type 1 diabetes : living with the disease ( cont. ) in this article type 1 diabetes requires daily attention to diet, exercise, and insulin. you may have times when this job feels overwhelming, but taking good care of yourself will help you will feel better, have a better quality of life, and prevent or delay complications from diabetes. eat well and count carbohydrate grams follow one of these meal - planning methods to help you eat a healthful diet and spread carbohydrate through the day. this will help prevent high blood sugar levels after meals. for more information, see : focus on the type of carbohydrate as well as the amount. this might help you stay at your target blood sugar level. foods with a low glycemic index ( gi ) may help prevent spikes in blood sugar. it is not yet known if these foods help prevent complications. low glycemic foods do not raise blood sugar as quickly as high glycemic foods. foods with a low gi include high - fiber whole grains, lentils, and beans. high gi foods include potatoes and white bread. using fat replacers — nonfat substances that act like fat in a food — may seem like a good idea, but talk with a registered dietitian before you do. some people may eat more food, and therefore more calories, if they know a food contains a fat replacer. make sure you know how to give yourself insulin. try to do at least 2½ hours a week of moderate activity. one way to do this is to be active 30 minutes a day, at least 5 days a week. be sure to exercise safely. drink plenty of water before, during, and after you are active. this is very important when it ' s hot out and when you do intense exercise. it may help to keep track of your exercise on an activity log ( what is a pdf document? ). monitor your blood sugar checking your blood sugar level is a major part of controlling your blood sugar level and keeping it in a target range you set with your doctor. for more information, see the topic continuous glucose monitoring or see : handle high and low blood sugar levels be sure you : control your blood pressure and cholesterol limit your alcohol intake to no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 drink a day for women ( none if you are pregnant ). discuss with your doctor whether you should drink alcohol. ask if a daily aspirin is right for you talk to your doctor about


no more than 2 drinks a day for men and 1 drink a day for women ( none if you are pregnant ). discuss with your doctor whether you should drink alcohol. ask if a daily aspirin is right for you talk to your doctor about whether you should take low - dose aspirin. daily low - dose aspirin ( 81 milligrams ) may help prevent heart problems if you are at risk for heart attack or stroke. people with diabetes are 2 to 4 times more likely than people who don ' t have diabetes to die from heart and blood vessel diseases. 5 deal with your feelings a chronic illness creates major change in your life. you may need to grieve the loss of your earlier life from time to time. also, you may feel resentful, deprived, or angry about having to pay attention to what and how much you eat. for more information, see : protect your feet daily foot care can prevent serious problems. foot problems caused by diabetes are the most common cause of amputations. for more information, see : learn more about diabetes diabetes is a complex disease and there is a lot to learn, such as : emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org find out what women really need. pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies


the energy [ r ] evolution the climate change imperative demands nothing short of an energy [ r ] evolution. the expert consensus is that this fundamental shift must begin immediately and be well underway within the next ten years in order to avert the worst impacts. what is needed is a complete transformation of the way we produce, consume and distribute energy, while at the same time maintaining economic growth. nothing short of such a revolution will enable us to limit global warming to less than a rise in temperature of 2° celsius, above which the impacts become devastating. current electricity generation relies mainly on burning fossil fuels, with their associated co2 emissions, in very large power stations which waste much of their primary input energy. more energy is lost as the power is moved around the electricity grid network and converted from high transmission voltage down to a supply suitable for domestic or commercial consumers. the system is innately vulnerable to disruption : localised technical, weather - related or even deliberately caused faults can quickly cascade, resulting in widespread blackouts. whichever technology is used to generate electricity within this old fashioned configuration, it will inevitably be subject to some, or all, of these problems. at the core of the energy [ r ] evolution there therefore needs to be a change in the way that energy is both produced and distributed. 4. 1 key principles the energy [ r ] evolution can be achieved by adhering to five key principles : 1. respect natural limits – phase out fossil fuels by the end of this century we must learn to respect natural limits. there is only so much carbon that the atmosphere can absorb. each year humans emit over 25 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent ; we are literally filling up the sky. geological resources of coal could provide several hundred years of fuel, but we cannot burn them and keep within safe limits. oil and coal development must be ended. the global energy [ r ] evolution scenario has a target to reduce energy related co2 emissions to a maximum of 10 gigatonnes ( gt ) by 2050 and phase out fossil fuels by 2085. 2. equity and fairness as long as there are natural limits there needs to be a fair distribution of benefits and costs within societies, between nations and between present and future generations. at one extreme, a third of the world ’ s population has no access to electricity, whilst the most industrialised countries consume much more than their fair share. the effects of climate change on the poorest communities are exacerbated by massive global energy inequality. if we are to address climate change, one of the core principles


electricity, whilst the most industrialised countries consume much more than their fair share. the effects of climate change on the poorest communities are exacerbated by massive global energy inequality. if we are to address climate change, one of the core principles must be equity and fairness, so that the benefits of energy services – such as light, heat, power and transport – are available for all : north and south, rich and poor. only in this way can we create true energy security, as well as the conditions for genuine human wellbeing. the advanced energy [ r ] evolution scenario has a target to achieve energy equity as soon as technically possible. by 2050 the average per capita emission should be between 1 and 2 tonnes of co2. 3. implement clean, renewable solutions and decentralise energy systems. there is no energy shortage. all we need to do is use existing technologies to harness energy effectively and efficiently. renewable energy and energy efficiency measures are ready, viable and increasingly competitive. wind, solar and other renewable energy technologies have experienced double digit market growth for the past decade. just as climate change is real, so is the renewable energy sector. sustainable decentralised energy systems produce less carbon emissions, are cheaper and involve less dependence on imported fuel. they create more jobs and empower local communities. decentralised systems are more secure and more efficient. this is what the energy [ r ] evolution must aim to create. to stop the earth ’ s climate spinning out of control, most of the world ’ s fossil fuel reserves – coal, oil and gas – must remain in the ground. our goal is for humans to live within the natural limits of our small planet. 4. decouple growth from fossil fuel use starting in the developed countries, economic growth must be fully decoupled from fossil fuel usage. it is a fallacy to suggest that economic growth must be predicated on their increased combustion. we need to use the energy we produce much more efficiently, and we need to make the transition to renewable energy and away from fossil fuels quickly in order to enable clean and sustainable growth. 5. phase out dirty, unsustainable energywe need to phase out coal and nuclear power. we cannot continue to build coal plants at a time when emissions pose a real and present danger to both ecosystems and people. and we cannot continue to fuel the myriad nuclear threats by pretending nuclear power can in any way help to combat climate change. there is no role for nuclear power in the energy [ r ] evolution.


hold the salt : ucla engineers develop revolutionary new desalination membrane process uses atmospheric pressure plasma to create filtering ' brush layer ' desalination can become more economical and used as a viable alternate water resource. by wileen wong kromhout originally published in ucla newsroom researchers from the ucla henry samueli school of engineering and applied science have unveiled a new class of reverse - osmosis membranes for desalination that resist the clogging which typically occurs when seawater, brackish water and waste water are purified. the highly permeable, surface - structured membrane can easily be incorporated into today ' s commercial production system, the researchers say, and could help to significantly reduce desalination operating costs. their findings appear in the current issue of the journal of materials chemistry. reverse - osmosis ( ro ) desalination uses high pressure to force polluted water through the pores of a membrane. while water molecules pass through the pores, mineral salt ions, bacteria and other impurities cannot. over time, these particles build up on the membrane ' s surface, leading to clogging and membrane damage. this scaling and fouling places higher energy demands on the pumping system and necessitates costly cleanup and membrane replacement. the new ucla membrane ' s novel surface topography and chemistry allow it to avoid such drawbacks. " besides possessing high water permeability, the new membrane also shows high rejection characteristics and long - term stability, " said nancy h. lin, a ucla engineering senior researcher and the study ' s lead author. " structuring the membrane surface does not require a long reaction time, high reaction temperature or the use of a vacuum chamber. the anti - scaling property, which can increase membrane life and decrease operational costs, is superior to existing commercial membranes. " the new membrane was synthesized through a three - step process. first, researchers synthesized a polyamide thin - film composite membrane using conventional interfacial polymerization. next, they activated the polyamide surface with atmospheric pressure plasma to create active sites on the surface. finally, these active sites were used to initiate a graft polymerization reaction with a monomer solution to create a polymer " brush layer " on the polyamide surface. this graft polymerization is carried out for a specific period of time at a specific temperature in order to control the brush layer thickness and topography. " in the early years, surface plasma treatment could only be accomplished in a vacuum chamber, " said yoram cohen, ucla professor of chemical


out for a specific period of time at a specific temperature in order to control the brush layer thickness and topography. " in the early years, surface plasma treatment could only be accomplished in a vacuum chamber, " said yoram cohen, ucla professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and a corresponding author of the study. " it wasn ' t practical for large - scale commercialization because thousands of meters of membranes could not be synthesized in a vacuum chamber. it ' s too costly. but now, with the advent of atmospheric pressure plasma, we don ' t even need to initiate the reaction chemically. it ' s as simple as brushing the surface with plasma, and it can be done for almost any surface. " in this new membrane, the polymer chains of the tethered brush layer are in constant motion. the chains are chemically anchored to the surface and are thus more thermally stable, relative to physically coated polymer films. water flow also adds to the brush layer ' s movement, making it extremely difficult for bacteria and other colloidal matter to anchor to the surface of the membrane. " if you ' ve ever snorkeled, you ' ll know that sea kelp move back and forth with the current or water flow, " cohen said. " so imagine that you have this varied structure with continuous movement. protein or bacteria need to be able to anchor to multiple spots on the membrane to attach themselves to the surface — a task which is extremely difficult to attain due to the constant motion of the brush layer. the polymer chains protect and screen the membrane surface underneath. " another factor in preventing adhesion is the surface charge of the membrane. cohen ' s team is able to choose the chemistry of the brush layer to impart the desired surface charge, enabling the membrane to repel molecules of an opposite charge. the team ' s next step is to expand the membrane synthesis into a much larger, continuous process and to optimize the new membrane ' s performance for different water sources. " we want to be able to narrow down and create a membrane selection system for different water sources that have different fouling tendencies, " lin said. " with such knowledge, one can optimize the membrane surface properties with different polymer brush layers to delay or prevent the onset of membrane fouling and scaling. " the cost of desalination will therefore decrease when we reduce the cost of chemicals [ used for membrane cleaning ], as well as process operation [ for membrane replacement ]. desalination can become more economical and used as a viable


located above the surface of our planet is a complex mixture of gases and suspended liquid and solid particles known as the atmosphere. operating within the atmosphere is a variety of processes we call weather. some measurable variables associated with weather include air temperature, air pressure, humidity, wind, and precipitation. the atmosphere also contains organized phenomena that include things like tornadoes, thunderstorms, mid - latitude cyclones, hurricanes, and monsoons. climate refers to the general pattern of weather for a region over specific period of time. scientists have discovered that human activities can influence earth ’ s climate and weather producing problems like global warming, ozone depletion, and acid precipitation. widespread urban development alters weather patterns research focusing on the houston area suggests that widespread urban development alters weather patterns in a way that... laptev sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 14 at 14 : 23 the laptev sea is a saline water body, lodged between the kara sea and east siberian sea. the chief land boundary of this marginal sea of the arctic ocean is the siberian... more » east siberian sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 14 at 14 : 09 the east siberian sea is a saline marine body, which is a southern marginal sea of the arctic ocean. to the east is found the chukchi sea and to the west beyond the new... more » baffin baylast updated on 2013 - 05 - 14 at 12 : 11 baffin bay is a margibnal sea of the north atlantic ocean located between the canada ' s baffin, devon and ellesmere islands and greenland. to the south the davis strait... more » andaman sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 13 at 23 : 06 the andaman sea is a body of marine water in the northeastern corner of the indian ocean that lies to the west of the malay peninsula, the north of sumatra, the east of the... more » molucca sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 13 at 23 : 02 the molucca sea ( also molukka sea ) is a semi - enclosed sea, surrounded by a variety of islands belonging to indonesia, most significantly the island of sulawesi ( celebes )... more » levantine sealast updated on 2013 - 05 - 13 at 22 : 31 the levantine sea is most eastern unit of the mediterranean sea, and also the most saline portion of the mediterranean basin. the levantine sea, also known as the levant... more »


traffic barricades can be used to redirect or restrict traffic in areas of highway construction or repair. they are typically made from wood, steel, plastic, fiberglass, or a combination of these materials. many manufacturers have switched to the use of recycled materials in both the supporting frame and rails of the barricades. epa ' s designation covers only types i and ii traffic barricades. epa ' s recovered materials advisory notice ( rman ) recommends recycled - content levels for purchasing traffic barricades as shown in the table below. epa ' s recommended recovered materials content levels for traffic barricades ( types i and ii ) ¹ | material | | postconsumer content ( % ) | | total recovered materials content ( % ) | ( hdpe, ldpe, pet ) 1the recommended materials content levels for steel in this table reflect the fact that the designated items can be made from steel manufactured in either a basic oxygen furnace ( bof ) or an electric arc furnace ( eaf ). steel from the bdf process contains 25 - 30 % total recovered materials, of which 16 % is postconsumer steel. steel from the eaf process contains a total of 100 % recovered steel, of which 67 % is postconsumer. of manufacturers and suppliers this database identifies manufacturers and suppliers of traffic barricades containing recovered materials. buy - recycled series : transportation products ( pdf ) ( 7 pp, 89k, about pdf ) this fact sheet highlights the transportation products designated in the cpg, including traffic barricades, and includes case studies, recommended recovered - content levels, and a list of resources. technical background documents these background documents include epa ' s product research on recovered - content traffic barricades as well as a more detailed overview of the history and regulatory requirements of the cpg process.


university of michigan ( u - m ) scientists have made an important step toward what could become the first vaccine in the u. s. to prevent urinary tract infections, if the robust immunity achieved in mice can be reproduced in humans. the findings are published september 18 in the open - access journal plos pathogens. urinary tract infections ( utis ) affect 53 percent of women and 14 percent of men at least once in their lives. these infections lead to lost work time and 6. 8 million medical provider ' s office visits, 1. 3 million emergency room visits and 245, 000 hospitalizations a year, with an annual cost of $ 2. 4 billion in the united states. to help combat this common health issue, the u - m scientists used a novel systematic approach, combining bioinformatics, genomics and proteomics, to look for key parts of the bacterium, escherichia coli, that could be used in a vaccine to elicit an effective immune response. the team, led by dr. harry l. t. mobley, ph. d., screened 5, 379 possible bacterial proteins and identified three strong candidates to use in a vaccine to prime the body to fight e. coli, the cause of most uncomplicated urinary tract infections. the vaccine prevented infection and produced key types of immunity when tested in mice. scientists have attempted to develop a vaccine for utis over the past two decades. this latest potential vaccine has features that may better its chances of success. it alerts the immune system to iron receptors on the surface of bacteria that perform a critical function allowing infection to spread. administered in the nose, it induces an immune response in the body ' s mucosa, a first line of defense against invading pathogens. the response, also produced in mucosal tissue in the urinary tract, should help the body fight infection where it starts. mobley ' s team is currently testing more strains of e. coli obtained from women treated at u - m. most of the strains produce the same iron - related proteins that cthe vaccine targets, an encouraging sign that the vaccine could work against many urinary tract infections. mobley is seeking partners in clinical research to move the vaccine forward into a phase 1 trial in humans. if successful, this vaccine would take several more years to reach the market. financial disclosure : this work has been funded by public health service grant ai043363 from the national institutes of health. the funders had


phase 1 trial in humans. if successful, this vaccine would take several more years to reach the market. financial disclosure : this work has been funded by public health service grant ai043363 from the national institutes of health. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. competing interests : the authors have declared that no competing interests exist. please add this link to the published article in online versions of your report : http : / / dx. plos. org / 10. 1371 / journal. ppat. 1000586 ( link will go live upon embargo lift ) citation : alteri cj, hagan ec, sivick ke, smith sn, mobley hlt ( 2009 ) mucosal immunization with iron receptor antigens protects against urinary tract infection. plos pathog 5 ( 9 ) : e1000586. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. ppat. 1000586 anne rueter, firstname. lastname @ example. org nicole fawcett, email @ example. com this press release refers to an upcoming article in plos pathogens. the release is provided by the article authors and their institution. any opinions expressed in these releases or articles are the personal views of the journal staff and / or article contributors, and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of plos. plos expressly disclaims any and all warranties and liability in connection with the information found in the releases and articles and your use of such information. about plos pathogens plos pathogens ( www. plospathogens. org ) publishes outstanding original articles that significantly advance the understanding of pathogens and how they interact with their host organisms. all works published in plos pathogens are open access. everything is immediately available subject only to the condition that the original authorship and source are properly attributed. copyright is retained by the authors. the public library of science uses the creative commons attribution license. about the public library of science the public library of science ( plos ) is a non - profit organization of scientists and physicians committed to making the world ' s scientific and medical literature a freely available public resource. for more information, visit http : / / www. plos. org. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the


the warrior diet exercise and nutrition program, created by ori hofmekler, hinges on a somewhat controversial diet based on a daily cycle of “ undereating ” during the day and “ overeating ” at night. the rationale is that the historic “ warrior ”, in order to succeed in the environment of the time, had a primal need to cycle between undereating during the day ( when physical activity and danger were always present ), and overeating at night ( when able to rest and eat a good daily meal ). modern humans in a changed environment can therefore restore health and fitness, by returning to that cycle with the warrior diet. warrior diet grounding the nervous system is the primary focus here, specifically that part called the autonomic nervous system ( ans ). body organs such as the heart, stomach and intestines ( viscera ), and muscles within these organs and other areas like blood vessels, skin, and eyes, as well as the glands of the body, are regulated by the ans. we are mostly unaware of its workings ; for example, when blood vessels change size or when our heart beats faster, these functions are involuntary and reflexive in nature. the ans has 3 parts - - the sympathetic nervous system ( sns ) which kicks in when emergencies occur, causing stress and requiring us to “ fight ” or take “ flight ” ( flee ) - the parasympathetic nervous system ( psns ) which operates in normal or nonemergency times, allowing us to “ rest ” and “ digest ” - the enteric nervous system ( ens ), present in all vertebrates, which regulates the normal digestive activity of the digestive system and prepares it for whatever is coming, whether a meal or a frantic energy - sapping physical activity the undereating phase of the warrior diet is supposed to prepare and alert the sns to potential stress, resulting in the generation of energy and ultimately the burning of fat. while undereating, the body is forced to use fat storage as a source of fuel for maximum metabolic efficiency – thus promoting weight - loss. the overeating phase of the warrior diet recognizes the role of the psns in regulating digestion, elimination and other metabolic activities that slow you down. eating during the day stops this process and blocks the body ’ s ability to remove toxins and waste from the body. since detoxification is imperative for health and to delay aging, eating occurs mainly at night. warrior diet program the program


add comment december 10th, 2012 headsman on this date in 1900, john filip nordlund was beheaded with albert dahlman ‘ s axe at sweden ’ s vasteras county jail. the second - last person executed in sweden ( english wikipedia entry | swedish ) was the author of an infamously fiendish murder spree aboard a ferry steamer crossing lake malaren for stockholm on the evening of may 16, 1900 : shortly after the prins carl ‘ s departure from arboga, nordlund, armed with two revolvers and two blades, went on a rampage through the boat ( swedish link ), shooting or stabbing everyone he saw. the spree left five dead, including the ship ’ s captain, and several others wounded. then nordlund lowered a lifeboat into the water and rowed away with about 800 stolen kronor … and the opprobrium of the nation. nordlund stalks the prins carl, from this verse pdf ( swedish ). police were able to track him from the descriptions of witnesses to a train station and arrest him the very next day. their maniac would turn out to be a 25 - year - old career thief, only released the month before from his latest prison stint. although captured trying to flee, nordlund from the first projected resignation — even relief, writing his parents that he would be well rid of a society he had never felt part of. certainly the sentence was in little doubt given the infamy of the crime ( nordlund was almost lynched after arrest ), and the man made no attempt to defend himself or mitigate his actions in court, nor to seek mercy after conviction. nordlund was the third person executed in sweden in 1900 alone, but there would be no more patients for dahlman for a decade … until 1910, when sweden conducted its first and only guillotining. the country has not carried out a death sentence since. besides being the penultimate executee in swedish history, john filip nordlund is also the last man in europe beheaded manually ( rather than with dr. guillotin ’ s device ) other than in germany. also on this date - 1852 : jose forni, the first legal hanging in california - 1718 : stede bonnet, gentleman pirate - 1541 : thomas culpeper and francis dereham, the queen ' s lovers - 1796 : jose leonardo chirino, venezuelan slave revolt leader - 1937 : teido kunizaki


second of two parts. in the previous column, we toured the present - day east cemetery on the old post road. but in looking at its origin in 1830 by a town body called the first located school society, we found ourselves wandering back to 17th - century england, when the king granted his connecticut colony a hefty slice of north america. we then jumped ahead a century to see connecticut give almost all of it away to cancel revolutionary war debts and settle a shooting war with pennsylvania. connecticut ' s consolation prize was an isolated fragment of its former colonial real estate holdings, more than five hundred miles west of hartford. you ' ve probably heard of case western reserve university in cleveland, but you probably didn ' t know that it ' s named after the above - noted remnant of connecticut ' s legacy from charles ii, which became known as the western reserve. three million acres all told, it extended south to the 41st parallel from the shores of lake erie and west from the newly drawn western border of pennsylvania. you know it today as northern ohio. yep, connecticut lost a bunch of land but still owned a big piece of ohio. impressive! but what about the first located school society and the east cemetery? bear with me. after the revolutionary war, a few connecticut settlers tried to make a go of it in the western reserve, but severe weather, lack of supply and agricultural routes, and less - than - welcoming indians made things very difficult. connecticut, perhaps for lack of a better idea for the western reserve, decided to sell it. in 1795, a group of private investors picked it up for $ 1. 2 million, or about 40 cents an acre. the investors sent a guy named moses cleaveland to survey the area, and he got to have the city, with a slight spelling change, named after him. connecticut relinquished its legal authority over the western reserve a few years later, and it was absorbed into the northwest territory. hey, we could have owned cleveland! this is where the first located school society comes in. but first, let me explain why there ' s one county and several townships in ohio named after fairfield. as the 19th century approached, the indian threat passed, and supply routes improved. more and more connecticut families emigrated to the western reserve to get cheap, fertile land and live alongside like - minded new englanders. the settlers naturally named their new towns after their old ones, so fairfield and other connecticut towns are well represented in ohio. the westernmost 500, 000 acres of the western reserve, known as the


land and live alongside like - minded new englanders. the settlers naturally named their new towns after their old ones, so fairfield and other connecticut towns are well represented in ohio. the westernmost 500, 000 acres of the western reserve, known as the firelands, had long ago been set aside for residents of eight connecticut towns, including fairfield, who suffered the loss of their homes to the british in the revolutionary war. affected families were to receive individual land grants, but bureaucracy, indians, and the war of 1812 killed the well - intentioned project. finally, we can finish the story of the east cemetery. what did connecticut do with that $ 1. 2 million windfall from the 1795 sale of the western reserve? the legislature nobly created a perpetual school fund, to be administered by the towns through civil authorities called school societies, now extinct as public education evolved. the inaugural meeting of the first located school society of fairfield took place on oct. 27, 1796, " in order to form and organize themselves in a school society according to one statute law of this state. " the society immediately laid out six school districts. here is how the first district was described, exactly as recorded in the original record book : " voted and agreed that the first district for a school in this society - - to begin at black rock a little easterly of john wheeler ' s house, and to run northwardly of david wheeler ' s house - - and from thence to run down to the river eastward to grovers hill point - - and from thence running up the harbour as far as to the place first set out, - - all the inhabitants contained within said limits to be one district for a school in said society, and to be called by the name of the black rock district. " five more districts were similarly defined, with boundaries that worked well for 1796 fairfielders, but might be a little shaky these days. in 1830, in concert with other connecticut school societies, the first located school society took on the task of establishing a burial ground, for the " better accommodation of the inhabitants... " it seems that this was an obligation legislated by the state, but why cemeteries would fall to the school societies is a mystery. a committee identified a plot of land in the center of town owned by mrs. sarah taylor, bought it for $ 600, dubbed it the east cemetery, and launched itself into the cemetery business. business must have been good. within the year, the school society opened the west cemetery on the post road, complete with sections


h5n1 in cats 8 march 2006 at the end of february 2006 highly pathogenic avian influenza ( hpai ), caused by the h5n1 virus was detected in a domestic cat found dead on the northern island of ruegen, germany. since mid - february, over 100 birds have died on this island and tests confirmed h5n1 infection. also in asia, cats and other felidae have been occasionally found to be infected with h5n1 since the start of the poultry epidemic in 2003. experimental studies have shown that the domestic cat can become infected with the virus and that cat to cat transmission is possible in principle. the virus causes respiratory disease which can lead to death in all cat species. serological studies in several asian countries suggest that dogs may also contract the h5n1 infection. countries in europe have advised owners of pets living near h5n1 wild bird foci to keep cats indoors and dogs on a leash when taken for a walk. these recent events lead to many questions by the public and pet owners to which the veterinary profession has to respond. in addition, there may be exposure of pet owners and veterinarians. for example, when animals infected with h5n1 ( eg birds, dogs and cats ) are brought to the veterinary clinic. important are also the contribution veterinary practitioners can make in the surveillance of the disease for the presence of the h5n1 infection. this section provides information for the general public and professionals about the risk of cats contracting h5n1 virus and the role of cats in the spread of avian influenza h5n1. during a h5n1 outbreak in poultry in 1997 in hong kong, the first clinical human cases of this sub - type were reported with several fatalities. from the end of 2003 to date ( march 2006 ) 173 people have been confirmed infected with the h5n1 virus of which 93 have died. except for 1 case, human - to - human transmission has probably not occurred. although h5n1 is relatively common to wild birds and poultry, humans and other mammals are also at risk of hpai infection. highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry is of growing concern due to the current geographic extent comprising asia, africa and europe showing potential for pandemic spread. the virus is highly contagious and already over 200 million domestic birds have either been culled or died of the disease. table 1 shows the timeline for avian influenza in cats and other felidae. | timeline of ( h5n1


. the virus is highly contagious and already over 200 million domestic birds have either been culled or died of the disease. table 1 shows the timeline for avian influenza in cats and other felidae. | timeline of ( h5n1 ) avian influenza in cats and other felidae ( and civets ) | 1970s & 1980s | | research revealed that infection of domestic cats with influenza a subtypes h3n2 from humans, h7n3 from a turkey, and h7n7 from a harbor seal ( phoc vitulina ) produces transient virus excretion and a temporary increase in body temperature but did not induce any other clinical signs of disease. | | two leopards and two tigers died at a zoo in thailand after feeding on chicken carcasses. investigation confirmed h5n1 in tissue samples from all 4 animals. this was the first report of influenza causing disease and death in big cats. | | research shows that domestic cats experimentally infected with h5n1 develop severe disease and can spread infection to other cats. | | a h5n1 outbreak in zoo tigers in thailand reportedly fed on chicken carcasses. eventually, 147 out of the population of 441 tigers died or had to euthanized for animal welfare reasons. | | tests on three civets that died late june 2005 in viet nam revealed h5n1, marking the first infection of this species with the virus. these endangered owston ’ s palm civets were raised in captivity ; source of infection is still unknown. october 05 february 06 | | fao field veterinarians report unusual high cat mortality in iraq and indonesia in the vicinity of h5n1 outbreaks 28 february 2006 | | h5n1 confirmed in a cat on the baltic sea island of ruegen ( germany ). over 100 wild birds had been found dead on the island during previous weeks. role of cats in virus transmission research has shown that domestic cats may die from h5n1 virus. also horizontal transmission has been proven. however, it is unlikely that cats play a role in the natural transmission cycle of h5n1 viruses. cat infections occasionally occur in association with h5n1 outbreaks in domestic or wild birds, e. g. when cats feed on infected birds. experimental / infected cats shed the virus via the respiratory and intestinal tract, and may therefore transmit the virus to other cats. naturally infected cats are thus in theory, able to spread the virus. in areas where h5n1


on infected birds. experimental / infected cats shed the virus via the respiratory and intestinal tract, and may therefore transmit the virus to other cats. naturally infected cats are thus in theory, able to spread the virus. in areas where h5n1 infected wild birds are reported it can not be excluded that cats become infected. although most wild birds infected are waterfowl, not normally the species cats interact with, h5n1 is potentially infectious to numerous other bird species and it can not be ruled out that passerines or pigeons which do interact with cats get infected. in areas where poultry is infected with h5n1 there is a risk that cats become infected with h5n1 through contact with infected poultry or their faeces. anecdotal reports support the notion that contact with infected poultry ( faeces and eating infected carcasses ) forms a source of infection for cats. cats probably have little or no contribution to the spread of the disease because the number of infected poultry is much higher than the number of infected cats ; poultry shed much more virus than cats. nevertheless, cats may play a role in the spread of the virus to other animals. report to the local veterinary authority any evidence of significant animal mortality both wild and domestic. theoretically there is a possibility that cats transmit infection to humans. however, given the risk that cats become infected with hpai is low, the risk to human infection is therefore limited. the role of stray cats due to their greater mobility, stray cats could spread the disease into new areas. if infected, stray cats may become a source of contamination to poultry and mammals, including humans. the role of other mammals the ability of catching the h5n1 virus is not restricted to cats. reports show infection in tigers, leopards and civets. also dogs and pigs may become infected with the virus. given the broad host spectrum of the h5n1virus, the possibility that also other wild or domesticated mammals including seals, mustelidae or furbearing animals, become infected by contacting infected animals is present. all carnivores could become infected through eating infected poultry or infected wild birds. areas where h5n1 hpai has been diagnosed or is suspected in poultry or wild birds : - report to the local veterinary authority any evidence of significant bird mortality both wild and domestic. - be especially vigilant for any dead or sick cats and report such findings to the local veterinarian. - make sure contact between cats and wild birds or poultry ( or their faeces


if farmers are to increase food production and food security, they need better access to agricultural support systems, such as credit, technology, extension services and agricultural education, as well as to the rural organizations that often channel other services. both men and women smallholders and poor farmers have frequently been cut off from these essential agricultural support systems, which seldom take into account the different responsibilities and needs of men and women farmers. in spite of their enormous potential and their crucial roles in agricultural production, women in particular have insufficient access to production inputs and support services. this trend underlines the need to implement measures aimed at enhancing the access of small farmers, especially women, to production inputs - particularly since the working environment of development organizations has changed as a result of market liberalization and a reduced role for the state worldwide. national agricultural extension systems are no exception to this rule, and must respond by making internal and external adjustments. great attention is required so that the adjustments do not become detrimental to women and men small farmers. for example, fao ' s field experiences over the last decade have pointed to the need for extension programmes that are more strategically planned, needs - based, participatory and problem solving. women ' s access to and use of agricultural support systems is also severely limited by the heavy burden on time and energy that results from their triple responsibilities - productive activities ( such as work in the fields ), reproductive activities ( such as child rearing, cooking and household chores ) and community management. in order to improve production, farmers need access to financial capital. buying seeds, fertilizer and other agricultural inputs often requires short - term loans, which are repaid when the crops are harvested. installing major improvements, such as irrigation pumps, or acquiring new technology that increases future yields is impossible without access to long - term credit. smallholders, particularly women, often face difficulties in obtaining credit. this is a direct consequence of their lacking access to land, participation in development projects and extension programmes and membership in rural organizations, all of which are important channels for obtaining loans and credit information. in several countries of sub - saharan africa, where women and men farmers are roughly equal in number, it is estimated that women farmers receive only 10 percent of the loans granted to smallholders and less than 1 percent of the total credit advanced to the agriculture sector. credit delivery can be improved by setting up microfinance institutions in rural areas and reorienting the banking system to cater to the needs of small farmers, especially women. the grameen bank in bangladesh, which first pioneered


advanced to the agriculture sector. credit delivery can be improved by setting up microfinance institutions in rural areas and reorienting the banking system to cater to the needs of small farmers, especially women. the grameen bank in bangladesh, which first pioneered the microcredit approach in 1976, currently reaches more than 2 million people. since it was founded, the bank has lent more than us $ 2. 1 billion, most of it in the form of loans of a few hundred dollars for small agriculture, distribution, crafts and trading enterprises. numerous studies have shown that women are generally more reliable and punctual in repaying their loans than men are. a programme providing credit and nutrition for women significantly improved both the participating women ' s incomes and their children ' s nutritional status. this is the conclusion of a study that examined the impact of a credit and education programme run by the ngo freedom from hunger. men and women smallholders also suffer financially from limited access to the marketing services that would allow them to turn surplus produce into cash income. women face particular difficulties because marketing infrastructure and organizations are rarely geared towards either small - scale producers or the crops that women grow. although women all over the world are active as traders, hawkers and street and market vendors, little has been done to improve transport and market facilities to support this vital economic sector. even where rural women play an important role in wholesale trade, their full membership in marketing service institutions is still difficult because they may be illiterate or lack independent legal status. planning for action the fao gender and development plan of action includes commitments by different divisions of fao to increasing the equality of access to a wide range of agricultural support systems, including markets, credit, technology, extension and training. rural finance and marketing services rural groups and organizations agricultural research and technology agricultural education and extension microcredit and education boost incomes and nutrition astudy examined the impact of a microcredit and educational programme implemented by the ngo freedom from hunger. in ghanaian villages, women who participated in the programme used microcredit loans to launch income - generating activities such as preparing and selling palm oil, fish and cooked foods. they increased their non - farm income by $ 36 per month, twice as much as the women who had not taken part in the programme. through the programme ' s educational component, participating women also gained valuable knowledge about their children ' s nutrition and heath needs. membership of cooperatives, farmers ' organizations, trade unions and other organizations represents one of the best ways for rural men and women to gain access


programme ' s educational component, participating women also gained valuable knowledge about their children ' s nutrition and heath needs. membership of cooperatives, farmers ' organizations, trade unions and other organizations represents one of the best ways for rural men and women to gain access to resources, opportunities and decision - making. cooperatives and farmers ' associations generally make it possible for farmers to share the costs and rewards of services that they could not afford on their own. they can be an invaluable channel for obtaining technology, information, training and credit. they can also give smallholders a much louder voice in local and national decision - making. by instituting common food processing, storage and marketing activities, organizations can increase the exchange of goods and services and the access to national and regional markets. participation in such organizations can be especially important to smallholders and poor farmers, both men and women. but women are frequently deterred from joining because membership is often restricted to recognized landowners or heads of household. even when women are responsible for the day - to - day management of both households and holdings, their husbands or other male relatives are often considered the official heads. in many regions, women farmers ' membership of these organizations is restricted by custom. where they are able to belong to rural organizations, women often do not share equally in either the decision - making or the benefits, and are excluded from leadership positions. furthermore, their many household chores may make it impossible for them to attend meetings and devote the time that is necessary for full participation. investment in labour - saving technologies to relieve the burden of women ' s unpaid productive and reproductive tasks is needed in order to given them more free time. in recent years there has been some success in reducing the obstacles to women ' s participation in rural organizations. at the same time, the use and establishment of traditional and new women ' s groups to promote women ' s participation in rural development has grown rapidly. however, experience has shown that women ' s empowerment often requires a step - by - step process to remove the barriers to their membership in organizations that are traditionally dominated by men. furthermore, it is necessary to give them support, individually or collectively, to enable them to gain the knowledge and self - confidence needed to make choices and take greater control of their lives. in all regions of the developing world, women typically work far longer hours than men do. studies in asia and africa show that women work as much as 13 extra hours a week. as a result, they may have little available time to seek out support services, and very different priorities


world, women typically work far longer hours than men do. studies in asia and africa show that women work as much as 13 extra hours a week. as a result, they may have little available time to seek out support services, and very different priorities for the kind of support required. overall, the agricultural research agenda has neglected the needs of smallholders, especially women farmers, and failed to take advantage of their invaluable knowledge about traditional farming methods, indigenous plant and animal varieties and coping techniques for local conditions. such knowledge could hold the key to developing sustainable approaches that combine modern science with the fruits of centuries of experimentation and adaptation by men and women farmers. most research has focused on increasing the yields of commercial crops and staple grains on high - input farms, where high - yielding varieties can be cultivated under optimal conditions. smallholders can rarely afford these technology « packages », which are also generally ill suited to the climatic and soil conditions in areas where most of the rural poor live. the crops that farmers in such areas rely on and the conditions that they face have not featured prominently in agricultural research. sorghum and millet, for example, have received very little research attention and funding, despite their high nutritional value and ability to tolerate difficult conditions. similarly, relatively little research has been devoted to the secondary crops grown by women, which often provide most of their family ' s nutritional needs. in addition, agricultural tools and implements are also rarely designed to fit women ' s physical capabilities or work, so they do not meet women ' s needs. the impact of new technologies is seldom evaluated from a gender perspective. the introduction of harvesting, threshing and milling machinery, for example, has very little direct effect on yields but eliminates thousands of hours of paid labour. according to one study, if all the farmers in punjab, india, who cultivate more than 4 ha were to use combine harvesters, they would lose more than 40 million paid working days, without any increase in farm production or cropping intensity. most of the lost labour and income would be women ' s. « schools where men and women farmers learn how to increase yields and reduce their reliance on pesticides by relying on natural predators. » developing technology to meet women ' s specific needs can yield major gains in food production and food security. in ghana, for example, technology was introduced to improve the irrigation of women ' s off - season crops. larger and more reliable harvests increased both food and economic security during the periods between major crops. in el salvador, where women


food security. in ghana, for example, technology was introduced to improve the irrigation of women ' s off - season crops. larger and more reliable harvests increased both food and economic security during the periods between major crops. in el salvador, where women play an extremely important role in agriculture, it is estimated that as many as 60 percent of households are headed by women. one of the major goals of this country ' s agriculture sector reform was to improve research and extension activities by focusing on the role of women smallholders. to address women farmers ' needs, the project promoted women ' s participation to help guide the research programme at national agricultural technology centre farms. farmer field schools in cambodia in fields across cambodia, men and women farmers gather every week to go to school. they are among the 30 000 cambodian farmers - more than one - third of them women - who have taken part in fao - supported farmer field schools ( ffs ). in the schools, farmers observe how crops develop and monitor pests throughout the growing season. they also learn how natural predators, such as wasps and spiders, can help control pests and how the heavy use of pesticides often kills them off, leaving crops even more vulnerable. these schools emphasize the active participation and empowerment of both men and women farmers. in at least six provinces in cambodia, farmers have formed integrated pest management ( ipm ) groups after completing their training, and are carrying out further field studies and experiments. more than 300 farmers have completed additional training and are now organizing farmer field schools in their own areas. « ; i always knew pesticides were bad for my health, » one participant said, « but now i know for sure. » after completing the school, farmers rely more on cultural practices and natural enemies to control pests, and experience fewer cases of poisoning. agricultural extension programmes provide farmers with a lifeline of information about new technologies, plant varieties and market opportunities. in almost all countries, however, the agricultural extension system fails to reach women farmers effectively. among other reasons, this is because they are excluded from rural organizations. an fao survey showed that, worldwide, female farmers receive only 5 percent of all agricultural extension services and only 15 percent of agricultural extension agents are women. in egypt, where women make up more than half of the agricultural labour force, only 1 percent of extension officers are female. « an fao extension project in honduras that focused on woman - to - woman training boosted both subsistence production and household food security. » this reflects the lack of information and understanding about the important


labour force, only 1 percent of extension officers are female. « an fao extension project in honduras that focused on woman - to - woman training boosted both subsistence production and household food security. » this reflects the lack of information and understanding about the important role played by women. extension services usually focus on commercial rather than subsistence crops, which are grown mainly by women and which are often the key to household food security. available data rarely reflect women ' s responsibility for much of the day - to - day work and decision - making on the family farm. nor do they recognize the many other important food production and food processing activities that women commonly perform, such as home gardening, tending livestock, gathering fuel or carrying water. extension programmes can be tailored to address women ' s priority needs only when men and women farmers are listened to at the village level and when such methods as participatory rural appraisal are employed. in recent years, a number of countries have launched determined efforts to make their extension services more responsive to women ' s needs. in the gambia, for example, the proportion of female agricultural extension workers has increased from 5 percent in 1989 to more than 60 percent today. growth in the number of female extension workers has been matched by increased attention to women ' s involvement and priorities. a special effort has been made to encourage women ' s participation in small ruminant and poultry extension services. in nicaragua, efforts to ensure that extension services match client needs - including giving more attention to the diverse needs of men and women farmers - led to increased use of those services, by 600 percent for women and 400 percent for men. extension programmes that fail to take women into account also fail to address the improved technology and methods that might yield major gains in productivity and food security. furthermore, they often schedule training times and locations that make it impossible for women to participate, in addition to existing socio - cultural reasons. recommended new approaches include the strategic extension campaign ( sec ), which was developed by fao and introduced in africa, the near east, asia and latin america. this methodology emphasizes how important it is for field extension workers and small farmers to participate in the strategic planning, systematic management and field implementation of agricultural extension and training programmes. its extension strategies and messages are specifically developed and tailored to the results of a participatory problem identification and needs assessment. training programme for women ' s incorporation in rural development several hundred peasant women in honduras were trained to serve as « food production liaisons ». after receiving their training, the liaisons worked with grassroots


resistant myzus persicae aphid threatens virus yellows control cold weather and widespread use of neonicotinoid seed treatments combined to limit virus yellows infection in the sugar beet crop in 2011 to the extent that just 0. 5 per cent of the crop was affected. concern, however, is increasing over the developing risk of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides used to control myzus persicae aphids, the virus yellows vector. resistance has been identified in france, italy and spain, in myzus persicae populations associated mainly with peach and nectarine trees, where topical applications of neonicotinoids are used for aphid control, said dr mark stevens. “ if those aphids start moving north and adapt to colder climes then i worry because there is very little chemistry coming on stream to control them, ” he said. rothamsted research work had shown these aphids were also carrying mace and kdr resistance mechanisms, conferring resistance to pirimicarb and pyrethoids. “ we have little in the can to actually control them, ” said dr stevens. “ there are no resistant varieties coming on stream in the immediate future and the problem we are faced with is we are not looking at one virus but a complex of up to four different viruses, making it a very difficult target to hit with a resistance gene, ” he said. he told sugar beet growers at the conference the situation was ‘ one we need to keep an eye on ’.


food safety for moms to be : highlights - entertaining all year | a year - round food safety guide to help keep yourself and your guests safe while entertaining. also available in spanish > en espanol > whether you ' re hosting or attending a shower, pot - luck dinner, birthday party, school fair, or other social event - they all involve food! enjoy these events while keeping your unborn baby safe from foodborne bacteria. use these tips to help you select, prepare, and handle food safely year - round! preventing foodborne illness is easy as... | 1. clean | | wash hands and surfaces often. | | 2. separate | | don ' t cross - contaminate. | | 3. cook | | cook to proper temperatures. | | 4. chill | | refrigerate promptly. | for more information about the 4 simple steps to food safety, see lifelong food safety. first things first always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water before and after handling food. safe food handling for social events make food safety the center of your entertaining activities during your pregnancy and beyond! 4 steps to safe food shopping - separate raw meat, poultry, and seafood from other foods in your grocery shopping cart and your grocery bags. raw juices from these foods can contain harmful bacteria, which can spread to other foods. consider placing these raw foods inside plastic bags to keep the juices contained. - don ' t purchase foods if the " sell by " date has passed. - transport food home right away and refrigerate perishables immediately to prevent any bacteria from rapidly growing in the food. - when the weather ' s hot, place groceries in the air - conditioned passenger compartment of your car rather than the hot trunk. bacteria can multiply rapidly at high temperatures. | take note, moms - to - be! don ' t include these foods on your shopping list. they ' re not safe for you or your unborn baby. | a note about listeria this bacterium that can be particularly harmful to you and your unborn baby and can be found in these foods : 3 ways to safely defrost frozen foods - in the refrigerator. cold temperatures keep most harmful bacteria from multiplying. - in cold water. change the water every half - hour to keep the water cold. - using the microwave, but cook the food immediately after it ' s defrosted. note : don ' t defrost foods at room temperature. bacteria can grow in the " danger zone, "


half - hour to keep the water cold. - using the microwave, but cook the food immediately after it ' s defrosted. note : don ' t defrost foods at room temperature. bacteria can grow in the " danger zone, " the range of temperatures usually between 40° and 140°f ( 4° and 60°c ). be creative and tempt your party guests with an array of fun platters, but keep food selections safe. here ' s how : - heating foods to the right temperature for the proper amount of time kills harmful bacteria, so cook meat, poultry, fish, and eggs thoroughly. for the recommended cooking temperatures, see cook. - some raw eggs can contain harmful bacteria. some of your favorite homemade recipes may call for raw or lightly - cooked eggs. these may include recipes for caesar salad dressing, ice cream, custards, chocolate mousse, and some sauces. here are safe ways to make your favorite egg - containing foods : - add the eggs to the amount of liquid called for in the recipe, then heat the mixture thoroughly. - use store - bought products of the foods listed above, which are often already cooked or pasteurized. - purchase pasteurized eggs. these eggs can be found in some supermarkets and are labeled " pasteurized. " here are several types consumers can buy : - fresh, pasteurized eggs in the shell ( found in the refrigerator section ). - liquid, pasteurized egg products ( found in the refrigerator section ). - frozen, pasteurized egg products ( found in the frozen food section ). - powdered egg whites ( found in the baking section ). refrigerate all perishables ( foods that can spoil or become contaminated by bacteria if unrefrigerated ) up until serving time. these foods include : - finger sandwiches - cheese chunks - fruit salad - foods that contain dairy products plan a bacteria - free buffet with these helpful tips : if you ' re planning a buffet at home and are not sure how quickly the food will be eaten, keep buffet portions small. prepare a number of small platters and dishes ahead of time. store cold back - up dishes in the refrigerator or keep hot dishes in the oven set at 200° f to 250° f ( - 73° c to - 23° c ) prior to serving. this way, your late - arriving guests can enjoy the same appetizing arrangements as the early arrivals. hot foods should be kept at an internal temperature of 140° f ( 60° c ) or


to - 23° c ) prior to serving. this way, your late - arriving guests can enjoy the same appetizing arrangements as the early arrivals. hot foods should be kept at an internal temperature of 140° f ( 60° c ) or warmer. use a food thermometer to check. serve or keep food hot in chafing dishes, crock pots, and warming trays. note : some warmers only hold food at 110° f to 120° f ( - 163° c to - 153° c ), so check the product label to make sure your warmer has the capability to hold foods at 140° f or warmer. cold foods should be kept at 40° f ( 4 ° c ) or colder. keep cold foods refrigerated until serving time. if food is going to stay out on the buffet table longer than two hours, place plates of cold food on ice to retain the chill. keep it fresh don ' t add new food to an already - filled serving dish. instead, replace nearly - empty serving dishes with freshly - filled ones. bacteria from people ' s hands may have contaminated the food. plus, bacteria may have started to multiply at room temperature. watch the clock remember the 2 - hour rule : discard any perishables left out at room temperature for more than two hours, unless you ' re keeping it hot or cold. if the buffet is held in a place where the temperature is above 90°f, the safe - holding time is reduced to one hour. leaving with leftovers? be sure to refrigerate leftovers immediately after you arrive home.


london, july 27 ( ians ) personal computers are fast taking over the place of human beings ’ long time best friend, the family dog, a british study has found. researchers have found just six percent of us believe that “ most people rely more on their dog than they do on their pc, ” while 67 percent think the opposite to be true. even 38 percent of dog owners confessed to relying more on their pc than on their dog, although 36 percent disagreed. and 71 percent of 18 to 24 - year - old dog owners said they relied more on their computer, daily mail reported. according to paul allen, editor of computeractive magazine, which carried out the poll with the royal society for the protection of cruelty to animals, said : “ these days you can even take your pc for a walk, provided you have a laptop or tablet. “ it ’ s only a matter of time until the first pc that fetches your slippers. ” researchers talked to 2, 000 british adults to find out about the change modern technology has brought to their home life. they found that male dog owners are almost twice as likely as female owners to rely on their computer than a canine companion. allen said : “ with broadband bringing them global news and newspaper sales falling, the family dog even misses out on the pleasure of taking the paper to his owner. ” but it ’ s not all bad news for obedient dogs. “ the family pc has given dog owners access to a wealth of resources and information that can help with the long - term care that a dog needs, ” allen said. “ from finding the best vets to researching great new walks that all the family can enjoy, the web enables the pc to become a dog ’ s best friend. ”


bali climate conference has a message for rural community the world leaders recognised that 20 % of the global emission of greenhouse gases ( ghgs ) can be contained by forestation. the programme, reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ( redd ) aims to compensate the developing countries in the tropical region to maintain their forests and discourages deforestation. it allows developing countries to sell carbon offsets to rich countries in return for not burning their tropical forests from 2013. redd initiative is the need of the hour when largescale deforestation is taking place across the world for urbanisation, oil palm, soyabean and bio - fuel crop plantation. the bali conference also stressed upon the urgent need to cut carbon and methane emissions from tropical forests. the bali conference also adopted a resolution on adaptation fund to help poor nations to cope with damage from climate change impact like droughts, extreme weather conditions or rising seas. the adaptation fund now comprises only about $ 36 million but might rise to $ 1 - $ 5 billion a year by 2030, if investments in green technology in developing nations surges. the fund distinguished the responsibilities of the global environment facility and the world bank. the fund would have a 16 - member board largely from developing countries and would start operating from 2008. senior researchers of the united nations development fund ( undp ) had urged the developed countries to urgently discuss adaptation funds as the key to solution of the problems. the lead author of the recent undp report, kevin watkins said that as per estimate $ 86 billion annually. " the figure looks large, but actually it is only 0. 2 % of the rich countries gdp, " he said and added that adaptation fund sourced from multilateral funding in the last two years was only $ 26 million — the amount spent by uk alone on flood control for a week. a group of small island communities led by biotani indonesia foundation has urged that the adaptation fund should include a special corpus to cover their initiatives. the bali conference succeeded in adopting a resolution on technology tranfer and also its monitoring. it, however, failed address the vital issue of cut in ghg emissions and deferred it till 2009. it also postponed until next year any consideration of a plan to fund an untested technology which captures and buries the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, emitted from power plants that burn fossil fuels. it also failed to agree whether or not to allow companies to sell carbon offsets from destroying new production of powerful greenhouse gases called hydrofluorocarbons ( hfcs ). benefiting factories have


india ' s rice output expected at 100 mn tons in 2012 - 13 : fao the global body on the farm sector had earlier forecast the rice output in india, the world ' s second largest producer, at 98. 5 mt. this was due to late onset of monsoon rains leading to deficit in key northern and southern growing areas. fao in its latest ' food outlook ' report said that output prospects in india were marred until august by below - normal precipitation, but have since been bolstered by a revival of the monsoon rains. " as a result, the country is predicted to harvest 100 mt in 2012 - 13, 4 mt less than its outstanding 2011 - 12 season, but still the second best result in history, " fao said. the country had harvested a record 104. 32 mt of rice in the 2011 - 12 crop year ( julynjune ). " while the resulting replenishment of water reserves should foster an expansion of secondary rabi ( winter ) crop, the rains may have come too late for the main kharif ( summer ) crop to be unscathed, " it added. the past few months of the 2012 season were dominated by concern over a possible recurrence of an el nino southern oscillation ( enso ) weather anomaly and slow progress of the monsoon rains in india, it said. " however, in august and september, india ' s fears were tempered by more generous pattern of the rainfall, and meteorological centre ' s predictions reverted back to a weak or neutral enso, " it added. according to the be the first to comment.


let ’ s start with the understanding that the federal trade commission states that if scrap generated in the manufacturing process is reused for manufacturing new product, it can not be calculated as post - industrial recycled content, as this reuse of scrap is a part of the typical manufacturing process. so your first question when receiving post - industrial recycled content data should be, “ how did you make this calculation, and where did the recycled waste come from? ” stakeholder demand for recycled content in building products has been largely driven by the leed® rating system, and the points gained by contributing to the recycled content credit. now, since scrap reused in the manufacturing process can not be calculated, many manufactures play a form of the “ shell game ”. if a manufacturer has multiple facilities making products that generate scrap which can be reused in all the manufacturing processes then, to calculate post - industrial recycled content, the scrap is just moved between facilities. now the scrap is claimed to be diverted from landfill and calculated as recycled content. please understand that for a recycling program to work, a manufacturer needs a continuous feedstock of waste material, so some of this moving around of scrap is legitimate. if the manufacturer is playing the shell game just “ for the points, ” then all that is being done is increased energy use and co2 emissions... how sustainable is that?


nearly half of about 67 million americans with high blood pressure are not effectively treating their condition and face a high risk of a heart attack or stroke, a u. s. health official said on tuesday. about 36 million people have uncontrolled high blood pressure, a condition caused when too much force is exerted by blood as it is pumped through the body and moves against vessel walls, according to a report from the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention released tuesday. " the bottom line is... most of those in this country who have ( high blood pressure ) don ' t have their numbers under control, and because of that we have a very high burden of disease, " said thomas frieden, director of the cdc. high blood pressure, a risk factor for heart disease and stroke, contributes to nearly 1, 000 deaths a day and $ 131 billion in annual direct healthcare costs, frieden said. the condition is the second most serious public health issue. cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the country, according to the cdc. frieden said patients with high blood pressure are either not receiving a correct combination or dosage of medication or are not keeping up with their medication. some doctors are not warning patients who have had multiple readings of high - blood pressure, a problem frieden said could be solved by better systems to track patients. of the 36 million americans with uncontrolled hypertension, about 14 million were not aware of their condition and about 22 million either chose not to take medication or were on inadequate treatment, according to the report, which surveyed adults between 2003 and 2010. " i think there ' s clearly a lot of room for improvement, " frieden said, noting that controlling blood pressure often means taking multiple medications daily for the rest of one ' s life. high blood pressure can be prevented through diet, exercise and taking drugs such as beta blockers and ace inhibitors - - which widen arteries. lowering blood pressure can cut the risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure and other conditions. risk factors include obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and chronic difficulties such as diabetes, kidney disease and high cholesterol.


register new player welcome to our world of fun trivia quizzes and quiz games : weather occurrences of " biblical " proportions " this quiz will deal with the usually normal subject of weather. but weather can take on miraculous traits when dealing with god and the bible. here are ten events listed in the bible that involve weather. ( king james version used ) " 15 points per correct answer - no time limit according to the gospel of matthew, jesus christ was involved in some weather a few times in his lifetime. one occurred when he was approaching the disciples. the disciples were attempting to fish in a storm when they saw jesus walking on the water toward them. when he reached and boarded the boat, the storm subsided. what body of water did this miracle occur on? sea of galilee probably the best known event involving weather in the bible is the great flood. through studying the bible, theologians have determined the length of time that noah, his family, and the animals were on the ark. what is the time frame in days that scholars tend to agree on as the length of noah ' s captivity on the ark? weather happenings were prevalent during the ten plagues of egypt. one of the plagues featured a horrendous hailstorm, accompanied by fire. of the ten plagues, which number plague was this? god and moses also used the weather to actually end one of the plagues, as it is stated they used a " mighty wind " to drive out this particular plague ' s results. what was it that the mighty wind was getting rid of? blood on the water in exodus 19, moses had another occurrence with biblical weather when he went up the mountain to receive god ' s ten commandments. what mountain was surrounded by " thunder and lightning " and a " veil of clouds " during moses ' climb upward? mount of olives this person experienced some dangerous sea storms upon his attempted fleeing from god ' s request to go to nineveh and try and convert the people there. who was this reluctant evangelist who had a whale of a time surviving the sea storm? two people are documented in the bible as never dying. one was enoch, who was taken up to heaven in genesis 5. the other was this prophet, who according to ii kings 2, " went up by a whirlwind into heaven ". who was this servant of god who was whisked to heaven on a chariot of fire by way of a whirlwind? according to joshua 10, while joshua was holding camp in the large city of gibe


##lwind into heaven ". who was this servant of god who was whisked to heaven on a chariot of fire by way of a whirlwind? according to joshua 10, while joshua was holding camp in the large city of gibeon, five kings of surrounding areas banded together to wage war upon joshua ' s people. this would prove disheartening to them, as god was with joshua ' s men and they were forced to flee after losing the battle. but the weather played a part afterwards. before they had made the complete retreat back home, the armies were nearly wiped out by what weather phenomenon brought on by god? according to the book of the same name, this man of god had a vision that featured some unique weather. from the opening verses of the first chapter : " and i looked, and, behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a fire infolding itself, and a brightness was about it, and out of the midst thereof as the colour of amber, out of the midst of the fire. " the vision gets even more intense after that. who was this godly man? in the king james version, along with several other translations, " peace, be still " are famous words used to stop a storm while riding on a boat. what transpired previous to those words frightened all the passengers on the boat, as the strong wind was threatening to capsize the boat. who was it that ended this weather malady with three simple words? john the baptist copyright, funtrivia. com. all rights reserved. legal / conditions of use compiled nov 12 12


catholic and protestant reformers in the 16th century occasionally spoke scornfully of anabaptists as " new monks, " referring to anabaptist insistence on holy living and intense spiritual life ( e. g., ta elsaß 1, 110 - 13 ). anabaptists occasionally accepted the comparison ( klassen, william and walter klaassen, eds. and trans. the writings of pilgram marpeck, classics of the radical reformation, vol. 2. scottdale, pa : herald press, 1978 : 217 ) but more frequently rejected it ( klassen & klaassen : 215 - 16 ; menno, writings, 369, 401 ), in part because monks often came from the socially privileged classes. several scholars have used monastic history as an aid to interpret anabaptism ( troeltsch, ritschl, davis, snyder, martin ). many anabaptists and mennonites, beginning with the hutterite chronicle, pointed to quasi - monastic sectarian medieval movements, especially waldenses, as forerunners of anabaptism ( these theories are promulgated or discussed by keller, gratz, verduin, durnbaugh ). one of the most extensive efforts to relate monasticism and anabaptism drew on both monastic and quasi - monastic traditions ( davis ). most scholars have carefully limited their interpretations to pointing out " intellectual parallels " or general similarities ; some have argued for direct continuity and influence. the crucial interpretive question revolves around the nature of monasticism : is it a nonconforming sectarian development critical of the institutional church ( workman ) or an intensified institutional core of the ecclesiastical establishment? or, did monasticism begin as a charismatic, lay, " sectarian " movement in the 4th century but become fully integrated into the sacramental, ecclesial, institutional church by the early middle ages ( rousseau, martin )? how central the critical, separatist aspect of early monasticism is to monastic identity is disputed, even by those within the monastic community ( eoin de bhaldraithe ). particularly significant in this regard is the distinction between contemplative monastic orders ( benedictine, cistercian, carthusian ) and more lay - oriented, urban mendicant orders and houses of regular canons of the late middle ages ( franciscans, dominicans, augustinian friars, praemonstratensians, augustinian canons ). the latter orders were associated with the


more lay - oriented, urban mendicant orders and houses of regular canons of the late middle ages ( franciscans, dominicans, augustinian friars, praemonstratensians, augustinian canons ). the latter orders were associated with the middle class and were visibly and pastorally active ; the former were often but not always associated with the nobility and lived in secluded and rural areas. most anabaptist links to " monks " appear to have been with the mendicants and canons regular. michael sattler is the main exception to this generalization. most interpreters agree that anabaptists rejected the sacramental and institutional " culture - church " of the middle ages in favor of a voluntary, non - institutionalized, even anti - clerical church of the faithful few, in effect, reducing the church to a devout " monastic " core. at issue among scholars is whether the label " monastic " should properly be applied to a sectarian, pure church vision such as that held by anabaptists, since most monks did not believe that the church was made up solely of monastics, rather, they believed that monks and nuns were part, perhaps the most important part, of the church. the qualities and virtues prized by anabaptists and mennonites ( hospitality, humility, community, gelassenheit, obedience, repentance, nonresistance, etc. ) were also prime monastic virtues, although all medieval catholics were exhorted to practice these same virtues. significant parallels to monastic spirituality are found in the mennonite period of post - anabaptist history in which anabaptist first - generation identity was transformed into a sacramental, ecclesial, institutional, cultural ( ethnic ) faith, even though mennonites, amish, and hutterites avoided the language of sacramental and institutional christianity ( cronk, martin ). during the 1980s growing mennonite concern about the role of single adults in the church has not yet taken account of the traditional christian monastic theology, with its implications for both marriage and singleness. recent scholarship on monasticism emphasizes the social role of celibate communities, which enhanced the role of marriage while creating a sphere of activity for those remaining unmarried ( brown, leclercq ). further research is needed in all these areas of anabaptist and mennonite history and culture. cronk, sandra. " gelassenheit : the rites of the redemptive process in the old order amish and


). further research is needed in all these areas of anabaptist and mennonite history and culture. cronk, sandra. " gelassenheit : the rites of the redemptive process in the old order amish and old order mennonite communities. " phd dissertation, u. of chicago, 1977. see also mennonite quarterly review 65 ( 1981 ) : 5 - 44. for ritschl, gratz, verduin, keller, and others : see davis, kenneth r. anabaptism and asceticism : a study in intellectual origins. scottdale, 1974 : 27 - 31. de bhaldraithe, eion. " michael sattler, benedictine and anabaptist. " downside review 105 ( april 1987 ) : 111 - 131. durnbaugh, donald f. " theories of free church origins. " mennonite quarterly review 41 ( 1968 ) : 83 - 95. martin, dennis d. " monks, mendicants and anabaptists : michael sattler and the benedictines reconsidered. " mennonite quarterly review 60 ( 1986 ) : 139 - 64. reply by snyder, c. arnold. " michael sattler, benedictine : dennis martin ' s objections reconsidered. " mennonite quarterly review 61 ( 1987 ) : 251 - 79. martin, dennis d. " catholic spirituality and mennonite discipleship. " mennonite quarterly review 62 ( 1988 ) : 5 - 25. martin, dennis d. " nothing new under the sun? mennonites and history. " conrad grebel review 5 ( 1987 ) : 1 - 27. snyder, c. arnold. " the monastic origins of swiss anabaptist sectarianism. " mennonite quarterly review 57 ( 1983 ) : 5 - 26. snyder, c. arnold. the life and thought of michael sattler. scottdale, pa : herald press, 1984. troeltsch, ernst. the social teachings of the christian churches. translator : olive wyon. new york : harper and row, 1960 : 239 - 46, 332 - 33. for general information on monastic history, see : brown, peter r. l. " the notion of virginity in the early church. " christian spirituality : origins to the 12th c. editor : bernard mcginn and john meyendorff. new york : crossroad ( 1985 ) : 427 - 43. grundler, otto


notion of virginity in the early church. " christian spirituality : origins to the 12th c. editor : bernard mcginn and john meyendorff. new york : crossroad ( 1985 ) : 427 - 43. grundler, otto. " devotio moderna. " christian spirituality : high middle ages and reformation. editor : jill raitt. new york : crossroad ( 1987 ) : 176 - 93. knowles, david. christian monasticism. new york : mcgraw - hill, 1969. leclercq, jean. monks and love in 12th - c. france. oxford : clarendon, 1979. novak, michael. " the free churches and the roman church. " journal of ecumenical studies, 2 ( 1965 ) : 426 - 47. rousseau, phillip. ascetics, authority, and the church in the age of jerome and cassian. new york ; oxford, 1980. workman, herbert b. the evolution of the monastic ideal from the earliest times to the coming of the friars. 2nd edition. london, 1927, reprinted with introduction by david knowles. boston : beacon, 1962. adapted by permission of herald press, harrisonburg, virginia, and waterloo, ontario, from mennonite encyclopedia, vol. 5, pp. 601 - 602. all rights reserved. for information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the herald press website. ©1996 - 2013 by the global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. all rights reserved. mla style : martin, dennis d. " monasticism. " global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. 1987. web. 18 may 2013. http : / / www. gameo. org / encyclopedia / contents / m653. html. apa style : martin, dennis d. ( 1987 ). monasticism. global anabaptist mennonite encyclopedia online. retrieved 18 may 2013, from http : / / www. gameo. org / encyclopedia / contents / m653. html.


young people ' s conference young people ' s conference was a youth movement in the mennonite church ( mc ) which flourished for a short time between 1920 - 23, and led in part to the creation of the young people ' s problems committee. it had its origin in a " general conference of mennonites in france in reconstruction work " held at clermont - en - argonne, meuse, france, 20 - 22 june 1919. this conference was organized on an intended permanent basis with a constitution whose name was tentatively chosen as " mennonite young people ' s movement, " and which was to meet annually. its clearly stated purpose was constructive and progressive, and its three annual conference programs represented in effect a christian life conference with accent on the problems of youth. the movement also represented dissatisfaction with the rather slow - moving general church leadership and program, and also a determination to work out a larger and more influential place for the more mature young people in the work and leadership of the church. since much of the older leadership of the church reacted with skepticism and even suspicion to the new movement, opposition and tension developed. differences were sorted out in the end and the movement got started in america, changing its name to the young people ' s conference. three annual meetings were held : west liberty, ohio, 28 - 30 august 1920 ; sterling, il, 15 - 18 june 1922 ; middlebury, in ( forks church ), 14 - 17 june 1923. general tensions in the church at this time, resulting in the closing of goshen college for the year 1923 - 24 and divisions in a number of congregations in indiana, ohio, ontario, and eastern pennsylvania, led to confusion in the ranks of the leadership of the young people ' s conference, and ultimately to the discontinuance of the annual meetings. the committee in charge for the 1923 conference listed harold s. bender, chairman ; walter e. yoder, secretary ; john l. yoder, treasurer ; payson miller, and vernon smucker. some of the energies of this group were channeled into a biweekly periodical, the christian exponent, established on 4 january 1924, and discontinued on 11 september 1928, edited by vernon smucker. adapted by permission of herald press, harrisonburg, virginia, and waterloo, ontario, from mennonite encyclopedia, vol. 4, p. 1009. all rights reserved. for information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the herald press website. ©1996 - 2013 by the global anabaptist men


historical newspaper archives search tips newspaper archives last & first name search - using both name search fields returns newspaper articles in which the surname is automatically " near2 " the first name. - this means the newspaper archive search engine automatically finds occurrences of the first and last names within two words of each other. - this helps to find occurrences of middle names or initials in the newspaper articles, without having to enter or remember them. - the " near2 " search command is not order specific — meaning your newspaper search will retrieve the person ' s name no matter in what order it is mentioned : the first name then last name or the last name then first name. - this search default is intended to bring you the most occurrences of the name you are searching for in the online newspaper archives. - however, if the person ' s name is popular, like smith, try using some of the available search options such as location, date range, and keyword, in order to narrow your search to the specific smith you are looking for ( see below ). using advanced search in the newspaper archive database - there are two keyword search boxes to narrow your search for newspaper articles : " include keywords " box and " exclude keywords " box ( see below ). - use the date search box to enter a specific date or date range of the newspaper content you want to search online. using keywords & quotation marks to search newspapers - all the searches for historical newspaper articles are full - text keyword searches against ocr - generated ascii text. - by using the " include keywords " box and / or " exclude keywords " box, you can narrow or expand your online newspaper article search. - put phrases in quotes like " john adams " in the " include " keyword box to limit the newspaper article search to that exact name — versus using the last / first name search that brings back results matching john near2 adams. - if you find too many names in the newspaper archive search results, narrow your search even more by typing names or places you do not want in your search in the " exclude " box. using boolean operators to search newspaper archives - use and, or, adjx ( order specific ), nearx ( order non - specific ) and wildcards, such as "? " and " * " ) broaden or narrow newspaper search queries - by emptying filled - in fields to broaden your search, or filling in empty fields to narrow your search. display newspaper search results in different ways, such as :


? " and " * " ) broaden or narrow newspaper search queries - by emptying filled - in fields to broaden your search, or filling in empty fields to narrow your search. display newspaper search results in different ways, such as : - best matches ( this is the newspaper search default ) - oldest items ( based on newspaper publication dates ) - newest items ( based on newspaper publication dates ) - once changed, the selection will remain the default until you change it again. search newspapers by date range - if you know the date of the newspaper content you are seeking, then use the " date " search box. - enter a specific date or a date range — a variety of date formats are accepted. - examples : june 2, 1804, or 1804 - 1849, or june 1804 - august 1949. using colonial english variant spellings to search old newspapers - many of the newspapers in the historical newspaper archives are very old, and the searches must deal with colonial english. - the long " s " character was almost identical to the " f " in many texts. - when searching old newspaper articles on words containing the letter " s, " use the "? " wildcard in place of the " s. " - note : this can occur whether it is the first letter, a letter within a word, or at the end of a word. - the double " s " is in words like massachusetts needs to be replaced with two wildcards in historical newspaper searches. examples of searching for old newspaper articles with colonial english | modern spelling | | colonial spellings | | suggested search | - in addition, type was set by hand for early american newspapers and printers did not always have enough pieces of type to include all of the letters in a word. this resulted in letters being omitted, or sometimes letters that looked similar were used as substitutions. - much of this historic newspaper material did not use standard spellings. - examples of some conventions that were common in old newspapers : - use of name variants - smith or smythe - use of " e " in word endings - chesapeake or chesapeak - dropping the letter " h " - philadelphia or philadelpia - examples of irregular vowel usage : - clerk - cleark - color - colour - delaware - deleware - elijah - elifha - israel - ifreal - ifral - jehovah - javovah - examples of letter e to word endings - brown - browne - chesapeake - chefopeak or chefopeake - clark - clarke - highways - highwayes


a genome - wide association study appearing in plos genetics that involved thousands of individuals of european ancestry identified five genetic loci that appear to be associated with facial features. among them : variants in and around genes implicated in prior studies of conditions that are characterized by face and / or skull malformations. the researchers behind the study, members of the international visible trait genetics, or visigen, consortium, argue that the new findings could contribute to what ' s known about facial evolution and development in humans, while at once laying the foundation for forensic tools for predicting facial features based on dna alone. for more on this study, see this story from our sister publication genomeweb daily news. investigators from the cleveland clinic and elsewhere used post - mortem brain samples to look at the epigenetic and transcriptional profiles associated with autism spectrum disorder. as they reported in plos one, the researchers relied on arrays and bisulfite sequencing to assess genome - wide gene expression and dna methylation profiles in two brain regions — the cerebellar hemisphere cortex and the brodmann area 19 occipital cortex — in samples from nine males with idiopathic cases of autism spectrum disorder and nine unaffected male controls in the same age range. overall brain expression patterns varied from one individual with asd to the next. but the team did uncover some shared features within the asd samples, including lower - than - usual expression of genes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and protein production pathways in the brain samples from individuals with autism and shifts in the expression of certain brain - related genes. a plos pathogens study of dengue virus by french researchers explores the basis for the pronounced conservation that ' s been noted in nucleotides found at the ends of the virus ' rna - based genome. using chemical synthesis experiments, assays, and other analyses, the group determined that the virus, a representative of the flavivirus genus, relies on an rna end - repair process that involves the rna - dependent rna polymerase produced by a dengue virus gene called ns5. " our findings provide a direct demonstration of the implication of a viral rna polymerase in the conservation and repair of genome ends, " the study ' s authors wrote. " other polymerases from other rna virus families are likely to employ similar mechanisms. "


killing emacs means ending the execution of the emacs process. if you started emacs from a terminal, the parent process normally resumes control. the low - level primitive for killing emacs is this command calls the hook kill - emacs - hook, then exits the emacs process and kills it. if exit - data is an integer, that is used as the exit status of the emacs process. ( this is useful primarily in batch operation ; see batch mode. ) if exit - data is a string, its contents are stuffed into the terminal input buffer so that the shell ( or whatever program next reads input ) can read them. kill - emacs function is normally called via the higher - level command c - x c - c save - buffers - kill - terminal ). see exiting. it is also called automatically if emacs receives a sighup operating system signal ( e. g., when the controlling terminal is disconnected ), or if it receives a sigint signal while running in batch mode ( see batch mode ). this normal hook is run by kill - emacs, before it kills emacs. kill - emacscan be called in situations where user interaction is impossible ( e. g., when the terminal is disconnected ), functions on this hook should not attempt to interact with the user. if you want to interact with the user when emacs is shutting down, use kill - emacs - query - functions, described below. when emacs is killed, all the information in the emacs process, aside from files that have been saved, is lost. because killing emacs inadvertently can lose a lot of work, the save - buffers - kill - terminal command queries for confirmation if you have buffers that need saving or subprocesses that are running. it also runs the abnormal hook save - buffers - kill - terminalis killing emacs, it calls the functions in this hook, after asking the standard questions and before calling kill - emacs. the functions are called in order of appearance, with no arguments. each function can ask for additional confirmation from the user. if any of them returns save - buffers - kill - emacsdoes not kill emacs, and does not run the remaining functions in this hook. calling kill - emacsdirectly does not run this hook.