divorce. the annulment of marriages is provided for in certain cases ; such marriages are considered voidable and may be annulled for any of the following causes : ( 1 ) if, at the time of the marriage, either party be under the age of consent, and the consent of parents or guardian be not obtained ; ( 2 ) if either party be of unsound mind at the time of the marriage ; ( 3 ) if consent of the marriage be obtained by fraud ; or ( 4 ) by force, or ( 5 ) if either party be physically incapable of entering into the marriage state. the annulment of marriage must carefully be distinguished from divorce. the latter implies the existence of a perfectly valid marriage. the former affords relief to the injured party, who may either ratify the marriage, and thus make it valid from the beginning, or have it set aside and declared void from the beginning. the principle of divorce is recognized by the law of california, which assigns six grounds of divorce : adultery, extreme cruelty, willful desertion, willful neglect ( failure to provide ), habitual intemperance, and conviction of a felony. notwithstanding that a cause for divorce be proved to exist, the divorce must be denied upon proof of any of the following : connivance, collusion, condonation, recrimination ( proof of a cause of divorce against the plaintiff ), or lapse of time. to prevent fraudulent and secret divorces, as well as the promiscuous granting of divorces, the law requires a bona fide residence by the plaintiff for one year in the state, and for three months in the county, before filing suit. upon dissolution of the marriage by divorce, the superior court has jurisdiction to award the care and custody of the children to the innocent party, or to make such other provision for their care and custody as the best interests of the children, both moral and material, may require ; and this disposition may be altered from time to time in the discretion of the court. in 1903 the law on the subject of divorce was amended. since that year, upon proof by the plaintiff of a cause for divorce, an interlocutory decree of divorce is granted. this decree entitles the successful party to a final decree of divorce upon the expiration of one year after the entry of the interlocutory decree. this change in the law prevents the remarriage of either of the parties until the expiration of one year from the entry of the interlo


of divorce upon the expiration of one year after the entry of the interlocutory decree. this change in the law prevents the remarriage of either of the parties until the expiration of one year from the entry of the interlocutory decree. as previously explained, the church receives no financial aid from the state towards the religious education of her children, and here, as elsewhere, catholics are taxed for the support of public schools, as well as charged with the duty of maintaining schools of their own. here also, as elsewhere, the effects of the public school system of non - religous education emphasize the necessity of providing for catholic youth a complete system of education that includes, with the best profane scholarship, a sound moral and religious training. the need is especially felt in the university courses, whose systems of philosophy, if not positively anti - christian, are certainly not calculated to foster belief in a personal god, or to strengthen faith in a divine revelation. there are liberal statutes in force, permitting and encouraging the foundation and maintenance of private institutions of learning, and the only interference permitted the state authorities concerns the supervision of sanitary arrangements, and the prescribing of such standards of scholarship as will entitle graduates to admission to the state university without examination. there are also liberal statutes authorizing the incorporation of religious, social, benevolent, or charitable organizations. such corporations may make and enforce rules for the government of themselves and their institutions, and may purchase and hold such real property as may be necessary for the objects of the association, not exceeding six whole lots in any city or town, or fifty acres in the country, and the annual profit or income of such land must not exceed $ 50, 000. orphan asylums, however, maintaining at least 100 orphans are permitted to purchase and hold 160 acres of land, of a net annual value of not more than $ 50, 000. these provisions, it must be remembered, do not limit the power of purely religious corporations, whether sole or aggregate, to purchase and hold such lands as may be necessary for their churches, hospitals, schools, colleges, orphan asylums, and parsonages, under statutes previously discussed. the state constitution prohibits the appropriating of public money " for the support of any sectarian or denominational school, or any school not under the exclusive control of the officers of the public schools " ; it also provides that no " sectarian or denominational be taught, or instruction thereon be permitted, directly or indirectly, in


sectarian or denominational school, or any school not under the exclusive control of the officers of the public schools " ; it also provides that no " sectarian or denominational be taught, or instruction thereon be permitted, directly or indirectly, in any of the common schools of the state ". under another constitutional provision already discussed, the legislature passed a law in 1880 appropriating annually to every institution maintaining orphans the sum of $ 100 for each orphan, and $ 75 for each half orphan. in 1903 the legislature created a state board of charities and correction, consisting of six members appointed by the governor. this board has a supervisory jurisdiction over all charitable, correctional, and penal institutions, including hospitals for the insane. there is no state law forbidding the sale of liquor to citizens generally. but it is forbidden : to bring intoxicating liquor to a prison, jail, or reformatory ; or to sell, give, or expose it for sale within half a mile to a state prison, or within 1, 900 feet of a reformatory, or within one mile of the university of california at berkeley, or within one an one - half miles of any veteran ' s home, or within the state capitol, or on the grounds adjacent thereto ; or at a camp meeting ; or to a common or habitual drunkard ; or to an indian ; or to a minor under the age of eighteen years ; or within one mile of an insane asylum. it is forbidden to permit a minor under the age of eighteen years to enter a saloon ; and it is also forbidden to give or sell intoxicating liquor to anyone on election day. beyond these provisions, the general law leaves the control of the sale of liquor entirely to local authority. each county, city, and town is free to regulate the liquor traffic to suit the wishes of its citizens. there are two state prisons, situated respectively at san quentin and folsom. these prisons, under the constitution, are subject to the direct control of the state board of prison directors, consisting of five members appointed by the governor. the prisoners are kept at work, in the rock - crushing plant, in making grain bags, in building roads, etc. priests and ministers are free to visit the prisoners and conduct religious services for their benefit. there are two state reformatories for juvenile offenders - - the preston school of industry at ione city, and the whittier state school, at whittier. each is governed by its own board of trustees, and is entirely independent of the


are two state reformatories for juvenile offenders - - the preston school of industry at ione city, and the whittier state school, at whittier. each is governed by its own board of trustees, and is entirely independent of the board of prison directors. there is also a juvenile court charged with the control and punishment of juvenile dependents and delinquents. a large discretion is vested with the judge of this court and much good has been accomplished since its creation in keeping children of catholic parentage under the care and influence of conscientious catholic officers. in california every person of sound mind who has reached the age of eighteen years may dispose of his entire estate by will, subject to the payment of his debts and expenses of administration. such part of a decedent ' s estate as is not disposed of by will is distributed according to the statutes of succession. the estates of such persons as die without wills and without heirs escheat to the state. the phrase " expenses of administration " includes funeral expenses of the deceased, expenses of his last illness, and provision for the support of his family, including the homestead, family allowance, and setting apart property exempt from execution. no person is permitted to dispose by will of more than one - third of the value of his estate to charitable uses. a will attempting to dispose of a greater proportion to charity would not be absolutely void, but all the charitable bequests and devises would be reduced proportionately so that their total value would not exceed one third. moreover, every charitable bequest and devise is absolutely void unless it be made at least thirty days prior to the testator ' s death. a bequest or devise to a church as such, or to a college, orphan asylum, missionary society, hospital, or home for the aged would be for a charitable use under this provision. but not so a devise or bequest to a priest or bishop by name, and in his individual capacity. it has also been held that a bequest to a priest for masses to be offered for the repose of the soul of the deceased, is not a charitable bequest. cemeteries may be purchased, held, and owned under the liberal statutes for the ownership of church property, already explained. or, they may be purchased, held, and owned by cemetery corporations formed under a general law, by which their land holdings are limited to 320 acres situated in the county in which their articles of incorporation are filed, or in an adjoining county. the law provides for


may be purchased, held, and owned by cemetery corporations formed under a general law, by which their land holdings are limited to 320 acres situated in the county in which their articles of incorporation are filed, or in an adjoining county. the law provides for the survey and subdivision of such lands into lots or plots, avenues or walks, and for the government of such corporations, as well as the sale and tenure of burial plots. clinch, california and its missions ( san francisco, 1904 ) ; james, in and out of the old missions ( boston, 1906 ) ; jackson, california and the missions ( boston, 1903 ) ; burnett, recollections of an old pioneer ; edwords, california annual ( san francisco, 1907 ) ; u. s. census of 1900 ( washington ) ; u. s. census of 1890 ( washington ) ; swett, history of the public school system of california ( san francisco, 1876 ) ; catholic directory for 1907 ( milwaukee ) ; twenty - second biennial report of the superintendent of public instruction ( sacramento, 1906 ) ; university of california register ( berkeley, 1907 ) ; babcock, history of california ( sacramento, 1907 ) ; treadwell, constitution of california ( san francisco, 1907 ) ; civil code, code of civil procedure, political code, penal code ( san francisco, 1906 ). apa citation. ( 1908 ). california. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 03170a. htm mla citation. " california. " the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 3. new york : robert appleton company, 1908. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 03170a. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by matthew and therese reak. dedicated to my friends, the ottles. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. november 1, 1908. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


battle of the boyne the battle of the boyne was a turning point in the williamite war in ireland, between the deposed king james vii of scotland and ii of england and his son - in - law and successor, william iii ( " william of orange " ), for the english, scottish, and irish thrones. it took place on july 1, 1690 ( old style date ), just outside of the town of drogheda on ireland ' s east coast. as a consequence of the adoption of the gregorian calendar, the battle is now commemorated on july 12. though not militarily decisive, its symbolic importance has made it one of the most infamous battles in british and irish history and a key part in irish protestant folklore. it is still commemorated today, principally by the orange order. irish protestants have cast the battle as one between william the representative of christ and the forces of darkness. their victory meant that the protestants had " won " ireland, and it justified their ascendancy. king william ' s victory was followed by systematic efforts to protestantize ireland with protestant settlers and legal restrictions on the rights of catholics. however, this was but a chapter in a continuing process of what was called the " pacification " of ireland, beginning with pope adrian iv ' s bull that granted ireland to england and henry ii ' s invasion of 1171. this process led to the establishment of a protestant majority in the province of ulster, most of which became northern ireland in 1921, and where conflict between catholic and protestants, known as the " troubles, " led to british military intervention in between 1969 and 1997. a sectarian battle the battle of the boyne was the decisive encounter in a war that was primarily about james ' s attempt to regain the thrones of england and scotland, but is widely remembered as a decisive moment in the struggle between protestant and catholic factions in ireland. however, recent analyses have played down the religious aspect of the conflict. in fact, both armies were religiously mixed, and william of orange ' s own elite force — the dutch blue guards — had the papal banner with them on the day, many of the guardsmen being dutch catholics. they were part of the league of augsburg, a cross - christian alliance designed to stop a french conquest of europe, supported by the vatican. the war in ireland was also the beginning of a long - running but ultimately unsuccessful campaign by james ' s supporters, the jacobites, to restore the stuart dynasty rule to the british thrones. while most jacobites in ireland were indeed


the vatican. the war in ireland was also the beginning of a long - running but ultimately unsuccessful campaign by james ' s supporters, the jacobites, to restore the stuart dynasty rule to the british thrones. while most jacobites in ireland were indeed catholics, many english and scottish jacobites were protestants and were motivated by loyalty to the principle of monarchy ( considering james to have been illegally deposed in a coup ) or to the stuart dynasty in particular, rather than by religion. a handful of british jacobites fought with james at the boyne. in addition, some of the french regiments fighting with the jacobites at the boyne were composed of german protestants. in a european context, therefore, the battle was not a religiously motivated one, but part of a complicated political, dynastic, and strategic conflict. in an irish context, however, the war was a sectarian and ethnic conflict, in many ways a re - run of the irish confederate wars of 50 years earlier. for irish jacobites, the war was fought for irish sovereignty, religious toleration for catholicism, and land ownership. the irish catholic upper classes had lost almost all their lands after cromwell ' s conquest and had also lost the right to hold public office, practice their religion, and to sit in the irish parliament. they saw the reign of the catholic king james as a means of redressing these grievances and to secure the autonomy of ireland from the english parliament. to these ends, under richard talbot, 1st earl of tyrconnell they had raised an army to restore james to his throne after the glorious revolution. by 1690, they controlled all of ireland except for the northern province of ulster. most of james ii ' s troops at the boyne were irish catholics. conversely, for williamites in ireland, the war was about maintaining protestant and british rule in ireland. the irish williamites were mainly protestant settlers from england and scotland who had come to the country during the plantations of ireland. they were a majority in the northern province of ulster. they feared for both their lives and their property if james and his catholic supporters were allowed to rule ireland. in particular, they feared a repeat of the irish rebellion of 1641, when there had been widespread massacres of protestants. for these reasons, the protestant settler community fought en masse for william iii. many of the williamite troops at the boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were protestants from ulster, who called themselves " eniskilleners " and were referred to by contemporaries as " scotch


community fought en masse for william iii. many of the williamite troops at the boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were protestants from ulster, who called themselves " eniskilleners " and were referred to by contemporaries as " scotch - irish. " the competing sides the opposing armies in the battle were led by the roman catholic king james of england, scotland and ireland and opposing him, his son - in - law the protestant william iii ( " william of orange " ), who had deposed james from his english and scottish thrones in the previous year. james ' supporters still controlled much of ireland and the irish parliament. james also enjoyed the support of the french king, louis xiv, who did not want to see a hostile monarch, such as william, on the throne of england. to support james ' restoration, louis sent 6000 french troops to ireland to support the irish jacobites. william was already stadtholder of the netherlands and was able to call on dutch and allied troops from continental europe as well as from great britain. james was a seasoned general who had proven his bravery when fighting for his brother — king charles ii — in europe, notably at the battle of the dunes in 1658. however, recent historians have noted that he was prone to panicking under pressure and to making rash decisions. william was also a seasoned commander and able general but had yet to win a full battle. many of his battles ended in bloody stalemates, prompting at least one modern historian to argue that william lacked an ability to manage armies in the thick of battle. william ' s success against the french had been reliant upon tactical maneuvers and good diplomacy rather than force. his diplomacy had assembled the league of augsburg — a multi - national coalition formed to resist french aggression in europe. from william ' s point of view, his takeover of power in england and the ensuing campaign in ireland was just another front in the war against louis xiv of france. james ii ' s subordinate commanders were richard talbot, 1st earl of tyrconnell, who was the lord deputy of ireland and james ' s most powerful supporter in that country ; and the french general lauzun. william ' s second in command was the frederick schomberg, 1st duke of schomberg, a 75 year old professional soldier. he had formerly been a marshal of france, but had been expelled in 1685, from his native country by louis xiv because he was a huguenot protestant. the williamite army at the boyne was about 36, 000 strong, composed of troops


he had formerly been a marshal of france, but had been expelled in 1685, from his native country by louis xiv because he was a huguenot protestant. the williamite army at the boyne was about 36, 000 strong, composed of troops from many countries. around 20, 000 had been in ireland since 1689, commanded by schomberg. william himself arrived with 16, 000 more in june 1690. william ' s troops were in general far better trained and equipped than were those of james. the best williamite infantry were from denmark and the netherlands, professional soldiers equipped with the latest flintlock muskets. there were also a large contingent of french huguenot troops fighting with the williamites. william did not have a high opinion of his british troops, with the exception of the ulster protestant irregulars who had held ulster in the previous year. the english and scottish troops were felt to be politically unreliable, since james had been their legitimate monarch up to a year before. moreover, they had only been raised recently and had seen little combat. the jacobites were 23, 500 strong. james had several regiments of french troops, but most of his manpower was provided by irish catholics. the jacobite ' s irish cavalry, who were raised from among the dispossessed irish gentry, proved themselves to be high caliber troops at the battle. however, the irish infantry, predominantly peasants who had been pressed into service, were not trained soldiers. they had been hastily trained, badly supplied, and only a minority of them had functional muskets. in fact, some of them at the boyne carried only farm implements, such as scythes. on top of that, the jacobite infantry who had firearms were all equipped with the obsolete matchlock musket. william had landed in carrickfergus in ulster on june 14, 1690, and marched south to take dublin. it has been argued that the jacobites should have tried to block this advance in rugged country around newry, on the present day irish border. however, james only fought a delaying action there and chose instead to place his line of defense on the boyne river, around 50 km from dublin. the williamites reached the boyne on june 29. the day before the battle, william himself had a narrow escape, when he was wounded by jacobite artillery while surveying the fords over which his troops would cross the river. the battle itself was fought on july 1, over a ford of the boyne at oldbridge, near drogheda. william sent about


when he was wounded by jacobite artillery while surveying the fords over which his troops would cross the river. the battle itself was fought on july 1, over a ford of the boyne at oldbridge, near drogheda. william sent about a quarter of his men to cross at a place called roughgrange, near slane, about 10 km from oldbridge. the duke of schomberg ' s son, meinhardt schomberg, later the 3rd duke led this crossing, which was unsuccessfully opposed by irish dragoons. james panicked when he saw that he might be outflanked and sent half his troops, along with most of his cannon to counter this move. what neither side had realized was that there was a deep ravine at roughgrange, so that the forces there could not engage each other, but literally sat out the battle. the williamites there went on a long detour march which, late in the day, almost saw them cut off the jacobite retreat at the village of naul. at the main ford at oldbridge, william ' s infantry led by the elite dutch blue guards forced their way across the river, using their superior firepower to slowly drive back the enemy foot - soldiers, but were pinned down by the counter - attacks of the jacobite cavalry. having secured the village of oldbridge, some williamite infantry held off successive cavalry attacks with disciplined volley fire while others were driven into the river. william ' s second in command, the duke of schomberg, and george walker ( 1645 - 1690 ) were killed in this phase of the battle. the williamites were not able to resume their advance until their own horsemen managed to cross the river and, after being badly mauled, held off the jacobite cavalry, who retired and regrouped at donore, where they once again put up stiff resistance before retiring. the jacobites retired in good order. william had a chance to trap the retreating jacobites as they crossed the river nanny at duleek, but was held up by a successful jacobite rear - guard. the casualty figure of the battle was quite low for a battle of such a scale — of the 50, 000 or so participants, about 2, 000 died, three quarters of whom were jacobites. the reason for the low death toll was that in contemporary warfare, most of the casualties tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already - beaten enemy. this did not happen at the boyne because the counter - attacks of the jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their


toll was that in contemporary warfare, most of the casualties tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already - beaten enemy. this did not happen at the boyne because the counter - attacks of the jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their army. the jacobites were badly demoralized by their defeat, however, and many of the irish infantrymen deserted. the williamites triumphantly marched into dublin two days after the battle. the jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to limerick, behind the river shannon, where they were besieged. james left so quickly that he outpaced the messenger that was sent to warn limerick of the defeat. after his defeat, james quickly returned to exile in france, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed. james ' s loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield enraged his irish supporters, who fought on until the treaty of limerick in 1691. the battle was overshadowed in its time in great britain by the destruction of the anglo - dutch fleet by the french two days later, off beachy head, a far more serious event in the short term ; only on the continent was the boyne treated as a major victory. the reason for this was that it was the first proper victory for the league of augsburg, the first ever alliance between catholic and protestant countries, and in achieving this william of orange and pope alexander viii ( its prime movers ) scotched the myth — particularly emanating from sweden — that such an alliance was blasphemous, resulting in more joining the alliance and in effect ending the very real danger of a french conquest of europe. the boyne was not without strategic significance on both great britain and ireland, however. it marked the end of james ' s hope of regaining his throne by military means and virtually assured the triumph of the glorious revolution. in scotland, news of this defeat led to the highlanders gradually abandoning the jacobite rising which bonnie dundee had led. in ireland, the boyne was the beginning of the williamite victory over the jacobites, which maintained british and protestant dominance over the country. for this reason, the boyne is still celebrated by the protestant orange order on the twelfth of july. commemoration of the battle originally, irish protestants commemorated the battle of aughrim on the july 12, as symbolizing their victory in the williamite war in ireland. at aughrim, which took place a year after the boyne, virtually all of the old native irish catholic and old english aristocracies plantations under elizabeth i and oliver


, as symbolizing their victory in the williamite war in ireland. at aughrim, which took place a year after the boyne, virtually all of the old native irish catholic and old english aristocracies plantations under elizabeth i and oliver cromwell ) were wiped out. the boyne, which in the old julian calendar, took place on july 1, was treated as less important, third in commemorative value after aughrim and the anniversary of the irish rebellion of 1641 on october 23. what was celebrated on the twelfth was not william ' s " victory over popery at the battle of the boyne, " but the extermination of the elite of the native irish at aughrim, thereby ending the fear of having to surrender the planted lands. in 1752, a new gregorian calendar was introduced to the united kingdom, which placed the boyne on july 12, instead of aughrim. however, even after this date, " the twelfth " still commemorated aughrim. but after the orange order was founded in 1795, amid sectarian violence in armagh, the focus of parades on july 12, switched to the battle of the boyne. usually the dates before the introduction of the calendar on september 14, 1752, are mapped in english language histories directly onto the julian dates without shifting them by 11 days. being suspicious of anything with papist connotations, however, rather than shift the anniversary of the boyne to the new july 1, or celebrate the new anniversary of aughrim, the orangemen continued to march on the july 12, which, in new style dates marked the battle of the boyne. despite this, there are also smaller parades and demonstrations on july 1, the date which maps the old style date of the boyne to the new style in the usual manner and which also commemorate the massacre of the 36th ( ulster ) division on the first day of the battle of the somme in 1916. it has also been suggested that the boyne was preferred to aughrim because the jacobites ' rout there allowed the irish catholics to be presented as contemptible cowards, whereas at aughrim they fought bravely and died in great numbers. in the context of a resurgent irish nationalism from the 1790s onwards, it is argued that the narrative of the boyne was more comforting for loyalists in ireland. the commemoration of the battle of the boyne therefore has more to do with the politics of the unionist community than it has to do with the military significance of the battle itself. it


the narrative of the boyne was more comforting for loyalists in ireland. the commemoration of the battle of the boyne therefore has more to do with the politics of the unionist community than it has to do with the military significance of the battle itself. it is not uncommon to see large murals of a monarch, william on a white horse at the head of his army marking out loyalist territory. the memory of the battle also has resonance among irish nationalists. most irish people see the battle as a major step on the road to the complete british colonization of ireland. in 1923, irish republican army members blew up a large monument to the battle on the battlefield site on the boyne and also destroyed a statue of william iii in 1929, that stood outside trinity college dublin in the center of the irish capital. " the twelfth " in ireland today the battle of the boyne remains a controversial topic today, especially in northern ireland where protestants remember it as a great victory over catholics and responsible for the sovereignty of parliament and the ' protestant monarchy '. in recent years " the twelfth " has often been marked by confrontations as members of the orange order attempt to celebrate the date by marching past or through what they see as their traditional route. however some of these areas now have a nationalist majority, who now object to marches passing through their areas. this is mainly due to population migrations caused by institutionalized sectarianism in northern ireland in the mid 1900s which had made northern ireland, in the words of ulster unionist party leader and nobel peace prize winner david trimble, a " cold house for catholics " at the time. each side thus dresses up the disputes in terms of the other ' s supposed attempts to repress them ; catholics still see orange order marches as provocative attempts to ' show who is boss ', while protestants insist they have a right to " walk the queen ' s highway " and see any attempt to deny them the right to walk through traditional routes used for centuries as an attempt to marginalise and restrict their freedom to celebrate their protestant identity earned in the glorious revolution settlement. thus the battle is still very present in the awareness of those involved in the catholic - protestant rivalry in ireland. the battlefield today the site of the battle of the boyne sprawls over a wide area west of the town of drogheda. oldbridge, the scene of the main williamite crossing, has an irish government interpretive centre on it, which is dedicated to informing tourists and other visitors about the battle. this facility is currently being redeveloped. the other main combat areas


##heda. oldbridge, the scene of the main williamite crossing, has an irish government interpretive centre on it, which is dedicated to informing tourists and other visitors about the battle. this facility is currently being redeveloped. the other main combat areas on the day ( at duleek, donore and plattin — along the jacobite line of retreat ) are marked with tourist information signs. - hayes - mccoy, gerard anthony. irish battles. harlow : longmans, 1969. isbn 0582112486 - lenihan, padraig. 1690 battle of the boyne. stroud, gloucestershire : tempus publishing, 2003. isbn 0752433040 - mcnally, michael and graham turner. battle of the boyne 1690 : the irish campaign for the english crown. oxford : osprey publishing, 2005. isbn 184176891x all links retrieved january 7, 2013. new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here : note : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.


a tracheostomy ( tra - ke - os - to - me ) is a surgically made hole that goes through the front of your neck and into your trachea ( tra - ke - ah ), or windpipe. the hole is made to help you breathe. a tracheostomy usually is temporary, although you can have one long term or even permanently. how long you have a tracheostomy depends on the condition that required you to get it and your overall health. to understand how a tracheostomy works, it helps to understand how your airways work. the airways carry oxygen - rich air to your lungs. they also carry carbon dioxide, a waste gas, out of your lungs. the airways include your : air enters your body through your nose or mouth. the air travels through your voice box and down your windpipe. the windpipe splits into two bronchi that enter your lungs. ( for more information, go to the health topics how the lungs work article. ) a tracheostomy provides another way for oxygen - rich air to reach your lungs, besides going through your nose or mouth. a breathing tube, also called a trach ( trake ) tube, is put through the tracheostomy and directly into the windpipe to help you breathe. doctors use tracheostomies for many reasons. one common reason is to help people who need to be on ventilators ( ven - til - a - tors ) for more than a couple of weeks. ventilators are machines that support breathing. if you have a tracheostomy, the trach tube connects to the ventilator. people who have conditions that interfere with coughing or block the upper airways also may need tracheostomies. coughing is a natural reflex that protects the lungs. it helps clear mucus ( a slimy substance ) and bacteria from the airways. a trach tube can be used to help remove, or suction, mucus from the airways. doctors also might recommend tracheostomies for people who have swallowing problems due to strokes or other conditions. creating a tracheostomy is a fairly common, simple procedure. it ' s one of the most common procedures for critical care patients in hospitals. the windpipe is located almost directly under the skin of the neck. so, a surgeon often can create a tracheostomy quickly and easily. the procedure usually is done in a hospital operating room. however, it also can be safely done


thursday june 14 2012 " diesel exhaust fumes cause cancer " : official who report the daily mail reports a world health organization ( who ) warning that diesel exhaust fumes are a “ major cancer risk ” and belong in the “ same deadly category as asbestos, arsenic and mustard gas ”. meanwhile the bbc says that diesel fumes are “ definitely a cause of lung cancer ”. this widely reported news is based on a decision by the who to classify diesel exhausts as a cause of cancer. the decision was taken by the who ’ s international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ), a panel of experts that co - ordinates and conducts research into the causes of cancer, and develops cancer control strategies. under its classification scheme, diesel exhaust was previously categorised as “ probably carcinogenic ”. the agency now says there is now sufficient evidence that exposure to diesel fumes causes lung cancer. it is calling for exposure to diesel fumes to be reduced worldwide. while diesel fumes are now officially carcinogenic, the alarmist tone of the daily mail ’ s headline should be viewed with caution because the ‘ deadly category ’ of substances the mail describes also includes sunlight and wood dust. what is diesel and is it used much in the uk? diesel oil is a complex mixture of chemicals, mainly distilled from crude oil, although vegetable oil and similar sources can be used to make ‘ biodiesel ’. it is used as fuel for diesel internal combustion engines, which use compressed hot air to ignite fuel ( petrol engines have a spark plug to ignite the fuel ). worldwide, diesel oil is widely used as a fuel in diesel - powered cars, lorries, trains, aircraft, ships and heavy industry. it is regarded as more efficient than petroleum, resulting in lower fuel consumption. who says that many people are exposed to diesel exhaust in everyday life, both through their occupations and in the ambient air. as of 2007, just over 50 % of all new car sales in the uk were diesel, according to the society of motor manufacturers and traders. in 2004, approximately 700 litres ( 150 gallons ) of diesel was sold every second in the uk, according to a report by the health protection agency ( hpa ). the amount of pollutants from diesel exhaust fumes, in particular its sulphur content, have been reduced over the last few years, and engines on newer cars are designed to burn fuel more efficiently, reducing emissions. however, the iarc says it is not yet clear how these improvements translate


for occupational safety and health. it found that exposure to diesel exhaust increased the risk of dying from lung cancer ( 1. 26, 95 % confidence interval 1. 09 to 1. 44 ). a further case - control study, undertaken in this group ( comparing 198 miners who had died from lung cancer with 562 miners who were alive at the time the ‘ case ’ died ), found that the risk of lung cancer in these workers increased with the length of time they were exposed to diesel fumes. although these studies were in workers who had been heavily exposed to diesel fumes, the who points out that studies of other carcinogens, such as radon, indicate that initial research showing a risk in heavily exposed populations, are later found to be a risk for the general population. it says that action to reduce exposure to diesel exhaust fumes should encompass both highly exposed workers and the general population. are diesel fumes really as dangerous as asbestos and mustard gas? under the iarc classification scheme, diesel fumes now fall into the same category as all other known carcinogens ( of which there are over 100 listed ). these include : - tobacco smoke ( both first and secondhand ) - mustard gas - chinese salted fish - vinyl chloride - wood dust the who does not specify the level of risk posed by different carcinogens, or the risk posed by different levels of exposure. however, for most carcinogens, the higher the exposure, the greater the risk of cancer. dr christopher portier, chair of the iarc working group, said that while the scientific evidence that diesel oil exhaust caused lung cancer was ‘ compelling ’, the impact on the wider population who are exposed to diesel fumes at much lower levels and for shorter periods of time, is unknown. newspaper readers of a nervous disposition may want to consider the above facts when considering the risk to their health from diesel fumes. analysis by bazian. edited by nhs choices.


by tom boyle all things birds associate naturalist | natco lake was created by accident, rather than by mother nature. the national fireproofing company ( natco ) mined clay here for bricks in the 1930 ' s. eventually the mining equipment hit underground springs and the lake filled in. a ditch was dug in an attempt to drain off the water into a nearby tidal creek. the ditching brought in salt water and made the lake brackish, as it remains today. birding the northern section of the lake : walk east along the henry hudson trail and over a small bridge. eastern phoebe has nested under this bridge. after the bridge, turn right off the paved trail and then left. follow the unpaved trail a short distance to a small tidal cove in the lake. on a changing tide, yellow - crowned night heron is regularly seen. both night herons nest locally and can be seen frequently. occasionally, diamond - backed terrapins are seen basking on flotsam in the cove. continue on the unpaved trail until it ends at a lawn on the lake ' s north side. scan the lake here. shorebirds can be found in migration, along with herons, osprey, gulls, cormorants, terns, and waterfowl. great black - backed gull has begun nesting on one of the islands in the lake. don ' t be surprised to see something unusual. an american white pelican was seen on the lake in january about five years ago. i ' ve seen american oystercatcher, black skimmer, and copulating least terns sitting on the island in front of you. this is a good spot to check for lingering waterfowl at world series of birding time [ mid - may ]. northern shoveler has been seen in late may, canvasback in late june and a drake bufflehead has lingered here into july! rough - winged swallows and belted kingfishers have nested in the dirt banks around the lake and are often seen. the woods along the henry hudson trail are good for migrants in spring. in recent years i ' ve seen ( and heard ) acadian, alder, and olive - sided flycatchers ; gray - cheeked thrush ; mourning and brewster ' s warblers ; yellow - breasted chat ; and lincoln ' s and white - crowned sparrows. fall is equally good, and connecticut warbler is regular at that time of year. if you walk the trail a little more than


brewster ' s warblers ; yellow - breasted chat ; and lincoln ' s and white - crowned sparrows. fall is equally good, and connecticut warbler is regular at that time of year. if you walk the trail a little more than a quarter mile to the next bridge, look north along thorne ' s creek for purple martins, which now nest in houses provided by a homeowner here. birding the southern section of the lake : natco park, a 260 - acre green acres site managed by hazlet township, consists of mature swampy woods excellent in spring for migrants. from the lakeside manor restaurant parking lot, walk down the orange trail near the lake and into the woods. philadelphia vireo has been seen here in late may. the mature oaks along this trail can have bay - breasted, tennessee, and cape may warblers. a knowledge of bird song will be helpful here as the vegetation is thick. the trail turns left and follows the shoreline, eventually coming to a small cove ( 1 on map ) where spotted sandpipers are seen. at the south end of the cove, the trail ( now the red trail ) turns southeasterly into the woods. a small footbridge crosses over a little ripple called thorne ' s creek. here the understory is again very thick. in this area in spring i ' ve seen such sought - after migrants as yellow - throated vireo ; louisiana waterthrush ; and worm - eating, prothonotary, hooded, and kentucky warblers. continue south along the red trail. as you approach another footbridge, the blue trail comes in from the right. follow it a short way to an area with standing water in spring ( 2 ). check this spot for rusty blackbird and northern waterthrush. back on the main red trail, continue south. the trail gains elevation, leading into an area of pitch pine habitat ( 3 ). pine warbler nests and whip - poor - will has been found here. retrace your steps back along the trail to the cove at the lake. facing the cove, take the part of the red trail that leads left [ west ] away from the lake. the mature deciduous woods along the trail have nesting wood thrush, ovenbird, and red - eyed vireo. this trail eventually comes to a t intersection with the yellow trail. turn left onto the yellow trail, which will gain elevation until it arrives at another t intersection. turn right on the unmarked trail and walk


##bird, and red - eyed vireo. this trail eventually comes to a t intersection with the yellow trail. turn left onto the yellow trail, which will gain elevation until it arrives at another t intersection. turn right on the unmarked trail and walk slowly to a small opening in the forest. in spring the vernal pond here ( 4 ) holds the occasional solitary sandpiper. roosting above the pond in spring i ' ve seen broad - winged and red - shouldered hawks. continuing along this trail will lead through several wet areas with second - growth woodland. prairie, mourning, and wilson ' s warblers have been seen here, and brown thrashers nest in this area. return to the last t, and turn left to retrace your route along the yellow trail. pass the intersection with the red trail and continue straight ahead on the yellow trail to reach the parking lot. raptors are very much in evidence in the natco lake area in spring as northbound hawks bump up against the bayshore. on west winds, hawk flights can be seen over the park right from the parking lot. these flights consist mostly of buteos, with vultures, accipiters, and the occasional bald eagle mixed in. mississippi kite and common raven were seen over the park in spring 2012. additional breeding birds in the park include scarlet tanager, great - crested flycatcher, ruby - throated hummingbird, cooper ' s hawk, and great horned and screech owls. northern saw - whet owl has occurred in winter. mammals in the park include whitetail deer, opossum, raccoon, striped skunk, flying squirrel and both red and gray fox. with its mix of deciduous swamp and upland pine oak forest, natco is also very botanically diverse. natco ' s mix of habitat, along with its location on the bayshore, makes it a great place to discover birds. for more information on the park, including a more complete trail map, write to the hazlet environmental commission at 317 middle road, hazlet, nj 07730.


if there ’ s a stack of old newspapers gathering dust under the bed or out in the shed, australian libraries want to know about it. the search is on for these valuable pieces of our social history, as part of the australian newspaper plan ( www. nla. gov. au / anplan ), a nation - wide initiative of state and territory libraries designed to find, collect and preserve access to historic newspapers. national spokeswoman for the anplan, cathy pilgrim, of the national library of australia, said newspapers did not just report the news. they told stories of their times, through advertisements, photographs and even their design – stories we want to save for all australians. “ the aim is to find the thousands of missing pieces in the jigsaw of our history, ” she said. “ old newspapers are an important part of our social, political and cultural history and they offer valuable insights into a society changed forever. some of australia ’ s most wanted newspapers include : * cairns advocate ( 1897 - 1882 ) ; * croydon miner ( 1887 - 1888 ) * mundic miner and etheridge gazette ( 1889 - 1917 ) ; * pilbarra goldfields news ( 1901 ) ; * mercury and south australian sporting chronicle ( 1849 - 1851 ) ; * renmark pioneer ( 1893 - 1895 ). “ often a chance conversation uncovers these wanted papers which may have been lying hidden in someone ’ s garage, in an elderly person ’ s collection of keepsakes, or even in the vaults of a local historical society or archive, ” ms pilgrim said. once the wanted newspapers have been tracked down, they will be carefully saved to ensure their preservation for future generations of australians. access will be made freely available through the national library of australia and state and territory libraries. for a full list of the wanted newspapers from all states of australia, go to www. nla. gov. au / anplan for information on the australian newspaper plan : contact cathy pilgrim on 02 6262 1514 ; firstname. lastname @ example. org for information on act newspapers : contact julie whiting on 02 6262 1157 ; email @ example. com


did you ever stop to consider just how a volcano works? of course it is only theory for no one has as yet dissected a volcano while it was active to observe and tabulate the reactions of its inner self. rainier is a volcanic cone and no doubt it came into being in this manner. first at a depth below the surface of the earth in some long, forgotten time the magma or molten rock presed toward the surface possibly throuhg some fracture in the outer crust. with these rising lavas there was also much gas that advanced ahead of the lava and thus both the gas and the lava pressed toward the surface gradually accumulating force and power under the pressure as its advance was hindered by the solid material above. and then finally this flow of motlen rock and gases achieved enogh power to burst through the surface. first, possibly, there was an explosive action as the gases burst upward and this was followed by more quiet flows of the lavas that welled out over the surface and inundated, in succeeding eruptions and lava flows, over 100 square miles of surrounding country which is the area of " the mountain ' s " great base. and in that manner eruptions followed one another when the pressure within the throat of this fire mountain achieved enough power to burst through the " plug " of hardened lavas which solidified after each flow. rainier hasn ' t been active for several thousands of years and there is apparently little chance of its becoming active again but it stands today - a magnificent volcanic shaft, its flanks glistening with the greatest glacial system in continentaly united states, - a monument to nature ' s power in its wildest moods. | < < < previous | | > cover < |


lesson plans and times materials for teaching : the academy awards the film industry film in language arts film in social studies / history film in fine arts technology in film lessons on these pages are for grades 6 - 12, written in consultation with bank street college of education. each one is paired with a times article. learning network features selected times articles on film adaptations resources on the web lessons on the academy awards : the envelope, please investigating the cultural context of oscar - winning films in the past and present and the oscar goes to... examining and creating criteria for oscar - worthy films and the winner is... exploring the role of the academy awards and film in american society lessons on the film industry : creating film festivals that inform and entertain audiences the sundance kids exploring what makes the independent film industry so attractive to so many the raid on raters exploring the current movie rating system minding the media examining ethical questions about media rating systems the reel world exploring the appropriateness of movies for children considering the costs of making movies fit to be tied ( in ) examining how companies target the right audiences old hobbits are hard to break learning about the marketing of motion pictures on the web lessons on and with filmmaking : quiet on the set! exploring character and conflict development by creating short films drawing upon successful elements of the " harry potter " series to develop short films producing a documentary film spotlighting the everyday sights and sounds of a school creating documentaries about students ' everyday lives through the eyes of a child creating documentaries from the perspectives of adolescents creating documentaries about important social issues creating a documentary about rituals related to books creating biographical films for current political candidates ' campaigns more power to you creating documentaries about energy sources exploring the pacific rim by writing documentary film treatments lessons using film in language arts : writing movie reviews screening the silver screen writing new york times movie reviews exploring plot similarities in fiction and nonfiction stories constructing movie sets through descriptive writing the battle of good and evil on the big screen a media studies lesson plan if i could talk like the animals... teaching personification and narrative writing in the language arts classroom the sorcerers shown comparing similar character genres in literature and film talk about the passion creating an educational guide to encourage critical thinking about the film " the passion of christ " creating vocabulary - rich advertisements to recognize glover ' s contribution to " happy feet " analyzing similarities and differences among the live, film and written versions of tony award winning productions lessons using film in social studies / history : tell me something good analyzing moviegoers ' preferences in an economic recession golden globe as gauge exploring how hollywood reflects the


" analyzing similarities and differences among the live, film and written versions of tony award winning productions lessons using film in social studies / history : tell me something good analyzing moviegoers ' preferences in an economic recession golden globe as gauge exploring how hollywood reflects the american political and cultural climate is all cinema verite? exploring the relationship between movies and culture los artistas unidos exploring questions of diversity in the casting of actors for popular television shows and movies exploring legislation about violence in the media making sense of censorship clarifying rating systems for entertainment let there be peace exploring the accomplishments of nobel peace prize recipients a woman ' s worth examining the changing roles of women in cultures around the world lessons using film in fine arts : setting the stage from the page creating original artwork that transforms text to the big screen the art of violence creating original works of art that explore the depiction of violence lyrics of hazzard updating classic music for a movie soundtrack state of the art identifying the merits of a favorite work of art lessons on technology in film : exploring plausible inventions for make - believe movies the new fant - " asia " contrasting animated and live - action filmmaking actors and actresses screen actors guild academy of motion picture arts and sciences sundance film festival tribeca film festival learning network features : student crossword : oscar - winning films news snapshot : best of the bunch news snapshot : hopeful hollywood news snapshot : pop + art = oscar? news snapshot : holy box office, batman! news snapshot : and the nominees are … times movies section times critics ' picks times reviews archive the best 1, 000 movies ever made blog : the carpetbagger interactive graphic : the ebb and flow of movies : box office receipts 1986 - 2008 selected times articles on film adaptations : all right, you try : adaptation isn ' t easy article by screenwriter stephen schiff on the challenges of adapting source material for film, including susan orlean ' s " the orchid thief, " which became the charlie kaufman film " adaptation. " can a film do justice to literature? article about arguments over whether or not ' ' good literature is too substantial to fit through the lens of a camera. ' ' the best novelists, the worst movie adaptations article about how great novels don ' t necessarily translate into great films. any novel can be shaped into a movie article on how some film adaptations, such as the one of " the english patient, " are as artistic as the novels they are based on. cuddling up to quasimodo and friends article on film adaptations that are not true to their source


movie article on how some film adaptations, such as the one of " the english patient, " are as artistic as the novels they are based on. cuddling up to quasimodo and friends article on film adaptations that are not true to their source material. is it time to trust hollywood? 1990 essay by molly haskell that takes a broad look at hollywood ' s history of book - to - movie adaptations. seen the movie? read the book! 1987 essay by john updike about adapting literature for film. adapting and revising twain ' s ' huck finn ' 1986 essay by book critic michiko kakutani on the difficulties of adapting twain. 2008 essay by sophie gee about adaptations of " beowulf " and " paradise lost. " romancing the book … once again 1992 article about hollywood ' s interest in literary classics. resources on the web : scenarios usa holds an annual topical writing contest to pair student screenwriters in underserved communities with hollywood filmmakers, who turn the students ' stories into short films. the scenarios usa web site includes materials for teachers. teacher ' s guide to making student movies from scholastic teaching resources, designed for grades 3 - 12. mini movie makers resource for student filmmakers, developed by three young brothers. more resources for teaching with the times : learning network classroom resources on a wide range of topics.


falcon researcher dr donna falconer ( photographed by a motion - activated camera ) uses a walking pole to protect herself from attacking falcons, at ferintosh station, near mt cook. photo supplied. there is no room for complacency over the future of the endangered new zealand falcon, researcher and falcon advocate dr donna falconer says. dr falconer, who recently gained a university of otago phd in geology, and has had her distinctive name since birth, swiftly found herself inspired by a series of close encounters with new zealand falcons after moving to twizel six years ago. her subsequent research and close - up photography involving falcons will feature in a talk she will give at the orokonui ecosanctuary at 1pm tomorrow. dr falconer said she was seriously considering going back to otago university to study for another phd, on these birds. it was a good time to be raising awareness about the karearea or new zealand falcon, as the latest season ' s fledglings were ' ' starting to make themselves known ' '. chicks from the eastern falcon subtype, in the mid / southern south island, started fledging from early december until the middle of this month and were easy to tell from their parents because they had white / grey feet and soft fleshy body parts, whereas adults were all yellow. two of the biggest threats inexperienced falcons faced were being electrocuted by power lines or hit by cars when eating falcons were ' ' a bit of a double - edged sword ' ' where ecosanctuaries were concerned. ' ' as majestic as they are, it ' s only natural they ' d put all those incredible hunting skills to good use given the veritable smorgasbord of fine dining opportunities at their wing tips in such places. ' ' orokonui ecosanctuary general manager chris baillie said two falcons and a hawk overflew the ecosanctuary from time to she was not aware of having lost any birds or other animals through falcon predation, and birds and lizards had places to hide if needed. ' ' falcons are part of the ecosystem - they deserve conservation as much as any other native species. ' '


lithuanian is a baltic language related to latvian and old prussian with about 3. 2 million speakers in lithuania. there are also lithuanian speakers in poland, the usa, brazil, argentina, canada, the uk and uruguay. lithuanian first appeared in print in the form of a catechism in 1547. the first lithuanian dictionary was printed during the 17th century. between 1864 and 1904 the printing and teaching of lithuanian was banned - russian, polish, belarusian or latin had to be used instead. after this ban was lifted in 1904, there was a resurgence of lithuanian literature. from 1918 to 1940 lithuania was independent and over 7, 000 books in lithuanian were published. during the soviet period ( 1940 - 1991 ), literature in lithuania tended to follow the socialist realist model, while lithuanian ex - pats wrote mainly about the culture and traditions of lithuania. since 1991, when lithuania once more gained its independence, a large number of publications in lithuanian has appeared, including newspapers, magazines and scientific and technical works. lithuanian is the state language of lithuania and one of the official languages of the european union ( eu ). it is also recognised as a minority language in poland. visi zmones gimsta laisvi ir lygus savo orumu ir teisemis. jiems suteiktas protas ir sazine ir jie turi elgtis vienas kito atzvilgiu kaip broliai. all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. ( article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights ) online lithuanian phrases online lithuanian news online lithuanian radio hosted by kualo


it started as a simple excavation project at a reservoir near snowmass village. it ended up as one of the largest fossil excavations ever, and the project will soon be featured in national geographic and as a one - hour nova program on rocky mountain pbs. a book is also being written about the snowmastodon project™ the nova program is called “ ice age death trap ” and it premiers at 8 p. m mst, wednesday, feb. 1 on rocky mountain pbs. the television special follows scientists as they raced against a deadline to uncover the unique site packed with well - preserved bones of mammoths, mastodons, and other giant extinct beasts. acrylic painting of ziegler reservoir landscape by jan vriesen, depicts about 120, 000 years ago, when the area was dominated by mastodon, giant ground sloths, and bison. photo courtesy ©denver museum of nature & science. the denver museum of nature & science sent crews to the site, where they uncovered 5, 000 bones of 41 kinds of ice age animals. in addition to the mammoths and mastodons, there were ground sloths, camels, deer, horses, and giant bison. overview of ice age dig site near snowmass village ( lower left ). photo courtesy ©denver museum of nature & science. the february issue of national geographic magazine will feature a short article and photo of the project. the new book, digging snowmastodon : discovering an ice age world in the colorado rockies, goes on sale at the museum march 20. a tusk force was also formed by the town of snowmass village and they created a non - profit entity called discover snowmass to organize, and figure out how to capitalize on the snowmass ice age find. the snowmass ice age discovery center is on the snowmass village mall. it ’ s free and open every day in the winter from 11 a. m. to 6 p. m. snowy, the mascot, is frequently seen around the snowmass village mall. photo courtesy snowmass tourism. “ the scientists aren ’ t the only ones that are excited about this extraordinary find, ” said patsy popejoy with snowmass tourism. “ the entire community has ‘ mammoth ’ fever, from a local restaurant changing their name to little mammoth cafe serving up mastodon stew, our retailers selling ice age t - shirts, mugs, and stuffed animal mammoths and mastodons, to the town council approving widespread panic ’


| search results ( 7 videos found ) | | nasadestinationtomorrow - dt12 - flight pioneers nasa destination tomorrow segment exploring the background of the first attempted flights. the segment also looks back on the pioneers who built the first flying machine. keywords : nasa destination tomorrow ; first flight ; wright brothers ; glider ; flight pioneers ; flying machine ; aviation ; aerodynamic principles ; bird flight ; feathers ; flapping wings ; heavier than air machine ; hot air balloon ; lift ; drag ; whirling arm ; wing designs ; popularity ( downloads ) : 2838 | wetlands regained, segment 06 of 8 wetland acreage was in danger of disappearing, and restoration was urgent popularity ( downloads ) : 386 | sham battle at the pan - american exposition large arches and columns are seen surrounding a flat field. in the foreground of the field, some american indians on horseback ride toward the camera. the indians are wearing feathers,... keywords : pan - american exposition - - ( 1901 : - - buffalo ; n ; y ; ) united states ; - - army ; - - infantry - - drill and tactics - - drama ; battles - - new york ( state ) - - buffalo - - drama ; indians of north america - - wars - - drama ; exhibitions - - united states ; exhibition buildings - - new york ( state ) - - buffalo ; buffalo ( ny ) actuality - - short ; popularity ( downloads ) : 610 | nasadestinationtomorrow - episode 12 nasa destination tomorrow video containing four segments as described below. nasa destination tomorrow segment exploring the transition of aircraft design through the years. the segment describes what aircraft may... keywords : nasa destination tomorrow ; aircraft revolution ; jet engine ; propeller ; innovation ; efficient ; vehicle systems program ; subsonic transports ; supersonic aircraft ; personal air vehicles ; blended wing body ; bwb ; emissions ; noise reduction ; environmentally friendly ; air pressure waves ; sound barrier ; shock wave ; sonic boom ; first flight ; wright brothers ; controlled flight ; aircraft design ; aeronautical annual ; bicycle ; glider flight ; scientists ; engineers ; engine ; flight pioneers ; flying machine ; aviation ; aerodynamic principles ; bird flight ; feathers ; flapping wings ; heavier than air machine ; hot air balloon ; lift ; drag ; whirling arm ; wing designs ; nasa ; naca ; aeronautical development ; aviation organization ; president woodrow wilson ; pioneer flight achievments ; lab ; variable density tunnel ; high altitude flying ; air pressure ; wind tunnel ; aerodynamics ; jet powered aircraft ; popularity


; wing designs ; nasa ; naca ; aeronautical development ; aviation organization ; president woodrow wilson ; pioneer flight achievments ; lab ; variable density tunnel ; high altitude flying ; air pressure ; wind tunnel ; aerodynamics ; jet powered aircraft ; popularity ( downloads ) : 2381 | nasascifiles - the case of the challenging flight nasa sci files video containing the following twelve segments. nasa sci files segment describing how engineers negotiate the natural factors that affect airplane flight. nasa sci files segment describing how... keywords : bob star ; electronic classroom ; dryden flight research center ; weight ; center of gravity ; wing ; tail ; pitch ; yaw ; f 104 starfighter ; lift ; x29 ; burt rutan ; boomerang ; proteus ; voyager ; imagination ; wing span ; thrust ; dr. textbook ; birds ; icarus ; davinci ; popularity ( downloads ) : 2795 | nasa connect - problem solving - the wright math nasa connect video containing five segments as described below. nasa connect segment featuring the website of the u. s. centennial flight commission. the website consists of activities for students and teachers... keywords : nasa connect ; centennial of flight ; wright brothers ; congress ; united states ; web activity ; astronautics ; aeronautics ; flight simulator ; axis ; first flying machine ; glider ; kitty hawk ; engineering method ; pitch ; roll ; yaw ; wind tunnel ; elevator control ; wing warp ; rudder ; propellor ; wing ; lift ; drag ; student activity ; kite ; sail area ; base ; height ; trapezoidal ; aspect ratio ; span ; first flight ; wilbur wright ; orville wright ; flying machine ; inventor ; process of invention ; aircraft design ; computer simulation ; biology ; force ; pressure ; relationship ; design process ; metamorphosis ; morphing ; technology ; control devices ; smart matierals ; adaptive structure ; aerodynamics ; air flow ; micro - flow control ; biomimetics ; nature ; fish fins ; popularity ( downloads ) : 2241 | nasascifiles - the case of the zany animal antics nasa sci files video containing four segments as described below. in the first segment of the case of the zany animal antics, the tree house detectives learn about the animal... keywords : nasa scifiles ; the zany animal antics ; animal kingdom ; kingdom ; phylum ; class ; order ; family ; genus ; species ; classification ; dichotomous key ; bioluminescent ; endoskel


" i was born here but i ' m not an american " understanding the u. s. history curriculum through the eyes of latino students / the purpose of this investigation was to explore latino students ’ perceptions of the us history curriculum at one high school in the eastern united states. the ultimate objective was to understand if the us history classes are serving the perceived needs of latino students. latinos are 40 % of our nation ’ s minorities, are the youngest population group, and are the fastest growing. the social studies is the ideal curriculum area for challenging the dominant worldview and teaching about the diversity present in the classroom, the nation, and the world ; therefore, learning more about socio - culturally inclusive social studies curriculum and pedagogy is an important consideration. this project is significant because it intersects with topics essential to the future of our nation : schools, the social studies curriculum, culturally and linguistically diverse ( cld ) students, and students ’ perspectives. furthermore, the focus of this research overlaps with the reality of today ’ s educational system : state content standards and high stakes testing. all of these aspects will be addressed. this study was influenced by latino critical theory. latcrit is an outgrowth of critical race theory ( hereafter known as crt ). crt interrogates how research is traditionally done by forefronting race to demonstrate the depth of inequality that exists across society. latcrit builds on the five themes of crt while adding perspectives unique to latino experiences in the united states such as language acquisition, cultural background, gender, ethnicity, immigration status, and colonial experience. data were collected for six months at crawford high school ( name changed ). the data sources included observation notes, interview transcripts from students, teachers, administrators, and a state board of education member, the researcher ’ s journal, and document analysis of the state social studies standards and a practice version of the state graduation test. data were analyzed utilizing the lens of la frontera. la frontera underscores the displacement and transitionality of identities, pertinent to the lives of the studentparticipants. in addition, these theories, which manifest themselves as metaphorical tropes, compliment latcrit, the lens through which i view my research. the students made public what is already known : that the educational system must become more culturally inclusive of and responsive to cld students ’ needs. however, this study revealed data patterns with student participants that have not been captured within one study. a major finding of this study was that


is already known : that the educational system must become more culturally inclusive of and responsive to cld students ’ needs. however, this study revealed data patterns with student participants that have not been captured within one study. a major finding of this study was that the us history curriculum is or is not meeting student participants ’ needs in different ways, based upon pertinent characteristics of the students. latino students ’ responses were informed by the following critical factors : english speaking ability, recency of arrival in the united states, and level of integration into the power structures of the state where the research was completed. the level of integration was further influenced by students ’ documentation status ( their legal status in the us ), parents ’ english speaking ability, and the english speaking ability of members in a student ’ s residence and immediate neighborhood. students ’ responses fell distinctly into three groups based upon these characteristics. the students in group one stressed the basic need to learn english. maslow described human motivation with maslow ’ s hierarchy of needs. perhaps this is what students in group one were telling me — their most basic needs had to be met before they would be ready to “ grow ” in american schools. group two student - participants wanted their culture to be present so that other students — particularly white students — would learn about them. group three students conformed to previous studies conducted with white students — they wanted to learn in more interactive ways, working with groups, and being stimulated with flashy videos. students at crawford did not have an adequate framework around which to make sense of race, racism, and racial tensions. the presence of how race was talked about, and the absence of how race was not talked about, led to negative stereotypes against latinos based upon ethnicity, immigration status, and native language. furthermore, one teacher demonstrated a closed paradigm of ethnicity and skin color that silenced one of his students. the student - participants in all groups wanted to talk about race. they wanted to talk about their “ positive invisibility ” at crawford — that is, the absence of affirmative constructions around their ethnicity, country of origin, and language. the findings suggest that there is a need for more studies with latino students that focus on the aspects of latino critical theory. this dissertation is dedicated to the students, my wonderful family, and my friends all over the world. school : the ohio state university school location : usa - ohio source type : master ' s thesis keywords : hispanic american high school students multicultural education critical theory discrimination in united states date of publication :


php, while originally designed and built to run on unix, has had the ability since version 3 to run on windows. that includes 9x, me, nt, and 2000. in this article i ' m going to go through the process of installing php on windows and explain what you should look out for. on windows, as on unix, you have two options for installing php : as a cgi or as an isapi module. the obvious benefit of the latter is speed. the downside is that this is still somewhat new and may not be as stable. but, before you do anything, you have to do some prep work, which is pretty simple. once you ' ve downloaded and unzipped the windows binary version of php, you have to copy php4isapi. dll from the sapi / directory to winnt / system or windows / system directories. you ' ll also probably want to move php. ini - dist from your installation directory to the windows / directory and rename it to php. ini, if you plan on changing any of the precompiled defaults. now you ' re ready to go, regardless of whether you use php as a cgi or isapi module. for nt / 2000, you ' ll need to tell iis how to recognize php. thanks to the wonders of gui, this can easily be accomplished with a few mouse clicks. first, fire up the microsoft management console or internet service manager, depending on whether you ' re using nt or 2000. click on the properties button of the web node you ' ll be working with. in this example we ' ll use default web server. click the isapi filters tab and then click add. use php as the name and in the path put the location of php4isapi. dll, which should be c : \ winnt \ system \ in this example. configuring iis to recognize php. under the home directory tab, click the configuration button, then click add for application mappings. use the same location of php4isapi. dll as you did with isap filters and use. php as the extension. here comes the caveat!! as a test, i tried using as my path the temporary location of php4isapi. dll, which was in the install directory on my desktop. windows 2000 popped up a wonderfully annoying little box telling me i ' m stupid and i should go dunk my head in the sand. ok, so it


php4isapi. dll, which was in the install directory on my desktop. windows 2000 popped up a wonderfully annoying little box telling me i ' m stupid and i should go dunk my head in the sand. ok, so it wasn ' t quite that wordy, but that ' s how i took it. apparently windows 2000 and iis require app mappings to be under the windows dir at least. so keep that in mind if you don ' t like sand up your nose. now, click ok on the properties dialog. the next thing to do is start and stop iis. this isn ' t the same as pushing the stop and start buttons on the management console. you should go to a command ( or cmd, as it were ) window and type net stop issadmin. wait for it to tell you what it ' s doing, as if you were nosy enough to care, and then type net start w3svc. why they didn ' t make it net start iisadmin is beyond me. but i ' m a unix guy, and logic seems to be my downfall here. but i digress... so now you have php installed as an isapi module on windows! aren ' t you happy? probably not, because you probably don ' t believe me. well, if you need proof just go to c : \ inetpub \ wwwroot \ and put a file called test. php in there. inside that file put the following code : <? php phpinfo ( ) ;? > then pull up test. php in your browser. if you see the php info page, it worked! now this probably goes without saying, so i ' ll say it. you have to pull up test. php as a web page in the browser using http : / /. if you give the path for the file using file : / /, then you ' ll get a raw output of the code, which is no fun. the php info page indicates success. on windows 9x / me, you ' re somewhat restricted to pws ( personal web server ). of course there are alternatives such as omnihttpd, but we don ' t have all day here! anyway, this is far simpler. it ' s mainly just a matter of a registry entry. after you ' ve moved php4ts. dll to the appropriate directories, you should open up your favorite registry editor. at this point i note the obligatory


this is far simpler. it ' s mainly just a matter of a registry entry. after you ' ve moved php4ts. dll to the appropriate directories, you should open up your favorite registry editor. at this point i note the obligatory warnings about fooling around with the registry, blah, blah, blah... in hkey _ local _ machine \ system \ currentcontrolset \ services \ w3svc \ parameters \ script map, you ' ll want to add an entry with the name of. php and a value of next, go start up the pws manager. for each of the directories that you want to make php aware, you have to right - click on that directory and check the executable box. now you ' re ready. perform the same test ( test. php ) as i described above, and have fun making all those asp cronies jealous at the the guru - like glow that surrounds you! darrell brogdon is a web developer for sourceforge at va linux systems and has been using php since 1996. read more php admin basics columns. discuss this article in the o ' reilly network php forum. return to the php devcenter. copyright © 2009 o ' reilly media, inc.


as an ob / gyn physician, i know intimately the dangers of preterm labor. i ’ ve held in my arms the mother who lost her preemie daughter after her uterus inexplicably began contracting and spewed out her 24 week old baby before she was fully cooked. i ’ ve watched the preemies in the nursery get stuck with tubes in every orifice while incubators try to mimic the womb and ventilators push air into their undeveloped lungs. i ’ ve seen the children, years later, get wheeled into my exam room after enduring countless surgeries to deal with the disabilities prematurity can cause. and i ’ ve attended the pregnant women we imprison in the hospital for weeks on end as we try to prevent this deadly pregnancy complication. we don ’ t know what causes preterm labor. if we did, we might be able to prevent it. it ’ s still one of the great mysteries of obstetrics. while technological advances like gene therapy and transplant surgery revolutionize health care, we still don ’ t understand the most basic things about how pregnancy works. in fact, at the university of chicago, there ’ s an empty plaque, awaiting the name of the person who discovers what causes labor, so we can learn to prevent preterm birth. so far, we ’ re still clueless. but we ’ ve made progress in the past decade. when a new england journal of medicine article suggested that the hormone 17 - hydroxyprogesterone ( 17 - p ) would reduce the risk of preterm birth, ob / gyns listened. however, this old drug, which used to be used to treat preterm birth, had fallen out of favor, and no manufacturers made it anymore. so practitioners got resourceful and started getting 17 - p from compounding pharmacies, where it could be manufactured from scratch for about $ 20 per dose. because the quality of compounding pharmacies vary, and because what drug a woman gets during pregnancy matters, docs were happy when the fda approved a new drug makena which would standardize 17 - p and make it readily available at hospitals and pharmacies. the fda reviewed data of a study that showed that, among women with a prior preterm birth, women given makena in a subsequent pregnancy had a preterm birth rate of 37 %, compared to 55 % in the control group. good news, eh? you ’ d think. so kv pharmaceutical,


with a prior preterm birth, women given makena in a subsequent pregnancy had a preterm birth rate of 37 %, compared to 55 % in the control group. good news, eh? you ’ d think. so kv pharmaceutical, who won seven years worth of exclusive rights on this drug that has been around since the 1950s, then started firing off letters to compounding pharmacies, announcing that they could no longer make 17 - p available to the public without facing possible legal action. which means that women at high risk of preterm birth must now buy makena, instead of relying upon their friendly neighborhood compounding pharmacist to make it up. so how much does the new ( old ) drug makena cost? $ 1500 per dose. yes, you heard me right. this $ 20 drug now costs $ 1500 per dose. that ’ s about $ 30, 000 per at - risk pregnancy. and insurances get to decide individually whether or not they will cover it - - but even if they do, that ’ ll mean big co - pays and deductibles. can i just say it like it is? bullshit. f you, big pharma. are you telling me that women who are at risk of preterm birth ( lower socio - economic women are at the highest risk ) will have to pony up 30 grand if they want to prevent losing a pregnancy or raising a disabled child because insurance won ’ t cover it? are you telling me our health care industry is so broken that, instead of making this ancient drug available at an affordable price and preventing preterm births, they ’ d prefer to pay millions to care for that preemie in the nicu or treat that disabled child? why? why? why? why is this legal? according to the washington post, “ fda officials said that they had no idea how much the company planned to charge for the drug and were surprised by the cost but that the agency has no power over pricing. ” how did our health care industry become so broken that this kind of thing can happen? where is the heart in medicine these days? when did patient care start taking a backseat to the bottom line? no wonder patients and health care providers alike feel so frustrated, demoralized, and disempowered. something ’ s gotta change. according to the same fda official, “ if requested, the agency could approve a lower - priced generic version of the drug for another use that doctors could prescribe ' off label. '


and disempowered. something ’ s gotta change. according to the same fda official, “ if requested, the agency could approve a lower - priced generic version of the drug for another use that doctors could prescribe ' off label. ' ” the official also said that the agency would not prevent compounding pharmacies from continuing to provide 17 - p unless patient safety is thought to be at risk. “ we have our hands full pursuing our enforcement priorities, ” the official said to the washington post. “ and it ’ s not illegal for a physician to write a prescription for a compounded drug or for a patient to take a compounded drug. we certainly are concerned about access of patients to medication. ” so if you or anyone you know had a previous preterm baby, tell them to ask their doctor about prescribing 17 - p. if the doctor thinks they are a good candidate for 17 - p, suggest getting it from a compounding pharmacy, rather than supporting a big pharma company that ’ s trying to screw us all. i still have my issues with big pharma, but i do understand that pharmaceutical industries pay big bucks to support research programs that help us all. i do understand that it ’ s a business and that they need to make their money in the first seven years, while their drug is still under patent. i get that their business model supports innovation and the creation of drugs that move us forward, and that without them, we might lag in our pharmaceutical options. but this drug has been around forever. and it ’ s a natural hormone. i mean seriously people! get a heart. these are pregnant women we ’ re talking about. these are preemie babies we ’ re trying to save. this is an old, natural hormone that you didn ’ t just invent, kv. do something right for a change. put the health of people above the bottom line. or at least back off the compounding pharmacies and let people seek this potentially life - saving hormone elsewhere. it ’ s the right thing to do. what do you think of this? is your blood boiling like mine is? how did this happen? when did we lose the heart of medicine? speaking up on behalf of mothers and babies everywhere, ps : woah, check out this washington post article from this morning - - " fda to allow cheaper preterm baby drug ". looks like the fda is stepping in - - but still, how do you feel about this whole controversy?


, ps : woah, check out this washington post article from this morning - - " fda to allow cheaper preterm baby drug ". looks like the fda is stepping in - - but still, how do you feel about this whole controversy? i ' m glad the fda is stepping up to the plate and laying off of compounding pharmacies, but still outraged that kv even tried something like this in our health care system.. on that note, i ’ m hard at work on a manifesto about this very topic ( not so much big pharma, but reclaiming the heart of healing ). so stay tuned … lissa rankin, md : founder of owningpink. com, pink medicine woman coach, motivational speaker, and author of what ’ s up down there? questions you ’ d only ask your gynecologist if she was your best friend and encaustic art : the complete guide to creating fine art with wax. when you comment on an owning pink blog post, we invite you to be authentic and loving, to say what you feel, to hold sacred space so others feel heard, and to refrain from using hurtful or offensive language. differing opinions are welcomed, but if you cannot express yourself in a respectful, caring manner, your comments will be deleted by the owning pink staff.


helping the overweight child helping your child with social and emotional concerns it doesn ' t take long for children to figure out that our culture and their peers idealize thinness. children who are overweight are especially at risk of being teased and feeling alone. this can cause low self - esteem and reference depression opens new window. for information about helping a child who is being teased, see the topic reference bullying. to help your child have greater health, confidence, and self - esteem, you can : - avoid talking in terms of your child ' s weight. how you talk about your child ' s body has a big impact on your child ' s self - image. instead, talk in terms of your child ' s health, activity level, and other healthy lifestyle choices. - be a good role model by having a healthy attitude about food and activity. even if you struggle with how you feel about your own body, avoid talk in front of your child about " being fat " and " needing to diet. " instead, talk about and make the same healthy lifestyle choices you ' d like for your child. - encourage activities, such as sports and theater. physical activity helps build physical and emotional confidence. try different types of sports and activities until your child finds one that he or she likes. theater can help a child project strength and confidence, even if he or she doesn ' t feel it at first. - encourage social involvement in community, church, and school activities, which build social skills and confidence. - help your child eat well by providing healthy food choices. consider seeing a reference registered dietitian opens new window for guidance and new food ideas. - forbid any child ( yours included ) to tease another child about weight. talk to your child ' s teachers and / or counselors, if necessary. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference august 29, 2011 | | medical review : | | reference john pope, md - pediatrics reference rhonda o ' brien, ms, rd, cde - certified diabetes educator


we look at five technologies that look set to become part of every day lives very soon, to find out how they ' ll change our lives. this technology could be a game - changer for device connectivity. a modern desktop computer today may include jacks to accommodate ethernet, usb 2. 0, firewire 400 or 800 ( ieee 1394a or 1394b ) or both, dvi or displayport or both, and - on some - esata. usb 3. 0 could eliminate all of these except ethernet. in their place, a computer may have several usb 3. 0 ports, delivering data to monitors, retrieving it from scanners, and exchanging it with hard drives. the improved speed comes at a good time, as much - faster flash memory drives are in the pipeline. usb 3. 0 is fast enough to allow uncompressed 1080p video ( currently our highest - definition video format ) at 60 frames per second, says jeff ravencraft, president and chair of the usb - if. that would enable a camcorder to forgo video compression hardware and patent licensing fees for mpeg - 4. the user could either stream video live from a simple camcorder ( with no video processing required ) or store it on an internal drive for later rapid transfer ; neither of these methods is feasible today without heavy compression. citing 3. 0 ' s versatility, some analysts see the standard as a possible complement - or even alternative - to the consumer hdmi connection found on today ' s blu - ray players. the new usb flavor could also turn computers into real charging stations. whereas usb 2. 0 can produce 100 milliamperes ( ma ) of trickle charge for each port, usb 3. 0 ups that quantity to 150ma per device. usb 2. 0 tops out at 500ma for a hub ; the maximum for usb 3. 0 is 900ma. with mobile phones moving to support usb as the standard plug for charging and syncing, the increased amperage of usb 3. 0 might let you do away with wall warts ( ac adapters ) of all kinds. in light of the increased importance and use of usb in its 3. 0 version, future desktop computers may very well have two internal hubs, with several ports easily accessible in the front to act as a charging station. each hub could have up to six ports and support the full amperage. meanwhile, laptop machines could multiply usb ports for better charging and access on the road. ( apple ' s mac


accessible in the front to act as a charging station. each hub could have up to six ports and support the full amperage. meanwhile, laptop machines could multiply usb ports for better charging and access on the road. ( apple ' s mac mini already includes five usb 2. 0 ports on its back. ) the higher speed of 3. 0 will accelerate data transfers, of course, moving more than 20gb of data per minute. this will make performing backups ( and maintaining offsite backups ) of increasingly large collections of images, movies, and downloaded media a much easier job. possible new applications for the technology include on - the - fly syncs and downloads ( as described in the case study above ). the usb - if ' s ravencraft notes that customers could download movies at the gas pump at of a filling station. " with high - speed usb [ 2. 0 ], you couldn ' t have people waiting in line at 15 minutes a crack to download a movie, " ravencraft says. manufacturers are poised to take advantage of usb 3. 0, and analysts predict mass adoption of the standard on computers within a couple of years. the format will be popular in mobile devices and consumer electronics, as well. ravencraft says that manufacturers currently sell more than 2 billion devices with built - in usb each year, so there ' s plenty of potential for getting the new standard out fast. next page : video streaming over wi - fi


is a c based interpreter ( runloop ) that executes, what different compiler ( like mildew ) produce. if you want to help smop, you can just take on one of the lowlevel s1p implementations and write it. if you have any questions ask ruoso or pmurias at # perl6 @ irc. freenode. org. the slides for the talk perl 6 is just a smop are available, it introduces a bit of the reasoning behind smop. a newer version of the talk presented at yapc : : eu 2008 is available smop is an alternative implementation of a c engine to run perl 6. it is focused in getting the most pragmatic approach possible, but still focusing in being able to support all perl 6 features. its core resembles perl 5 in some ways, and it differs from parrot in many ways, including the fact that smop is not a virtual machine. smop is simply a runtime engine that happens to have a interpreter run loop. the main difference between smop and parrot ( besides the not - being - a - vm thing ), is that smop is from bottom - up an implementation of the perl 6 oo features, in a way that smop should be able to do a full bootstrap of the perl 6 type system. parrot on the other hand have a much more static low - level implementation ( the pmc ) the same way pge is a project on top of parrot, smop will need a grammar engine for itself. smop is the implementation that is stressing the meta object protocol more than any other implementation, and so far that has been a very fruitful exercise, with larry making many clarifications on the object system thanks to smop. important topics on smop - smop doesn ' t recurse in the c stack, and it doesn ' t actually define a mandatory paradigm ( stack - based or register - based ). smop has a polymorphic eval, that allows you to switch from one interpreter loop to another using continuation passing style. see smop stackless. - smop doesn ' t define a object system in its own. the only thing it defines is the concept of smop responder interface, which then encapsulates whatever object system. this feature is fundamental to implement the smop native types. - smop is intended to bootstrap itself from the low - level to the high - level. this is achieved


written by jeff mackey like many of you, we were appalled by photos that have surfaced showing a visibly terrified monkey crudely strapped into a restraint device in which he was reportedly launched into space by the iranian space agency ( isa ). back in 2011, our friends at peta u. k. urged agency head dr. hamid fazeli to ground the misguided mission, pointing out that nonhuman primates are no longer sent into space by the american or european it appears that iran is repeating the wasteful and cruel mistakes that marked the darkest days of the space race. monkeys are smart and sensitive animals who not only are traumatized by the violence and noise of a launch and landing but also suffer when caged in a laboratory before and after a flight — if they survive. the use of primates in space radiation experiments in the early 1990s, following protests by peta. in 2010, nasa ' s plans to restart the program were canceled after peta and others voiced strong ethical and scientific objections to the similarly, the european space agency ( esa ) has a very active space exploration program and has publicly stated that it " declines any interest in monkey research and does not consider any need or use for such results. " the esa instead employs modern technology such as state - of - the - art simulators to assess health risks for whether it happens in iran or ireland, in an underground laboratory or in outer space, cruelly exploiting animals for specious science is indefensible. we ' ve reached out to the isa once again to ask it to stop shooting monkeys into space. learn how you can help stop experimentation on all animals. you have a general question for peta and would like a response, please e - mail info @ peta. org. if you need to report cruelty to an animal, please click here. if you are reporting an animal in imminent danger and know where to find the animal and if the abuse is taking place right now, please call your local police department. if the police are unresponsive, please call peta immediately at 757 - 622 - 7382 and press 2. follow peta on twitter! almost all of us grew up eating meat, wearing leather, and going to circuses and zoos. we never considered the impact of these actions on the animals involved. for whatever reason, you are now asking the question : why should animals have rights? read more.