; particularly noticeable are large birds of prey, including the magnificent griffon vultures. there are also many unspoiled villages and hamlets tucked away in the valleys close to the department ' s border with spain – seix, cominac and aulus les bain are examples – together with picturesque mountain villages, most notably aleu which comes alive in the holiday season. ariege stands on the eastern limit of oceanic dominance over rainfall, but other influences are felt : - mediterranean – particularly visible in the vegetation of the foothills and of the valley of the ariege river towards tarascon, and in the pays de sault ; - continental – in the pyrenean valleys, with many storms and big differences of temperature between day and night. there is no great tendency to summer drought as the flow of air from the north - west brings rain throughout the year. rainfall is moderate on the foothills and in some sheltered valleys, measuring 700 to 1, 000 mm per year, but increases significantly in the higher valleys with levels between 1, 000 mm and 1, 800 mm. the slopes exposed to the north - west, such as aulus and orlu, are, as one would expect, the wettest, together with the frontal ridges that meet air flow from the southwest ( giving rise to the foehn effect ). snow cover is common over 1, 000 metres, lasting several months above 1, 500 to 2, 000 metres. some periglacial areas exist over 2, 500 m but the only true glacier in ariege is that of mont valier, near castillon - en - couserans. temperatures are mild in the foothills, e. g. at the city of foix ( 400 metres ) the average is 5 °c in january and 19 °c in july. however, they decline rapidly with elevation, e. g. at l ' hospitalet - pres - l ' andorre ( 1, 430 m ) it is 0 °c in january and 14 °c in july. the inhabitants of the department are called ariegeois. the department has 151, 477 inhabitants, or 146, 289 as the population without double counting. the populations of the arrondissements ( double - counting ) are : - foix – 53, 595 - pamiers – 69, 664 - saint girons – 28, 218 the populations of the principal towns ( double - counting ) are : - pamiers – 15, 702 - foix – 9, 994 - lavelanet –


local and typical dish of ariege. the department is also well advanced in the field of organic farming. the castle of foix cathedral of saint - antonin at pamiers cathedral de saint - lizier covered shopfronts at mirepoix according to the general census of the population of 8 march 1999, 26. 5 % of available housing in the department consists of second homes. | year | | town | | population without double - counting | | number of dwellings | | second homes | | % of dwellings being second homes | famous people - fabien barthez, football player, winner of the world football cup 1998 and born at lavelanet - pierre bayle ( 1647 – 1706 ), philosopher and writer, born at carla - bayle ( then known as carla - le - comte ; the commune changed its name in his honour ) - theophile delcasse ( 1852 – 1923 ), politician, minister, ambassador, born at pamiers - jacques dupont ( born in 1928 ), cyclist, holder of the olympic record, born at lezat - sur - leze - gabriel faure ( 1845 – 1924 ), composer, born at pamiers - jacques fournier ( 1285 – 1342 ), bishop of pamiers then of mirepoix, pope under the name benedict xii from 1336 to 1342 ( avignon ), born at cante near saverdun - claude piquemal ( born in 1939 ), athlete and sprinter, olympic medalist, born at siguer - marie laforet, born maitena marie brigitte doumenach ( in 1939 ), actress and singer. see also - cantons of the ariege department - communes of the ariege department - arrondissements of the ariege department - census 2009, french national institute of statistics - http : / / www. atlaspol. com / mdpy / ariege. htm political atlas of ariege ( in french ), consulted 30 june 2009 - census site, insee, figures as at 8 march 1999 - estimates of the intermediate census, insee, figures as at 1 july 2005 | wikimedia commons has media related to : ariege | - ( french ) conseil general website - ( french ) prefecture website - ( french ) trekking in ariege pyrenees website - ( french ) photography panoramics 360° website - ( french ) photography panoramics 360° website 2


a bullock cart or ox cart is a two - wheeled or four - wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen ( draught cattle ). it is a means of transportation used since ancient times in many parts of the world. they are still used today where modern vehicles are too expensive or the infrastructure does not favor them. used especially for carrying goods, the bullock cart is pulled by one or several oxen ( bullocks ). the cart ( also known as a jinker ) is attached to a bullock team by a special chain attached to yokes, but a rope may also be used for one or two animals. the driver and any other passengers sit on the front of the cart, while load is placed in the back. traditionally the cargo was usually agrarian goods and lumber. costa rica in costa rica, ox carts ( carretas in the spanish language ) were an important aspect of the daily life and commerce, especially between 1850 to 1935, developing a unique construction and decoration tradition that is still being developed. costa rican parades and traditional celebrations are not complete without a traditional ox cart parade. in 1988, the traditional ox cart was declared as national symbol of work by the costa rican government. in 2005, the " oxherding and oxcart traditions in costa rica " were included in unesco ' s representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. in indonesia, bullock carts are commonly used in the rural parts of the country, where it is used for transporting goods and carriages and also people. but it is mostly common in indonesia that there are horse car than bullock carts on the streets of indonesia. bullock carts were widely used in malaysia before the introduction of automobiles, and many are still used today. these included passenger vehicles, now used especially for tourists. passenger carts are usually equipped with awnings for protection against sun and rain, and are often gaily decorated. see also | wikimedia commons has media related to : ox - drawn carts |


topography of flores | location | | south east asia | | archipelago | | lesser sunda islands | | area | | 13, 540 km2 ( 5, 228 sq mi ) | | highest elevation | | 2, 370 m ( 7, 780 ft ) | | highest point | | poco mandasawu | | province | | east nusa tenggara | | largest city | | maumere ( pop. 70, 000 ) | | population | | 1, 831, 000 ( as of 2010 ) | | density | | 135 / km2 ( 350 / sq mi ) | flores is one of the lesser sunda islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14, 300 km² extending east from the java island of indonesia. the population was 1, 831, 000 in the 2010 census and the largest town is maumere. flores is portuguese for " flowers ". flores is located east of sumbawa and komodo and west of lembata and the alor archipelago. to the southeast is timor. to the south, across the sumba strait, is sumba and to the north, beyond the flores sea, is sulawesi. homo floresiensis in september 2004, at liang bua cave in western flores, paleoanthropologists discovered small skeletons that they described as a previously unknown hominid species, homo floresiensis. these are informally named hobbits and appear to have stood about 1 m ( 3. 3 ft ) tall. the most complete individual ( lb1 ) is dated as 18, 000 years old. the dominican order was extremely important in this island, as well as in the neighbouring islands of timor and solor. when in 1613 the dutch attacked the fortres of solor, the population of this fort, led by the dominicans, moved to the harbor town of larantuka, on the eastern coast of flores. this population was mixed, of portuguese and local islanders descent and larantuqueiros, topasses ( people that wear heats ) or, as dutch knew them, the ' black portuguese ' ( swarte portugueezen ). the larantuqueiros or topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. this group used portuguese as the language for worship, malay as the language of trade and a mixed dialect as mother tongue. this was observed by william dampier, a british brigadier visiting the island in 1699 : - these [ the topasse


200 years. this group used portuguese as the language for worship, malay as the language of trade and a mixed dialect as mother tongue. this was observed by william dampier, a british brigadier visiting the island in 1699 : - these [ the topasses ] have no forts, but depend on their alliance with the natives : and indeed they are already so mixt, that it is hard to distinguish whether they are portugueze or indians. their language is portugueze ; and the religion they have, is romish. they seem in words to acknowledge the king of portugal for their sovereign ; yet they will not accept any officers sent by him. they speak indifferently the malayan and their own native languages, as well as portugueze. in 1846, dutch and portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories but these negotiations led to nowhere. in 1851 the new governor of timor, solor and flores, lima lopes, faced with an impoverished administration, agreed to sell eastern flores and the nearby islands to dutch in return for a payment of 200, 000 florins. lima lopes did so without the consent of lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 portugal ceded all its historical claims on flores. after this, flores became part of the territory of dutch east indies. flores is part of the east nusa tenggara province. the island along with smaller minor islands are split into eight regencies ( local government districts ) ; from west to east these are : manggarai barat ( west manggarai ), manggarai tengah ( central manggarai ), manggarai timur ( east manggarai ), ngada, nagekeo, ende, sikka and flores timur ( east flores ). it has 39. 1 % of the provincial population as of 2010, and the most indonesians of all islands in the province. however, timor including the nation of east timor is more populated. it is the island with the 9th most indonesians. among all islands containing indonesian territory, it is the 10th most populous after java, sumatra, borneo, sulawesi, new guinea, bali, madura, lombok, and timor. | manggarai regency | | ruteng | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 545. 97 | | 292, 037 | | sikka regency | | maumere | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 |


| | ruteng | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 545. 97 | | 292, 037 | | sikka regency | | maumere | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 731. 92 | | 300, 301 | | ngada regency | | bajawa | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 620. 92 | | 142, 254 | | ende regency | | ende | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 2, 046. 62 | | 260, 428 | | east flores regency | | larantuka | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 812. 85 | | 232, 312 | | west manggarai regency | | labuan bajo | | 2003 | | uu 8 / 2003 | | 2, 947. 50 | | 221, 430 | | nagekeo regency | | mbay | | 2007 | | uu 2 / 2007 | | 1, 416. 96 | | 129, 956 | | east manggarai regency | | borong | | 2007 | | uu 36 / 2007 | | 2, 502. 24 | | 252, 754 | flora and fauna the west coast of flores is one of the few places, aside from the island of komodo itself, where the komodo dragon can be found in the wild, and is part of komodo national park, a unesco world heritage site. kelimutu national park is the second national park designated on flores to protect endangered species. the flores giant rat is also endemic to the island, and verhoeven ' s giant tree rat was formerly present. these giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism. flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean stegodon, the most recent ( stegodon florensis insularis ) disappearing approximately 12 000 years ago. it is speculated by scientists that limited resources and an absence of advanced predators made the few megafaunal species that reached the island subject to insular dwarfism. there are many languages spoken on the island of flores, all of them belonging to the austronesian family. in the centre of the island in the districts of ngada, nagekeo, and ende there is what is variously called the central flores dialect chain or the central flores linkage. within this


of them belonging to the austronesian family. in the centre of the island in the districts of ngada, nagekeo, and ende there is what is variously called the central flores dialect chain or the central flores linkage. within this area there are slight linguistic differences in almost every village. at least six separate languages are identifiable. these are from west to east : ngadha, nage, keo, ende, lio and palu ' e, which is spoken on the island with the same name of the north coast of flores. locals would probably also add so ' a and bajawa to this list, which anthropologists have labeled dialects of ngadha. flores is almost entirely roman catholic and represents one of the " religious borders " created by the catholic expansion in the pacific and the spread of islam from the west across indonesia. in other places in indonesia, such as in the maluku islands and sulawesi, the divide is less rigid and has been the source of bloody sectarian clashes. the most famous tourist attraction in flores is kelimutu, a volcano containing three colored lakes, located in the district of ende close to the town of moni. these crater lakes are in the caldera of a volcano, and fed by a volcanic gas source, resulting in highly acidic water. the colored lakes change colors on an irregular basis, depending on the oxidation state of the lake from bright red through green and blue. there are snorkelling and diving locations along the north coast of flores, most notably maumere and riung. however, due to the destructive practice of local fishermen using bombs to fish, and locals selling shells to tourists, combined with the after effects of a devastating tsunami in 1992, the reefs have slowly been destroyed. labuan bajo ( on the western tip of flores ) is a town often used by tourists as a base to visit komodo and rinca. labuanbajo also attracts scuba divers, as whale sharks inhabit the waters around labuanbajo. in addition to tourism, the main economic activities on flores are agriculture, fishing and seaweed production. the primary food crops being grown on flores are rice, maize, sweet potato and cassava, while the main cash crops are coffee, coconut, candle nut and cashew. flores is one of the newest origins for indonesian coffee. previously, most arabica coffee ( coffea arabica ) from flores was blended with other origins. now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body


nut and cashew. flores is one of the newest origins for indonesian coffee. previously, most arabica coffee ( coffea arabica ) from flores was blended with other origins. now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body and sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes. an ancient ngada megalith see also - monk, k. a. ; fretes, y., reksodiharjo - lilley, g. ( 1996 ). the ecology of nusa tenggara and maluku. hong kong : periplus editions ltd. p. 7. isbn 962 - 593 - 076 - 0. - " out of the ashes - chapter 1 ". epress. anu. edu. au. 1914 - 06 - 25. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25. - l, klemen ( 1999 - 2000 ). " the lesser sunda islands 1941 - 1942 ". forgotten campaign : the dutch east indies campaign 1941 - 1942. - " hasil sensus penduduk 2010 ". ntt. bps. go. id. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25. - van den bergh, g. d. ; rokhus due awe ; morwood, m. j. ; sutikna, t. ; jatmiko ; wahyu saptomo, e. ( may 2008 ). " the youngest stegodon remains in southeast asia from the late pleistocene archaeological site liang bua, flores, indonesia ". quaternary international 182 ( 1 ) : 16 – 48. doi : 10. 1016 / j. quaint. 2007. 02. 001. retrieved 27 november 2011. - " hobbits " were pygmy ancestors, not new species, study says, national geographic, 21 august 2006. - pasternack. keli mutu volcanic lakes, university of california davis. - east nusa tenggara, indonesian chamber of commerce and industry. retrieved 8 august 2008. - arabica producing regions of indonesia, specialty coffee association of indonesia. retrieved 8 august 2008. | wikimedia commons has media related to : flores, indonesia | - l, klemen ( 1999 - 2000 ). " forgotten campaign : the dutch east indies campaign 1941 - 1942 ".


german destroyer z11 bernd von arnim | career ( nazi germany ) | | name : | | z11 bernd von arnim | | namesake : | | bernd von arnim | | ordered : | | 9 january 1935 | | laid down : | | 26 april 1935 | | launched : | | 8 july 1936 | | completed : | | 6 december 1938 | | fate : | | scuttled, 13 april 1940 | | general characteristics as built | | class & type : | | type 1934a - class destroyer | | displacement : | | 2, 171 long tons ( 2, 206 t ) | | length : | | 119 m ( 390 ft 5 in ) o / a 114 m ( 374 ft 0 in ) w / l | beam : | | 11. 3 m ( 37 ft 1 in ) | | draft : | | 4. 23 m ( 13 ft 11 in ) | | installed power : | | 70, 000 shp ( 52, 000 kw ) | | propulsion : | | 2 shafts, 2 × wagner geared steam turbines 6 × water - tube boilers | speed : | | 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) | | range : | | 1, 825 nmi ( 3, 380 km ; 2, 100 mi ) at 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) | | armament : | | 5 × 1 - 12. 7 cm ( 5 in ) guns 2 × 2 - 3. 7 cm ( 1. 5 in ) guns 6 × 1 - 2 cm ( 0. 79 in ) guns 2 × 4 - 53. 3 cm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes 32 – 64 depth charges, 4 throwers and 6 individual racks z11 bernd von arnim was a type 1934a - class destroyer built for the german navy ( kriegsmarine ) in the late 1930s. at the beginning of world war ii, the ship was initially deployed to blockade the polish coast, but she was quickly transferred to the german bight to lay minefields in german waters. in late 1939 the ship made one successful minelaying sortie off the english coast that claimed one british warship and seven merchant ships. during the early stages of the norwegian campaign, bernd von arnim fought the british destroyer glowworm while transporting troops to the narvik area in early april 1940, but neither ship was damaged during the action. the ship fought in both naval battles of narvik several days later and had to be scut


sides of the rear deckhouse and they were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern. enough depth charges were carried for either two or four patterns of 16 charges each. mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines. ' ghg ' ( gruppenhorchgerat ) passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines. the ship was ordered on 4 august 1934 and laid down at germania, kiel on 26 march 1935 as yard number g537. she was launched on 8 july 1936 and completed on 6 july 1938. when world war ii began in september 1939, bernd von arnim was initially deployed in the baltic to operate against the polish navy and to enforce a blockade of poland, but she was soon transferred to the german bight where she joined her sisters in laying defensive minefields. the ship also patrolled the skagerrak to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods. bernd von arnim joined the other destroyers in laying minefields off the british coast in november, when bernd von arnim, hermann kunne and wilhelm heidkamp laid about 180 magnetic mines in the middle of the thames estuary on the night of 17 / 18 november. the destroyer hms gipsy, one trawler, and seven other ships totalling 27, 565 gross register tons ( grt ) were sunk by this minefield. four days later, she was one of the destroyers escorting the battleships gneisenau and scharnhorst through the north sea to break out into the north atlantic. together with her sisters hans lody and erich giese, bernd von arnim was to lay a minefield off cromer during the night of 6 / 7 december, but she had trouble with two of her boilers and had to shut them down. the ship was ordered to return to port while the other two destroyers continued their mission. norwegian campaign bernd von arnim was allocated to group 1 for the norwegian portion of operation weserubung in april 1940. the group ' s task was to transport the 139th mountain infantry regiment ( 139. gebirgsjager regiment ) and the headquarters of the 3rd mountain division ( 3. gebirgs - division ) to seize narvik. the ships began loading troops on 6 april and set sail the next day. bernd von arnim was spotted by the british destroyer glowworm in a storm on the morning of 8 april and the ship turned away to


to seize narvik. the ships began loading troops on 6 april and set sail the next day. bernd von arnim was spotted by the british destroyer glowworm in a storm on the morning of 8 april and the ship turned away to the north - west at full speed after laying a smoke screen. the german ship was suffering damage from the heavy seas at 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) and was forced to reduce speed to 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) after she had lost two men overboard. the british destroyer was better suited for the conditions and began to close on bernd von arnim. lieutenant commander ( korvettenkapitan ) curt rechel, captain of von arnim, turned his ship to the north - east, closer to the heavy cruiser admiral hipper. the ships exchanged fire without effect for an hour until hipper came within range and sank glowworm shortly afterward. the german destroyers reached the ofotfjord on the morning of 9 april and commodore friedrich bonte took his flagship wilhelm heidkamp, bernd von arnim and georg thiele down the fjord to narvik. a heavy snowstorm allowed von arnim and thiele to enter the harbor without challenge and tie up at a pier. the mountain troops immediately began disembarking, but the ship was spotted by the coast defense ship norge a few minutes later. the latter ship immediately opened fire and was able to fire approximately 13 shells at 600 – 800 meters ( 660 – 870 yd ) range before von arnim was able to fire seven torpedoes. only two struck the norwegian ship, but they detonated one or more of the ship ' s magazines and she immediately capsized and sank. none of the norwegian shells hit either of the two german destroyers due to the darkness and falling snow, despite the short range. von arnim lowered boats to rescue the surviving norwegian sailors and was able to pick up 96 men together with boats from the merchantmen in harbor. von arnim and thiele were the first to refuel from the single tanker that had made it safely to narvik and later moved to the ballangenfjord, a southern arm of the ofotfjord, closer to the entrance. shortly before dawn on 10 april, the five destroyers of the british 2nd destroyer flotilla surprised the five german destroyers in narvik harbor. they torpedoed two destroyers and badly damaged the other three while suffering only minor damage


by carrier aircraft. the battleship warspite and nine destroyers duly appeared on 13 april, although earlier than commander bey had expected, and caught the germans out of position. the five operable destroyers, including bernd von arnim, charged out of narvik harbor and engaged the british ships. although no hits were scored, they did inflict splinter damage on several of the destroyers. the ship was able to make a torpedo attack on the british destroyers before being driven off, but her torpedoes all missed. lack of ammunition forced the german ships to retreat to the rombaksfjorden ( the easternmost branch of the ofotfjord ), east of narvik, where they might attempt to ambush pursuing british destroyers. von arnim had exhausted her ammunition and she was beached at the head of the fjord. her crew placed demolition charges and abandoned the ship. by the time the british reached the ship she had rolled over onto her side. the ship ' s crew joined the german troops ashore and participated in the campaign until the british evacuated the area in june. - groener, p. 199 - whitley, p. 18 - koop and schmolke, p. 26 - whitley, p. 215 - whitley, pp. 71 – 72 - whitley, p. 204 - koop and schmolke, p. 91 - rohwer, pp. 2 – 3, 5, 7 - rohwer, p. 9 - whitley, p. 89 - hervieux, p. 112 - whitley, pp. 89 – 90 - whitley, p. 96 - haarr, pp. 91 – 93 - haarr, p. 323 - haarr, pp. 327 - haarr, p. 334 - whitley, p. 99 - harr, pp. 339 – 43 - haarr, pp. 344 – 47 - whitley, p. 101 - haarr, pp. 356 – 57, 362, 366 - whitley, p. 103 - haarr, pp. 368, 373 – 74 - groner, erich ( 1990 ). german warships : 1815 – 1945. volume 1 : major surface warships. annapolis, maryland : naval institute press. isbn 0 - 87021 - 790 - 9. - hervieux, pierre ( 1980 ). " german destroyer minelaying operations off the english coast ( 1940 – 1941 ) ". in roberts, john. warship iv. greenwich, england : conway


a jack - o ' - lantern, one of the symbols of halloween | also called | | all hallows ' eve all saints ' eve | observed by | | western christians & many non - christians around the world | | celebrations | | trick - or - treating / guising, costume parties, making jack - o ' - lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, fireworks displays | | observances | | church services, prayer, fasting, and vigils | | related to | | samhain, hop - tu - naa, calan gaeaf, kalan gwav, day of the dead, all saints ' day ( cf. vigils ) | halloween or hallowe ' en ( a contraction of " all hallows ' evening " ), also known as all hallows ' eve, is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countries on october 31, the eve of the western christian feast of all hallows ( or all saints ) and the day initiating the triduum of hallowmas. according to many scholars, all hallows ' eve is a christianised feast originally influenced by western european harvest festivals, and festivals of the dead with possible pagan roots, particularly the celtic samhain. other scholars maintain that it originated independently of samhain and has solely christian roots. typical festive halloween activities include trick - or - treating ( also known as " guising " ), attending costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack - o ' - lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, and watching horror films. the word halloween was first used in the 16th century and represents a scottish variant of the fuller all hallows ' eve ( ' evening ' ), that is, the night before all hallows ' day. although the phrase all hallows ' is found in old english ( ealra halgena mæssedæg, mass - day of all saints ), all hallows ' eve is itself not seen until 1556. celtic influences though the origin of the word halloween is christian, the holiday is commonly thought to have pagan roots. historian nicholas rogers, exploring the origins of halloween, notes that while " some folklorists have detected its origins in the roman feast of pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called parentalia, it is more typically linked to the celtic festival of samhain ",


" some folklorists have detected its origins in the roman feast of pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called parentalia, it is more typically linked to the celtic festival of samhain ", which comes from the old irish for " summer ' s end ". samhain ( pronounced sah - win or sow - in ) was the first and most important of the four quarter days in the medieval gaelic ( irish, scottish and manx ) calendar. it was held on or about october 31 – november 1 and kindred festivals were held at the same time of year in other celtic lands ; for example the brythonic calan gaeaf ( in wales ), kalan gwav ( in cornwall ) and kalan goanv ( in brittany ). samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest irish literature and many important events in irish mythology happen or begin on samhain. it marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or the ' darker half ' of the year. this was a time for stock - taking and preparing for the cold winter ahead ; cattle were brought back down from the summer pastures and livestock were slaughtered. in much of the gaelic world, bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. some of these rituals hint that they may once have involved human sacrifice. divination games or rituals were also done at samhain. samhain ( like beltane ) was seen as a time when the ' door ' to the otherworld opened enough for the souls of the dead, and other beings such as fairies, to come into our world. the souls of the dead were said to revisit their homes on samhain. feasts were had, at which the souls of dead kin were beckoned to attend and a place set at the table for them. lewis spence described it as a " feast of the dead " and " festival of the fairies ". however, harmful spirits and fairies were also thought to be active at samhain. people took steps to allay or ward - off these harmful spirits / fairies, which is thought to have influenced today ' s halloween customs. before the 20th century, wearing costumes at samhain was done in parts of ireland, mann, the scottish highlands and islands, and wales. wearing costumes may have originated as a means of disguising oneself from these harmful spirits / fairies, although some suggest that the custom comes from a christian or christianized belief


in parts of ireland, mann, the scottish highlands and islands, and wales. wearing costumes may have originated as a means of disguising oneself from these harmful spirits / fairies, although some suggest that the custom comes from a christian or christianized belief ( see below ). in ireland, people went about before nightfall collecting for samhain feasts and sometimes wore costumes while doing so. in the 19th century on ireland ' s southern coast, a man dressed as a white mare would lead youths door - to - door collecting food ; by giving them food, the household could expect good fortune from the ' muck olla '. in moray during the 18th century, boys called at each house in their village asking for fuel for the samhain bonfire. the modern custom of trick - or - treating may have come from these practices. alternatively, it may come from the christian custom of souling ( see below ). making jack - o ' - lanterns at halloween may also have sprung from samhain and celtic beliefs. turnip lanterns, sometimes with faces carved into them, were made on samhain in the 19th century in parts of ireland and the scottish highlands. as well as being used to light one ' s way while outside on samhain night, they may also have been used to represent the spirits / fairies and / or to protect oneself and one ' s home from them. another legend is that a trickster named jack decided one day to trick the devil. he trapped the devil in a pumpkin and paraded him around town. eventually, jack let the devil out and the devil put a curse on jack and forever made him a spirit in hell. on halloween, jack is released to terrorize the country all night. to protect themselves, the irish would place a pumpkin with a face outside to scare jack into believing it was the devil. however, a christian origin has also been proposed. christian influences halloween is also thought to have been influenced by the christian holy days of all saints ' day ( also known as all hallows, hallowmas or hallowtide ) on november 1 and all souls ' day on november 2. they are a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed who had yet to reach heaven. all saints was introduced in the year 609, but was originally celebrated on may 13. in 835, it was switched to november 1 ( the same date as samhain ) at the behest of pope gregory iv. some have suggested this was due to celtic influence,


609, but was originally celebrated on may 13. in 835, it was switched to november 1 ( the same date as samhain ) at the behest of pope gregory iv. some have suggested this was due to celtic influence, while others suggest it was a germanic idea. by the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory. " souling ", the custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for " all crysten christened souls ", has been suggested as the origin of trick - or - treating. groups of poor people, often children, would go door - to - door on all saints / all souls collecting soul cakes, originally as a means of praying for souls in purgatory. similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as italy. shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy the two gentlemen of verona ( 1593 ), when speed accuses his master of " puling [ whimpering or whining ] like a beggar at hallowmas. " the custom of wearing costumes has been linked to all saints / all souls by prince sorie conteh, who wrote : " it was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until all saints ' day, and all hallows ' eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. in order to avoid being recognised by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes to disguise their identities ". in halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, nicholas rogers explained halloween jack - o ' - lanterns as originally being representations of souls in purgatory. in brittany children would set candles in skulls in graveyards. in britain, these customs came under attack during the reformation as protestants berated purgatory as a " popish " doctrine incompatible with the notion of predestination. the rising popularity of guy fawkes night ( 5 november ) from 1605 onward, saw many halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and halloween ' s popularity waned in britain, with the noteworthy exception of scotland. there and in ireland, the rebellious guy fawkes was not viewed with the same criminality as in england, and they had been celebrating samhain and halloween since at least the early middle ages, and the scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of


same criminality as in england, and they had been celebrating samhain and halloween since at least the early middle ages, and the scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of passage of communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country. spread to north america north american almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that halloween was celebrated there. the puritans of new england, for example, maintained strong opposition to halloween and it was not until the mass irish and scottish immigration during the 19th century that it was brought to north america in earnest. confined to the immigrant communities during the mid - 19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds. development of artifacts and symbols associated with halloween formed over time. the turnip has traditionally been used in ireland and scotland at halloween, but immigrants to north america used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger – making it easier to carve than a turnip. subsequently, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. the american tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837 and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with halloween until the mid - to - late 19th century. the modern imagery of halloween comes from many sources, including national customs, works of gothic and horror literature ( such as the novels frankenstein and dracula ) and classic horror films ( such as frankenstein and the mummy ). one of the earliest works on the subject of halloween is from scottish poet john mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at halloween ; " what fearfu ' pranks ensue! ", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, " bogies " ( ghosts ), influencing robert burns ' halloween 1785. elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around halloween. trick - or - treating and guising trick - or - treating is a customary celebration for children on halloween. children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, " trick or treat? " the word " trick " refers to " threat " to perform mischief


a customary celebration for children on halloween. children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, " trick or treat? " the word " trick " refers to " threat " to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. in scotland and ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a traditional halloween custom, and is recorded in scotland at halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money. the practice of guising at halloween in north america is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in kingston, ontario reported children going " guising " around the neighborhood. american historian and author ruth edna kelley of massachusetts wrote the first book length history of halloween in the us ; the book of hallowe ' en ( 1919 ), and references souling in the chapter " hallowe ' en in america " : the taste in hallowe ' en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a scotch party, using burn ' s poem hallowe ' en as a guide ; or to go a - souling as the english used. in short, no custom that was once honored at hallowe ' en is out of fashion now. in her book, kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the atlantic ; " americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. all halloween customs in the united states are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries ". while the first reference to " guising " in north america occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in chicago in 1920. the earliest known use in print of the term " trick or treat " appears in 1927, from blackie, alberta, canada : hallowe ' en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. no real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. the youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “ trick or treat ” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing. the thousands of halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children


door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “ trick or treat ” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing. the thousands of halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick - or - treating. the editor of a collection of over 3, 000 vintage halloween postcards writes, " there are cards which mention the custom [ of trick - or - treating ] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them ". trick - or - treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first u. s. appearances of the term in 1934, and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939. halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. over time, in the united states the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses. dressing up in costumes and going " guising " was prevalent in ireland and scotland at halloween by the late 19th century. costuming became popular for halloween parties in the us in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. the first mass - produced halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick - or - treating was becoming popular in the united states. halloween costume parties generally fall on or around october 31, often on the friday or saturday before halloween. " trick - or - treat for unicef " is a fundraising program to support unicef, a united nations programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. started as a local event in a northeast philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools ( or in modern times, corporate sponsors like hallmark, at their licensed stores ) to trick - or - treaters, in which they can solicit small - change donations from the houses they visit. it is estimated that children have collected more than $ 118 million for unicef since its inception. in canada, in 2006, unicef decided to discontinue their halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns ; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program. games and other activities there are several games traditionally associated with halloween parties. one common game is dunking or


unicef decided to discontinue their halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns ; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program. games and other activities there are several games traditionally associated with halloween parties. one common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called " dooking " in scotland in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. the practice is thought by some to have derived from the roman practices in celebration of pomona. a variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup - coated scones by strings ; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face. some games traditionally played at halloween are forms of divination. a traditional scottish form of divining one ' s future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one ' s shoulder. the peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse ' s name. unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. however, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. the custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards from the late 19th century and early 20th century. another game / superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. people would write fortunes in milk on white paper. after drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. when the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. folks would also play fortune teller. in order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. her " fortune " would stick to the hand. paper symbols included : dollar sign - wealth, button - bachelorhood, thimble - spinsterhood, clothespin - poverty, rice - wedding, umbrella - journey, caldron - trouble, 4 - leaf clover - good luck, penny - fortune, ring - early marriage, and key - fame. the telling of ghost stories and


spinsterhood, clothespin - poverty, rice - wedding, umbrella - journey, caldron - trouble, 4 - leaf clover - good luck, penny - fortune, ring - early marriage, and key - fame. the telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of halloween parties. episodes of television series and halloween - themed specials ( with the specials usually aimed at children ) are commonly aired on or before halloween, while new horror films are often released theatrically before halloween to take advantage of the atmosphere. haunted attractions haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. most attractions are seasonal halloween businesses. origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the junior chamber international ( jaycees ) for fundraising. they include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides, and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. haunted attractions in the united states bring in an estimate $ 300 – 500 million each year, and draw some 400, 000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached its peak at that time. this maturing and growth within the industry has led to technically more advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of hollywood films. because halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples ( known as toffee apples outside north america ), caramel or taffy apples are common halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts. at one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the united states. while there is evidence of such incidents, they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. at the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free x - rays of children ' s halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children ' s candy. one custom that persists in modern - day ireland is the baking ( or more often nowadays, the purchase ) of a barmbrack ( irish : bairin breac ), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms


modern - day ireland is the baking ( or more often nowadays, the purchase ) of a barmbrack ( irish : bairin breac ), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. it is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. this is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of epiphany. list of foods associated with halloween : - barmbrack ( ireland ) - bonfire toffee ( great britain ) - candy apples / toffee apples ( great britain & ireland ) - candy corn, candy pumpkins ( north america ) - caramel apples - caramel corn - colcannon ( ireland ) - novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc. - pumpkin, pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread - roasted pumpkin seeds - roasted sweet corn - soul cakes - scary faced pizza religious observances on hallowe ' en ( all hallows ' eve ), in poland, believers are taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort ; in spain, christian priests toll their church bells in order to allow their congregants to remember the dead on all hallows ' eve. the christian church traditionally observed hallowe ' en through a vigil " when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. " this church service is known as the vigil of all hallows or the vigil of all saints ; an initiative known as night of light seeks to further spread the vigil of all hallows throughout christendom. after the service, " suitable festivities and entertainments " often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for all hallows ' day. christian attitudes towards halloween are diverse. in the anglican church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the christian traditions associated with all hallow ' s eve. some of these practises include praying, fasting and attending worship services. father, all - powerful and ever - living god, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. may their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. we ask this through christ our lord. amen. — all hallow ' s eve prayer from the liturgy of the hours other protestant christians also celebrate all hallows ' eve as reformation day, a day


their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. we ask this through christ our lord. amen. — all hallow ' s eve prayer from the liturgy of the hours other protestant christians also celebrate all hallows ' eve as reformation day, a day to remember the protestant reformation, alongside all hallow ' s eve or independently from it. often, " harvest festivals " or " reformation festivals " are held as well, in which children dress up as bible characters or reformers. father gabriele amorth, an exorcist in rome, has said, " if english and american children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. if it is just a game, there is no harm in that. " in more recent years, the roman catholic archdiocese of boston has organized a " saint fest " on halloween. similarly, many contemporary protestant churches view halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. many christians ascribe no negative significance to halloween, treating it as a fun event devoted to " imaginary spooks " and handing out candy. to these christians, halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children : being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners ' heritage. in the roman catholic church, halloween ' s christian connection is sometimes cited, and halloween celebrations are common in catholic parochial schools throughout north america and in ireland. some christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of halloween, and reject it because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs. a response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been the use of " hell houses ", themed pamphlets, or comic - style tracts such as those created by jack t. chick in order to make use of halloween ' s popularity as an opportunity for evangelism. some consider halloween to be completely incompatible with the christian faith, believing it to have originated as a pagan " festival of the dead ". according to alfred j. kolatch in the second jewish book of why halloween is not technically permitted by jewish halakha because it violate leviticus 18 : 3 forbidding jews from partaking in gentile customs. nevertheless many american jews celebrate it as a secular holiday, disconnected from its pagan and christian origins.


of why halloween is not technically permitted by jewish halakha because it violate leviticus 18 : 3 forbidding jews from partaking in gentile customs. nevertheless many american jews celebrate it as a secular holiday, disconnected from its pagan and christian origins. reform rabbi jeffrey goldwasser, of the central conference of american rabbis has said that “ there is no religious reason why contemporary jews should not celebrate halloween as it is commonly observed " while orthodox rabbi michael broyde has argued against jews sending their children trick or treating or otherwise observing the holiday. around the world the traditions and importance of halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. in scotland and ireland, traditional halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going " guising ", holding parties, while other practices in ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized halloween in north america, and celebration in the united states and canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. this larger north american influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as south america, australia, new zealand, ( most ) continental europe, japan, and other parts of east asia. see also - " bbc – religions – christianity : all hallows ' eve ". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. " all hallows ' eve falls on 31st october each year, and is the day before all hallows ' day, also known as all saints ' day in the christian calendar. the church traditionally held a vigil on all hallows ' eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. the name derives from the old english ' hallowed ' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word hallowe ' en. " - the book of occasional services 2003. church publishing, inc. 2004. retrieved 31 october 2011. " service for all hallows ' eve : this service may be used on the evening of october 31, known as all hallows ' eve. suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place. " - anne e. kitch ( 2004 ). the anglican family prayer book. church publishing, inc. retrieved 31 october 2011. " all hallow ' s eve, which later became known as halloween, is celebrated on the night before all saints ' day, november 1. use this simple prayer service in conjunction


family prayer book. church publishing, inc. retrieved 31 october 2011. " all hallow ' s eve, which later became known as halloween, is celebrated on the night before all saints ' day, november 1. use this simple prayer service in conjunction with halloween festivities to mark the christian roots of this festival. " - the paulist liturgy planning guide. paulist press. 2006. retrieved 31 october 2011. " rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil masses. for example, children might be encouraged to wear halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the halloween celebrations and the celebration of all saints ' day. " - thomas thomson, charles annandale ( 1896 ). a history of the scottish people from the earliest times : from the union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. blackie. retrieved 31 october 2011. " of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to scotland the most important was hallowe ' en, a contraction for all - hallow evening, or the evening of all - saints day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity. " - merriam - webster ' s encyclopædia of world religions. merriam - webster. 1999. retrieved 31 october 2011. " halloween, also called all hallows ' eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on october 31, the eve of all saints ' day. the pre - christian observances influenced the christian festival of all hallows ' eve, celebrated on the same date. " - " bbc – religions – christianity : all hallows ' eve ". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. " it is widely believed that many hallowe ' en traditions have evolved from an ancient celtic festival called samhain which was christianised by the early church. " - nicholas rogers ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night. oxford university press. retrieved 31 october 2011. " halloween and the day of the dead share a common origin in the christian commemoration of the dead on all saints ' and all souls ' day. but both are thought to embody strong pre - christian beliefs. in the case of halloween, the celtic celebration of samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new - age enthusiasts and the evangelical right. " - austrian information. 1965. retrieved 31 october 2011. "


, the celtic celebration of samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new - age enthusiasts and the evangelical right. " - austrian information. 1965. retrieved 31 october 2011. " the feasts of hallowe ' en, or all hallows eve and the devotions to the dead on all saints ' and all souls ' day are both mixtures of old celtic, druid and other heathen customs intertwined with christian practice. " - " bbc – religions – christianity : all hallows ' eve ". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. " the oxford dictionary of world religions also claims that hallowe ' en " absorbed and adopted the celtic new year festival, the eve and day of samhain ". however, there are supporters of the view that hallowe ' en, as the eve of all saints ' day, originated entirely independently of samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan - celtic religious festival which took place on 31st october / 1st november. " - the oxford english dictionary ( 2nd ed. ). oxford : oxford univ. press. 1989. isbn 0 - 19 - 861186 - 2. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). " samhain and the celtic origins of halloween ". halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 11 – 21. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - hutton, ronald. the stations of the sun : a history of the ritual year in britain ( oxford : oxford university press, 1996 ) - a pocket guide to superstitions of the british isles ( publisher : penguin books ltd ; reprint edition : 4 november 2004 ) isbn 0 - 14 - 051549 - 6 - all hallows ' eve bbc. retrieved 31 october 2011. - monaghan, patricia. the encyclopedia of celtic mythology and folklore. infobase publishing, 2004. p. 407 - frazer, sir james george. the golden bough : a study in magic and religion. forgotten books, 2008. pp. 663 – 664 - monaghan, p. 41 - o ' halpin, andy. ireland : an oxford archaeological guide. oxford university press, 2006. p. 236 - " halloween ". britannica concise encyclopedia. chicago : encyclopaedia britannica, 2009. credo reference. web. 21 september 2012. - mcneill,


oxford university press, 2006. p. 236 - " halloween ". britannica concise encyclopedia. chicago : encyclopaedia britannica, 2009. credo reference. web. 21 september 2012. - mcneill, f. marian. the silver bough, vol. 3. william maclellan. pp. 11 – 46 - spence, lewis ( 1945 ). the magic arts in celtic britain. p. 88. isbn 0 - 09 - 474300 - 2 - hutton, pp. 380 – 382 - macleod, sharon. celtic myth and religion. mcfarland, 2011. pp. 61, 175 - hutton, pp. 365 – 368 - hutton, p. 382 - hill, christopher. holidays and holy nights. quest books, 2003. p. 56 - rogers, p. 57 - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 22, 27. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - hutton, p. 364 - rogers, nicholas ( 2001 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night. oxford university press. pp. 28 – 30. isbn 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3. - " halloween ". britannica. encyclopædia britannica. retrieved 25 october 2012. - hutton, pp. 374 – 375 - " ask anne ", washington post, 21 november 1948, p. s11. - the two gentlemen of verona act 2, scene 1. - prince sorie conteh ( 2009 ). traditionalists, muslims, and christians in africa : interreligious encounters and dialogue. cambria press. retrieved 31 october 2011. - " kalan - goanv ha marv ". tartanplace. com. 12 july 2001. retrieved 1 november 2012. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 37 – 38. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 49 – 50. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, p. 74. new york : oxford univ. press.


: oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, p. 74. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - the oxford companion to american food and drink p. 269. oxford university press, 2007. retrieved 17 february 2011 - frank leslie ' s popular monthly, volume 40, november 1895, p. 540 - 543. books. google. com. 5 february 2009. retrieved 23 october 2011. - nathaniel hawthorne, " the great carbuncle, " in " twice - told tales ", 1837 : hide it [ the great carbuncle ] under thy cloak, say ' st thou? why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack - o ' - lantern! - as late as 1900, an article on thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack - o ' - lantern as part of the festivities. " the day we celebrate : thanksgiving treated gastronomically and socially, " the new york times, 24 november 1895, p. 27. " odd ornaments for table, " the new york times, 21 october 1900, p. 12. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). " halloween goes to hollywood ". halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 103 – 124. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - thomas crawford burns : a study of the poems and songs stanford university press, 1960 - simpson, jacqueline all saints ' day in encyclopedia of death and dying, howarth, g. and leeman, o. ( 2001 ) london routledge isbn 0 - 415 - 18825 - 3, p. 14 halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural. - rogers, nicholas. ( 2002 ) " coming over : halloween in north america ". halloween : from pagan ritual to party night. p. 76. oxford university press, 2002, isbn 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3 - ruth edna kelley, the book of hallowe ' en, boston : lothrop, lee and shepard co., 1919, chapter 15, p. 127. " hallowe ' en in america. " - kelley, ruth edna. " hallowe ' en in america ". - theo. e. wright, " a halloween story, " st. nicholas, october 1915, p.


p. 127. " hallowe ' en in america. " - kelley, ruth edna. " hallowe ' en in america ". - theo. e. wright, " a halloween story, " st. nicholas, october 1915, p. 1144. mae mcguire telford, " what shall we do halloween? " ladies home journal, october 1920, p. 135. - " ' trick or treat ' is demand, " herald ( lethbridge, alberta ), november 4, 1927, p. 5, dateline blackie, alberta, nov. 3. - for examples, see the websites postcard & greeting card museum : halloween gallery, antique hallowe ' en postcards, vintage halloween postcards, and morticia ' s morgue antique halloween postcards [ dead link ]. - e - mail from louise and gary carpentier, 29 may 2007, editors of halloween postcards catalog ( cd - rom ), g & l postcards. - " halloween pranks keep police on hop, " oregon journal ( portland, oregon ), 1 november 1934 : other young goblins and ghosts, employing modern shakedown methods, successfully worked the " trick or treat " system in all parts of the city. pretty boy john doe rang the door bells and his gang waited his signal. it was his plan to proceed cautiously at first and give a citizen every opportunity to comply with his demands before pulling any rough stuff. " madam, we are here for the usual purpose, ' trick or treat. ' " this is the old demand of the little people who go out to have some innocent fun. many women have some apples, cookies or doughnuts for them, but they call rather early and the " treat " is given out gladly. - doris hudson moss, " a victim of the window - soaping brigade? " the american home, november 1939, p. 48. moss was a california - based writer. - beauchemin, genevieve ; ctv. ca news staff ( 31 may 2006 ). " unicef to end halloween ' orange box ' program ". ctv. archived from the original on 16 october 2007. retrieved 29 october 2006. - " history of the trick - or - treat for unicef campaign ". unicef canada. 2008. archived from the original on 4 june 2009. retrieved 25 october 2009. - apple dookers make record attempt, bbc news, 2 october 2008 - mcneill, f. marian ( 1961, 1990 ) the silver bough, vol. 3. william maclellan, glasgow


4 june 2009. retrieved 25 october 2009. - apple dookers make record attempt, bbc news, 2 october 2008 - mcneill, f. marian ( 1961, 1990 ) the silver bough, vol. 3. william maclellan, glasgow isbn 0 - 948474 - 04 - 1 pp. 11 – 46 - " vintage halloween cards ". vintage holiday crafts. retrieved 28 october 2009. - green bay press gazette, 27 october 1916 - associated press ( 30 october 2005 ). " haunted house business getting frightfully hard ". msnbc. com. msnbc. retrieved 18 november 2008. - greg ryan ( 17 september 2008 ). " a model of mayhem ". hudson valley magazine. retrieved 6 october 2008. - wilson, craig ( 12 october 2006 ). " haunted houses get really scary ". usatoday. com. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). " razor in the apple : struggle for safe and sane halloween, c. 1920 – 1990, " halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 78 – 102. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - " urban legends reference pages : pins and needles in halloween candy ". snopes. com. retrieved 31 october 2008. - nixon, robin ( 27 october 2010 ). " poisoned halloween candy : trick, treat or myth? – livescience ". livescience. com. retrieved 23 january 2011. - " halloween food : scary faced pizza ". - bannatyne, lesley pratt ( 1 august 1998 ). halloween : an american holiday, an american history. pelican publishing. p. 12. isbn 1565543467. retrieved 1 november 2012. " polish catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. priests in tiny spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on all hallows eve. " - " bbc - religions - christianity : all hallows ' eve ". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. " all hallows ' eve falls on 31st october each year, and is the day before all hallows ' day, also known as all saints ' day in the christian calendar. the church traditionally held a vigil on all hallows ' eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. " - dr. andrew james


, also known as all saints ' day in the christian calendar. the church traditionally held a vigil on all hallows ' eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. " - dr. andrew james harvey ( 31 october 2012 ). " ' all hallows ' eve ' ". the patriot post. retrieved 1 november 2011. " " the vigil of the hallows " refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of all hallows or saints day. or " halloween " for short - - a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the christian west since the seventh century. " - " vigil of all saints ". catholic news agency. 31 october 2012. retrieved 1 november 2011. " the vigil is based on the monastic office of vigils ( or matins ), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. on major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings ( scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints ) in addition to chanting the psalms. this all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the word of god as well as the words of the church fathers and great saints. the vigil of all saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of compline at the end. " - " night of light beginnings ". cor et lumen christi community. retrieved 2 november 2012. " in its first year - 2000 ad - over 1000 people participated from several countries. this included special all saints vigil masses, extended periods of adoration of the blessed sacrament and parties for children. in our second year 10, 000 participated. since these modest beginnings, the night of light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a cathedral in india to a convent in new zealand ; from churches in the usa and europe to africa ; in schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. although it began in the catholic church it has been taken up be other christians who while keeping it ' s essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions. " - " here ' s to the soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery ". the telegraph. retrieved 6 november 2012. " one that has grown over the past decade is the so - called night of light, on all hallows ’ eve, october 31. it was invented in 2000, in leafy cher


future catholics. 2001. retrieved 31 october 2011. " father, all - powerful and ever - living god, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. may their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. we ask this through christ our lord. amen. " - " reformation day ". retrieved 22 october 2009 - " reformation day : what, why, and resources for worship ". the general board of discipleship of the united methodist church. 21 october 2005. archived from the original on 23 february 2007. retrieved 22 october 2006. - travis allen ( 2011 ). " christians and halloween ". john f. macarthur. retrieved 31 october 2011. " other christians will opt for halloween alternatives called " harvest festivals ", " hallelujah night " or " reformation festivals " - - the kids dress up as farmers, bible characters, or reformation heroes. " - gyles brandreth, " the devil is gaining ground " sunday telegraph ( london ), 11 march 2000. - " salem ' saint fest ' restores christian message to halloween ". www. rcab. org. n. d. archived from the original on 29 september 2006. retrieved 22 october 2006. - " feast of samhain / celtic new year / celebration of all celtic saints 1 november ". all saints parish. n. d. retrieved 22 november 2006. - halloween ' s christian roots americancatholic. org. retrieved on 24 october 2007. - halloween : what ' s a christian to do? ( 1998 ) by steve russo. - " ' trick? ' or ' treat? ' – unmasking halloween ". the restored church of god. n. d. retrieved 21 september 2007. - " jews and halloween ". jewishvirtuallibrary. org. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05. - name ( required ) ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ). " halloween and judaism : a contradiction or a coalition? ". haamnews. wordpress. com. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05. - halloween fire calls ' every 90 seconds ' utv news retrieved 22 november 2010 - mccann, chris ( 28 october 2010 ). " halloween firework injuries are on the increase ". belfast telegraph. retrieved 22 november 2010. - paul kent ( 27 october 2010 ). " calls for halloween holiday in australia ". the herald sun. - denton, hannah ( 30 october 2010 ). " safe treats for kids on year ' s scariest night ". new zealand herald. retrieved 22


kent ( 27 october 2010 ). " calls for halloween holiday in australia ". the herald sun. - denton, hannah ( 30 october 2010 ). " safe treats for kids on year ' s scariest night ". new zealand herald. retrieved 22 november 2010. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, p. 164. new york : oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8 further reading - diane c. arkins, halloween : romantic art and customs of yesteryear, pelican publishing company ( 2000 ). 96 pages. isbn 1 - 56554 - 712 - 8 - diane c. arkins, halloween merrymaking : an illustrated celebration of fun, food, and frolics from halloweens past, pelican publishing company ( 2004 ). 112 pages. isbn 1 - 58980 - 113 - x - lesley bannatyne, halloween : an american holiday, an american history, facts on file ( 1990, pelican publishing company, 1998 ). 180 pages. isbn 1 - 56554 - 346 - 7 - lesley bannatyne, a halloween reader. stories, poems and plays from halloweens past, pelican publishing company ( 2004 ). 272 pages. isbn 1 - 58980 - 176 - 8 - phyllis galembo, dressed for thrills : 100 years of halloween costumes and masquerade, harry n. abrams, inc. ( 2002 ). 128 pages. isbn 0 - 8109 - 3291 - 1 - editha horandner ( ed. ), halloween in der steiermark und anderswo, volkskunde ( munster in westfalen ), lit verlag munster ( 2005 ). 308 pages. isbn 3 - 8258 - 8889 - 4 - lisa morton, the halloween encyclopedia, mcfarland & company ( 2003 ). 240 pages. isbn 0 - 7864 - 1524 - x - nicholas rogers, halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, oxford university press, usa ( 2002 ). isbn 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3 - jack santino ( ed. ), halloween and other festivals of death and life, university of tennessee press ( 1994 ). 280 pages. isbn 0 - 87049 - 813 - 4 | find more about halloween at wikipedia ' s sister projects | | definitions and translations from wiktionary | | media from commons | | news stories from wikinews | | source


list of earthquakes in haiti this is a list of earthquakes in haiti. some of them have been very destructive to the country. list of major earthquakes - 1564 quake destroyed of concepcion de la vega and santiago de los caballeros. - 1701 : on november 9, severe destruction occurred and " [ p ] art of the area along the north shore of the tiburon peninsula from logane to petit goave sank into the sea ". - 1751 port - au - prince earthquake ( 18 october ) : according to french historian moreau de saint - mery, " only one masonry building had not collapsed " in port - au - prince, haiti ' s capital city. - 1770 port - au - prince earthquake ( 3 june ) : the city was leveled in this magnitude 7. 5 quake, which killed over 200 people. - 1783 : a strong quake partially destroyed the church in santiago. - 1842 cap - haitien earthquake ( 7 may ) : an earthquake destroyed the city of cap - haitien and other towns in the north of haiti and the dominican republic ; this earthquake also destroyed the sans - souci palace. 10, 000 people were killed. it has been estimated that its magnitude was 8. 1. - 1946 dominican republic earthquake ( 4 august ) : this 8. 0 - magnitude quake in samana also shook haiti horrifically, producing a tsunami that killed 1, 600 people. - 2010 haiti earthquake ( 12 january ) :. the epicentre of this magnitude 7. 0 mw earthquake was near leogane, approximately 25 km ( 16 miles ) west of port - au - prince. at a depth of 13 km ( 8. 1 miles ). the united states geological survey recorded a series of at least 33 aftershocks, 14 of which were between magnitudes 5. 0 and 5. 9. the international red cross estimated that about three million people were affected by the quake ; the haitian government reports that over 316, 000 people had been identified as dead, an estimated 300, 000 injured, and an estimated 1, 000, 000 homeless. 12 january 2010 earthquake eric calais, a geophysicist at purdue university who has researched in the area for years, and ross stein of the united states geological survey in menlo park, california, and colleagues have independently calculated that the earthquake has increased the risk on other segments of the enriquillo fault and perhaps on other faults, although the quake probably did not increase the risk ( which is already known to be high ) of a major tremor on the septent


calculated that the earthquake has increased the risk on other segments of the enriquillo fault and perhaps on other faults, although the quake probably did not increase the risk ( which is already known to be high ) of a major tremor on the septentrional fault. stein suggests that if the calculations are right — noting that they may well not be — something may be " fundamentally locked in some fashion, on pretty much all scales, and might be capable of popping off something large ". historical accounts, although not precise, suggest that there has been a sequence of quakes progressing westwards along the fault, starting with an earthquake in the dominican republic in 2010. there are concerns that the 12 january earthquake could be the beginning of a new long - term sequence of both earthquakes and tsunamis : " the whole region is fearful ". see also - enriquillo – plantain garden fault zone - list of earthquakes - map of ' earthquakes in haiti ', compiled from the list above. - prepetit, claude ( 9 october 2008 ), " tremblements de terre en haiti, mythe ou realite? [ [ category : articles containing french language text ] ] ", le matin, n° 33082 wikilink embedded in url title ( help ), quoting moreau de saint - mery, mederic louis elie, description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie francaise de l ' ile saint domingue and j. m. jan, bishop of cap - haitien ( 1972 ), documentation religieuse, editions henri deschamps. http : / / haitimega. com / cap _ haitien - cap _ haitian _ earthquake _ of _ may _ 7 _ 1842 / 84144788150681600 / article _ 84481504601309194. jsp - " what caused the devastating haiti earthquake? ". livescience. com. 2010. retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12. - " major caribbean earthquakes and tsunamis a real risk ". science daily. feb. 8, 2005. retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12. - " usgs magnitude 7. 0 – haiti region ". retrieved 13 january 2010. - millar, lisa ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ). " tens of thousands isolated at quake epicentre ". abc news. retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18. - earthquake center, usgs. " latest earthquakes m5


| elevation | | 4, 095 m ( 13, 435 ft ) | | prominence | | 4, 095 m ( 13, 435 ft ) | listing | | country high point john whitehead ( highest peak ) mount kinabalu ( malay : gunung kinabalu ) is a prominent mountain on the island of borneo in southeast asia. it is located in the east malaysian state of sabah and is protected as kinabalu national park, a world heritage site. kinabalu is the highest peak in borneo ' s crocker range and is the highest mountain in the malay archipelago. mount kinabalu is also the 20th most prominent mountain in the world by topographic prominence. in 1997, a re - survey using satellite technology established its summit ( known as low ' s peak ) height at 4, 095 metres ( 13, 435 ft ) above sea level, which is some 6 metres ( 20 ft ) less than the previously thought and hitherto published figure of 4, 101 metres ( 13, 455 ft ). mount kinabalu includes the kinabalu montane alpine meadows ecoregion in the montane grasslands and shrublands biome. the mountain and its surroundings are among the most important biological sites in the world, with between 5000 and 6000 species of plants, 326 species of birds, and more than 100 mammalian species identified. among this rich collection of wildlife are famous species such as the gigantic rafflesia plants and the orangutan. mount kinabalu has been accorded unesco world heritage status. low ' s peak can be climbed quite easily by a person in good physical condition and there is no need for mountaineering equipment at any point on the main route. other peaks along the massif, however, require rock climbing skills. significantly, mount kinabalu along with other upland areas of the crocker range is well - known worldwide for its tremendous botanical and biological species biodiversity with plants of himalayan, australasian, and indomalayan origin. a recent botanical survey of the mountain estimated a staggering 5, 000 to 6, 000 plant species ( excluding mosses and liverworts but including ferns ), which is more than all of europe and north america ( excluding tropical regions of mexico ) combined. it is therefore one of the world ' s most important biological sites. the flora covers the mountain in zones of different types of habitat as one climbs up, beginning with a lowland belt of fig trees and insectivorous pitcher plants. then between 2, 600 to 3, 200 m ( 8, 530 to 10


sites. the flora covers the mountain in zones of different types of habitat as one climbs up, beginning with a lowland belt of fig trees and insectivorous pitcher plants. then between 2, 600 to 3, 200 m ( 8, 530 to 10, 499 ft ) is a layer of short trees such the conifer dacrydium gibbsiae and dwarf shrubs, mosses, lichens, liverworts, and ferns. finally many of the world ' s richest variety of orchids are found on the high rockier slopes. these plants have high levels of endemism ( i. e. species which are found only within kinabalu park and are not found anywhere else in the world ). the orchids are the best - known example with over 800 species including some of the highly - valued paphiopedilum slipper orchids, but there are also over 600 species of ferns ( more than the whole of africa ' s 500 species ) of which 50 are found nowhere else, and the richest collection in the world for the nepenthes pitcher plants ( five of the thirteen are found nowhere else on earth ) which reach spectacular proportions ( the largest - pitchered in the world being the endemic nepenthes rajah ). the parasitic rafflesia plant, which has the largest single flower in the world, is also found in kinabalu ( particularly rafflesia keithii whose flower grows to 94 centimetres ( 37 in ) in diameter ), though it should be noted that blooms of the flower are rare and difficult to find. meanwhile another rafflesia species, rafflesia tengku - adlinii, can be found on the neighbouring mount trus madi and the nearby maliau basin. its incredible biodiversity in plant life is due to a combination of several unique factors : its setting in one of the richest plant regions of the world ( the tropical biogeographical region known as western malesia which comprises the island of sumatra, the malay peninsula, and the island of borneo ), the fact that the mountain covers a wide climatic range from near sea level to freezing ground conditions near the summit, the jagged terrain and diversity of rocks and soils, the high levels of rainfall ( averaging about 2, 700 millimetres ( 110 in ) a year at park hq ), and the climatic instability caused by periods of glaciation and catastrophic droughts which result in evolution and speciation. this diversity is greatest in the lowland regions ( consisting of lowland dipterocarp forests, so called because the tree family


hq ), and the climatic instability caused by periods of glaciation and catastrophic droughts which result in evolution and speciation. this diversity is greatest in the lowland regions ( consisting of lowland dipterocarp forests, so called because the tree family dipterocarpaceae are dominant ). however, most of kinabalu ' s endemic species are found in the mountain forests, particularly on ultramafic soils ( i. e. soils which are low in phosphates and high in iron and metals poisonous to many plants ; this high toxic content gave rise to the development of distinctive plant species found nowhere else ). the variety of plant life is also habitat for a great variety of birds and animals. there are some 326 species of birds in kinabalu park, including the spectacular rhinoceros hornbill, mountain serpent - eagle, dulit frogmouth, eyebrowed jungle flycatcher, and bare - headed laughingthrush. twenty - four birds are mainly found on the mountain and one, the bornean spiderhunter, is a pure endemic. the mountain is home to some 100 mammalian species mostly living high in the trees, including one of the four great apes, the orangutan ( though sightings of these are uncommon ; estimates of its numbers in the park range from 25 to 120 ). other mammals include three kinds of deer, the malayan weasel ( mustela nudipes ), oriental small - clawed otter ( aonyx cinerea ), and leopard cat ( felis bengalensis ). endemic mammals include the black shrew ( suncus ater ) and bornean ferret - badger ( melogale everetti ). threats and preservation the steep mountainsides with poor soil are not suitable for farming or for the timber industry so the habitats and animal life of kinabalu remain largely intact, with about a third of the original habitat now degraded. kinabalu park was established in 1964 and the nearby mountains were protected as the crocker range national park in 1984. however even national park status does not guarantee full protection, as logging permits were granted on trus madi in 1984. mount kinabalu is essentially a massive pluton formed from granodiorite which is intrusive into sedimentary and ultrabasic rocks, and forms the central part, or core, of the kinabalu massif. the granodiorite is intrusive into strongly folded strata, probably of eocene to miocene age, and associated ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks. it was


forms the central part, or core, of the kinabalu massif. the granodiorite is intrusive into strongly folded strata, probably of eocene to miocene age, and associated ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks. it was pushed up from the earth ' s crust as molten rock millions of years ago. in geological terms, it is a very young mountain as the granodiorite cooled and hardened only about 10 million years ago. the present landform is considered to be a mid - pliocene peneplain, arched and deeply dissected, through which the kinabalu granodiorite body has risen in isostatic adjustment. it is still pushing up at the rate of 5 mm per annum. during the pleistocene epoch of about 100, 000 years ago, the massive mountain was covered by huge sheets of ice and glaciers which flowed down its slopes, scouring its surface in the process and creating the 1, 800 - metre ( 5, 900 ft ) deep low ' s gully ( named after hugh low ) on its north side. its granite composition and the glacial formative processes are readily apparent when viewing its craggy rocky peaks. british colonial administrator hugh low made the first recorded ascent of mount kinabalu ' s summit plateau in march 1851. low did not scale the mountain ' s highest peak, however, considering it " inaccessible to any but winged animals ". in april and july 1858, low was accompanied on two further ascents by spenser st. john, the british consul in brunei. the highest point of mount kinabalu was finally reached in 1888 by zoologist john whitehead. british botanist lilian gibbs became the first woman and the first botanist to summit mount kinabalu in february 1910. botanist e. j. h. corner led two important expeditions of the royal society of great britain to the mountain in 1961 and 1964. kinabalu national park was established in 1964. the park was designated a natural world heritage site in 2000. climbing route climbers must be accompanied by accredited guides at all times due to national park regulations. there are two main starting points for the climb : the timpohon gate ( located 5. 5 km from kinabalu park headquarters, at an altitude of 1, 866 metres ( 6, 122 ft ) ), and the mesilau nature resort. the latter starting point is slightly higher in elevation, but crosses a ridge, adding about two kilometres to the ascent and making the total elevation gain slightly higher. the two trails meet about


, 122 ft ) ), and the mesilau nature resort. the latter starting point is slightly higher in elevation, but crosses a ridge, adding about two kilometres to the ascent and making the total elevation gain slightly higher. the two trails meet about two kilometres before laban rata. accommodation is available inside the park or outside near the headquarters. sabah parks has privatised mount kinabalu activities to an organisation called sutera sanctuary lodges ( also known as sutera harbour ). the mountain may be climbed on a single day trip, or hikers may ( usually ) stay one night at laban rata resthouse at 3, 270 metres ( 10, 730 ft ) to complete the climb in 2 days, finishing the ascent and descending on the second day. the majority of climbers begin the ascent on day one of a two - day hike from timpohon gate at 1, 866 metres ( 6, 122 ft ), reaching this location either by minibus or by walking, and then walk to laban rata. most people accomplish this part of the climb in 3 to 6 hours. since there are no roads, the supplies for the laban rata resthouse are carried by porters, who bring up to 35 kilograms of supplies on their backs. hot food and beverages are available at laban rata. most rooms have no hot water in the bathrooms and whilst the dining area is heated, most rooms are not. the last 2 kilometres ( 6, 600 ft ), from the laban rata resthouse at 3, 270 metres ( 10, 730 ft ) to low ' s peak ( summit ) at 4, 095. 2 metres ( 13, 436 ft ), takes between 2 and 4 hours. the last part of the climb is on naked granite rock. given the high altitude, some people may suffer from altitude sickness and should return immediately to the bottom of the mountain, as breathing and any further movement becomes increasingly difficult. low ' s gully low ' s gully ( named after hugh low ) is a 1, 800 - metre ( 5, 900 ft ) deep gorge on the north side of mount kinabalu, one of the least explored and most inhospitable places on earth. in 1994 two british army officers were severely criticised after having led a party of 10 adventurers that required extensive rescue efforts from both the raf and the malaysian army. five members of the party were trapped for 16 days and did not eat for five days before being rescued. the breakaway party of five


criticised after having led a party of 10 adventurers that required extensive rescue efforts from both the raf and the malaysian army. five members of the party were trapped for 16 days and did not eat for five days before being rescued. the breakaway party of five successfully completed the world ' s first descent of the gully in three days. there are two stories that led to the main beliefs in the origin of the mountain ' s name. the first derivation of the word kinabalu is extracted from the short form for the kadazan dusun word ' aki nabalu ', meaning " the revered place of the dead ". the second source states that the name " kinabalu " actually means " cina balu " ( which would fully mean " a chinese widow " ). due to the lingual influence among the kadazan dusun of sabah, the pronunciation for the word " cina " ( chee - na ) was changed to " kina " ( kee - na ). it was told that a chinese prince, was cast away to borneo when his ship sank in the middle of the south china sea. he was subsequently rescued by the natives from a nearby village. as he recovered, he was slowly accepted as one of the people of the village. eventually, he fell in love with a local woman, and married her. years went by, and he started to feel homesick. so he asked permission from his newly - found family to go back to china to visit his parents ( the emperor and empress of china ). to his wife, he promised that as soon as he was done with his family duties in china, he would come back to borneo to take her and their children back to china. when he made his return to china, he was given a grand welcome by his family. however, to his dismay, his parents disagreed with him about taking his bornean wife back to china. worse, they told him that he was already betrothed to a princess of a neighbouring kingdom. having no choice ( due to high respect towards his parents ), he obeyed with a heavy heart. meanwhile, back in borneo, his wife grew more and more anxious. eventually, she decided that she will wait for her husband ' s ship. however, since the village was situated far away from the coast, she couldn ' t afford to come to the shore and wait for him daily. instead she decided to climb to the top of the highest mountain near her village, so that she could have a better view of


village was situated far away from the coast, she couldn ' t afford to come to the shore and wait for him daily. instead she decided to climb to the top of the highest mountain near her village, so that she could have a better view of the ships sailing in the south china sea. thus, she was then seen climbing up the mountain at every sunrise, returning only at night to attend to her growing children. eventually her efforts took their toll. she fell ill, and died at the top of the cold mountain while waiting for her husband. the spirit of the mountain, having observed her for years, was extremely touched by her loyalty towards her husband. out of admiration for this woman, the spirit of the mountain turned her into a stone. her face was made to face the south china sea, so that she could wait forever for her dear husband ' s return. the people in her hometown who heard about this were also gravely touched by this. thus, they decided to name the mountain " kinabalu " in remembrance of her. to them, the mountain is a symbol of the everlasting love and loyalty that should be taken as a good example by women. see also - given the definition of the malay archipelago excluding new guinea, where about 22 mountains exceed 4100 m. - " world top 50 most prominent peaks " peaklist. org. retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21. - phillipps, a. & f. liew 2000. globetrotter visitor ' s guide – kinabalu park. new holland publishers ( uk ) ltd. - eight southeast asian destinations you shouldn ' t miss - mount kinabalu national park... revered abode of the dead - parris, b. s., r. s. beaman, and j. h. beaman. 1992. the plants of mount kinabalu : 1. ferns and fern allies. kew : royal botanic gardens. 165 pp + 5 pl. - wood, j. j., j. h. beaman, and r. s. beaman. 1993. the plants of mount kinabalu. 2. orchids. kew : royal botanic gardens. xii + 411 pp + 84 pl. - beaman, j. h., and r. s. beaman. 1998. the plants of mount kinabalu. 3. gymnosperms and non - orchid monocotyledons. kota kinabalu : natural history publications ( borneo ) sdn. bhd. ; kew : royal


nature. in 1913, the nineteen - year - old rockwell became the art editor for boys ' life, published by the boy scouts of america, a post he held for three years ( 1913 – 1916 ). as part of that position, he painted several covers, beginning with his first published magazine cover, scout at ship ' s wheel, appearing on the boys ' life september 1913 edition. world war i during world war i, he tried to enlist into the u. s. navy but was refused entry because, at 6 feet ( 1. 8 m ) tall and 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) he was eight pounds underweight. to compensate, he spent one night gorging himself on bananas, liquids and doughnuts, and weighed enough to enlist the next day. however, he was given the role of a military artist and did not see any action during his tour of duty. rockwell ' s family moved to new rochelle, new york when norman was 21 years old and shared a studio with the cartoonist clyde forsythe, who worked for the saturday evening post. with forsythe ' s help, he submitted his first successful cover painting to the post in 1916, mother ' s day off ( published on may 20 ). he followed that success with circus barker and strongman ( published on june 3 ), gramps at the plate ( august 5 ), redhead loves hatty perkins ( september 16 ), people in a theatre balcony ( october 14 ) and man playing santa ( december 9 ). rockwell was published eight times total on the post cover within the first twelve months. norman rockwell published a total of 323 original covers for the saturday evening post over 47 years. his sharp harmony appeared on the cover of the issue dated september 26, 1936 ; it depicts a barber and three clients, enjoying an a cappella song. the image was adopted by spebsqsa in its promotion of the art. rockwell ' s success on the cover of the post led to covers for other magazines of the day, most notably the literary digest, the country gentleman, leslie ' s weekly, judge, peoples popular monthly and life magazine. personal life rockwell married his first wife, irene o ' connor, in 1916. irene was rockwell ' s model in mother tucking children into bed, published on the cover of the literary digest on january 19, 1921. however, the couple were divorced in 1930. depressed, he moved briefly to alhambra, california as a guest of his old friend clyde forsythe. there he painted some of his best - known paintings including


literary digest on january 19, 1921. however, the couple were divorced in 1930. depressed, he moved briefly to alhambra, california as a guest of his old friend clyde forsythe. there he painted some of his best - known paintings including " the doctor and the doll ". while there he met and married schoolteacher mary barstow. the couple returned to new york shortly after their marriage. they had three children : jarvis waring, thomas rhodes and peter barstow. the family lived at 24 lord kitchener road in the bonnie crest neighborhood of new rochelle, new york. rockwell and his wife were not very religious, although they were members of st. john ' s wilmot church, an episcopal church near their home, and had their sons baptized there as well. rockwell moved to arlington, vermont, in 1939 where his work began to reflect small - town life. in 1953, the rockwell family moved to stockbridge, massachusetts, so that his wife could be treated at the austen riggs center, a psychiatric hospital at 25 main street, down main street from where rockwell set up his studio. rockwell himself received psychiatric treatment from the analyst erik erikson, who was on staff at riggs. erikson is said to have told the artist that he painted his happiness, but did not live it. in 1959, mary barstow rockwell died unexpectedly of a heart attack. world war ii in 1943, during world war ii, rockwell painted the four freedoms series, which was completed in seven months and resulted in his losing 15 pounds. the series was inspired by a speech by franklin d. roosevelt, in which he described four principles for universal rights : freedom from want, freedom of speech, freedom of worship, and freedom from fear. the paintings were published in 1943 by the saturday evening post. the united states department of the treasury later promoted war bonds by exhibiting the originals in 16 cities. rockwell himself considered " freedom of speech " to be the best of the four. that same year, a fire in his studio destroyed numerous original paintings, costumes, and props. shortly after the war, rockwell was contacted by writer elliott caplin, brother of cartoonist al capp, with the suggestion that the three of them should make a daily comic strip together, with caplin and his brother writing and rockwell drawing. king features syndicate is reported to have promised a $ 1, 000 / week deal, knowing that a capp - rockwell collaboration would gain strong public interest. however, the project was ultimately aborted as it turned out that rockwell, known for his