tecumseh sherman to savannah in 1864. alabama unionists also joined other federal regiments, particularly those from tennessee, indiana, illinois, and ohio. those who remained at home, both within union - occupied territory and behind confederate lines, also actively assisted union forces as spies and guides. in some cases, they collaborated with local african americans ( most often their own slaves ) to aid and abet the union army or pro - union men in their neighborhoods. moreover, african americans from alabama also crossed the union lines to serve as laborers and soldiers, and after the emancipation proclamation went into effect in 1863, many were inducted into united states colored troops regiments. almost 5, 000 african americans, or 6 percent of alabama ' s black male population between the ages of 18 and 45, volunteered in the union ranks. as was the case throughout the south, by the midpoint of the war alabama ' s original unionists were increasingly joined in their dissent by deserters from the confederate army, mostly men whose families were struggling at home without their labor. disillusioned by the realities of warfare, angered by the in


for intimidation and physical violence by the ku klux klan and other anti - reconstruction vigilantes. as elsewhere in the south, alabama unionists and their republican allies ( white and black, northern and southern ) received little in the way of federal assistance to defend against the onslaught of violence. as their party was overwhelmed by the democratic opposition, unionists retreated from the forefront of state politics, though those in communities with substantial loyalist populations continued in positions of local political leadership well into the late nineteenth century. barney, william l. the secessionist impulse : alabama and mississippi in 1860. princeton : princeton university press, 1974. fitzgerald, michael w. the union league movement in the deep south : politics and agri cultural change during reconstruction. baton rouge : louisiana state university press, 1989. mills, gary b. southern loyalists in the civil war : the southern claims commission. a composite directory of case files created by the u. s. commissioner of claims, 1871 - 1880, including those appealed to the war claims committee of the u. s. house of representatives and the u. s. court of claims. baltimore : genealogical publishing company, inc. 1994. rogers, william warren, jr. the confederate home front : montgomery during the civil war. tuscaloosa : the university of alabama press, 1999. storey, margaret m. loyalty and loss : alabama ' s unionists in the civil war and reconstruction. baton rouge : louisiana state university press, 2004. margaret m. storey published december 14, 2007 last updated october 3, 2011


menezes, pradeep l and kishore, * and kailas, satish v ( 2006 ) studies on friction and transfer layer using inclined scratch. in : tribology international, 39 ( 2 ). pp. 175 - 183. restricted to registered users only download ( 562kb ) | request a copy friction influences the nature of transfer layer formed at the interface between die and sheet during forming. in the present investigation, basic studies were conducted using ' inclined scratch test ' to understand the mechanism of transfer layer formation during sliding of pins made of an al - mg alloy on en8 steel flats of different surface roughness under dry and lubricated conditions. the surfaces produced can be categorized into three different types : ( a ) uni - directional ( b ) 8 - ground and ( c ) random. rubbing the en8 flat in a uni - directional manner and a criss - cross manner on emery sheets produced the uni - directional and 8 ground surfaces. the random surfaces were produced by polishing the en8 flats using various abrasive powders. the influence of the ' nature of surface roughness ' on material transfer and coefficient of friction were investigated. scanning electron microscopy studies were performed on the contact surfaces of the al - mg alloy pins and en8 steel flats to reveal the morphology of the transfer layer obtained. it was seen that the transfer layer is dependant on the coefficient of friction. the coefficient of friction, which has two components - the adhesion component and the plowing component, is controlled by the ' nature of surface '. a surface that promotes plane strain conditions near the surfaces increases the plowing component of friction. | item type : | | journal article | | additional information : | | copyright for this article belongs to elsevier. | | keywords : | | friction ; nature of surface ; inclined scratch | | department / centre : | | division of mechanical sciences > materials engineering ( formerly metallurgy ) division of mechanical sciences > mechanical engineering | date deposited : | | 19 jan 2006 | | last modified : | | 19 sep 2010 04 : 23 | actions ( login required )


fauziah, catur khurotul ( 2007 ) hubungan antara religiusitas dengan kepuasan hidup pada lanjut usia. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. download ( 58kb ) | preview religiosity is an appreciation, confidence, experience or individual conscience against religious teachings are realized in practice worship and religious rituals. terbinanya religiosity properly, can raises life satisfaction for the elderly. where life satisfaction is a state which includes feelings of passion in it, have assertiveness and tough or resilient, the match between the desire to achievement of goals, have positive self concept, and mood calm. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between religiosity to life satisfaction in elderly. this study uses a quantitative approach. the subject of this research is the elderly who followed the routine recitation in boarding school nurul ulum. the sampling technique used is total sampling. with number of study subjects 50 people. data collection methods used there are 2 kinds of scales are scales of religiosity and life satisfaction scale. data collected and then analyzed by using correlation product moment using the computer program spss for windows version 10. results obtained from this study indicate that there is a relationship positive and highly significant correlation between religiosity to life satisfaction in advanced age ( r = 0. 419 p = 0. 002 ). this means that the higher the religiosity which is owned the higher the person ' s life satisfaction, and vice versa the lower the religiosity of a person will get low life satisfaction. the effective contribution of religiosity to the satisfaction living elderly by 17. 6 %, while 82, 4 % influenced by other variables had not been examined. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | divisions : | | faculty of psychology > department of psychology | | depositing user : | | zainul afandi | | date deposited : | | 29 may 2012 09 : 29 | | last modified : | | 29 may 2012 09 : 29 | actions ( login required )


rodrigues, a. s. l., andelman, s. j., bakarr, m. i., boitani, l., brooks, t. m., cowling, r. m., fishpool, l. d. c., da fonseca, g. a. b., gaston, k. j., hoffmann, m., long, j. s., marquet, p. a., pilgrim, j. d., pressey, r. l., schipper, j., sechrest, w., stuart, s. n., underhill, l. g., waller, r. w., watts, m. e. j. and yan, x. ( 2004 ) effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. nature, 428 ( 6983 ). pp. 640 - 643. issn 0028 - 0836full text available as : the fifth world parks congress in durban, south africa, announced in september 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11. 5 % of the planet ' s land surface. this surpasses the 10 % target proposed a decade earlier, at the caracas congress, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning. although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. in practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. we show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform — that is, ' one size fits all ' — conservation targets. | copyright, publisher and additional information : | | © 2004 nature publishing group | | academic units : | | the university of sheffield > faculty of science ( sheffield ) > school of biological sciences ( sheffield ) > department of animal and plant sciences ( sheffield ) | | depositing user : | | repository officer | | date deposited : | | 12 jan 2005 | | last modified : | | 08 feb 2013 16 : 47 | actions ( login required )


- year published : 1866 - language : english - country of origin : russia - source : dostoyevsky, f. ( 1866 ). crime and punishment. moscow, russia : the russian messenger. - flesch – kincaid level : 7. 2 - word count : 7, 803 dostoyevsky, f. ( 1866 ). part 3, chapter 5. crime and punishment ( lit2go edition ). retrieved may 18, 2013, from dostoyevsky, fyodor. " part 3, chapter 5. " crime and punishment. lit2go edition. 1866. web. < >. may 18, 2013. fyodor dostoyevsky, " part 3, chapter 5, " crime and punishment, lit2go edition, ( 1866 ), accessed may 18, 2013,. raskolnikov was already entering the room. he came in looking as though he had the utmost difficulty not to burst out laughing again. behind him razumihin strode in gawky and awkward, shamefaced and red as a peony, with an utterly crestfallen and ferocious expression. his face and whole figure really were ridiculous at that moment and amply justified raskolnikov ’ s laughter. raskolnikov, not waiting for an introduction, bowed to porfiry petrovitch, who stood in the middle of the room looking inquiringly at them. he held out his hand and shook hands, still apparently making desperate efforts to subdue his mirth and utter a few words to introduce himself. but he had no sooner succeeded in assuming a serious air and muttering something when he suddenly glanced again as though accidentally at razumihin, and could no longer control himself : his stifled laughter broke out the more irresistibly the more he tried to restrain it. the extraordinary ferocity with which razumihin received this “ spontaneous ” mirth gave the whole scene the appearance of most genuine fun and naturalness. razumihin strengthened this impression as though on purpose. “ fool! you fiend, ” he roared, waving his arm which at once struck a little round table with an empty tea - glass on it. everything was sent flying and crashing. “ but why break chairs, gentlemen? you know it ’ s a loss to the crown, ” porfiry petrovitch quoted gaily. raskolnikov was still laughing, with his hand in porfiry petrovitch ’ s, but anxious not to overdo it, awaited the right moment