distributive justice which is the glory of a nation. ” a more coercive policy of outright confiscation, washington believed, would constitute a moral failure that “ would stain the character of the nation. ” he sought to avoid the outcome — indian removal — that occurred more than 40 years later under andrew jackson. instead, he envisioned multiple sanctuaries under tribal control that would be bypassed by the surging wave of white settlers and whose occupants would gradually, over the course of the next century, become assimilated as full - fledged american citizens. attempting to make this vision a reality occupied more of washington ’ s time and energy than any other foreign or domestic issue during his first term. success depended on finding leaders willing to negotiate yet powerful enough to impose a settlement on other tribes. knox and washington found a charismatic creek chief of mixed blood named alexander mcgillivray, a literate man whose diplomatic skills and survival instincts made him the indian version of france ’ s talleyrand, and in the summer of 1790 washington hosted mcgillivray and 26 chiefs for several weeks of official dinners, parades, and diplomatic ceremonies more lavish than any european delegation enjoyed. ( mcgillivray expected and received a personal bribe of $ 1, 200 a year to offset the bribe the spanish were already paying him not to negotiate with the americans. ) washington and the chiefs locked arms in indian style and invoked the great spirit, and then the chiefs made their marks on the treaty of new york, redrawing the borders for a sovereign creek nation. washington reinforced the terms of the treaty by issuing the proclamation of 1790, an executive order forbidding private or state encroachments on all indian lands guaranteed by treaty with the united states. but the president soon found that it was one thing to proclaim and quite another to sustain. the georgia legislature defied the proclamation by making a thoroughly corrupt bargain to sell more than 15 million acres on its western border to speculators calling themselves the yazoo companies, thereby rendering the treaty of new york a worthless piece of paper. in the northern district above the ohio, no equivalent to mcgillivray could be found, mostly because the six nations, which washington could remember as a potent force in the region, had been virtually destroyed in the war for independence and could no longer exercise hegemony over the ohio valley tribes. washington was forced to approve a series of military expeditions into the ohio valley to put down uprisings by the miamis, wyandots, and shawnees, even though


independence and could no longer exercise hegemony over the ohio valley tribes. washington was forced to approve a series of military expeditions into the ohio valley to put down uprisings by the miamis, wyandots, and shawnees, even though he believed that the chief culprits were white vigilante groups determined to provoke hostilities. the indian side of the story, he complained, would never make it into the history books : “ they, poor wretches, have no press thro ’ which their grievances are related ; and it is well known, that when one side only of a story is heard, and often repeated, the human mind becomes impressed with it, insensibly. ” worse still, the expedition commanded by arthur st. clair was virtually annihilated in the fall of 1791 — reading st. clair ’ s battle orders is like watching custer prepare for the little bighorn — thereby creating white martyrs and provoking congressional cries for reprisals in what had become an escalating cycle of violence that defied washington ’ s efforts at conciliation. eventually the president was forced to acknowledge that his vision of secure indian sanctuaries could not be enforced. “ i believe scarcely any thing short of a chinese wall, ” he lamented, “ will restrain land jobbers and the encroachment of settlers upon the indian country. ” knox concurred, estimating that federal control on the frontier would require an arc of forts from lake erie to the gulf of mexico, garrisoned by no less than 50, 000 troops. this was a logistical, economic, and political impossibility. washington ’ s vision of peaceful coexistence also required that federal jurisdiction over the states as the ultimate guarantor of all treaties be recognized as supreme, which helps explain why he was so passionate about the issue, but also why it could never happen. if a just accommodation with the native american populations was the major preoccupation of his first term, it was also the singular failure. by the spring of 1792, then, what washington had imagined as a brief caretaker presidency with mostly ceremonial functions had grown into a judicious but potent projection of executive power. the presidency so vaguely defined in the constitution had congealed into a unique synthesis of symbolism and substance, its occupant the embodiment of that work in progress called the united states and the chief magistrate with supervisory responsibility for all domestic and foreign policy, in effect an elected king and prime minister rolled into


a unique synthesis of symbolism and substance, its occupant the embodiment of that work in progress called the united states and the chief magistrate with supervisory responsibility for all domestic and foreign policy, in effect an elected king and prime minister rolled into one. there was a sense at the time, since confirmed by most historians of the presidency, that no one else could have managed this political evolution so successfully, indeed that under anyone else the experiment with republican government would probably have failed at the start. eventually the operation of the federal government under the constitution would be described as “ a machine that ran itself. ” at the outset, however, the now venerable checks and balances of the constitution required a trusted leader who had internalized checks and balances sufficiently to understand both the need for executive power and the limitations of its effectiveness. he made the presidency a projection of himself. washington tried to step down after those first four years and, perhaps predictably, failed. his second term was increasingly full of rancor, with dramatic developments in europe and mounting tensions between jefferson and hamilton within his cabinet that together threatened to destroy all he had accomplished. but fierce though these conflicts were, they weren ’ t powerful enough to destroy the foundation that washington had built, and they haven ’ t managed to yet.


the life - giving ideas of chemistry are not reducible to physics. or, if one tries to reduce them, they wilt at the edges, lose not only much of their meaning, but interest too. and, most importantly, they lose their chemical utility — their ability to relate seemingly disparate compounds to each other, their fecundity in inspiring new experiments. i ' m thinking of concepts such as the chemical bond, a functional group and the logic of substitution, aromaticity, steric effects, acidity and basicity, electronegativity and oxidation - reduction. as well as some theoretical ideas i ' ve been involved in personally — through - bond coupling, orbital symmetry control, the isolobal analogy. consider the notion of oxidation state. if you had to choose two words to epitomize the same - and - not - the - same nature of chemistry, would you not pick ferrous and ferric? the concept evolved at the end of the 19th century ( not without confusion with " valency " ), when the reality of ions in solution was established. as did a multiplicity of notations — ferrous iron is iron in an oxidation state of + 2 ( or is it 2 +? ) or fe ( ii ). schemes for assigning oxidation states ( sometimes called oxidation numbers ) adorn every introductory chemistry text. they begin with the indisputable : in compounds, the oxidation states of the most electronegative elements ( those that hold on most tightly to their valence electrons ), oxygen and fluorine for example, are – 2 and – 1, respectively. after that the rules grow ornate, desperately struggling to balance wide applicability with simplicity. the oxidation - state scheme had tremendous classificatory power ( for inorganic compounds, not organic ones ) from the beginning. think of the sky blue color of chromium ( ii ) versus the violet or green of chromium ( iii ) salts, the four distinctly colored oxidation states of vanadium. oliver sacks writes beautifully of the attraction of these colors for a boy starting out in chemistry. and not only boys. but there was more to oxidation states than just describing color. or balancing equations. chemistry is transformation. the utility of oxidation states dovetailed with the logic of oxidizing and reducing agents — molecules and ions that with ease removed or added electrons to other molecules. between electron transfer and proton transfer you have much of reaction chemistry. i want to tell you how this logic leads to quite


. people in the trade will recognize that i ' m talking about " mulliken population analysis " or " natural bond analysis " or richard bader ' s beautifully worked out scheme for dividing up space in a molecule. what about experiment? is there an observable that might gauge a charge on an atom? i think photoelectron spectroscopies ( esca or auger ) come the closest. here one measures the energy necessary to promote an inner - core electron to a higher level or to ionize it. atoms in different oxidation states do tend to group themselves at certain energies. but the theoretical framework that relates these spectra to charges depends on the same assumptions that bedevil the definition of a charge on an atom. an oxidation state bears little relation to the actual charge on the atom ( except in the interior of the sun, where ligands are gone, there is plenty of energy, and you can have iron in oxidation states up to + 26 ). this doesn ' t stop the occasional theoretician today from making a heap of a story when the copper in a formal cu ( iii ) complex comes out of a calculation bearing a charge of, say, + 0. 51. nor does it stop oxidation states from being just plain useful. many chemical reactions involve electron transfer, with an attendant complex of changes in chemical, physical and biological properties. oxidation state, a formalism and not a representation of the actual electron density at a metal center, is a wonderful way to " bookkeep " electrons in the course of a reaction. even if that electron, whether added or removed, spends a good part of its time on the ligands. but enough theory, or, as some of my colleagues would sigh, anthropomorphic platitudes. let ' s look at some beautiful chemistry of extreme oxidation states. incredible, but true recently, a young polish postdoctoral associate, wojciech grochala, led me to look with him at the chemical and theoretical design of novel high - temperature superconductors. we focused on silver ( ag ) fluorides ( f ) with silver in oxidation states ii and iii. the reasoning that led us there is described in our forthcoming paper. for now let me tell you about some chemistry that i learned in the process. i can only characterize this chemistry as incredible but true. ( some will say that i should have known about it, since it was hardly hidden, but the fact is i didn ' t. ) here is what ag ( ii


in the process. i can only characterize this chemistry as incredible but true. ( some will say that i should have known about it, since it was hardly hidden, but the fact is i didn ' t. ) here is what ag ( ii ), unique to fluorides, can do. in anhydrous hf solutions it oxidizes xe to xe ( ii ), generates c6f6 + salts from perfluorobenzene, takes perfluoropropylene to perfluoropropane, and liberates irf6 from its stable anion. these reactions may seem abstruse to a nonchemist, but believe me, it ' s not easy to find a reagent that would accomplish them. ag ( iii ) is an even stronger oxidizing agent. it oxidizes mf6 – ( where m = pt or ru ) to mf6. here is what neil bartlett at the university of california at berkeley writes of one reaction : " samples of agf3 reacted incandescently with metal surfaces when frictional heat from scratching or grinding of the agf3 occurred. " ag ( ii ), ag ( iii ) and f are all about equally hungry for electrons. throw them one, and it ' s not at all a sure thing that the electron will wind up on the fluorine to produce fluoride ( f – ). it may go to the silver instead, in which case you may get some f2 from the recombination of f atoms. not that everyone can ( or wants to ) do chemistry in anhydrous hf, with f2 as a reagent or being produced as well. in a recent microreview, thomas o ' donnell says ( with some understatement ), "... this solvent may seem to be an unlikely choice for a model solvent system, given its reactivity towards the usual materials of construction of scientific equipment. " ( and its reactivity with the " materials of construction " of human beings working with that equipment! ) but, o ' donnell goes on to say, "... with the availability of spectroscopic and electrochemical equipment constructed from fluorocarbons such as teflon and kel - f, synthetic sapphire and platinum, manipulation of and physicochemical investigation of hf solutions in closed systems is now reasonably straightforward. " for this we must thank the pioneers in the field — generations of flu


as teflon and kel - f, synthetic sapphire and platinum, manipulation of and physicochemical investigation of hf solutions in closed systems is now reasonably straightforward. " for this we must thank the pioneers in the field — generations of fluorine chemists, but especially bartlett and boris zemva of the university of ljubljana. bartlett reports the oxidation of agf2 to agf4 – ( as kagf4 ) using photochemical irradiation of f2 in anhydrous hf ( made less acidic by adding kf to the hf ). and zemva used kr2 + ( in krf2 ) to react with agf2 in anhydrous hf in the presence of xef6 to make xef5 + agf4 –. what a startling list of reagents! to appreciate the difficulty and the inspiration of this chemistry, one must look at the original papers, or at the informal letters of the few who have tried it. you can find some of neil bartlett ' s commentary in the article that wojciech and i wrote, and in an interview with him. charge it, please chemists are always changing things. how to tune the propensity of a given oxidation state to oxidize or reduce? one way to do it is by changing the charge on the molecule that contains the oxidizing or reducing center. the syntheses of the silver fluorides cited above contain some splendid examples of this strategy. let me use bartlett ' s words again, just explaining that " electronegativity " gauges in some rough way the tendency of an atom to hold on to electrons. ( high electronegativity means the electron is strongly held, low electronegativity that it is weakly held. ) it ' s easy to make a high oxidation state in an anion because an anion is electron - rich. the electronegativity is lower for a given oxidation state in an anion than it is in a neutral molecule. that in turn, is lower than it is in a cation. if i take silver and i expose it to fluorine in the presence of fluoride ion, in hf, and expose it to light to break of f2 to atoms, i convert the silver to silver ( iii ), agf4 -. this is easy because the ag ( iii ) is in an anion. i can then pass in boron trifluoride and precipitate silver


to atoms, i convert the silver to silver ( iii ), agf4 -. this is easy because the ag ( iii ) is in an anion. i can then pass in boron trifluoride and precipitate silver trifluoride, which is now a much more potent oxidizer than agf4 - because the electronegativity in the neutral agf3 is much higher than it is in the anion. if i can now take away a fluoride ion, and make a cation, i drive the electronegativity even further up. with such a cation, for example, agf2 +, i can steal the electron from ptf6 - and make ptf6.... this is an oxidation that even kr ( ii ) is unable to bring about. simple, but powerful reasoning. and it works. a world record? finally, a recent oxidation - state curiosity : what is the highest oxidation state one could get in a neutral molecule? pekka pyykko and coworkers suggest cautiously, but i think believably, that octahedral uo6, that is u ( xii ), may exist. there is evidence from other molecules that uranium 6p orbitals can get involved in bonding, which is what they would have to do in uo6. what wonderful chemistry has come — and still promises to come — from the imperfect logic of oxidation states! © roald hoffmann i am grateful to wojciech grochala, robert fay and debra rolison for corrections and comments. thanks to stan marcus for suggesting the title of this column.


displaying 1 - 20 of 25 resources in horses : 1. animals recovered from horse rescue recovering lin beaune with epona said three of the 41 animals didn ' t survive sofe, due in large part to malnutrition, but of the remaining 38, all... 2. concern for helping animals in israel ( chai ) alexandria, va, usa the mission of chai and hakol chai is to prevent and relieve animal suffering in israel and to elevate consciousness about animals through education. we... 3. deputies find starving horses and squalid conditions in animal cruelty case ribs and hip bones were visible under their skin, and nearby trees had been stripped of bark after the horses gnawed them clean.... 4. dozens of farm animals seized from rescue facility authorities in western ohio say they ' ve removed more than 100 farm animals from a horse rescue facility as part of an animal cruelty investigation.... 5. early in mayoral battle, carriage horses are drawn into race new york ' s animals, from central park horses to rescue shelter dogs, have one of the city ' s most clamorous lobbying groups, with thousands of motivated supporters... 6. five horses die in animal cruelty case ; 33 other animals rescued there were 23 other horses, nine goats and an alpaca that were rescued from the farm on rockwell road in enterprise, lt. greg scolapio said.... 7. freedom for animals - serbia based in belgrade, freedom for animals ( sloboda za zivotinje ) focuses on vegetarianism and animal rights. current campaigns include circus protests, anti - hunting demos, and the plight... 8. from carriage horses to chihuahas and cockatiels, an appeal for the animal lover vote but only de blasio supported ny class ' s key goal of completely banning the horse - drawn carriages, while others talked about testing out alternatives or phasing them... 9. gonzalez entitled to return of animals, judge rules two dogs and a horse confiscated when state police obtained a search warrant on the complaint of gonzalez ' veterinarian must be returned, lockport city judge... 10. habitat for horses hithcock, tx, usa a non - profit organization established to provide information and enforcement of existing laws to protect abused, endangered, and neglected horses through a volunteer network.... 11. horse behaviour and psychology kaikohe, new zealand comprehensive illustrated resource on the behaviour and psychology of equines


established to provide information and enforcement of existing laws to protect abused, endangered, and neglected horses through a volunteer network.... 11. horse behaviour and psychology kaikohe, new zealand comprehensive illustrated resource on the behaviour and psychology of equines from the white horse equine ethology project.... category : educational resources 12. horse case puts spotlight on animal welfare in north dakota a recent case of officials in burleigh and morton counties finding 99 dead horses in a man ' s custody and seizing an additional 157 live ones... 13. horse meat in human food chain causes health concerns by one estimate, 160, 000 american horses shared this fate last year, ending up in the human food chain.... 14. horse shooting highlights slaughter debate he strokes his nose and neck, swears at animal activitists, and then shoots it in the head.... 15. international association of animal behavior consultants cranberry township, pa, usa iaabc members have diverse practices but believe that animals matter, and so do animal - owner relationships. they understand that animal behavior consultants can help manage and... 16. kefalonia animal trust ( greece ) argostoli, greece animal welfare in kefalonia is our primary concern. kefalonia animal trust is a registered greek animal charity, dedicated to caring for the welfare of the... 17. mercy for animals columbus, oh, usa mercy for animals ( mfa ) believes that non - human animals are irreplaceable individuals who have morally significant interests and hence rights, including the right to live and... 18. more canadians willing to try horse meat in wake of scandal japan is the biggest importer of alberta ' s horse meat, followed by france and switzerland, she said. canada exported about 13, 500 metric tonnes of horse meat... 19. more than 100 animals seized from bellaire home it ' s heartbreaking to see such a large number of animals that are just desperate for your basic necessities, such as food and water, " said minton.... 20. no rodeo ( australia ) smithfield plains, australia no rodeo has been lobbying the government since october 2004 to seek total prohibition of this cruel blood sport in south australia. much of no... displaying 1 - 20 of 25 | next page


cancer and dogs. things you could try..... when a dog is battling cancer his immune system needs to be focused on one thing - and that ' s the cancer itself. the dog doesn ' t have the strength to fight other battles e. g. chemicals that might attack his system. to help, try and find non toxic alternatives to all your chemical cleaners. don ' t use pesticides in the garden. feed with organic food. frontline etc or vaccinations of any sort may be detrimental to your dog ' s fight. most vets recommend that dogs fighting cancer get a diet that is high in protein ( about 95 % ) and low in carbs ( 5 % ). most dog foods are not helpful to the dogs fight against cancer. a raw meat diet gives the right protein / carb mix and supplies additional nutrients to promote maximum energy and immune system support. natural holistic dog foods can be an alternative. there are also several feed supplements available to help. some target the cancer cells - either destroying them or otherwise slowing their growth. others ' starve ' the cancer by depriving it of the elements it needs to grow. others serve as an extra boost to strengthen the dogs own energy and immune system. most of these supplements can work well together. best to speak to a trained holistic expert or vet. if the vet says for example that your dog has 6 months to live - you start to worry. we wonder how long the dog has left with us, is he suffering, could i have done something earlier etc. dogs can sense the worrying. they draw energy from us... our sadness... our fears... our concerns actually make them feel down. as we worry we take energy from them. you must try and stay positive and strong. your dog will be helped by positive reinforcement to heal. healing can help you both at this time. it is complementary to veterinary care.


what motivates young people to learn? fun? imagination? fear of the future without a college education? if you ask them, they will tell you that you can teach them anything if you make it matter to them. the easiest way is to make it about them. nearly 20 years ago, when i took over the history department of a nairobi school, the most successful thing i did was to introduce a family tree project. i had kikuyu students in my classroom, and luo and kalenjin and several born in britain as well as five or six born in nairobi but with parents or grandparents born in the indian subcontinent. computers barely existed, so all information was gathered by talking to family members, either in person or on the phone, waiting for visits or even writing letters. everyone had to keep notes and start drawing their tree – and as they grew, the trees became collages, with stories and even artefacts stuck on : a coin, a bead, a piece of cloth, a photograph. my students held court, sharing their research and findings, feeling the thrill of an attentive audience. they were the experts on their own lives, and they loved it ( a lot more than napoleon, who they ’ d done the previous term ). of course you can ’ t design thirteen or fourteen years of curriculum around ‘ me ’ – at least not without creating a generation of narcissistic monsters. but taking time to relate distant or abstract material to those in the room, and finding ways to engage heart and emotions as well as head, makes excellent educational sense. this is one area where education can learn from the non - profit sector which has long understood that you engage people by creating proximity. it ’ s hard to care about people of whom we know nothing in a faraway country ; the trick is to tell stories to bring them closer, to show the similarities between their lives and ours, to help us understand how it might feel to be them. to make it more real. carl jung wrote that people cannot stand too much reality, but i disagree : in my experience, teenagers gobble it up. it brings out the best in them, differentiating them as individuals with both abilities and passions. 2 years ago mayor of london boris johnson and i both hit on the idea of a london curriculum ( although i ’ m pretty sure i thought of it first. ) i based mine on an experimental class i ’ d taught a few years before in the us that used our local city as a classroom. part of my


the idea of a london curriculum ( although i ’ m pretty sure i thought of it first. ) i based mine on an experimental class i ’ d taught a few years before in the us that used our local city as a classroom. part of my inspiration also came from cityterm, a brilliant programme run out of the masters school, which uses new york city as a classroom and laboratory. in both cases the approach was project - based and relied on collaboration with experts from the city – architects, engineers, poets, social workers and entrepreneurs. it can come as something of a shock to learn what ’ s on your doorstep : the things that are closest to us exert huge influence, yet we seldom look at them carefully, let alone understand them. the nearly 4 million people who have seen chimamanda adichie ’ s ted talk on the danger of a single story will also have heard her descriptions of growing up on a nigerian university campus reading british and american children ’ s books. she loved those books, but because of them, the first stories she wrote featured characters with white skin and blue eyes, who played in the snow and ate apples. only later did she realise that people who looked and thought like her could be in books too. in january i met deborah ahenkorah, ghanaian echoing green fellow and founder of the golden baobab prize for african literature for children and young adults. she created the prize because “ the tremendous lack of good quality african children ’ s literature dawned on me. a continent so large and richly diverse has tons of wonderful stories to share with young people everywhere : where were these stories? ” last year they had more than 400 entries from 25 african countries. they also run workshops for writers and illustrators, and have plans to establish distribution channels across the continent to ensure that african books reach african children in their schools and, at last, in their own homes. and it ’ s not just african children on the continent who need stories about themselves. there are millions of children of african heritage in the diaspora who never read stories that connect them with their own identities either. for stories cross continents too. last month in ghana i visited the slave castles of the gold coast and saw the door of no return through which millions of men, women and children left, many of whom ended their days in jamaica. with over 200, 000 ghanaians and 250, 000 jamaicans in london, shouldn ’ t these stories be told in british schools too? who else is in our classrooms? are we telling their stories? growing


for many, 1066 is the date when the middle ages began. centuries of castles, cathedrals and churches followed, busy with chivalry, the crusades and crop - rotation, all ending some time around 1500. this, of course, is an over - simplification, just as the term middle ages itself is. for a long time, the civilisations of the romans and the renaissance were admired ; everything in between – the ages in the middle - was regarded as inferior, a period of decline, disease and instability. only with the victorians was there some attempt to reconsider these centuries. they, like us, were transfixed by the imaginative leaps of medieval buildings and their intense spirituality. certain themes dominate medieval architecture. first, the church was central to everyday life. usually the most impressive building in the neighbourhood was the parish church, and the finest buildings created were the great stone cathedrals. secondly, society was strictly ordered. for most of the middle ages, the hierarchy of the feudal system dominated : the majority were poor peasants living in simple dwellings that have long disappeared. a few, the lords and clergy, were rich. their castles, manor houses, monasteries and colleges by comparison were splendid constructions, and have survived in some form. thirdly, although technology was limited, building methods and styles did evolve. throughout the gothic style dominated, but in a myriad of forms.


world religion resources the following sites have been awarded the aril hot site designation as offering among the best resources concerning world religion on the internet. in world religions interesting format, numerous links, especially to buddhist resources. these pages are put together by deb platt entirely out of her " household income. " a wonderful example of how one person ' s intimate vision of the relationship between and among world religions can find creative expression on the internet. the place to go for facts and figures about membership in most world religions - the godweb features an active blog, original articles and information on the relationship between christianity and other world religions. pluralism project was developed by diana l. eck at harvard university to study and document the growing religious diversity of the united states, with a special view to its new immigrant religious communities. the website includes a description of the cd - rom and slide sets that give teachers and students of religion a remarkable multi - media resource to enhance their appreciation of religious diversity. literature and religion. the work of william s. peterson, professor of english at the university of maryland, the main feature of this web site is a large bibliographical database that lists and indexes writings by and about english figures of literary or spiritual importance, from the middle ages to the present. the database has been conceived on an ambitious scale, and anyone interested in the topic will want to visit this site frequently and watch it grow! university of hong kong : research institute for the humanities massive collection of philosophy and world religion resources ; a well designed set of pages with links to study materials covering religion in particular and the humanities in general. advanced html features. research tools, including classical and biblical as compiled by jack lynch, at rutgers university. well organized and well presented tools for the student of religion who is interested in the wider social and cultural context in which the great religious traditions exist and to which they contribute in sometimes surprising and refreshing ways. society and culture dr. hans rollman of the department of religious studies, memorial university of newfoundland, has put together a visually appealing site combining serious scholarship with an obvious devotion to his subject. his pages covering nearly all aspects of the religious history and culture of newfoundland are an example of how effective the internet can be in communicating specialized knowledge to a wide audience that would not encounter it in any traditional medium. - the secular web resources in service of the secular, but there is much discussion here of biblical and theological issues. though the editors of these pages put themselves forward as atheists and infidels, we admire their humor


diagnosing mesothelioma : mris magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is one of several imaging techniques that doctors use to detect, stage and evaluate the progression of mesothelioma. these non - invasive scans use magnets and radio waves to help doctors visualize a patient ’ s organs, tissues, bones and tumors. many radiologists consider mris ideal for viewing the anatomical structures of the chest and abdomen – including the pleura and peritoneum, where mesothelioma tumors most commonly develop. the first commercial mri units emerged in the 1980s. since then, the technology has advanced considerably. modern mri units use superconductor magnets and coils to produce a constant magnetic field, as well as radiofrequency energy to measure signals from the nuclei of hydrogen atoms inside the body. computers inside the scanner register these signals and turn them into images. most modern units also include a shield, which prevents the scanner from picking up interference from outside signals sources like televisions and radio stations. mris work by aligning the water molecules in your body. radio waves then cause these aligned particles to emit signals, which register on the scanner. the images reflect the amount of activity that is occurring in each internal structure. each mri - generated image shows a thin slice of the body. the mri process the entire mri process takes about an hour or two to complete. the scan itself takes between 30 and 60 minutes, but the appointment also includes pre - scan positioning and other preparation activities. once patients arrive at the mri center and fill out their paperwork, they must remove all metal objects from their bodies. the strong magnets in an mri scanner can attract zippered clothing, jewelry, watches, belts, keys and credit cards. implanted medical devices that contain metal may also cause complications with the scan. next, patients will put on a hospital gown and ear plugs. fast factsome mri scans use a contrast dye to improve image detail. the most common dye is gadolinium, which is safe and effective for most patients with properly functioning kidneys. this magnetic metal ion can visually enhance lesions on mri images, indicating growths that may be mesothelioma tumors. for contrast - enhanced mris, patients will receive an injection of a contrast dye. this makes certain areas show up more clearly on the test. after the injection, patients lie down on the imaging table. the technologist then arranges a coil around the part of the body that is being imaged. for pl


a contrast dye. this makes certain areas show up more clearly on the test. after the injection, patients lie down on the imaging table. the technologist then arranges a coil around the part of the body that is being imaged. for pleural mesothelioma, this will be the chest. for peritoneal mesothelioma, it will be the abdomen. once the technician positions the patient ’ s body correctly for the exam, the patient and table are slid into a tube - like opening in the mri machine. during the scan, the machine makes repetitive knocking sounds as the magnetic field gradients turn on and off. the test itself is painless. patients should try not to move during the scan, but they can communicate with their technician via microphone if they feel scared or claustrophobic. patients can leave the mri center immediately after the scan. a post - processing technologist will then highlight abnormal areas on the images. once the final images are ready for review, a radiologist interprets the results and provides the patient ’ s primary doctor with a report. from there, the physician can examine the scan on a computer monitor, send them electronically to the rest of the treatment team or print them out for the patient ’ s medical records. mri side effects patients occasionally experience minor side effects after an mri scan. | magnetophosphenes ( brief flashes of light across the retina ) | | vertigo / dizziness | | metallic taste in the mouth | | nausea | | physical burns or burning sensations ( extremely rare ) | mris do not place patients at risk for radiation - induced damage. because mris do not use ionizing radiation, most doctors prefer mris for patients who need routine imaging scans. the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) concludes that as long as the field strengths are kept below 2. 0 tesla, mris are safe for repeated use. mris for diagnosing mesothelioma tumors magnetic resonance imaging currently plays a limited role in diagnosing mesothelioma. when doctors do prescribe mri scans to diagnose the disease, they often use them to complement ct scan results. mri - generated images can help differentiate between normal tissue and tumor tissue, which cannot be determined with a ct scan alone. mri scans produce a visual representation of differences is signal intensity between cancerous and noncancerous tissues. because cancerous tissues emit more intense signals than surrounding healthy tissue, malignant mesothelioma tissues appear as


a ct scan alone. mri scans produce a visual representation of differences is signal intensity between cancerous and noncancerous tissues. because cancerous tissues emit more intense signals than surrounding healthy tissue, malignant mesothelioma tissues appear as white spots on the scan results with varying brightness. the difference between malignant and noncancerous tissue is even more pronounced in contrast - enhanced mris. to arrive at a mesothelioma diagnosis, radiologists usually inspect mri - generated images for a mass on the pleura, which encases the lungs. these masses often emit signals of intermediate intensity. the fluid located between the lungs and pleura can also indicate mesothelioma, as areas of pleural fluid with very intense signals sometimes surround pleural masses. mri scans are generally superior to ct scans for characterizing pleural fluid as benign or malignant. | chest wall infiltration | | mediastinal pleural involvement | | circumferential pleural thickening | | nodularity | | other irregular changes in pleural tissue | features such as bilateral pleural involvement, pleural shrinkage, pleural effusions and pleural calcifications may also show up on mri - generated images. these features may suggest mesothelioma, but cannot be used to make a definitive diagnosis. mris for staging mesothelioma tumors most studies indicate that mris and ct scans are equally effective for accurately staging malignant mesothelioma tumors. while mris are less effective at detecting lymph node involvement, they are generally superior at detecting the extent of a tumor ’ s invasion of other local structures – one of the key steps in staging a mesothelioma tumor. when radiologists use mris to stage a mesothelioma tumor, they look for the following features : - loss of normal fat planes - extension into mediastinal fat - tumor growth that encases more than half the circumference of an organ or mediastinal structure radiologists can exclude patients as good surgical candidates if an mri scan shows mediastinal or full - thickness pericardial involvement, diffuse or multifocal chest wall disease or involvement of the diaphragm or spine. by revealing the stage of a mesothelioma tumor, mri images can help doctors determine whether or not the patient is a good candidate for invasive surgery. mris are especially useful for detecting two


involvement of the diaphragm or spine. by revealing the stage of a mesothelioma tumor, mri images can help doctors determine whether or not the patient is a good candidate for invasive surgery. mris are especially useful for detecting two primary features of patients who are unlikely to benefit from an aggressive operation : chest wall invasion and involvement of the diaphragm. in one study, mris detected diaphragmatic spread with 82 percent accuracy, while ct scans detected the same condition with only 55 percent accuracy. mris are useful for staging mesothelioma with the tnm system. some studies suggest that mri scans can differentiate between t3 and t4 disease, but not earlier stages like t1 and t2. one study found that mris understaged half of the mesothelioma tumors by failing to detect pericardial invasion, which advances tumors from stage t2 to stage t3. however, the same mris were effective at detecting involvement of the internal pericardium, which also advances tumors from stage t3 to t4. the study correctly identified all of the tumors that were stage t3 or lower ( while excluding the t4 tumors ) with a positive predictive value of 100 percent. mris for evaluating response to treatment oncologists consider the mri an accurate and reproducible technique for evaluating patient response to mesothelioma treatment. when evaluating the mri scan results of mesothelioma patients undergoing treatment, radiologists often measure the tumor from several separate sites. this helps account for the rind - like growth pattern of the cancer. the primary measurement that the doctors look for is an increase or decrease in pleural thickness. fast factin one study of 50 mesothelioma patients, mri scans correctly categorized the tumor response in 92 percent of patients. if there is no visible disease on the post - treatment imaging scan, doctors call this complete response. if there is a 30 percent decrease in the sum of linear tumor measurements, they generally refer to that as a partial response to treatment. if the mri indicates a size increase of at least 20 percent ( or shows a newly developed lesion ), the disease is considered progressive. doctors may prescribe lung spirometry tests when using mris as another way to evaluate treatment response. patients whose mris indicate a partial or complete response to mesothelioma treatment often display simultaneous improvements in lung function, which can be measured with a spirometer. when doctors study mri results to determine


are omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from food sources other than fish as effective as the ones that are derived from fish? in a recent review in the journal of lipid research, researchers from oregon state university set out to assess the scientific data we have available to answer that question. the review article by donald b. jump, christopher m. depner and sasmita tripathy was part of a thematic series geared toward identifying new lipid and lipoprotein targets for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases. interest in the health benefits of omega - 3 pufa stemmed from epidemiological studies on greenland inuits in the 1970s that linked reduced rates of myocardial infarction ( compared with rates among western populations ) to a high dietary intake of fish - derived omega - 3 pufa. those studies have spurred hundreds of others attempting to unravel the effects of omega - 3 pufa on cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. | the omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( pufa ) conversion pathway. omega - 3 in the diet fish - derived sources of omega - 3 pufa are eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. these fatty acids can be found in nutritional supplements and foods such as salmon, anchovies and sardines. plant - derived sources of omega - 3 pufa are alpha - linolenic acid and stearidonic acid. alpha - linolenic acid is an essential fatty acid. it cannot be synthesized in the body, so it is necessary to get it from dietary sources, such as flaxseed, walnuts, canola oil and chia seeds. the overall levels of fatty acids in the heart and blood are dependent on the metabolism of alpha - linolenic acid in addition to other dietary sources. the heart of the matter a study in 2007 established that dietary supplementation of alpha - linolenic acid had no effect on myocardial levels of eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid, and it did not significantly increase their content in cardiac muscle ( 3 ). furthermore, alpha - linolenic acid intake had no protective association with the incidence of coronary heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation or sudden cardiac death ( 4, 5, 6 ). in general, it did not significantly affect the omega - 3 index, an indicator of cardioprotection ( 3


of coronary heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation or sudden cardiac death ( 4, 5, 6 ). in general, it did not significantly affect the omega - 3 index, an indicator of cardioprotection ( 3 ). why doesn ’ t supplementation of ala affect the levels of fatty acids downstream in the biochemical pathway ( see figure )? the data seem to point to the poor conversion of the precursor ala to dha, the end product of the omega - 3 pufa pathway. dha is assimilated into cellular membrane phospholipids and is also converted to bioactive fatty acids that affect several signaling mechanisms that control cardiac and vascular function. according to jump, “ one of the issues with ala is that it doesn ’ t get processed very well to dha. ” this is a metabolic problem that involves the initial desaturation step in the pathway, which is catalyzed by the fatty acid desaturase fads2. investigators have explored ways to overcome the metabolic bottleneck created by this rate - limiting step. one approach involves increasing stearidonic acid in the diet, jump says, because fads2 converts ala to sda. while studies have shown that increasing sda results in significantly higher levels of downstream epa and dpa in blood phospholipids, blood levels of dha were not increased ( 7 ). fads2 also is required for dha synthesis at the other end of the pathway, where it helps produce a dha precursor. consumption of epa and dha from fish - derived oil has been reported to increase atrial and ventricular epa and dha in membrane phospholipids ( 3 ), and heart disease patients who consumed epa and dha supplements had a reduction in coronary artery disease and sudden cardiac death ( 8 ). “ based on the prospective cohort studies and the clinical studies, ” jump says, “ ala is not viewed as that cardioprotective. ” he continues, “ it is generally viewed that epa and dha confer cardioprotection. consumption of epa and dha are recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. the question then comes up from a metabolic perspective : can these other sources of omega - 3 pufa, like ala, be converted to dha? yes, they can, but they ’ re not as effective as taking an epa - or dha - containing supplement or eating fish containing epa and dha. ” ( nonfish sources


3 pufa, like ala, be converted to dha? yes, they can, but they ’ re not as effective as taking an epa - or dha - containing supplement or eating fish containing epa and dha. ” ( nonfish sources of epa from yeast and dha from algae are commercially available. ) it ’ s important to note that omega - 3 pufas are involved in a variety of biological processes, including cognitive function, visual acuity and cancer prevention. the molecular and biochemical bases for their effects on those systems are complex and not well understood. “ these are very busy molecules ; they do a lot, ” jump says. “ they regulate many different pathways, and that is a problem in trying to sort out the diverse actions these fatty acids have on cells. even the area of heart function is not fully resolved. while there is a reasonable understanding of the impact of these fatty acids on inflammation, how omega - 3 fatty acids control cardiomyocyte contraction and energy metabolism is not well understood. as such, more research is needed. ” elucidating the role of omega - 3s in the heart : the next step at the university of maryland, baltimore, a team led by william stanley has made strides toward elucidating the role of pufas in heart failure. stanley ’ s research group focuses on the role of substrate metabolism and diet in the pathophysiology of heart failure and recently identified the mitochondrial permeability transition pore as a target for omega - 3 pufa regulation ( 9 ). the group is very interested in using omega - 3 pufas to treat heart failure patients who typically have a high inflammatory state and mitochondrial dysfunction in the heart. “ it seems to be that dha is really the one that is effective at generating resistance to stress - induced mitochondrial pore opening, ” which is implicated in ischemic injury and heart failure ( 10 ), stanley says. “ it also seems to be that you ’ ve got to get the dha in the membranes. you have to ingest it. that ’ s the bottom line. ” stanley points out that ingesting dha in a capsule form makes major diet changes unnecessary : “ you can just take three or four capsules a day, and it can have major effects on the composition of cardiac membranes and may improve pump function and ultimately quality of life in these people. the idea would be that they would live longer or just live better. ” the impact and implications of omega - 3 in the food


can have major effects on the composition of cardiac membranes and may improve pump function and ultimately quality of life in these people. the idea would be that they would live longer or just live better. ” the impact and implications of omega - 3 in the food industry the big interest in dha over the past 30 years has come from the field of pediatrics. algae - derived dha often is incorporated into baby formula for breastfeeding mothers who do not eat fish or for those that do not breastfeed at all. “ in clinical studies, you see that the visual acuity and mental alertness of the babies are better when they ’ re fed dha - enriched formula over the standard formula, ” says stanley. stanley continues : “ the current evidence in terms of vegetable - derived omega - 3s may be of particular value in developing countries where supplements for dha ( fish oil capsules ) or access to high - quality fish may not be readily accessible. ” food manufacturers in developing countries are beginning to shift to plant - derived omega - 3 pufas, which are relatively cheap and widely available. despite those moves, the effects may be limited by the inefficient biochemical processing of the fatty acid — an issue that researchers have yet to resolve. - 1. dyerberg, j. et al. am. j. clin. nutr. 28, 958 – 966 ( 1975 ). - 2. dyerberg, j. et al. lancet. 2, 117 – 119 ( 1978 ). - 3. metcalf, r. g. et al. am. j. clin. nutr. 85, 1222 – 1228 ( 2007 ). - 4. de goede, j. et al. plos one. 6, e17967 ( 2011 ). - 5. zhao, g., et al. j. nutr. 134, 2991 – 2997 ( 2004 ). - 6. dewell, a. et al. j. nutr. 141, 2166 – 2171 ( 2011 ). - 7. james, m. et al. j. clin. nutr. 77, 1140 – 1145 ( 2003 ). - 8. dewell, a. et al. j. nutr. 141, 2166 – 2171 ( 2011 ). - 9. gissi - prevenzione investigators. lancet. 354, 447 – 455 ( 1999 ). - 10. khair


courtroom atmospheres, deposition testimony, and cross - examinations have long - standing oral traditions and culture. how does an individual who does not speak participate in such traditions? individuals who have severe communication impairments of speech and / or writing may accomplish their communication potential through the use of augmentative and alternative communication ( aac ). communication through aac techniques, symbols, and strategies, however, is not familiar to judges, attorneys, and court recorders within most courtrooms. how do speech - language pathologists adequately prepare persons with complex communication needs ( pwccn ) to participate within a cultural environment that is entrenched and centered on the spoken word? what graphic symbols best represent legal concepts such as " oath, " " testimony, " " swearing in, " and " legal capacity "? how do pwccn achieve their right to access justice when their " voice " is communicated through a communication assistant and / or through assistive technology? how may slps facilitate modifications within the justice system that allow for an appropriate amount of time for persons with severe physical challenges to respond to a rapid series of questions from attorneys or police? at present, access to justice for persons with severe expressive disorders is difficult. the legal arena suppose that an slp is invited to serve as an expert witness in a case involving a pwccn. the slp will work with police, lawyers, and judges in connection with a client. it will be necessary to establish an assessment tool that describes the capacity of the client to testify in court. as an expert witness, the slp will be challenged immediately by opposing counsel regarding the slp ' s competence as an expert as well as his or her choice of assessment tool ( s ). slps also need to understand the key differences between the clinical and legal arenas. the justice system is centered on " winning " and " losing. " insurance companies participate in determining when to settle and " walk away " and end the case. another difference is the process of evaluation of the client ' s communication skills. for example, sometimes a proposal for an evaluation must first be submitted to the court and both attorneys for approval before any contact with an individual is permitted. thus, the slp may prepare by reading hundreds of pages of clinical and educational reports regarding an individual with an expressive communication disability, and may then need to seek approval for each proposed diagnostic strategy before the actual evaluation. modifications to the proposed plan may be suggested by either attorney or the judge. experts in litigation today must be familiar with the origin and significance


with an expressive communication disability, and may then need to seek approval for each proposed diagnostic strategy before the actual evaluation. modifications to the proposed plan may be suggested by either attorney or the judge. experts in litigation today must be familiar with the origin and significance of the daubert case ( bernstein & hartsell, 2005 ). this 1993 landmark decision ( daubert v. merrell dow pharms., 509 u. s. 579, 113 s. ct. 2786, 125 l. ed. 2d 469 ) resulted in specific instructions for expert testimony introduced into the courtroom. basically, daubert ' s rule established requirements for admissibility of expert testimony, including whether or not the employed technique has been peer - reviewed and published, has a known error rate, can be tested, and is a generally accepted practice within the field. as expert witnesses, slps need to prepare for testimony with the understanding that their scientific knowledge will be tested by the opposing attorney, challenged regarding peer reviews and publications, and examined for potential errors and general acceptance by their own scholarly community. every word and comma in their expert reports will be scrutinized. although slps may feel confident in their professional knowledge base and clinical skills in aac, writing and defending the expert report within the legal system is very different from preparing a clinical report for a public school or medical facility. to prepare a report for testimony, slps need to translate their clinical knowledge into a legally useful form without using jargon, and to follow the rules, roles, and procedures for written reports according to legal tradition. these evaluations and reports must be precise so as not to introduce any reasonable doubt. failure to understand the purpose and use of a written report may result in a damaging cross - examination and may undermine the slp ' s credibility. one example of potential difficulty is establishing a legal capacity for expressive communication when that expression is an alternative form to speech. as yet, there is no legal definition of " capacity " for testimony if not through speech. the definition of " capacity " is important — a client must be judged to have the " capacity " to participate, because a legal case may set a precedent. when assistive technologies, such as speech - generating devices ( sgds ) or voice output communication aids ( vocas ), are introduced, the question arises : does the legal capacity ( or definition of expressive communication competence ) shift when an sgd is used? in other words, if an individual communicates through technology, is the individual legally


communication aids ( vocas ), are introduced, the question arises : does the legal capacity ( or definition of expressive communication competence ) shift when an sgd is used? in other words, if an individual communicates through technology, is the individual legally more capable as a witness than if he or she communicates without an sgd? might slps need to perform two evaluations for the court? one evaluation might be conducted to determine " communication capacity " without technology and another evaluation might determine " communication capacity " with technology or aac strategy. courtrooms may not be accustomed to working with people who use aac systems. during depositions and testimony, court recorders transcribe speech, but now they must transcribe the language of graphic symbols as reported through communication assistants or through synthetic or digitized speech available within the various technologies. legal counsel typically examines and cross - examines clients on the witness stand in the courtroom. however, the witness stand may not accommodate a person with a disability seated in a power wheelchair and his or her communication partner ; slps may need to suggest modifications to courtroom seating arrangements. judges may not accept testimony by a communication assistant in lieu of actual testimony by the client. training programs for judges and attorneys may be necessary for greater acceptance of communication through aac systems and other strategies. attorneys often challenge the origins of the communication messages ; i. e., the " independence " of each communication message may be examined and cross - examined if programmed by the slp. the " author " of each communication expression emerging from a synthesized or digitized sgd may be scrutinized. slps may be accused of speaking for individuals whom they are assisting. such challenges can be addressed if the slp orients attorneys and judges prior to the trial to the person ' s disabilities, use of aac, types of vocabulary, and characteristics of appropriate questioning techniques for pwccn. slps will need to understand that individuals are eligible for accommodations, and that they may be responsible for requesting accommodations on behalf of the individual and his or her assistants. scope of practice issues responsibilities for slps are expanding as public agencies are processing an increasing number of complaints on behalf of consumers. cases of abuse, fraud, malpractice, and denial of basic services to pwccn impact speech - language pathology practices because communication is often at the core of each case. in an administrative or court proceeding, slps may become involved in legal practices and procedures that extend beyond their education and training. slps need to acquire the knowledge


with intellectual disability — the meaning of " testifying under oath. " if the communication is through graphic symbols, what does the symbol for " oath " look like? ( see page 7 for a photo that has been used to communicate this concept. ) the person with a disability should understand what to expect and what is expected prior to testifying in court. the slp should realize, and explain to the client, that testimony during a police investigation is different from testifying in court, especially during cross - examination. often, contact with police in filing a complaint is brief, and courtroom procedures often occur long after the initial complaint. this time lapse may prove challenging for a witness who has difficulty with long - term memory, and the slp may need to find ways to remind the client about past events without leading the person to the " correct " answer. litigation consultation is a relatively new arena for slps. legal advocacy for pwccn is a complex process that is only beginning to be identified and understood by professionals in the field of aac. while involvement in legal issues is an exciting extension of practice, slps should pursue additional education before entering into the legal arena ( see sidebar for resources ). during courtroom cross - examination, the written reports and professional credibility of the slp are as much in question as the capacities of the person with a disability. with appropriate knowledge and skills, advocating for justice for people who use aac is an important responsibility for slps.


asia news network we know asia better publication date : 04 - 09 - 2012 with health and wellness gaining prominence in people ’ s wish lists, there is now a growing awareness of healthier choices. here are more answers for your myriad of options. pick a wellness plan that will suit you best. please explain — what ’ s all the fuss over over nitrates and nitrites? multiple choice : which meal would you consider supportive of brain health? a ) scrambled eggs cooked in butter plus a generous topping of cheese and sour cream b ) green salad with lean chicken or turkey ham topped with low - fat caesar salad dressing. a is the healthier meal. for one, eggs are nutritious and are considered brain food. vegetables are very good for you ; however, we do not know about the toppings. perhaps the ham is laced with preservatives and additives, including aspartame and nitrite. by itself, nitrite isn ’ t so bad. but when it is eaten, it can transform into nitrosamine compounds, considered potent cancer - causing chemicals. this occurs when a chemical reaction happens between nitrate ( added to food ) and amines ( found in protein that is present in the body ). added to processed foods, this chemical, also known as sodium nitrite or potassium nitrite, prevents the contamination of foods by controlling the toxin production of clostridium botulinum ( which causes botulism ). in the us, these chemicals are allowed to be used, setting the limit to one part nitrite to 120 parts per million. nitrates for fertilisers are suspected to enter the food and water supply. and this is why proper farming is a big issue. nitrite and nitrosamine are linked with increased cancer of the colon, lung, pancreas, liver, etc. how to neutralise nitrite poisoning? take megadoses of vitamin c and e, beta - carotene and flavonoids. visit your dentist how do i cure bad breath? would you believe that billions of bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites live in our mouths? it ’ s true. there are over 600 species of bacteria that claim our mouths as their home. an overgrowth of bacteria leads to tooth decay and gum disease. it could, one day, lead to tooth loss. if you are brushing, flossing and gargling regularly, then you shouldn ’ t have a real problem. but if you don ’


of bacteria leads to tooth decay and gum disease. it could, one day, lead to tooth loss. if you are brushing, flossing and gargling regularly, then you shouldn ’ t have a real problem. but if you don ’ t, then it ’ s time to visit your dentist. dental plaque, a sticky, grainy film that grows on teeth due to the mixture of bacteria with the sugars and starches from the food you eat, causes bad breath. tartar is the hardened plaque build - up after so much dental neglect. brush or floss twice daily, thrice if you can. do not sleep without doing your cleansing ritual. eradicate parasites from your tummy. looking at yourself in the mirror and then smiling is a practice that can get you started on better dental health. run your tongue over your teeth. if it feels grainy, then it ’ s time for your dental check - up and cleaning. make it a habit to take two acidophilus ( good bacteria ) capsules daily. consider digestive enzymes, one to three tablets daily or eat fresh, raw ( uncooked ) fruits and vegetables. juice fresh veggies / fruits as your morning starter, tonic and cleanser. chlorophyll tablets could be taken. steep parsley leaves in hot water and sip as a tea. rule out parasites. see your doctor. alternation to steroids are there any legal and natural supplements as an alternative to steroids? i am a professional athlete. yes there are. called branched chain amino acids ( bcaa ’ s ), these are compound of leucine, valine and isoleucine. considered natural anabolic muscle - building supplements, they are a principal source of calories for the human muscle, especially effective during an intense workout. bcaas can also reduce the appetite while producing glycogen which balances insulin secretion. more importantly, it promotes lean muscle mass and distribution. supplements should be taken 30 minutes before a workout.


- pregnancy & childbirth - attachment parenting - family nutrition - family wellness 1. breathe naturally between contractions, as you do when you are falling asleep. 2. when a contraction begins, inhale deeply and slowly through your nose, and then slowly exhale through your mouth in a long, steady stream. as you breathe out, let your facial muscles relax and your limbs go limp as you imagine the tension leaving your body. think of this exhalation as a long sigh of release. 3. as the contraction peaks, remind yourself to continue breathing at a relaxed, comfortable rate. 4. ask your partner to remind you to slow down if you start breathing too fast in response to an intense contraction. have him take slow, relaxed breaths along with you. 5. if you still find yourself breathing too fast, stop for a minute and take a deep breath, followed by a long, drawn - out blow, as if you are blowing off steam. do this periodically to remind yourself to slow down. 6. partners should watch the mother ' s breathing patterns for cues as to how she is coping. slow, deep, rhythmic breathing shows that she is handling her contractions well. fast, spasmodic breathing communicates tension and anxiety. use massage, model proper breathing, or suggest a change of position. 7. don ' t pant. panting is not natural for humans. ( dogs and cats in labor pant because they don ' t sweat. it ' s their way of releasing body heat. ) panting not only exhausts you, it lessens your oxygen intake and may lead to hyperventilation. 8. don ' t hyperventilate. breathing too fast and too heavily blows off too much carbon dioxide, causing you to feel light - headed and have tingling sensations in your fingers, toes, and face. some women tend to hyperventilate during the height of intense contractions and need caring reminders to relax their breathing. if you start to hyperventilate, breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth, as slowly as you can. 9. don ' t hold your breath. even during the strain of pushing, the blue in the face, blood - vessel - popping breath holding you see in movies is not only exhausting, but deprives you and your baby of much - needed oxygen.


smoke signals, drum telegraphs, and the marathon runner are all examples of man ’ s effort to conquer the tyranny of distance. however, the first truly successful solution to the problem of rapidly transmitting language across space was the frenchman claude chappe ’ s optical telegraph. chappe ' s chain of stone towers, topped by 10 - ft. poles and 14 - ft. pivoting cross members, and spaced as far apart as the eye could see, was first demonstrated to the public in march of 1791 on the champs elysees. chappe created a language of 9, 999 words, each represented by a different position of the swinging arms. when operated by well - trained optical telegraphers, the system was extraordinarily quick. messages could be transmitted up to 150 miles in two minutes. eventually the french military saw the value of chappe ’ s invention, and lines of his towers were built out from paris to dunkirk and strasbourg. within a decade, a network of optical telegraph lines crisscrossed the nation. when napoleon seized power in 1799, he used the optical telegraph to dispatch the message, “ paris is quiet and the good citizens are content. ” renovated in 1998, the optical telegraph next to the rohan castle in saverne functioned as part of the strasbourg line from 1798 until 1852. it is one of several remaining relay points in the system that can still be visited today.


taking a sample is just the beginning and preserving and processing specimens requires more than just the e - word. having completed eight dives, at least sixteen shore excursions, one nightlighting session, six trips to the fish markets, several roadside purchases and a surprise swim up to a fishing boat, the scientists have well and truly justified that purchase of 90 litres of ethanol on day 1. on each trip the preserving began in the field and continued back at our accommodation. the specimens will soon be shipped to the museum where a thorough analysis can be performed, possibly including sem photography and dna sequencing. after that, identifications can be confirmed if necessary and scientific papers can be published. so how did the scientists start to process their samples here in timor? i spoke with about half the team to find out ( because talking to all of them would ' ve made this post longer than a dead sea scroll ). lauren studies amphipods, an order of crustaceans, and was picking samples from dive sites ( and one nightlighting session ) with these small ( usually less then 10mm ) creatures in mind. she uses the freshwater dip method which means placing her substrate samples in a bucket of tap water as it encourages saltwater animals to release from their holds. lauren then elutriated ( swirled ) the bucket, causing the heavier sediment to fall to the bottom and the lighter amphipods to rise to the top. the swirling water was slowly tipped out into a sieve. what was filtered out was then placed in a tray and examined for animals, which were picked up with forceps or pipettes and placed into jars of ethanol. after that, the habitat samples that remained in the bucket were also placed in the tray and similarly examined for fauna. we had a team of five fish scientists ( dubbed ‘ the fishos ’ ) on this trip who worked together to process their samples and make strange, bawdy jokes whenever possible. while they did collect samples at the fish markets, the vast majority of their specimens were taken on dives and kept in plastic bags of seawater ( in eskies ) until they returned to camp. hijacking the dinner table for hours at a time, their processing often looked and sounded like question time at parliament, but on closer examination was actually a highly organised and efficient affair. their processing started with placing the fishes into trays and tubs of ice, dividing the day ’ s catch roughly by type. from there the team began to identify the fishes, with each member focussing on those species


highly organised and efficient affair. their processing started with placing the fishes into trays and tubs of ice, dividing the day ’ s catch roughly by type. from there the team began to identify the fishes, with each member focussing on those species they specialise in : barry covered the wrasses, for example, and jeff the cardinal fishes. they would often check with each other, however, and consult the stack of reference books they brought with them. once a fish was named it would go to mark for photographing, sometimes having their fins pinned out if they had distinctive colours. sally was the chief scribe during all of this, recording names, sizes and number of specimens, as well as writing small labels for mark to photograph with the fishes. if a fish was identified as one that hadn ' t been previously collected on the trip, then it would go to amanda who would extract a small piece of muscle tissue with a scalpel and place it into a vial of dmso solution ( which is conducive to dna analysis ). the rest of the fish would be placed in formalin. penny came on this trip to collect crustaceans and fishes and was involved in the processing of invertebrate samples. like lauren, penny did most of her sorting in a tray, but her samples remained in saltwater until they were picked out and placed in jars of ethanol. from experience she was able to remove large pieces of reef rock from the tray that were unlikely to contain animals ( those that shake ‘ clean ’ in the water for example ) and make use of chisels to break down the likely ones ( those with cracks and crevices ). nerida and greg frequently collected sediment from the ocean floor, elutriating at the back of the boat and transferring the filtered portion to plastic bags. back at their makeshift lab they would examine this remainder in dishes under the microscope, looking for sea slugs and similar animals not much bigger than the grains of sediment they move between. the process involved multiple dishes and frequent changing and cleaning of the seawater to make it easier to observe these microscopic animals. at the end of the process they would have a collection of specimens and would decide then which ones to process further. these would be photographed while still alive and depending on their size, have either a subsample taken for dna analysis ( and placed in a vial of ethanol ) or be placed whole in ethanol or formalin. rosemary searched for tiny sea snails in mangrove and intertidal zones in timor, collecting


on their size, have either a subsample taken for dna analysis ( and placed in a vial of ethanol ) or be placed whole in ethanol or formalin. rosemary searched for tiny sea snails in mangrove and intertidal zones in timor, collecting samples of mud, leaf matter and debris which she would ‘ coarsely wash ’ in the field using a very fine sieve. keeping these samples cool in a bucket, she would return to the lab and use a spoon to scoop this ‘ washed off ’ matter into a petri dish. the contents of the dish were swirled around so that it would settle into one layer, making it easier to see crawling animals or shapes that she recognises. she placed her specimens in ethanol for photographing and dna sequencing back at the museum. mandy surveyed the dive sites, markets and random fishing boats for cephalopods ( octopuses, squid and cuttlefish ). back at the hotel, she would photograph each specimen and take two tissue samples : one muscle and one from the gills. these samples would be placed in separate vials of ethanol. later, the ethanol will be poured off and the samples added to our frozen tissue collection at the museum and made available for dna analysis. the remainder of the specimens she acquired were fixed in formalin, with the beaks and radulas of the squid and the cuttlebones of the cuttlefish being detached beforehand ( yes, squid have beaks ). these will eventually be transferred to 70 % ethanol, given a number in our database and added to our collection for long term storage.


logging in or signing up an introduction to greek mythology jhurley download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad copy does not support media & animations wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 2428 category : education license : all rights reserved like it ( 0 ) dislike it ( 0 ) added : july 19, 2012 this presentation is public favorites : 2 presentation description why study greek myths? comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript powerpoint presentation : an introduction greek mythology greek mythologypowerpoint presentation : essential questions : why do myths endure? how is greek mythology evident in our world today? what allusions are there to these stories? what is the origin of greek mythology? powerpoint presentation : what is a myth? a myth is a story, created collectively by a whole people or society over a period of time once believed to be true, that embodies some of the wisdom and truth valued by that society. these stories may help to explain why the world works the way it does, to provide a rationale for customs and observances, to establish set rituals for ceremonies, and to predict what happens to individuals after death. alert : on the test! powerpoint presentation : types of myths cosmic myths concern creation and the end of the world. theistic myths concern gods such as zeus or athena. hero myths concern individuals such as heracles, perseus, and achilles. place / object myths concern items or places such as the golden fleece ; the trojan warpowerpoint presentation : who created myths? ancient greeks, romans, aztecs, ancient egyptians, norse vikings, north american indians, chinese, inhabitants of india — every ancient civilization — developed a system of mythology to explain their world. many answer questions such as : who am i? what is this world around me? why am i here? what is the purpose of life? powerpoint presentation : purposes of mythology myths grant continuity and stability to a culture. myths present guidelines for living. myths justify a culture ’ s activities. myths give meaning to life. myths explain the unexplainable. myths offer role models. alert : on the test! powerpoint presentation : legacy of the ancient greeks greek empire 2500 years ago science and mathematics : aristotle


culture ’ s activities. myths give meaning to life. myths explain the unexplainable. myths offer role models. alert : on the test! powerpoint presentation : legacy of the ancient greeks greek empire 2500 years ago science and mathematics : aristotle, archimedes system of medicine philosophy shaped western civilization and thought arts, drama, poetry, sculpture, literature, architecture law, government, democracy developed in athens military tacticspowerpoint presentation : map of ancient greece important cities mt. olympus troy delphi thebes athens sparta cretepowerpoint presentation : influence of the romans in the last century before the birth of christ, the roman empire expanded and became more powerful than greece. the romans were greatly influenced by the greeks and linked the greek stories to their own gods until both mythologies were almost the same. therefore, there are both latin and greek names for the gods. for example : zeus ( greek ) is also jupiter ( roman / latin ). powerpoint presentation : the ancient soap opera storytellers would tell these stories in the theater. this story telling is an example of “ oral tradition. ” each time a story was retold, new details would be added. stories of the iliad and the odyssey, both epics of adventure and war, took 24 hours to read. people would bring food and drink and stay for entire performances. powerpoint presentation : why study mythology? read very interesting, fun, and engaging stories see how less sophisticated people attempted to deal with questions and problems of their world detect allusions to greek mythology in writers such as shakespeare to the present identify allusions to greek myths in modern products, vocabulary, and businesses recognize common archetypes in literature? you do not have the permission to view this presentation. in order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.


tiredness and speeding are the primary causes of accidents involving transportation professionals. they are well aware of the risks of driving with a certain amount of fatigue, whether from a lack of sleep, physical problems, poor posture at the wheel or daily stress. one of the ways to effectively fight fatigue is to respect driving times - all carriers are aware of the limits : no more than 9 hours per day and 56 hours per week, with a mandatory stop of at least 45 minutes every 4 and a half hours. this allows for a little rest and a chance to recover some strength before continuing on the road. the right climate control in the cabin, light meals and frequent hydration also help. other procedures for battling fatigue are based on new technologies, such as electronic devices that monitor the driver ' s attention ; these are built into some trucks and are add - ons in others, as is the case of the optalert sunglasses, which fulfill a similar function. as professional drivers already know, there are additional devices that can help avoid accidents caused by distraction, often due to tiredness, such as those that sound an alarm at an involuntary change of lane, or those that detect objects in the blind spot. several makes, such as daf, man, scania or volvo trucks, have these already built into their models.


let ’ s talk art " the way a child thinks about her art is more important than the way you think about it, " says herbert. " never impose limitations and never say, ' i ' m not good at this. ' it introduces fear. never evaluate a preschooler ' s music, art, or dance. make observations from fact. say, ' there is a red circle, ' or ' see these three red lines. ' evaluating may inhibit creativity or discourage a child. " the concept of children understanding art in their own way is not new. charlotte mason, a liberal - thinking educator in the late 1800s, wrote in her book home education, " we cannot measure the influence that one or another artist has upon the children ' s sense of beauty, upon his power of seeing, as in a picture, the common sights of life ; he is enriched more than we know in having really looked at a single picture. " parents cannot travel inside their child ' s brain and ensure that all the educational efforts they make are learned, stored, and applied appropriately. they can be certain, though, that introducing art and music, which have struck emotional chords in humans worldwide for centuries, will enrich an education. the developing mind of a child will soak up whatever it is surrounded with, so why not provide the best history and culture we have to offer?


bolivia : coca - chewing protest outside us embassy indigenous activists in bolivia have been holding a mass coca - chewing protest as part of campaign to end an international ban on the practice. hundreds of people chewed the leaf outside the us embassy in la paz and in other cities across the country. bolivia wants to amend a un drugs treaty that bans chewing coca, which is an ancient tradition in the andes. but the us has said it will veto the amendment because coca is also the raw material for making cocaine. the protesters outside the us embassy also displayed products made from coca, including soft drinks, toothpaste, sweets and ointments. they were supporting a bolivian government campaign to amend the 1961 un single convention on narcotic drugs to remove language that bans the chewing of coca leaf. the convention stipulates that coca - chewing be eliminated within 25 years of the convention coming into effect in 1964. bolivia says that is discriminatory, given that coca use is so deeply rooted in the indigenous culture of the andes. eradication the us is opposed to changing the un convention because it says it would weaken the fight against cocaine production. in a statement, the us embassy said washington recognised coca - chewing as a " traditional custom " of bolivia ' s indigenous peoples but could not support the amendment. " the position of the us government in not supporting the amendment is based on the importance of maintaining the integrity of the un convention, which is an important tool in the fight against drug - trafficking, " it said. the us is the world ' s largest consumer of cocaine and has been leading efforts to eradicate coca production in the andes for decades. bolivia is the world ' s first biggest producer of cocaine after peru and colombia, and much of its coca crop is used to make the illegal drug. bolivian president evo morales has long advocated the recognition of coca as a plant of great medicinal, cultural and religious importance that is distinct from cocaine. as well as being bolivia ' s first indigenous head of state, mr morales is also a former coca - grower and leader of a coca - growers trade union. the bolivian amendment would come into effect on 31 january only if there were no objections.


books & music food & wine health & fitness hobbies & crafts home & garden news & politics religion & spirituality travel & culture tv & movies absolute beginners - autumn skies as the long days of summer slip away and skies darken earlier each evening, the first stars of autumn come into view. the centerpiece of the autumn sky is a starry square called the great square of pegasus. in mid - october it lies almost overhead from mid - northern latitudes around 10 pm. pegasus was the winged horse of greek mythology, and the great square represents the front half of the body of pegasus. four stars mark the corners of the square, boxing in an area of sky so large that you need to hold both hands out at armis length to cover it. sports fans in north america might think of it as a baseball diamond rather than a square. you should be able to find the square without much difficulty, but your star chart can help if you need to orient yourself. ( for help, see " absolute beginners e start observing. " there is a link at the end of this article. ) looking at the square, imagine a line from the right - hand side of the square down towards the southern horizon and youill come to a bright star called fomalhaut. fomalhaut is part of the constellation of piscis austrinus, the southern fish. in 2008, astronomers released photographs taken by the hubble space telescope showing a planet in orbit around fomalhaut. returning to the square, imagine a line upwards from the left side. this will lead you to the w - shaped constellation of cassiopeia, one of the easiest star patterns to recognize. continue the line northwards for the same distance to see the north pole star, polaris. although astronomers talk of the great square of pegasus, these days only three of its stars officially belong to that constellation. in ancient times, one star was shared with neighboring andromeda, marking her head. when, in 1930, astronomers came to define official boundaries for the constellations, they ended the practice of sharing stars. andromeda kept her head but pegasus lost a corner of its square. andromeda represents the unfortunate daughter of queen cassiopeia. she was chained to a rock in sacrifice to a sea monster to atone for the sins of her boastful mother. however, youill need a good imagination to see andromeda as more than a couple of crooked lines of stars leading away from the upper left corner of


in sacrifice to a sea monster to atone for the sins of her boastful mother. however, youill need a good imagination to see andromeda as more than a couple of crooked lines of stars leading away from the upper left corner of the great square. there is, though, one great treasure to be found in the constellation. two lines extend from the square. look at the more prominent of the two lines. if you count two stars along and then go two stars up, youill come to it : the andromeda galaxy, a spiral of stars 2. 5 million light years away. on clear dark nights you can glimpse the andromeda galaxy with the unaided eye as a hazy wisp of light. the andromeda galaxy is the most distant object you can see without optical aid, but itis more prominent through binoculars and small telescopes. beyond the shackled feet of andromeda lies her heroic rescuer, perseus. this constellation is shaped rather like a distorted capital a. in the sky he is depicted holding the severed head of medusa the gorgon, marked by the star algol. click for a diagram of the constellation perseus. perseus lies in a rich part of the milky way, so if you sweep over this area with binoculars, sparkling star fields will spring into view. beyond perseus the stars of winter lie in wait, but weill leave these for another time and return again to our starting point, the square of pegasus. near it lie two well - known, but relatively inconspicuous constellations, of the zodiac. they are aquarius the water carrier and pisces the fishes. the stars of pisces are arranged in a large, faint v - shape below and to the left of the great square. the most distinctive feature of pisces is the circlet, a ring of stars directly beneath the square of pegasus, representing the body of one of the two fish visualized here by ancient astronomers. below and to the right of the circlet of pisces lies aquarius. this constellationis most distinctive feature is a trefoil - shaped group of four stars that marks the water carrieris jar. from the jar, a stream of faint stars cascades down towards bright fomalhaut. the monthly sky guide, by ian ridpath and wil tirion content copyright © 2013 by mona evans. all rights reserved. this content was written by mona evans. if you wish to use this content in any manner,


what are placement tests? certain academic subjects, such as mathematics, often have multiple levels at which student may start when they begin college. placement tests are academic - subject tests that allow colleges to determine what level a student is ready to enter in each of those subjects. what academic subjects require placement tests? the most common subjects tested for placement are english, mathematics and chemistry. foreign language placement is also tests at some colleges. do all colleges require them? not all colleges require placement tests. some colleges, typically smaller, for - profit colleges, will only offer one level of their courses. in those cases, there is no need for placement testing. some colleges that do not give placement testing use other information for placement evaluation such as admissions testing ( sat or act ) or high school coursework. when do i take them? many colleges give placement testing during orientation. community colleges often offer testing on a daily basis in order to more conveniently fit testing into the schedules of newly admitted students. check with your admission counselor to find out when your testing will be given or if you need to register for your testing. should i study for placement tests? in general, to ensure proper placement, it is best to brush up on any subject that you have not recently studied. for example, if you have not taken a mathematics course in your last semester of high school, then it is helpful to review mathematics. also, if you have taken time off between high school and college, it will be helpful to review all subjects on the placement test. if you do not review material before placement tests, you may be placed in a course that is below your ability because you had forgotten some of the information you previously learned. some colleges will post information about the placement testing on their websites. this information may include the types of information to review. you can also ask your admissions counselor what you should review for your placement test. what is the format of the test? the testing format varies among colleges. some collegesi placement tests are computerized, while other collegesi placement tests are paper tests. testing can be multiple choice or completion. there may be essays required. your admissions counselor should be able to give you information about what the test will be like. will i need to bring anything for the test? you should ask this question of your admissions counselor or the person you speak with to register for the test. some colleges do not require students to bring anything to their placement testing. some items you may want to bring to your placement testing : - photo id - sweater ( in case the


in the summer of 1892, porter nye and his family set up a homestead on the south shore of lake bemidji. the area was the last territory in minnesota to be opened for settlement, and the logging boom was just beginning. according to local lore, nye used some of the first boards produced by a mill on the mississippi river between lake bemidji and lake irving to build a small schoolhouse on his homestead. nye also was the first teacher at the school. in 1902, j. custer moore teamed up with nye to plat the 16 - block town site of nye - moore, which evolved to nyemore and, now, nymore. the next year, residents of the village of nymore passed a bond issue to build a wood frame school at the corner of fifth street and lincoln avenue southeast. the community named the school after president abraham lincoln. also operating in nymore was the four - grade east school on the current site of lincoln elementary school at 1617 fifth st. n. e. land speculation took off after 1910 and the original lincoln school became overcrowded. school taxes also were inadequate to maintain the building. lincoln school was condemned by the state department of education, and on march 5, 1916, the nymore village council petitioned the bemidji city council for annexation and school consolidation. it was noted in the bemidji daily pioneer that women voted in the nymore annexation and school consolidation referendum held later that month. an april 19, 1916, article in the pioneer stated : " with the annexation of nymore, a new school will be necessary. a new building will cost about $ 50, 000. " students started the fall 1917 semester in the new brick school at fifth street and lincoln avenue. the building is now home to mount zion church. with the consolidation of the school districts, bemidji also supplied nymore with a 14 - passenger bus to transport students. in 1995, bemidji school district voters approved construction of the new lincoln elementary school. site work began in 1997, and students moved in in october 1999. on july 3, 1999, the school district held a farewell open house at the 1917 building. about 1, 000 current and former students, faculty and staff participated. they toured classrooms and viewed artifacts from the school ' s collection. a special artifact, the portrait of president lincoln originally hung in 1924 in the hallway at the 414 lincoln ave. s. e. school, moved with the students into the current lincoln elementary


visit a travel clinic before going abroaden espanol ( spanish version ) food and water - borne illnesses | vaccination requirements | travel clinic services | post - travel care with the age of aviation, traveling the world has not only become easier, but it is also an enriching experience. although some of us may stay within the limits of our national borders, many of us will travel to exotic locales in countries with varying degrees of sanitation and standards of hygiene. the risk of food - or water - borne illnesses, as well as more harmful diseases while on vacation, including malaria and yellow fever, can be a reality of travel. despite these significant health risks, many will not seek medical advice before a trip. but whether your destination is cancun or calcutta, it may be well worth the time to visit a travel health clinic before your departure. the following individuals should seek medical advice before traveling abroad : - infants and young children - those with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, or hiv infection - cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy - persons on prescription medications including h - 2 blockers and antacids - pregnant women while these individuals must take extra precautions when traveling, anyone planning a trip overseas should consider seeking medical advice from a travel clinic. food and water - borne illnesses food - and water - borne illnesses, such as traveler ’ s diarrhea, are the most common maladies faced during travel. contaminated food and water can be sources of infection from escherichia coli, bacillary dysentery, and hepatitis a — all of which can lead to severe dehydration. in general, the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recommends drinking only bottled water ( be sure it is a fresh bottle by checking the seal ) and avoiding undercooked or raw foods ( especially vegetable and fruits ), dairy products, shellfish, or food that has been allowed to cool to room temperature. based on the country you will be visiting, a travel health clinic can provide you with a complete list of cdc precautions and recommendations along with necessary antibiotics and water sanitation devices. depending on your destination, general health risks can range from the common cold to typhoid fever. the world health organization ( who ) cites malaria as one of the most serious risks to international travelers. this potentially fatal disease, transmitted through mosquito bites, occurs in more than 100 countries — many of which are popular destinations, such as mexico, the caribbean, india, egypt,