dropping a pound or two isn ' t necessarily a bad thing, especially if your pet ' s packing a few extra. but weight loss should be controlled, gradual and supervised by your veterinarian. sudden, unexpected weight loss usually signals an underlying health problem. cats, in particular, need frequent weight monitoring to prevent hepatic lipidosis, a debilitating liver disease. some pets lose weight in the heat of summer when rising temperatures curb their appetite. at the other extreme, you ' ll find some pets losing weight during frigid weather because they ' re burning more energy while trying to keep warm. other common causes of weight loss include stress and lactation. healthy boarded pets may shed some pounds because of diet changes or the stress of a new environment, and nursing mothers burn more calories as their bodies produce milk. although normal, these responses to environmental or lifestyle changes mean your pet uses and needs, more calories to meet increased energy requirements. diet plays a crucial role in weight maintenance. undernourishment and weight loss occur in pets who are fed poor - quality, inedible or spoiled food. many underlying medical conditions such as dental disease, gastrointestinal disorders ( including parasites ), diabetes mellitus, liver or kidney disease, congestive heart failure and cancer make eating and absorbing nutrients difficult. other conditions, including hyperthyroidism, fever and chronic infections, increase your pet ' s metabolism and the rate she burns calories. the result can be dramatic weight loss. what you can do at home a nutritious diet and lots of fresh water are your pet ' s best defenses against unwanted weight loss. feed your pet the right amount of high - quality food that ' s appropriate for her life stage and activity level. and make sure she visits the veterinarian at least once a year for a thorough examination and parasite prevention. when to call the veterinarian see your veterinarian whenever your pet experiences unexplained weight loss. call the doctor immediately if your pet exhibits additional symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, fever or increased thirst or urination. literally hundreds of conditions can cause weight loss in pets, so please be patient as the veterinarian makes his or her diagnosis. though some of these conditions are serious, most pets who have slimmed down quickly, soon return to their original weight with no complications.


these days, students come from all walks of life and enter college for a variety of reasons, and with a variety of expectations. many of these students are acutely aware of the affect collegiate life will have on future career options, and use their college experiences to discover and refine a career path that will satisfy them. other students are in the midst of their careers and either want to change career paths or are looking for job training to advance their careers. career planning is a valuable exercise for any of these students. a good starting point in deciding what course of collegiate study would best prepare you for a career is to analyze very thoughtfully what particular skills are strengths for you. in general, are you adept at working with people, or numbers, or the written word, and so forth? what subjects in high school or activities since graduating have had the most appeal for you? you should make a list of the activities you enjoy and the subjects you like to read about or discuss. another valuable career planning activity is to read up on career information. research careers that you are interested in and that would utilize your strengths. what type of education is required to get into the field? do you need a graduate degree? will you need to pursue a long internship or residency program? are you willing to spend the time it takes to fulfill these requirements? remember, you don ' t have to have all the answers, but if you have an idea in mind, it can only help you. with possible careers in mind, you can research the college majors that are relevant. you can determine what colleges offer strong programs in your chosen majors, or if a career college would be a good option.


hyperparathyroidism in dogs excessive levels of parathyroid hormone in the blood in dogs the parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, increasing blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be reabsorbed from bone. the parathyroid glands are small, hormone - secreting glands that are located on or near the thyroid glands. the term para - refers to adjacent or alongside, and thyroid refers to the actual thyroid gland ; the thyroid and parathyroid glands are located side by side in the neck, near the windpipe or trachea. hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition related to the parathyroid glands, in which over active parathyroid glands cause abnormally high levels of parathyroid hormone ( also known as parathormone or pth ) to circulate in the blood. primary hyperparathyroidism refers to a condition in which a tumor in the parathyroid gland produces excessive levels of parathyroid hormone, leading to increased blood calcium levels ( hypercalcemia ). secondary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by a deficiency of calcium and vitamin d, and is associated with malnutrition or long - term ( chronic ) kidney disease. there is no known genetic cause for primary hyperparathyroidism, but its association with certain breeds suggests a possible hereditary basis in some cases. secondary hyperparathyroidism can develop in association with hereditary kidney disease ( known as hereditary nephropathy ), but is not inherited per se. keeshonds seem to show some predilection for this disease. in dogs, the average age is ten years, with a range of 5 to 15 years of age. symptoms and types your veterinarian will be looking for cancer first and foremost for the cause for this disease. however, several other possibilities will also be considered, such as renal failure and vitamin d intoxication, which have been known to be found in some rodenticides. other possibilities are too much calcium in the blood. a urinalysis will reveal calcium and phosphate levels. serum ionized calcium determination is often normal in patients with chronic renal failure and high in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism or hypercalcemia that is associated with a malignancy. if kidney stones are suspected, your veterinarian may use x - ray and ultrasound imaging of the parathyroid gland to discover whether there is tumor there. if nothing can be found using these diagnostic techniques, your veterinarian


malignancy. if kidney stones are suspected, your veterinarian may use x - ray and ultrasound imaging of the parathyroid gland to discover whether there is tumor there. if nothing can be found using these diagnostic techniques, your veterinarian may need to use surgery to explore the area of the thyroid and parathyroid. the failure of the kidneys to perform their proper functions a gland found in the neck of humans and animals that secretes glands responsible for metabolic rate, calcitonin, and others. an in - depth examination of the properties of urine ; used to determine the presence or absence of illness the name for four glands that are located on the top of the thyroid gland that help to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood the windpipe ; it carries air from the bronchi to the mouth the hormone that is created from the parathyroid glands ; helps to regulate the calcium level of an animal ’ s blood something with an electrical charge something that becomes worse or life threatening as it spreads a condition of poor health that results from poor feeding or no feeding at all a low level of calcium in the blood excess calcium in the blood in dogs parathyroid hormone and vitamin d interactions work to release calcium from the bones,... overproduction of estrogen in dogs overproduction of estrogen can result in what is known as estrogen toxicity ( hyperestrogenism ).... latest in dog nutrition five life - lengthening health tips for your... anyone who has ever had a dog or cat wishes just one thing — that he or she has a... how antioxidants improve our pet ' s health,... the science behind pet nutrition continues to make major advances. one such example...


the palisades museum of prehistory ( pmop ), incorporated in washington dc, is a non - profit regional organization dedicated to promoting the awareness and preservation of prehistoric artifacts in the palisades of washington dc. the pmop will accomplish its mission by providing information, education, and archaeological guidance. in addition to curation and preservation of prehistoric artifacts, the pmop will assemble a library of archaeological records, maps, and surveys pertinent to the region ’ s prehistory. these records are now housed in disparate locations e. g. universities, national park service, state historic preservation offices, smithsonian archives. the localized information will be made available in the museum located in the palisades of washington dc. more interest in our prehistory will hopefully allow the pmop to organize a volunteer network that can react rapidly to events exposing our prehistory - like road works, building excavations, and erosion. the bulk of prehistoric data remains locked up in government agencies and academic institutions. many in the archaeological profession believe that releasing this information will encourage people to collect artifacts on federal lands. however well - intentioned, this mindset continues to exact a toll on the prehistoric record. ignorance of history will guarantee the obliteration of the archeological record as more development continues with little regard to the people who onced lived here. by providing the public access to the archaeological record, pmop will boost awareness of our area ' s human history. in the end, both professionals and public will benefit from the increase of knowledge. because our region ’ s prehistory spans at least 12, 000 years, waves of indigenous cultures have come and gone dispersing evidence over broad geographic areas. the ravages of time have thinned much of that evidence. by recovering more evidence over a broader area, and making that information public, the pmop hopes to raise awareness and understanding of those who lived here for thousands of years. in terms of human evolution, the formative years of our species existed in lithic cultures. by greatly expanding the knowledge base of those cultures, the palisades museum of prehistory hopes to shed light on our human nature.


july 24, 2009 mark s. blumberg is professor and starch faculty fellow at the university of iowa. his books include the oxford handbook of developmental behavioral neuroscience, body heat : temperature and life on earth, and basic instinct : the genesis of behavior. he is editor - in - chief of the journal behavioral neuroscience, and president of the international society for developmental psychobiology. his newest book is freaks of nature : what anomalies tell us about development and evolution. in this conversation with d. j. grothe, mark blumberg describes how he became interested in " freaks of nature " as a way to question prevailing concepts within biology regarding genes, instincts, and pre - formed abilities. he talks about why he sees genetic determinism as " action at a distance thinking, " and why he thinks it is similar to creationist views, and describes both as " magical ways of thinking about nature. " he explains epigenetics. he describes how certain non - genetic factors that shape behavior may be inherited from one generation to the next. he discusses " sexual freaks " and sexual ambiguity in nature, and shows how in many ways, it is the norm in nature. he predicts the extinction of creationist thinking, and talks about how freaks of nature are a missed opportunity for those science advocates battling intelligent design and creationism, even as he also criticizes belief in " evolution ' s design " and " magical genes. " he contrasts his views with those of evolutionary psychology as regards brain development. and he responds to notable critics of his views, such as jerry coyne. books mentioned in this episode : basic instinct : the genesis of behavior mark s. blumberg february 27, 2009


by virginia b. hargrove the fish tank at the dentist ' s draws my kids like a magnet. they excitedly tell one another stories about each fish. little kids... big imaginations. as i waited through their appointments, i thought about a nifty way to put those active imaginations to work! when we got home, we were going to create an edible aquarium in a cup! this is one " pet " you won ' t have to worry about! what better way to celebrate national jello week february 12 - 18! • clear plastic or glass containers • a skewer or small plastic makeup paddle • 2 cups lemon - lime flat soda • 1 tablespoon unflavored gelatin • 2 drops blue food coloring • small colorful candy for the gravel • fish shaped crackers, gummy fish, or other edible " ocean " critters blossom your gelatin. isn ' t that a descriptive term? i expect to see those little granules open up into roses... or for this project into sea anemones. it means to sprinkle the gelatin evenly over 1 / 4 cup soda ( or water ), and let stand five minutes to soften. place 1 / 2 cup soda in a small saucepan over medium heat. heat just to boiling. add the softened gelatin, stirring to dissolve the gelatin completely over the heat, about 2 minutes. remove from heat. add the remaining soda and food coloring, and stir to combine. pour the liquid into a bowl. transfer to the refrigerator to chill until partially set. you want it to be a little thick, but still mushy and movable but not watery. fish placed in the middle of the aquarium should stay there. check every 15 minutes once your fish bowl " water " thickens, call the kids! empty some " gravel " ( colorful candies ) into each container. then gently spoon in the gelatin solution. fill it up to the desired water level. now for the fun! hand out a skewer or small make - up paddle to each child. show how to use it to push candies into the " water. " sit back and watch ( or make your own ) as they load up their cups. use gummy worms for eels, stick fish or seaweed. add gummy fish and top it off with a gummy life preserver. once your child ' s happy with the fish bowl, place it in the refrigerator until completely set. then eat and enjoy! caution


a fertility specialist tells you about this medication used in the treatment of infertility mark kan, md what is clomid, and how does it work? the expert answers clomiphene citrate ( also known as clomid or serophene ) is a medication that is commonly used in fertility treatment. because it is relatively inexpensive and can be administered orally, clomiphene is generally one of the first medications prescribed for patients who do not ovulate regularly. in women who do ovulate regularly, clomiphene may be used for " superovulation, " where 2 or 3 eggs are produced. this increases the number of " targets " for the sperm, thereby increasing the chance of pregnancy. clomiphene is normally administered for five days during the follicular part of the cycle ( the portion of the cycle following menstrual bleeding ). clomiphene is structurally similar to estrogen and acts on the estrogen receptor. first approved by the fda in 1967, it has recently been reclassified as a selective - estrogen - receptor - modulator ( serm ). how does clomiphene work? the hormonal signals that cause the ovarian follicles to grow are released from the pituitary gland. these hormones are named follicle stimulating hormone ( fsh ) and leutinizing hormone ( lh ) for their actions in the ovary. the pituitary receives its signals from the hypothalamus in the brain. clomiphene blocks the estrogen receptor and " tricks " the brain into thinking there are low levels of estrogen. the pituitary responds by releasing more fsh and lh, thus stimulating follicular growth in the ovaries. whereas clomiphene " tricks " the pituitary into producing more fsh and lh, gonadotropin injections of fsh and lh increase the amount of signals directly. treatment with these injections requires more intensive monitoring than does therapy with clomiphene. in general, treatment with fertility medications is initiated to help women overcome ovulatory dysfunction, or to produce multiple eggs so there is a higher chance of achieving pregnancy. in the " clomiphene citrate challenge test " ( ccct ), clomiphene is administered and fsh levels are compared before and after treatment. in theory, clomiphene blocks the negative feedback of estrogen, leaving only inhibin


while writing dissertation framing a layout can prove to be very help. in a dissertation the writer has to put all his / her experiences learned through different incidents occured in life on the paper. in a dissertation one has to bring all his logical abilities onto the paper. one has to conclude based on his leanings on the topic through out his life. this becomes tough when you are writing straight from your mind. thus before proceeding with the dissertation framing of outline will give you clear picture of what the final result is going to like. plan all the parts in the outline that is going to be included in the dissertation and prevent any future disasters. there are two key points that will help you getting the perfect dissertation : a. dissertation proposal : a brief background to the proposed study - review of the literature - theoretical model ( if used ) - statement of the problem design of the study - hypotheses or questions - definition of terms - population and sample - data collection - significance of the study - limitations of the study - how are you going to analyse the data, tools that you are going to use and how are going to represent it? - what kinds of operations will you put the data through to result in your findings? important points you should remember : - the proposal should not be very lengthy, a maximum of 20 pages will work out perfectly. - more emphasis should be given to review of literature and the research design. lets say half of the proposal should talk about review of literature and another half about research design. - must go through several sample dissertation before submitting the proposal. b. outline of the project this outline can be modified as per the university ’ s requirement of submisson : chapter i ( introduction ) - background of the study - problem statement - purpose of the study - research questions - hypothesis or objectives chapter ii ( review of literature ) - review of empirical studies. chapter iii ( research methodology ) - research design - sample size - instruments to be used for computation of data - data analysis chapter iv ( data analysis & results ) chapter v ( conclusion ) - final findings of the study - interpretation of results - limiations of the study finally at the end its the refferences and appendices. its crucial to properly mention all the reffered material and calculation sheets here. now that you have unlocked the secrets of writing a dissertation. now start up your work, without even thinking of messing it up.


caspian countries come together to discuss protection of the caspian sea, turkmenbashy, turkmenistan malheureusement, il n ' y a pas de version francaise de ce document. on 5 and 6 november 2012, the caspian ecological forum, hosted by tukmenistan ’ s ministry of nature protection, was held along the shores of the caspian sea in the avaza national tourist zone, not far from the turmenbashy bay ramsar site. | turmenbashy bay ramsar site ( © ramsar secretariat ) | turkmenistan acceded to the ramsar convention in 2009 and designated 267, 124 ha of the hazar nature reserve as a wetland of international importance under the name ‘ turkmenbashy bay ramsar site ’. turkmenistan now has a ramsar working group made up of experts and representatives of the ministry of nature protection. the event provided a platform for constructive dialogue and cooperation for the wise use of the resource - rich caspian sea. the forum was attended by representatives of environmental and fisheries agencies and academics of the caspian countries, with delegations from azerbaijan, iran, kazakhstan, russia and turkmenistan. representatives of the united nations environment programme ( unep ), united nations development programme ( undp ), united nations convention on combating desertification ( unccd ), as well as oil and gas companies operating in the caspian shelf also participated in the forum. the caspian sea is the world ' s largest landlocked water body ; with its particular climatic and salinity gradients and its isolation, it is home to about 400 endemic species, including the world ' s largest herd of sturgeon ( 90 percent of the world reserves ) and the endangered caspian seal pusa caspica. following the early days of the caspian environment programme in 1995, the framework convention for the protection of the marine environment of the caspian sea ( tehran convention ) was ratified by the caspian littoral states in 2006. it is the first legally binding regional agreement ratified by all five caspian states, and defines the general requirements and institutional mechanism for the protection of the marine environment of the caspian sea. four protocols to the convention have currently been developed by the countries, they focus on biodiversity conservation ; land - based sources of pollution ; preparedness, response and cooperation in combating oil pollution incidents ; and environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context. the ramsar secretariat would like to thank turkmenistan for the invitation and generous hospitality, and for its dedication to ecological conservation, and expresses its readiness to assist and support all caspian states for the wise


history of the indians of the united states by angie debo the political, social, and military conflicts and foul - ups between the indians and whites from the colonial era to the 1970s. 6 x 9 450 pages, index, maps, illustrated, paperbound # 300 indians in the us $ 24. 95 by barry c. kent culturally and linguistically, the susquehannocks closely resembled the iroquois of new york state. actually, they were a fiercely independent nation that lived along the susquehanna river in pennsylvania and maryland. they often invaded the tribes of lower maryland. this is a detailed narrative of the susquehannocks ' lifestyle, villages, and artifacts. also describes their relationship with the conestogas, conoy, shawnee, delaware, and other tribes that lived along the river. 6 " x 9 " 440 pages, index, illustrated, maps, paperbound # 372 susquehanna ' s indians $ 16. 95 indians and world war ii by alison r. bernstein the impact of world war ii on indian affairs was more provound and lasting than that of any other event or policy, including fdr ' s indian new deal and eforts to terminate federal responsibility for tribes under eisenhower. focusing on the period from 1941 to 1947, bernstein explains why termination and tribal self - determination wer logical results of the indians ' world war ii experiences in battle and on the home front. includes a brief story of the navajo marine codetalkers and ira hayes, a pima indian who helped raise the flag at iwo jima. 5½ " x 8½ " 247 pages, index, some photos, paperbound # 373 indians & wwii $ 19. 95 fax : 717 464 - 3250


long ago fisher - man lived with his elder brothers in a sweat - house, they say. now he said to the cottontail people, " ye must remain at home, ye must stay here! i shall go away. ye must stay close, must not go about. thither, in that direction, i shall go in the morning. " then he went. now, all those people, those boys, staid there. he had explained to them when he would return. " so many times dawning, at the sixth dawning i ( shall ) have returned, " said he, " if other people do not choke me on the road. do ye stay there close ( at home ). " so they staid. in the morning one of them crawled out when it was dawning. after he had sat a while, standing up, ( he went and ) sat on the edge of the smoke - hole. now opposite, they say, that wood - rat lived in a sweat - house with his grandmother. from thence wood - rat crawled out. " how are you? " said he, said wood - rat. " ugly wood - rat - man, defecating on his grandmother ' s blanket, stinking, defecating all over the house, urinating all about, dirty - acting wood - rat! " said ( cottontail ). " his p. 220 p. 221 house stinks, " he said. then wood - rat - man said, " ham, ham! my grandmother, bring out my net! he calls me very bad names. " then she brought it out. then, having walked over, he stretched it across the door of the house. then he stamped on the house ( cottontail ' s ). he kept stamping, and then one ( of the cottontails ) jumped out ; and just as he did so, he was caught in the net. after a while, after he had gotten into ( the net ), wood - rat carried him across. and carrying him home, when he had carried him in, his grandmother skinned ( the cottontail ) and cooked him ; and, roasting him, they both had breakfast. next morning, crawling out, wood - rat said, " halloo! " then one ( of the cottontails ) stuck his head out. " dirty, ugly wood - rat, defecating on his grandmother, urinating about, making things dirty, wood - rat, who stays where he has made it stink! " said


one ( of the cottontails ) stuck his head out. " dirty, ugly wood - rat, defecating on his grandmother, urinating about, making things dirty, wood - rat, who stays where he has made it stink! " said he. then he jumped in again. then, " ham, ham! " said ( wood - rat ). " he speaks evilly of me! my grandmother, hand out my net! " thereupon he went over, and having gone over, and stretched the net in the doorway, he stamped, kept stamping, ( on the roof ). then one ( of the cottontails ) rushed out, and so was caught in the net. meanwhile, having got him into the net, wood - rat carried him off. he carried him over to his grandmother ; and, having given him to her, she skinned him, and they both had breakfast. next morning, again, wood - rat crawled out. then. he said, " sii! " then one ( of the cottontails ) stuck his head out repeatedly. " bad wood - rat, defecating on his grandmother ' s blanket, one who does dirty things, urinating all about the house, wood - rat, who does dirty things that make things stink! " he said. then wood - rat said, " ham, ham, ham! he calls me very bad names. hurry and give me my net, my grandmother! " then she gave it to him. p. 222 p. 223 having gone over, he stretched it in the doorway, and then stamped on the house, kept stamping. by and by one rushed out, and was caught in the net. then, having got him into the net, he carried him over. meanwhile only one ( cottontail ) was left, ( who ) had crawled over behind the fireplace. now, wood - rat, having carried ( the one he had caught ) over, they skinned him, roasted him, and had their breakfast. next morning, again, ( wood - rat ) crawled out. " sh! " he said. but no one stuck out his head. then said he, " there are none left. i have killed them all. " next morning, again, ( wood - rat ) stuck his head out. " hii, " he said. again no one looked out. " well, my grandmother, i think i have killed them all, " he said. " i did not see any, none crawled out. "


) stuck his head out. " hii, " he said. again no one looked out. " well, my grandmother, i think i have killed them all, " he said. " i did not see any, none crawled out. " then he remained there. next day again he looked out. " si! " he said, but nobody looked out. " i guess i have killed them all, " he said. that night, as it grew dark, fisher - man returned. he crawled in, and then ( found ) all had gone. then one crawled out toward him from behind the fire, and said, " wood - rat chased us ; and when he stamped on the house, ( the others ) ran out, and then he killed them, " he said. " he continued doing this until he killed them all. i alone, not jumping out, ( but ) hiding and not moving, have kept alive. " then fisher - man said, " ho! " in the morning fisher went after him ( wood - rat ). crossing over, he reached ( the house ), and, having crawled in, he killed both, grandmother and grandson. then he spoke. " now you are wood - rat - man! not bothering people, you shall live and run about where rocks lie all around, doing no harm to people, " said he. " and mortal men shall say of you, ' long ago wood - rat was a bad man. ' so mortal men ( will ) tell of you. " then he went over, and, having returned to his house, remained there. p. 224 p. 225 in the morning, having fixed his bow, and having taken three quivers full of arrows, he went off. he went towards the east, and kept going, kept going. his brothers staid under a bush. then, after he had gone some ways, he hung up one quiver of arrows, and went on. he kept going, kept going, and then a little ways off he hung up another quiver of arrows. he went on, kept going, and again a short ways off he came to a valley, a large valley. when he had looked down into it here and there, ( he saw ) there were brown bears feeding, and grizzly bears also feeding, it is said. one was feeding there in the very middle ( of the valley ). and it was a white bear, it is said, a silver - tip. so he ( fisher ), having crept down into


grizzly bears also feeding, it is said. one was feeding there in the very middle ( of the valley ). and it was a white bear, it is said, a silver - tip. so he ( fisher ), having crept down into ( the valley ), ready to shoot, shot him. then from there ( the bear ) ran after him, jumped at him, trying to catch him. and he ( fisher ) ran up out of the valley. meanwhile he kept shooting, and still continued to run up out of the valley, the bear jumping at him to seize him. he kept shooting ; he shot dodging from side to side, he shot whatever he had (? ). meanwhile ( the bear ) jumped at him to seize him in his mouth. he ( fisher ) kept running away and when all his arrows were shot, he reached the place where he had left the arrows, and, taking them down, he ran on up. he kept on shooting, and still ( the bear ) jumped at him to seize him in his mouth. again it seems as if he came a little closer. he ( fisher ) ran, dodging all the time, dodged as he ran. and meanwhile he shot. only half his arrows were left, he had almost shot them all away. meanwhile he ran on, he dodged, he shot. and, so doing, he shot all his arrows. and all being gone, he ran to the place where he had hung tip his arrows, and, having taken them down, he shot. the bear jumped to seize him in his arms, ( but, ) dodging as he ran, ( fisher ) kept p. 226 p. 227 shooting. so continually shooting, ( the bear ) coming running up pretty close, he shot, dodging as he ran. and, so doing, he ran round and about the place where he had made his brothers stay. meanwhile ( the bear ) still ran after him. and while he was doing thus, he ( fisher ) killed him. then he spoke. " you shall be bad. you shall not trouble mortal men when they see you, " he said, speaking after he had killed him. " you shall not hunt to seize mortal men coming into the middle of this world. that, mortal men in story - telling, ( shall say ) of you. then, ' silver - tip in the olden time killed people, ( was ) a killer, they say. killing them, he was sent away from this world, they say


brazilian journal of microbiology version impresa issn 1517 - 8382 konietzny, ursula y greiner, ralf. the application of pcr in the detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in foods. braz. j. microbiol. [ online ]. 2003, vol. 34, n. 4, pp. 283 - 300. issn 1517 - 8382. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1590 / s1517 - 83822003000400001. it is estimated that 25 to 50 % of the crops harvested worldwide are contaminated with mycotoxins. because of the toxic and carcinogenic potential of mycotoxins, there is an urgent need to develop detection methods that are rapid and highly specific. the highly advanced physico - chemical methods for the analysis of mycotoxins in use, have the disadvantage that highly sophisticated clean - up and / or derivatization procedures must be applied. an alternative could be the detection of the mycotoxigenic moulds themselves, especially as molecular techniques have been introduced recently as powerful tools for detecting and identifying fungi. pcr methods for the detection of aflatoxigenic aspergilli, patulin - producing penicillum and trichothecene - as well as fumonisin - producing fusaria strains have been described. the usefulness of the pcr methods developed so far to monitor quality and safety in the food an feed industry was already demonstrated. thus, pcr may be applied to the screening of agricultural commodities for the absence of mycotoxin producers prior to or even after processing. negative results in this assay indicate that a sample should be virtually free of mycotoxins. only the positive samples left must be analyzed for the presence of mycotoxins using physico - chemical standard methods. this review does not only summarize the so far developed qualitative and quantitative pcr assays for the detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in agricultural commodities, foods and animal feeds, but describes also strategies to develop new specific pcr assays for such a detection. palabras llave : aflatoxin ; fumonisin ; patulin ; polymerase chain reaction ; trichothecene.


bulletin of the world health organization version impresa issn 0042 - 9686 lansang, mary ann y dennis, rodolfo. building capacity in health research in the developing world. bull world health organ [ online ]. 2004, vol. 82, n. 10, pp. 764 - 770. issn 0042 - 9686. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1590 / s0042 - 96862004001000012. strong national health research systems are needed to improve health systems and attain better health. for developing countries to indigenize health research systems, it is essential to build research capacity. we review the positive features and weaknesses of various approaches to capacity building, emphasizing that complementary approaches to human resource development work best in the context of a systems and long - term perspective. as a key element of capacity building, countries must also address issues related to the enabling environment, in particular : leadership, career structure, critical mass, infrastructure, information access and interfaces between research producers and users. the success of efforts to build capacity in developing countries will ultimately depend on political will and credibility, adequate financing, and a responsive capacity - building plan that is based on a thorough situational analysis of the resources needed for health research and the inequities and gaps in health care. greater national and international investment in capacity building in developing countries has the greatest potential for securing dynamic and agile knowledge systems that can deliver better health and equity, now and in the future. palabras llave : health services research [ organization and administration ] ; education, graduate ; staff development ; investments ; access to information ; social justice ; academies and institutes ; interinstitutional relations ; developing countries ; developed countries.


oct. 9, 1998 columbia, mo. - - ducks, geese and bald eagles soaring over areas the size of small towns are envisioned when talking about federally protected wetlands, not areas that are maybe as big as a small swimming pool and apparently void of life. university of missouri - columbia professor ray semlitsch is trying to change that view and explain the importance of smaller wetlands before they are managed out of existence. " large wetlands are beautiful and need to be protected, but for some animal species such as frogs, toads and salamanders, it is small wetlands that support greater species diversity, " said semlitsch, who along with his graduate research assistant, russ bodie, recently published their research in conservation biology. " these smaller, temporary wetlands - - because they are dry at certain times during the year - - are much harder to appreciate than vast marsh areas. but without these smaller wetlands, it is very possible that much of the animal and plant life that make wetlands rich, productive habitats would not survive. we need to worry about the conservation of smaller wetlands as well as the larger ones. " small wetlands currently are defined as being less than 4 hectares, or about 8 to 9 acres. the majority of the nation ' s wetlands are much smaller than might be imagined, closer to 1 to 2 acres and sometimes as small as several square yards. these small wetlands may comprise the majority of wetlands in the united states and help support a vast diversity of wetland species. however, unlike the large wetlands, these smaller areas are not protected to the same extent. recently, the army corp of engineers, which manages wetlands of all sizes throughout the united states, drafted regulations that will change the way wetlands are managed in the future. they have put off any change in management regulations until april, but the mu researchers argue that the changes in the regulations could manage these smaller wetlands out of existence. " right now we can ' t detect losses of small wetlands by satellite imagery, a technique used to assess environmental change, " bodie said. " we lose thousands of acres each year in wetlands and these smaller ones are not even taken into account. yet, they play a vital role in the ecosystem and support a great variety of organisms. " research done by semlitsch and bodie has indicated that when some individuals of a species move between wetlands, this increases their chances of survival. by populating many different wetlands, various species thrive, even during drought years when some wetlands are dry. when smaller wetlands are destroyed, the chances of survival for


sep. 3, 2008 university of north carolina at chapel hill researchers have demonstrated that a drug called ondansetron helps reduce vomiting, the need for intravenous fluids and hospital admissions in children with acute gastroenteritis. gastroenteritis is an infection, often caused by a virus, that causes vomiting and diarrhea. it is often popularly called “ stomach flu ” and is a very common ailment in children during the winter months. “ children under the age of 5 years generally have between one and three episodes of gastroenteritis each year, ” said dr. lisa ross decamp, lead author of the study, which is published in the september 2008 issue of archives of pediatric & adolescent medicine “ and about one of every 25 children in the country will be hospitalized for gastroenteritis by the time they ’ re 5, ” said decamp who was a chief resident at the n. c. children ’ s hospital at the time of the study but now works at the university of michigan. in the emergency department at unc hospitals, five to 10 children a day are seen with symptoms of gastroenteritis, said dr. michael j. steiner, assistant professor of pediatrics and a co - author of the study. persistent vomiting from acute gastroenteritis can be very frightening to children and their families and also poses a risk of dehydration. current practice guidelines do not recommend that doctors give medications to children with gastroenteritis, but several recent studies suggest that ondansetron might be helpful. in addition, steiner said, many doctors are already prescribing ondansetron “ off - label ” for children with gastroenteritis. it has not been approved by the food and drug administration for that indication, although it is approved for treating nausea caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients. to find out if there was valid scientific support for giving antiemetics to children with gastroenteritis, decamp, steiner and two unc colleagues - - dr. julie s. byerly, assistant professor of pediatrics, and medical student nipa doshi - - conducted a systematic review of all the medical literature studying the use of antiemetics for gastroenteritis. the 11 identified previously published studies evaluated the safety and effectiveness of seven different antiemetics that were given to children seen in hospital emergency departments. the authors found that antiemetics other than ondansetron should not be used in children with gastroenteritis. a meta - analysis ( a statistical way


of seven different antiemetics that were given to children seen in hospital emergency departments. the authors found that antiemetics other than ondansetron should not be used in children with gastroenteritis. a meta - analysis ( a statistical way to combine different studies ) found that ondansetron, which is sold under the brand name zofran and is available as an intravenous infusion, tablet, disintegrating tablet or in liquid forms, reduced further vomiting after receipt in the emergency department. importantly, it also reduced the likelihood that children would require intravenous fluids by nearly two - thirds, and halved the risk of immediate hospital admission. ondansetron also had one down side : it was found to increase diarrhea in 3 of the 6 studies. however, the authors found this increased diarrhea did not appear to cause an increased need for further medical care. the unc researchers concluded that future treatment guidelines should recommend the use of ondansetron in select children with gastroenteritis. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


nov. 27, 2009 physicists from the japanese - led multi - national t2k neutrino collaboration have just announced that over the weekend they detected the first neutrino events generated by their newly built neutrino beam at the j - parc ( japan proton accelerator research complex ) accelerator laboratory in tokai, japan. protons from the 30 - gev main ring synchrotron were directed onto a carbon target, where their collisions produced charged particles called pions. these pions travelled through a helium - filled volume where they decayed to produce a beam of the elusive particles called neutrinos. these neutrinos then flew 200 metres through the earth to a sophisticated detector system capable of making detailed measurements of their energy, direction, and type. the data from the complex detector system is still being analysed, but the physicists have seen at least 3 neutrino events, in line with the expectation based on the current beam and detector performance. this detection therefore marks the beginning of the operational phase of the t2k experiment, a 474 - physicist, 13 - nation collaboration to measure new properties of the ghostly neutrino. neutrinos interact only weakly with matter, and thus pass effortlessly through the earth ( and mostly through the detectors! ). neutrinos exist in three types, called electron, muon, and tau ; linked by particle interactions to their more familiar charged cousins like the electron. measurements over the last few decades, notably by the super kamiokande and kamland neutrino experiments in western japan, have shown that neutrinos possess the strange property of neutrino oscillations, whereby one type of neutrino will turn into another as they propagate through space. neutrino oscillations, which require neutrinos to have mass and therefore were not allowed in our previous theoretical understanding of particle physics, probe new physical laws and are thus of great interest in the study of the fundamental constituents of matter. they may even be related to the mystery of why there is more matter than anti - matter in the universe, and thus are the focus of intense study worldwide. precision measurements of neutrino oscillations can be made using artificial neutrino beams, as pioneered by the k2k neutrino experiment where neutrinos from the kek laboratory were detected using the vast super kamiokande neutrino detector near toyama. t2k is a more powerful and sophisticated version of


as pioneered by the k2k neutrino experiment where neutrinos from the kek laboratory were detected using the vast super kamiokande neutrino detector near toyama. t2k is a more powerful and sophisticated version of the k2k experiment, with a more intense neutrino beam derived from the newly - built main ring synchrotron at the j - parc accelerator laboratory. the beam was built by physicists from kek in cooperation with other japanese institutions and with assistance from the us, canadian, uk and french t2k institutes. prof. chang kee jung of stony brook university, stony brook, new york, leader of the us t2k project, said " i am somewhat stunned by this seemingly effortless achievement considering the complexity of the machinery, the operation and international nature of the project. this is a result of a strong support from the japanese government for basic science, which i hope will continue, and hard work and ingenuity of all involved. i am excited about more ground breaking findings from this experiment in the near future. " the beam is aimed once again at super - kamiokande, which has been upgraded for this experiment with new electronics and software. before the neutrinos leave the j - parc facility their properties are determined by a sophisticated " near " detector, partly based on a huge magnet donated from cern where it had earlier been used for neutrino experiments ( and for the ua1 experiment, which won the nobel prize for the discovery of the w and z bosons which are the basis of neutrino interactions ), and it is this detector which caught the first events. the first neutrino events were detected in a specialize detector, called the ingrid, whose purpose is to determine the neutrino beam ' s direction and profile. further tests of the t2k neutrino beam are scheduled for december, and the experiment plans to begin production running in mid - january. another major milestone should be observed soon after - - the first observation of a neutrino event from the t2k beam in the super - kamiokande experiment. running will continue until the summer, by which time the experiment hopes to have made the most sensitive search yet achieved for a so - far unobserved critical neutrino oscillation mode dominated by oscillations between all three types of neutrinos. in the coming years this search will be improved even further, with the hope that the 3 - mode osci


june 22, 2010 millions of years before humans began battling it out over beachfront property, a similar phenomenon was unfolding in a diverse group of island lizards. often mistaken for chameleons or geckos, anolis lizards fight fiercely for resources, responding to rivals by doing push - ups and puffing out their throat pouches. but anoles also compete in ways that shape their bodies over evolutionary time, says a new study in the journal evolution. anolis lizards colonized the caribbean from south america some 40 million years ago and quickly evolved a wide range of shapes and sizes. " when anoles first arrived in the islands there were no other lizards quite like them, so there was abundant opportunity to diversify, " said author luke mahler of harvard university. free from rivals in their new island homes, anolis lizards evolved differences in leg length, body size, and other characteristics as they adapted to different habitats. today, the islands of cuba, hispaniola, jamaica and puerto rico - - collectively known as the greater antilles - - are home to more than 100 anolis species, ranging from lanky lizards that perch in bushes, to stocky, long - legged lizards that live on tree trunks, to foot - long ' giants ' that roam the upper branches of trees. " each body type is specialized for using different parts of a tree or bush, " said mahler. alongside researchers from the university of rochester, harvard university, and the national evolutionary synthesis center, mahler wanted to understand how and when this wide range of shapes and sizes came to be. to do that, the team used dna and body measurements from species living today to reconstruct how they evolved in the past. in addition to measuring the head, limbs, and tail of over a thousand museum specimens representing nearly every anolis species in the greater antilles - - including several cuban species that were previously inaccessible to north american scientists - - they also used the anolis family tree to infer what species lived on which islands, and when. by doing so, they discovered that the widest variety of anole shapes and sizes arose among the evolutionary early - birds. then as the number of anole species on each island increased, the range of new body types began to fizzle. late - comers in lizard evolution underwent finer and finer tinkering as time went on. as species proliferated on each island, their descendants were forced to partition the remaining real estate in increasingly subtle ways, said co - author liam revell of the national evolutionary


in lizard evolution underwent finer and finer tinkering as time went on. as species proliferated on each island, their descendants were forced to partition the remaining real estate in increasingly subtle ways, said co - author liam revell of the national evolutionary synthesis center in durham, nc. " over time there were fewer distinct niches available on each island, " said revell. " ancient evolutionary changes in body proportions were large, but more recent evolutionary changes have been more subtle. " the researchers saw the same trend on each island. " the islands are like petri dishes where species diversification unfolded in similar ways, " said mahler. " the more species there were, the more they put the brakes on body evolution. " the study sheds new light on how biodiversity comes to be. " we ' re not just looking at species number, we ' re also looking at how the shape of life changes over time, " said mahler. the team ' s findings are published in the journal evolution. richard glor of the university of rochester and jonathan losos of harvard university were also authors on this study. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - d. luke mahler, liam j. revell, richard e. glor, jonathan b. losos. ecological opportunity and the rate of morphological evolution in the diversification of greater antillean anoles. evolution, 2010 ; doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1558 - 5646. 2010. 01026. x note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


the word vivisection was first coined in the 1800s to denote the experimental dissection of live animals - or humans. it was created by activists who opposed the practice of experimenting on animals. the roman physician celsus claimed that in alexandria in the 3rd century bce physicians had performed vivisections on sentenced criminals, but vivisection on humans was generally outlawed. experimenters frequently used living animals. most early modern researchers considered this practice acceptable, believing that animals felt no pain. even those who opposed vivisection in the early modern period did not usually do so out of consideration for the animals, but because they thought that this practice would coarsen the experimenter, or because they were concerned that animals stressed under experimental conditions did not represent the normal state of the body. prompted by the rise of experimental physiology and the increasing use of animals, an anti - vivisection movement started in the 1860s. its driving force, the british journalist frances power cobbe ( 1822 - 1904 ), founded the british victoria street society in 1875, which gave rise to the british government ' s cruelty to animals act of 1876. this law regulated the use of live animals for experimental purposes. r a kopaladze, ' ivan p. pavlov ' s view on vivisection ', integr. physiol. behav. sci., 4 ( 2000 ), pp 266 - 271 c lansbury, the old brown dog : women, workers, and vivisection in edwardian england ( madison : university of wisconsin press, 1985 ) p mason, the brown dog affair : the story of a monument that divided the nation ( london : two stevens, 1997 ) n a rupke, ( ed. ) vivisection in historical perspective ( london : crooms helm, 1987 ) the science of the functioning of living organisms and their component parts.


by i. peterson unlike an ordinary, incandescent bulb, a laser produces light of a single wavelength. moreover, the emitted light waves are coherent, meaning that all of the energy peaks and troughs are precisely in step. now, a team at the massachusetts institute of technology has demonstrated experimentally that a cloud consisting of millions of atoms can also be made coherent. instead of flying about and colliding randomly, the atoms display coordinated behavior, acting as if the entire assemblage were a single entity. according to quantum mechanics, atoms can behave like waves. thus, two overlapping clouds made up of atoms in coherent states should produce a zebra - striped interference pattern of dark and light fringes, just like those generated when two beams of ordinary laser light overlap. by detecting such a pattern, the researchers proved that the clouds ' atoms are coherent and constitute an " atom laser, " says physicist wolfgang ketterle, who heads the mit group. these matter waves, in principle, can be focused just like light. ketterle and his coworkers describe their observations in the jan. 31 science. the demonstration of coherence involving large numbers of atoms is the latest step in a series of studies of a remarkable state of matter called a bose - einstein condensate. chilled to temperatures barely above absolute zero, theory predicted, the atoms would collectively enter the same quantum state and behave like a single unit, or superparticle, with a specific wavelength. first created in the laboratory in 1995 by eric a. cornell and his collaborators at the university of colorado and the national institute of standards and technology, both in boulder, bose - einstein condensates have been the subject of intense investigation ever since ( sn : 7 / 15 / 95, p. 36 ; 5 / 25 / 96, p. 327 ). at mit, ketterle and his colleagues cool sodium atoms to temperatures below 2 microkelvins. the frigid atoms are then confined in a special magnetic trap inside a vacuum chamber. to determine whether the atoms in the resulting condensate are indeed as coherent as photons in a laser beam, the researchers developed a novel method of extracting a clump of atoms from the trap. in effect, they manipulate the magnetic states of the atoms to expel an adjustable fraction of the original cloud ; under the influence of gravity, the released clump falls. the method can produce a sequence of descending clumps, with each containing 100, 000 to several million coherent atoms. the apparatus acts like


expel an adjustable fraction of the original cloud ; under the influence of gravity, the released clump falls. the method can produce a sequence of descending clumps, with each containing 100, 000 to several million coherent atoms. the apparatus acts like a dripping faucet, ketterle says. he and his colleagues describe the technique in the jan. 27 physical review letters. to demonstrate interference, the mit group created a double magnetic trap so that two pulses of coherent atoms could be released at the same time. as the two clumps fell, they started to spread and overlap. the researchers could then observe interference between the atomic waves of the droplets. " the signal was almost too good to be true, " ketterle says. " we saw a high - contrast, very regular pattern. " " it ' s a beautiful result, " cornell remarks. " this work really shows that bose - einstein condensation is an atom laser. " from the pattern, the mit researchers deduced that the condensate of sodium atoms has a wavelength of about 30 micrometers, considerably longer than the 0. 04 - nanometer wavelength typical of individual atoms at room temperature. ketterle and his colleagues are already planning several improvements to their primitive atom laser, including getting more atoms into the emitted pulses and going from pulses to a continuous beam. practical use of an atom laser for improving the precision of atomic clocks and for manipulating atoms is still distant, however, cornell notes.


the weekly newsmagazine of science volume 155, number 19 ( may 8, 1999 ) | < < back to contents | by j. raloff canadian scientists have identified the likely culprit behind some historic, regional declines in atlantic salmon. the researchers find that a near - ubiquitous water pollutant can render young, migrating fish unable to survive a life at sea. heavy, late - spring spraying of forests with a pesticide laced with nonylphenol during the 1970s and ' 80s was the clue that led the biologists to unmask that chemical ' s role in the transitory decline of salmon in east canada. though these sprays have ended, concentrations of nonylphenols in forest runoff then were comparable to those in the effluent of some pulp mills, industrial facilities, and sewage - treatment plants today. downstream of such areas, the scientists argue, salmon and other migratory fish may still be at risk. nonylphenols are surfactants used in products from pesticides to dishwashing detergents, cosmetics, plastics, and spermicides. because waste - treatment plants don ' t remove nonylphenols well, these chemicals can build up in downstream waters ( sn : 1 / 8 / 94, p. 24 ). when british studies linked ambient nonylphenol pollution to reproductive problems in fish ( sn : 2 / 26 / 94, p. 142 ), wayne l. fairchild of canada ' s department of fisheries and oceans in moncton, new brunswick, became concerned. he recalled that an insecticide used on local forests for more than a decade had contained large amounts of nonylphenols. they helped aminocarb, the oily active ingredient in matacil 1. 8d, dissolve in water for easier spraying. runoff of the pesticide during rains loaded the spawning and nursery waters of atlantic salmon with nonylphenols. moreover, this aerial spraying had tended to coincide with the final stages of smoltificationthe fish ' s transformation for life at sea. to probe for effects of forest spraying, fairchild and his colleagues surveyed more than a decade of river - by - river data on fish. they overlaid these numbers with archival data on local aerial spraying with matacil 1. 8d or either of two nonylphenol - free pesticides. one contained the same active ingredient, aminocarb, as matacil 1. 8d does. most of the lowest adult salmon counts between 1973 and


scientists collect samples of the natural world to try to answer questions about our environment. so many questions and so much we still don ' t know. the samples collected each represent a particular time and place in our environment. think about your home. if a scientist had collected the plants and insects from your land 50 years ago, would they be the same or different than ones you would find today? the collected samples are the basic tool for the scientist ' s research and discovery. a museum specimen is made from the collected sample. we prepare them for study and add them to the research collections. then they are ready to be used by scientists, not only this year, but for years, even generations to come. teachers and museum docents use specimens in our collections to bring the facts and concepts of science to life. anyway, you get the idea. specimens and objects in the museum ' s nature to you loan program are particularly helpful for the kindergarten through high school ages. the research collections are used by college professors to help their students with the more advanced concepts. have you ever used a field guide to identify that bird you saw in your backyard? or that little squirrel - like mammal that just scooted off through the rocks? or that flower you saw in the park? artists rely heavily on collections of specimens when they create the illustrations for field guides. they need to see details to make accurate paintings. different coloration and shapes help you see the differences between the chipmunk and the ground squirrel - - or the coyote and the neighbor ' s scrawny dog. have you seen dioramas at a museum? paintings in the background of exhibits are based on specimens. you ' ve used specimens if you have... specimens are a fantastic tool - - a resource that helps you discover the secrets of the world around you. specimens form the core of a museum ' s philosophy. they are critical for research, for teaching, for our enjoyment of nature through art. specimens at the san diego natural history museum support our mission to understand the natural world of southern california and the baja california peninsula. we want you to enjoy and benefit from the specimens we collect - - but we also want your grandchildren to have those same experiences with specimens. for your grandchildren to be able to learn from the specimens, we need to prevent damage to the specimens.


symptoms of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis may not cause any obvious symptoms for some children. in others, spondylolysis can cause pain that spreads across the lower back. pain may be worse when children arch their backs. if the slipping is severe for children with spondylolisthesis, it can stretch the nerves in the lower part of the back. this can lead to : - pain that goes down one or both legs - a numb feeling in one or both feet - weakness in your child ’ s legs - trouble controlling bladder or bowel movements spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis diagnosis doctors look first for signs of cracks in the bones of your child ' s back. these cracks are called stress fractures. we look for stress fractures first because spine slippage, though rare in children, usually happens to those who have the fractures first. the doctor will ask your child if the pain is worse when they arch their back. this is a common sign of stress fractures. most often, these fractures are in the lower part of the backbone. next, we most likely will take x - rays of your child ’ s backbone. this helps doctors make sure your child has a stress fracture. if we cannot see the crack clearly on the x - ray, we may ask to do a bone scan. if we find a crack in the bone, we will probably take a three - dimensional x - ray called a ct ( computed tomography ) scan. this will give us an even better look at the fracture and help you and your child ’ s doctor decide on treatment.


densho : the japanese american legacy project programs densho digital archive free searchable database containing over 700 transcribed and indexed video oral histories and 10, 700 photos and documents that trace japanese american history from immigration to wartime detention to civil rights - era redress. users include teachers, students, historical preservationists, journalists, legal scholars, documentary makers, and the general public. densho trains hundreds of classroom teachers every year on how to teach with primary sources about the world war ii incarceration of japanese americans. densho online encyclopedia the densho encyclopedia is a free and publicly accessible website that provides concise, accurate, and balanced information on many aspects of the japanese american story during world war ii. it is designed and written for a non - specialist audience that includes high school and college students and instructors, multiple generations of nikkei community members, confinement sites preservation groups, amateur and professional historians, librarians, journalists, documentarians, and the general public. the encyclopedia is thoroughly cross indexed and articles are linked to relevant primary and secondary materials from the densho archive and from other websites that include still and moving images, documents, databases, and oral history interview excerpts as well as standard bibliographical sources. recent successes and current challenges over the last two years, densho has added over 200 new oral histories to its online archive, launched a new 350 article online encyclopedia, and trained over 500 classroom teachers. densho ' s work in historic preservation and education has been recognized by awards from npower, the washington state historical society, the japanese american citizens league, humanities washington, the american library association, microsoft technology for good, and the microsoft alumni foundation a current need of densho is to support the marketing of densho ' s resources to a nationwide audience of teachers, librarians, historians, and creators of educational media.


austrian architect and urbanist wagner studied architecture at the school of architecture at vienna academy, austria, where he later became a teacher. among his students were the renowned art nouveau architects josef maria olbrich and josef hoffmann. from 1895 he was influenced by new art styles, more suited to the needs of modern way of life and developed his theories on architecture, relating to function, material and construction, in the book " modern architecture " ( 1895 ). in 1898, he built his first art nouveau building, the majolica house in vienna, a functional structure with the facade covered in multicolored majolica tiles. he also designed in 1894, the vienna metropolitan railway system. otto wagner was one of the founding members of the vienna secession, with fellow artists klimt, hoffmann and olbrich, in 1899. he was one of the most influential artists of the turn of the century : architect, urnbanist, applied artist and theoretician, his writings laid the groundwork for modernism in architecture. in his architectural works, he was receptive to the use of modern methods of building ( steel frame construction ) and new materials ( thin marble slabs for the facades ). majolica house on the wienzeile, vienna, austria ( 1898 - 1899 ) ; stadtbahn ( metropolitan railway system ), vienna ( 1894 - 1902 ) ; post office savings bank ( die osterreichische postsparkasse ) building, vienna ( 1894 - 1902 ).


gaia theory is a class of scientific models of the geo - biosphere in which life as a whole fosters and maintains suitable conditions for itself by helping to create an environment on earth suitable for its continuity. the first such theory was created by the atmospheric scientist and chemist, sir james lovelock, who developed his hypotheses in the 1960s before formally publishing the concept, first in the new scientist ( february 13, 1975 ) and then in the 1979 book " quest for gaia ". he hypothesized that the living matter of the planet functioned like a single organism and named this self - regulating living system after the greek goddess, gaia, using a suggestion of novelist william golding. gaia " theories " have non - technical predecessors in the ideas of several cultures. today, " gaia theory " is sometimes used among non - scientists to refer to hypotheses of a self - regulating earth that are non - technical but take inspiration from scientific models. among some scientists, " gaia " carries connotations of lack of scientific rigor, quasi - mystical thinking about the planet arth, and therefore lovelock ' s hypothesis was received initially with much antagonism by much of the scientific community. no controversy exists, however, that life and the physical environment significantly influence one another. gaia theory today is a spectrum of hypotheses, ranging from the undeniable ( weak gaia ) to the radical ( strong gaia ). at one end of this spectrum is the undeniable statement that the organisms on the earth have radically altered its composition. a stronger position is that the earth ' s biosphere effectively acts as if it is a self - organizing system, which works in such a way as to keep its systems in some kind of meta - equilibrium that is broadly conducive to life. the history of evolution, ecology and climate show that the exact characteristics of this equilibrium intermittently have undergone rapid changes, which are believed to have caused extinctions and felled civilisations. biologists and earth scientists usually view the factors that stabilize the characteristics of a period as an undirected emergent property or entelechy of the system ; as each individual species pursues its own self - interest, for example, their combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change. opponents of this view sometimes point to examples of life ' s actions that have resulted in dramatic change rather than stable equilibrium, such as the conversion of the earth ' s atmosphere from a


combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change. opponents of this view sometimes point to examples of life ' s actions that have resulted in dramatic change rather than stable equilibrium, such as the conversion of the earth ' s atmosphere from a reducing environment to an oxygen - rich one. however, proponents will point out that those atmospheric composition changes created an environment even more suitable to life. some go a step further and hypothesize that all lifeforms are part of a single living planetary being called gaia. in this view, the atmosphere, the seas and the terrestrial crust would be results of interventions carried out by gaia through the coevolving diversity of living organisms. while it is arguable that the earth as a unit does not match the generally accepted biological criteria for life itself ( gaia has not yet reproduced, for instance ), many scientists would be comfortable characterising the earth as a single " system ". the most extreme form of gaia theory is that the entire earth is a single unified organism ; in this view the earth ' s biosphere is consciously manipulating the climate in order to make conditions more conducive to life. scientists contend that there is no evidence at all to support this last point of view, and it has come about because many people do not understand the concept of homeostasis. many non - scientists instinctively see homeostasis as an activity that requires conscious control, although this is not so. much more speculative versions of gaia theory, including all versions in which it is held that the earth is actually conscious or part of some universe - wide evolution, are currently held to be outside the bounds of science. this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article " gaia ".


the american revolutionary war began in 1775 and ended in 1783. the british ruled the american colonists and they had become increasingly rebellious. general gage had ordered 700 british soldiers to concord to destroy a weapon ' s depot belonging to the colonists. on the way, they are met by some rebellious colonists and the british fire, killing eight americans and wounding ten. this was known as ‘ the shot heard round the world ' and the war was on. the first major battle occurred on june 17, 1775 at boston, massachusetts. it was known as the battle of bunker hill. the british are used to marching proudly out before taking aim and firing. the americans have been ordered not to fire until they can see the whites of their eyes. they are dug in along the high ground of breed ' s hill. as the british close in, the americans begin firing halting the advance. the british regroup and attack again. the same thing happens. by the third attack the americans are out of ammunition and have to resort to stones and bayonets. although the british take the hill, they ' ve lost half their force with over a thousand casualties ; the americans have lost four hundred. on january 9, 1776, thomas paine ' s pamphlet, ‘ common sense ' criticizes king george iii and encourages independence from britain. it becomes a bestseller. by may, america has support from france and promises of support from spain. after many battles, congress formally endorses the declaration of independence on july 4, 1776. but the war isn ' t over yet. on july 14, 1777, congress mandates an american flag consisting of thirteen stars and thirteen stripes to represent the thirteen colonies. the first major american victory in the revolutionary war occurs on october 7, 1777 at the battle of saratoga. there are six hundred british casualties to one hundred fifty american. on november 15, 1777, congress adopts the articles of confederation giving congress the sole authority of the new government. in february, france officially recognizes the united states. on march 16, 1778, a peace commission from britain is sent to negotiate with the americans. they offer to meet all demands, except independence. congress rejects their offer. on july 10, 1778, france declares war against britain. by now the british have instigated attacks on americans by the native indians. on may 12, 1780, the americans suffered a major defeat as charleston, south carolina was captured by the british. on october 17, 1781, the british at yorktown send out a flag of truce. on january 1, 1782, the british begin


what is smart? smart ( standardized monitoring and assessment of relief and transitions ) is an inter - agency initiative launched in 2002 by a network of organizations and humanitarian practitioners. smart methodology is an improved survey method for the assessment of severity of a humanitarian crisis based on the two most vital public health indicators : - nutritional status of children under - five. - mortality rate of the population. smart newsupcoming smart training : an inter - agency training will take place in madrid on june 17th - 21st, 2013, intended for european - based headquarter staff involved in nutrition and mortality surveys. please make sure you have filled out the pre - questionnaire no later than friday, may 24th, 2013 : http : / / www. surveymonkey. com / s / smart _ madrid _ 2013 preparing survey teams in smart the smart standardized survey methodology incorporates elements of nutrition, mortality, and food security for emergencies or surveillance purposes. it was developed to be used with the user - friendly ena software. the smart manual provides agencies & field workers with basic tools to collect data necessary for planning direct interventions in emergency settings, as well as for surveillance. standardized training package ( stp ) the stp harmonizes the procedures and tools used throughout the survey process and is broken down into 9 modules. emergency nutrition assessment ( ena ) software ena software is the user - friendly analytical program recommended by smart. it saves time and effort by simplifying both survey planning and data collection via integrated calculators.


animals. can ’ t live with ‘ em, can ’ t live without eating ‘ em. ( just kidding, vegans! ) whether or not you do eat them, you certainly don ’ t want to waste any of the precious meat — and that ’ s what normally happens when a machine, not a human, tries to butcher an animal. after all, each animal is a different size and shape. enter automated lamb boning. developed by scott technology ltd, a new zealand - based lamb exporter, this process uses x - ray technology to measure the inner dimensions of a lamb carcass to make cuts accurate and reduce waste. using the x - ray of each carcass, the 100 % automated processing plant can adjust its robotic arms, claws, grippers, torso impalers and conveyor belts to make the most accurate cuts. watch the video ( not for the squeamish ) to see how efficiently it produces crown racks, chops and more. related on smartplanet : - video : machine scoops up, deposits ketchup — in same shape - self - sculpting sand assembles itself into shapes - small, speedy robots zip, roll and swarm through the air - lockheed martin debuts maple seed - inspired drone - video : scientists create micro - robots that form assembly lines via : popular science


smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, gas detectors smoke detector information : most people are aware of the danger of fire but are unaware of the fatality of smoke. more people die from breathing smoke than by burns. in fact, deaths from smoke inhalation outnumber deaths by burning by 2 : 1. in a hostile fire, smoke and deadly gases tend to spread farther and faster than heat from flames. moreover, when people are asleep, deadly fumes can send them deeper into unconsciousness. smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors are a powerful and effective fire safety technology. they are the first lines of defense against smoke and fire. they may awaken those who would otherwise have been overcome by smoke and toxic gases in their sleep. and most importantly, they provide an early warning alerting individuals of a fire, allowing them precious time to escape. according to the national fire protection association ( nfpa ), 75 to 80 % of all deaths by fire happen in the home. more than half of these deaths occurred in buildings without smoke detectors. by installing a smoke detector, individuals can reduce the risk of dying by almost 50 %. ionization smoke detectors monitor ' ions, ' or electrically charged particles in the air. air molecules in a sample chamber of ionization smoke detectors, are ' ionized ' by a radioactive source. this allows a small electrical current flow. smoke particles entering the sensing chamber change the electrical balance of the air. the greater the amount of smoke, the higher the electrical imbalance. when combustion particles enter the smoke detector, they obstruct the flow of the current. an alarm is pre - programmed to sound when the current gets too low. ionization smoke detectors respond first to fast flaming fires. a flaming fire devours combustibles extremely fast, spreads rapidly and generates considerable heat with little smoke. ionization alarms are best suited for rooms, which contain highly combustible material. these types of material include : 1. cooking fat / grease 2. flammable liquids 3. newspaper 4. paint 5. cleaning solutions smoke alarms with ionization technology are the most popular types sold in the united states. the nfpa recommends smoke alarms be installed in every room and area of your home or bulding for complete protection. for maximum protection, install at least one ionization and one photoelectronic smoke alarm on each level of your home. all smoke alarms should be replaced after 10 years of operation. ten years is a smoke alarm ' s useful lifetime and for continued, reliable safety


install at least one ionization and one photoelectronic smoke alarm on each level of your home. all smoke alarms should be replaced after 10 years of operation. ten years is a smoke alarm ' s useful lifetime and for continued, reliable safety and protection, smoke alarms need to be replaced. consumer ' s should consult their owner ' s manual for specific instructions when locating a smoke alarm. the following are some general guidelines : because smoke rises, smoke alarms should be installed on the ceiling or on walls at least 4 to 6 inches below the ceiling. smoke alarms should not be located less than 4 to 6 inches from where the wall and ceiling meet on either surface ; this space is dead air that receives little circulation. smoke alarms should not be mounted in front of an air supply, return duct, near ceiling fans, peaks of a - frame ceilings, dusty areas, locations outside the 40 degree farenheit to 100 degree farenheit temperature range, in humid areas or near fluorescent lighting. if you hear the smoke alarm, roll to the floor and crawl to the door. stay low where the air is cleaner and cooler. touch the door. if the door feels cool, open it just a crack and check for smoke. if there is no smoke, leave by your planned escape route. crawl and keep your head down. if the door feels hot, do not open it. do no panic. escape out the window or use an alternate exit. if you can ' t leave your room, seal the cracks around the doors and vents as best you can. use a wet towel or clothing if possible. open a window at both the top and bottom. stay low and breathe fresh air. shout for help and signal your location by waving a bright cloth, towel or sheet out of a window. if you live in a high rise building, never use the elevator to escape fire. if the fire blocks your exit, close your apartment door and cover all cracks where smoke could enter. telephone the fire department, even if fire fighters are aleready at the scene, and tell them where you are. shout for help and signal your location by waving a bright cloth, towel or sheet out of a window. if your clothes catch on fire, " stop, drop and roll " to put out the flames. do not run - running will only increase the flames. photoelectronic alarms contain a light emitting diode ( led ) which is adjusted to direct a narrow infrared light across the unit ' s detection chamber. when smoke particles enter this chamber


do not run - running will only increase the flames. photoelectronic alarms contain a light emitting diode ( led ) which is adjusted to direct a narrow infrared light across the unit ' s detection chamber. when smoke particles enter this chamber they interfere with the beam and scatter the light. a strategically placed photodiode monitors the amount of light scattered within the chamber. when a pre - set level of light strikes the photodiode, the alarm is activated. photoelectronic smoke alarms respond first to slow smoldering fires. a smoldering fire generates large amounts of thick, black smoke with little heat and may smolder for hours before bursting into flames. photoelectronic models are best suited for living rooms, bedrooms and kitchens. this is because these rooms often contain large pieces of furniture, such as sofas, chairs, mattresses, counter tops, etc. which will burn slowly and create more smoldering smoke than flames. photoelectronic smoke alarms are also less prone to nuisance alarms in the kitchen area than ionization smoke alarms. the use of both ionization and photoelectronic smoke alarms will provide a home with maximum protection and an ample warning in the event of a fire. families should get together and draw a floor plan of their home. they should show two ways out of every room. the first way should be out a door and the second way could be through a window. if it is a second or third story window, they might consider purchasing a safety ladder. they should choose a meeting place for all family members outside the home and mark it on the plan. a good meeting place would be a driveway, tree or a neighbor ' s home. families should practice the escape plan to make sure everyone understands the planned routes. involve every member of the family. start with everyone in their beds with the doors closed. have one person sound the smoke alarm. have each person touch his or her door. ( tip : sleep with bedroom doors closed. a closed door will help show the spread of fire, smoke and heat ). practice low escape routes - one for a cool door and one for a hot door. meet outdoors at the assigned meeting place. designate one person to call the fire department. make sure everyone knows the fire department or local emergency telephone number. consumers should be advised of the following features when choosing a smoke alarm to best suit their needs : smoke detectors with an alarm silencer feature will silence an alarming unit for several minutes, giving the


everyone knows the fire department or local emergency telephone number. consumers should be advised of the following features when choosing a smoke alarm to best suit their needs : smoke detectors with an alarm silencer feature will silence an alarming unit for several minutes, giving the air time to clear. these models are idal near kitchen and cooking areas where most nuisance alarms occur. note : consumers should always determine the reason for the unit sounding before quickly dismissing it as a nuisance alarm and pressing the alarm silencer feature to silence the alarm. long life smoke detectors the nfpa reports that 1 / 3 of all smoke detectors installed in homes are not operating because of dead or missing batteries. this is an all too common occurrence in smoke detectors that leaves families and homes vulnerable. long life smoke detectors utilize lithium batteries that provide up to 10 years of continuous protection. lithium batteries eliminate the need and expense of semi - annual battery replacement. when long life smoke detectors near the end of their tenth year in operation, they will sound a low battery signal to remind consumers to replace the entire unit. note : it is recommended that smoke detectors be replaced every 10 years and be tested regularly. some smoke detectors have a built - in emergency light that will turn on when the unit goes into alarm. the emergency light will illuminate an escape route in case of a power failure. these units are best utilized when installed by stairs and in hallways. hardwire smoke detectors are connected to a home ' s ac power supply and should be intalled by a licensed electrician according to the local electrical code. ac power means you never have to replace a battery to protect your home and family. carbon monoxide detector information : carbon monoxide poisoning is often confused with the flu. it is important that you discuss with all family members the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning. different carbon monoxide concentrations and exposure times cause different symptoms. remember, carbon monoxide detectors are your first defense against carbon monoxide poisoning. extreme exposure : unconsciousness, convulsions, cardiorespiratory failure, and death medium exposure : severe throbbing headache, drowsiness, confusion, vomitting, and fast heart rate mild exposure : slight headache, nausea, fatigue ( often described as ' flu - like ' symptoms ) for most people, mild symptoms generally will be felt after several hours of exposure of 100 ppm ' s of carbon monoxide. many reported cases of carbon monoxide poisoning indicate that while victims are aware they are not well, they become so disoriented that they are unable


generally will be felt after several hours of exposure of 100 ppm ' s of carbon monoxide. many reported cases of carbon monoxide poisoning indicate that while victims are aware they are not well, they become so disoriented that they are unable to save themselves by either exiting the building or calling for assistance. also, due to small size, young children and household pets may be the first affected. if left unchecked, a child ' s exposure to carbon monoxide can lead to neurological disorders, memory loss, personality changes and mild to severe forms of brain damage. if a child complains or shows signs of headaches, dizziness, fatigue or nausea or diarrhea, he or she could have carbon monoxide poisoning. be especially aware of symptoms that disappear when the child is out of the house and reappear upon return, or symptoms that affect the entire household at once. since the symptoms closely mimic viral conditions such as the flu, without the fever, carbon monoxide poisoning is often treated improperly, if at all. a physician can perform a simple blood test ( called a carboxyhemoglobin test ) to determine the level of carbon monoxide in the bloodstream. if elevated levels of carbon monoxide are present, hyperbaric ( high - pressure ) oxygen treatment may be used to rid the body of carbon monoxide. a physician will make this determination and administer treatment if necessary. children with carbon monoxide poisoning have mistakenly been treated for indigestion. the following are considerations consumers should be advised to take when choosing a carbon monoxide detector that will be sure to meet their needs. 1. consumers should consider ease of installation, the location of installation and the power source of an alarm when choosing a plug - in, battery powered or hardwire model. plug - in units are designed to directly plug into a standard 120 - volt electrical outlet for simple installation. this location provides easy access for both testing and resetting the detector. in addition, the location provides both a visual and audible difference from a ceiling mounted smoke alarm, which may help to eliminate confusion during an emergency alarm condition. a plug - in unit also requires no additional costs for annual battery replacement. battery powered units can be easily mounted to a wall or ceiling if the consumer wishes to keep electrical outlets free, if they wish to keep the unit relatively out of sight, or if they would like to keep the alarm away from the reach of children. some battery - powered units are portable alarms that work anywhere - - no installation required


to keep electrical outlets free, if they wish to keep the unit relatively out of sight, or if they would like to keep the alarm away from the reach of children. some battery - powered units are portable alarms that work anywhere - - no installation required. these units may be mounted to a wall, left on a tabletop or carried while traveling. battery powered units require battery replacement every year, similar to smoke alarms. these units will have a low battery - warning signal to indicate when the batteries need repacing. hardwire units are powered by wiring the unit directly into a household ' s ac power supply at a junction box. a licensed electrician according to the local electrical code should install them. the unit can be permanently installed to prevent tampering. 2. consumers should choose a carbon monoxide detector with the features ( e. g. low level warning, battery back up, digital display, etc. ) that meet their needs. low level warning - some carbon monoxide alarms sound a warning ( e. g. 3 short beeps ) when a low level of carbon monoxide has been detected. low levels of carbon monoxide can be hazardous over a long period of time. low level warnings flag potential carbon monoxide problems and allow consumers time to respond to them before an emergency situation arises. battery backup - some plug - in carbon monoxide alarm models have a back - up power source that allows the unit to function in the event of a main line power failure. during a power outage, people are likely to use alternate sources of power, light and heat ( e. g. kerosene heaters, gas - powered portable generators and fireplaces ) which may be out of tune and may produce deadly carbon monoxide gas. digital display - some carbon monoxide alarms have a digital display that shows the levels of carbon monoxide in the air in parts per million ( ppm ). for some people, this added feature provides at - a - glance peace of mind. 3. consumers should choose an alarm that has been accuracy tested. american sensors ( tm ), guarantees each of its alarms to be triple accuracy tested ( tm ). american sensors ' ( tm ) triple accuracy testing process exposes every alarm to three separate tests during manufacturing. this testing process includes twice exposing the alarm to carbon monoxide to precisely calibrate each unit. one test is at high levels and the second is at lower levels of carbon monoxide. in the third step, every alarm is tested to protect against nuisance alarms. this


exposing the alarm to carbon monoxide to precisely calibrate each unit. one test is at high levels and the second is at lower levels of carbon monoxide. in the third step, every alarm is tested to protect against nuisance alarms. this stringent method of testing and quality control helps ensure that every american sensors ( tm ) carbon monoxide alarm will provide years of reliable, accurate protection for your family and home. 4. consumers should compare alarm warranties and note hidden operating costs. consumers should select an alarm that offers a comprehensive warranty. the alarm ' s warranty should include its sensor. consumers should be advised that some co alarms require the purchase of an expensive replacement sensor and / or battery pack as an ongoing expense. american sensors ( tm ) alarms do not require replacement sensors and carry a 5 year warranty. 5. check that the product is listed by underwriters laboratories inc. ul 2034 and / or underwriters ' laboratories of canada. consumers should avoid any brand that does not bear the mark of underwriters laboratories inc. and / or underwriters ' laboratories of canada. all american sensors ( tm ) carbon monoxide alarms meets and / or exceeds the latest stringent standards of underwriters laboratories inc. and / or underwriters ' laboratories of canada. carbon monoxide is generated through incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, propane, heating oil, kerosene, coal, and charcoal, gasoline or wood. this incomplete combustion can occur in a variety of home appliances. the major cause of high levels of carbon monoxide in the home is faulty ventilation of funaces, hot water heaters, fireplaces, cooking stoves, grills and kerosene heaters. other common sources are car exhausts, and gas or diesel powered portable machines. faulty or improper ventilation of natural gas and fuel oil furnaces during the cold winter months accouts for most carbon monoxide poisoning cases. correct operation of any fuel burning equipment requires two key conditions. there must be : * an adequate supply of air for complete combustion. * proper ventilation of fuel burning appliances through the chimney, vents or duct to the outside. install carbon monoxide alarms as a first line of defense against poisoning. the us consumer product safety commission recommends installing at least one carbon monoxide alarm with an audible alarm near the sleeping areas in every home. install additional alarms on every level and in every bedroom to provide extra protection. carbon monoxide poisoning can happen anywhere and at any time in your home.


installing at least one carbon monoxide alarm with an audible alarm near the sleeping areas in every home. install additional alarms on every level and in every bedroom to provide extra protection. carbon monoxide poisoning can happen anywhere and at any time in your home. however, most carbon monoxide poisoning cases occur while people are sleeping. therefore, for the best protection, a carbon monoxide alarm should be installed in the sleeping area. approximately 250 people in the us died last year from the ' silent killer ' - carbon monoxide. the safety experts at underwriter ' s laboratories inc. ( ul ) recommend that consumers follow these steps to help prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. 1. have a qualified technician inspect fuel - burning appliances at least once a year. fuel - burning appliances such as furnaces, how water heaters and stoves require yearly maintenance. over time, components can become damaged or deteriorate. a qualified technician can identify and repair problems with your fuel - burning appliances. carbon monoxide detectors can detect a carbon monoxide condition in your home. 2. be alert to the danger signs that signal carbon monoxide problems, e. g., streaks of carbon or soot around the service door of your fuel burning appliances ; the absence of a draft in your chimney ; excessive rusting on flue pipes or appliance jackets ; moisture collecting on the windows and walls of furnace rooms ; fallen soot from the fireplace ; small amounts of water leaking from the base of the chimney, vent or flue pipe ; damaged or discolored bricks at the top of your chimney and rust on the portion of the vent pipe visible from outside your home. 3. be aware that carbon monoxide poisoning may be the cause of flu - like symptoms such as headaches, tightness of chest, dizziness, fatigue, confussion and breathing difficulties. because carbon monoxide poisoning often causes a victim ' s blood pressure to rise, the victim ' s skin may take on a ink or red cast. 4. install a ul / ulc listed carbon monoxide detector outside sleeping areas. a ul / ulc listed carbon monoxide alarm will sound an alarm before dangerous levels of carbon monoxide accumulate. carbon monoxide poisoning can happen to anyone, anytime, almost anywhere. while anyone is susceptible, experts agree that unborn babies, small children, senior citizens and people with heart or respiratory problems are especially vulnerable to carbon monoxide and are at the greatest risk for death or serious injuries. itis time to install your carbon monoxide detector. infants and


agree that unborn babies, small children, senior citizens and people with heart or respiratory problems are especially vulnerable to carbon monoxide and are at the greatest risk for death or serious injuries. itis time to install your carbon monoxide detector. infants and children are especially vulnerable to carbon monoxide due to their high metabolic rates. because children use more oxygen faster than adults do, deadly carbon monoxide gas accumulates in their bodies faster and can interfere with oxygen supply to vital organs such as the brain and the heart. unborn babies have an even higher risk of carbon monoxide poisoning and carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnant women has been linked to birth defects. this is another reason to install a carbon monoxide detector. hundreds of people die each year, and thousands more require medical treatment, because of carbon monoxide poisoning in their home. now, with recent technological breakthroughs, you can avoid becoming one of these statistics simply by installing a carbon monoxide detector in your home. consumers should consult their owner ' s maunal for a carbon monoxide detector procedure. however, the following is a general procedure : if a carbon monoxide detector sounds a low level warning or hazard level alarm, consumers should push the test / reset button to silence it. if no one in the household has any carbon monoxide symptoms ( headache, dizziness, nausea, and fatigue ) consumers should be advised to open the doors and windows to air out their house. they should turn off any gas, oil or other fuel powered appliances including the furnace and call a qualified technician or thier local utility company to inspect and repair their home before restarting the furnace and all fuel - burning appliances. if anyone in the household does have signs of carbon monoxide poisoning, consumers should leave their home immediately and call their local emergency service or 911 for help. they should do a head count to check that all persons are accounted for once outside in the fresh air. they should not re - enter their home until it has been aired out and the problem corrected by a qualified technician or utility company. most carbon monoxide detectors sold at retail are for use in single residential living units only. they should only be used inside a single family home or apartment. they cannot be used in rv ' s or boats. carbon monoxide detectors should not be installed in the following locations : 1. kitchens or within 5 feet of any cooking appliance where grease, smoke, and other decomposed compounds from cooking could build up on the surface of the carbon monoxide sensor and cause the alarm to malfu