gofrit on, shemer j, leibovici d, modan b, shapira sc. quaternary prevention : a new look at an old challenge. isr med assoc j. 2000 ; 2 ( 7 ) : 498 - 500. - gordon, r. ( 1987 ), ‘ an operational classification of disease prevention ’, in steinberg, j. a. and silverman, m. m. ( eds. ), preventing mental disorders, rockville, md : u. s. department of health and human services, 1987. - kumpfer, k. l., and baxley, g. b. ( 1997 ), ' drug abuse prevention : what works? ', national institute on drug abuse, rockville. - " what is prophylaxis? ". wisegeek. - jamie michelle womack ( 2010 ) " safety and adherence : issues that hinder childhood vaccinations " journal of the american academy of physician assistants - lars bo andersen et al. ( june 2000 ). " all - cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work ". archives of internal medicine 160 ( 11 ) : 1621 – 8. doi : 10. 1001 / archinte. 160. 11. 1621. pmid 10847255. - united states department of agriculture. " why is it important to eat fruit? ". united states department of agriculture. retrieved 8 february 2012. - " recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the united states. centers for disease control and prevention ". mmwr. recommendations and reports : morbidity and mortality weekly report. recommendations and reports / centers for disease control 50 ( rr - 14 ) : 1 – 42. 2001. pmid 11521913. - creeth, j. e. ; gallagher, a. ; sowinski, j. ; bowman, j. ; barrett, k. ; lowe, s. ; patel, k. ; bosma, m. l. ( 2009 ). " the effect of brushing time and dentifrice on dental plaque removal in vivo ". journal of dental hygiene : jdh / american dental hygienists ' association 83 ( 3 ) : 111 – 116. pmid 19723429. - de oliveira jc, martinelli m, d ' orio nishioka sa, et al. ( 2009 ). " efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to the


( 3 ) : 111 – 116. pmid 19723429. - de oliveira jc, martinelli m, d ' orio nishioka sa, et al. ( 2009 ). " efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter - defibrillators : results of a large, prospective, randomized, double - blinded, placebo - controlled trial ". circulation : arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2 ( 1 ) : 29 – 34. doi : 10. 1161 / circep. 108. 795906. pmid 19808441. - qaseem a, chou r, humphrey ll, et al. ( 2011 ). " venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hospitalized patients : a clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians ". annals of internal medicine 155 ( 9 ) : 625 – 632. doi : 10. 1059 / 0003 - 4819 - 155 - 9 - 201111010 - 00011. pmid 22041951. - lederle fa, zylla d, macdonald r, et al. ( 2011 ). " venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients and those with stroke : a background review for an american college of physicians clinical practice guideline ". annals of internal medicine 155 ( 9 ) : 602 – 615. doi : 10. 1059 / 0003 - 4819 - 155 - 9 - 201111010 - 00008. pmid 22041949. - kahn sr, lim w, dunn as, et al. ( february 2012 ). " prevention of vte in nonsurgical patients : antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed : american college of chest physicians evidence - based clinical practice guidelines ". chest 141 ( 2 suppl ) : e195s – e226s. doi : 10. 1378 / chest. 11 - 2296. pmid 22315261. - ip s, chung m, raman g, chewp, magula n, devine d, litt m, trikalinos t, lau j. breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. evidence report / technology assessment number 153. 2007 april ; ahrq publication no. 07 - e007. - j. joseph speidel, cynthia c. harper


j. breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. evidence report / technology assessment number 153. 2007 april ; ahrq publication no. 07 - e007. - j. joseph speidel, cynthia c. harper, and wayne c. shields ( september 2008 ). " the potential of long - acting reversible contraception to decrease unintended pregnancy ". contraception. - james trussell, anjana lalla, quan doan, eileen reyes, lionel pinto, joseph gricar ( 2009 ). " cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the united states ". contraception 79 ( 1 ) : 5 – 14. doi : 10. 1016 / j. contraception. 2008. 08. 003. pmid 19041435. - monea j, thomas a ( june 2011 ). " unintended pregnancy and taxpayer spending ". perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 43 ( 2 ) : 88 – 93. doi : 10. 1363 / 4308811. pmid 21651707. - lopez ad, mathers cd, ezzati m, jamison dt, murray cj ( may 2006 ). " global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001 : systematic analysis of population health data ". lancet 367 ( 9524 ) : 1747 – 57. doi : 10. 1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 68770 - 9. pmid 16731270. - jones g, steketee r, black r, bhutta z, morris s, and the bellagio child survival study group * ( july 5, 2003 2003 ). " how many child deaths can we prevent this year? ". lancet 362 ( 9524 ) : 1747 – 57. - mokdad ah, marks js, stroup df, gerberding jl ( march 2004 ). " actual causes of death in the united states, 2000 ". jama 291 ( 10 ) : 1238 – 45. doi : 10. 1001 / jama. 291. 10. 1238. pmid 15010446. - us preventive medicine task force - us preventive medicine - the prevention plan - health - eu portal prevention and promotion


real form ( lie theory ) in mathematics, the notion of a real form relates objects defined over the field of real and complex numbers. a real lie algebra g0 is called a real form of a complex lie algebra g if g is the complexification of g0 : real forms for lie groups and algebraic groups using the lie correspondence between lie groups and lie algebras, the notion of a real form can be defined for lie groups. in the case of linear algebraic groups, the notions of complexification and real form have a natural description in the language of algebraic geometry. just as complex semisimple lie algebras are classified by dynkin diagrams, the real forms of a semisimple lie algebra are classified by satake diagrams, which are obtained from the dynkin diagram of the complex form by labeling some vertices black ( filled ), and connecting some other vertices in pairs by arrows, according to certain rules. it is a basic fact in the structure theory of complex semisimple lie algebras that every such algebra has two special real forms : one is the compact real form and corresponds to a compact lie group under the lie correspondence ( its satake diagram has all vertices blackened ), and the other is the split real form and corresponds to a lie group that is as far as possible from being compact ( its satake diagram has no vertices blackened and no arrows ). in the case of the complex special linear group sl ( n, c ), the compact real form is the special unitary group su ( n ) and the split real form is the real special linear group sl ( n, r ). the classification of real forms of semisimple lie algebras was accomplished by elie cartan in the context of riemannian symmetric spaces. in general, there may be more than two real forms. suppose that g0 is a semisimple lie algebra over the field of real numbers. by cartan ' s criterion, the killing form is nondegenerate, and can be diagonalized in a suitable basis with the diagonal entries + 1 or - 1. by sylvester ' s law of inertia, the number of positive entries, or the positive index of intertia, is an invariant of the bilinear form, i. e. it does not depend on the choice of the diagonalizing basis. this is a number between 0 and the dimension of g which is an important invariant of the real lie algebra, called its index. split real form a real form g0 of a complex semisimple lie algebra g


choice of the diagonalizing basis. this is a number between 0 and the dimension of g which is an important invariant of the real lie algebra, called its index. split real form a real form g0 of a complex semisimple lie algebra g is said to be split, or normal, if in each cartan decomposition g0 = k0 ⊕ p0, the space p0 contains a maximal abelian subalgebra of g0, i. e. its cartan subalgebra. elie cartan proved that every complex semisimple lie algebra g has a split real form, which is unique up to isomorphism. it has maximal index among all real forms. the split form corresponds to the satake diagram with no vertices blackened and no arrows. compact real form a real lie algebra g0 is called compact if the killing form is negative definite, i. e. the index of g0 is zero. in this case g0 = k0 is a compact lie algebra. it is known that under the lie correspondence, compact lie algebras correspond to compact lie groups. the compact form corresponds to the satake diagram with all vertices blackened. construction of the compact real form in general, the construction of the compact real form uses structure theory of semisimple lie algebras. for classical lie algebras there is a more explicit construction. let g0 be a real lie algebra of matrices over r that is closed under the transpose map, the complexification g of g0 decomposes into the direct sum of g0 and ig0. the real vector space of matrices is a subspace of the complex lie algebra g that is closed under the commutators and consists of skew - hermitian matrices. it follows that u0 is a real lie subalgebra of g, that its killing form is negative definite ( making it a compact lie algebra ), and that the complexification of u0 is g. therefore, u0 is a compact form of g. see also - helgason 1978, p. 426


| — neighborhood of boston — | | nickname ( s ) : southie, sobo | | annexed by boston | | 1804 | | time zone | | eastern ( utc - 5 ) | | area code ( s ) | | 617 / 857 | south boston is a densely populated neighborhood of boston, massachusetts, located south and east of the fort point channel and abutting dorchester bay. one of america ' s oldest and most historic neighborhoods, south boston is most popularly known as southie and is today often called sobo by the young urban professionals who now own the neighborhood. although formerly known as a working class irish - american neighborhood, it is also home to the boston area ' s small but vibrant polish and lithuanian communities and its demographics are rapidly changing. south boston contains dorchester heights, where george washington forced british troops to evacuate during the american revolutionary war. in addition to being home to some of the oldest housing projects in the united states, south boston has also more recently seen property values join the highest in the city. geographically, dorchester neck was an isthmus, a narrow strip of land that connected the mainland of the colonial settlement of dorchester with dorchester heights. landfill has since greatly increased the amount of land on the eastern side of the historical neck, and widened the connection to the mainland to the point that south boston is no longer considered separate from it. south boston gained an identity separate from dorchester, but the two were annexed by boston in pieces, from 1804 to 1870. it was here on dorchester heights, during the american revolutionary war that george washington placed his cannon and forced the evacuation of the british troops from boston on march 17, 1776. the british evacuated boston and fort william and mary for halifax, nova scotia. fort william and mary was replaced with a brick fortification known as fort independence. that fort was replaced by a granite fortification ( bearing the same name ) prior to the american civil war, and still stands on castle island as a national historic landmark. edgar allan poe was stationed at castle island for five months in 1827 and was inspired to write the cask of amontillado based on an early castle island legend. in the 1990s, south boston became the focus for a supreme court case on the right of gay and lesbian groups to participate in the saint patrick ' s day ( evacuation day ) parade. the case was decided in favor of the parade ' s sponsors when the united states supreme court supported the south boston allied war veterans ' right to determine who can participate in their annual st. patrick ' s day parade. in 1996


evacuation day ) parade. the case was decided in favor of the parade ' s sponsors when the united states supreme court supported the south boston allied war veterans ' right to determine who can participate in their annual st. patrick ' s day parade. in 1996, local dorchester author paul walkowski and attorney william connolly detailed the case in their book " from trial court to the united states supreme court ". " southie " is home to what is thought to be the first vietnam veterans memorial in the united states. it predated the vietnam veterans memorial in washington, d. c., by 13 months. it was dedicated on september 13, 1981 and is located at independence square, which is more commonly called m street park. in recent years, the reality of south boston has changed drastically as property values, especially in the city point neighborhood near castle island, have risen to the level of some of the highest in the city. the city point area of south boston, labeled " east side " by realtors, has seen a major increase in property values due to its close proximity to downtown boston and gentrification. the " west side " of south boston, also known as the " lower end " by lifelong residents, though slower to begin the gentrification process also benefits from the proximity to not only downtown but also the popular south end. additionally, the west side is home to the first green residence ( gold leed certified ) in boston — the macallen building which was featured in the movie the greening of southie. the city of boston is investing in the west side through developments like the ~ 150, 000 - square - foot ( 14, 000 m2 ) mixed use ( residential and commercial ) building being developed by the boston redevelopment authority on west broadway. waterfront redevelopment the section of south boston north of first street is targeted for massive redevelopment by the administration of mayor thomas menino and the boston redevelopment authority ( bra ). as of september 2010, the seaport square project was expected to cost $ 3 billion and replace parking lots between the federal courthouse and convention center with a 6, 300, 000 - square - foot ( 590, 000 m2 ) mixed - use development. construction was expected to begin in 2011. initially referred to as the " seaport district " by the bra, this area was officially restyled the " south boston waterfront " after virulent protest from natives and local politicians, including city council president james m. kelly. the central artery / tunnel ( ca / t ) project, also known as the big dig,


was officially restyled the " south boston waterfront " after virulent protest from natives and local politicians, including city council president james m. kelly. the central artery / tunnel ( ca / t ) project, also known as the big dig, has created a completely new transportation network for this area and quite a few new hotel and office projects have come online in the past few years. the boston convention and exhibition center straddles d street, the seaport hotel and seaport world trade center is located on commonwealth pier, and a new home for the institute of contemporary art hangs over boston harbor just north of northern avenue. according to the boston waterfront guide the south boston waterfront now has 55 restaurants, 4 hotels, 9 major attractions and continues to grow. the latest restaurant to open in nearby is ming tsai ' s blue dragon restaurant in the old a street deli building. masschallenge has its headquarters at one marina park. fish and richardson is also presently at one marina park public schools are operated by boston public schools. - south boston high school, which is now divided into two different high schools all within the same building, 1st floor is excel high school which focuses on public safety studies, 2nd floor is also excel high school, which focuses on computer technology, 3rd floor is boston green academy, which focuses on science studies ( 9 - 12 ). - james condon elementary school ( k - 5 ) - joseph p. tynan school ( k - 5 ) - michael j. perkins school ( k - 5 ) - oliver hazard perry school ( k - 8 ) - up academy charter school of boston ( 6 - 8 ) - st. peter academy ( k - 8 ) - south boston catholic academy ( k - 8 ) ( formerly st. brigid ' s school and gate of heaven which were combined ) - julie ' s family learning center ( p, k, montessori ) cultural and language schools - szkola jezyka polskiego w bostonie ( john paul ii polish school for children and teens ) - wood ' s school of irish dance places of worship catholic churches - our lady of czestochowa ( polish ) - saint monica - saint augustine ( currently closed ) - saint peter ( lithuanian ) - saint vincent de paul - our lady of good voyage - saint brigid albanian orthodox churches - st george cathedral : located near the intersection of east and west broadway, st george is the largest orthodox christian house of worship in massachusetts. as the mother church of the albanian diocese, the cathedral serves as episcopal


voyage - saint brigid albanian orthodox churches - st george cathedral : located near the intersection of east and west broadway, st george is the largest orthodox christian house of worship in massachusetts. as the mother church of the albanian diocese, the cathedral serves as episcopal seat of his grace, bishop nikon, bishop of boston, new england and the albanian archdiocese. - albanian holy trinity church, kisha shqiptare e shen trinise : located at 245 d street boston, massachusetts 02127. - st john the baptist - st matthew and the redeemer ( former ) community resources - south boston neighborhood house - boys and girls club of boston - laboure center - south boston branch library - south boston community health center - south boston action center - the paraclete center - tynan community center castle island, pleasure bay, m street beach and carson beach fort independence, a pentagonal five - bastioned, granite fort built between 1834 and 1851, is the dominating feature of castle island. this 22 - acre urban park is connected to the mainland by both pedestrian and vehicular causeways. pleasure bay, the m street beach and carson beach form a three - mile segment of parkland and beach along the south boston shoreline of dorchester bay. carson beach offers some beautiful views and great public amenities : a rehabilitated mothers ' rest, public restrooms, exhibit space, first aid and lifeguard functions, while the outdoor courtyards allow space for passive recreation. carson beach also features a walkway which allows one to walk, bike, or run along the water ' s edge from castle island to the kennedy library. fort independence and castle island are on the state and national registers of historic places, and the fort is a national historic landmark. fort independence is open from memorial day to columbus day, hours vary. fort tours are conducted by the castle island association in the summer months and there is interpretive signage for self - guided tours. the principal program theme, the history of castle island, stresses the role of the fort in harbor defense. " dorchester heights ( thomas park ) atop the dorchester heights hill sits a tall monument commemorating the patriot battery that drove the british out of boston. a popular site to view the fourth of july fireworks, the thomas park ( the oval drive around dorchester heights ) area is one of the most attractive areas in south boston. medal of honor park ( m street park ) between m and n streets and north of broadway, the m street park was one of the most desirable addresses in boston in the late 19th century, and the


one of the most attractive areas in south boston. medal of honor park ( m street park ) between m and n streets and north of broadway, the m street park was one of the most desirable addresses in boston in the late 19th century, and the brownstone buildings overlooking the park on the south side of the park remain some of the best examples of this style of architecture in new england. m street park is also home to the 1st standing vietnam memorial in the nation included in this memorial are all the names of the south boston residents who gave their lives fighting for the freedom of the united states. also a popular spot for, families, dog lovers, and for watching the st patrick ' s day parade. in addition also, two softball fields, little league field, basketball court, and play ground all attribute to the beautiful neighborhood which is south boston the m street softball league. public housing south boston is home to some of the oldest public housing projects in the united states. [ dead link ] in the last 30 years they have changed from having a mostly irish american population to a more ethnically mixed population. the housing facilities are under the control of the boston housing authority ( bha ) and include west broadway which was built in 1949 and occupies 20 acres ( 81, 000 m2 ), west ninth street ( these three facilities are next to each other and commonly called d street ), old colony which was built in 1941, and mary ellen mccormack, which is the bha ' s oldest development, being constructed in the 1930s. it was originally called old harbor village. ' the west broadway ninth street projects were knocked down in 2005 and are now a retirement housing building. mbta bus service connects these stations with the residential areas of south boston, downtown boston and the back bay. the mbta silver line, a bus rapid transit service running partly in a tunnel from south station, also serves the north side of south boston. south boston is also served by five bus routes including the numbers 5, 7, 9, 10, 11. notable residents south boston has been the birthplace and home to a number of notable people, including : references in popular culture - the 2010 crime thriller the town starring and directed by ben affleck, was partly filmed in south boston. scenes taking place at the fictional town flowers were filmed at thornton flower shop on dorchester street. - gone baby gone ( 2007 ), the directorial debut of ben affleck, was shot in south boston. - black irish ( 2007 ) - the departed ( 2006 ), starring leonardo dicap


you ' re never gonna leave south boston and i ' m gonna see the whole damn world. " - in the film the friends of eddie coyle, about a low level boston gangster who was looking at a long prison sentence for repeat offenses, and so decided to snitch on his friends to avoid jail time. - in the tv series buffy the vampire slayer the character of faith lehane ( eliza dushku ) is a slayer who originally hails from south boston. dushku grew up in nearby watertown. - eliza dushku ' s character refers to being a southie native in the " stage fright " episode of the tv series dollhouse. - the leverage character of nathan ford is possibly from south boston, as the episode " the beantown bailout job " indicated he had grown up with a ranking member of the irish mob. - julianne moore ' s character in a series of 2009 episodes of 30 rock mentioned that she was from south boston. - in an episode of sabrina, the teenage witch, soleil moon frye ' s character mentions that " it ' s better than living in a shack in southie. " - in the showtime drama dexter, the character joseph quinn ( played by desmond harrington ) is from south boston. there have been a number of books written about south boston. video games the scout from online game team fortress 2 hails from south boston. voodoo, in medal of honor ( 2010 ), is from south boston. he has a very distinct accent. - " u. s. supreme court hurley v. irish - american gay group of boston, _ _ _ u. s. _ _ _ ( 1995 ) ". findlaw. 18 june 1995. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02. - walkowski, paul ; connolly, william ( april 1996 ). from trial court to the united states supreme court anatomy of a free speech case : the incredible inside story behind the theft of the st. patrick ' s parade. branden books. isbn 0 - 8283 - 2012 - 8. - " history of the memorial ". south boston vietnam memorial. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02. - the greening of southie ( 2008 ) - " south boston waterfront public realm plan ". boston redevelopment authority. october 21, 2003. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - " seaport makeover to begin next year ". boston metro, 23 september 2010, p 3. - james m. kelly, long - time city councilor and south boston icon, dies. boston


. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - " seaport makeover to begin next year ". boston metro, 23 september 2010, p 3. - james m. kelly, long - time city councilor and south boston icon, dies. boston globe, january 9, 2007. - cf. sammarco ( 2006 ), p. 25 - history of the south baptist church, boston, boston : alfred mudge & son, 1865. - boston connects. south boston - " welcome to the boston housing authority ". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - " west broadway ". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - " west ninth street ". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - " old colony ". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - " mary ellen mccormack ". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - " foley ". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - " monsignor powers ". boston housing authority. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01. - marquard, bryan ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ). " john ferruggio, at 84 ; hero of 1970 pan am hijacking ". boston globe. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27. - sammarco, anthony mitchell ; rosenberg, charlie, south boston : then & now, arcadia publishing company, 2006 further reading - charles bancroft gillespie ( 1900 ), illustrated history of south boston, south boston, mass : inquirer pub. co. - malloy, ione ( 1 october 1986 ). southie won ' t go : a teacher ' s diary of the desegregation of south boston high school. university of illinois press. isbn 0 - 252 - 01276 - 3. - o ' connor, thomas ( 24 february 1994 ). south boston, my home town : the history of an ethnic neighborhood. northeastern university press. isbn 1 - 55553 - 188 - 1. - alcorn, frank ( 7 october 2005 ). southie boy. cork hill press. isbn 1 - 59408 - 054 - 2. - weeks, kevin ; karas, phyllis ( 10 march 2006 ). brutal : the untold story of my life inside whitey bulger ' s irish mob. william morrow. isbn 0 - 06 - 112269 - 6. - macdonald, michael patrick ( 4 october 2007 ). all souls : a family story from southie


molecular biology and genetics statistics of barcoding coverage | specimen records : | | 10 | | public records : | | 0 | | specimens with sequences : | | 8 | | public species : | | 0 | | specimens with barcodes : | | 0 | | public bins : | | 0 | | species with barcodes : | | 0 | locations of barcode samples the geastrales are an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes ( fungi ) that relates to cantharellales. the order contains the single family geastraceae, commonly known as " earthstars ". it includes the genera geastrum and myriostoma. about 64 species are classified in this family, divided among eight genera. older classifications place this family in the order lycoperdales, but more recently they had been placed in phallales. as of 2010, the family is classified as the sole taxon in the geastrales order. one member of the geastraceae, sphaerobolus stellatus — a nuisance organism in landscapes known as " shotgun fungus " or " cannonball fungus " — colonizes wood - based mulches and may throw black, spore - containing globs onto nearby painted surfaces. the fruit bodies of several earthstars are hygroscopic : in dry weather the " petals " will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac, protecting it. in this state, often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around as a tumbleweed does. when the weather dampens, the " petals " moisten and uncurl and some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up. this then allows rain or animal movement to hit the spore sac so it will puff out spores when enough moisture is present for them to germinate. - hosaka k, bates st, beever re, castellano ma, colgan w 3rd, dominguez ls, nouhra er, geml j, giachini aj, kenney sr, simpson nb, spatafora jw, trappe jm. ( 2006 ). " molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid - phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass phallomycetidae and two new orders ". mycologia 98 ( 6 ) : 949 – 59. doi : 10. 3852 / mycologia. 98. 6. 949.


a token to the future : a digital ‘ archive ’ of early australian children ’ s literature mallan, kerry m., cross, amy, & allan, cherie ( 2012 ) a token to the future : a digital ‘ archive ’ of early australian children ’ s literature. papers : explorations into children ' s literature, 22 ( 1 ), pp. 94 - 108. this essay considers a specific digital ‘ archive ’ of early australian children ’ s literature, known as the children ’ s literature digital resources ( cldr ), which is located in austlit : the australian literature resource ( http : / / www. austlit. edu. au ). we examine what the cldr collection can tell us about australia ’ s history. to narrow the scope, we focus on how australia was constructing itself as a nation with its own character, or national identity, in texts written for children from the latter part of the nineteenth century up until the end of world war ii. our approach is to consider how early australian children ’ s literature included in the cldr collection rhetorically constructs nation and place, and in so doing constructs an australian identity for its implied readers. citation countsare sourced monthly fromand citation databases. these databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and web of science generally from 1980 onwards. citations counts from theindexing service can be viewed at the linked google scholar™ search. full - text downloadsdisplays the total number of times this work ’ s files ( e. g., a pdf ) have been downloaded from qut eprints as well as the number of downloads in the previous 365 days. the count includes downloads for all files if a work has more than one. | item type : | | journal article | | keywords : | | australian children ' s literature, digital archive, austlit, children ' s literature digital resources, national identity | | subjects : | | australian and new zealand standard research classification > languages communication and culture ( 200000 ) > literary studies ( 200500 ) > australian literature ( excl. aboriginal and torres strait islander literature ) ( 200502 ) | | divisions : | | current > research centres > children & youth research centre | | copyright owner : | | copyright 2012 the authors | | deposited on : | | 03 sep


snow leopard population discovered in afghanistan the wildlife conservation society has discovered a surprisingly healthy population of rare snow leopards living in the mountainous reaches of northeastern afghanistan ' s wakhan corridor, according to a new study. the discovery gives hope to the world ' s most elusive big cat, which calls home to some of the world ' s tallest mountains. between 4, 500 and 7, 500 snow leopards remain in the wild scattered across a dozen countries in central asia. the study, which appears in the june 29th issue of the journal of environmental studies, is by wcs conservationists anthony simms, zalmai moheb, salahudin, hussain ali, inayat ali and timothy wood. wcs - trained community rangers used camera traps to document the presence of snow leopards at 16 different locations across a wide landscape. the images represent the first camera trap records of snow leopards in afghanistan. wcs has been conserving wildlife and improving local livelihoods in the region since 2006 with support from the u. s. agency for international development ( usaid ). " this is a wonderful discovery – it shows that there is real hope for snow leopards in afghanistan, " said peter zahler, wcs deputy director for asia programs. " now our goal is to ensure that these magnificent animals have a secure future as a key part of afghanistan ' s natural heritage. " according to the study, snow leopards remain threatened in the region. poaching for their pelts, persecution by shepherds, and the capture of live animals for the illegal pet trade have all been documented in the wakhan corridor. in response, wcs has developed a set of conservation initiatives to protect snow leopards. these include partnering with local communities, training of rangers, and education and outreach efforts. anthony simms, lead author and the project ' s technical advisor, said, " by developing a community - led management approach, we believe snow leopards will be conserved in afghanistan over the long term. " wcs - led initiatives are already paying off. conservation education is now occurring in every school in the wakhan region. fifty - nine rangers have been trained to date. they monitor not only snow leopards but other species including marco polo sheep and ibex while also enforcing laws against poaching. wcs has also initiated the construction of predator - proof livestock corrals and a livestock insurance program that compensates shepherds, though initial wcs research shows that surprisingly few livestock fall to predators in the region. in afghanistan, usaid has


. wcs has also initiated the construction of predator - proof livestock corrals and a livestock insurance program that compensates shepherds, though initial wcs research shows that surprisingly few livestock fall to predators in the region. in afghanistan, usaid has provided support to wcs to work in more than 55 communities across the country and is training local people to monitor and sustainably manage their wildlife and other resources. one of the many outputs of this project was the creation of afghanistan ' s first national park – band - e - amir – which is now co - managed by the government and a committee consisting of all 14 communities living around the park. snow leopards have declined by as much as 20 percent over the past 16 years and are considered endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ). wcs is a world leader in the care and conservation of snow leopards. wcs ' s bronx zoo became the first zoo in the western hemisphere to exhibit these rare spotted cats in 1903. in the past three decades, nearly 80 cubs have been born in the bronx and have been sent to live at 30 zoos in the u. s. and eight countries in europe, asia, australia, and north america. source : wildlife conservation society - wildlife conservation society finds ' world ' s least known bird ' breeding in afghanistanwed, 13 jan 2010, 14 : 10 : 53 est - wcs confirms the return of the persian leopard in afghanistan ' s central highlandsmon, 5 dec 2011, 22 : 39 : 32 est - first ever videos of snow leopard mother and cubs in dens recorded in mongoliathu, 12 jul 2012, 18 : 05 : 03 edt - wildlife conservation society documents pneumonia outbreak in endangered markhor sun, 8 jan 2012, 21 : 31 : 30 est - rare andean cat no longer exclusive to the andeswed, 16 mar 2011, 14 : 36 : 29 edt - threatened snow leopards found in afghanistanfrom ap sciencefri, 15 jul 2011, 0 : 00 : 36 edt - elusive snow leopards thrive in afghan regionfrom msnbc : sciencethu, 14 jul 2011, 16 : 00 : 21 edt - photos : elusive snow leopards thrive in surprising spotfrom live sciencethu, 14 jul 2011, 11 : 30 : 44 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upithu, 14 jul 2011, 5 : 30 : 29 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upiwed, 13 jul 2011, 18 :


30 : 44 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upithu, 14 jul 2011, 5 : 30 : 29 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upiwed, 13 jul 2011, 18 : 00 : 26 edt - snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom science blogwed, 13 jul 2011, 14 : 00 : 23 edt - snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom science dailywed, 13 jul 2011, 13 : 30 : 31 edt - snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom physorgwed, 13 jul 2011, 12 : 32 : 13 edt - healthy snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom newswise - scinewswed, 13 jul 2011, 12 : 32 : 02 edt latest science newsletterget the latest and most popular science news articles of the week in your inbox! it ' s free! check out our next project, biology. net from other science news sites popular science news articles - uc davis engineers create on - wetting fabric drains sweat - not just blowing in the wind : compressing air for renewable energy storage - amazon river exhales virtually all carbon taken up by rain forest - 1 in 10 teens using ' study drugs, ' but parents aren ' t paying attention - slow earthquakes : it ' s all in the rock mechanics no popular news yet no popular news yet - stem cell transplant restores memory, learning in mice - 2 landmark studies report on success of using image - guided brachytherapy to treat cervical cancer - researchers discover mushrooms can provide as much vitamin d as supplements - cutting back on sleep harms blood vessel function and breathing control - study : low - dose aspirin stymies proliferation of 2 breast cancer lines


brussels, 21 december 2005 the european commission today proposed a new strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste. this long - term strategy aims to help europe become a recycling society that seeks to avoid waste and uses waste as a resource. it will draw on the knowledge that the thematic strategy on resources, also adopted today, will generate. as a first step, the commission proposes revising the 1975 waste framework directive to set recycling standards and to include an obligation for member states to develop national waste prevention programmes. this revision will also merge, streamline and clarify legislation, contributing to better regulation. the waste and resources strategies are two of the seven ' thematic ' strategies required under the 6th environment action programme ( 2002 - 2012 ). environment commissioner stavros dimas said : “ waste volume has been disproportionately increasing outpacing even economic growth. waste generation, disposal and recycling are of concern to all of us : individuals, companies and public authorities. now is the time to modernise our approach and to promote more and better recycling. our strategy does precisely that. more waste than ever eu environment legislation has helped improve the way we dispose waste and recycle specific waste streams, such as municipal waste, packaging, cars and electric and electronic equipment. waste management has moved a long way from being a dirty, polluting business. high standards exist for landfills and incinerators. industry now seeks to make a profit from waste instead of dumping it. however, waste generation in the eu is estimated at more than 1. 3 billion tonnes per year and is increasing at rates comparable to economic growth. for example, both gdp and municipal waste grew by 19 % between 1995 and 2003. one consequence of this growth is that despite large increases in recycling, landfill - the environmentally most problematic way to get rid of waste - is only reducing slowly. waste policy must contribute to improving the way we use resources what is needed now is to modernise and widen eu waste policy in the light of new knowledge. companies and public authorities need to take a life - cycle approach that does not only look at pollution caused by waste. it must also take account of how waste policies can most efficiently reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with the use of resources through preventing, recycling and recovering wastes. to move towards this objective eu waste law must create the right regulatory environment for recycling activities to develop. measures proposed by the strategy the strategy comes as a package. it includes a legislative proposal to modernise the 1975 waste framework directive. the main elements of the proposed revision of the


woodrow wilson, as described in the introductory section of the text, was the leader of the immediate post - war period and was the architect of an internationalist vision for a new world order. yet, as discussed in the paragraphs below, he was not able to persuade the other allied leaders at the peace settlement negotiations in paris to embrace his vision. but it was not just the opposition of clemenceau and lloyd george to some of his ideas that moved the conference away from wilson ' s vision. wilson became so blindingly caught up in his vision, thinking that everything he advocated was what democracy and justice wanted, that he completely alienated the other negotiators in paris, and they stopped listening to him. another historian points to a different problem, that wilson himself stopped listening to his earlier vision, having become convinced that a harsh peace was justified and desirable. even if that historical view is accurate, wilson was probably still more moderate in his conception of a harsh peace than were clemenceau and lloyd george. but as the conference dragged on and the departure from wilsonianism became more and more pronounced, wilson clung to his proposal for the league of nations. in fact, he seemed to place all his faith in his pet project, believing it would solve all the evils the negotiators were unable to solve during the conference. unfortunately, wilson made it clear that the league was his primary objective, and it came to be his only bargaining chip. he then compromised on numerous issues that had no corollary in his vision in order to maintain the support for the creation of the league. thus, though full of good intentions and a vision for a just and peaceful future, wilson ' s arrogance and ineffective negotiating skills largely contibuted to the downfall of his vision. finally, it must be mentioned that wilson ' s inability to negotiate with the senate in its discussion of the ratification of the treaty of versailles caused the senate to reject the treaty, leaving the united states noticeably absent from the newly created league of nations, which greatly undermined the effectiveness and importance of wilson ' s principal goal. nonetheless, wilson was awarded the 1919 nobel peace prize for his efforts to secure a lasting peace and the success in the creation of the league of nations. david lloyd george, the british prime minister, entered the negotiations in paris with the clear support of the british people, as evidenced by his convincing win in the so - called khaki election of december 1918. during the weeks leading up to the election, though, he had publicly committed


minister, entered the negotiations in paris with the clear support of the british people, as evidenced by his convincing win in the so - called khaki election of december 1918. during the weeks leading up to the election, though, he had publicly committed himself to work for a harsh peace against germany, including obtaining payments for war damages committed against the british. these campaign promises went against lloyd george ' s personal convictions. knowing that germany had been britain ' s best pre - war trading partner, he thought that britain ' s best chance to return to its former prosperity was to restore germany to a financially stable situation, which would have required a fairly generous peace with respect to the vanquished enemy. nonetheless, his campaign statements showed lloyd george ' s understanding that the public did not hold the same convictions as he did, and that, on the contrary, the public wanted to extract as much as possible out of the germans to compensate them for their losses during the war. so lloyd george and clemenceau were in agreement on many points, each one seeming to support the other in their nationalist objectives, and thereby scratching each other ' s back as the " game of grab " of germany ' s power played itself out. but most historians do not attribute to lloyd george a significant role in the treaty negotiations. in their defense, clemenceau and lloyd george were only following popular sentiment back home when they fought for harsh terms against germany. it is clear from historical accounts of the time that after seeing so many young men not return from the trenches on the western front, the french and british wanted to exact revenge against the germans through the peace settlement, to ensure that their families would never again be destroyed by german aggression. in that respect, democracy was clearly functioning as it is intended in a representative democracy. in fact, lloyd george is the quintessential example of an elected leader serving the interests of his people, putting his personal convictions second to british public opinion. yet it was that same public opinion ( in france and britain ) that wilson had believed would support his internationalist agenda, placing germany in the context of a new and more peaceful world order which would prevent future aggression. wilson ' s miscalculation was one of the single greatest factors leading to the compromise of his principles and the resulting harsh and, in the eyes of many, unjust treatment of germany within the treaty of versailles. [ see also the biographies of the big three listed on the links 1. james l. stokesbury, a short history of world war i, 1981,


and, in the eyes of many, unjust treatment of germany within the treaty of versailles. [ see also the biographies of the big three listed on the links 1. james l. stokesbury, a short history of world war i, 1981, p. 309. 2. manfred f. boemeke, " woodrow wilson ' s image of germany, the war - guilt question, and the treaty of versailles, " inthe treaty of versailles : a reassessment after 75 years, ch. 25, boemeke, feldman & glaser, eds., 1998, pp. 603 - 614. 3. robert h. ferrell, woodrow wilson and world war i : 1917 - 1921, 1985, p. 146. 4. lawrence e. gelfand, " the american mission to negotiate peace : an historian looks back, " in the treaty of versailles : a reassessment after 75 years, ch. 8, boemeke, feldman & glaser, eds., 1998, p. 191. 5. see ferrell, supra note 3, ch. 10, " the senate and the treaty. " 6. information from this paragraph is taken from ferrell, supra note 3, at 142, 144, 151. 7. id. at 151. 8. stokesbury, supra note 1, at 311 - 312.


children are willing to ask one parent and then the next to get the desired answer. parental communication is key to combating this divisive strategy. children determine from an early age which parent they should ask for permission in which circumstance. i can illustrate this with the example of my own family. if the request involved some degree of daring, risk, or danger, they always approached dad, the one more likely to allow a bareback ride on the horse or a run down a black diamond ski slope. when it came to social events, they made the intelligent choice to come to mom. i am — and always have been — more of a social butterfly than dear old dad. this division of labor in regard to granting permission is logical and harmless. the problems begin when a child asks one parent, is denied permission, and then asks the other parent, looking for an override of the first ruling — divide and conquer. if this is allowed in your family, it will definitely be disruptive. when divide and conquer is successful, mom and dad find themselves distracted and in conflict with each other. that leaves the child free to disregard the first parent ’ s decision. to combat the divide and conquer strategy, you need to communicate. find out if there has been an initial answer given to your child ’ s request. if the other parent has already responded, it is best to let the first answer hold. if you find that the two of you are continually disagreeing, it would be best to simply address your child ’ s request by saying, “ your dad and i will have to talk about it. ” it is always good to have a united front or, as i like to say, to be singing off the same songsheet. for your reflection : have you ever been the victim of a divide and conquer strategy?


united states naturalization and citizenship from familysearch wiki | line 286 : | | line 286 : | < u > ' ' ' town of origin ' ' ' < / u > < u > ' ' ' town of origin ' ' ' < / u > most researchers hope to find the town of origin in naturalization records. this information usually is listed in naturalization records most researchers hope to find the town of origin in naturalization records. this information usually is listed in naturalization records when the forms were standardized. the country of origin is only listed and the town not normally given. however, because each court recorded different information prior to 1906, it is important to search naturalization records. prior to 1906, each court created their own naturalization forms. each form was different, so information recorded on the form differed. you may find substantial information in one court ( date and place of immigration, age of applicant ) and prior to 1906, each court created their own naturalization forms. each form was different, so information recorded on the form differed. you may find substantial information in one court ( date and place of immigration, age of applicant ) andinformation ( country of origin ) in another court. [ http : / / www. uscis. gov / portal / site / uscis / menuitem. 5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a /? vgnextchannel = d21f3711ca5ca110vgnvcm1000004718190arcrd & vgnextoid = 8d6bfd262fa4b110vgnvcm1000004718190arcrd visa ], required from 1924 to 1944, is the only naturalization record to the immigrant ’ s parents ' names. copies of [ http : / / www. uscis. gov / portal / site / uscis / menuitem. 5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a /? vgnextchannel = d21f3711ca5ca110vgnvcm1000004718190arcrd & vgnextoid = 8d6bfd262fa4b110vgnvcm1000004718190arcrd visa files ] can only be obtained from the [ https : / / wiki. familysearch. org / en /


. the basic requirements have been residency in the country for a given period of time, good moral character, and an oath of loyalty or allegiance given in a court of record. colonial naturalization ( pre - 1790 ) british immigrants were automatically citizens of the colonies ( british empire ). a few protestant immigrants from other countries gave oaths of allegiance or appeared before a civil authority to request citizenship ( a process sometimes referred to as denization ). seven of the original colonies had their own laws for naturalizing foreigners as citizens of the british empire colony. after the revolutionary war, the individual states established their own naturalization laws and procedures. types of colonial naturalization - denization - - a type of naturalization used to obtain land. you could buy and sell land, but could not hold public office. there were no political privileges associated with denization. - oath of allegiance - - this type of naturalization during the colonial period was used to renounce all former country loyalties. this gave the immigrant full privileges, including voting and holding public office. - collective citizenship - - this naturalization process was used to naturalize a group of people without using documents. collective naturalization happened when the united states became a country in 1776 and all those living in the country ( except native americans and african americans ) were collectively and automatically made us citizens. naturalization from 1790 - 1906 the first naturalization law was enacted in 1790. over the years, naturalization laws changed numerous times, but generally speaking the process required a declaration of intention and a petition to be filed to become a citizen ( except during the years 1798 to 1828. see report and registry listed below ). after 1906, several other documents were created during the naturalization process. the immigrant also had to be a resident in the united states 5 years and a 1 year resident in the the state before becoming a citizen. in 1795, there was a 3 year waiting period, later changed to 2 years in 1824, between filing the declaration and the petition. the naturalization process is completed in a court of law. the process usually required several steps to complete and various documents related to naturalization may be found in the court records described below. the typical naturalization process involved three steps : - declaration of intention. the immigrant filed a declaration of intention ( also called first papers ) to renounce allegiance to foreign governments and to later prove he or she had resided in the country long enough to apply for citizenship. residency laws changed consistently over time ranging from no residency requirement ( meaning they could declare right after they " came


first papers ) to renounce allegiance to foreign governments and to later prove he or she had resided in the country long enough to apply for citizenship. residency laws changed consistently over time ranging from no residency requirement ( meaning they could declare right after they " came off the boat " ) to 14 years residency. however, generally speaking, an immigrant filed a declaration of intention up to two years after he immigrated to the united states. the immigrant could declare any time after he arrived after fulfilling the residency requirement. some immigrants waited as late as 20 years after coming to the united states to begin the process to become a citizen. there are some exceptions to the naturalization process where the immigrant was not required to file a declaration. - petition. the immigrant had to wait anywhere between one to three years after he filed his declaration to file his petition for citizenship ( also called second or final papers ). most often the petition was filed in a court nearest to the town where the immigrant settled. an oath of allegiance was also signed to pledge the immigrants allegiance to the untied states and sign a written oath. - certificate. after all requirements were completed, the immigrant was sworn in as a citizen and issued his or her certificate. the certificate is given from the same court the petition is filed in. it is called the certificate of citizenship or certificate of naturalization. report and registry, 1798 - 1828 from 1798 to 1828, a new immigrant was required to appear before a local court and register his arrival in the united states. this was usually recorded in the court minutes. sometimes a separate document, a report and registry or aliens ' register was created instead. the immigrant could obtain a certificate showing that he had registered in order to prove his residency later when he applied for citizenship. the report and registry could take place at a different time and different court than the immigrant ' s declaration. the report and registry may include the following information depending on the court recording the information : - name of immigrant - nation of allegiance - county of migration - place of intended settlement naturalization after 1906 when the ins was created in 1906, other naturalization records were created to process naturalizations and keep track of immigrants in the united states. copies of these documents are only in the possession of the former ins, now united states citizenship and immigration services ( uscis ). a summary of some of these documents are listed below : - certificate of arrival, 1906 to the present - - after 1906 an immigrant was required to submit a certificate of arrival when he petitioned for citizenship in order to prove the length of his residency


). a summary of some of these documents are listed below : - certificate of arrival, 1906 to the present - - after 1906 an immigrant was required to submit a certificate of arrival when he petitioned for citizenship in order to prove the length of his residency. this document gives the place of entry, manner of arrival, and date of arrival. this was kept in the file with the petition. - certificate of registry - - a certificate created by the ins to document immigrants who arrived prior to july 1, 1924 to the united states where no original arrival record could not be located. - visa and application - - began with the immigration act of 1924. all aliens had to have a visa to enter the united states. visas were obtained at us embassies and consulates abroad. visa files contain birth information, parents, children, previous residence and a photograph beginning in 1929. - alien registration - - the alien registration act of 1940 required that every non - citizen of the united states, age 14 years and up, had to register and fill out the alien registration form. the alien registration program created a specific form, ar - 2, for this program and forms were created from 1 aug 1940 to 31 mar 1944 during world war ii. all original alien registration forms were microfilmed and are at the united states citizenship and immigration services. the originals were destroyed after filming. - an alien registration form contains the following information : - name at time of entry to the us - other names used - date of birth - marital status - height & weight - hair & eye color - port, date, ship, and class of admission at last arrival in us - date of first arrival in us - years lived in us - intended stay in us - usual occupation - present occupation - present employer, including address - club, organization, or society memberships - military service ( country, branch, dates ) - date and number of declaration of intention ( if filed ), and city and state where filed - date of petition for naturalization ( if filed ), and city and state where filed - arrest history - date and place of registration naturalization records by state locating naturalization records by time period - what to know before searching colonial naturalization records ( pre - 1790 ) naturalization records before 1790 differ vastly from later naturalization records. colonial naturalizations consist mostly of lists of those that took the oath of allegience. the colony where the immigrant was living had jurisdiction over naturalizations. a good source to begin searching for colonial naturalization records is william p. filby ' s


colonial naturalizations consist mostly of lists of those that took the oath of allegience. the colony where the immigrant was living had jurisdiction over naturalizations. a good source to begin searching for colonial naturalization records is william p. filby ' s passenger and immigration lists index, 1500s - 1900s. this source has indexed published passenger lists as well as early published naturalization records. passenger and immigration lists index, 1500s - 1900s includes the original sources where the information came from. passenger and immigration lists index, 1500s - 1900s is available in book form, cd - rom, and ancestry. com. there are several sets and supplements that have been added to the original publication. the most current supplement, 2009 is in book form and not included in the cd - rom or ancestry. com database. records between 1790 and september 1906 an immigrant may have completed naturalization proceedings through any of 5, 000 federal, state, or local courts that had the authority to grant citizenship. naturalization proceedings were most often completed in county, superior or common pleas courts, or in state and u. s. circuit and district courts. because some municipal, police, criminal, probate, and other courts also provided this service, you may need to search the records of all local courts. you may need to search the records of each place where your immigrant ancestor lived to locate both naturalization records. he may have filed the declartion of intention in one court in one state and filed the petition several years later in another court and state. begin first by looking for naturalization records in the courts of the county or city where the immigrant settled. most likely the petition ( second papers ) was filed in that county or city. records since september 1906 beginning in september 1906, the federal government began regulating the naturalization process. the bureau of immigration and naturalization ( now the united states citizenship and immigration services or uscis ) required specific forms for declarations and petitions. only these forms could be used and the bureau controlled the number of courts able to naturalize by controlling distribution of the forms. however, both state and federal courts were allowed to naturalize. the declaration of intent ( form 2202 ) was completed in triplicate. the court kept the original and gave copies to the applicant and the bureau. the applicant was to use the declaration to apply for the petition. if the declaration is still in possession of the family, the immigrant probably did not complete the process and was not a citizen. the petition for naturalization ( form 2204 ) was kept by


applicant was to use the declaration to apply for the petition. if the declaration is still in possession of the family, the immigrant probably did not complete the process and was not a citizen. the petition for naturalization ( form 2204 ) was kept by the court and a duplicate was sent to the ins. the certificate of naturalization ( form 2207 ) was given to the new citizen and a stub of the certificate was kept in the court to prove it was issued. a duplicate of the petition was sent to the ins. in 1929 the ins changed the forms and required photographs of the applicants. because the new forms were not distributed immediately, many state courts ceased naturalizing. however, naturalizations were still taking place in local county courts as well as federal courts and the records of any court still naturalizing should be consulted to locate your ancestor ' s records. finding naturalization records immigrants could naturalize in any court that performed naturalizations. that included city, county, state and federal courts. after 1906, federal courts naturalized many immigrants, however, other local courts continued to naturalize as late as 1985. check all possible courts in the area your ancestor lived. begin by looking for naturalization records in the courts of the county or city where the immigrant lived. look first for the petition ( second papers ), because they are usually easier to find in courts near where the immigant eventually settled. after 1906, the declaration can be filed with the petition as the immigrant was required to submit a copy when he submitted the petition. because immigrants were allowed to naturalize in any court, they often selected the most convenient court. if they lived in new jersey but worked in new york city, also check the courts of new york city for the naturalization records. if an immigrant lived on the border of a county, they may have naturalized in the adjacent county because the courthouse may have been closer. locating the correct district court one federal court that may contain your ancestor ' s naturalization records is the district court. however, to search the these records you must first determine the correct district court. click on united states district court jurisdictions to help you identify the correct district court. you must know the county your ancestor resided in. on the internet there are many online resources available for researching naturalization records. these online resources include naturalization indexes as well as digital images of naturalization records. - online searchable naturalization indexes and records - - this website contains links to naturalization indexes and records. it is arranged by state and gives the


these online resources include naturalization indexes as well as digital images of naturalization records. - online searchable naturalization indexes and records - - this website contains links to naturalization indexes and records. it is arranged by state and gives the statewide indexes and records first. it then gives the countywide indexes and records. this website is updated regularly and is a great source to begin searching for naturalization records on the internet. - footnote. com - - this website has a partnership with the national archives to bring digital images of some of the national archives collections online. part of the website is free, other images are only available through a subscription. free access is given to the website at the national archives, at national archives regional branches, and at family history centers that have internet access. to locate naturalization databases on footnote. com, choose the " browse all " link. under the category list, click on naturalizations 1700s - mid 1900s. at the bottom of the screen, use the " search within " box to type in a name. there is also an " advanced search " option that helps narrow down common names when more information is known about the ancestor. - ancestry. com - - this is a subscription website. most of ancestry ' s naturalization records are found under the heading immigration and emigration. you can access these records by the following methods : - 1 ) ancestry database card catalog - - type the word naturalization in the database title box. this will give you a listing of naturalization records. - olive tree genealogy naturalizations - - free access to many indexes. some are submitted by olive tree genealogy ( otg ) volunteers. - united states citizenship and immigration services ( uscis ) - - after 1906, a copy of all naturalization records were sent to the immigration and naturalization service or ins, now called the uscis. you may access their records through the uscis genealogy program. their website is www. uscis. gov. more details are listed below under, using the genealogy program at the united states citizenship and immigration services. at the family history library naturalization records at the library are listed in the place search of the family history library catalog under one of the following : [ state ] - naturalization and citizenship [ state ], [ county ] - naturalization and citizenship [ state ], [ county ], [ town ] - naturalization and citizenship the library has also acquired large collections of naturalization records from the national archives branches in atlanta, chicago, los angeles, new


, [ county ] - naturalization and citizenship [ state ], [ county ], [ town ] - naturalization and citizenship the library has also acquired large collections of naturalization records from the national archives branches in atlanta, chicago, los angeles, new york, and seattle. in some states, naturalization records are included in other court records and are not separately identified. the state research outlines will help you locate these records. a key reference book is : • schaefer, christina k. guide to naturalization records in the united states. baltimore, maryland : genealogical publishing company, 1997. ( fhl book 973 p4s. ) it identifies records at both the national archives and the family history library. it also describes many state and county courthouse collections. this book was published in 1997 and has not been updated. the family history library has added naturalization records to their collection since the publication. at regional archives and other repositories the clerk of the court where the immigrant was naturalized may still have the original records. some copies of court naturalization records have been transferred to national archives regional branches. check these regional branches for federal court records as they charge less than the uscis. national archive regional branches have websites that often state which naturalization records they have available. to locate the regional branch covering the location of the court where the naturalization document was filed, click here. using the genealogy program at the united states citizenship and immigration services the united states citizenship and immigration services ( uscis ) has instituted the genealogy program for public access to all records from 1906 to 1956 created by this agency, formerly immigration and naturalization service ( ins ). review the genealogy frequently asked questions website to expedite your order and ensure success for your request. - certificate files ( c - files ) from september 27, 1906 to april 1, 1956 - alien registration forms from august 1, 1940 to march 31, 1944 - visa files from july 1, 1924 to march 31, 1944 - registry files from march 2, 1929 to march 31, 1944 - alien files ( a - files ) numbered below 8 million ( a8000000 ) and documents therein dated prior to may 1, 1951 when ordering by mail, use forms g - 1041 ( for an index search ) and g - 1041a ( for obtaining the record ). do not submit g - 1041a until you have completed a search with form g - 1041 unless you have a valid file number. once the form is filled out, include a money order or cash


states the court where the petition was filed. this helps locate a copy of the petition, which can contain more information about the immigrant. if your ancestor had a united states passport, your ancestor completed the naturalization process and was a us citizen. passports were only given to u. s. citizens. they were and was not required for travel outside of the united states during times of war. often newly naturalized citizens would obtain passports to keep them from being drafted in their native country ' s military. for more information about united states passports, click here. tips for success for success in finding naturalization records and obtaining the information desired, remember that there are limitations in naturalization records, exceptions to the naturalization process and search strategies that should be used such as checking spelling variations. town of origin most researchers hope to find the town of origin in naturalization records. this information usually is listed in naturalization records after 1906 when the forms were standardized. before 1906, often the country of origin is only listed and the town not normally given. however, because each court recorded different information prior to 1906, it is important to search the earlier naturalization records. prior to 1906, each court created their own naturalization forms. each form was different, so information recorded on the form differed. you may find substantial information in one court ( date and place of immigration, age of applicant, place of birth ) and very little information ( name of aaplicant, country of origin ) in another court. thus, it is important to always obtain the naturalization records of an immigrant even if they naturalized before 1906. names of parents exceptions to the naturalization process there are exceptions to naturalization process that can determine whether you find a declaration of intention or a petition for your ancestor or not. immigrant children - even today - receive their citizenship from their parents. starting in 1790, children recieved derivative citizenship from their father ( or mother in some cases ). derivative citizenship is defined as getting one ' s citizenship from another person. when the child ' s father became naturalized, his children under 16 ( or 18, depending on the year ) automatically became citizenship. there was no paperwork that was created. to prove his or her citizenship, the child would need his or her father ' s certificate of citizenship ( or certificate of naturalization ). beginning in 1824 until 1906, immigrants under the age of 21 ( whose parents did not naturalize ) could be naturalized without filing a declaration of intent after they reached the age of 21 and had met the residency requirements. the declaration was


naturalization ). beginning in 1824 until 1906, immigrants under the age of 21 ( whose parents did not naturalize ) could be naturalized without filing a declaration of intent after they reached the age of 21 and had met the residency requirements. the declaration was often submitted with the petition. in 1855, derivative citizenship ( obtaining one ' s citizenship from another person ) was also available for immigrant women marrying us citizens or if their husbands obtained their citizenship during their marriage. the wife ' s proof that she was a us citizen was her husband ' s certificate of citizenship ( or certificate of naturalization ) and her marriage certificate. in 1922, citizenship was no longer available to women through marriage. however, between 1907 to 1922, a woman could lose her us citizenship if she married an alien - even if she was born in the united states. for more information, read marion l. smith ' s article, women and naturalization, ca. 1802 - 1940. to serve in the united states military, one did not need to be a united states citizen - even today. in fact, the united states government passed some naturalization laws to help encourage new immigrants to serve in the military in their new homeland. these laws made becoming a naturalized citizen easier for the immigrant. the following are the laws concerning service in the military : army - - beginning in 1862, the declaration was waived, and the residency requirement was reduced to one year, for a soldier with an honorable discharge. navy & marines - - beginning in 1894, with an honorable discharge, the declaration was waived and the residency requirement was reduced to one year. world war i - - in 1918, during wwi, the residency requirement was waived and the declaration was also waived. soldiers are naturalized at military posts. in some instances, entire groups have been collectively granted u. s. citizenship. collective naturalization is defined as a group of people all receiving their citizenship through an act of congress or treaty. in these cases you will not find individual naturalization papers. in 1868, african - americans made citizens by the fourteenth amendment of the unites states constitution. in 1924, native americans made finally made citizens - although some chiefs of tribes became citizens before this date. the native americans were not included in the fouteeneth amendment because they were considered a seperate nation. collective naturalization also occurred for residents of the louisiana purchase in 1803, texas in 1845, and hawaii in 1898. search all spellings of the surname. think about how the surname was pronounced, and how it sounded in your ancestor ' s probable accent


collective naturalization also occurred for residents of the louisiana purchase in 1803, texas in 1845, and hawaii in 1898. search all spellings of the surname. think about how the surname was pronounced, and how it sounded in your ancestor ' s probable accent. the surname may be spelled differently in earlier records that were closer to your ancestor ' s immigration date. other naturalization topics there are over 150 us naturalization laws that have been enacted since 1790. these laws change the residency requirements and those that qualified for naturalization. a summary of some of the major naturalization acts passed by congress can be found here. the united states citizenship and immigration services has a full discussion of all naturalization laws in pdf format. - ↑ 1. 0 1. 1 schaefer, christina k. guide to naturalization records of the united states ( baltimore, md : christina k. schaefer, 1997 ). - ↑ 2. 0 2. 1 newman, john j. american naturalization records 1790 - 1990. ( bountiful, ut : heritage quest, 1998 ). - ↑ united states citizenship and immigration services, : alien registration forms on microfilm, 1940 - 1944 - ↑ greenwood, val d. the researcher ' s guide to american genealogy, 3rd ed. ( baltimore, md : genealogical publishing co., inc., 2000 )


reports of a serious amount of corn planted in central and southern illinois, and at least a sprinkling of acres planted in indiana before the first official day of spring has some people scratching their heads. try to explain that to your grandfather or great - grandfather! emerson nafziger at the university of illinois says it may mean this is an educational season because he can ' t remember this much corn planted so early. he also says that in all test results he can find, corn planted the last week of april typically slightly out yields corn planted in late march of early april. other universities have shown similar data. however, nafziger acknowledges it depends upon the weather conditions that come after planting and the year itself. here ' s what we think is often left out of the equation, especially for farmers with large acreages to plant. while the data is what it is for late - april being an ideal planting time in the central midwest, few people add this caveat. what if soil conditions are right now, and temperatures are right now, but it ' s too wet or too cool to plant the last week of april? what if the last week of april becomes the first week of may? during the past two seasons in much of indiana, for example, the last week of april became the last week of may or the first two weeks of june. one could argue that the proper comparison ought to be not the first of april planting vs. the last of april, but the first of april planting vs. planting the last week of may? which corn is likely to yield more? most university data and data form several seed companies, including beck ' s hybrids through their practical farm research demonstration plots, would say that anything planted in april has a higher percentage of yielding more than corn planted the last week of may. given that logic, who can blame someone who has watched their planter sit for four weeks straight in may for the past two years if they want to get some crop in the ground now? of course if fair weather continues or if the last week of april is ideal, and you could guarantee that, it would make a difference. farming doesn ' t come with guarantees. ken scheeringa, an assistant climatologist at purdue university, says warmer than normal weather is likely through april, although it may not be as extreme on the warm side as in march, as compared to normal. rainfall is more of a fuzzy call. the real issue is that may and june aren ' t on the radar screen yet. some


sheep & wolf to join forces? birdlife international and face ( the federation of associations for hunting and conservation of the eu ) have signed a historic agreement recognising that the conservation of bird species and their habitats is a common objective. both organisations agree that the birds directive is the appropriate instrument for bird conservation in the european union, and undertake not to attempt to change it. both recognise the importance of the natura 2000 network, which includes all the special protection areas for birds required under the birds directive. they also agree to cooperate in promoting strategic conservation priorities, such as halting biodiversity decline by 2010, protecting sites, and reforming the common agricultural policy. the agreement, signed on 12 october by mike rands, director and chief executive of birdlife international and gilbert de turckheim, president of face, was welcomed and countersigned by mrs margot wallstr? m, commissioner for the environment. progress towards this agreement began in 2001, when the european commission launched the sustainable hunting initiative ( shi ) to create a constructive dialogue between conservationists and hunters, represented by birdlife international and face. the shi was started at a time when the two organisations could be considered arch - enemies, and constant confrontations on hunting issues seemed to be leading nowhere, said dr clairie papazoglou, birdlife ` s head of eu policy. this agreement proves that reasonable hunters and reasonable conservationists can work together for the benefit of birds and people. it represents an important step forward in the relations of the two organisations, which on the basis of this text can chart a list of common actions, to be carried out in the years to come. it can also be the basis on which birdlife ` s partners can promote similar initiatives at the national level. created : 5th nov 2004


cognitive moral development and loevinger ' s concept of ego development ( kohlberg ) this study explored the nature of the relationship between cognitive moral development as defined by lawrence kohlberg and ego development as defined by jane loevinger. the effects of general cognitive development were controlled by the selection of subjects who were capable of formal operational thinking. subjects were 120 jewish volunteers comprised of equal numbers of junior high - school, senior high - school, and college students of both sexes. all subjects received three tests : a screening measure for formal operations, the sentence completion test ( sct ) which measures ego development, and the moral judgment interview ( mji ). results indicated the existence of significant positive correlations between the sct and mji in the overall sample, in the total male and female samples, in the entire college group, and in the female college group. no significant correlations were found in the junior high - school and senior high - school groups, possibly due to restricted ranges of scores. in addition, most subjects at moral development stages 3 / 4 and above had attained at least the conscientious - conformist level. results also indicated the presence of differences between male and female scores. the correlations for females were consistently higher than for males, females scored significantly higher on the sct, males scored significantly higher on the mji, and the relationship between specific moral and ego development stages seemed to be stronger for females than for males. the differences found in this study between the sexes in performance on the mji are consistent with gilligan ' s theory about the distinctions between male and female approaches to moral dilemmas. however, that theory was found to be inadequate in explaining the stronger relationship between mji and sct scores manifested by the females in this study. the sct was criticized for not specifying clearly the ego development features that it measured. it was suggested that the exact nature of the interplay between moral and ego development could be illuminated more fully by research that focused on specific well - defined features of ego development. ^ " cognitive moral development and loevinger ' s concept of ego development ( kohlberg ) " ( january 1, 1984 ). etd collection for fordham university.


dwc is prone to root rot, always due to low do * altitude play an important role in how much do a solution can carry. if you reduce your nute loads, your solution can carry more do. if you live in denver, you may have a problem indoor growing with any temps above 65ºf if you check out roseypanties experiment, you will see he had much better result using a reduced nute load. there were two positive effects on the plants, that were grown using the reduced nute load. the first good thing that happened was, his do increased, due to the reduced salinity, of his nutrient solution. second, osmotic pressure was reduced in the rhyzome, allowing the plant to take in more h2o and thus grow faster. what does this second statement really mean? take your hand, and leave it in salt water for an hour. your skin wrinkles,... why? because the salt has caused the osmotic pressure on the outdside of your skin to be higher than the pressure inside your skin, and as the water in your hand is sucked out through your skin, your hand actually shrinks from the loss of fluid and the skin becomes loose it is harder for your plant to uptake water and nutrients when you use high nute loads, because the salt creates negative osmotic pressure ( hypertonicity ) against the semipermeable membrane of the root cell walls. here is the wiki " scientific answer ". osmotic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane ( your roots ) due to a differential in the concentrations of solute. osmoregulation is the homeostasis mechanism of an organism to reach balance in osmotic pressure. osmotic potential is the opposite of water potential with the former meaning the degree to which a solvent ( usually water ) would want to stay in a liquid and not pass through the membrane. hypertonicity is a solution that causes cells to shrink. it may or may not have a higher osmotic pressure than the cell interior since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane. hypotonicity is a solution that causes cells to swell it may or may not have a lower osmotic pressure than the cell interior, since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane. isotonic is a solution that produces no change in cell


causes cells to swell it may or may not have a lower osmotic pressure than the cell interior, since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane. isotonic is a solution that produces no change in cell volume. ( this is what you want your nute solution to be ) when a biological cell is in a hypotonic the cell interior accumulates water, water flows across the cell membrane into the cell, causing it to expand. in plant cells, the cell wall restricts the expansion, resulting in pressure on the cell wall from within called turgor like swollen ankles or hands, are not as productive. ) if you are good at math, and want to get your nute solution perfect, the osmotic pressure of a dilute solution can be calculated using this formula i = the van t hoff factor m = the molarity r = the gas constant, where r = 0. 08206 l · atm · mol - 1 · k - 1 t = the thermodynamic temperature ( formerly called absolute temperature ) note : the similarity of the above formula to the ideal gas law and also that osmotic pressure is not dependent on particle charge. this equation was derived by van ' t hoff. now doing this calculation would be nice if there are any college math majors out there, but i use this chart, and it has worked well for me. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % of nute load as you can see, 50 - 75 % is very adequate, and it has been my personal experience, that i have improved yields and better taste, when i use the lower end of " sufficient ", on that chart.


hi andy, welcome to linux mint programming with python is fun, at least i think so. many programs developed by linux mint are actually written in python, like the software manager and update manager for example. so i hope you do pick it up, but most important is you have a good time and enjoy using linux mint google has a very basic python class to get you started : https : / / developers. google. com / edu / python /. the hitchhiker ' s guide to python may be a nice resource along the way also : http : / / docs. python - guide. org / en / latest / index. html. another good resource is learn python the hard way, which throws you in the deep end but gets you going fast with the basics : http : / / learnpythonthehardway. org / book /. you don ' t need much to get started, gedit or kate both already have syntax highlighting for python source code, though you may want to look into a lightweight programmer ' s editor like geany to get a little more productive as your programming skills grow ( you can install it from the software manager ; i recommend you also install geany - plugins for some extra tools ). but there are plenty of other programmer ' s editors and ides suitable for use with python.


walking under the metal gate that reads “ arbeit macht frei ” ( “ work brings freedom ” ) is a seminal moment for visitors to auschwitz — a chill - inducing passage into a place of death. it comes as some surprise, then, to learn that it was actually upon passing the ticket - takers ’ booth in the parking lot that visitors entered what was the main complex of the concentration camp. the communist government that took control of auschwitz after the war altered the physical complex in innumerable unmarked ways, changes that were largely made to serve the story of the holocaust told behind the iron curtain. in communist eastern europe, the central narrative of the holocaust was not the death of jews ; it was the story of communist resistance and fascist atrocity. as a result, the focus of the auschwitz museum is the complex known as auschwitz 1, where the bulk of polish political prisoners were killed early in the war. in the communist incarnation of the museum, only two of the barracks in auschwitz 1 were given over to a discussion of the jews. that has broadened in the post - communist years, but there continues to be a very european focus on nationalism. the dutch government was given a barrack where they tell a story of brave dutch resistance ; they do not mention that, aside from poland, no country allowed a higher proportion of its jews to be killed than the netherlands. the museological focus on auschwitz 1, however, has the unintended effect of leaving the much more massive birkenau complex — the center of mass extermination — in a relatively unadulterated state. few spaces convey the physical enormity of jewish death during the holocaust like the fields of birkenau, with the outlines of destroyed barracks stretching out over a vast desolate field. at the back of the birkenau complex, the soviets erected an abstract granite memorial that towers over the surroundings. it represents the soviet story, which was always one of triumph, skipping as quickly as possible over the mourning stage. this effort to create a narrative, though, is overwhelmed by the remains of the two brick buildings nearby that held the gas chambers, now collapsing in on themselves.


there are several other differences including different meaning for the symbols ( [ different rules for which symbols need escaping ( they can ' t be the same as both standard posix and extended posix ) you should read the full documentation for pcre before chaging any posix regex to use pcre. differences from posix regex as of php 5. 3. 0, the posix regex extension is deprecated. there are a number of differences between posix regex and pcre regex. this page lists the most notable ones that are necessary to know when converting to pcre. - the pcre functions require that the pattern is enclosed by delimiters. - unlike posix, the pcre extension does not have dedicated functions for case - insensitive matching. instead, this is supported using the i ( pcre _ caseless ) pattern modifier. other pattern modifiers are also available for changing the matching strategy. - the posix functions find the longest of the leftmost match, but pcre stops on the first valid match. if the string doesn ' t match at all it makes no difference, but if it matches it may have dramatic effects on both the resulting match and the matching speed. to illustrate this difference, consider the following example from " mastering regular expressions " by jeffrey friedl. using the pattern one ( self )? ( selfsufficient )? on the string oneselfsufficient with pcre will result in matching oneself, but using posix the result will be the full string oneselfsufficient. both ( sub ) strings match the original string, but posix requires that the longest be the result. add a note user contributed notes differences from posix regex - [ 1 notes ] jasen at treshna dot com ¶ 1 year ago


“ utopian ” has almost become a put - down or a suggestion that one is being unrealistic, if not naive. but i would argue that socialists must be utopian, not in the sense of expecting fundamental change instantaneously, but in the sense of holding in their very being the deep desire for the realization of a world completely unlike our own. it is that for which generations have fought and it is that ideal that has kept many a freedom fighter going despite tremendous adversities. what is especially interesting about the history of capitalism is that with its rise there also emerged the impulse towards alternatives. these alternatives were not necessarily elaborated as eloquently as were the theories behind capitalism and, specifically, democratic capitalism, but they were nevertheless important. the oppressive and often criminal nature of rising capitalism brought with it revolutionary movements that challenged either the system itself or components of the system. these revolts took various forms, such as the slave revolts that spanned the entire period of the african slave trade. peter linebaugh ’ s the many - headed hydra : sailors, slaves, commoners, and the hidden history of the revolutionary atlantic offers a glimpse into the world of the north atlantic and the development of capitalism. it was a world of significant resistance carried out by men and women ; slaves and the free ; mutinies and worker conspiracies. and in most cases there was a deep desire, sometimes elaborated, toward a not - always - defined freedom from the exploitation and oppression that accompanies capitalism. with this as a backdrop, one can see that the desire for a utopia has always been a component of progressive and revolutionary anti - capitalism. utopia was not simply a dream, but it represented the ideological and spiritual outlines of the ideal alternative. it became something for which movements fought. for many, that utopia took the name “ socialism. ” in the 19th century, there were two diametrically opposed approaches to the question of socialism. on the one hand, there were the formations of local communities based on ideal socialist principles, such as equality and shared work. these were generally referenced as examples of “ utopian socialism. ” these communities attempted to live side - by - side with capitalism, hoping to demonstrate a viable alternative. yet in their failure to tackle the system itself, these communities were strangled by the ever - growing amoral beast of capitalism. in contrast, there were revolutionary movements, initially based in europe, that sought to gain power for workers through struggle. karl marx and frederick engels were only two of those associated with


communities were strangled by the ever - growing amoral beast of capitalism. in contrast, there were revolutionary movements, initially based in europe, that sought to gain power for workers through struggle. karl marx and frederick engels were only two of those associated with this approach. these movements also co - existed ( and usually not very well ) with revolutionary anarchists who envisioned the immediate end of not only capitalism, but any governmental / state system. it was also during the 19th century that the first great experiment in the creation of a worker ’ s state took place during the short - lived paris commune of 1871. this urban uprising of the dispossessed shook the world and suggested that worker power was more than a slogan. the 20th century was the moment for the great socialist experiments, beginning with the russian / soviet revolution in october 1917, and continuing on with china, vietnam, cuba and numerous other locales. time and space do not permit anything approaching an exhaustive look at the twists and turns of the socialist experiments of the last century and the many conclusions that we could draw. for the purposes of this essay, let us say that revolutionary transformation proved to be far more difficult than the overthrow of a particular state structure. among other things, capitalism is not simply about a ruling class of capitalists, but about toxic practices, many of them day - to - day, which people have learned over generations and, as the great italian marxist antonio gramsci would say, have come to be accepted as “ common sense. ” these practices and expectations operate like the ghostly hands of demons in a graveyard reaching out and placing often unexpected constraints on the ability to break free of such haunted spaces. we also discovered that socialism was about far more than economics. it must be about the expansion of democracy and the actual control over the lives of working people by the workers themselves. this means that there will be mistakes, setbacks, and detours. but the people themselves need to take these on, since there is no omnipotent individual or organization that can ensure success in a process that knows no guarantees. socialism, then, is not a utopia but a step in a process that takes us in the direction of an idea - that is, a society free of all exploitation and oppression, and with the elimination of all oppressing and oppressed classes. for me, it is summarized not in the text of a great socialist treatise, but, ironically perhaps, in the words of a fictional character, captain jean luc picard of the starship enterprise, in the film star trek


correlation and application of statistics to problems of heredity 63 oxford, and the three last were two men who committed suicide under circumstances of great disgrace and palmer, the rugeley murderer, who was hanged. there is possibly little knowledge to be obtained from the result for a single medical school, but comparative statistics for several would be of considerable value. chapter v deals with normal variability, and galton shows how the distribution depends only on the two constants, the median and the quartile, and further that if two individuals whose grades are known be actually measured, then the median and quartile, and so the whole distribution of variation, can be discovered ( p. 62, footnote, and cf. our vol. ii, p. 385 ). the origin of the normal distribution is illustrated mechanically by aid of the " quincunx " ( see our pp. 9 and 10 ). nor is galton able to avoid becoming poetically enthusiastic in a paragraph headed the charms of statistics, for he writes " it is difficult to understand why statisticians commonly limit their inquiries to averages and do not revel in more comprehensive views. their souls seem as dull to the charm of variety as that of the native of one of our flat english counties, whose retrospect of switzerland was that, if its mountains could be thrown into its lakes, two nuisances would be got rid of at once. an average is but a solitary fact, whereas if a single other fact be added to it, an entire normal scheme, which nearly corresponds to the observed one, starts potentially into existence. " some people hate the very name of statistics, but i find them full of beauty and interest. whenever they are not brutalised, but delicately handled by the higher methods, and are warily interpreted, their power of dealing with complicated phenomena is extraordinary. they are the only tools by which an opening can be cut through the formidable thicket of difficulties that bars the path of those who pursue the science of man. " ( pp. 62 - 63. ) galton at the end of his chapter v gives the two fundamental propositions on which his normal surface for the distribution of characters in two relatives depends. he envisages it in the following manner. " ( 1 ) bullets are fired by a man who aims at the centre of a target, which we will call its 11f, and we will suppose the marks that the bullets make to be painted red, for the sake of distinction. the system of lateral deviations of these red marks from the